Split (2)

train · 688 rows

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<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document]	Provide as much detail as possible on the active ingredients in Zyrtec, Claritin, and other similar allergy medications. Also, what type of allergic reactions can happen from taking them? Provide your answer in two separate paragraphs, one for the active ingredients and one for the allergic reactions.	Many people use antihistamines to treat allergy symptoms. Zyrtec (cetirizine) and Claritin (loratadine) are two popular brands. They contain different compounds but appear to be equally effective. Antihistamines can reduce allergy symptoms, such as watering eyes, itchy skin, hives, and swelling. They may also help with dermatitis or mosquito bites, but manufacturers usually market them for specific allergies. Zyrtec is a brand name for the drug cetirizine. Claritin is the brand name for loratadine. Zyretc and Claritin are in the same class of medications. Both are second-generation antihistamines and generally work the same way in the body. Neither is clearly better than the other. In this article, we provide details about the differences between Zyrtec and Claritin. We also compare them to two other popular brands of antihistamines: Benadryl and Allegra. Zyrtec and Claritin are brand-name medications that people can buy over the counter (OTC). They are available in various forms, including pills, chewable tablets, and syrups. Regardless of marketing claims, little scientific evidence shows that either is more effective. Active ingredients Zyrtec and Claritin have different active compounds. Zyrtec contains cetirizine hydrochloride, while Claritin contains loratadine. Drowsiness Zyrtec and Claritin are second-generation antihistamines. They are less likely to make a person feel drowsy or otherwise affect alertness than older, first-generation antihistamines. The labeling of Zyrtec says that a person should not take it when driving a vehicle or using machinery. People should avoid taking Zyrtec with alcohol or other medicines that could cause drowsiness. Timescales Zyrtec and Claritin are effective for about 24 hours. A person should only take one dose per day. The body absorbs both antihistamines quickly, but Zyrtec seems to work faster for some people. A 2019 article states that antihistamines reach their peak concentration between 30 minutes and 3 hours after swallowing them. Comparisons with other allergy medications Researchers are often studying, comparing, and improving antihistamines. Other popular brands on the market today are Allegra and Benadryl. Allegra: Allegra is non-sedating, so drowsiness is not a common side effect, although it is possible. Allegra is also a second-generation antihistamine. Benadryl: This can last up to 24 hours, which is longer than the other three. It aims to treat minor skin reactions and seasonal allergies. Benadryl is a first-generation antihistamine, which makes it sedating, so people tend to feel drowsy after taking it. How do allergy medications work? When people come into contact with an allergen, their immune system reacts and produces a chemical called histamine. Histamine causes many allergy symptoms, including inflammation of the skin or sinuses, pain, redness, and wheezing. Immune responses also encourage extra mucus to develop, which helps to clear allergens from the nose and throat. Allergy medications block histamine responses. This dulls the body’s response to minor or harmless allergens, such as pollen, dust, and pet dander. Precautions Claritin and Zyrtec are effective and safe for most people with minor allergies. However, as with all medications, there may be some side effects. Side effects Everyone reacts to medications differently, but Claritin and Zyrtec may have the following side effects: drowsiness, which is more likely when taking Zyrtec than Claritin a headache dizziness or light-headedness a sore throat dry mouth constipation or diarrhea abdominal cramps and pain eye redness Allergic reactions Some people experience a severe allergic response called anaphylaxis after taking antihistamines. A person should seek emergency medical attention if any of the following symptoms are present: hives a swollen throat swollen lips or face trouble breathing or other respiratory symptoms a racing heartbeat Children Some antihistamines are safe for children, but it is a good idea to talk with a doctor or pharmacist and check the label carefully before giving antihistamines to a child. Pregnancy A 2020 article examined the association between antihistamine use during early pregnancy and birth defects. Contrary to findings from older studies, the authors stated there was a lack of evidence to support an association. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that Zyrtec (citirizine) and Claritin (loratadine) may be safe during pregnancy. The labeling for Zyrtec states that it is unsuitable during breastfeeding. Pregnant people should check with a doctor before using an antihistamine or any other drug.	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> Provide as much detail as possible on the active ingredients in Zyrtec, Claritin, and other similar allergy medications. Also, what type of allergic reactions can happen from taking them? Provide your answer in two separate paragraphs, one for the active ingredients and one for the allergic reactions. <TEXT> Many people use antihistamines to treat allergy symptoms. Zyrtec (cetirizine) and Claritin (loratadine) are two popular brands. They contain different compounds but appear to be equally effective. Antihistamines can reduce allergy symptoms, such as watering eyes, itchy skin, hives, and swelling. They may also help with dermatitis or mosquito bites, but manufacturers usually market them for specific allergies. Zyrtec is a brand name for the drug cetirizine. Claritin is the brand name for loratadine. Zyretc and Claritin are in the same class of medications. Both are second-generation antihistamines and generally work the same way in the body. Neither is clearly better than the other. In this article, we provide details about the differences between Zyrtec and Claritin. We also compare them to two other popular brands of antihistamines: Benadryl and Allegra. Zyrtec and Claritin are brand-name medications that people can buy over the counter (OTC). They are available in various forms, including pills, chewable tablets, and syrups. Regardless of marketing claims, little scientific evidence shows that either is more effective. Active ingredients Zyrtec and Claritin have different active compounds. Zyrtec contains cetirizine hydrochloride, while Claritin contains loratadine. Drowsiness Zyrtec and Claritin are second-generation antihistamines. They are less likely to make a person feel drowsy or otherwise affect alertness than older, first-generation antihistamines. The labeling of Zyrtec says that a person should not take it when driving a vehicle or using machinery. People should avoid taking Zyrtec with alcohol or other medicines that could cause drowsiness. Timescales Zyrtec and Claritin are effective for about 24 hours. A person should only take one dose per day. The body absorbs both antihistamines quickly, but Zyrtec seems to work faster for some people. A 2019 article states that antihistamines reach their peak concentration between 30 minutes and 3 hours after swallowing them. Comparisons with other allergy medications Researchers are often studying, comparing, and improving antihistamines. Other popular brands on the market today are Allegra and Benadryl. Allegra: Allegra is non-sedating, so drowsiness is not a common side effect, although it is possible. Allegra is also a second-generation antihistamine. Benadryl: This can last up to 24 hours, which is longer than the other three. It aims to treat minor skin reactions and seasonal allergies. Benadryl is a first-generation antihistamine, which makes it sedating, so people tend to feel drowsy after taking it. How do allergy medications work? When people come into contact with an allergen, their immune system reacts and produces a chemical called histamine. Histamine causes many allergy symptoms, including inflammation of the skin or sinuses, pain, redness, and wheezing. Immune responses also encourage extra mucus to develop, which helps to clear allergens from the nose and throat. Allergy medications block histamine responses. This dulls the body’s response to minor or harmless allergens, such as pollen, dust, and pet dander. Precautions Claritin and Zyrtec are effective and safe for most people with minor allergies. However, as with all medications, there may be some side effects. Side effects Everyone reacts to medications differently, but Claritin and Zyrtec may have the following side effects: drowsiness, which is more likely when taking Zyrtec than Claritin a headache dizziness or light-headedness a sore throat dry mouth constipation or diarrhea abdominal cramps and pain eye redness Allergic reactions Some people experience a severe allergic response called anaphylaxis after taking antihistamines. A person should seek emergency medical attention if any of the following symptoms are present: hives a swollen throat swollen lips or face trouble breathing or other respiratory symptoms a racing heartbeat Children Some antihistamines are safe for children, but it is a good idea to talk with a doctor or pharmacist and check the label carefully before giving antihistamines to a child. Pregnancy A 2020 article examined the association between antihistamine use during early pregnancy and birth defects. Contrary to findings from older studies, the authors stated there was a lack of evidence to support an association. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that Zyrtec (citirizine) and Claritin (loratadine) may be safe during pregnancy. The labeling for Zyrtec states that it is unsuitable during breastfeeding. Pregnant people should check with a doctor before using an antihistamine or any other drug. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321465#comparisons	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document] EVIDENCE: Many people use antihistamines to treat allergy symptoms. Zyrtec (cetirizine) and Claritin (loratadine) are two popular brands. They contain different compounds but appear to be equally effective. Antihistamines can reduce allergy symptoms, such as watering eyes, itchy skin, hives, and swelling. They may also help with dermatitis or mosquito bites, but manufacturers usually market them for specific allergies. Zyrtec is a brand name for the drug cetirizine. Claritin is the brand name for loratadine. Zyretc and Claritin are in the same class of medications. Both are second-generation antihistamines and generally work the same way in the body. Neither is clearly better than the other. In this article, we provide details about the differences between Zyrtec and Claritin. We also compare them to two other popular brands of antihistamines: Benadryl and Allegra. Zyrtec and Claritin are brand-name medications that people can buy over the counter (OTC). They are available in various forms, including pills, chewable tablets, and syrups. Regardless of marketing claims, little scientific evidence shows that either is more effective. Active ingredients Zyrtec and Claritin have different active compounds. Zyrtec contains cetirizine hydrochloride, while Claritin contains loratadine. Drowsiness Zyrtec and Claritin are second-generation antihistamines. They are less likely to make a person feel drowsy or otherwise affect alertness than older, first-generation antihistamines. The labeling of Zyrtec says that a person should not take it when driving a vehicle or using machinery. People should avoid taking Zyrtec with alcohol or other medicines that could cause drowsiness. Timescales Zyrtec and Claritin are effective for about 24 hours. A person should only take one dose per day. The body absorbs both antihistamines quickly, but Zyrtec seems to work faster for some people. A 2019 article states that antihistamines reach their peak concentration between 30 minutes and 3 hours after swallowing them. Comparisons with other allergy medications Researchers are often studying, comparing, and improving antihistamines. Other popular brands on the market today are Allegra and Benadryl. Allegra: Allegra is non-sedating, so drowsiness is not a common side effect, although it is possible. Allegra is also a second-generation antihistamine. Benadryl: This can last up to 24 hours, which is longer than the other three. It aims to treat minor skin reactions and seasonal allergies. Benadryl is a first-generation antihistamine, which makes it sedating, so people tend to feel drowsy after taking it. How do allergy medications work? When people come into contact with an allergen, their immune system reacts and produces a chemical called histamine. Histamine causes many allergy symptoms, including inflammation of the skin or sinuses, pain, redness, and wheezing. Immune responses also encourage extra mucus to develop, which helps to clear allergens from the nose and throat. Allergy medications block histamine responses. This dulls the body’s response to minor or harmless allergens, such as pollen, dust, and pet dander. Precautions Claritin and Zyrtec are effective and safe for most people with minor allergies. However, as with all medications, there may be some side effects. Side effects Everyone reacts to medications differently, but Claritin and Zyrtec may have the following side effects: drowsiness, which is more likely when taking Zyrtec than Claritin a headache dizziness or light-headedness a sore throat dry mouth constipation or diarrhea abdominal cramps and pain eye redness Allergic reactions Some people experience a severe allergic response called anaphylaxis after taking antihistamines. A person should seek emergency medical attention if any of the following symptoms are present: hives a swollen throat swollen lips or face trouble breathing or other respiratory symptoms a racing heartbeat Children Some antihistamines are safe for children, but it is a good idea to talk with a doctor or pharmacist and check the label carefully before giving antihistamines to a child. Pregnancy A 2020 article examined the association between antihistamine use during early pregnancy and birth defects. Contrary to findings from older studies, the authors stated there was a lack of evidence to support an association. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that Zyrtec (citirizine) and Claritin (loratadine) may be safe during pregnancy. The labeling for Zyrtec states that it is unsuitable during breastfeeding. Pregnant people should check with a doctor before using an antihistamine or any other drug. USER: Provide as much detail as possible on the active ingredients in Zyrtec, Claritin, and other similar allergy medications. Also, what type of allergic reactions can happen from taking them? Provide your answer in two separate paragraphs, one for the active ingredients and one for the allergic reactions. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	47	694	null	578
This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge.	Explain the difference between the World Wide Web and the Internet.	What is the Internet? The Internet began in 1969 as a project of the U.S. Department of Defense called ARPANET, or Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The goal of this project was to design a nationwide computer network that could withstand major disasters. If one part of the network was destroyed, the other parts would continue to function due to the decentralized structure of the network. In the early days of ARPANET, there were four computers in the United States attached to the network. Today, there are millions all over the world. Most people define the Internet as a collection of computer networks, but what exactly is a network? A network is a group of two or more computers connected together with cables that allow the computers to share information. Computers that are “on the Internet” all use the same protocols to send information back and forth, allowing them to communicate with each other. As long as a computer uses these protocols, it doesn't matter what type of hardware or software it uses. In the Internet's early days (the 1960s and 1970s), only government, military, and educational institutions had computers connected to the Internet. The Internet was originally designed for research and scholarly communication. But as it grew, its services became more popular, and new ways of using the Internet multiplied. For example, the Internet began to be used for informal communication, entertainment, and eventually commerce, as more businesses connected to the Internet in the 1990s. According to statistics compiled by Nua Internet Surveys Ltd., some 605.60 million people worldwide were connected to the Internet as of September 2002. Today, the Internet remains decentralized, but it is no longer structured entirely around government computers. It is comprised of independently owned and managed individual networks of all sizes. The larger networks with high-speed connections are sometimes called backbone providers. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) lease Internet connections from the backbone providers and sell connections (also called Internet accounts) to consumers. Most home and small business users connect to the Internet with dial-up accounts to ISPs using a modem and special communications software. Uses for the Internet The Internet has a special significance for the library community because it allows patrons -- both children and adults -- who do not have computers to keep up with the Internet for business and academic purposes. Libraries, to a great extent, help bridge what is called the "digital divide." The services listed below would be unattainable for many unless they were provided free of charge by the community's public library. · E-mail allows libraries and patrons to send messages back and forth to individuals or groups. · Telnet allows libraries and patrons to connect to a remote computer and use it as if you were there. · File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows libraries to transfer files to and from other computers. · Usenet allows libraries and patrons to participate in group discussions on specific topics. · Internet Relay Chat (IRC) allows libraries and patrons to chat in real time with one or many users. · World Wide Web allows libraries and patrons access to literally millions of Web sites worldwide. What is the World Wide Web? One reason for the Internet's growth explosion is the ease of use and popularity of the World Wide Web and its graphical, “point-and-click” user interface. The World Wide Web was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at the European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. Lee wanted to make the information he used for research on the Internet more organized and accessible. The World Wide Web is based on hypertext, which is a method of linking documents using embedded hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be text, which is usually underlined or a different color than the main text, or graphics. World Wide Web documents are created using a special computer language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). HTML coding embeds clickable links in documents and enables simple formatting. Documents written in HTML are stored in computers called servers. Any Internet user who has a Web browser can retrieve the documents. A Web browser is a computer program that knows how to read and display hypertext documents. It also knows how to communicate with servers that store HTML files. The protocol used for this kind of communication is called Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Documents on the World Wide Web are called Web pages. Web pages are organized into Web sites. Each Web page has its own address, known formally as a Uniform Resource Locator or URL. Here is a made-up example of a URL for a page on the CNN site: http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/cities/asiapcf.html. · http:// is the protocol used to retrieve the document. · www.cnn.com is the domain name for the server where the document is stored. · /WEATHER/cities/ is the path to the document in the server's directory structure. · asiapcf.html is the name of the actual HTML file. When you enter a URL in a Web browser, or if you click a hypertext link, the browser sends a message using the HTTP protocol to the computer identified in the URL. This message contains a request for the document specified in the URL. The server sends a copy of the document back to the browser, and it is displayed on your screen. Understanding a few things about URLs and other Internet addresses can make using the Web a lot easier. The domain name (the name of the computer) in a URL can be assigned by a large number of businesses. Just type "domain name" into your search engine, and you will find companies who can register your top level domain name. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Web site at www.icann.org has a long list of accredited domain name registrars. There are standard suffixes for domain names, called extensions, which help identify what type of organization owns the domain. For example, domain names ending in .com indicate a commercial organization. Common extensions to domain names include: · .net is used for major networks (such as a backbone provider), but is also in general use · .edu is used for colleges and universities. · .gov is used for U.S. federal government agencies. · .mil is used for U.S. military organizations. · .org is commonly used for nonprofit and other organizations. Because so many domain names were snapped up at a rapid pace, more top level domains have been created. In the latter part of 2000, ICANN selected seven new top-level domains (TLDs): · .aero is used to the air transport industry. · .biz is used for all-purpose business sites. · .coop is used for cooperatives. · .info has unrestricted use. · .museum is used for museums. · .name is used for individual Web sites. · .pro is used for professionals such as doctors, lawyers, accountants, and others. Domain names in countries outside the United States usually end with a two-letter code representing the country; for example, Canadian Web sites end in .ca. Some state and county Web pages, including many belonging to libraries, have domain names ending in .us.	This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. What is the Internet? The Internet began in 1969 as a project of the U.S. Department of Defense called ARPANET, or Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The goal of this project was to design a nationwide computer network that could withstand major disasters. If one part of the network was destroyed, the other parts would continue to function due to the decentralized structure of the network. In the early days of ARPANET, there were four computers in the United States attached to the network. Today, there are millions all over the world. Most people define the Internet as a collection of computer networks, but what exactly is a network? A network is a group of two or more computers connected together with cables that allow the computers to share information. Computers that are “on the Internet” all use the same protocols to send information back and forth, allowing them to communicate with each other. As long as a computer uses these protocols, it doesn't matter what type of hardware or software it uses. In the Internet's early days (the 1960s and 1970s), only government, military, and educational institutions had computers connected to the Internet. The Internet was originally designed for research and scholarly communication. But as it grew, its services became more popular, and new ways of using the Internet multiplied. For example, the Internet began to be used for informal communication, entertainment, and eventually commerce, as more businesses connected to the Internet in the 1990s. According to statistics compiled by Nua Internet Surveys Ltd., some 605.60 million people worldwide were connected to the Internet as of September 2002. Today, the Internet remains decentralized, but it is no longer structured entirely around government computers. It is comprised of independently owned and managed individual networks of all sizes. The larger networks with high-speed connections are sometimes called backbone providers. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) lease Internet connections from the backbone providers and sell connections (also called Internet accounts) to consumers. Most home and small business users connect to the Internet with dial-up accounts to ISPs using a modem and special communications software. Uses for the Internet The Internet has a special significance for the library community because it allows patrons -- both children and adults -- who do not have computers to keep up with the Internet for business and academic purposes. Libraries, to a great extent, help bridge what is called the "digital divide." The services listed below would be unattainable for many unless they were provided free of charge by the community's public library. · E-mail allows libraries and patrons to send messages back and forth to individuals or groups. · Telnet allows libraries and patrons to connect to a remote computer and use it as if you were there. · File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows libraries to transfer files to and from other computers. · Usenet allows libraries and patrons to participate in group discussions on specific topics. · Internet Relay Chat (IRC) allows libraries and patrons to chat in real time with one or many users. · World Wide Web allows libraries and patrons access to literally millions of Web sites worldwide. What is the World Wide Web? One reason for the Internet's growth explosion is the ease of use and popularity of the World Wide Web and its graphical, “point-and-click” user interface. The World Wide Web was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at the European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. Lee wanted to make the information he used for research on the Internet more organized and accessible. The World Wide Web is based on hypertext, which is a method of linking documents using embedded hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be text, which is usually underlined or a different color than the main text, or graphics. World Wide Web documents are created using a special computer language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). HTML coding embeds clickable links in documents and enables simple formatting. Documents written in HTML are stored in computers called servers. Any Internet user who has a Web browser can retrieve the documents. A Web browser is a computer program that knows how to read and display hypertext documents. It also knows how to communicate with servers that store HTML files. The protocol used for this kind of communication is called Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Documents on the World Wide Web are called Web pages. Web pages are organized into Web sites. Each Web page has its own address, known formally as a Uniform Resource Locator or URL. Here is a made-up example of a URL for a page on the CNN site: http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/cities/asiapcf.html. · http:// is the protocol used to retrieve the document. · www.cnn.com is the domain name for the server where the document is stored. · /WEATHER/cities/ is the path to the document in the server's directory structure. · asiapcf.html is the name of the actual HTML file. When you enter a URL in a Web browser, or if you click a hypertext link, the browser sends a message using the HTTP protocol to the computer identified in the URL. This message contains a request for the document specified in the URL. The server sends a copy of the document back to the browser, and it is displayed on your screen. Understanding a few things about URLs and other Internet addresses can make using the Web a lot easier. The domain name (the name of the computer) in a URL can be assigned by a large number of businesses. Just type "domain name" into your search engine, and you will find companies who can register your top level domain name. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Web site at www.icann.org has a long list of accredited domain name registrars. There are standard suffixes for domain names, called extensions, which help identify what type of organization owns the domain. For example, domain names ending in .com indicate a commercial organization. Common extensions to domain names include: · .net is used for major networks (such as a backbone provider), but is also in general use · .edu is used for colleges and universities. · .gov is used for U.S. federal government agencies. · .mil is used for U.S. military organizations. · .org is commonly used for nonprofit and other organizations. Because so many domain names were snapped up at a rapid pace, more top level domains have been created. In the latter part of 2000, ICANN selected seven new top-level domains (TLDs): · .aero is used to the air transport industry. · .biz is used for all-purpose business sites. · .coop is used for cooperatives. · .info has unrestricted use. · .museum is used for museums. · .name is used for individual Web sites. · .pro is used for professionals such as doctors, lawyers, accountants, and others. Domain names in countries outside the United States usually end with a two-letter code representing the country; for example, Canadian Web sites end in .ca. Some state and county Web pages, including many belonging to libraries, have domain names ending in .us. Explain the difference between the World Wide Web and the Internet.	This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. EVIDENCE: What is the Internet? The Internet began in 1969 as a project of the U.S. Department of Defense called ARPANET, or Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The goal of this project was to design a nationwide computer network that could withstand major disasters. If one part of the network was destroyed, the other parts would continue to function due to the decentralized structure of the network. In the early days of ARPANET, there were four computers in the United States attached to the network. Today, there are millions all over the world. Most people define the Internet as a collection of computer networks, but what exactly is a network? A network is a group of two or more computers connected together with cables that allow the computers to share information. Computers that are “on the Internet” all use the same protocols to send information back and forth, allowing them to communicate with each other. As long as a computer uses these protocols, it doesn't matter what type of hardware or software it uses. In the Internet's early days (the 1960s and 1970s), only government, military, and educational institutions had computers connected to the Internet. The Internet was originally designed for research and scholarly communication. But as it grew, its services became more popular, and new ways of using the Internet multiplied. For example, the Internet began to be used for informal communication, entertainment, and eventually commerce, as more businesses connected to the Internet in the 1990s. According to statistics compiled by Nua Internet Surveys Ltd., some 605.60 million people worldwide were connected to the Internet as of September 2002. Today, the Internet remains decentralized, but it is no longer structured entirely around government computers. It is comprised of independently owned and managed individual networks of all sizes. The larger networks with high-speed connections are sometimes called backbone providers. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) lease Internet connections from the backbone providers and sell connections (also called Internet accounts) to consumers. Most home and small business users connect to the Internet with dial-up accounts to ISPs using a modem and special communications software. Uses for the Internet The Internet has a special significance for the library community because it allows patrons -- both children and adults -- who do not have computers to keep up with the Internet for business and academic purposes. Libraries, to a great extent, help bridge what is called the "digital divide." The services listed below would be unattainable for many unless they were provided free of charge by the community's public library. · E-mail allows libraries and patrons to send messages back and forth to individuals or groups. · Telnet allows libraries and patrons to connect to a remote computer and use it as if you were there. · File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows libraries to transfer files to and from other computers. · Usenet allows libraries and patrons to participate in group discussions on specific topics. · Internet Relay Chat (IRC) allows libraries and patrons to chat in real time with one or many users. · World Wide Web allows libraries and patrons access to literally millions of Web sites worldwide. What is the World Wide Web? One reason for the Internet's growth explosion is the ease of use and popularity of the World Wide Web and its graphical, “point-and-click” user interface. The World Wide Web was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at the European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. Lee wanted to make the information he used for research on the Internet more organized and accessible. The World Wide Web is based on hypertext, which is a method of linking documents using embedded hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be text, which is usually underlined or a different color than the main text, or graphics. World Wide Web documents are created using a special computer language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). HTML coding embeds clickable links in documents and enables simple formatting. Documents written in HTML are stored in computers called servers. Any Internet user who has a Web browser can retrieve the documents. A Web browser is a computer program that knows how to read and display hypertext documents. It also knows how to communicate with servers that store HTML files. The protocol used for this kind of communication is called Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Documents on the World Wide Web are called Web pages. Web pages are organized into Web sites. Each Web page has its own address, known formally as a Uniform Resource Locator or URL. Here is a made-up example of a URL for a page on the CNN site: http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/cities/asiapcf.html. · http:// is the protocol used to retrieve the document. · www.cnn.com is the domain name for the server where the document is stored. · /WEATHER/cities/ is the path to the document in the server's directory structure. · asiapcf.html is the name of the actual HTML file. When you enter a URL in a Web browser, or if you click a hypertext link, the browser sends a message using the HTTP protocol to the computer identified in the URL. This message contains a request for the document specified in the URL. The server sends a copy of the document back to the browser, and it is displayed on your screen. Understanding a few things about URLs and other Internet addresses can make using the Web a lot easier. The domain name (the name of the computer) in a URL can be assigned by a large number of businesses. Just type "domain name" into your search engine, and you will find companies who can register your top level domain name. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Web site at www.icann.org has a long list of accredited domain name registrars. There are standard suffixes for domain names, called extensions, which help identify what type of organization owns the domain. For example, domain names ending in .com indicate a commercial organization. Common extensions to domain names include: · .net is used for major networks (such as a backbone provider), but is also in general use · .edu is used for colleges and universities. · .gov is used for U.S. federal government agencies. · .mil is used for U.S. military organizations. · .org is commonly used for nonprofit and other organizations. Because so many domain names were snapped up at a rapid pace, more top level domains have been created. In the latter part of 2000, ICANN selected seven new top-level domains (TLDs): · .aero is used to the air transport industry. · .biz is used for all-purpose business sites. · .coop is used for cooperatives. · .info has unrestricted use. · .museum is used for museums. · .name is used for individual Web sites. · .pro is used for professionals such as doctors, lawyers, accountants, and others. Domain names in countries outside the United States usually end with a two-letter code representing the country; for example, Canadian Web sites end in .ca. Some state and county Web pages, including many belonging to libraries, have domain names ending in .us. USER: Explain the difference between the World Wide Web and the Internet. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	true	28	11	1,180	null	521
Do not make use of any external information or prior knowledge when answering the question. Only use the following text to formulate an answer. Make your answer between 300 and 500 words.	How does the Study Panel recommend addressing societal implications of AI technology?	AI POLICY, NOW AND IN THE FUTURE Throughout history, humans have both shaped and adapted to new technologies. This report anticipates that advances in AI technologies will be developed and fielded gradually—not in sudden, unexpected jumps in the techniques themselves—and will build on what exists today, making this adaptation easier. On the other hand, small improvements to techniques, computing power, or availability of data can occasionally lead to novel, game-changing applications. The measure of success for AI applications is the value they create for human lives. Going forward, the ease with which people use and adapt to AI applications will likewise largely determine their success. Conversely, since AI applications are susceptible to errors and failures, a mark of their success will be how users perceive and tolerate their shortcomings. As AI becomes increasingly embedded in daily lives and used for more critical tasks, system mistakes may lead to backlash from users and negatively affect their trust. Though accidents in a self-driving car may be less probable than those driven by humans, for example, they will attract more attention. Design strategies that enhance the ability of humans to understand AI systems and decisions (such as explicitly explaining those decisions), and to participate in their use, may help build trust and prevent drastic failures. Likewise, developers should help manage people’s expectations, which will affect their happiness and satisfaction with AI applications. Frustration in carrying out functions promised by a system diminishes people’s trust and reduces their willingness to use the system in the future. Another important consideration is how AI systems that take over certain tasks will affect people’s affordances and capabilities. As machines deliver super-human performances on some tasks, people’s ability to perform them may wither. Already, introducing calculators to classrooms has reduced children’s ability to do basic arithmetic operations. Still, humans and AI systems have complementary abilities. People are likely to focus on tasks that machines cannot do as well, including complex reasoning and creative expression. Already, children are increasingly exposed to AI applications, such as interacting with personal assistants on cell phones or with virtual agents in theme parks. Having early exposure will improve children’s interactions with AI applications, which will become a natural part of their daily lives. As a result, gaps will appear in how younger and older generations perceive AI’s influences on society. 43 Likewise, AI could widen existing inequalities of opportunity if access to AI technologies—along with the high-powered computation and large-scale data that fuel many of them—is unfairly distributed across society. These technologies will improve the abilities and efficiency of people who have access to them. A person with access to accurate Machine Translation technology will be better able to use learning resources available in different languages. Similarly, if speech translation technology is only available in English, people who do not speak English will be at a disadvantage. Further, AI applications and the data they rely upon may reflect the biases of their designers and users, who specify the data sources. This threatens to deepen existing social biases, and concentrate AI’s benefits unequally among different subgroups of society. For example, some speech recognition technologies do not work well for women and people with accents. As AI is increasingly used in critical applications, these biases may surface issues of fairness to diverse groups in society. On the other hand, compared to the well-documented biases in human decision-making, AI-based decision-making tools have the potential to significantly reduce the bias in critical decisions such as who is lent money or sent to jail. Privacy concerns about AI-enabled surveillance are also widespread, particularly in cities with pervasive instrumentation. Sousveillance, the recording of an activity by a participant, usually with portable personal devices, has increased as well. Since views about bias and privacy are based on personal and societal ethical and value judgments, the debates over how to address these concerns will likely grow and resist quick resolution. Similarly, since AI is generating significant wealth, debates will grow regarding how the economic fruits of AI technologies should be shared—especially as AI expertise and the underlying data sets that fuel applications are concentrated in a small number of large corporations. To help address these concerns about the individual and societal implications of rapidly evolving AI technologies, the Study Panel offers three general policy recommendations: 1. Define a path toward accruing technical expertise in AI at all levels of government. Effective governance requires more experts who understand and can analyze the interactions between AI technologies, programmatic objectives, and overall societal values. Absent sufficient technical expertise to assess safety or other metrics, national or local officials may refuse to permit a potentially promising application. Or insufficiently trained officials may simply take the word of industry technologists and green light a sensitive application that has not been adequately vetted. Without an understanding of how AI systems interact with human behavior and societal values, officials will be poorly positioned to evaluate the impact of AI on programmatic objectives. 2. Remove the perceived and actual impediments to research on the fairness, security, privacy, and social impacts of AI systems. Some interpretations of federal laws such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and the anti-circumvention provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act are ambiguous regarding whether and how proprietary AI systems may be reverse engineered and evaluated by academics, journalists, and other researchers. Such research is critical if AI systems with physical and other material consequences are to be properly vetted and held accountable. 3. Increase public and private funding for interdisciplinary studies of the societal impacts of AI. As a society, we are underinvesting resources in research on the societal implications of AI technologies. Private and public dollars should be directed toward interdisciplinary 44 teams capable of analyzing AI from multiple angles. Research questions range from basic research into intelligence to methods to assess and affect the safety, privacy, fairness, and other impacts of AI. Questions include: Who is responsible when a self-driven car crashes or an intelligent medical device fails? How can AI applications be prevented from unlawful discrimination? Who should reap the gains of efficiencies enabled by AI technologies and what protections should be afforded to people whose skills are rendered obsolete? As AI becomes integrated more broadly and deeply into industrial and consumer products, it enters areas in which established regulatory regimes will need to be adapted to AI innovations or in some cases fundamentally reconfigured according to broadly accepted goals and principles. The approach in the United States to date has been sector-specific, with oversight by a variety of agencies. The use of AI in devices that deliver medical diagnostics and treatments is subject to aggressive regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), both in defining what the product is and specifying the methods by which it is produced, including standards of software engineering. The use of drones in regulated airspace falls under the authority of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).126 For consumer-facing AI systems, regulation by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) comes into play. Financial markets using AI technologies, such as in high-frequency trading, come under regulation by the Security Exchange Commission (SEC). In addition to sector-specific approaches, the somewhat ambiguous and broad regulatory category of “critical infrastructure” may apply to AI applications.127 The Obama Administration’s Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 21 broadly defines critical infrastructure as composed of “the assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination thereof.” Today, an enterprise does not come under federal regulation solely by falling under that broad definition. Instead, the general trend of federal policy is to seek regulation in sixteen sectors of the economy.128 As regards AI, critical infrastructure is notably defined by the end-user application, and not the technology or sector that actually produces AI software.	How does the Study Panel recommend addressing societal implications of AI technology? Do not make use of any external information or prior knowledge when answering the question. Only use the following text to formulate an answer. Make your answer between 300 and 500 words. AI POLICY, NOW AND IN THE FUTURE Throughout history, humans have both shaped and adapted to new technologies. This report anticipates that advances in AI technologies will be developed and fielded gradually—not in sudden, unexpected jumps in the techniques themselves—and will build on what exists today, making this adaptation easier. On the other hand, small improvements to techniques, computing power, or availability of data can occasionally lead to novel, game-changing applications. The measure of success for AI applications is the value they create for human lives. Going forward, the ease with which people use and adapt to AI applications will likewise largely determine their success. Conversely, since AI applications are susceptible to errors and failures, a mark of their success will be how users perceive and tolerate their shortcomings. As AI becomes increasingly embedded in daily lives and used for more critical tasks, system mistakes may lead to backlash from users and negatively affect their trust. Though accidents in a self-driving car may be less probable than those driven by humans, for example, they will attract more attention. Design strategies that enhance the ability of humans to understand AI systems and decisions (such as explicitly explaining those decisions), and to participate in their use, may help build trust and prevent drastic failures. Likewise, developers should help manage people’s expectations, which will affect their happiness and satisfaction with AI applications. Frustration in carrying out functions promised by a system diminishes people’s trust and reduces their willingness to use the system in the future. Another important consideration is how AI systems that take over certain tasks will affect people’s affordances and capabilities. As machines deliver super-human performances on some tasks, people’s ability to perform them may wither. Already, introducing calculators to classrooms has reduced children’s ability to do basic arithmetic operations. Still, humans and AI systems have complementary abilities. People are likely to focus on tasks that machines cannot do as well, including complex reasoning and creative expression. Already, children are increasingly exposed to AI applications, such as interacting with personal assistants on cell phones or with virtual agents in theme parks. Having early exposure will improve children’s interactions with AI applications, which will become a natural part of their daily lives. As a result, gaps will appear in how younger and older generations perceive AI’s influences on society. 43 Likewise, AI could widen existing inequalities of opportunity if access to AI technologies—along with the high-powered computation and large-scale data that fuel many of them—is unfairly distributed across society. These technologies will improve the abilities and efficiency of people who have access to them. A person with access to accurate Machine Translation technology will be better able to use learning resources available in different languages. Similarly, if speech translation technology is only available in English, people who do not speak English will be at a disadvantage. Further, AI applications and the data they rely upon may reflect the biases of their designers and users, who specify the data sources. This threatens to deepen existing social biases, and concentrate AI’s benefits unequally among different subgroups of society. For example, some speech recognition technologies do not work well for women and people with accents. As AI is increasingly used in critical applications, these biases may surface issues of fairness to diverse groups in society. On the other hand, compared to the well-documented biases in human decision-making, AI-based decision-making tools have the potential to significantly reduce the bias in critical decisions such as who is lent money or sent to jail. Privacy concerns about AI-enabled surveillance are also widespread, particularly in cities with pervasive instrumentation. Sousveillance, the recording of an activity by a participant, usually with portable personal devices, has increased as well. Since views about bias and privacy are based on personal and societal ethical and value judgments, the debates over how to address these concerns will likely grow and resist quick resolution. Similarly, since AI is generating significant wealth, debates will grow regarding how the economic fruits of AI technologies should be shared—especially as AI expertise and the underlying data sets that fuel applications are concentrated in a small number of large corporations. To help address these concerns about the individual and societal implications of rapidly evolving AI technologies, the Study Panel offers three general policy recommendations: 1. Define a path toward accruing technical expertise in AI at all levels of government. Effective governance requires more experts who understand and can analyze the interactions between AI technologies, programmatic objectives, and overall societal values. Absent sufficient technical expertise to assess safety or other metrics, national or local officials may refuse to permit a potentially promising application. Or insufficiently trained officials may simply take the word of industry technologists and green light a sensitive application that has not been adequately vetted. Without an understanding of how AI systems interact with human behavior and societal values, officials will be poorly positioned to evaluate the impact of AI on programmatic objectives. 2. Remove the perceived and actual impediments to research on the fairness, security, privacy, and social impacts of AI systems. Some interpretations of federal laws such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and the anti-circumvention provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act are ambiguous regarding whether and how proprietary AI systems may be reverse engineered and evaluated by academics, journalists, and other researchers. Such research is critical if AI systems with physical and other material consequences are to be properly vetted and held accountable. 3. Increase public and private funding for interdisciplinary studies of the societal impacts of AI. As a society, we are underinvesting resources in research on the societal implications of AI technologies. Private and public dollars should be directed toward interdisciplinary 44 teams capable of analyzing AI from multiple angles. Research questions range from basic research into intelligence to methods to assess and affect the safety, privacy, fairness, and other impacts of AI. Questions include: Who is responsible when a self-driven car crashes or an intelligent medical device fails? How can AI applications be prevented from unlawful discrimination? Who should reap the gains of efficiencies enabled by AI technologies and what protections should be afforded to people whose skills are rendered obsolete? As AI becomes integrated more broadly and deeply into industrial and consumer products, it enters areas in which established regulatory regimes will need to be adapted to AI innovations or in some cases fundamentally reconfigured according to broadly accepted goals and principles. The approach in the United States to date has been sector-specific, with oversight by a variety of agencies. The use of AI in devices that deliver medical diagnostics and treatments is subject to aggressive regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), both in defining what the product is and specifying the methods by which it is produced, including standards of software engineering. The use of drones in regulated airspace falls under the authority of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).126 For consumer-facing AI systems, regulation by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) comes into play. Financial markets using AI technologies, such as in high-frequency trading, come under regulation by the Security Exchange Commission (SEC). In addition to sector-specific approaches, the somewhat ambiguous and broad regulatory category of “critical infrastructure” may apply to AI applications.127 The Obama Administration’s Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 21 broadly defines critical infrastructure as composed of “the assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination thereof.” Today, an enterprise does not come under federal regulation solely by falling under that broad definition. Instead, the general trend of federal policy is to seek regulation in sixteen sectors of the economy.128 As regards AI, critical infrastructure is notably defined by the end-user application, and not the technology or sector that actually produces AI software.	Do not make use of any external information or prior knowledge when answering the question. Only use the following text to formulate an answer. Make your answer between 300 and 500 words. EVIDENCE: AI POLICY, NOW AND IN THE FUTURE Throughout history, humans have both shaped and adapted to new technologies. This report anticipates that advances in AI technologies will be developed and fielded gradually—not in sudden, unexpected jumps in the techniques themselves—and will build on what exists today, making this adaptation easier. On the other hand, small improvements to techniques, computing power, or availability of data can occasionally lead to novel, game-changing applications. The measure of success for AI applications is the value they create for human lives. Going forward, the ease with which people use and adapt to AI applications will likewise largely determine their success. Conversely, since AI applications are susceptible to errors and failures, a mark of their success will be how users perceive and tolerate their shortcomings. As AI becomes increasingly embedded in daily lives and used for more critical tasks, system mistakes may lead to backlash from users and negatively affect their trust. Though accidents in a self-driving car may be less probable than those driven by humans, for example, they will attract more attention. Design strategies that enhance the ability of humans to understand AI systems and decisions (such as explicitly explaining those decisions), and to participate in their use, may help build trust and prevent drastic failures. Likewise, developers should help manage people’s expectations, which will affect their happiness and satisfaction with AI applications. Frustration in carrying out functions promised by a system diminishes people’s trust and reduces their willingness to use the system in the future. Another important consideration is how AI systems that take over certain tasks will affect people’s affordances and capabilities. As machines deliver super-human performances on some tasks, people’s ability to perform them may wither. Already, introducing calculators to classrooms has reduced children’s ability to do basic arithmetic operations. Still, humans and AI systems have complementary abilities. People are likely to focus on tasks that machines cannot do as well, including complex reasoning and creative expression. Already, children are increasingly exposed to AI applications, such as interacting with personal assistants on cell phones or with virtual agents in theme parks. Having early exposure will improve children’s interactions with AI applications, which will become a natural part of their daily lives. As a result, gaps will appear in how younger and older generations perceive AI’s influences on society. 43 Likewise, AI could widen existing inequalities of opportunity if access to AI technologies—along with the high-powered computation and large-scale data that fuel many of them—is unfairly distributed across society. These technologies will improve the abilities and efficiency of people who have access to them. A person with access to accurate Machine Translation technology will be better able to use learning resources available in different languages. Similarly, if speech translation technology is only available in English, people who do not speak English will be at a disadvantage. Further, AI applications and the data they rely upon may reflect the biases of their designers and users, who specify the data sources. This threatens to deepen existing social biases, and concentrate AI’s benefits unequally among different subgroups of society. For example, some speech recognition technologies do not work well for women and people with accents. As AI is increasingly used in critical applications, these biases may surface issues of fairness to diverse groups in society. On the other hand, compared to the well-documented biases in human decision-making, AI-based decision-making tools have the potential to significantly reduce the bias in critical decisions such as who is lent money or sent to jail. Privacy concerns about AI-enabled surveillance are also widespread, particularly in cities with pervasive instrumentation. Sousveillance, the recording of an activity by a participant, usually with portable personal devices, has increased as well. Since views about bias and privacy are based on personal and societal ethical and value judgments, the debates over how to address these concerns will likely grow and resist quick resolution. Similarly, since AI is generating significant wealth, debates will grow regarding how the economic fruits of AI technologies should be shared—especially as AI expertise and the underlying data sets that fuel applications are concentrated in a small number of large corporations. To help address these concerns about the individual and societal implications of rapidly evolving AI technologies, the Study Panel offers three general policy recommendations: 1. Define a path toward accruing technical expertise in AI at all levels of government. Effective governance requires more experts who understand and can analyze the interactions between AI technologies, programmatic objectives, and overall societal values. Absent sufficient technical expertise to assess safety or other metrics, national or local officials may refuse to permit a potentially promising application. Or insufficiently trained officials may simply take the word of industry technologists and green light a sensitive application that has not been adequately vetted. Without an understanding of how AI systems interact with human behavior and societal values, officials will be poorly positioned to evaluate the impact of AI on programmatic objectives. 2. Remove the perceived and actual impediments to research on the fairness, security, privacy, and social impacts of AI systems. Some interpretations of federal laws such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and the anti-circumvention provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act are ambiguous regarding whether and how proprietary AI systems may be reverse engineered and evaluated by academics, journalists, and other researchers. Such research is critical if AI systems with physical and other material consequences are to be properly vetted and held accountable. 3. Increase public and private funding for interdisciplinary studies of the societal impacts of AI. As a society, we are underinvesting resources in research on the societal implications of AI technologies. Private and public dollars should be directed toward interdisciplinary 44 teams capable of analyzing AI from multiple angles. Research questions range from basic research into intelligence to methods to assess and affect the safety, privacy, fairness, and other impacts of AI. Questions include: Who is responsible when a self-driven car crashes or an intelligent medical device fails? How can AI applications be prevented from unlawful discrimination? Who should reap the gains of efficiencies enabled by AI technologies and what protections should be afforded to people whose skills are rendered obsolete? As AI becomes integrated more broadly and deeply into industrial and consumer products, it enters areas in which established regulatory regimes will need to be adapted to AI innovations or in some cases fundamentally reconfigured according to broadly accepted goals and principles. The approach in the United States to date has been sector-specific, with oversight by a variety of agencies. The use of AI in devices that deliver medical diagnostics and treatments is subject to aggressive regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), both in defining what the product is and specifying the methods by which it is produced, including standards of software engineering. The use of drones in regulated airspace falls under the authority of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).126 For consumer-facing AI systems, regulation by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) comes into play. Financial markets using AI technologies, such as in high-frequency trading, come under regulation by the Security Exchange Commission (SEC). In addition to sector-specific approaches, the somewhat ambiguous and broad regulatory category of “critical infrastructure” may apply to AI applications.127 The Obama Administration’s Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 21 broadly defines critical infrastructure as composed of “the assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination thereof.” Today, an enterprise does not come under federal regulation solely by falling under that broad definition. Instead, the general trend of federal policy is to seek regulation in sixteen sectors of the economy.128 As regards AI, critical infrastructure is notably defined by the end-user application, and not the technology or sector that actually produces AI software. USER: How does the Study Panel recommend addressing societal implications of AI technology? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	32	12	1,315	null	362
"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	I have sleep apnea and just found out I am pregnant. I want to know what effect my sleep apnea will have on my pregnancy. Using this article, please explain the symptoms, risks, and treatments. Use at least 400 words.	What to Do About Sleep Apnea During Pregnancy Suddenly snoring all the time in pregnancy? It could be a symptom of sleep apnea. Here are the major signs to have on your radar, plus what to do next. save article Save this article to view it later on your Bump dashboard . It’s free! profile picture of Korin Miller By Korin Miller Updated May 3, 2024 Medically Reviewed by Kendra Segura, MD\|Fact Checked by Denise Porretto pregnant woman sleeping in bed at night Image: PR Image Factory \| Shutterstock Getting plenty of rest is crucial during pregnancy, but unfortunately you might also notice more sleep disturbances while you’re expecting. If you’ve been snoring or you’re suddenly dealing with morning headaches, you could be dealing with sleep apnea during pregnancy. While sleep apnea is a common condition outside of pregnancy, being an expectant mom raises your risk of developing it. Research has found that anywhere from 3 to 27 percent of pregnant women experience obstructive sleep apnea, depending on gestational age (it’s more common toward the third trimester) and method of diagnosis. So what’s the connection between sleep apnea and pregnancy, and what should you do if you suspect you have it? Ahead, experts explain risk factors, treatment and more. In this article: What is obstructive sleep apnea? Can pregnancy cause sleep apnea? Risk factors for sleep apnea in pregnancy Symptoms of sleep apnea in pregnancy How to treat sleep apnea during pregnancy When to see your doctor What Is Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Sleep apnea is a common condition in which your breathing stops and starts several times while you sleep, preventing your body from getting enough oxygen, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) explains. Sleep apnea is classified into two categories: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea, the more common type, is when your upper airway becomes blocked several times while you sleep, reducing or completely stopping airflow, the NHLBI says. Central sleep apnea happens when your brain doesn’t send the signals you need to breathe, which can be caused by another health condition. Obstructive sleep apnea “increases the carbon dioxide level in your blood, which makes your brain force you to wake up—briefly—to breathe,” says Jade Wu, PhD, a board-certified behavioral sleep medicine specialist and author of Hello Sleep: The Science and Art of Overcoming Insomnia without Medications. This can happen multiple times an hour or even as often as every two minutes or more during the night, she says. “Most people who have it don’t realize it because they don’t become fully awake each time they have an apnea,” Wu adds. Related Video Pregnancy Symptoms 101: Pregnancy Gas Obstructive sleep apnea “fragments sleep and reduces sleep quality,” says Christopher Winter, MD, a neurologist and sleep medicine physician with Charlottesville Neurology and Sleep Medicine and host of the Sleep Unplugged podcast. Can Pregnancy Cause Sleep Apnea? While sleep apnea is fairly common outside of pregnancy, pregnancy can “absolutely” increase the risk of developing the condition, Winter says. The main reasons there’s a connection between sleep apnea and pregnancy are: Weight gain. The risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea increases as you gain weight in pregnancy, Winter says. In addition to your body weight increasing, your breast tissue may grow and add more weight to your chest, increasing the risk of sleep apnea, Wu says. Anatomical factors. “Just the presence of baby pushing up into the chest cavity can change breathing dynamics,” Winter says. Hormonal changes. Pregnancy hormones are no joke. “Estrogen increases can cause nasal congestion, which makes it harder to breathe,” Wu says. Risk Factors for Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy A few factors can raise your risk of developing sleep apnea in pregnancy. “The biggest risk factor is having a history of sleep apnea or snoring before pregnancy,” Wu says. Having obesity before you become pregnant also raises your risk, Winter says. Other risk factors, according to the NHLBI, include: A family history of obstructive sleep apnea Having heart or kidney failure Being older Having large tonsils and a thick neck Symptoms of Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy The biggest symptom of sleep apnea during pregnancy is snoring, Wu says. (Of course, most people don’t know they snore, so you might just hear about this from your partner or another person you live with.) But snoring doesn’t necessarily mean that you have obstructive sleep apnea, Wu says. There are a few other symptoms to have on your radar, according to Winter: Feeling especially tired during the day Waking up with a headache Atypical weight gain for pregnancy Peeing a lot Snoring or choking during your sleep Elevated blood pressure Fragmented sleep How to Treat Sleep Apnea During Pregnancy There’s a range of treatment options when it comes to sleep apnea during pregnancy. Wu says doctors usually treat milder cases of obstructive sleep apnea with the following: Having you sleep on your side Suggesting using a wedge pillow to help keep your airway open when you sleep Suggesting using a dental device to help keep your jaw forward when you sleep If you have moderate to severe sleep apnea, your doctor will likely recommend that you use a continuous positive airway pressure machine (CPAP), Winter says. This provides continuous air pressure throughout your airways while you sleep to keep them open and help you breathe, the NHLBI says. Wu says that this form of therapy “has gotten so advanced that they can be quite comfortable and unobtrusive.” She adds, “I’ve had plenty of patients say they feel soothed by their CPAP and can’t settle down to sleep without it now.” When to See Your Doctor If you think you have symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, Wu says it’s time to reach out to your provider. “One major problem with obstructive sleep apnea is that it can take a long time to get in to see a sleep specialist and to get the testing required to be diagnosed and treated,” she says. There’s not a lot of data on whether obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy will continue after baby’s born. “Risk for obstructive sleep apnea should go down after baby’s born, but it’s very possible that once you’ve had it, you continue to have elevated risk,” Wu says. “It’s important to keep follow-ups with your sleep doctor to continue to monitor symptoms.” Please note: The Bump and the materials and information it contains are not intended to, and do not constitute, medical or other health advice or diagnosis and should not be used as such. You should always consult with a qualified physician or health professional about your specific circumstances. Plus, more from The Bump: These Are the Safest Pregnancy Sleeping Positions Natural Remedies to Help You Sleep Better During Pregnancy The 13 Best Pregnancy Pillows, According to Pregnant Moms Sources save article Was this article helpful? Already a member? Log In	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= What to Do About Sleep Apnea During Pregnancy Suddenly snoring all the time in pregnancy? It could be a symptom of sleep apnea. Here are the major signs to have on your radar, plus what to do next. save article Save this article to view it later on your Bump dashboard . It’s free! profile picture of Korin Miller By Korin Miller Updated May 3, 2024 Medically Reviewed by Kendra Segura, MD\|Fact Checked by Denise Porretto pregnant woman sleeping in bed at night Image: PR Image Factory \| Shutterstock Getting plenty of rest is crucial during pregnancy, but unfortunately you might also notice more sleep disturbances while you’re expecting. If you’ve been snoring or you’re suddenly dealing with morning headaches, you could be dealing with sleep apnea during pregnancy. While sleep apnea is a common condition outside of pregnancy, being an expectant mom raises your risk of developing it. Research has found that anywhere from 3 to 27 percent of pregnant women experience obstructive sleep apnea, depending on gestational age (it’s more common toward the third trimester) and method of diagnosis. So what’s the connection between sleep apnea and pregnancy, and what should you do if you suspect you have it? Ahead, experts explain risk factors, treatment and more. In this article: What is obstructive sleep apnea? Can pregnancy cause sleep apnea? Risk factors for sleep apnea in pregnancy Symptoms of sleep apnea in pregnancy How to treat sleep apnea during pregnancy When to see your doctor What Is Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Sleep apnea is a common condition in which your breathing stops and starts several times while you sleep, preventing your body from getting enough oxygen, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) explains. Sleep apnea is classified into two categories: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea, the more common type, is when your upper airway becomes blocked several times while you sleep, reducing or completely stopping airflow, the NHLBI says. Central sleep apnea happens when your brain doesn’t send the signals you need to breathe, which can be caused by another health condition. Obstructive sleep apnea “increases the carbon dioxide level in your blood, which makes your brain force you to wake up—briefly—to breathe,” says Jade Wu, PhD, a board-certified behavioral sleep medicine specialist and author of Hello Sleep: The Science and Art of Overcoming Insomnia without Medications. This can happen multiple times an hour or even as often as every two minutes or more during the night, she says. “Most people who have it don’t realize it because they don’t become fully awake each time they have an apnea,” Wu adds. Related Video Pregnancy Symptoms 101: Pregnancy Gas Obstructive sleep apnea “fragments sleep and reduces sleep quality,” says Christopher Winter, MD, a neurologist and sleep medicine physician with Charlottesville Neurology and Sleep Medicine and host of the Sleep Unplugged podcast. Can Pregnancy Cause Sleep Apnea? While sleep apnea is fairly common outside of pregnancy, pregnancy can “absolutely” increase the risk of developing the condition, Winter says. The main reasons there’s a connection between sleep apnea and pregnancy are: Weight gain. The risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea increases as you gain weight in pregnancy, Winter says. In addition to your body weight increasing, your breast tissue may grow and add more weight to your chest, increasing the risk of sleep apnea, Wu says. Anatomical factors. “Just the presence of baby pushing up into the chest cavity can change breathing dynamics,” Winter says. Hormonal changes. Pregnancy hormones are no joke. “Estrogen increases can cause nasal congestion, which makes it harder to breathe,” Wu says. Risk Factors for Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy A few factors can raise your risk of developing sleep apnea in pregnancy. “The biggest risk factor is having a history of sleep apnea or snoring before pregnancy,” Wu says. Having obesity before you become pregnant also raises your risk, Winter says. Other risk factors, according to the NHLBI, include: A family history of obstructive sleep apnea Having heart or kidney failure Being older Having large tonsils and a thick neck Symptoms of Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy The biggest symptom of sleep apnea during pregnancy is snoring, Wu says. (Of course, most people don’t know they snore, so you might just hear about this from your partner or another person you live with.) But snoring doesn’t necessarily mean that you have obstructive sleep apnea, Wu says. There are a few other symptoms to have on your radar, according to Winter: Feeling especially tired during the day Waking up with a headache Atypical weight gain for pregnancy Peeing a lot Snoring or choking during your sleep Elevated blood pressure Fragmented sleep How to Treat Sleep Apnea During Pregnancy There’s a range of treatment options when it comes to sleep apnea during pregnancy. Wu says doctors usually treat milder cases of obstructive sleep apnea with the following: Having you sleep on your side Suggesting using a wedge pillow to help keep your airway open when you sleep Suggesting using a dental device to help keep your jaw forward when you sleep If you have moderate to severe sleep apnea, your doctor will likely recommend that you use a continuous positive airway pressure machine (CPAP), Winter says. This provides continuous air pressure throughout your airways while you sleep to keep them open and help you breathe, the NHLBI says. Wu says that this form of therapy “has gotten so advanced that they can be quite comfortable and unobtrusive.” She adds, “I’ve had plenty of patients say they feel soothed by their CPAP and can’t settle down to sleep without it now.” When to See Your Doctor If you think you have symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, Wu says it’s time to reach out to your provider. “One major problem with obstructive sleep apnea is that it can take a long time to get in to see a sleep specialist and to get the testing required to be diagnosed and treated,” she says. There’s not a lot of data on whether obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy will continue after baby’s born. “Risk for obstructive sleep apnea should go down after baby’s born, but it’s very possible that once you’ve had it, you continue to have elevated risk,” Wu says. “It’s important to keep follow-ups with your sleep doctor to continue to monitor symptoms.” Please note: The Bump and the materials and information it contains are not intended to, and do not constitute, medical or other health advice or diagnosis and should not be used as such. You should always consult with a qualified physician or health professional about your specific circumstances. Plus, more from The Bump: These Are the Safest Pregnancy Sleeping Positions Natural Remedies to Help You Sleep Better During Pregnancy The 13 Best Pregnancy Pillows, According to Pregnant Moms Sources save article Was this article helpful? Already a member? Log In https://www.thebump.com/a/sleep-apnea-during-pregnancy ================ <QUESTION> ======= I have sleep apnea and just found out I am pregnant. I want to know what effect my sleep apnea will have on my pregnancy. Using this article, please explain the symptoms, risks, and treatments. Use at least 400 words. ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided." EVIDENCE: What to Do About Sleep Apnea During Pregnancy Suddenly snoring all the time in pregnancy? It could be a symptom of sleep apnea. Here are the major signs to have on your radar, plus what to do next. save article Save this article to view it later on your Bump dashboard . It’s free! profile picture of Korin Miller By Korin Miller Updated May 3, 2024 Medically Reviewed by Kendra Segura, MD\|Fact Checked by Denise Porretto pregnant woman sleeping in bed at night Image: PR Image Factory \| Shutterstock Getting plenty of rest is crucial during pregnancy, but unfortunately you might also notice more sleep disturbances while you’re expecting. If you’ve been snoring or you’re suddenly dealing with morning headaches, you could be dealing with sleep apnea during pregnancy. While sleep apnea is a common condition outside of pregnancy, being an expectant mom raises your risk of developing it. Research has found that anywhere from 3 to 27 percent of pregnant women experience obstructive sleep apnea, depending on gestational age (it’s more common toward the third trimester) and method of diagnosis. So what’s the connection between sleep apnea and pregnancy, and what should you do if you suspect you have it? Ahead, experts explain risk factors, treatment and more. In this article: What is obstructive sleep apnea? Can pregnancy cause sleep apnea? Risk factors for sleep apnea in pregnancy Symptoms of sleep apnea in pregnancy How to treat sleep apnea during pregnancy When to see your doctor What Is Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Sleep apnea is a common condition in which your breathing stops and starts several times while you sleep, preventing your body from getting enough oxygen, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) explains. Sleep apnea is classified into two categories: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea, the more common type, is when your upper airway becomes blocked several times while you sleep, reducing or completely stopping airflow, the NHLBI says. Central sleep apnea happens when your brain doesn’t send the signals you need to breathe, which can be caused by another health condition. Obstructive sleep apnea “increases the carbon dioxide level in your blood, which makes your brain force you to wake up—briefly—to breathe,” says Jade Wu, PhD, a board-certified behavioral sleep medicine specialist and author of Hello Sleep: The Science and Art of Overcoming Insomnia without Medications. This can happen multiple times an hour or even as often as every two minutes or more during the night, she says. “Most people who have it don’t realize it because they don’t become fully awake each time they have an apnea,” Wu adds. Related Video Pregnancy Symptoms 101: Pregnancy Gas Obstructive sleep apnea “fragments sleep and reduces sleep quality,” says Christopher Winter, MD, a neurologist and sleep medicine physician with Charlottesville Neurology and Sleep Medicine and host of the Sleep Unplugged podcast. Can Pregnancy Cause Sleep Apnea? While sleep apnea is fairly common outside of pregnancy, pregnancy can “absolutely” increase the risk of developing the condition, Winter says. The main reasons there’s a connection between sleep apnea and pregnancy are: Weight gain. The risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea increases as you gain weight in pregnancy, Winter says. In addition to your body weight increasing, your breast tissue may grow and add more weight to your chest, increasing the risk of sleep apnea, Wu says. Anatomical factors. “Just the presence of baby pushing up into the chest cavity can change breathing dynamics,” Winter says. Hormonal changes. Pregnancy hormones are no joke. “Estrogen increases can cause nasal congestion, which makes it harder to breathe,” Wu says. Risk Factors for Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy A few factors can raise your risk of developing sleep apnea in pregnancy. “The biggest risk factor is having a history of sleep apnea or snoring before pregnancy,” Wu says. Having obesity before you become pregnant also raises your risk, Winter says. Other risk factors, according to the NHLBI, include: A family history of obstructive sleep apnea Having heart or kidney failure Being older Having large tonsils and a thick neck Symptoms of Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy The biggest symptom of sleep apnea during pregnancy is snoring, Wu says. (Of course, most people don’t know they snore, so you might just hear about this from your partner or another person you live with.) But snoring doesn’t necessarily mean that you have obstructive sleep apnea, Wu says. There are a few other symptoms to have on your radar, according to Winter: Feeling especially tired during the day Waking up with a headache Atypical weight gain for pregnancy Peeing a lot Snoring or choking during your sleep Elevated blood pressure Fragmented sleep How to Treat Sleep Apnea During Pregnancy There’s a range of treatment options when it comes to sleep apnea during pregnancy. Wu says doctors usually treat milder cases of obstructive sleep apnea with the following: Having you sleep on your side Suggesting using a wedge pillow to help keep your airway open when you sleep Suggesting using a dental device to help keep your jaw forward when you sleep If you have moderate to severe sleep apnea, your doctor will likely recommend that you use a continuous positive airway pressure machine (CPAP), Winter says. This provides continuous air pressure throughout your airways while you sleep to keep them open and help you breathe, the NHLBI says. Wu says that this form of therapy “has gotten so advanced that they can be quite comfortable and unobtrusive.” She adds, “I’ve had plenty of patients say they feel soothed by their CPAP and can’t settle down to sleep without it now.” When to See Your Doctor If you think you have symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, Wu says it’s time to reach out to your provider. “One major problem with obstructive sleep apnea is that it can take a long time to get in to see a sleep specialist and to get the testing required to be diagnosed and treated,” she says. There’s not a lot of data on whether obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy will continue after baby’s born. “Risk for obstructive sleep apnea should go down after baby’s born, but it’s very possible that once you’ve had it, you continue to have elevated risk,” Wu says. “It’s important to keep follow-ups with your sleep doctor to continue to monitor symptoms.” Please note: The Bump and the materials and information it contains are not intended to, and do not constitute, medical or other health advice or diagnosis and should not be used as such. You should always consult with a qualified physician or health professional about your specific circumstances. Plus, more from The Bump: These Are the Safest Pregnancy Sleeping Positions Natural Remedies to Help You Sleep Better During Pregnancy The 13 Best Pregnancy Pillows, According to Pregnant Moms Sources save article Was this article helpful? Already a member? Log In USER: I have sleep apnea and just found out I am pregnant. I want to know what effect my sleep apnea will have on my pregnancy. Using this article, please explain the symptoms, risks, and treatments. Use at least 400 words. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	49	40	1,147	null	768
"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	I would like to understand the differences between traditional and self-publishing. How do I know which route to go? Which route has the potential for a greater profit?	Your two main options are traditional publishing with a publishing company, or self-publishing through a platform like IngramSpark, Amazon Kindle Direct, or Indie Author Project / Biblioboard. Many authors have strong opinions about which publishing path is best. Traditional publishing offers support from a full team of experts, including editors, designers, and salespeople, often leading to higher sales and a more polished product. However, traditional publishing is notoriously slow and has historically excluded writers from marginalized groups. Self-publishing offers a quicker way to share your book with readers, as well as freedom from industry pressure to write something “sellable.” However, self-published books can suffer from the lack of professional editing and design, and self-published authors take on the hard work of sales, marketing, and distribution. There’s no one right answer. It depends on your personal goals for writing and publication. Below are three questions to help you decide whether traditional publishing or self-publishing is right for you. You want to spend it writing, of course! However, writing is only one part of an author’s career. Authors also spend time revising, marketing their books, and, if you’re pursuing traditional publishing, finding an agent. Most major publishers do not accept submissions directly from writers. Instead, writers find agents who sell their work to publishers in return for around 15% of profits. Having an agent signals to publishers that your book is good enough for at least one person to stake their career on it. And having an agent means you can focus on writing your next book instead of researching every editor at every imprint of every publishing house, and then becoming an expert in negotiating your own publishing contract. However, you will have to put that research and negotiation power toward querying agents. During the querying process, writers email a brief pitch of their work to agents who may be interested. Querying is often considered one of the most difficult parts of traditional publishing, as writers may receive hundreds of rejections over multiple books. Rejection isn’t always bad, though. It can be an invitation to revise and improve your work. Writing is hard, and no one gets it right on the first try. Early drafts of a book get the idea out of your brain and into words. Later drafts make the story reach its full potential. Traditional publishing has multiple rounds of agent and editor revisions baked into the process. Self-publishing does not. Self-published writers decide for themselves how much to revise their work before sharing it. Some self-published authors hire freelance editors. Some trust friends and family for feedback. Others skip revisions, share the work as-is, and move on to their next project. Skipping revisions can have negative impacts on book quality, but ultimately, it’s a question of whether you’d prefer to spend your time telling new stories or polishing old ones. Before publication, it may seem like traditional publishing takes a lot more work than self-publishing. However, once a book is published, the tables turn. Traditional publishing includes whole teams of people working behind the scenes to determine how much books should cost, negotiate deals with booksellers, review books so teachers and librarians know which ones to buy, and more. If you’re self-publishing, you are those teams of people. You do all the work of pricing, formatting, selling, marketing, distributing, and more. Even if you only want to e-publish, you still have to format your own manuscript, or hire a professional to do it for you, and submit to the online platform(s) of your choice. You have to figure out a marketing strategy that will make you stand out, not only among self-published or indie authors, but also against professional marketing teams from billion-dollar publishing companies. It’s hard work! And it takes time away from writing. Whether you choose traditional or self-publishing, writing is only one aspect of your career. It’s worth asking whether you’d prefer to spend time querying agents or becoming an expert in everything from typesetting to book distribution. It’s also worth considering why you want a writing career in the first place. Every writer has their own reasons for writing. We love it. We don’t know how to live without it. We want to tell our story or make the world a better place. Usually, the answer is not money. And that’s okay! Creative expression can be fun and freeing and deeply meaningful, even if you never monetize it. If you know up front—before sending 100 query letters or spending hours and hours typesetting your manuscript—that writing is not a financial or career goal, you can save yourself a lot of stress and rejection. However, if you do want to make writing a financially viable career, it’s important to know how and when you get paid through traditional or self-publishing. In traditional publishing, when your agent sells your book to a publisher, you are paid an advance. An advance is a lump sum that the company expects to earn back later through your book sales. Advances vary wildly in amount. Small, indie publishers might pay as low as $1,000-$2,000. Large publishers might offer up to six figures or more. The amount depends on factors like genre, target age group, and whether it’s your first book or you’re more advanced in your career. After your book earns out its advance—meaning the publisher made back the money they paid you—then you earn royalties on every additional copy sold. In traditional publishing, writers do not pay anything up front. If your agent or editor charges “reading fees,” or if you are asked to pay for any part of book design or production, you are being scammed. This is an important distinction because self-publishing works differently. In self-publishing, your income depends entirely on how many books you sell. There are no advances. You may also have to pay up-front, depending on which parts of book production you want to tackle yourself and which parts (if any) you’d like to hire experts to manage for you. Up-front self-publishing costs could include hiring a freelance editor or book designer, or paying to print your book if you plan to sell hard copies. There are free e-publishing options, such as Kindle Direct or Indie Author Project / Biblioboard. For hard copies, a print-on-demand model like IngramSpark can save you from paying to print and warehouse extra books that you’re unable to sell. It can be difficult to know whether it’s financially better to shop around your manuscript a little longer, waiting for that big advance, or whether you should go ahead and self-publish to start selling copies now. The answer can depend on what genre you’re writing in and what age group you’re writing for. Your book’s length and genre, as well as the age of your readers, can have a huge impact on whether you’re able to make money in traditional or self-publishing. Sometimes, both can be profitable. Romance is a rare genre that both tops traditional publishing sales and has recently seen significant income growth for self-published authors. In fact, many romance writers are now “hybrid,” writing both traditional and self-published books. Other genres are trickier, however. Memoirs are notoriously hard to sell, either to publishing companies or self-published to readers, unless you’re already famous. Niche topics, like regional history, might have too small an audience for big publishers to profit, making self-publishing the only way to share the information. On the other hand, children’s books tend to struggle with self-publishing. Many self-published books are e-books only, and fewer children have e-readers. Most children’s books are also bought by adults, like parents or grandparents, who are looking for physical gifts and are worried about screen time.	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= Your two main options are traditional publishing with a publishing company, or self-publishing through a platform like IngramSpark, Amazon Kindle Direct, or Indie Author Project / Biblioboard. Many authors have strong opinions about which publishing path is best. Traditional publishing offers support from a full team of experts, including editors, designers, and salespeople, often leading to higher sales and a more polished product. However, traditional publishing is notoriously slow and has historically excluded writers from marginalized groups. Self-publishing offers a quicker way to share your book with readers, as well as freedom from industry pressure to write something “sellable.” However, self-published books can suffer from the lack of professional editing and design, and self-published authors take on the hard work of sales, marketing, and distribution. There’s no one right answer. It depends on your personal goals for writing and publication. Below are three questions to help you decide whether traditional publishing or self-publishing is right for you. You want to spend it writing, of course! However, writing is only one part of an author’s career. Authors also spend time revising, marketing their books, and, if you’re pursuing traditional publishing, finding an agent. Most major publishers do not accept submissions directly from writers. Instead, writers find agents who sell their work to publishers in return for around 15% of profits. Having an agent signals to publishers that your book is good enough for at least one person to stake their career on it. And having an agent means you can focus on writing your next book instead of researching every editor at every imprint of every publishing house, and then becoming an expert in negotiating your own publishing contract. However, you will have to put that research and negotiation power toward querying agents. During the querying process, writers email a brief pitch of their work to agents who may be interested. Querying is often considered one of the most difficult parts of traditional publishing, as writers may receive hundreds of rejections over multiple books. Rejection isn’t always bad, though. It can be an invitation to revise and improve your work. Writing is hard, and no one gets it right on the first try. Early drafts of a book get the idea out of your brain and into words. Later drafts make the story reach its full potential. Traditional publishing has multiple rounds of agent and editor revisions baked into the process. Self-publishing does not. Self-published writers decide for themselves how much to revise their work before sharing it. Some self-published authors hire freelance editors. Some trust friends and family for feedback. Others skip revisions, share the work as-is, and move on to their next project. Skipping revisions can have negative impacts on book quality, but ultimately, it’s a question of whether you’d prefer to spend your time telling new stories or polishing old ones. Before publication, it may seem like traditional publishing takes a lot more work than self-publishing. However, once a book is published, the tables turn. Traditional publishing includes whole teams of people working behind the scenes to determine how much books should cost, negotiate deals with booksellers, review books so teachers and librarians know which ones to buy, and more. If you’re self-publishing, you are those teams of people. You do all the work of pricing, formatting, selling, marketing, distributing, and more. Even if you only want to e-publish, you still have to format your own manuscript, or hire a professional to do it for you, and submit to the online platform(s) of your choice. You have to figure out a marketing strategy that will make you stand out, not only among self-published or indie authors, but also against professional marketing teams from billion-dollar publishing companies. It’s hard work! And it takes time away from writing. Whether you choose traditional or self-publishing, writing is only one aspect of your career. It’s worth asking whether you’d prefer to spend time querying agents or becoming an expert in everything from typesetting to book distribution. It’s also worth considering why you want a writing career in the first place. Every writer has their own reasons for writing. We love it. We don’t know how to live without it. We want to tell our story or make the world a better place. Usually, the answer is not money. And that’s okay! Creative expression can be fun and freeing and deeply meaningful, even if you never monetize it. If you know up front—before sending 100 query letters or spending hours and hours typesetting your manuscript—that writing is not a financial or career goal, you can save yourself a lot of stress and rejection. However, if you do want to make writing a financially viable career, it’s important to know how and when you get paid through traditional or self-publishing. In traditional publishing, when your agent sells your book to a publisher, you are paid an advance. An advance is a lump sum that the company expects to earn back later through your book sales. Advances vary wildly in amount. Small, indie publishers might pay as low as $1,000-$2,000. Large publishers might offer up to six figures or more. The amount depends on factors like genre, target age group, and whether it’s your first book or you’re more advanced in your career. After your book earns out its advance—meaning the publisher made back the money they paid you—then you earn royalties on every additional copy sold. In traditional publishing, writers do not pay anything up front. If your agent or editor charges “reading fees,” or if you are asked to pay for any part of book design or production, you are being scammed. This is an important distinction because self-publishing works differently. In self-publishing, your income depends entirely on how many books you sell. There are no advances. You may also have to pay up-front, depending on which parts of book production you want to tackle yourself and which parts (if any) you’d like to hire experts to manage for you. Up-front self-publishing costs could include hiring a freelance editor or book designer, or paying to print your book if you plan to sell hard copies. There are free e-publishing options, such as Kindle Direct or Indie Author Project / Biblioboard. For hard copies, a print-on-demand model like IngramSpark can save you from paying to print and warehouse extra books that you’re unable to sell. It can be difficult to know whether it’s financially better to shop around your manuscript a little longer, waiting for that big advance, or whether you should go ahead and self-publish to start selling copies now. The answer can depend on what genre you’re writing in and what age group you’re writing for. Your book’s length and genre, as well as the age of your readers, can have a huge impact on whether you’re able to make money in traditional or self-publishing. Sometimes, both can be profitable. Romance is a rare genre that both tops traditional publishing sales and has recently seen significant income growth for self-published authors. In fact, many romance writers are now “hybrid,” writing both traditional and self-published books. Other genres are trickier, however. Memoirs are notoriously hard to sell, either to publishing companies or self-published to readers, unless you’re already famous. Niche topics, like regional history, might have too small an audience for big publishers to profit, making self-publishing the only way to share the information. On the other hand, children’s books tend to struggle with self-publishing. Many self-published books are e-books only, and fewer children have e-readers. Most children’s books are also bought by adults, like parents or grandparents, who are looking for physical gifts and are worried about screen time. https://nolalibrary.org/2023/06/27/traditional-publishing-vs-self-publishing/ ================ <QUESTION> ======= I would like to understand the differences between traditional and self-publishing. How do I know which route to go? Which route has the potential for a greater profit? ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided." EVIDENCE: Your two main options are traditional publishing with a publishing company, or self-publishing through a platform like IngramSpark, Amazon Kindle Direct, or Indie Author Project / Biblioboard. Many authors have strong opinions about which publishing path is best. Traditional publishing offers support from a full team of experts, including editors, designers, and salespeople, often leading to higher sales and a more polished product. However, traditional publishing is notoriously slow and has historically excluded writers from marginalized groups. Self-publishing offers a quicker way to share your book with readers, as well as freedom from industry pressure to write something “sellable.” However, self-published books can suffer from the lack of professional editing and design, and self-published authors take on the hard work of sales, marketing, and distribution. There’s no one right answer. It depends on your personal goals for writing and publication. Below are three questions to help you decide whether traditional publishing or self-publishing is right for you. You want to spend it writing, of course! However, writing is only one part of an author’s career. Authors also spend time revising, marketing their books, and, if you’re pursuing traditional publishing, finding an agent. Most major publishers do not accept submissions directly from writers. Instead, writers find agents who sell their work to publishers in return for around 15% of profits. Having an agent signals to publishers that your book is good enough for at least one person to stake their career on it. And having an agent means you can focus on writing your next book instead of researching every editor at every imprint of every publishing house, and then becoming an expert in negotiating your own publishing contract. However, you will have to put that research and negotiation power toward querying agents. During the querying process, writers email a brief pitch of their work to agents who may be interested. Querying is often considered one of the most difficult parts of traditional publishing, as writers may receive hundreds of rejections over multiple books. Rejection isn’t always bad, though. It can be an invitation to revise and improve your work. Writing is hard, and no one gets it right on the first try. Early drafts of a book get the idea out of your brain and into words. Later drafts make the story reach its full potential. Traditional publishing has multiple rounds of agent and editor revisions baked into the process. Self-publishing does not. Self-published writers decide for themselves how much to revise their work before sharing it. Some self-published authors hire freelance editors. Some trust friends and family for feedback. Others skip revisions, share the work as-is, and move on to their next project. Skipping revisions can have negative impacts on book quality, but ultimately, it’s a question of whether you’d prefer to spend your time telling new stories or polishing old ones. Before publication, it may seem like traditional publishing takes a lot more work than self-publishing. However, once a book is published, the tables turn. Traditional publishing includes whole teams of people working behind the scenes to determine how much books should cost, negotiate deals with booksellers, review books so teachers and librarians know which ones to buy, and more. If you’re self-publishing, you are those teams of people. You do all the work of pricing, formatting, selling, marketing, distributing, and more. Even if you only want to e-publish, you still have to format your own manuscript, or hire a professional to do it for you, and submit to the online platform(s) of your choice. You have to figure out a marketing strategy that will make you stand out, not only among self-published or indie authors, but also against professional marketing teams from billion-dollar publishing companies. It’s hard work! And it takes time away from writing. Whether you choose traditional or self-publishing, writing is only one aspect of your career. It’s worth asking whether you’d prefer to spend time querying agents or becoming an expert in everything from typesetting to book distribution. It’s also worth considering why you want a writing career in the first place. Every writer has their own reasons for writing. We love it. We don’t know how to live without it. We want to tell our story or make the world a better place. Usually, the answer is not money. And that’s okay! Creative expression can be fun and freeing and deeply meaningful, even if you never monetize it. If you know up front—before sending 100 query letters or spending hours and hours typesetting your manuscript—that writing is not a financial or career goal, you can save yourself a lot of stress and rejection. However, if you do want to make writing a financially viable career, it’s important to know how and when you get paid through traditional or self-publishing. In traditional publishing, when your agent sells your book to a publisher, you are paid an advance. An advance is a lump sum that the company expects to earn back later through your book sales. Advances vary wildly in amount. Small, indie publishers might pay as low as $1,000-$2,000. Large publishers might offer up to six figures or more. The amount depends on factors like genre, target age group, and whether it’s your first book or you’re more advanced in your career. After your book earns out its advance—meaning the publisher made back the money they paid you—then you earn royalties on every additional copy sold. In traditional publishing, writers do not pay anything up front. If your agent or editor charges “reading fees,” or if you are asked to pay for any part of book design or production, you are being scammed. This is an important distinction because self-publishing works differently. In self-publishing, your income depends entirely on how many books you sell. There are no advances. You may also have to pay up-front, depending on which parts of book production you want to tackle yourself and which parts (if any) you’d like to hire experts to manage for you. Up-front self-publishing costs could include hiring a freelance editor or book designer, or paying to print your book if you plan to sell hard copies. There are free e-publishing options, such as Kindle Direct or Indie Author Project / Biblioboard. For hard copies, a print-on-demand model like IngramSpark can save you from paying to print and warehouse extra books that you’re unable to sell. It can be difficult to know whether it’s financially better to shop around your manuscript a little longer, waiting for that big advance, or whether you should go ahead and self-publish to start selling copies now. The answer can depend on what genre you’re writing in and what age group you’re writing for. Your book’s length and genre, as well as the age of your readers, can have a huge impact on whether you’re able to make money in traditional or self-publishing. Sometimes, both can be profitable. Romance is a rare genre that both tops traditional publishing sales and has recently seen significant income growth for self-published authors. In fact, many romance writers are now “hybrid,” writing both traditional and self-published books. Other genres are trickier, however. Memoirs are notoriously hard to sell, either to publishing companies or self-published to readers, unless you’re already famous. Niche topics, like regional history, might have too small an audience for big publishers to profit, making self-publishing the only way to share the information. On the other hand, children’s books tend to struggle with self-publishing. Many self-published books are e-books only, and fewer children have e-readers. Most children’s books are also bought by adults, like parents or grandparents, who are looking for physical gifts and are worried about screen time. USER: I would like to understand the differences between traditional and self-publishing. How do I know which route to go? Which route has the potential for a greater profit? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	49	28	1,277	null	510
Use only the document provided and nothing else.	What is the RMS delay spread with a 30° antenna beam width compared to an omnidirectional antenna?	International Journal of Engineering Inventions ISSN: 2278-7461, www.ijeijournal.com Volume 1, Issue 3 (September 2012) PP: 06-11 Bit Error Rate of Mobile Wimax (Phy) Under Different Communication Channels and Modulation Technique T.Manochandar 1 , R.Krithika 2 'Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, VRS College of engineering and technology, Villupuram- 607 107 '.TamilNadu 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, E.S College oj < I in , , "• and technology, ViUupuram-605 602. TamilNadu Abstract — Mobile Wimax is a broadband wireless solution that enables the convergence of mobile and fixed broadband network, through a common wide area broadband radio access technology and flexible network architecture. The Performance of mobile Wimax under varying channel is one of the interesting research interests. Most of the most existing systems, based on performance and evaluation under channel condition are limited to AWGN, ITU etc in mobile Wimax. In this paper the performance of mobile Wimax (PHY layer) under SUI channel models in addition to different data rates and modulation techniques were analyzed. The simulation cavers important performance parameters like Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio. Keywords— Wimax, BER, SNR, BPSK, OFDMA I. INTRODUCTION IEEE802.16e is a global broadband wireless access standard capable of delivering high data rates to fixed users as well as portable and mobile ones over long distance [l].In mobile Wimax air interface adopts orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for improved multi-path performance in non-line-of sight (NLOS) environment. Mobile Wimax extends the OFDM PHY layer to support terminal mobility and multiple-access. The resulting technology is Scalable OFDMA. Data streams to and from indh idual users are multiplexed to groups of sub channel on the downlink and uplink. By adopting Scalable PHY architecture, mobile Wimax is able to support a wide range of bandwidths. The performance of the WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) can be evaluated by using the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models which has a set of six channels for terrain types [3J.With different data rates, coding schemes and modulation techniques. The mobile WiMAX standard builds on the principles of OFDM by adopting a Scalable OFDMA-based PHY layer (SOFDMA) [4J. SOFDMA supports a wide range of operating bandwidths to flexibl) address the need for various spectrum allocation and application requirements. The simulation done in the paper covers important performance such as Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio. II. WIMAX PHYSICAL LAYER This project deals with the performances of Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio in mobile WiMAX physical layer. The block diagram of the physical layer of mobile WiMAX diagram is given in Figure 1 . The transferring of data or receiving the data is done through the physical layer of WiMAX. So the uplink and the downlink of the message were done on the physical layer of WiMAX. There are three levels in the physical layer of mobile WiMAX physical layer are • Bit level processing • OFDM symbol level processing • Digital IF processing Each levels of physical layer of WiMAX consist of certain processes for transferring the data at uplink region and receiving of data at downlink region consists of encoder, decoder, symbol mapper and randomizer etc., Every processes were done in order to improve the performance of the mobility condition of mobile wimax. In this paper the perfor analyzed by the signal to noise ratio and the bit error rate Bit Error Rale Of Mobile Wimax (Plix) Under Different Communication,,, m^v Figure: 1. Block Diagram of Wimax Physical Layer Table. 1 Parameter of mobile wima x physical layer Parameter Value FFT size 128 512 1024 2048 Channel Bandwidth(MHz) 1.25 5 10 20 Subcarrier Frequency spacing (KHz) 10.94 Useful Symbol Period 91.4 Guard Time 1/32,1/8,1/6,1/4 III. CHANNEL The medium between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna is said to be the channel. The profile of received signal can be obtained from that of the transmitted signal, if we have a model of the medium between the two. The model of the medium is called channel model. Bit Error Rate Of Mobile Winuix (Plix) Under Different Communication... Y (f) ->oulpui signal H (f) ->channel response X (f) ->input signal Y (f) =X (f) H (f) +n (f) A. Stanford Universit) [nterim (SUI) Channel Models: It is a set of six channel models representing three terrain types and a variety of Doppler spreads, delay spread and mainly the line-of-sight/non-line-of-site conditions that are typical of the continental. The terrain type A, B, C is same as those defined in Erceg model [10]. The multipath fading is modeled as a tapped delay line with 3 taps with non-uniform delays. The gain associated w ith each tap is characterized by a Rician Distribution and the maximum Doppler frequency. In a multipath environment, the received power r has a Rician distribution, whose Pdf is given by: o LOS component and the pdf of the power becomes Pdf(r)=r/o 2 e [ -* ac2+A2a2] Io(rA/o 2 ) < r < a This is also known as Raleigh distribution. The ratio K=A / (2o2) in the Rician case represents the ratio of LOS component to NLOS component and is called the "K- Factor" or "Rician Factor." The general structure for the SUI channel model is as shown below in figure. This structure is for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channels and includes other configurations like Single Input Single Output (SISO) and Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) as subsets. Figure 2.SUI Channel Model Power Distribution For each tap a set of complex zero-mean Gaussian distributed numbers is generated with a e of 0.5 for the real and imaginary part, so that the total average power of this distribution is 1. This yields a normalized Rayleigh distribution (equivalent to Rice with K=0) for the magnitude of the complex coefficients. If a Rician distribution (K>0 implied) is needed, a constant path component m is added to the Rayleigh set of coefficients. The ratio of powers between this constant part and the Rayleigh (variable) part is specified by the K-factor. For this general case, we show how to distribute the power correctly by first stating die total power P of each tap: Where m is the comple: of the complex Gaussian set. Second, the ratio of powers is K=m 2 /\|o 2 l. T able 2: Terrain type and Doppler spread for SUI channel mod el Channel Terrain Type spread Spread LOS SUI-1 C Low Low High SUI-2 C Low Low High SUI-3 B Low Low Low SUI-4 B High Moderate Low SUI-5 A Low High Low SUI-6 A High High High Bit Error Rale Of Mobile Wimax (Phy) Under Different Communication... In the SUI channel model, parameter for the SUI 1 and SUI 2 channel model has been tabulated in 3 and 4 respectively for the reference. BER performance is evaluated in this channel models. Depending on the performance parameter for the SUI channel, the performances of wimax physical layer are evaluated through the performance graph. Table 3 SUI -1 Channel Model Tapl Tap 2 Tap 3 Units Delay 0.4 0.9 [IS Power(omni antenna) 90% K-facto<omni) 0<OIM 4 20 -15 -20 db Power(30 antenna) 90% k-facto<30°) 16 72 -21 -32 db Doppler 0.4 0.3 0.5 Hz < , - , iii Gain Reduction Factor: GRF=0db Normalisation Factor: F^i=-0.1771db FV=-0.0371db Terrain Type : C Omni antenna :tems = 0.1 11 [is Overall K:K=3 .3 (90%) K= .10.4(75%) 30 u 3iitenna:i[j!]Ms =0.042 \is Overall K:K= 14. 0(90%) K=44 2(7 4>) Table 4 SUI -2 Channel Mo del Tapl Tap 2 3 Units Delay 0.4 1.1 us Power(ortmi antenna) 90% K-facto<omni) 73% K-facto<omni) 11 -12 -15 db Poweri i0' minni i 90% k-facto<30°) 75% K-facto<30*) 36" -27 db Doppler 0.2 0.15 0.25 Hz Antenna c on elation. p= . '. O am Re duction F actor: GRF =2 db Normalization Factor: F Mmi =-0.3930db F 3 o°=- n .07(58clb Terrain Type : C Omni antenna : tbke = 0.202 us Overall K: K=l .6 (90%) K=5.1(75%) 30 antenna:T EWS =0.06QLS Overall K:K=<5 .9(90%) K=21.S(75%) For a 30° antenna beam width, 2.3 times smaller RMS delay spread is used when compared to an omnidirectional antenna RMS delay spread. Consequently, the 2nd tap power is attenuated additional 6 dB and the 3rd tap power is attenuated additional 12 dB (effect of antenna pattern, delays remain the same). The simulation results for all the six channels arc e\ aluated. The above experiments are done using the simulation in Matlab communication tool box. IV. The output for the perfc MATLAB coding with BPSK modulati SIMULATION RESULTS of mobile WiMAX was estimated by the BER and the SNR plot t The bandwidth used in the experiment was 3.5 MHz Bit Error Rate Of Mobile Wima.x (Phy) Under Different Communication... Figure3.BER curve for BPSK modulation The output for the performance of mobile WiMAX was estimated by the Bit Error Rate and the Signal to Noise Ratio plot using the MATLAB coding with Quadrature Phase Shift Keying modulation technique is given below in figure 4. BER of the received symbols. ( G=0.25.BW=3.5MHz and modulation of QPSK ) Figure 4. BER curve for QPSK modulation The output for the performance of mobile WiMAX was estimated by the BER and the SNR plot using the MATLAB coding with 16QAM modulation. It is illustrated in the figure5. Figure5. BER curve for 16QAM modulation Bit Error Rate Of Mobile Wimax (Phy) Under Different Communication... The output for the performance of mobile Wimax was estimated by the BER and the SNR plot using the MATLAB coding with 64QAM modulation and graphical illustration done as in figure 6. Figure6. BER curve for 64QAM modulation V. CONCLUSION In this paper, the performance of mobile WIMAX physical layer for OFDMA on different channel condition assisted by Mobile IP(Internet protocol) for mobility management was analyzed. The analysis demonstrated that the modulation and coding rate had a greater impact on the relative performance between the different SU1 channel conditions. The performance was analyzed under SUI channel models with different modulation techniques for mobility management. It is found from the performance graphs that SUI channel 5 and 6 performs better than the conventional ones. REFERENCES IEEE 2010 Omar Arafat,K.Dimyati, a study of physical layer of Mobile WiMax under different communication channels & modulation technique. [2JIEEE std 802.16 Etm-2004"Part 16: Air Interface for fixed and mobile broadband wireless Access system,"Feb 2004. Md.ZahidHasan.Mu.A .hiaiiillslam, Comparative Study of Different Guard Time Intervals to Improve the BER Performance of WiM AX Systems to Minimize the Effects of ISI and 1CI under Adaptive Modulation Techniques over SUI-1 and AWGN Communication Channels, (IICSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 6, No.2, 2009. IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group Simulating the SUI Channel Models Li-Chun Wang Department of Communications Engineering National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu,Taiwan. Mai Tran, G Zaggaoulos and A .Nix" Mobile WiMAX MIMO performance Analysis: Downlink and Uplink", PIMRC2008. J.GAndews, A.Ghoshand R.Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX Understanding broadband Wireless Networks, "Prentice Hall, Feb 2007. RajJain,@aum.org,"ChannelModelaTutorial", feb21,2007 submitted to wimax forum at aum. M.S. Smith and C. Tappenden, 'Additional enhancements to interim channel models for G2 MMDS fixed wireless applications," IEEE 802.16.3c-00/53 M.S.Smith, J.E.J. Dalley, "A new methodology for deriving path loss models from cellular drive test data", Proc.AP2000 Conference, Davos, Switzerland, April 2000. V. Erceget.al, "A model for the multipath delay profile of fixed wireless channels," IEEE JSAC, vol. 17, no. 3, March 1999, pp. 399-410. L.J.Greenstein, V. Erceg, Y.S. Yeh, and M.V. Clark, "A new path-gain/delay-spread propagation model for digital cellular channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 46, no. 2, May 1997. J.W. Porter and J.A. Thweatt, "Microwave propagation characteristics in the MMDS frequency band," ICC'2000 Conference Proceedings, pp. 1578-1582. L.J. Greenstein, S. Ghassemzadeh, V.Erceg, and DG. Michelson, "Ricean K-factors in narrowband fixed wireless channels: Theory, experiments, and statistical models," WPMC'99 Conference Proceedings, Amsterdam, September 1999.	Use only the document provided and nothing else. What is the RMS delay spread with a 30° antenna beam width compared to an omnidirectional antenna? International Journal of Engineering Inventions ISSN: 2278-7461, www.ijeijournal.com Volume 1, Issue 3 (September 2012) PP: 06-11 Bit Error Rate of Mobile Wimax (Phy) Under Different Communication Channels and Modulation Technique T.Manochandar 1 , R.Krithika 2 'Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, VRS College of engineering and technology, Villupuram- 607 107 '.TamilNadu 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, E.S College oj < I in , , "• and technology, ViUupuram-605 602. TamilNadu Abstract — Mobile Wimax is a broadband wireless solution that enables the convergence of mobile and fixed broadband network, through a common wide area broadband radio access technology and flexible network architecture. The Performance of mobile Wimax under varying channel is one of the interesting research interests. Most of the most existing systems, based on performance and evaluation under channel condition are limited to AWGN, ITU etc in mobile Wimax. In this paper the performance of mobile Wimax (PHY layer) under SUI channel models in addition to different data rates and modulation techniques were analyzed. The simulation cavers important performance parameters like Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio. Keywords— Wimax, BER, SNR, BPSK, OFDMA I. INTRODUCTION IEEE802.16e is a global broadband wireless access standard capable of delivering high data rates to fixed users as well as portable and mobile ones over long distance [l].In mobile Wimax air interface adopts orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for improved multi-path performance in non-line-of sight (NLOS) environment. Mobile Wimax extends the OFDM PHY layer to support terminal mobility and multiple-access. The resulting technology is Scalable OFDMA. Data streams to and from indh idual users are multiplexed to groups of sub channel on the downlink and uplink. By adopting Scalable PHY architecture, mobile Wimax is able to support a wide range of bandwidths. The performance of the WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) can be evaluated by using the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models which has a set of six channels for terrain types [3J.With different data rates, coding schemes and modulation techniques. The mobile WiMAX standard builds on the principles of OFDM by adopting a Scalable OFDMA-based PHY layer (SOFDMA) [4J. SOFDMA supports a wide range of operating bandwidths to flexibl) address the need for various spectrum allocation and application requirements. The simulation done in the paper covers important performance such as Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio. II. WIMAX PHYSICAL LAYER This project deals with the performances of Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio in mobile WiMAX physical layer. The block diagram of the physical layer of mobile WiMAX diagram is given in Figure 1 . The transferring of data or receiving the data is done through the physical layer of WiMAX. So the uplink and the downlink of the message were done on the physical layer of WiMAX. There are three levels in the physical layer of mobile WiMAX physical layer are • Bit level processing • OFDM symbol level processing • Digital IF processing Each levels of physical layer of WiMAX consist of certain processes for transferring the data at uplink region and receiving of data at downlink region consists of encoder, decoder, symbol mapper and randomizer etc., Every processes were done in order to improve the performance of the mobility condition of mobile wimax. In this paper the perfor analyzed by the signal to noise ratio and the bit error rate Bit Error Rale Of Mobile Wimax (Plix) Under Different Communication,,, m^v Figure: 1. Block Diagram of Wimax Physical Layer Table. 1 Parameter of mobile wima x physical layer Parameter Value FFT size 128 512 1024 2048 Channel Bandwidth(MHz) 1.25 5 10 20 Subcarrier Frequency spacing (KHz) 10.94 Useful Symbol Period 91.4 Guard Time 1/32,1/8,1/6,1/4 III. CHANNEL The medium between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna is said to be the channel. The profile of received signal can be obtained from that of the transmitted signal, if we have a model of the medium between the two. The model of the medium is called channel model. Bit Error Rate Of Mobile Winuix (Plix) Under Different Communication... Y (f) ->oulpui signal H (f) ->channel response X (f) ->input signal Y (f) =X (f) H (f) +n (f) A. Stanford Universit) [nterim (SUI) Channel Models: It is a set of six channel models representing three terrain types and a variety of Doppler spreads, delay spread and mainly the line-of-sight/non-line-of-site conditions that are typical of the continental. The terrain type A, B, C is same as those defined in Erceg model [10]. The multipath fading is modeled as a tapped delay line with 3 taps with non-uniform delays. The gain associated w ith each tap is characterized by a Rician Distribution and the maximum Doppler frequency. In a multipath environment, the received power r has a Rician distribution, whose Pdf is given by: o LOS component and the pdf of the power becomes Pdf(r)=r/o 2 e [ -* ac2+A2a2] Io(rA/o 2 ) < r < a This is also known as Raleigh distribution. The ratio K=A / (2o2) in the Rician case represents the ratio of LOS component to NLOS component and is called the "K- Factor" or "Rician Factor." The general structure for the SUI channel model is as shown below in figure. This structure is for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channels and includes other configurations like Single Input Single Output (SISO) and Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) as subsets. Figure 2.SUI Channel Model Power Distribution For each tap a set of complex zero-mean Gaussian distributed numbers is generated with a e of 0.5 for the real and imaginary part, so that the total average power of this distribution is 1. This yields a normalized Rayleigh distribution (equivalent to Rice with K=0) for the magnitude of the complex coefficients. If a Rician distribution (K>0 implied) is needed, a constant path component m is added to the Rayleigh set of coefficients. The ratio of powers between this constant part and the Rayleigh (variable) part is specified by the K-factor. For this general case, we show how to distribute the power correctly by first stating die total power P of each tap: Where m is the comple: of the complex Gaussian set. Second, the ratio of powers is K=m 2 /\|o 2 l. T able 2: Terrain type and Doppler spread for SUI channel mod el Channel Terrain Type spread Spread LOS SUI-1 C Low Low High SUI-2 C Low Low High SUI-3 B Low Low Low SUI-4 B High Moderate Low SUI-5 A Low High Low SUI-6 A High High High Bit Error Rale Of Mobile Wimax (Phy) Under Different Communication... In the SUI channel model, parameter for the SUI 1 and SUI 2 channel model has been tabulated in 3 and 4 respectively for the reference. BER performance is evaluated in this channel models. Depending on the performance parameter for the SUI channel, the performances of wimax physical layer are evaluated through the performance graph. Table 3 SUI -1 Channel Model Tapl Tap 2 Tap 3 Units Delay 0.4 0.9 [IS Power(omni antenna) 90% K-facto<omni) 0<OIM 4 20 -15 -20 db Power(30 antenna) 90% k-facto<30°) 16 72 -21 -32 db Doppler 0.4 0.3 0.5 Hz < , - , iii Gain Reduction Factor: GRF=0db Normalisation Factor: F^i=-0.1771db FV=-0.0371db Terrain Type : C Omni antenna :tems = 0.1 11 [is Overall K:K=3 .3 (90%) K= .10.4(75%) 30 u 3iitenna:i[j!]Ms =0.042 \is Overall K:K= 14. 0(90%) K=44 2(7 4>) Table 4 SUI -2 Channel Mo del Tapl Tap 2 3 Units Delay 0.4 1.1 us Power(ortmi antenna) 90% K-facto<omni) 73% K-facto<omni) 11 -12 -15 db Poweri i0' minni i 90% k-facto<30°) 75% K-facto<30*) 36" -27 db Doppler 0.2 0.15 0.25 Hz Antenna c on elation. p= . '. O am Re duction F actor: GRF =2 db Normalization Factor: F Mmi =-0.3930db F 3 o°=- n .07(58clb Terrain Type : C Omni antenna : tbke = 0.202 us Overall K: K=l .6 (90%) K=5.1(75%) 30 antenna:T EWS =0.06QLS Overall K:K=<5 .9(90%) K=21.S(75%) For a 30° antenna beam width, 2.3 times smaller RMS delay spread is used when compared to an omnidirectional antenna RMS delay spread. Consequently, the 2nd tap power is attenuated additional 6 dB and the 3rd tap power is attenuated additional 12 dB (effect of antenna pattern, delays remain the same). The simulation results for all the six channels arc e\ aluated. The above experiments are done using the simulation in Matlab communication tool box. IV. The output for the perfc MATLAB coding with BPSK modulati SIMULATION RESULTS of mobile WiMAX was estimated by the BER and the SNR plot t The bandwidth used in the experiment was 3.5 MHz Bit Error Rate Of Mobile Wima.x (Phy) Under Different Communication... Figure3.BER curve for BPSK modulation The output for the performance of mobile WiMAX was estimated by the Bit Error Rate and the Signal to Noise Ratio plot using the MATLAB coding with Quadrature Phase Shift Keying modulation technique is given below in figure 4. BER of the received symbols. ( G=0.25.BW=3.5MHz and modulation of QPSK ) Figure 4. BER curve for QPSK modulation The output for the performance of mobile WiMAX was estimated by the BER and the SNR plot using the MATLAB coding with 16QAM modulation. It is illustrated in the figure5. Figure5. BER curve for 16QAM modulation Bit Error Rate Of Mobile Wimax (Phy) Under Different Communication... The output for the performance of mobile Wimax was estimated by the BER and the SNR plot using the MATLAB coding with 64QAM modulation and graphical illustration done as in figure 6. Figure6. BER curve for 64QAM modulation V. CONCLUSION In this paper, the performance of mobile WIMAX physical layer for OFDMA on different channel condition assisted by Mobile IP(Internet protocol) for mobility management was analyzed. The analysis demonstrated that the modulation and coding rate had a greater impact on the relative performance between the different SU1 channel conditions. The performance was analyzed under SUI channel models with different modulation techniques for mobility management. It is found from the performance graphs that SUI channel 5 and 6 performs better than the conventional ones. REFERENCES IEEE 2010 Omar Arafat,K.Dimyati, a study of physical layer of Mobile WiMax under different communication channels & modulation technique. [2JIEEE std 802.16 Etm-2004"Part 16: Air Interface for fixed and mobile broadband wireless Access system,"Feb 2004. Md.ZahidHasan.Mu.A .hiaiiillslam, Comparative Study of Different Guard Time Intervals to Improve the BER Performance of WiM AX Systems to Minimize the Effects of ISI and 1CI under Adaptive Modulation Techniques over SUI-1 and AWGN Communication Channels, (IICSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 6, No.2, 2009. IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group Simulating the SUI Channel Models Li-Chun Wang Department of Communications Engineering National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu,Taiwan. Mai Tran, G Zaggaoulos and A .Nix" Mobile WiMAX MIMO performance Analysis: Downlink and Uplink", PIMRC2008. J.GAndews, A.Ghoshand R.Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX Understanding broadband Wireless Networks, "Prentice Hall, Feb 2007. RajJain,@aum.org,"ChannelModelaTutorial", feb21,2007 submitted to wimax forum at aum. M.S. Smith and C. Tappenden, 'Additional enhancements to interim channel models for G2 MMDS fixed wireless applications," IEEE 802.16.3c-00/53 M.S.Smith, J.E.J. Dalley, "A new methodology for deriving path loss models from cellular drive test data", Proc.AP2000 Conference, Davos, Switzerland, April 2000. V. Erceget.al, "A model for the multipath delay profile of fixed wireless channels," IEEE JSAC, vol. 17, no. 3, March 1999, pp. 399-410. L.J.Greenstein, V. Erceg, Y.S. Yeh, and M.V. Clark, "A new path-gain/delay-spread propagation model for digital cellular channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 46, no. 2, May 1997. J.W. Porter and J.A. Thweatt, "Microwave propagation characteristics in the MMDS frequency band," ICC'2000 Conference Proceedings, pp. 1578-1582. L.J. Greenstein, S. Ghassemzadeh, V.Erceg, and DG. Michelson, "Ricean K-factors in narrowband fixed wireless channels: Theory, experiments, and statistical models," WPMC'99 Conference Proceedings, Amsterdam, September 1999.	Use only the document provided and nothing else. EVIDENCE: International Journal of Engineering Inventions ISSN: 2278-7461, www.ijeijournal.com Volume 1, Issue 3 (September 2012) PP: 06-11 Bit Error Rate of Mobile Wimax (Phy) Under Different Communication Channels and Modulation Technique T.Manochandar 1 , R.Krithika 2 'Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, VRS College of engineering and technology, Villupuram- 607 107 '.TamilNadu 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, E.S College oj < I in , , "• and technology, ViUupuram-605 602. TamilNadu Abstract — Mobile Wimax is a broadband wireless solution that enables the convergence of mobile and fixed broadband network, through a common wide area broadband radio access technology and flexible network architecture. The Performance of mobile Wimax under varying channel is one of the interesting research interests. Most of the most existing systems, based on performance and evaluation under channel condition are limited to AWGN, ITU etc in mobile Wimax. In this paper the performance of mobile Wimax (PHY layer) under SUI channel models in addition to different data rates and modulation techniques were analyzed. The simulation cavers important performance parameters like Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio. Keywords— Wimax, BER, SNR, BPSK, OFDMA I. INTRODUCTION IEEE802.16e is a global broadband wireless access standard capable of delivering high data rates to fixed users as well as portable and mobile ones over long distance [l].In mobile Wimax air interface adopts orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for improved multi-path performance in non-line-of sight (NLOS) environment. Mobile Wimax extends the OFDM PHY layer to support terminal mobility and multiple-access. The resulting technology is Scalable OFDMA. Data streams to and from indh idual users are multiplexed to groups of sub channel on the downlink and uplink. By adopting Scalable PHY architecture, mobile Wimax is able to support a wide range of bandwidths. The performance of the WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) can be evaluated by using the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models which has a set of six channels for terrain types [3J.With different data rates, coding schemes and modulation techniques. The mobile WiMAX standard builds on the principles of OFDM by adopting a Scalable OFDMA-based PHY layer (SOFDMA) [4J. SOFDMA supports a wide range of operating bandwidths to flexibl) address the need for various spectrum allocation and application requirements. The simulation done in the paper covers important performance such as Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio. II. WIMAX PHYSICAL LAYER This project deals with the performances of Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio in mobile WiMAX physical layer. The block diagram of the physical layer of mobile WiMAX diagram is given in Figure 1 . The transferring of data or receiving the data is done through the physical layer of WiMAX. So the uplink and the downlink of the message were done on the physical layer of WiMAX. There are three levels in the physical layer of mobile WiMAX physical layer are • Bit level processing • OFDM symbol level processing • Digital IF processing Each levels of physical layer of WiMAX consist of certain processes for transferring the data at uplink region and receiving of data at downlink region consists of encoder, decoder, symbol mapper and randomizer etc., Every processes were done in order to improve the performance of the mobility condition of mobile wimax. In this paper the perfor analyzed by the signal to noise ratio and the bit error rate Bit Error Rale Of Mobile Wimax (Plix) Under Different Communication,,, m^v Figure: 1. Block Diagram of Wimax Physical Layer Table. 1 Parameter of mobile wima x physical layer Parameter Value FFT size 128 512 1024 2048 Channel Bandwidth(MHz) 1.25 5 10 20 Subcarrier Frequency spacing (KHz) 10.94 Useful Symbol Period 91.4 Guard Time 1/32,1/8,1/6,1/4 III. CHANNEL The medium between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna is said to be the channel. The profile of received signal can be obtained from that of the transmitted signal, if we have a model of the medium between the two. The model of the medium is called channel model. Bit Error Rate Of Mobile Winuix (Plix) Under Different Communication... Y (f) ->oulpui signal H (f) ->channel response X (f) ->input signal Y (f) =X (f) H (f) +n (f) A. Stanford Universit) [nterim (SUI) Channel Models: It is a set of six channel models representing three terrain types and a variety of Doppler spreads, delay spread and mainly the line-of-sight/non-line-of-site conditions that are typical of the continental. The terrain type A, B, C is same as those defined in Erceg model [10]. The multipath fading is modeled as a tapped delay line with 3 taps with non-uniform delays. The gain associated w ith each tap is characterized by a Rician Distribution and the maximum Doppler frequency. In a multipath environment, the received power r has a Rician distribution, whose Pdf is given by: o LOS component and the pdf of the power becomes Pdf(r)=r/o 2 e [ -* ac2+A2a2] Io(rA/o 2 ) < r < a This is also known as Raleigh distribution. The ratio K=A / (2o2) in the Rician case represents the ratio of LOS component to NLOS component and is called the "K- Factor" or "Rician Factor." The general structure for the SUI channel model is as shown below in figure. This structure is for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channels and includes other configurations like Single Input Single Output (SISO) and Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) as subsets. Figure 2.SUI Channel Model Power Distribution For each tap a set of complex zero-mean Gaussian distributed numbers is generated with a e of 0.5 for the real and imaginary part, so that the total average power of this distribution is 1. This yields a normalized Rayleigh distribution (equivalent to Rice with K=0) for the magnitude of the complex coefficients. If a Rician distribution (K>0 implied) is needed, a constant path component m is added to the Rayleigh set of coefficients. The ratio of powers between this constant part and the Rayleigh (variable) part is specified by the K-factor. For this general case, we show how to distribute the power correctly by first stating die total power P of each tap: Where m is the comple: of the complex Gaussian set. Second, the ratio of powers is K=m 2 /\|o 2 l. T able 2: Terrain type and Doppler spread for SUI channel mod el Channel Terrain Type spread Spread LOS SUI-1 C Low Low High SUI-2 C Low Low High SUI-3 B Low Low Low SUI-4 B High Moderate Low SUI-5 A Low High Low SUI-6 A High High High Bit Error Rale Of Mobile Wimax (Phy) Under Different Communication... In the SUI channel model, parameter for the SUI 1 and SUI 2 channel model has been tabulated in 3 and 4 respectively for the reference. BER performance is evaluated in this channel models. Depending on the performance parameter for the SUI channel, the performances of wimax physical layer are evaluated through the performance graph. Table 3 SUI -1 Channel Model Tapl Tap 2 Tap 3 Units Delay 0.4 0.9 [IS Power(omni antenna) 90% K-facto<omni) 0<OIM 4 20 -15 -20 db Power(30 antenna) 90% k-facto<30°) 16 72 -21 -32 db Doppler 0.4 0.3 0.5 Hz < , - , iii Gain Reduction Factor: GRF=0db Normalisation Factor: F^i=-0.1771db FV=-0.0371db Terrain Type : C Omni antenna :tems = 0.1 11 [is Overall K:K=3 .3 (90%) K= .10.4(75%) 30 u 3iitenna:i[j!]Ms =0.042 \is Overall K:K= 14. 0(90%) K=44 2(7 4>) Table 4 SUI -2 Channel Mo del Tapl Tap 2 3 Units Delay 0.4 1.1 us Power(ortmi antenna) 90% K-facto<omni) 73% K-facto<omni) 11 -12 -15 db Poweri i0' minni i 90% k-facto<30°) 75% K-facto<30) 36" -27 db Doppler 0.2 0.15 0.25 Hz Antenna c on elation. p= . '. O am Re duction F actor: GRF =2 db Normalization Factor: F Mmi =-0.3930db F 3 o°=- n .07(58clb Terrain Type : C Omni antenna : tbke = 0.202 us Overall K: K=l .6 (90%) K=5.1(75%) 30 antenna:T EWS =0.06QLS Overall K:K=<5 .9(90%) K=21.S(75%) For a 30° antenna beam width, 2.3 times smaller RMS delay spread is used when compared to an omnidirectional antenna RMS delay spread. Consequently, the 2nd tap power is attenuated additional 6 dB and the 3rd tap power is attenuated additional 12 dB (effect of antenna pattern, delays remain the same). The simulation results for all the six channels arc e\ aluated. The above experiments are done using the simulation in Matlab communication tool box. IV. The output for the perfc MATLAB coding with BPSK modulati SIMULATION RESULTS of mobile WiMAX was estimated by the BER and the SNR plot t The bandwidth used in the experiment was 3.5 MHz Bit Error Rate Of Mobile Wima.x (Phy) Under Different Communication... Figure3.BER curve for BPSK modulation The output for the performance of mobile WiMAX was estimated by the Bit Error Rate and the Signal to Noise Ratio plot using the MATLAB coding with Quadrature Phase Shift Keying modulation technique is given below in figure 4. BER of the received symbols. ( G=0.25.BW=3.5MHz and modulation of QPSK ) Figure 4. BER curve for QPSK modulation The output for the performance of mobile WiMAX was estimated by the BER and the SNR plot using the MATLAB coding with 16QAM modulation. It is illustrated in the figure5. Figure5. BER curve for 16QAM modulation Bit Error Rate Of Mobile Wimax (Phy) Under Different Communication... The output for the performance of mobile Wimax was estimated by the BER and the SNR plot using the MATLAB coding with 64QAM modulation and graphical illustration done as in figure 6. Figure6. BER curve for 64QAM modulation V. CONCLUSION In this paper, the performance of mobile WIMAX physical layer for OFDMA on different channel condition assisted by Mobile IP(Internet protocol) for mobility management was analyzed. The analysis demonstrated that the modulation and coding rate had a greater impact on the relative performance between the different SU1 channel conditions. The performance was analyzed under SUI channel models with different modulation techniques for mobility management. It is found from the performance graphs that SUI channel 5 and 6 performs better than the conventional ones. REFERENCES IEEE 2010 Omar Arafat,K.Dimyati, a study of physical layer of Mobile WiMax under different communication channels & modulation technique. [2JIEEE std 802.16 Etm-2004"Part 16: Air Interface for fixed and mobile broadband wireless Access system,"Feb 2004. Md.ZahidHasan.Mu.A .hiaiiillslam, Comparative Study of Different Guard Time Intervals to Improve the BER Performance of WiM AX Systems to Minimize the Effects of ISI and 1CI under Adaptive Modulation Techniques over SUI-1 and AWGN Communication Channels, (IICSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 6, No.2, 2009. IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group Simulating the SUI Channel Models Li-Chun Wang Department of Communications Engineering National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu,Taiwan. Mai Tran, G Zaggaoulos and A .Nix" Mobile WiMAX MIMO performance Analysis: Downlink and Uplink", PIMRC2008. J.GAndews, A.Ghoshand R.Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX Understanding broadband Wireless Networks, "Prentice Hall, Feb 2007. RajJain,@aum.org,"ChannelModelaTutorial", feb21,2007 submitted to wimax forum at aum. M.S. Smith and C. Tappenden, 'Additional enhancements to interim channel models for G2 MMDS fixed wireless applications," IEEE 802.16.3c-00/53 M.S.Smith, J.E.J. Dalley, "A new methodology for deriving path loss models from cellular drive test data", Proc.AP2000 Conference, Davos, Switzerland, April 2000. V. Erceget.al, "A model for the multipath delay profile of fixed wireless channels," IEEE JSAC, vol. 17, no. 3, March 1999, pp. 399-410. L.J.Greenstein, V. Erceg, Y.S. Yeh, and M.V. Clark, "A new path-gain/delay-spread propagation model for digital cellular channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 46, no. 2, May 1997. J.W. Porter and J.A. Thweatt, "Microwave propagation characteristics in the MMDS frequency band," ICC'2000 Conference Proceedings, pp. 1578-1582. L.J. Greenstein, S. Ghassemzadeh, V.Erceg, and DG. Michelson, "Ricean K-factors in narrowband fixed wireless channels: Theory, experiments, and statistical models," WPMC'99 Conference Proceedings, Amsterdam, September 1999. USER: What is the RMS delay spread with a 30° antenna beam width compared to an omnidirectional antenna? Assistant: Answer only* using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	8	17	1,963	null	571
Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document]	Summarize this article so that a college-level student would be able to understand the important concepts using scientific language. You should write your summary in the format of a lecture on autonomic dysfunction. Do not mention orthostatic hypotension and focus more on the associated tachycardia. Emphasize the pathophysiology and the effect autonomic dysfunction has on various regions of the body.	Acquired Autoimmune: Guillain-Barre, Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren, systemic lupus erythematosus Abnormal reflex responses in carotid sinus hypersensitivity, vasovagal syncope, and other neuro-meditated syncopes; and probably in postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) Abnormal sweating responses, as in generalized or focal hyperhidrosis, are related to excessive activation. Metabolic/ Nutritional: Diabetes mellitus, vitamin B12 deficiency Degenerative neurologic diseases: Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy/Shy-Drager syndrome, pure autonomic failure presenting or suffering from orthostatic hypotension, fixed heart rate responses Infections: Botulism, Chagas disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), leprosy, Lyme disease, tetanus Neoplasia: Brain tumors, paraneoplastic syndromes Pharmacologic effects of several drugs that interfere with normal autonomic function and provoke symptoms include alpha- and beta-blocker-triggered orthostatic hypotension Toxin/drug-induced: Alcohol, amiodarone, chemotherapy Traumatic or tumoral spinal cord injuries at different levels and presenting with the so-called autonomic dysreflexia Uremic neuropathy/chronic liver diseases Medications That Exacerbate Orthostatic Hypotension Diuretics: furosemide, torsemide, thiazide Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilators: nitroglycerine, hydralazine, sildenafil Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha-1-adrenergic blockers: alfuzosin, terazosin Beta-adrenergic blockers: propranolol Alpha -2-adrenergic agonists: tizanidine, clonidine Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors: lisinopril, valsartan Dopamine antagonists: Phenothiazines: chlorpromazine Atypical antipsychotics: olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine Calcium channel blockers: verapamil, diltiazem Selective serotonin receptor reuptake inhibitors: paroxetine Antidepressants: trazodone, amitriptyline Go to: Epidemiology Autonomic dysfunction, taken as a whole, is not infrequent. The most common autonomic dysfunction occurs in the cardiovascular control sphere and consists of an abnormal vasovagal response that leads to syncope. Other common manifestations are related to postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) or changes seen with Parkinson disease and other parkinsonisms. Compared to other areas of autonomic control, urinary incontinence, as observed in multiple sclerosis and other nervous system disorders, is unspecific but not rare. Some symptoms of autonomic disturbance, such as the facial vasomotor and ocular symptoms in trigeminal autonomic headaches, are of secondary significance but help in diagnosis.[14][15][16][17] Orthostatic hypotension occurs in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy, pure autonomic failure, and in individuals with ganglionopathies that affect autonomic nerves and peripheral neuropathy. The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension is proportional to age, and it is more common in institutionalized than community-dwelling elderly[18]. POTS is more prevalent in women. Syncope is highly prevalent in the general population, and the majority of syncope is due to reflex syncope. The frequency of reflex syncope is higher during adolescence and in individuals over 55 years. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, defecation, and cough syncope occur almost exclusively in the elderly population.[18] Go to: Pathophysiology Pathophysiology in ANS depends upon the affected area. Both anatomically related, as well as isolated regions, can be affected. In the cardiovascular system, three pathophysiological syndromes are typically associated with chronic dysfunction of the ANS. These are Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), orthostatic hypotension with supine hypertension, and reflex cardiovascular syndromes. Hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis are the main features of temperature control. Fixed mydriasis and myosis, also known as Adie's pupil and Horner syndrome in the eye, are also seen. Autonomic dysfunction may result from any disease that affects the peripheral or central components of ANS. Primary autonomic dysfunction involves primary (idiopathic) degeneration of autonomic postganglionic fibers without other neurologic abnormalities. Orthostatic hypotension is associated with autonomic dysfunction and motor and cerebellar abnormalities in diseases involving a central degenerative process, as described in the Shy–Drager syndrome. A central degenerative disease process involving preganglionic neuronal degeneration, presenting with orthostatic hypotension and typical parkinsonian symptoms, has been described.[19] Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a sustained reduction of systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing or head-up tilt to at least 60 degrees on the tilt table. The magnitude of fall in blood pressure depends on baseline blood pressure. In patients with supine hypertension, a reduction of 30 mmHg in systolic blood pressure may be an appropriate criterion for orthostatic hypotension. Immediately upon standing, gravitationally mediated redistribution of the blood volume and pooling of 300 to 800 ml of blood in lower limbs and splanchnic venous capacitance system occurs, which leads to a reduction of venous return and cardiac filling pressure. During standing, contraction of skeletal muscles of the lower body prevents excessive pooling and increases venous return to the heart. Orthostatic hypotension is caused by an excessive fall of cardiac output or by inadequate or defective vasoconstrictor mechanisms. Neurally mediated (reflex) syncope includes vasovagal, carotid sinus, situational (cough, swallowing, micturition) syncope. It refers to a diverse group of conditions in which there is a relatively sudden change in ANS activity leading to a drop in blood pressure, heart rate, and cerebral perfusion. Neurally mediated syncope is best understood as a reflex with afferent, central, and efferent pathways, and the use of 'neurocardiogenic syncope' should be abandoned because the origin of the reflex is rarely in the heart. Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is defined as a sustained heart rate increment of 30 beats per minute within 10 minutes of standing or head-up tilt in the absence of orthostatic hypotension. For individuals of ages 12 to 19 years, the requirement is at least 40 beats per minute. POTS may be accompanied by symptoms of autonomic overactivity and cerebral hypoperfusion that are relieved by recumbency. The pathophysiology and etiology of POTS are unknown but are likely heterogeneous. POTS is associated with recent viral illness, chronic fatigue syndrome, deconditioning, and limited or restricted autonomic neuropathy.[18] Diabetic neuropathy is a kind of nerve pathology that may occur for those with diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia interferes with a nerve's ability to send signals and weakens the walls of the vasa nervorum blood vessels that supply nerves with nutrients and oxygen. Diabetic neuropathy can affect the nerves of the ANS, especially general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers, resulting in gastroparesis and decreased blood pressure regulation.[20] GVA fibers affected by diabetic neuropathy reduce the response of their corresponding general visceral efferent (GVE). Parkinson disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia and hypokinesia combined with rest tremor and rigidity. Constipation, dysphagia, sialorrhea, rhinorrhea, urinary difficulties, and sexual dysfunction are the common nonmotor problems related to autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease.[21][22] These signs and symptoms are also present in multiple system atrophy (MSA), making it hard to distinguish between the two disorders. However, the autonomic symptoms in MSA are generally more severe than in Parkinson disease. As the disease progresses, MSA tends to be less responsive to levodopa and is often associated with pyramidal and cerebellar findings.	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. Summarize this article so that a college-level student would be able to understand the important concepts using scientific language. You should write your summary in the format of a lecture on autonomic dysfunction. Do not mention orthostatic hypotension and focus more on the associated tachycardia. Emphasize the pathophysiology and the effect autonomic dysfunction has on various regions of the body. Acquired Autoimmune: Guillain-Barre, Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren, systemic lupus erythematosus Abnormal reflex responses in carotid sinus hypersensitivity, vasovagal syncope, and other neuro-meditated syncopes; and probably in postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) Abnormal sweating responses, as in generalized or focal hyperhidrosis, are related to excessive activation. Metabolic/ Nutritional: Diabetes mellitus, vitamin B12 deficiency Degenerative neurologic diseases: Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy/Shy-Drager syndrome, pure autonomic failure presenting or suffering from orthostatic hypotension, fixed heart rate responses Infections: Botulism, Chagas disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), leprosy, Lyme disease, tetanus Neoplasia: Brain tumors, paraneoplastic syndromes Pharmacologic effects of several drugs that interfere with normal autonomic function and provoke symptoms include alpha- and beta-blocker-triggered orthostatic hypotension Toxin/drug-induced: Alcohol, amiodarone, chemotherapy Traumatic or tumoral spinal cord injuries at different levels and presenting with the so-called autonomic dysreflexia Uremic neuropathy/chronic liver diseases Medications That Exacerbate Orthostatic Hypotension Diuretics: furosemide, torsemide, thiazide Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilators: nitroglycerine, hydralazine, sildenafil Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha-1-adrenergic blockers: alfuzosin, terazosin Beta-adrenergic blockers: propranolol Alpha -2-adrenergic agonists: tizanidine, clonidine Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors: lisinopril, valsartan Dopamine antagonists: Phenothiazines: chlorpromazine Atypical antipsychotics: olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine Calcium channel blockers: verapamil, diltiazem Selective serotonin receptor reuptake inhibitors: paroxetine Antidepressants: trazodone, amitriptyline Go to: Epidemiology Autonomic dysfunction, taken as a whole, is not infrequent. The most common autonomic dysfunction occurs in the cardiovascular control sphere and consists of an abnormal vasovagal response that leads to syncope. Other common manifestations are related to postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) or changes seen with Parkinson disease and other parkinsonisms. Compared to other areas of autonomic control, urinary incontinence, as observed in multiple sclerosis and other nervous system disorders, is unspecific but not rare. Some symptoms of autonomic disturbance, such as the facial vasomotor and ocular symptoms in trigeminal autonomic headaches, are of secondary significance but help in diagnosis.[14][15][16][17] Orthostatic hypotension occurs in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy, pure autonomic failure, and in individuals with ganglionopathies that affect autonomic nerves and peripheral neuropathy. The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension is proportional to age, and it is more common in institutionalized than community-dwelling elderly[18]. POTS is more prevalent in women. Syncope is highly prevalent in the general population, and the majority of syncope is due to reflex syncope. The frequency of reflex syncope is higher during adolescence and in individuals over 55 years. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, defecation, and cough syncope occur almost exclusively in the elderly population.[18] Go to: Pathophysiology Pathophysiology in ANS depends upon the affected area. Both anatomically related, as well as isolated regions, can be affected. In the cardiovascular system, three pathophysiological syndromes are typically associated with chronic dysfunction of the ANS. These are Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), orthostatic hypotension with supine hypertension, and reflex cardiovascular syndromes. Hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis are the main features of temperature control. Fixed mydriasis and myosis, also known as Adie's pupil and Horner syndrome in the eye, are also seen. Autonomic dysfunction may result from any disease that affects the peripheral or central components of ANS. Primary autonomic dysfunction involves primary (idiopathic) degeneration of autonomic postganglionic fibers without other neurologic abnormalities. Orthostatic hypotension is associated with autonomic dysfunction and motor and cerebellar abnormalities in diseases involving a central degenerative process, as described in the Shy–Drager syndrome. A central degenerative disease process involving preganglionic neuronal degeneration, presenting with orthostatic hypotension and typical parkinsonian symptoms, has been described.[19] Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a sustained reduction of systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing or head-up tilt to at least 60 degrees on the tilt table. The magnitude of fall in blood pressure depends on baseline blood pressure. In patients with supine hypertension, a reduction of 30 mmHg in systolic blood pressure may be an appropriate criterion for orthostatic hypotension. Immediately upon standing, gravitationally mediated redistribution of the blood volume and pooling of 300 to 800 ml of blood in lower limbs and splanchnic venous capacitance system occurs, which leads to a reduction of venous return and cardiac filling pressure. During standing, contraction of skeletal muscles of the lower body prevents excessive pooling and increases venous return to the heart. Orthostatic hypotension is caused by an excessive fall of cardiac output or by inadequate or defective vasoconstrictor mechanisms. Neurally mediated (reflex) syncope includes vasovagal, carotid sinus, situational (cough, swallowing, micturition) syncope. It refers to a diverse group of conditions in which there is a relatively sudden change in ANS activity leading to a drop in blood pressure, heart rate, and cerebral perfusion. Neurally mediated syncope is best understood as a reflex with afferent, central, and efferent pathways, and the use of 'neurocardiogenic syncope' should be abandoned because the origin of the reflex is rarely in the heart. Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is defined as a sustained heart rate increment of 30 beats per minute within 10 minutes of standing or head-up tilt in the absence of orthostatic hypotension. For individuals of ages 12 to 19 years, the requirement is at least 40 beats per minute. POTS may be accompanied by symptoms of autonomic overactivity and cerebral hypoperfusion that are relieved by recumbency. The pathophysiology and etiology of POTS are unknown but are likely heterogeneous. POTS is associated with recent viral illness, chronic fatigue syndrome, deconditioning, and limited or restricted autonomic neuropathy.[18] Diabetic neuropathy is a kind of nerve pathology that may occur for those with diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia interferes with a nerve's ability to send signals and weakens the walls of the vasa nervorum blood vessels that supply nerves with nutrients and oxygen. Diabetic neuropathy can affect the nerves of the ANS, especially general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers, resulting in gastroparesis and decreased blood pressure regulation.[20] GVA fibers affected by diabetic neuropathy reduce the response of their corresponding general visceral efferent (GVE). Parkinson disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia and hypokinesia combined with rest tremor and rigidity. Constipation, dysphagia, sialorrhea, rhinorrhea, urinary difficulties, and sexual dysfunction are the common nonmotor problems related to autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease.[21][22] These signs and symptoms are also present in multiple system atrophy (MSA), making it hard to distinguish between the two disorders. However, the autonomic symptoms in MSA are generally more severe than in Parkinson disease. As the disease progresses, MSA tends to be less responsive to levodopa and is often associated with pyramidal and cerebellar findings. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430888/	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document] EVIDENCE: Acquired Autoimmune: Guillain-Barre, Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren, systemic lupus erythematosus Abnormal reflex responses in carotid sinus hypersensitivity, vasovagal syncope, and other neuro-meditated syncopes; and probably in postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) Abnormal sweating responses, as in generalized or focal hyperhidrosis, are related to excessive activation. Metabolic/ Nutritional: Diabetes mellitus, vitamin B12 deficiency Degenerative neurologic diseases: Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy/Shy-Drager syndrome, pure autonomic failure presenting or suffering from orthostatic hypotension, fixed heart rate responses Infections: Botulism, Chagas disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), leprosy, Lyme disease, tetanus Neoplasia: Brain tumors, paraneoplastic syndromes Pharmacologic effects of several drugs that interfere with normal autonomic function and provoke symptoms include alpha- and beta-blocker-triggered orthostatic hypotension Toxin/drug-induced: Alcohol, amiodarone, chemotherapy Traumatic or tumoral spinal cord injuries at different levels and presenting with the so-called autonomic dysreflexia Uremic neuropathy/chronic liver diseases Medications That Exacerbate Orthostatic Hypotension Diuretics: furosemide, torsemide, thiazide Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilators: nitroglycerine, hydralazine, sildenafil Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha-1-adrenergic blockers: alfuzosin, terazosin Beta-adrenergic blockers: propranolol Alpha -2-adrenergic agonists: tizanidine, clonidine Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors: lisinopril, valsartan Dopamine antagonists: Phenothiazines: chlorpromazine Atypical antipsychotics: olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine Calcium channel blockers: verapamil, diltiazem Selective serotonin receptor reuptake inhibitors: paroxetine Antidepressants: trazodone, amitriptyline Go to: Epidemiology Autonomic dysfunction, taken as a whole, is not infrequent. The most common autonomic dysfunction occurs in the cardiovascular control sphere and consists of an abnormal vasovagal response that leads to syncope. Other common manifestations are related to postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) or changes seen with Parkinson disease and other parkinsonisms. Compared to other areas of autonomic control, urinary incontinence, as observed in multiple sclerosis and other nervous system disorders, is unspecific but not rare. Some symptoms of autonomic disturbance, such as the facial vasomotor and ocular symptoms in trigeminal autonomic headaches, are of secondary significance but help in diagnosis.[14][15][16][17] Orthostatic hypotension occurs in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy, pure autonomic failure, and in individuals with ganglionopathies that affect autonomic nerves and peripheral neuropathy. The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension is proportional to age, and it is more common in institutionalized than community-dwelling elderly[18]. POTS is more prevalent in women. Syncope is highly prevalent in the general population, and the majority of syncope is due to reflex syncope. The frequency of reflex syncope is higher during adolescence and in individuals over 55 years. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, defecation, and cough syncope occur almost exclusively in the elderly population.[18] Go to: Pathophysiology Pathophysiology in ANS depends upon the affected area. Both anatomically related, as well as isolated regions, can be affected. In the cardiovascular system, three pathophysiological syndromes are typically associated with chronic dysfunction of the ANS. These are Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), orthostatic hypotension with supine hypertension, and reflex cardiovascular syndromes. Hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis are the main features of temperature control. Fixed mydriasis and myosis, also known as Adie's pupil and Horner syndrome in the eye, are also seen. Autonomic dysfunction may result from any disease that affects the peripheral or central components of ANS. Primary autonomic dysfunction involves primary (idiopathic) degeneration of autonomic postganglionic fibers without other neurologic abnormalities. Orthostatic hypotension is associated with autonomic dysfunction and motor and cerebellar abnormalities in diseases involving a central degenerative process, as described in the Shy–Drager syndrome. A central degenerative disease process involving preganglionic neuronal degeneration, presenting with orthostatic hypotension and typical parkinsonian symptoms, has been described.[19] Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a sustained reduction of systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing or head-up tilt to at least 60 degrees on the tilt table. The magnitude of fall in blood pressure depends on baseline blood pressure. In patients with supine hypertension, a reduction of 30 mmHg in systolic blood pressure may be an appropriate criterion for orthostatic hypotension. Immediately upon standing, gravitationally mediated redistribution of the blood volume and pooling of 300 to 800 ml of blood in lower limbs and splanchnic venous capacitance system occurs, which leads to a reduction of venous return and cardiac filling pressure. During standing, contraction of skeletal muscles of the lower body prevents excessive pooling and increases venous return to the heart. Orthostatic hypotension is caused by an excessive fall of cardiac output or by inadequate or defective vasoconstrictor mechanisms. Neurally mediated (reflex) syncope includes vasovagal, carotid sinus, situational (cough, swallowing, micturition) syncope. It refers to a diverse group of conditions in which there is a relatively sudden change in ANS activity leading to a drop in blood pressure, heart rate, and cerebral perfusion. Neurally mediated syncope is best understood as a reflex with afferent, central, and efferent pathways, and the use of 'neurocardiogenic syncope' should be abandoned because the origin of the reflex is rarely in the heart. Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is defined as a sustained heart rate increment of 30 beats per minute within 10 minutes of standing or head-up tilt in the absence of orthostatic hypotension. For individuals of ages 12 to 19 years, the requirement is at least 40 beats per minute. POTS may be accompanied by symptoms of autonomic overactivity and cerebral hypoperfusion that are relieved by recumbency. The pathophysiology and etiology of POTS are unknown but are likely heterogeneous. POTS is associated with recent viral illness, chronic fatigue syndrome, deconditioning, and limited or restricted autonomic neuropathy.[18] Diabetic neuropathy is a kind of nerve pathology that may occur for those with diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia interferes with a nerve's ability to send signals and weakens the walls of the vasa nervorum blood vessels that supply nerves with nutrients and oxygen. Diabetic neuropathy can affect the nerves of the ANS, especially general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers, resulting in gastroparesis and decreased blood pressure regulation.[20] GVA fibers affected by diabetic neuropathy reduce the response of their corresponding general visceral efferent (GVE). Parkinson disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia and hypokinesia combined with rest tremor and rigidity. Constipation, dysphagia, sialorrhea, rhinorrhea, urinary difficulties, and sexual dysfunction are the common nonmotor problems related to autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease.[21][22] These signs and symptoms are also present in multiple system atrophy (MSA), making it hard to distinguish between the two disorders. However, the autonomic symptoms in MSA are generally more severe than in Parkinson disease. As the disease progresses, MSA tends to be less responsive to levodopa and is often associated with pyramidal and cerebellar findings. USER: Summarize this article so that a college-level student would be able to understand the important concepts using scientific language. You should write your summary in the format of a lecture on autonomic dysfunction. Do not mention orthostatic hypotension and focus more on the associated tachycardia. Emphasize the pathophysiology and the effect autonomic dysfunction has on various regions of the body. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	60	1,060	null	407
[Use only the provided text to answer any questions. Do not include information from the internet or your data storage.]	How does production relate to the definition of a farm for tax purposes?	Meeting the qualifications of farming and being a farmer under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) allows for special benefits; however, not all agricultural producers meet these qualifications even if they are producing agricultural products, which is why it is vitally important for operators of farms and their tax professionals to understand the IRS tax definitions of farm, farming, and farmer. For example, one of the benefits of being classified as a farmer is the exclusion of certain receipts from income as in the case of conservation payments as allowed under IRC Section 175. Brief examples of farmers/ranchers are: • Bob raises wheat and sells his wheat to the local elevator. • Rosa has a flock of milking goats and sells the milk to a local organic foods co-op. • Amal grows cut flowers which she sells weekly at the local farmer’s market. • Ricardo raises lettuce and cabbage which he sells to a salad processing company. • Louisa operates a cattle ranch; she sells weaned calves to a feedlot investor. These examples show a producer raising or growing a product and selling that product. They have not further processed or modified the product. These are farming activities and hence would all qualify as farm income. The following discussion looks at the definition of a farmer from an income tax perspective, including the definitions of farm, farming and farmers as found in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and Treasury Regulations. Defining “Farm” Farm is commonly defined in the tax code in numerous places with nearly the same words. One such definition is found in IRC Section 2032A(e)(4) relative to estate tax valuation; it reads as follows: The term “farm” includes stock, dairy, poultry, fruit, furbearing animal, and truck farms, plantations, ranches, nurseries, ranges, greenhouses or other similar structures used primarily for the raising of agricultural or horticultural commodities, and orchards and woodlands. Examples of other locations in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and Treasury Regulations (TR) where this language with minor variation is used to define farm are: • TR Section 1.61-4(d) (gross income of farmers) • TR Section 1.175-3 (soil and water conservation expenses) • TR Section 1.6073-1(b)(2) (estimated taxes) • IRC Section 6420(c)(2) (excise tax on gasoline) • TR Section 48.6420-4(c) (meaning of terms; excise tax on gasoline) In the definition above the word orchard is included, however, vineyard or grove is not. Yet, operators of a grape vineyard will fall under the definition of farm when using the inclusive wording “agricultural and horticultural commodities”. Grapes are the product of the vineyard and an agricultural commodity; therefore, the vineyard is a farm. Other rural operations producing products which can be defined as agricultural or horticultural, for example, a rural business producing goat’s milk will be defined for income tax purposes as a farm. A vineyard selling grapes is a farm. A winery that produces and sells wine would not be a farm. For operations with a combination, they would need to work with their tax preparer to separate the farming activities from non-farm business activity. The definition of a farm describes farming activities. These activities produce farm income which is recorded on a Form 1040 Schedule F: Profit or Loss From Farming. Someone may have a farm and produce farm income, but not qualify as a farmer under a specific tax provision. Estimated Tax Payments [IRC § 6654(i)(2)] If a taxpayer qualifies as a farmer by having more than two-thirds of his/her gross income being derived from farming; they may make a single estimated tax payment by the 15th of the month that follows the close of their tax year or make payment in full of their income tax liability by the first of the third month following the close of their tax year. (Calendar-year taxpayers: 15th of January or 1st of March). Example 1: Jose raises sheep full-time in the alpine meadows of Colorado. Jose sells market lambs and wool shorn from the flock. This is Jose’s primary source of income with over two-thirds of his income coming from this. He has a profit motive relative to his business activities. Wooly is a farmer for income tax purposes and would qualify for the estimated tax payments provisions. Example 2: Susie grows herbs for sale at her local farmer’s market on the weekends. Susie’s main source of income is her work as a computer engineer for a software company. Her herb sales are a small part of her total income. Even though she has a horticultural activity, less than 2/3s of her income is from farming. So, she would not qualify for the special benefits for estimated tax payments. If Susie can show she has a profit motive, her herb production would qualify as a farm activity and any income and expenses would be recorded on an IRS Form 1040 Schedule F. Installment Sale of Farm Products (IRC § 453) Cash-basis farmers are permitted to report income from the sale of farm products when the product is sold. They are not required to maintain inventories. If the farmer enters a forward sales contract to deliver the farm product in a subsequent year after production the income is reported in the year of payment not production. The contract must specify that the farmer can only receive the payment in the subsequent year to production, even if the delivery of the production occurred in the year of production. This is available for all farming income. The activities must fall within the definition of a farm in the previous section. Defining Agritourism as a Contrast to Farming Determining whether or not a business is a farming business is a confusing issue for operators of agritourism businesses using farmland and farm production as part of that business model which may be educational in nature or focuses on the sale of value-added products (Isn’t it really the “farming of people”?). In recent years agritourism businesses have a goal of connecting the non-farming population with production agriculture through experiences in a rural and farm setting. Agritourism is defined by Merriam-Webster as, “the practice of touring agricultural areas to see farms and often to participate in farm activities”. Merriam-Webster also indicates that the word agritourism entered the English language as a new word in 1979. Agritourism is also defined in other sources to include cooking cleaning and handicrafts or in contrast only when staying at the farm1. 1 The unabridged Dictionary.com (based on Random House Dictionary © 2009) defines agritourism as a noun with the following meaning: Tourism in which tourists take part in farm or village activities, as animal and crop care, cooking and cleaning, handicrafts, and entertainments. Agritourism is also defined by The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company, with the following meaning: Tourism in which tourists board at farms or in rural villages and experience farming at close hand. Agritourism is not defined in the Internal Revenue Code or Treasury Regulations for income tax purposes. Definitions from dictionaries provide similarities within the meaning of agritourism ranging from simply touring agricultural areas to see farms to boarding on those farms and engaging in various activities for education or entertainment. When the definition of farming is contrasted with these definitions of agritourism it becomes clear that farming taxpayers who expand into agritourism activities and their practitioners should be diligent in determining extent of the non-farming business. Example 3: Friendly Farmer uses the six- bedroom antebellum farm house as a Bed & Breakfast. He has developed walking and horseback riding trails over the 600 acre farm that has been in his family for six generations. He is quite successful as a spinner of tall tales and is a gregarious host, so much so, that he now generates 70 percent of his gross income from guest services. Friendly is in the agritourism business even though he uses the family farm as the venue for these activities, he is more of an entertainer than farmer. While the income from the farm part of the operation would still be considered Farm Income and reported on IRS 1040 Schedule F, since less than two-thirds of his income is from farming, he would not be eligible for the estimated tax payments provisions.	[Use only the provided text to answer any questions. Do not include information from the internet or your data storage.] Meeting the qualifications of farming and being a farmer under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) allows for special benefits; however, not all agricultural producers meet these qualifications even if they are producing agricultural products, which is why it is vitally important for operators of farms and their tax professionals to understand the IRS tax definitions of farm, farming, and farmer. For example, one of the benefits of being classified as a farmer is the exclusion of certain receipts from income as in the case of conservation payments as allowed under IRC Section 175. Brief examples of farmers/ranchers are: • Bob raises wheat and sells his wheat to the local elevator. • Rosa has a flock of milking goats and sells the milk to a local organic foods co-op. • Amal grows cut flowers which she sells weekly at the local farmer’s market. • Ricardo raises lettuce and cabbage which he sells to a salad processing company. • Louisa operates a cattle ranch; she sells weaned calves to a feedlot investor. These examples show a producer raising or growing a product and selling that product. They have not further processed or modified the product. These are farming activities and hence would all qualify as farm income. The following discussion looks at the definition of a farmer from an income tax perspective, including the definitions of farm, farming and farmers as found in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and Treasury Regulations. Defining “Farm” Farm is commonly defined in the tax code in numerous places with nearly the same words. One such definition is found in IRC Section 2032A(e)(4) relative to estate tax valuation; it reads as follows: The term “farm” includes stock, dairy, poultry, fruit, furbearing animal, and truck farms, plantations, ranches, nurseries, ranges, greenhouses or other similar structures used primarily for the raising of agricultural or horticultural commodities, and orchards and woodlands. Examples of other locations in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and Treasury Regulations (TR) where this language with minor variation is used to define farm are: • TR Section 1.61-4(d) (gross income of farmers) • TR Section 1.175-3 (soil and water conservation expenses) • TR Section 1.6073-1(b)(2) (estimated taxes) • IRC Section 6420(c)(2) (excise tax on gasoline) • TR Section 48.6420-4(c) (meaning of terms; excise tax on gasoline) In the definition above the word orchard is included, however, vineyard or grove is not. Yet, operators of a grape vineyard will fall under the definition of farm when using the inclusive wording “agricultural and horticultural commodities”. Grapes are the product of the vineyard and an agricultural commodity; therefore, the vineyard is a farm. Other rural operations producing products which can be defined as agricultural or horticultural, for example, a rural business producing goat’s milk will be defined for income tax purposes as a farm. A vineyard selling grapes is a farm. A winery that produces and sells wine would not be a farm. For operations with a combination, they would need to work with their tax preparer to separate the farming activities from non-farm business activity. The definition of a farm describes farming activities. These activities produce farm income which is recorded on a Form 1040 Schedule F: Profit or Loss From Farming. Someone may have a farm and produce farm income, but not qualify as a farmer under a specific tax provision. Estimated Tax Payments [IRC § 6654(i)(2)] If a taxpayer qualifies as a farmer by having more than two-thirds of his/her gross income being derived from farming; they may make a single estimated tax payment by the 15th of the month that follows the close of their tax year or make payment in full of their income tax liability by the first of the third month following the close of their tax year. (Calendar-year taxpayers: 15th of January or 1st of March). Example 1: Jose raises sheep full-time in the alpine meadows of Colorado. Jose sells market lambs and wool shorn from the flock. This is Jose’s primary source of income with over two-thirds of his income coming from this. He has a profit motive relative to his business activities. Wooly is a farmer for income tax purposes and would qualify for the estimated tax payments provisions. Example 2: Susie grows herbs for sale at her local farmer’s market on the weekends. Susie’s main source of income is her work as a computer engineer for a software company. Her herb sales are a small part of her total income. Even though she has a horticultural activity, less than 2/3s of her income is from farming. So, she would not qualify for the special benefits for estimated tax payments. If Susie can show she has a profit motive, her herb production would qualify as a farm activity and any income and expenses would be recorded on an IRS Form 1040 Schedule F. Installment Sale of Farm Products (IRC § 453) Cash-basis farmers are permitted to report income from the sale of farm products when the product is sold. They are not required to maintain inventories. If the farmer enters a forward sales contract to deliver the farm product in a subsequent year after production the income is reported in the year of payment not production. The contract must specify that the farmer can only receive the payment in the subsequent year to production, even if the delivery of the production occurred in the year of production. This is available for all farming income. The activities must fall within the definition of a farm in the previous section. Defining Agritourism as a Contrast to Farming Determining whether or not a business is a farming business is a confusing issue for operators of agritourism businesses using farmland and farm production as part of that business model which may be educational in nature or focuses on the sale of value-added products (Isn’t it really the “farming of people”?). In recent years agritourism businesses have a goal of connecting the non-farming population with production agriculture through experiences in a rural and farm setting. Agritourism is defined by Merriam-Webster as, “the practice of touring agricultural areas to see farms and often to participate in farm activities”. Merriam-Webster also indicates that the word agritourism entered the English language as a new word in 1979. Agritourism is also defined in other sources to include cooking cleaning and handicrafts or in contrast only when staying at the farm1. 1 The unabridged Dictionary.com (based on Random House Dictionary © 2009) defines agritourism as a noun with the following meaning: Tourism in which tourists take part in farm or village activities, as animal and crop care, cooking and cleaning, handicrafts, and entertainments. Agritourism is also defined by The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company, with the following meaning: Tourism in which tourists board at farms or in rural villages and experience farming at close hand. Agritourism is not defined in the Internal Revenue Code or Treasury Regulations for income tax purposes. Definitions from dictionaries provide similarities within the meaning of agritourism ranging from simply touring agricultural areas to see farms to boarding on those farms and engaging in various activities for education or entertainment. When the definition of farming is contrasted with these definitions of agritourism it becomes clear that farming taxpayers who expand into agritourism activities and their practitioners should be diligent in determining extent of the non-farming business. Example 3: Friendly Farmer uses the six- bedroom antebellum farm house as a Bed & Breakfast. He has developed walking and horseback riding trails over the 600 acre farm that has been in his family for six generations. He is quite successful as a spinner of tall tales and is a gregarious host, so much so, that he now generates 70 percent of his gross income from guest services. Friendly is in the agritourism business even though he uses the family farm as the venue for these activities, he is more of an entertainer than farmer. While the income from the farm part of the operation would still be considered Farm Income and reported on IRS 1040 Schedule F, since less than two-thirds of his income is from farming, he would not be eligible for the estimated tax payments provisions. How does production relate to the definition of a farm for tax purposes?	[Use only the provided text to answer any questions. Do not include information from the internet or your data storage.] EVIDENCE: Meeting the qualifications of farming and being a farmer under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) allows for special benefits; however, not all agricultural producers meet these qualifications even if they are producing agricultural products, which is why it is vitally important for operators of farms and their tax professionals to understand the IRS tax definitions of farm, farming, and farmer. For example, one of the benefits of being classified as a farmer is the exclusion of certain receipts from income as in the case of conservation payments as allowed under IRC Section 175. Brief examples of farmers/ranchers are: • Bob raises wheat and sells his wheat to the local elevator. • Rosa has a flock of milking goats and sells the milk to a local organic foods co-op. • Amal grows cut flowers which she sells weekly at the local farmer’s market. • Ricardo raises lettuce and cabbage which he sells to a salad processing company. • Louisa operates a cattle ranch; she sells weaned calves to a feedlot investor. These examples show a producer raising or growing a product and selling that product. They have not further processed or modified the product. These are farming activities and hence would all qualify as farm income. The following discussion looks at the definition of a farmer from an income tax perspective, including the definitions of farm, farming and farmers as found in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and Treasury Regulations. Defining “Farm” Farm is commonly defined in the tax code in numerous places with nearly the same words. One such definition is found in IRC Section 2032A(e)(4) relative to estate tax valuation; it reads as follows: The term “farm” includes stock, dairy, poultry, fruit, furbearing animal, and truck farms, plantations, ranches, nurseries, ranges, greenhouses or other similar structures used primarily for the raising of agricultural or horticultural commodities, and orchards and woodlands. Examples of other locations in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and Treasury Regulations (TR) where this language with minor variation is used to define farm are: • TR Section 1.61-4(d) (gross income of farmers) • TR Section 1.175-3 (soil and water conservation expenses) • TR Section 1.6073-1(b)(2) (estimated taxes) • IRC Section 6420(c)(2) (excise tax on gasoline) • TR Section 48.6420-4(c) (meaning of terms; excise tax on gasoline) In the definition above the word orchard is included, however, vineyard or grove is not. Yet, operators of a grape vineyard will fall under the definition of farm when using the inclusive wording “agricultural and horticultural commodities”. Grapes are the product of the vineyard and an agricultural commodity; therefore, the vineyard is a farm. Other rural operations producing products which can be defined as agricultural or horticultural, for example, a rural business producing goat’s milk will be defined for income tax purposes as a farm. A vineyard selling grapes is a farm. A winery that produces and sells wine would not be a farm. For operations with a combination, they would need to work with their tax preparer to separate the farming activities from non-farm business activity. The definition of a farm describes farming activities. These activities produce farm income which is recorded on a Form 1040 Schedule F: Profit or Loss From Farming. Someone may have a farm and produce farm income, but not qualify as a farmer under a specific tax provision. Estimated Tax Payments [IRC § 6654(i)(2)] If a taxpayer qualifies as a farmer by having more than two-thirds of his/her gross income being derived from farming; they may make a single estimated tax payment by the 15th of the month that follows the close of their tax year or make payment in full of their income tax liability by the first of the third month following the close of their tax year. (Calendar-year taxpayers: 15th of January or 1st of March). Example 1: Jose raises sheep full-time in the alpine meadows of Colorado. Jose sells market lambs and wool shorn from the flock. This is Jose’s primary source of income with over two-thirds of his income coming from this. He has a profit motive relative to his business activities. Wooly is a farmer for income tax purposes and would qualify for the estimated tax payments provisions. Example 2: Susie grows herbs for sale at her local farmer’s market on the weekends. Susie’s main source of income is her work as a computer engineer for a software company. Her herb sales are a small part of her total income. Even though she has a horticultural activity, less than 2/3s of her income is from farming. So, she would not qualify for the special benefits for estimated tax payments. If Susie can show she has a profit motive, her herb production would qualify as a farm activity and any income and expenses would be recorded on an IRS Form 1040 Schedule F. Installment Sale of Farm Products (IRC § 453) Cash-basis farmers are permitted to report income from the sale of farm products when the product is sold. They are not required to maintain inventories. If the farmer enters a forward sales contract to deliver the farm product in a subsequent year after production the income is reported in the year of payment not production. The contract must specify that the farmer can only receive the payment in the subsequent year to production, even if the delivery of the production occurred in the year of production. This is available for all farming income. The activities must fall within the definition of a farm in the previous section. Defining Agritourism as a Contrast to Farming Determining whether or not a business is a farming business is a confusing issue for operators of agritourism businesses using farmland and farm production as part of that business model which may be educational in nature or focuses on the sale of value-added products (Isn’t it really the “farming of people”?). In recent years agritourism businesses have a goal of connecting the non-farming population with production agriculture through experiences in a rural and farm setting. Agritourism is defined by Merriam-Webster as, “the practice of touring agricultural areas to see farms and often to participate in farm activities”. Merriam-Webster also indicates that the word agritourism entered the English language as a new word in 1979. Agritourism is also defined in other sources to include cooking cleaning and handicrafts or in contrast only when staying at the farm1. 1 The unabridged Dictionary.com (based on Random House Dictionary © 2009) defines agritourism as a noun with the following meaning: Tourism in which tourists take part in farm or village activities, as animal and crop care, cooking and cleaning, handicrafts, and entertainments. Agritourism is also defined by The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company, with the following meaning: Tourism in which tourists board at farms or in rural villages and experience farming at close hand. Agritourism is not defined in the Internal Revenue Code or Treasury Regulations for income tax purposes. Definitions from dictionaries provide similarities within the meaning of agritourism ranging from simply touring agricultural areas to see farms to boarding on those farms and engaging in various activities for education or entertainment. When the definition of farming is contrasted with these definitions of agritourism it becomes clear that farming taxpayers who expand into agritourism activities and their practitioners should be diligent in determining extent of the non-farming business. Example 3: Friendly Farmer uses the six- bedroom antebellum farm house as a Bed & Breakfast. He has developed walking and horseback riding trails over the 600 acre farm that has been in his family for six generations. He is quite successful as a spinner of tall tales and is a gregarious host, so much so, that he now generates 70 percent of his gross income from guest services. Friendly is in the agritourism business even though he uses the family farm as the venue for these activities, he is more of an entertainer than farmer. While the income from the farm part of the operation would still be considered Farm Income and reported on IRS 1040 Schedule F, since less than two-thirds of his income is from farming, he would not be eligible for the estimated tax payments provisions. USER: How does production relate to the definition of a farm for tax purposes? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	13	1,370	null	701
Do not use any information other than that contained in the context block to answer the question. Use concise, easy-to-understand language.	can you summarise all the important information relevant to Annex 1 nationals and refugees?	This Regulation provides for full harmonisation as regards the third countries whose nationals are subject to a requirement to be in possession of a visa for the crossing of Member States' external borders (also referred to herein as ‘the visa requirement’) and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement. The determination of the third countries whose nationals are subject to, or exempt from, the visa requirement should be made on the basis of a considered, case-by-case assessment of a variety of criteria. That assessment should be made periodically and could lead to legislative proposals to amend Annex I to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are required to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States, and Annex II to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are exempt from the requirement to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States for stays of no more than 90 days in any 180-day period, notwithstanding the possibility of having country-specific amendments to those Annexes in particular circumstances, for instance as a result of a visa liberalisation process or as the ultimate consequence of a temporary suspension of the exemption from the visa requirement (also referred to herein as ‘the visa exemption’). The composition of the lists of third countries in Annexes I and II should be, and should remain, consistent with the criteria set out in this Regulation. References to third countries in respect of which the situation has changed as regards those criteria should be transferred from one Annex to the other. Developments in international law entailing changes in the status or designation of certain States or entities should be reflected in Annexes I and II. As the Agreement on the European Economic Area exempts nationals of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway from the visa requirement, those countries should not be included in the list in Annex II. Since the Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Swiss Confederation, of the other part, on the free movement of persons provides for free movement without visas for nationals of Switzerland and of the Member States, Switzerland should not be included in the list in Annex II. As regards recognised refugees and stateless persons, without prejudice to obligations under international agreements signed by the Member States and in particular the European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees of the Council of Europe, signed at Strasbourg on 20 April 1959, the decision as to the visa requirement or exemption should be based on the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents. However, given the differences in the national law applicable to recognised refugees and to stateless persons, Member States should be able to decide whether those categories of persons should be exempted, where the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents is a third country whose nationals are exempt from the visa requirement.	system instruction: [Do not use any information other than that contained in the context block to answer the question. Use concise, easy-to-understand language.] question: [can you summarise all the important information relevant to Annex 1 nationals and refugees?] context block: [This Regulation provides for full harmonisation as regards the third countries whose nationals are subject to a requirement to be in possession of a visa for the crossing of Member States' external borders (also referred to herein as ‘the visa requirement’) and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement. The determination of the third countries whose nationals are subject to, or exempt from, the visa requirement should be made on the basis of a considered, case-by-case assessment of a variety of criteria. That assessment should be made periodically and could lead to legislative proposals to amend Annex I to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are required to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States, and Annex II to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are exempt from the requirement to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States for stays of no more than 90 days in any 180-day period, notwithstanding the possibility of having country-specific amendments to those Annexes in particular circumstances, for instance as a result of a visa liberalisation process or as the ultimate consequence of a temporary suspension of the exemption from the visa requirement (also referred to herein as ‘the visa exemption’). The composition of the lists of third countries in Annexes I and II should be, and should remain, consistent with the criteria set out in this Regulation. References to third countries in respect of which the situation has changed as regards those criteria should be transferred from one Annex to the other. Developments in international law entailing changes in the status or designation of certain States or entities should be reflected in Annexes I and II. As the Agreement on the European Economic Area exempts nationals of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway from the visa requirement, those countries should not be included in the list in Annex II. Since the Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Swiss Confederation, of the other part, on the free movement of persons provides for free movement without visas for nationals of Switzerland and of the Member States, Switzerland should not be included in the list in Annex II. As regards recognised refugees and stateless persons, without prejudice to obligations under international agreements signed by the Member States and in particular the European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees of the Council of Europe, signed at Strasbourg on 20 April 1959, the decision as to the visa requirement or exemption should be based on the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents. However, given the differences in the national law applicable to recognised refugees and to stateless persons, Member States should be able to decide whether those categories of persons should be exempted, where the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents is a third country whose nationals are exempt from the visa requirement.]	Do not use any information other than that contained in the context block to answer the question. Use concise, easy-to-understand language. EVIDENCE: This Regulation provides for full harmonisation as regards the third countries whose nationals are subject to a requirement to be in possession of a visa for the crossing of Member States' external borders (also referred to herein as ‘the visa requirement’) and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement. The determination of the third countries whose nationals are subject to, or exempt from, the visa requirement should be made on the basis of a considered, case-by-case assessment of a variety of criteria. That assessment should be made periodically and could lead to legislative proposals to amend Annex I to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are required to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States, and Annex II to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are exempt from the requirement to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States for stays of no more than 90 days in any 180-day period, notwithstanding the possibility of having country-specific amendments to those Annexes in particular circumstances, for instance as a result of a visa liberalisation process or as the ultimate consequence of a temporary suspension of the exemption from the visa requirement (also referred to herein as ‘the visa exemption’). The composition of the lists of third countries in Annexes I and II should be, and should remain, consistent with the criteria set out in this Regulation. References to third countries in respect of which the situation has changed as regards those criteria should be transferred from one Annex to the other. Developments in international law entailing changes in the status or designation of certain States or entities should be reflected in Annexes I and II. As the Agreement on the European Economic Area exempts nationals of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway from the visa requirement, those countries should not be included in the list in Annex II. Since the Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Swiss Confederation, of the other part, on the free movement of persons provides for free movement without visas for nationals of Switzerland and of the Member States, Switzerland should not be included in the list in Annex II. As regards recognised refugees and stateless persons, without prejudice to obligations under international agreements signed by the Member States and in particular the European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees of the Council of Europe, signed at Strasbourg on 20 April 1959, the decision as to the visa requirement or exemption should be based on the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents. However, given the differences in the national law applicable to recognised refugees and to stateless persons, Member States should be able to decide whether those categories of persons should be exempted, where the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents is a third country whose nationals are exempt from the visa requirement. USER: can you summarise all the important information relevant to Annex 1 nationals and refugees? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	21	14	511	null	4
Only answer the prompt using the information in the context block.	My cartridge weighs 9g. Should I use the supplied counterweight?	Set-up The deck is supplied partially disassembled and carefully packaged for safe transport. Carefully remove all parts from the transport packaging. Make sure the surface you wish to use the turntable on is level (use a spirit level) before placing the turntable on it. Fit the drive belt (22) around the platter (3) and the smaller diameter part of the motor pulley (2) for playback of 33 r.p.m. records. To reach 45 r.p.m. put the belt over the larger diameter part of the motor pulley. Avoid getting sweat or grease on the belt as these will deteriorate the performance and reduce the belt's lifespan. Use absorbent kitchen paper to remove any oil or grease from the outer edge of the platter and the belt. Fit the felt mat over the spindle of the platter (3). Remove the transport lock (66) from the tonearm tube. Store the transport lock in the original packaging so they are available for any future transportation. Cartridge downforce adjustment The counterweight (6) supplied is suitable for cartridges weighing between 3,5 - 5,5g (weight no. 00). An alternative counterweight for cartridges weighing between 6 - 9g (weight no. 01) is available as an accessory part. Pushing carefully, turn the counterweight (4) onto the rear end of the tonearm tube (7), so that the downforce scale (4a) shows towards the front of the player. Lower the armlift and position the cartridge in the space between arm rest and platter. Carefully rotate the counterweight (4) until the armtube balances out. The arm should return to the balanced position if it is moved up or down. This adjustment must be done carefully. Do not forget to remove the cartridge protection cap if fitted. Once the arm is correctly balanced return it to the rest (6). Hold the counterweight (4) without moving it, and gently revolve the downforce scale ring (4a) until the zero is in line with the anti-skating stub (8). Check whether the arm still balances out. Rotate the counterweight counter clockwise (seen from the front) to adjust the downforce according to the cartridge manufacturer's recommendations. One mark on the scale represents 1 mN (= 0,1g / 0,1 Pond) of downforce. Please note: Adjust the downforce prior to installing the anti-skating weight. The recommended downforce for the factory fitted cartridge Ortofon OM10 is 15mN. © Pro-Ject Audio Systems · Pro-Ject Essential III · Revision 2017.01.03 5 Anti-skating force adjustment Hang the loop of the thread of the anti-skating weight in the groove of the anti-skating stub (8) corresponding to the downforce applied to your cartridge and feed the thread through the loop of the wire support (9). The anti-skating force must be adjusted corresponding to the downforce as follows: Downforce Groove in the stub (8) 10 - 14mN 1st from bearing rings 15 - 19mN 2nd " " " 20mN and bigger 3rd " " " 8 Connection to the amplifier The record player has a captive tonearm signal lead (12) for connection to the amplifier. Use the Phono input (sometimes labelled gram, disc or RIAA) on your amplifier. Make sure that the phono input offers correct matching and amplification for the type of cartridge used. Line inputs (such as CD, Tuner, Tape or Video) are not suitable. Take care to connect the left and right channels correctly. The right channel is usually marked red, the left channel black or white. Check the manual supplied with your amplifier for relevant information. The earthing wire of the tonearm lead should be connected to the earth terminal on your amplifier (if provided). If your amplifier does not have an input suitable for phono cartridges you will require a separate phono amplifier stage for MM or MC cartridges which is then connected between the record player and a free line level input of the amplifier. For detailed product information regarding Pro-Ject Audio phono amplifiers please refer to the Pro-Ject web site www.project-audio.com. The recommended load impedance for the factory fitted cartridge is: 47kohms/MM-input Mains power connection The turntable is supplied with a power supply suitable for your country's mains supply. Check the label before connecting to ensure compliance with the mains rating in your house. Connect the low voltage plug from the power supply to the socket (20) on the rear of the record player before connecting the power supply to the mains. Fitting the lid Fit the lid (dust cover) carefully over the hinge prongs and adjust the screws (14) until the lid stays open where you want it to without being too stiff to open or close.	Only answer the prompt using the information in the context block. Set-up The deck is supplied partially disassembled and carefully packaged for safe transport. Carefully remove all parts from the transport packaging. Make sure the surface you wish to use the turntable on is level (use a spirit level) before placing the turntable on it. Fit the drive belt (22) around the platter (3) and the smaller diameter part of the motor pulley (2) for playback of 33 r.p.m. records. To reach 45 r.p.m. put the belt over the larger diameter part of the motor pulley. Avoid getting sweat or grease on the belt as these will deteriorate the performance and reduce the belt's lifespan. Use absorbent kitchen paper to remove any oil or grease from the outer edge of the platter and the belt. Fit the felt mat over the spindle of the platter (3). Remove the transport lock (66) from the tonearm tube. Store the transport lock in the original packaging so they are available for any future transportation. Cartridge downforce adjustment The counterweight (6) supplied is suitable for cartridges weighing between 3,5 - 5,5g (weight no. 00). An alternative counterweight for cartridges weighing between 6 - 9g (weight no. 01) is available as an accessory part. Pushing carefully, turn the counterweight (4) onto the rear end of the tonearm tube (7), so that the downforce scale (4a) shows towards the front of the player. Lower the armlift and position the cartridge in the space between arm rest and platter. Carefully rotate the counterweight (4) until the armtube balances out. The arm should return to the balanced position if it is moved up or down. This adjustment must be done carefully. Do not forget to remove the cartridge protection cap if fitted. Once the arm is correctly balanced return it to the rest (6). Hold the counterweight (4) without moving it, and gently revolve the downforce scale ring (4a) until the zero is in line with the anti-skating stub (8). Check whether the arm still balances out. Rotate the counterweight counter clockwise (seen from the front) to adjust the downforce according to the cartridge manufacturer's recommendations. One mark on the scale represents 1 mN (= 0,1g / 0,1 Pond) of downforce. Please note: Adjust the downforce prior to installing the anti-skating weight. The recommended downforce for the factory fitted cartridge Ortofon OM10 is 15mN. © Pro-Ject Audio Systems · Pro-Ject Essential III · Revision 2017.01.03 5 Anti-skating force adjustment Hang the loop of the thread of the anti-skating weight in the groove of the anti-skating stub (8) corresponding to the downforce applied to your cartridge and feed the thread through the loop of the wire support (9). The anti-skating force must be adjusted corresponding to the downforce as follows: Downforce Groove in the stub (8) 10 - 14mN 1st from bearing rings 15 - 19mN 2nd " " " 20mN and bigger 3rd " " " 8 Connection to the amplifier The record player has a captive tonearm signal lead (12) for connection to the amplifier. Use the Phono input (sometimes labelled gram, disc or RIAA) on your amplifier. Make sure that the phono input offers correct matching and amplification for the type of cartridge used. Line inputs (such as CD, Tuner, Tape or Video) are not suitable. Take care to connect the left and right channels correctly. The right channel is usually marked red, the left channel black or white. Check the manual supplied with your amplifier for relevant information. The earthing wire of the tonearm lead should be connected to the earth terminal on your amplifier (if provided). If your amplifier does not have an input suitable for phono cartridges you will require a separate phono amplifier stage for MM or MC cartridges which is then connected between the record player and a free line level input of the amplifier. For detailed product information regarding Pro-Ject Audio phono amplifiers please refer to the Pro-Ject web site www.project-audio.com. The recommended load impedance for the factory fitted cartridge is: 47kohms/MM-input Mains power connection The turntable is supplied with a power supply suitable for your country's mains supply. Check the label before connecting to ensure compliance with the mains rating in your house. Connect the low voltage plug from the power supply to the socket (20) on the rear of the record player before connecting the power supply to the mains. Fitting the lid Fit the lid (dust cover) carefully over the hinge prongs and adjust the screws (14) until the lid stays open where you want it to without being too stiff to open or close. My cartridge weighs 9g. Should I use the supplied counterweight?	Only answer the prompt using the information in the context block. EVIDENCE: Set-up The deck is supplied partially disassembled and carefully packaged for safe transport. Carefully remove all parts from the transport packaging. Make sure the surface you wish to use the turntable on is level (use a spirit level) before placing the turntable on it. Fit the drive belt (22) around the platter (3) and the smaller diameter part of the motor pulley (2) for playback of 33 r.p.m. records. To reach 45 r.p.m. put the belt over the larger diameter part of the motor pulley. Avoid getting sweat or grease on the belt as these will deteriorate the performance and reduce the belt's lifespan. Use absorbent kitchen paper to remove any oil or grease from the outer edge of the platter and the belt. Fit the felt mat over the spindle of the platter (3). Remove the transport lock (66) from the tonearm tube. Store the transport lock in the original packaging so they are available for any future transportation. Cartridge downforce adjustment The counterweight (6) supplied is suitable for cartridges weighing between 3,5 - 5,5g (weight no. 00). An alternative counterweight for cartridges weighing between 6 - 9g (weight no. 01) is available as an accessory part. Pushing carefully, turn the counterweight (4) onto the rear end of the tonearm tube (7), so that the downforce scale (4a) shows towards the front of the player. Lower the armlift and position the cartridge in the space between arm rest and platter. Carefully rotate the counterweight (4) until the armtube balances out. The arm should return to the balanced position if it is moved up or down. This adjustment must be done carefully. Do not forget to remove the cartridge protection cap if fitted. Once the arm is correctly balanced return it to the rest (6). Hold the counterweight (4) without moving it, and gently revolve the downforce scale ring (4a) until the zero is in line with the anti-skating stub (8). Check whether the arm still balances out. Rotate the counterweight counter clockwise (seen from the front) to adjust the downforce according to the cartridge manufacturer's recommendations. One mark on the scale represents 1 mN (= 0,1g / 0,1 Pond) of downforce. Please note: Adjust the downforce prior to installing the anti-skating weight. The recommended downforce for the factory fitted cartridge Ortofon OM10 is 15mN. © Pro-Ject Audio Systems · Pro-Ject Essential III · Revision 2017.01.03 5 Anti-skating force adjustment Hang the loop of the thread of the anti-skating weight in the groove of the anti-skating stub (8) corresponding to the downforce applied to your cartridge and feed the thread through the loop of the wire support (9). The anti-skating force must be adjusted corresponding to the downforce as follows: Downforce Groove in the stub (8) 10 - 14mN 1st from bearing rings 15 - 19mN 2nd " " " 20mN and bigger 3rd " " " 8 Connection to the amplifier The record player has a captive tonearm signal lead (12) for connection to the amplifier. Use the Phono input (sometimes labelled gram, disc or RIAA) on your amplifier. Make sure that the phono input offers correct matching and amplification for the type of cartridge used. Line inputs (such as CD, Tuner, Tape or Video) are not suitable. Take care to connect the left and right channels correctly. The right channel is usually marked red, the left channel black or white. Check the manual supplied with your amplifier for relevant information. The earthing wire of the tonearm lead should be connected to the earth terminal on your amplifier (if provided). If your amplifier does not have an input suitable for phono cartridges you will require a separate phono amplifier stage for MM or MC cartridges which is then connected between the record player and a free line level input of the amplifier. For detailed product information regarding Pro-Ject Audio phono amplifiers please refer to the Pro-Ject web site www.project-audio.com. The recommended load impedance for the factory fitted cartridge is: 47kohms/MM-input Mains power connection The turntable is supplied with a power supply suitable for your country's mains supply. Check the label before connecting to ensure compliance with the mains rating in your house. Connect the low voltage plug from the power supply to the socket (20) on the rear of the record player before connecting the power supply to the mains. Fitting the lid Fit the lid (dust cover) carefully over the hinge prongs and adjust the screws (14) until the lid stays open where you want it to without being too stiff to open or close. USER: My cartridge weighs 9g. Should I use the supplied counterweight? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	11	10	757	null	94
Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document]	In this paper, describe the proposed method about deep reinforcement learning based on LSTM. Explain how the usage of an unlicensed spectrum is optimized by the DRL system.	C. Channel Coding A noticeable feature of the air interface of the 5G is the use of new channel coding techniques: Data channels use lowdensity parity-check (LDPC) codes, and control channels use polar codes [18]. However, the use of these techniques have some limitations. For instance, polar codes can achieve excellent performance, but it takes several iterations to achieve this performance, and there is no way to predict how fast polar codes can reach this desired performance. In addition, LDPC codes suffer from high complexity of decoding when either it is used with large block or the channel is under colored noise. Deep learning is well-known for its high parallelism structure, which can implement one-shot coding/decoding. Thus, many researchers predict that deep learning-based channel coding is a propitious method to enable 5G NR. For instance, the authors of [19] proposed reinforcement learning for effective decoding strategies for binary linear codes such as ReedMuller and BCH codes, and as a case study, they considered bit-flipping decoding. The authors mapped learned bit-flipping decoding to a Markov decision process and reformulated the decoding problem using both standards and fitted Q-learning with a neural network. The neural network architecture consists of two hidden layers with 500 and 1500 neurons with ReLu activation functions. For the training hyperparameters, the authors considered ten iterations and 0.99 as a discount factor. The SNR is ranging from -2dB to 8dB. The authors considered two types of channels, binary symmetric channel, and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. The authors of [20] proposed three types of deep neural networks for channel decoding for 5G, multi-layer perceptron, convolutional neural network, and recurrent neural network. The authors used polar codes with rate 1/2 and three codeword lengths 8, 16, and 32. The signal to noise ratio is from -2 dB to 20 dB. The authors showed that the recurrent neural network has the best decoding performance but at the cost of high computation time. The authors of [21] studied a low latency, robust, and scalable convolutional neural network-based decoder of convolutional and LPDC codes. The convolution decoder is trained to decode in a single-shot using Mixed-SNR independent sampling. The CNN decoder is tested with different block lengths of 100, 200, and 1000 under the AWGN channel and with total samples of 109 samples, and SNR is ranging from -4dB to 4dB. The proposed model is compared with Viterbi, BiGRY, and bit flipping based decoders using bit error rate and block error rate. The authors showed that CNN outperforms the previously mentioned decoders regarding BER and BLER. Also, CNN decoder is eight times faster than RNN decoders. Another example of deep learning-based channel decoder is proposed in [22]. The proposed deep learning models consists of an iterative belief propagation concatenated with a convolutional neural network (BP-CNN) LDPC decoding under correlated noise, CNN for denoising the received signal and BP for decoding. The authors considered the AWGN channel and BPSK modulation. The authors showed that BPCNN reduces the decoding bit error rate with low complexity. Further studies are required to investigate the performance of deep learning under communication channels which exhibit correlations in fading. Deep learning-based channel coding can achieve a good range of performance–complexity trade-offs, if the training is performed correctly as the choice of code-word length, causes over-fitting and under-fitting. D. Intelligent Radio Resource and Network Management Radio resources are scarce, and there is an increasing demand of wireless traffic. Intelligent wireless network management is the way forward to meet these increasing demands. Machine learning/deep learning can be a promising feature for resource allocation in 5G wireless communication networks. Deep learning can be a good alternative for interference management, spectrum management, multi-path usage, link adaptation, multi-channel access, and traffic congestion. For instance, the authors of [23] proposed an AI scheduler to infer the free slots in a multiple frequencies time division multiple access to avoid congestion and high packet loss. Four last frames state are fed to a neural network, which consists of two fully connected hidden layers. The proposed AI scheduler was tested in a wireless sensor network of 5 nodes and can reduce the collisions with other networks with 50%. The authors of [24] proposed the addition of the artificial intelligence module instead of replacing conventional scheduling module in LTE systems. This AI module can provide conventional scheduling algorithms with the flexibility and speed up the convergence time. As scheduling for cooperative localization is a critical process to elevate the coverage and the localization precision, the authors of [25] presented a deep reinforcement learning for decentralized cooperative localization scheduling in vehicular networks. The authors of [26] proposed a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based on LSTM to enables small base stations to perform dynamic spectrum access to an unlicensed spectrum. The model enables the dynamic selection of wireless channel, carrier aggregation, and fractional spectrum access. The coexistence of WLAN and other LTE-LAA operators transmitting on the same channel is formulated as a game between the two and each of which aims to maximize its rate while achieving long-term equal-weighted fairness. This game is solved using DRL-LSTM. The proposed framework showed significant improvement. The authors of [27] proposed an AI framework for smart wireless network management based on CNN and RNN to extract both the sequential and spatial features from the raw signals. These features serve as a state of deep reinforcement learning which defines the optimal network policy. The proposed framework was tested using real-experiment an experiment using a real-time heterogeneous wireless network test-bed. The proposed AI framework enhances the average throughput by approximately 36%. However, the proposed framework is costly in terms of training time and memory usage. The authors of [28] proposed a deep-reinforcement learning approach for SDN routing optimization. To evaluate the performance of the proposed DRL based routing model, the scalefree network topology of 14 nodes, and 21 full-duplex links, with uniform link capacities and average node degree of 3, and traffic intensity levels from 12.5% to 125% of the total network capacity. The trained DRL routing model can achieve similar configurations that of methods such as analytical optimization or local-search heuristic methods with minimal delays. Some other work on routing can be found in [29], [30]. Another aspect of network management is interference management. Interference management often relays on algorithms such as WMMSE. This algorithm is costly as it uses matrix inversion, to solve the problem of numerical optimization in signal processing, the authors of [31] proposed to approximate the WMMSE used for interference management, which is has a central role in enabling Massive MIMO systems. The authors showed that SP optimization algorithms could be approximated by a finite-size neural network.	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. In this paper, describe the proposed method about deep reinforcement learning based on LSTM. Explain how the usage of an unlicensed spectrum is optimized by the DRL system. C. Channel Coding A noticeable feature of the air interface of the 5G is the use of new channel coding techniques: Data channels use lowdensity parity-check (LDPC) codes, and control channels use polar codes [18]. However, the use of these techniques have some limitations. For instance, polar codes can achieve excellent performance, but it takes several iterations to achieve this performance, and there is no way to predict how fast polar codes can reach this desired performance. In addition, LDPC codes suffer from high complexity of decoding when either it is used with large block or the channel is under colored noise. Deep learning is well-known for its high parallelism structure, which can implement one-shot coding/decoding. Thus, many researchers predict that deep learning-based channel coding is a propitious method to enable 5G NR. For instance, the authors of [19] proposed reinforcement learning for effective decoding strategies for binary linear codes such as ReedMuller and BCH codes, and as a case study, they considered bit-flipping decoding. The authors mapped learned bit-flipping decoding to a Markov decision process and reformulated the decoding problem using both standards and fitted Q-learning with a neural network. The neural network architecture consists of two hidden layers with 500 and 1500 neurons with ReLu activation functions. For the training hyperparameters, the authors considered ten iterations and 0.99 as a discount factor. The SNR is ranging from -2dB to 8dB. The authors considered two types of channels, binary symmetric channel, and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. The authors of [20] proposed three types of deep neural networks for channel decoding for 5G, multi-layer perceptron, convolutional neural network, and recurrent neural network. The authors used polar codes with rate 1/2 and three codeword lengths 8, 16, and 32. The signal to noise ratio is from -2 dB to 20 dB. The authors showed that the recurrent neural network has the best decoding performance but at the cost of high computation time. The authors of [21] studied a low latency, robust, and scalable convolutional neural network-based decoder of convolutional and LPDC codes. The convolution decoder is trained to decode in a single-shot using Mixed-SNR independent sampling. The CNN decoder is tested with different block lengths of 100, 200, and 1000 under the AWGN channel and with total samples of 109 samples, and SNR is ranging from -4dB to 4dB. The proposed model is compared with Viterbi, BiGRY, and bit flipping based decoders using bit error rate and block error rate. The authors showed that CNN outperforms the previously mentioned decoders regarding BER and BLER. Also, CNN decoder is eight times faster than RNN decoders. Another example of deep learning-based channel decoder is proposed in [22]. The proposed deep learning models consists of an iterative belief propagation concatenated with a convolutional neural network (BP-CNN) LDPC decoding under correlated noise, CNN for denoising the received signal and BP for decoding. The authors considered the AWGN channel and BPSK modulation. The authors showed that BPCNN reduces the decoding bit error rate with low complexity. Further studies are required to investigate the performance of deep learning under communication channels which exhibit correlations in fading. Deep learning-based channel coding can achieve a good range of performance–complexity trade-offs, if the training is performed correctly as the choice of code-word length, causes over-fitting and under-fitting. D. Intelligent Radio Resource and Network Management Radio resources are scarce, and there is an increasing demand of wireless traffic. Intelligent wireless network management is the way forward to meet these increasing demands. Machine learning/deep learning can be a promising feature for resource allocation in 5G wireless communication networks. Deep learning can be a good alternative for interference management, spectrum management, multi-path usage, link adaptation, multi-channel access, and traffic congestion. For instance, the authors of [23] proposed an AI scheduler to infer the free slots in a multiple frequencies time division multiple access to avoid congestion and high packet loss. Four last frames state are fed to a neural network, which consists of two fully connected hidden layers. The proposed AI scheduler was tested in a wireless sensor network of 5 nodes and can reduce the collisions with other networks with 50%. The authors of [24] proposed the addition of the artificial intelligence module instead of replacing conventional scheduling module in LTE systems. This AI module can provide conventional scheduling algorithms with the flexibility and speed up the convergence time. As scheduling for cooperative localization is a critical process to elevate the coverage and the localization precision, the authors of [25] presented a deep reinforcement learning for decentralized cooperative localization scheduling in vehicular networks. The authors of [26] proposed a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based on LSTM to enables small base stations to perform dynamic spectrum access to an unlicensed spectrum. The model enables the dynamic selection of wireless channel, carrier aggregation, and fractional spectrum access. The coexistence of WLAN and other LTE-LAA operators transmitting on the same channel is formulated as a game between the two and each of which aims to maximize its rate while achieving long-term equal-weighted fairness. This game is solved using DRL-LSTM. The proposed framework showed significant improvement. The authors of [27] proposed an AI framework for smart wireless network management based on CNN and RNN to extract both the sequential and spatial features from the raw signals. These features serve as a state of deep reinforcement learning which defines the optimal network policy. The proposed framework was tested using real-experiment an experiment using a real-time heterogeneous wireless network test-bed. The proposed AI framework enhances the average throughput by approximately 36%. However, the proposed framework is costly in terms of training time and memory usage. The authors of [28] proposed a deep-reinforcement learning approach for SDN routing optimization. To evaluate the performance of the proposed DRL based routing model, the scalefree network topology of 14 nodes, and 21 full-duplex links, with uniform link capacities and average node degree of 3, and traffic intensity levels from 12.5% to 125% of the total network capacity. The trained DRL routing model can achieve similar configurations that of methods such as analytical optimization or local-search heuristic methods with minimal delays. Some other work on routing can be found in [29], [30]. Another aspect of network management is interference management. Interference management often relays on algorithms such as WMMSE. This algorithm is costly as it uses matrix inversion, to solve the problem of numerical optimization in signal processing, the authors of [31] proposed to approximate the WMMSE used for interference management, which is has a central role in enabling Massive MIMO systems. The authors showed that SP optimization algorithms could be approximated by a finite-size neural network. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.04943	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document] EVIDENCE: C. Channel Coding A noticeable feature of the air interface of the 5G is the use of new channel coding techniques: Data channels use lowdensity parity-check (LDPC) codes, and control channels use polar codes [18]. However, the use of these techniques have some limitations. For instance, polar codes can achieve excellent performance, but it takes several iterations to achieve this performance, and there is no way to predict how fast polar codes can reach this desired performance. In addition, LDPC codes suffer from high complexity of decoding when either it is used with large block or the channel is under colored noise. Deep learning is well-known for its high parallelism structure, which can implement one-shot coding/decoding. Thus, many researchers predict that deep learning-based channel coding is a propitious method to enable 5G NR. For instance, the authors of [19] proposed reinforcement learning for effective decoding strategies for binary linear codes such as ReedMuller and BCH codes, and as a case study, they considered bit-flipping decoding. The authors mapped learned bit-flipping decoding to a Markov decision process and reformulated the decoding problem using both standards and fitted Q-learning with a neural network. The neural network architecture consists of two hidden layers with 500 and 1500 neurons with ReLu activation functions. For the training hyperparameters, the authors considered ten iterations and 0.99 as a discount factor. The SNR is ranging from -2dB to 8dB. The authors considered two types of channels, binary symmetric channel, and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. The authors of [20] proposed three types of deep neural networks for channel decoding for 5G, multi-layer perceptron, convolutional neural network, and recurrent neural network. The authors used polar codes with rate 1/2 and three codeword lengths 8, 16, and 32. The signal to noise ratio is from -2 dB to 20 dB. The authors showed that the recurrent neural network has the best decoding performance but at the cost of high computation time. The authors of [21] studied a low latency, robust, and scalable convolutional neural network-based decoder of convolutional and LPDC codes. The convolution decoder is trained to decode in a single-shot using Mixed-SNR independent sampling. The CNN decoder is tested with different block lengths of 100, 200, and 1000 under the AWGN channel and with total samples of 109 samples, and SNR is ranging from -4dB to 4dB. The proposed model is compared with Viterbi, BiGRY, and bit flipping based decoders using bit error rate and block error rate. The authors showed that CNN outperforms the previously mentioned decoders regarding BER and BLER. Also, CNN decoder is eight times faster than RNN decoders. Another example of deep learning-based channel decoder is proposed in [22]. The proposed deep learning models consists of an iterative belief propagation concatenated with a convolutional neural network (BP-CNN) LDPC decoding under correlated noise, CNN for denoising the received signal and BP for decoding. The authors considered the AWGN channel and BPSK modulation. The authors showed that BPCNN reduces the decoding bit error rate with low complexity. Further studies are required to investigate the performance of deep learning under communication channels which exhibit correlations in fading. Deep learning-based channel coding can achieve a good range of performance–complexity trade-offs, if the training is performed correctly as the choice of code-word length, causes over-fitting and under-fitting. D. Intelligent Radio Resource and Network Management Radio resources are scarce, and there is an increasing demand of wireless traffic. Intelligent wireless network management is the way forward to meet these increasing demands. Machine learning/deep learning can be a promising feature for resource allocation in 5G wireless communication networks. Deep learning can be a good alternative for interference management, spectrum management, multi-path usage, link adaptation, multi-channel access, and traffic congestion. For instance, the authors of [23] proposed an AI scheduler to infer the free slots in a multiple frequencies time division multiple access to avoid congestion and high packet loss. Four last frames state are fed to a neural network, which consists of two fully connected hidden layers. The proposed AI scheduler was tested in a wireless sensor network of 5 nodes and can reduce the collisions with other networks with 50%. The authors of [24] proposed the addition of the artificial intelligence module instead of replacing conventional scheduling module in LTE systems. This AI module can provide conventional scheduling algorithms with the flexibility and speed up the convergence time. As scheduling for cooperative localization is a critical process to elevate the coverage and the localization precision, the authors of [25] presented a deep reinforcement learning for decentralized cooperative localization scheduling in vehicular networks. The authors of [26] proposed a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based on LSTM to enables small base stations to perform dynamic spectrum access to an unlicensed spectrum. The model enables the dynamic selection of wireless channel, carrier aggregation, and fractional spectrum access. The coexistence of WLAN and other LTE-LAA operators transmitting on the same channel is formulated as a game between the two and each of which aims to maximize its rate while achieving long-term equal-weighted fairness. This game is solved using DRL-LSTM. The proposed framework showed significant improvement. The authors of [27] proposed an AI framework for smart wireless network management based on CNN and RNN to extract both the sequential and spatial features from the raw signals. These features serve as a state of deep reinforcement learning which defines the optimal network policy. The proposed framework was tested using real-experiment an experiment using a real-time heterogeneous wireless network test-bed. The proposed AI framework enhances the average throughput by approximately 36%. However, the proposed framework is costly in terms of training time and memory usage. The authors of [28] proposed a deep-reinforcement learning approach for SDN routing optimization. To evaluate the performance of the proposed DRL based routing model, the scalefree network topology of 14 nodes, and 21 full-duplex links, with uniform link capacities and average node degree of 3, and traffic intensity levels from 12.5% to 125% of the total network capacity. The trained DRL routing model can achieve similar configurations that of methods such as analytical optimization or local-search heuristic methods with minimal delays. Some other work on routing can be found in [29], [30]. Another aspect of network management is interference management. Interference management often relays on algorithms such as WMMSE. This algorithm is costly as it uses matrix inversion, to solve the problem of numerical optimization in signal processing, the authors of [31] proposed to approximate the WMMSE used for interference management, which is has a central role in enabling Massive MIMO systems. The authors showed that SP optimization algorithms could be approximated by a finite-size neural network. USER: In this paper, describe the proposed method about deep reinforcement learning based on LSTM. Explain how the usage of an unlicensed spectrum is optimized by the DRL system. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	28	1,106	null	560
Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document]	Briefly summarize the Ed Sheeran case in no more than 3 bullets and then identify at least 3 other cases mentioned in the article and describe their differences to the Ed Sheeran case in no more than 2 bullets each.	The Case Between Two Top Hits On May 4, 2023, jurors in a Manhattan federal court sided with pop-star Ed Sheeran in a copyright infringement dispute over his Grammy-winning song “Thinking Out Loud.” The daughter of co-writer Ed Townsend of Marvin Gaye’s classic hit “Let’s Get It On” filed the lawsuit a few years ago. The controversial, closely watched trial saw Sheeran label testimony given by the plaintiff’s musicologist expert witness as “criminal.” He also testified he would “quit music” if he lost this trial. Townsend’s daughter alleged Sheeran used the chords, rhythm, and melody from her father’s hit song. Here, the plaintiff had a high burden to satisfy. While Sheeran argued that the chord progression and rhythmic pattern was generic and not protected by copyright, Townsend’s daughter disagreed. The plaintiff failed to prove the combination of those elements, how they were selected and arranged in the music, was original enough to warrant copyright protection. This is not the first case Sheeran has won regarding infringement. The pop star previously won a lawsuit alleging he infringed on a 2015 song called “Oh Why” by Sami Chokri, another U.K. artist. Chokri’s lawsuit alleged Sheeran copied his song by repeating “Oh, I” in the refrain of “Shape of You,” similar to Chokri’s song. While Sheeran might have prevailed this past week, there is still ongoing litigation brought by Structured Asset Sales (“SAS”), which owns a portion of the Townsend family rights to the same song. However, Sheeran’s legal counsel believes that litigation should be resolved due to the outcome of the Townsend family case. Others have stated that SAS are copyright “trolls,” as they are an entity that purchases copyrights for purely for financial gain. The Status of Copyright Law in Pop Music Copyright infringement has been a hot topic in the pop music industry. As a musical genre that has limited chord progressions and rhythm, artists argue there are going to be very similar songs out there that cannot be prevented. The Copyright Act passed by Congress provides nothing to help solve the question of “how similar is too similar” to determine a song infringed on another. The courts have been trying to answer this question, developing the rules on how to handle these matters. As such, litigation has picked up, with it impossible to avoid going to trial by early dismissal or summary judgment. Recently, Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams were found to have infringed on another Gaye hit song, “Got to Give it Up” in 2015 on their hit song, “Blurred Lines.” The pair were ordered to pay over $5 million in damages. The judgment brought an uneasiness to the music world, as many criticized the jury verdict and the Ninth Circuit’s decision, arguing the harmonies and rhythmic patterns were basic building blocks that were free for any musician to use. However, Led Zeppelin was able to fight off a similar infringement case based on the chords and rhythm for their song “Stairway to Heaven,” with a ruling passed down by the Ninth Circuit stating some elements of creative works were so common, an infringement claim needed to be based on “virtually identical” versions. These opposing verdicts made the case against Sheeran high stakes for those in the music industry, watching if the verdict would bring some stability to songwriting or further disrupt the longstanding idea that basic genre elements were fair game for songwriters. However, those who are in support of a looser threshold argue that the songwriter and artist need to be protected. Townsend’s daughter here argued that Sheeran stole the “musical heart” of her father’s work and that artists should be given credit when proper. Supporters of Townsend argue that properly crediting the artists who came before does not stifle creativity. The Potential for Change and the Implications of Sheeran’s Win Overall, some argue that the current copyright law must be changed to avoid high amounts of litigation. A law scholar from UC Berkeley, Peter Menell, suggests a system that would mimic the current system that allows artists to record their own versions of existing music, as long as they pay a licensing fee in advance to the original composer. This is the concept of recording covers of songs. The suggested system would introduce mechanical remix royalties, allowing artists to license their compositions to others. This would allow the purchaser of the license to change aspects of the song to make it their own. Menell argues this would create clarity in the intellectual property landscape and reduce the workload of the courts. However, those who side with Sheeran might argue that a licensing aspect to “remix” a song is not necessary when it comes to the basic structure of a songwriting, and it ultimately prohibits creativity. Jennifer Jenkins, a Duke Law professor who specializes in music copyright, argued that privatizing common chord progressions and elements that were commonplace would remove the “essential ingredients from every songwriter’s tool kit.” In a way, this prevents the starving artist from creating if they cannot afford a license to a common chord progression. However, for right now, songwriters should believe the outcome of the Sheeran case is a step in the right direction.	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. Briefly summarize the Ed Sheeran case in no more than 3 bullets and then identify at least 3 other cases mentioned in the article and describe their differences to the Ed Sheeran case in no more than 2 bullets each. The Case Between Two Top Hits On May 4, 2023, jurors in a Manhattan federal court sided with pop-star Ed Sheeran in a copyright infringement dispute over his Grammy-winning song “Thinking Out Loud.” The daughter of co-writer Ed Townsend of Marvin Gaye’s classic hit “Let’s Get It On” filed the lawsuit a few years ago. The controversial, closely watched trial saw Sheeran label testimony given by the plaintiff’s musicologist expert witness as “criminal.” He also testified he would “quit music” if he lost this trial. Townsend’s daughter alleged Sheeran used the chords, rhythm, and melody from her father’s hit song. Here, the plaintiff had a high burden to satisfy. While Sheeran argued that the chord progression and rhythmic pattern was generic and not protected by copyright, Townsend’s daughter disagreed. The plaintiff failed to prove the combination of those elements, how they were selected and arranged in the music, was original enough to warrant copyright protection. This is not the first case Sheeran has won regarding infringement. The pop star previously won a lawsuit alleging he infringed on a 2015 song called “Oh Why” by Sami Chokri, another U.K. artist. Chokri’s lawsuit alleged Sheeran copied his song by repeating “Oh, I” in the refrain of “Shape of You,” similar to Chokri’s song. While Sheeran might have prevailed this past week, there is still ongoing litigation brought by Structured Asset Sales (“SAS”), which owns a portion of the Townsend family rights to the same song. However, Sheeran’s legal counsel believes that litigation should be resolved due to the outcome of the Townsend family case. Others have stated that SAS are copyright “trolls,” as they are an entity that purchases copyrights for purely for financial gain. The Status of Copyright Law in Pop Music Copyright infringement has been a hot topic in the pop music industry. As a musical genre that has limited chord progressions and rhythm, artists argue there are going to be very similar songs out there that cannot be prevented. The Copyright Act passed by Congress provides nothing to help solve the question of “how similar is too similar” to determine a song infringed on another. The courts have been trying to answer this question, developing the rules on how to handle these matters. As such, litigation has picked up, with it impossible to avoid going to trial by early dismissal or summary judgment. Recently, Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams were found to have infringed on another Gaye hit song, “Got to Give it Up” in 2015 on their hit song, “Blurred Lines.” The pair were ordered to pay over $5 million in damages. The judgment brought an uneasiness to the music world, as many criticized the jury verdict and the Ninth Circuit’s decision, arguing the harmonies and rhythmic patterns were basic building blocks that were free for any musician to use. However, Led Zeppelin was able to fight off a similar infringement case based on the chords and rhythm for their song “Stairway to Heaven,” with a ruling passed down by the Ninth Circuit stating some elements of creative works were so common, an infringement claim needed to be based on “virtually identical” versions. These opposing verdicts made the case against Sheeran high stakes for those in the music industry, watching if the verdict would bring some stability to songwriting or further disrupt the longstanding idea that basic genre elements were fair game for songwriters. However, those who are in support of a looser threshold argue that the songwriter and artist need to be protected. Townsend’s daughter here argued that Sheeran stole the “musical heart” of her father’s work and that artists should be given credit when proper. Supporters of Townsend argue that properly crediting the artists who came before does not stifle creativity. The Potential for Change and the Implications of Sheeran’s Win Overall, some argue that the current copyright law must be changed to avoid high amounts of litigation. A law scholar from UC Berkeley, Peter Menell, suggests a system that would mimic the current system that allows artists to record their own versions of existing music, as long as they pay a licensing fee in advance to the original composer. This is the concept of recording covers of songs. The suggested system would introduce mechanical remix royalties, allowing artists to license their compositions to others. This would allow the purchaser of the license to change aspects of the song to make it their own. Menell argues this would create clarity in the intellectual property landscape and reduce the workload of the courts. However, those who side with Sheeran might argue that a licensing aspect to “remix” a song is not necessary when it comes to the basic structure of a songwriting, and it ultimately prohibits creativity. Jennifer Jenkins, a Duke Law professor who specializes in music copyright, argued that privatizing common chord progressions and elements that were commonplace would remove the “essential ingredients from every songwriter’s tool kit.” In a way, this prevents the starving artist from creating if they cannot afford a license to a common chord progression. However, for right now, songwriters should believe the outcome of the Sheeran case is a step in the right direction. https://lawreview.syr.edu/stealing-the-heart-of-the-musical-work-sheerans-win-doesnt-necessarily-ease-songwriters-anxieties/	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document] EVIDENCE: The Case Between Two Top Hits On May 4, 2023, jurors in a Manhattan federal court sided with pop-star Ed Sheeran in a copyright infringement dispute over his Grammy-winning song “Thinking Out Loud.” The daughter of co-writer Ed Townsend of Marvin Gaye’s classic hit “Let’s Get It On” filed the lawsuit a few years ago. The controversial, closely watched trial saw Sheeran label testimony given by the plaintiff’s musicologist expert witness as “criminal.” He also testified he would “quit music” if he lost this trial. Townsend’s daughter alleged Sheeran used the chords, rhythm, and melody from her father’s hit song. Here, the plaintiff had a high burden to satisfy. While Sheeran argued that the chord progression and rhythmic pattern was generic and not protected by copyright, Townsend’s daughter disagreed. The plaintiff failed to prove the combination of those elements, how they were selected and arranged in the music, was original enough to warrant copyright protection. This is not the first case Sheeran has won regarding infringement. The pop star previously won a lawsuit alleging he infringed on a 2015 song called “Oh Why” by Sami Chokri, another U.K. artist. Chokri’s lawsuit alleged Sheeran copied his song by repeating “Oh, I” in the refrain of “Shape of You,” similar to Chokri’s song. While Sheeran might have prevailed this past week, there is still ongoing litigation brought by Structured Asset Sales (“SAS”), which owns a portion of the Townsend family rights to the same song. However, Sheeran’s legal counsel believes that litigation should be resolved due to the outcome of the Townsend family case. Others have stated that SAS are copyright “trolls,” as they are an entity that purchases copyrights for purely for financial gain. The Status of Copyright Law in Pop Music Copyright infringement has been a hot topic in the pop music industry. As a musical genre that has limited chord progressions and rhythm, artists argue there are going to be very similar songs out there that cannot be prevented. The Copyright Act passed by Congress provides nothing to help solve the question of “how similar is too similar” to determine a song infringed on another. The courts have been trying to answer this question, developing the rules on how to handle these matters. As such, litigation has picked up, with it impossible to avoid going to trial by early dismissal or summary judgment. Recently, Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams were found to have infringed on another Gaye hit song, “Got to Give it Up” in 2015 on their hit song, “Blurred Lines.” The pair were ordered to pay over $5 million in damages. The judgment brought an uneasiness to the music world, as many criticized the jury verdict and the Ninth Circuit’s decision, arguing the harmonies and rhythmic patterns were basic building blocks that were free for any musician to use. However, Led Zeppelin was able to fight off a similar infringement case based on the chords and rhythm for their song “Stairway to Heaven,” with a ruling passed down by the Ninth Circuit stating some elements of creative works were so common, an infringement claim needed to be based on “virtually identical” versions. These opposing verdicts made the case against Sheeran high stakes for those in the music industry, watching if the verdict would bring some stability to songwriting or further disrupt the longstanding idea that basic genre elements were fair game for songwriters. However, those who are in support of a looser threshold argue that the songwriter and artist need to be protected. Townsend’s daughter here argued that Sheeran stole the “musical heart” of her father’s work and that artists should be given credit when proper. Supporters of Townsend argue that properly crediting the artists who came before does not stifle creativity. The Potential for Change and the Implications of Sheeran’s Win Overall, some argue that the current copyright law must be changed to avoid high amounts of litigation. A law scholar from UC Berkeley, Peter Menell, suggests a system that would mimic the current system that allows artists to record their own versions of existing music, as long as they pay a licensing fee in advance to the original composer. This is the concept of recording covers of songs. The suggested system would introduce mechanical remix royalties, allowing artists to license their compositions to others. This would allow the purchaser of the license to change aspects of the song to make it their own. Menell argues this would create clarity in the intellectual property landscape and reduce the workload of the courts. However, those who side with Sheeran might argue that a licensing aspect to “remix” a song is not necessary when it comes to the basic structure of a songwriting, and it ultimately prohibits creativity. Jennifer Jenkins, a Duke Law professor who specializes in music copyright, argued that privatizing common chord progressions and elements that were commonplace would remove the “essential ingredients from every songwriter’s tool kit.” In a way, this prevents the starving artist from creating if they cannot afford a license to a common chord progression. However, for right now, songwriters should believe the outcome of the Sheeran case is a step in the right direction. USER: Briefly summarize the Ed Sheeran case in no more than 3 bullets and then identify at least 3 other cases mentioned in the article and describe their differences to the Ed Sheeran case in no more than 2 bullets each. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	40	863	null	481
<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document]	I'm considering a VBAC with my current pregnancy. My doctor has cautiously told me that it's an option. Can you tell me the benefits of this? I would also like to know the risks involved and the success rate. What are the criteria to work towards making this a successful option?	What is a VBAC in pregnancy? A vaginal birth after cesarean or VBAC is when you give birth through your vagina after previously having a C-section (cesarean section) delivery. A C-section involves your pregnancy care provider making a surgical cut (incision) through your belly and uterus to deliver your baby. The goal of a VBAC is to give a person who had a C-section the chance to have a vaginal delivery for their next pregnancy. It can sometimes be unsafe to have a vaginal delivery after having one or more C-section deliveries. The decision on whether to attempt a VBAC involves considering factors like: The type of incision your surgeon used for your C-section(s) and if you have had more than one C-section. Your health history. If you have any medical conditions. The position of the fetus and if the fetus has any known medical conditions. Your pregnancy care provider will tell you if they believe a VBAC is safe to try. They can discuss potential risks and benefits with you. Then, you can choose if you’d like to pursue a VBAC or have another C-section based on your discussions. Studies show that up to 75% of people who had one C-section went on to have a successful vaginal birth in their next pregnancy. But your chance of having a successful VBAC drops to about 50% if you’ve had two or more prior C-section deliveries. Healthcare providers sometimes refer to a VBAC as a trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC). A TOLAC is an attempt to have a VBAC. If a TOLAC is successful, the result is a VBAC. If it’s not successful, the result is another C-section delivery. Why do people prefer a VBAC instead of another C-section? It’s mostly a personal preference. Some people prefer a vaginal delivery, but for some reason, they haven’t been able to have one. Or a person might prefer a vaginal delivery because recovering from a C-section typically takes longer. Even if you want a vaginal delivery, your healthcare provider may recommend another C-section due to the risks of a VBAC. Or they may tell you it’s OK to try for a VBAC. The benefits of VBAC compared to a C-section include: Faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. No abdominal surgery. Avoiding or lowering C-section risks like heavy bleeding and infection. Vaginal birth helps clear amniotic fluid from your baby’s lungs as it passes through the birth canal. This better prepares your baby to breathe oxygen after birth. Your baby gets an immune system boost as it travels through the birth canal during a vaginal delivery. Less risk of complications from repeat surgeries like scarring or injuries to nearby organs. Personal preference. Some people want the experience of a vaginal birth. What are the risks of a VBAC? Because a C-section leaves a scar on your uterus, the pressure of labor could cause your uterus to open (rupture) along your C-section scar. But recent studies show it’s possible to have a safe VBAC after having a C-section in most cases. Although rare, a uterine rupture is a serious complication that can have life-threatening results. If you’re at a high risk for uterine rupture, your healthcare provider will typically not attempt a VBAC. Other risks of attempting a VBAC are: Blood loss. Infection. Emergency C-section (which is riskier than a planned C-section). What’s the risk of a uterine rupture if you’ve had a previous C-section? The risk of uterine rupture if you’ve had a C-section with a transverse cut (sideways across the lower part of the uterus) is about 0.9% or slightly less than 1 in 100. Does the type of incision I got from my last C-section matter if I want a VBAC? Yes. There are different types of C-section incisions: A low transverse incision has the lowest risk of uterine rupture. This horizontal cut is made across the lower, thinner part of your uterus. A low vertical incision (up and down cut) has a higher risk of rupture than a low transverse incision. This vertical cut is made in the lower, thinner part of your uterus. A high vertical incision (“classical” incision) in the upper part of your uterus has the highest risk of uterine rupture. Surgeons may need to use this type of incision for a premature baby or one that’s in a difficult position to deliver. The location and direction of the outer incision on your belly doesn’t mean that the incision in your uterus is in the same location or the same direction. For example, it may appear that the scar on your belly is transverse, yet the scar on your uterus is vertical. The information about the location and direction of the incision on your uterus should be in your medical records. When you talk about how safe VBAC is with your provider, make sure they look at your medical records and the reasons for any C-sections you’ve had. Is a VBAC safer than a repeat C-section? Talk with your healthcare provider about your health history, current pregnancy and why you had a C-section in your last pregnancy. Your chances of having a successful VBAC may be higher if you: Have had previous C-section deliveries (one or two) with low transverse incisions. Have had a vaginal birth before. Haven’t had any other uterine surgeries (such as fibroid removal, also called myomectomy). Have no history of uterine rupture. Don’t have a medical condition (like fibroids or problems with the location of your placenta) that makes a vaginal delivery risky. Go into labor on your own before your due date. If you’ve already had a successful VBAC — without complications such as ruptured uterus — you’re more likely to have successful future vaginal deliveries. Your chances of having a successful VBAC may be lower if you: Had a prior C-section due to labor not progressing. This means you didn’t dilate (cervix opens) or efface (cervix shortens) during a vaginal delivery. Are older than 35. Have obesity or overweight. Are giving birth to a large fetus or expecting multiples. Are past your due date. Had a baby within the last 18 months (short time between pregnancies). Have preeclampsia. (Healthcare providers may prefer a C-section delivery.) What are the risks of multiple C-sections? There isn’t a set number of C-sections you can have. But some evidence shows that people who have many C-sections are at a higher risk for: Heavy bleeding. Bladder and bowel injury. Infection. Placental conditions like placenta previa or placenta accreta in a future pregnancy where the placenta is abnormally attached. Uterine rupture. Adhesions (scarring). These risks vary and depend mostly on your health history and the specific circumstances of each pregnancy and delivery. Your healthcare provider is the best person to talk to about the risks and benefits of a repeat C-section versus a VBAC. Topics to discuss with your pregnancy care provider include: Past pregnancies and deliveries. Reason(s) you had a C-section. Safety of VBAC and a repeat C-section for you and your baby. Reasons you should or shouldn’t consider VBAC. Reasons you should or shouldn’t consider repeat C-section. A plan for inducing labor (or not). If the healthcare facility can manage emergency deliveries. Your plan for more children. Just because you had a C-section delivery in the past, doesn’t mean you can’t have a VBAC in the future. You may have heard or read that the scars from a C-section may rupture in a future pregnancy. But every situation is unique. Discuss your wishes and concerns with your pregnancy care provider early in your pregnancy. They can discuss the risks and benefits with you and help you decide if a VBAC is safe. As your pregnancy progresses, make sure you and your provider discuss and review your delivery plan at your prenatal visits.	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> I'm considering a VBAC with my current pregnancy. My doctor has cautiously told me that it's an option. Can you tell me the benefits of this? I would also like to know the risks involved and the success rate. What are the criteria to work towards making this a successful option? <TEXT> What is a VBAC in pregnancy? A vaginal birth after cesarean or VBAC is when you give birth through your vagina after previously having a C-section (cesarean section) delivery. A C-section involves your pregnancy care provider making a surgical cut (incision) through your belly and uterus to deliver your baby. The goal of a VBAC is to give a person who had a C-section the chance to have a vaginal delivery for their next pregnancy. It can sometimes be unsafe to have a vaginal delivery after having one or more C-section deliveries. The decision on whether to attempt a VBAC involves considering factors like: The type of incision your surgeon used for your C-section(s) and if you have had more than one C-section. Your health history. If you have any medical conditions. The position of the fetus and if the fetus has any known medical conditions. Your pregnancy care provider will tell you if they believe a VBAC is safe to try. They can discuss potential risks and benefits with you. Then, you can choose if you’d like to pursue a VBAC or have another C-section based on your discussions. Studies show that up to 75% of people who had one C-section went on to have a successful vaginal birth in their next pregnancy. But your chance of having a successful VBAC drops to about 50% if you’ve had two or more prior C-section deliveries. Healthcare providers sometimes refer to a VBAC as a trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC). A TOLAC is an attempt to have a VBAC. If a TOLAC is successful, the result is a VBAC. If it’s not successful, the result is another C-section delivery. Why do people prefer a VBAC instead of another C-section? It’s mostly a personal preference. Some people prefer a vaginal delivery, but for some reason, they haven’t been able to have one. Or a person might prefer a vaginal delivery because recovering from a C-section typically takes longer. Even if you want a vaginal delivery, your healthcare provider may recommend another C-section due to the risks of a VBAC. Or they may tell you it’s OK to try for a VBAC. The benefits of VBAC compared to a C-section include: Faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. No abdominal surgery. Avoiding or lowering C-section risks like heavy bleeding and infection. Vaginal birth helps clear amniotic fluid from your baby’s lungs as it passes through the birth canal. This better prepares your baby to breathe oxygen after birth. Your baby gets an immune system boost as it travels through the birth canal during a vaginal delivery. Less risk of complications from repeat surgeries like scarring or injuries to nearby organs. Personal preference. Some people want the experience of a vaginal birth. What are the risks of a VBAC? Because a C-section leaves a scar on your uterus, the pressure of labor could cause your uterus to open (rupture) along your C-section scar. But recent studies show it’s possible to have a safe VBAC after having a C-section in most cases. Although rare, a uterine rupture is a serious complication that can have life-threatening results. If you’re at a high risk for uterine rupture, your healthcare provider will typically not attempt a VBAC. Other risks of attempting a VBAC are: Blood loss. Infection. Emergency C-section (which is riskier than a planned C-section). What’s the risk of a uterine rupture if you’ve had a previous C-section? The risk of uterine rupture if you’ve had a C-section with a transverse cut (sideways across the lower part of the uterus) is about 0.9% or slightly less than 1 in 100. Does the type of incision I got from my last C-section matter if I want a VBAC? Yes. There are different types of C-section incisions: A low transverse incision has the lowest risk of uterine rupture. This horizontal cut is made across the lower, thinner part of your uterus. A low vertical incision (up and down cut) has a higher risk of rupture than a low transverse incision. This vertical cut is made in the lower, thinner part of your uterus. A high vertical incision (“classical” incision) in the upper part of your uterus has the highest risk of uterine rupture. Surgeons may need to use this type of incision for a premature baby or one that’s in a difficult position to deliver. The location and direction of the outer incision on your belly doesn’t mean that the incision in your uterus is in the same location or the same direction. For example, it may appear that the scar on your belly is transverse, yet the scar on your uterus is vertical. The information about the location and direction of the incision on your uterus should be in your medical records. When you talk about how safe VBAC is with your provider, make sure they look at your medical records and the reasons for any C-sections you’ve had. Is a VBAC safer than a repeat C-section? Talk with your healthcare provider about your health history, current pregnancy and why you had a C-section in your last pregnancy. Your chances of having a successful VBAC may be higher if you: Have had previous C-section deliveries (one or two) with low transverse incisions. Have had a vaginal birth before. Haven’t had any other uterine surgeries (such as fibroid removal, also called myomectomy). Have no history of uterine rupture. Don’t have a medical condition (like fibroids or problems with the location of your placenta) that makes a vaginal delivery risky. Go into labor on your own before your due date. If you’ve already had a successful VBAC — without complications such as ruptured uterus — you’re more likely to have successful future vaginal deliveries. Your chances of having a successful VBAC may be lower if you: Had a prior C-section due to labor not progressing. This means you didn’t dilate (cervix opens) or efface (cervix shortens) during a vaginal delivery. Are older than 35. Have obesity or overweight. Are giving birth to a large fetus or expecting multiples. Are past your due date. Had a baby within the last 18 months (short time between pregnancies). Have preeclampsia. (Healthcare providers may prefer a C-section delivery.) What are the risks of multiple C-sections? There isn’t a set number of C-sections you can have. But some evidence shows that people who have many C-sections are at a higher risk for: Heavy bleeding. Bladder and bowel injury. Infection. Placental conditions like placenta previa or placenta accreta in a future pregnancy where the placenta is abnormally attached. Uterine rupture. Adhesions (scarring). These risks vary and depend mostly on your health history and the specific circumstances of each pregnancy and delivery. Your healthcare provider is the best person to talk to about the risks and benefits of a repeat C-section versus a VBAC. Topics to discuss with your pregnancy care provider include: Past pregnancies and deliveries. Reason(s) you had a C-section. Safety of VBAC and a repeat C-section for you and your baby. Reasons you should or shouldn’t consider VBAC. Reasons you should or shouldn’t consider repeat C-section. A plan for inducing labor (or not). If the healthcare facility can manage emergency deliveries. Your plan for more children. Just because you had a C-section delivery in the past, doesn’t mean you can’t have a VBAC in the future. You may have heard or read that the scars from a C-section may rupture in a future pregnancy. But every situation is unique. Discuss your wishes and concerns with your pregnancy care provider early in your pregnancy. They can discuss the risks and benefits with you and help you decide if a VBAC is safe. As your pregnancy progresses, make sure you and your provider discuss and review your delivery plan at your prenatal visits. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21687-vaginal-birth-after-cesarean-vbac	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document] EVIDENCE: What is a VBAC in pregnancy? A vaginal birth after cesarean or VBAC is when you give birth through your vagina after previously having a C-section (cesarean section) delivery. A C-section involves your pregnancy care provider making a surgical cut (incision) through your belly and uterus to deliver your baby. The goal of a VBAC is to give a person who had a C-section the chance to have a vaginal delivery for their next pregnancy. It can sometimes be unsafe to have a vaginal delivery after having one or more C-section deliveries. The decision on whether to attempt a VBAC involves considering factors like: The type of incision your surgeon used for your C-section(s) and if you have had more than one C-section. Your health history. If you have any medical conditions. The position of the fetus and if the fetus has any known medical conditions. Your pregnancy care provider will tell you if they believe a VBAC is safe to try. They can discuss potential risks and benefits with you. Then, you can choose if you’d like to pursue a VBAC or have another C-section based on your discussions. Studies show that up to 75% of people who had one C-section went on to have a successful vaginal birth in their next pregnancy. But your chance of having a successful VBAC drops to about 50% if you’ve had two or more prior C-section deliveries. Healthcare providers sometimes refer to a VBAC as a trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC). A TOLAC is an attempt to have a VBAC. If a TOLAC is successful, the result is a VBAC. If it’s not successful, the result is another C-section delivery. Why do people prefer a VBAC instead of another C-section? It’s mostly a personal preference. Some people prefer a vaginal delivery, but for some reason, they haven’t been able to have one. Or a person might prefer a vaginal delivery because recovering from a C-section typically takes longer. Even if you want a vaginal delivery, your healthcare provider may recommend another C-section due to the risks of a VBAC. Or they may tell you it’s OK to try for a VBAC. The benefits of VBAC compared to a C-section include: Faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. No abdominal surgery. Avoiding or lowering C-section risks like heavy bleeding and infection. Vaginal birth helps clear amniotic fluid from your baby’s lungs as it passes through the birth canal. This better prepares your baby to breathe oxygen after birth. Your baby gets an immune system boost as it travels through the birth canal during a vaginal delivery. Less risk of complications from repeat surgeries like scarring or injuries to nearby organs. Personal preference. Some people want the experience of a vaginal birth. What are the risks of a VBAC? Because a C-section leaves a scar on your uterus, the pressure of labor could cause your uterus to open (rupture) along your C-section scar. But recent studies show it’s possible to have a safe VBAC after having a C-section in most cases. Although rare, a uterine rupture is a serious complication that can have life-threatening results. If you’re at a high risk for uterine rupture, your healthcare provider will typically not attempt a VBAC. Other risks of attempting a VBAC are: Blood loss. Infection. Emergency C-section (which is riskier than a planned C-section). What’s the risk of a uterine rupture if you’ve had a previous C-section? The risk of uterine rupture if you’ve had a C-section with a transverse cut (sideways across the lower part of the uterus) is about 0.9% or slightly less than 1 in 100. Does the type of incision I got from my last C-section matter if I want a VBAC? Yes. There are different types of C-section incisions: A low transverse incision has the lowest risk of uterine rupture. This horizontal cut is made across the lower, thinner part of your uterus. A low vertical incision (up and down cut) has a higher risk of rupture than a low transverse incision. This vertical cut is made in the lower, thinner part of your uterus. A high vertical incision (“classical” incision) in the upper part of your uterus has the highest risk of uterine rupture. Surgeons may need to use this type of incision for a premature baby or one that’s in a difficult position to deliver. The location and direction of the outer incision on your belly doesn’t mean that the incision in your uterus is in the same location or the same direction. For example, it may appear that the scar on your belly is transverse, yet the scar on your uterus is vertical. The information about the location and direction of the incision on your uterus should be in your medical records. When you talk about how safe VBAC is with your provider, make sure they look at your medical records and the reasons for any C-sections you’ve had. Is a VBAC safer than a repeat C-section? Talk with your healthcare provider about your health history, current pregnancy and why you had a C-section in your last pregnancy. Your chances of having a successful VBAC may be higher if you: Have had previous C-section deliveries (one or two) with low transverse incisions. Have had a vaginal birth before. Haven’t had any other uterine surgeries (such as fibroid removal, also called myomectomy). Have no history of uterine rupture. Don’t have a medical condition (like fibroids or problems with the location of your placenta) that makes a vaginal delivery risky. Go into labor on your own before your due date. If you’ve already had a successful VBAC — without complications such as ruptured uterus — you’re more likely to have successful future vaginal deliveries. Your chances of having a successful VBAC may be lower if you: Had a prior C-section due to labor not progressing. This means you didn’t dilate (cervix opens) or efface (cervix shortens) during a vaginal delivery. Are older than 35. Have obesity or overweight. Are giving birth to a large fetus or expecting multiples. Are past your due date. Had a baby within the last 18 months (short time between pregnancies). Have preeclampsia. (Healthcare providers may prefer a C-section delivery.) What are the risks of multiple C-sections? There isn’t a set number of C-sections you can have. But some evidence shows that people who have many C-sections are at a higher risk for: Heavy bleeding. Bladder and bowel injury. Infection. Placental conditions like placenta previa or placenta accreta in a future pregnancy where the placenta is abnormally attached. Uterine rupture. Adhesions (scarring). These risks vary and depend mostly on your health history and the specific circumstances of each pregnancy and delivery. Your healthcare provider is the best person to talk to about the risks and benefits of a repeat C-section versus a VBAC. Topics to discuss with your pregnancy care provider include: Past pregnancies and deliveries. Reason(s) you had a C-section. Safety of VBAC and a repeat C-section for you and your baby. Reasons you should or shouldn’t consider VBAC. Reasons you should or shouldn’t consider repeat C-section. A plan for inducing labor (or not). If the healthcare facility can manage emergency deliveries. Your plan for more children. Just because you had a C-section delivery in the past, doesn’t mean you can’t have a VBAC in the future. You may have heard or read that the scars from a C-section may rupture in a future pregnancy. But every situation is unique. Discuss your wishes and concerns with your pregnancy care provider early in your pregnancy. They can discuss the risks and benefits with you and help you decide if a VBAC is safe. As your pregnancy progresses, make sure you and your provider discuss and review your delivery plan at your prenatal visits. USER: I'm considering a VBAC with my current pregnancy. My doctor has cautiously told me that it's an option. Can you tell me the benefits of this? I would also like to know the risks involved and the success rate. What are the criteria to work towards making this a successful option? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	51	1,297	null	499
You will respond using only the text provided. The response will include only small paragraphs of less than 5 sentences.	What are the capacities of the board mentioned that have the potential for abuse, that the text does not include a condition to account for?	ACTS OF 1949 AN ACT concerning public health, providing for State and local health officials and personnel, prescribing their powers and duties, estab- lishing a public health code and providing for the administration of public health laws, prescribing penalties, repealing certain laws, and declaring an emergency. ARTICLE 1. ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH Part 1. State Board of Health Division 2. Powers and Duties Sec. 200. The state board of health is the superior health board of the state, to which all other health boards are subordinate. Sec. 201. The state board shall have supervision of the health and life of the citizens of the state and shall possess all powers necessary to fulfill the duties prescribed in the statutes and to bring action in the courts for the enforcement of health laws and health rules. Sec. 202. The state board may establish, operate and maintain branch offices, the number of which shall be determined by the board, the purpose and intent in authorizing the creation of said branch offices being to furnish a more comprehensive and effective health program to the people of the state and further to render additional assistance to all local health officials. The legislative intent of this provision is to author- ize such establishment as a means of assisting, but in no sense limiting the powers now possessed by all existing local health agencies. Sec. 203. For the purpose of providing facilities for branch offices the state board may, with the approval of the governor purchase real estate. For such purpose real estate may be leased. Structures may be remodeled, repaired, constructed and maintained except that no build- ing may be constructed upon property not owned in fee simple by the state. All deeds and leases shall be made to the State of Indiana for the use of the state board of health. Such procedures and powers shall be exercised under the provisions of Chapter 279 of the Acts of 1947 where the same are applicable. Sec. 204. The state board shall study the vital statistics and en- deavor to make intelligent and profitable use of the collected records of death and sickness among the people. Sec. 205. The state board may make sanitary inspections and sur- veys in all parts of the state and of all public buildings and institutions; and, after due notice, may enter upon and inspect private property in regard to the presence of cases of infectious and contagious diseases and the possible cause and source of diseases. Sec. 206. The state board may establish quarantine and may do and execute what is reasonable and necessary for the prevention and suppres- sion of disease. Sec. 207. The state board may order schools and churches closed and forbid public gatherings when deemed necessary to prevent and stop epidemics. Sec. 208. The state board may make an order condemning or abat- ing conditions causative of disease. Src. 209. The state board may enforce all laws and regulations eon- cerning the character and location of plumbing, drainage, water supply, disposal of sewage, lighting, heating and ventilation and all sanitary features of all public buildings and institutions. It may make regulations concerning any of the above in all instances where jurisdiction is not vested in some other state agency. Sec. 210. The state board shall provide facilities and personnel for investigation, research and dissemination of knowledge to the public concerning the health of persons of middle and advanced age and diseases common thereto, concerning dental public health and also concerning conditions in all places of employment within the state which may be re- sponsible for the development of occupational diseases. Sec. 211. On or before the first day of September, the state board shall make an annual report to the governor of its transactions and expenditures for the preceding fiscal year, with suggestions in regard to legislation deemed important to the public health. Sec. 212. The state board may by an affirmative vote of a majority of its members establish and from time to time amend and repeal reason- able rules in order to protect or to improve the public health in this state. The rules may concern but shall not be limited to: 1. nuisances dangerous to public health. 2. the pollution of any water supply other than where jurisdiction is in the Stream Pollution Control Board. 8. the disposition of excremental and sewage matter. 4. the control of fly and mosquito breeding places. 5. the detection, reporting, prevention, and control of diseases which affect public health. 6. the care of maternity and infant cases and the conduct of maternity homes. 7. the production, distribution, and sale of human food. 8. the conduct of camps. 9. standards of cleanliness of eating facilities for the public. 10. standards of cleanliness of sanitary facilities offered for public use. 11. the handling, disposal, disinterment, and reburial of dead human bodies. 12. vital statistics. 13. regulating and prescribing sanitary conditions and facilities in public buildings and grounds as illustrated by but not limited to plumbing, drainage, sewerage, water supply, lighting, heating, and ventilation other than where jurisdiction is vested by law in the Administrative Building Council. 14. the administration of the laws of this state which require an examination for the discovery of syphilis prior to the application for or the issuance of a marriage license. Sec. 218. The rules of the state board shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this act or of any other law of this state. Sec. 214. The state board shall establish, amend, or repeal a rule in accordance with the provisions of the statutes of this state concerning the establishment and promulgation of rules. After promulgation, rules of the state board shall have the force and effect of law. Sec. 215. When, in the opinion of the state board, any local health authority shall fail or refuse to enforce the laws and regulations neces- sary to prevent and control the spread of communicable or infectious disease declared to be dangerous to the public health, or when, in the opinion of the state board, a public health emergency exists, the state board may enforce the rules and regulations of the state board within the territorial jurisdiction of such local health authorities, and for that pur- pose shall have and may exercise all the powers given by law to local health authorities. All expenses so incurred shall be a charge against the respective counties or cities. In such cases the failure or refusal of any local health officer or local health board to carry out and enforce the lawful orders and regulations of the state board shall be sufficient cause for the removal of such local health officer or the members of such local health board from office, and upon such removal the proper county or city authorities shall at once appoint a successor, other than the person or persons removed, as provided by law for original appointments. Sec. 216. The state board may remove any local health officer in the state either for intemperance, failure to collect vital statistics, obey rules, keep records, make reports, answer letters of inquiry of the state board concerning the health of the people or neglect of official duty. Sec. 217. No local health officer shall be removed by the state board except under the procedure provided by law for the removal of an officer or employee for cause by a state officer or agency. Sec. 218. Any health officer removed as herein provided shall be ineligible to hold the position of health officer for four years, and the vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired term in the same manner as the original appointment or employment. ; Src. 219. The state board shall have power and authority to estab- lish minimum qualifications for full-time local health officers and other full-time local health personnel which are not in conflict with the pro- visions of this act. Src. 220. Whenever a hearing is provided for or authorized to be held by the state board, the said state board may designate a person as its agent or representative to conduct such hearings. Such agent or repre- sentative shall conduct such hearing in the manner provided by law. Sec. 221. The state board may adopt rules and regulations for the efficient enforcement of any of the provisions of this act. Sec. 222. All valid rules and regulations heretofore made by the state board which are in force and effect on the effective date of this act are hereby continued in full force and effect until and unless amended or repealed as provided by law.	ACTS OF 1949 AN ACT concerning public health, providing for State and local health officials and personnel, prescribing their powers and duties, estab- lishing a public health code and providing for the administration of public health laws, prescribing penalties, repealing certain laws, and declaring an emergency. ARTICLE 1. ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH Part 1. State Board of Health Division 2. Powers and Duties Sec. 200. The state board of health is the superior health board of the state, to which all other health boards are subordinate. Sec. 201. The state board shall have supervision of the health and life of the citizens of the state and shall possess all powers necessary to fulfill the duties prescribed in the statutes and to bring action in the courts for the enforcement of health laws and health rules. Sec. 202. The state board may establish, operate and maintain branch offices, the number of which shall be determined by the board, the purpose and intent in authorizing the creation of said branch offices being to furnish a more comprehensive and effective health program to the people of the state and further to render additional assistance to all local health officials. The legislative intent of this provision is to author- ize such establishment as a means of assisting, but in no sense limiting the powers now possessed by all existing local health agencies. Sec. 203. For the purpose of providing facilities for branch offices the state board may, with the approval of the governor purchase real estate. For such purpose real estate may be leased. Structures may be remodeled, repaired, constructed and maintained except that no build- ing may be constructed upon property not owned in fee simple by the state. All deeds and leases shall be made to the State of Indiana for the use of the state board of health. Such procedures and powers shall be exercised under the provisions of Chapter 279 of the Acts of 1947 where the same are applicable. Sec. 204. The state board shall study the vital statistics and en- deavor to make intelligent and profitable use of the collected records of death and sickness among the people. Sec. 205. The state board may make sanitary inspections and sur- veys in all parts of the state and of all public buildings and institutions; and, after due notice, may enter upon and inspect private property in regard to the presence of cases of infectious and contagious diseases and the possible cause and source of diseases. Sec. 206. The state board may establish quarantine and may do and execute what is reasonable and necessary for the prevention and suppres- sion of disease. Sec. 207. The state board may order schools and churches closed and forbid public gatherings when deemed necessary to prevent and stop epidemics. Sec. 208. The state board may make an order condemning or abat- ing conditions causative of disease. Src. 209. The state board may enforce all laws and regulations eon- cerning the character and location of plumbing, drainage, water supply, disposal of sewage, lighting, heating and ventilation and all sanitary features of all public buildings and institutions. It may make regulations concerning any of the above in all instances where jurisdiction is not vested in some other state agency. Sec. 210. The state board shall provide facilities and personnel for investigation, research and dissemination of knowledge to the public concerning the health of persons of middle and advanced age and diseases common thereto, concerning dental public health and also concerning conditions in all places of employment within the state which may be re- sponsible for the development of occupational diseases. Sec. 211. On or before the first day of September, the state board shall make an annual report to the governor of its transactions and expenditures for the preceding fiscal year, with suggestions in regard to legislation deemed important to the public health. Sec. 212. The state board may by an affirmative vote of a majority of its members establish and from time to time amend and repeal reason- able rules in order to protect or to improve the public health in this state. The rules may concern but shall not be limited to: 1. nuisances dangerous to public health. 2. the pollution of any water supply other than where jurisdiction is in the Stream Pollution Control Board. 8. the disposition of excremental and sewage matter. 4. the control of fly and mosquito breeding places. 5. the detection, reporting, prevention, and control of diseases which affect public health. 6. the care of maternity and infant cases and the conduct of maternity homes. 7. the production, distribution, and sale of human food. 8. the conduct of camps. 9. standards of cleanliness of eating facilities for the public. 10. standards of cleanliness of sanitary facilities offered for public use. 11. the handling, disposal, disinterment, and reburial of dead human bodies. 12. vital statistics. 13. regulating and prescribing sanitary conditions and facilities in public buildings and grounds as illustrated by but not limited to plumbing, drainage, sewerage, water supply, lighting, heating, and ventilation other than where jurisdiction is vested by law in the Administrative Building Council. 14. the administration of the laws of this state which require an examination for the discovery of syphilis prior to the application for or the issuance of a marriage license. Sec. 218. The rules of the state board shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this act or of any other law of this state. Sec. 214. The state board shall establish, amend, or repeal a rule in accordance with the provisions of the statutes of this state concerning the establishment and promulgation of rules. After promulgation, rules of the state board shall have the force and effect of law. Sec. 215. When, in the opinion of the state board, any local health authority shall fail or refuse to enforce the laws and regulations neces- sary to prevent and control the spread of communicable or infectious disease declared to be dangerous to the public health, or when, in the opinion of the state board, a public health emergency exists, the state board may enforce the rules and regulations of the state board within the territorial jurisdiction of such local health authorities, and for that pur- pose shall have and may exercise all the powers given by law to local health authorities. All expenses so incurred shall be a charge against the respective counties or cities. In such cases the failure or refusal of any local health officer or local health board to carry out and enforce the lawful orders and regulations of the state board shall be sufficient cause for the removal of such local health officer or the members of such local health board from office, and upon such removal the proper county or city authorities shall at once appoint a successor, other than the person or persons removed, as provided by law for original appointments. Sec. 216. The state board may remove any local health officer in the state either for intemperance, failure to collect vital statistics, obey rules, keep records, make reports, answer letters of inquiry of the state board concerning the health of the people or neglect of official duty. Sec. 217. No local health officer shall be removed by the state board except under the procedure provided by law for the removal of an officer or employee for cause by a state officer or agency. Sec. 218. Any health officer removed as herein provided shall be ineligible to hold the position of health officer for four years, and the vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired term in the same manner as the original appointment or employment. ; Src. 219. The state board shall have power and authority to estab- lish minimum qualifications for full-time local health officers and other full-time local health personnel which are not in conflict with the pro- visions of this act. Src. 220. Whenever a hearing is provided for or authorized to be held by the state board, the said state board may designate a person as its agent or representative to conduct such hearings. Such agent or repre- sentative shall conduct such hearing in the manner provided by law. Sec. 221. The state board may adopt rules and regulations for the efficient enforcement of any of the provisions of this act. Sec. 222. All valid rules and regulations heretofore made by the state board which are in force and effect on the effective date of this act are hereby continued in full force and effect until and unless amended or repealed as provided by law. You will respond using only the text provided. The response will include only small paragraphs of less than 5 sentences. What are the capacities of the board mentioned that have the potential for abuse, that the text does not include a condition to account for?	You will respond using only the text provided. The response will include only small paragraphs of less than 5 sentences. EVIDENCE: ACTS OF 1949 AN ACT concerning public health, providing for State and local health officials and personnel, prescribing their powers and duties, estab- lishing a public health code and providing for the administration of public health laws, prescribing penalties, repealing certain laws, and declaring an emergency. ARTICLE 1. ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH Part 1. State Board of Health Division 2. Powers and Duties Sec. 200. The state board of health is the superior health board of the state, to which all other health boards are subordinate. Sec. 201. The state board shall have supervision of the health and life of the citizens of the state and shall possess all powers necessary to fulfill the duties prescribed in the statutes and to bring action in the courts for the enforcement of health laws and health rules. Sec. 202. The state board may establish, operate and maintain branch offices, the number of which shall be determined by the board, the purpose and intent in authorizing the creation of said branch offices being to furnish a more comprehensive and effective health program to the people of the state and further to render additional assistance to all local health officials. The legislative intent of this provision is to author- ize such establishment as a means of assisting, but in no sense limiting the powers now possessed by all existing local health agencies. Sec. 203. For the purpose of providing facilities for branch offices the state board may, with the approval of the governor purchase real estate. For such purpose real estate may be leased. Structures may be remodeled, repaired, constructed and maintained except that no build- ing may be constructed upon property not owned in fee simple by the state. All deeds and leases shall be made to the State of Indiana for the use of the state board of health. Such procedures and powers shall be exercised under the provisions of Chapter 279 of the Acts of 1947 where the same are applicable. Sec. 204. The state board shall study the vital statistics and en- deavor to make intelligent and profitable use of the collected records of death and sickness among the people. Sec. 205. The state board may make sanitary inspections and sur- veys in all parts of the state and of all public buildings and institutions; and, after due notice, may enter upon and inspect private property in regard to the presence of cases of infectious and contagious diseases and the possible cause and source of diseases. Sec. 206. The state board may establish quarantine and may do and execute what is reasonable and necessary for the prevention and suppres- sion of disease. Sec. 207. The state board may order schools and churches closed and forbid public gatherings when deemed necessary to prevent and stop epidemics. Sec. 208. The state board may make an order condemning or abat- ing conditions causative of disease. Src. 209. The state board may enforce all laws and regulations eon- cerning the character and location of plumbing, drainage, water supply, disposal of sewage, lighting, heating and ventilation and all sanitary features of all public buildings and institutions. It may make regulations concerning any of the above in all instances where jurisdiction is not vested in some other state agency. Sec. 210. The state board shall provide facilities and personnel for investigation, research and dissemination of knowledge to the public concerning the health of persons of middle and advanced age and diseases common thereto, concerning dental public health and also concerning conditions in all places of employment within the state which may be re- sponsible for the development of occupational diseases. Sec. 211. On or before the first day of September, the state board shall make an annual report to the governor of its transactions and expenditures for the preceding fiscal year, with suggestions in regard to legislation deemed important to the public health. Sec. 212. The state board may by an affirmative vote of a majority of its members establish and from time to time amend and repeal reason- able rules in order to protect or to improve the public health in this state. The rules may concern but shall not be limited to: 1. nuisances dangerous to public health. 2. the pollution of any water supply other than where jurisdiction is in the Stream Pollution Control Board. 8. the disposition of excremental and sewage matter. 4. the control of fly and mosquito breeding places. 5. the detection, reporting, prevention, and control of diseases which affect public health. 6. the care of maternity and infant cases and the conduct of maternity homes. 7. the production, distribution, and sale of human food. 8. the conduct of camps. 9. standards of cleanliness of eating facilities for the public. 10. standards of cleanliness of sanitary facilities offered for public use. 11. the handling, disposal, disinterment, and reburial of dead human bodies. 12. vital statistics. 13. regulating and prescribing sanitary conditions and facilities in public buildings and grounds as illustrated by but not limited to plumbing, drainage, sewerage, water supply, lighting, heating, and ventilation other than where jurisdiction is vested by law in the Administrative Building Council. 14. the administration of the laws of this state which require an examination for the discovery of syphilis prior to the application for or the issuance of a marriage license. Sec. 218. The rules of the state board shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this act or of any other law of this state. Sec. 214. The state board shall establish, amend, or repeal a rule in accordance with the provisions of the statutes of this state concerning the establishment and promulgation of rules. After promulgation, rules of the state board shall have the force and effect of law. Sec. 215. When, in the opinion of the state board, any local health authority shall fail or refuse to enforce the laws and regulations neces- sary to prevent and control the spread of communicable or infectious disease declared to be dangerous to the public health, or when, in the opinion of the state board, a public health emergency exists, the state board may enforce the rules and regulations of the state board within the territorial jurisdiction of such local health authorities, and for that pur- pose shall have and may exercise all the powers given by law to local health authorities. All expenses so incurred shall be a charge against the respective counties or cities. In such cases the failure or refusal of any local health officer or local health board to carry out and enforce the lawful orders and regulations of the state board shall be sufficient cause for the removal of such local health officer or the members of such local health board from office, and upon such removal the proper county or city authorities shall at once appoint a successor, other than the person or persons removed, as provided by law for original appointments. Sec. 216. The state board may remove any local health officer in the state either for intemperance, failure to collect vital statistics, obey rules, keep records, make reports, answer letters of inquiry of the state board concerning the health of the people or neglect of official duty. Sec. 217. No local health officer shall be removed by the state board except under the procedure provided by law for the removal of an officer or employee for cause by a state officer or agency. Sec. 218. Any health officer removed as herein provided shall be ineligible to hold the position of health officer for four years, and the vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired term in the same manner as the original appointment or employment. ; Src. 219. The state board shall have power and authority to estab- lish minimum qualifications for full-time local health officers and other full-time local health personnel which are not in conflict with the pro- visions of this act. Src. 220. Whenever a hearing is provided for or authorized to be held by the state board, the said state board may designate a person as its agent or representative to conduct such hearings. Such agent or repre- sentative shall conduct such hearing in the manner provided by law. Sec. 221. The state board may adopt rules and regulations for the efficient enforcement of any of the provisions of this act. Sec. 222. All valid rules and regulations heretofore made by the state board which are in force and effect on the effective date of this act are hereby continued in full force and effect until and unless amended or repealed as provided by law. USER: What are the capacities of the board mentioned that have the potential for abuse, that the text does not include a condition to account for? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	25	1,434	null	323
Only use information provided in the document to answer, don't use external knowledge.	Why does satisfaction with customer service interactions decline around the holidays?	The Holiday Dip According to the National Retail Federation, it is not uncommon for retailers to bring in 20-40% of their annual sales during the weeks leading up to Christmas. Key shopping days such as Cyber Monday and Black Friday are so important that even those outside the industry watch to see what happens and plan their shopping around these days. A unique challenge for retail customer service organizations is dealing with this sudden and temporary increase in volume of sales transactions while maintaining customer satisfaction levels, all while dealing with the reality of budget constraints. To add to the challenge of pure volume faced during the holiday season, teams must deal with customers that can be more difficult than usual. They are often more unpleasant because of stress, make purchase decisions less thoughtfully, and have less experience with retail processes such as coupons and returns. THE ”HOLIDAY DIP“ Ellen, the manager of a small customer service team at a company selling personal hygiene products, emphasized that the holiday rush is about much more than pure volume for her team. “Yes, we’re busy in Q4. But what is worse is the customers are different. They are more stressed and we have to up the positive energy to calm them down. But we can’t take more time with customers since they are all just as busy as we are. People are buying less thoughtfully so there are more purchase regrets and returns that we have to deal with.” Adam echoed this sentiment. “During the holidays we find we get a large number of customers that just aren’t shoppers. They don’t know things that we expect most people know like finding the return label in the box or using the coupon before they pay.” The Zendesk Benchmark has tracked the impact of the holiday rush on customer satisfaction. There is a clear trend: satisfaction with customer service interactions measurably and consistently drop during the holiday season. “Q4 is our busiest time of year, and every parameter that impacts a successful customer experience is strained.” “During the holidays, customers don’t understand how things work as well as our typical customer. We have to spend more time on education and misunderstandings at a time when we’re busy anyway.” Customer Service in the Retail Revolution 05 2011 81% 81% 81% 73% 79% 76% 2012 2013 Q3 Q4 The Zendesk analysis further drilled down into the data to examine the cause of this “dip” in satisfaction during the holiday season. They found a clear correlation between the drop in satisfaction and the number of tickets per agent. As tickets per agent increased, satisfaction decreased. The retail customer service managers we spoke with agreed that the Q4 satisfaction dip is a significant issue. They frequently described planning for the holiday rush as one of the most strategic activities they do each year. Pelle, the director of customer service for a company selling fashion accessories, had just finished his annual performance review when we spoke. “If I look back at last year, my biggest strategic mistake was my Q4 forecast. I got it wrong and my team wasn’t ready. We’re already making changes to do better this year.” Pelle’s approach for the coming holiday season included an investment in a customer service platform that will enable more self-service capabilities and streamline workflow so each agent can handle more tickets. This option was a good choice since he had time to implement and test the systems and train his agents well before the Q4 rush started. Lucia took a different approach to dealing with the holiday customer service rush. She brought on an outsourcing partner for the holiday season. This was a good option for her company, which sells non-perishable food items, as agents do not require additional product expertise. Their company has used this approach for several years, and each time they optimize the way they work together to create a more seamless experience. “We have a great outsourcing Customer Service in the Retail Revolution 06 partner, and having them deal with basic issues like shipping, let us focus on the things that are unique to our business. However, when we first started working together we operated too independently. Tickets that were escalated from the outsourcer to us created a real speed-bump for the customers as they were passed up the chain. We invested in a service platform that allowed us to buy temporary licenses for the outsourcer so we are all on the same system all the time. That eliminated that problem, plus gave us greater insight into what was going on with the outsourcer. For example, we were able to identify a quality problem with one outsourcing agent that was just not the kind of person we wanted representing our company.” Clay, director of call center operations at a furniture and appliance chain based in Australia, chose to hire additional permanent staff for the holiday season. While this was the most expensive option available, his company’s large ticket items made a focus on personal contact very important and made this the best option. Claire, who works for a Scandinavian electronics retailer, deals with the Q4 rush by temporarily assigning responsibilities of staff outside of the regular customer service team. “During the holiday season, nothing is as important as ensuring sales are made. From our CEO to the teenager who cleans the kitchen, we were all working the service queue last December. I know this wouldn’t work everywhere. We have a small company with people who are willing to pitch in and do whatever it takes. We are very careful to have procedures and training in place so we don’t end up creating more work cleaning up mistakes made by employees who usually aren’t customer facing.” Clearly, there is no single “right way” for retailers preparing for the holiday rush. What is never an option is to simply hope that existing resources can manage when activity increases dramatically. However, there are two important strategies that work well for all customer service managers: Be ready early: Experienced managers who have been through many holiday seasons consistently recommend having all additional resources in place one month before the rush starts. This gives the opportunity to have everyone trained, all processes in place, and all hiccups ironed out before the real rush begins and it becomes complicated to make changes. Use data to influence management: Customer service teams who have been through a bad year usually have an easier time convincing their management to invest in resources for the next year. Using data from prior years, such as ticket volumes and customer satisfaction trends, combined with resources like the Zendesk Benchmark can be very influential in having management approve customer service investments for Q4.	[INSTRUCTIONS] ================== Only use information provided in the document to answer, don't use external knowledge. ---------------- [QUERY] ================== Why does satisfaction with customer service interactions decline around the holidays? ---------------- [TEXT PASSAGE] ================== The Holiday Dip According to the National Retail Federation, it is not uncommon for retailers to bring in 20-40% of their annual sales during the weeks leading up to Christmas. Key shopping days such as Cyber Monday and Black Friday are so important that even those outside the industry watch to see what happens and plan their shopping around these days. A unique challenge for retail customer service organizations is dealing with this sudden and temporary increase in volume of sales transactions while maintaining customer satisfaction levels, all while dealing with the reality of budget constraints. To add to the challenge of pure volume faced during the holiday season, teams must deal with customers that can be more difficult than usual. They are often more unpleasant because of stress, make purchase decisions less thoughtfully, and have less experience with retail processes such as coupons and returns. THE ”HOLIDAY DIP“ Ellen, the manager of a small customer service team at a company selling personal hygiene products, emphasized that the holiday rush is about much more than pure volume for her team. “Yes, we’re busy in Q4. But what is worse is the customers are different. They are more stressed and we have to up the positive energy to calm them down. But we can’t take more time with customers since they are all just as busy as we are. People are buying less thoughtfully so there are more purchase regrets and returns that we have to deal with.” Adam echoed this sentiment. “During the holidays we find we get a large number of customers that just aren’t shoppers. They don’t know things that we expect most people know like finding the return label in the box or using the coupon before they pay.” The Zendesk Benchmark has tracked the impact of the holiday rush on customer satisfaction. There is a clear trend: satisfaction with customer service interactions measurably and consistently drop during the holiday season. “Q4 is our busiest time of year, and every parameter that impacts a successful customer experience is strained.” “During the holidays, customers don’t understand how things work as well as our typical customer. We have to spend more time on education and misunderstandings at a time when we’re busy anyway.” Customer Service in the Retail Revolution 05 2011 81% 81% 81% 73% 79% 76% 2012 2013 Q3 Q4 The Zendesk analysis further drilled down into the data to examine the cause of this “dip” in satisfaction during the holiday season. They found a clear correlation between the drop in satisfaction and the number of tickets per agent. As tickets per agent increased, satisfaction decreased. The retail customer service managers we spoke with agreed that the Q4 satisfaction dip is a significant issue. They frequently described planning for the holiday rush as one of the most strategic activities they do each year. Pelle, the director of customer service for a company selling fashion accessories, had just finished his annual performance review when we spoke. “If I look back at last year, my biggest strategic mistake was my Q4 forecast. I got it wrong and my team wasn’t ready. We’re already making changes to do better this year.” Pelle’s approach for the coming holiday season included an investment in a customer service platform that will enable more self-service capabilities and streamline workflow so each agent can handle more tickets. This option was a good choice since he had time to implement and test the systems and train his agents well before the Q4 rush started. Lucia took a different approach to dealing with the holiday customer service rush. She brought on an outsourcing partner for the holiday season. This was a good option for her company, which sells non-perishable food items, as agents do not require additional product expertise. Their company has used this approach for several years, and each time they optimize the way they work together to create a more seamless experience. “We have a great outsourcing Customer Service in the Retail Revolution 06 partner, and having them deal with basic issues like shipping, let us focus on the things that are unique to our business. However, when we first started working together we operated too independently. Tickets that were escalated from the outsourcer to us created a real speed-bump for the customers as they were passed up the chain. We invested in a service platform that allowed us to buy temporary licenses for the outsourcer so we are all on the same system all the time. That eliminated that problem, plus gave us greater insight into what was going on with the outsourcer. For example, we were able to identify a quality problem with one outsourcing agent that was just not the kind of person we wanted representing our company.” Clay, director of call center operations at a furniture and appliance chain based in Australia, chose to hire additional permanent staff for the holiday season. While this was the most expensive option available, his company’s large ticket items made a focus on personal contact very important and made this the best option. Claire, who works for a Scandinavian electronics retailer, deals with the Q4 rush by temporarily assigning responsibilities of staff outside of the regular customer service team. “During the holiday season, nothing is as important as ensuring sales are made. From our CEO to the teenager who cleans the kitchen, we were all working the service queue last December. I know this wouldn’t work everywhere. We have a small company with people who are willing to pitch in and do whatever it takes. We are very careful to have procedures and training in place so we don’t end up creating more work cleaning up mistakes made by employees who usually aren’t customer facing.” Clearly, there is no single “right way” for retailers preparing for the holiday rush. What is never an option is to simply hope that existing resources can manage when activity increases dramatically. However, there are two important strategies that work well for all customer service managers: Be ready early: Experienced managers who have been through many holiday seasons consistently recommend having all additional resources in place one month before the rush starts. This gives the opportunity to have everyone trained, all processes in place, and all hiccups ironed out before the real rush begins and it becomes complicated to make changes. Use data to influence management: Customer service teams who have been through a bad year usually have an easier time convincing their management to invest in resources for the next year. Using data from prior years, such as ticket volumes and customer satisfaction trends, combined with resources like the Zendesk Benchmark can be very influential in having management approve customer service investments for Q4.	Only use information provided in the document to answer, don't use external knowledge. EVIDENCE: The Holiday Dip According to the National Retail Federation, it is not uncommon for retailers to bring in 20-40% of their annual sales during the weeks leading up to Christmas. Key shopping days such as Cyber Monday and Black Friday are so important that even those outside the industry watch to see what happens and plan their shopping around these days. A unique challenge for retail customer service organizations is dealing with this sudden and temporary increase in volume of sales transactions while maintaining customer satisfaction levels, all while dealing with the reality of budget constraints. To add to the challenge of pure volume faced during the holiday season, teams must deal with customers that can be more difficult than usual. They are often more unpleasant because of stress, make purchase decisions less thoughtfully, and have less experience with retail processes such as coupons and returns. THE ”HOLIDAY DIP“ Ellen, the manager of a small customer service team at a company selling personal hygiene products, emphasized that the holiday rush is about much more than pure volume for her team. “Yes, we’re busy in Q4. But what is worse is the customers are different. They are more stressed and we have to up the positive energy to calm them down. But we can’t take more time with customers since they are all just as busy as we are. People are buying less thoughtfully so there are more purchase regrets and returns that we have to deal with.” Adam echoed this sentiment. “During the holidays we find we get a large number of customers that just aren’t shoppers. They don’t know things that we expect most people know like finding the return label in the box or using the coupon before they pay.” The Zendesk Benchmark has tracked the impact of the holiday rush on customer satisfaction. There is a clear trend: satisfaction with customer service interactions measurably and consistently drop during the holiday season. “Q4 is our busiest time of year, and every parameter that impacts a successful customer experience is strained.” “During the holidays, customers don’t understand how things work as well as our typical customer. We have to spend more time on education and misunderstandings at a time when we’re busy anyway.” Customer Service in the Retail Revolution 05 2011 81% 81% 81% 73% 79% 76% 2012 2013 Q3 Q4 The Zendesk analysis further drilled down into the data to examine the cause of this “dip” in satisfaction during the holiday season. They found a clear correlation between the drop in satisfaction and the number of tickets per agent. As tickets per agent increased, satisfaction decreased. The retail customer service managers we spoke with agreed that the Q4 satisfaction dip is a significant issue. They frequently described planning for the holiday rush as one of the most strategic activities they do each year. Pelle, the director of customer service for a company selling fashion accessories, had just finished his annual performance review when we spoke. “If I look back at last year, my biggest strategic mistake was my Q4 forecast. I got it wrong and my team wasn’t ready. We’re already making changes to do better this year.” Pelle’s approach for the coming holiday season included an investment in a customer service platform that will enable more self-service capabilities and streamline workflow so each agent can handle more tickets. This option was a good choice since he had time to implement and test the systems and train his agents well before the Q4 rush started. Lucia took a different approach to dealing with the holiday customer service rush. She brought on an outsourcing partner for the holiday season. This was a good option for her company, which sells non-perishable food items, as agents do not require additional product expertise. Their company has used this approach for several years, and each time they optimize the way they work together to create a more seamless experience. “We have a great outsourcing Customer Service in the Retail Revolution 06 partner, and having them deal with basic issues like shipping, let us focus on the things that are unique to our business. However, when we first started working together we operated too independently. Tickets that were escalated from the outsourcer to us created a real speed-bump for the customers as they were passed up the chain. We invested in a service platform that allowed us to buy temporary licenses for the outsourcer so we are all on the same system all the time. That eliminated that problem, plus gave us greater insight into what was going on with the outsourcer. For example, we were able to identify a quality problem with one outsourcing agent that was just not the kind of person we wanted representing our company.” Clay, director of call center operations at a furniture and appliance chain based in Australia, chose to hire additional permanent staff for the holiday season. While this was the most expensive option available, his company’s large ticket items made a focus on personal contact very important and made this the best option. Claire, who works for a Scandinavian electronics retailer, deals with the Q4 rush by temporarily assigning responsibilities of staff outside of the regular customer service team. “During the holiday season, nothing is as important as ensuring sales are made. From our CEO to the teenager who cleans the kitchen, we were all working the service queue last December. I know this wouldn’t work everywhere. We have a small company with people who are willing to pitch in and do whatever it takes. We are very careful to have procedures and training in place so we don’t end up creating more work cleaning up mistakes made by employees who usually aren’t customer facing.” Clearly, there is no single “right way” for retailers preparing for the holiday rush. What is never an option is to simply hope that existing resources can manage when activity increases dramatically. However, there are two important strategies that work well for all customer service managers: Be ready early: Experienced managers who have been through many holiday seasons consistently recommend having all additional resources in place one month before the rush starts. This gives the opportunity to have everyone trained, all processes in place, and all hiccups ironed out before the real rush begins and it becomes complicated to make changes. Use data to influence management: Customer service teams who have been through a bad year usually have an easier time convincing their management to invest in resources for the next year. Using data from prior years, such as ticket volumes and customer satisfaction trends, combined with resources like the Zendesk Benchmark can be very influential in having management approve customer service investments for Q4. USER: Why does satisfaction with customer service interactions decline around the holidays? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	13	11	1,124	null	93
Base your response on the given text. Limit your response to 300 words. Give your answer in paragraphs.	Give me some examples of software.	What is technology?1 In the narrowest sense, technology consists of manufactured objects like tools (axes, arrowheads, and their modern equivalents) and containers (pots, water reservoirs, buildings). Their purpose is either to enhance human capabilities (e.g., with a hammer you can apply a stronger force to an object) or to enable humans to perform tasks they could not perform otherwise (with a pot you can transport larger amounts of water; with your hands you cannot). Engineers call such objects “hardware”. Anthropologists speak of “artifacts”. But technology does not end there. Artifacts have to be produced. They have to be invented, designed, and manufactured. This requires a larger system including hardware (such as machinery or a manufacturing plant), factor inputs (labor, energy, raw materials, capital), and finally “software” (know-how, human knowledge and skills). The latter, for which the French use the term technique, represents the disembodied nature of technology, its knowledge base. Thus, technology includes both what things are made and how things are made. Finally, knowledge, or technique, is required not only for the production of artifacts, but also for their use. Knowledge is needed to drive a car or use a bank account. Knowledge is needed both at the level of the individual, in complex organizations, and at the level of society. A typewriter, without a user who knows how to type, let alone how to read, is simply a useless, heavy piece of equipment. Technological hardware varies in size and complexity, as does the “software” required to produce and use hardware. The two are interrelated and require both tangible and intangible settings in the form of spatial structures and social organizations. Institutions, including governments, firms, and markets, and social norms and attitudes, are especially important in determining how systems for producing and using artifacts emerge and function. They determine how particular artifacts and combinations of artifacts originate, which ones are rejected or which ones become successful, and, if successful, how quickly they are incorporated in the economy and the society. The latter step is referred to as technology diffusion.	Base your response on the given text. Limit your response to 300 words. Give your answer in paragraphs. What is technology?1 In the narrowest sense, technology consists of manufactured objects like tools (axes, arrowheads, and their modern equivalents) and containers (pots, water reservoirs, buildings). Their purpose is either to enhance human capabilities (e.g., with a hammer you can apply a stronger force to an object) or to enable humans to perform tasks they could not perform otherwise (with a pot you can transport larger amounts of water; with your hands you cannot). Engineers call such objects “hardware”. Anthropologists speak of “artifacts”. But technology does not end there. Artifacts have to be produced. They have to be invented, designed, and manufactured. This requires a larger system including hardware (such as machinery or a manufacturing plant), factor inputs (labor, energy, raw materials, capital), and finally “software” (know-how, human knowledge and skills). The latter, for which the French use the term technique, represents the disembodied nature of technology, its knowledge base. Thus, technology includes both what things are made and how things are made. Finally, knowledge, or technique, is required not only for the production of artifacts, but also for their use. Knowledge is needed to drive a car or use a bank account. Knowledge is needed both at the level of the individual, in complex organizations, and at the level of society. A typewriter, without a user who knows how to type, let alone how to read, is simply a useless, heavy piece of equipment. Technological hardware varies in size and complexity, as does the “software” required to produce and use hardware. The two are interrelated and require both tangible and intangible settings in the form of spatial structures and social organizations. Institutions, including governments, firms, and markets, and social norms and attitudes, are especially important in determining how systems for producing and using artifacts emerge and function. They determine how particular artifacts and combinations of artifacts originate, which ones are rejected or which ones become successful, and, if successful, how quickly they are incorporated in the economy and the society. The latter step is referred to as technology diffusion. Give me some examples of software.	Base your response on the given text. Limit your response to 300 words. Give your answer in paragraphs. EVIDENCE: What is technology?1 In the narrowest sense, technology consists of manufactured objects like tools (axes, arrowheads, and their modern equivalents) and containers (pots, water reservoirs, buildings). Their purpose is either to enhance human capabilities (e.g., with a hammer you can apply a stronger force to an object) or to enable humans to perform tasks they could not perform otherwise (with a pot you can transport larger amounts of water; with your hands you cannot). Engineers call such objects “hardware”. Anthropologists speak of “artifacts”. But technology does not end there. Artifacts have to be produced. They have to be invented, designed, and manufactured. This requires a larger system including hardware (such as machinery or a manufacturing plant), factor inputs (labor, energy, raw materials, capital), and finally “software” (know-how, human knowledge and skills). The latter, for which the French use the term technique, represents the disembodied nature of technology, its knowledge base. Thus, technology includes both what things are made and how things are made. Finally, knowledge, or technique, is required not only for the production of artifacts, but also for their use. Knowledge is needed to drive a car or use a bank account. Knowledge is needed both at the level of the individual, in complex organizations, and at the level of society. A typewriter, without a user who knows how to type, let alone how to read, is simply a useless, heavy piece of equipment. Technological hardware varies in size and complexity, as does the “software” required to produce and use hardware. The two are interrelated and require both tangible and intangible settings in the form of spatial structures and social organizations. Institutions, including governments, firms, and markets, and social norms and attitudes, are especially important in determining how systems for producing and using artifacts emerge and function. They determine how particular artifacts and combinations of artifacts originate, which ones are rejected or which ones become successful, and, if successful, how quickly they are incorporated in the economy and the society. The latter step is referred to as technology diffusion. USER: Give me some examples of software. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	18	6	340	null	721
You may use no source of information other than what is present in the "Source Text." This means you may NOT use any internal or external source of information; you may only use what is provided to answer questions and inform your responses.	Can you summerize what might interfere with a wifi signal?	PSCR UAS 1.0: Unmanned Aerial Systems Flight and Payload Challenge The inaugural UAS challenge took place in 2018 in Fredericksburg, Virginia. In this challenge, PSCR examined how engineering design tradeoffs for flight time and endurance capabilities affect the UAS while carrying a communications payload. This use case examined how a UAS could extend cellular network coverage to “boots on the ground” first responders in a communications-denied location. The challenge was to incorporate a payload that would mimic the weight of a small cellular system on a deployable UAS. UAS were required to achieve 90 minutes of hovering flight endurance while carrying defined payloads of 10, 15, and 20 lb (4.5, 6.8, and 9.1 kg), the typical weights for a small communications system. The total weight of the flight vehicle at liftoff had to be less than 55 lb (24.9 kg) to ensure portability and compliance with FAA regulations. The UAS also had to complete maneuvering and positioning tests as required in the NIST Open Test Lanes and Scenarios test methods with the various attached payloads. [10] The Open Test Lanes methodologies helped simulate and evaluate flight maneuvers, such as position-hold and yaw movements, that a UAS pilot may observe in a responder event. Evaluators used 2D and 3D fiducials as reference points and ground truths to assess each UAS with repeatable and measurable results. By performing these test procedures in an outdoor venue, PSCR could closely replicate the environment that a UAS may encounter while carrying essential communications equipment. In the UAS 1.0 challenge, PSCR found that hybrid fuel solutions, such as a battery and gasoline combination, performed the best. Multi-rotor and aircraft frames supportive of Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) greatly influenced the performance and accuracy of the aircraft's flight. Deficiencies that PSCR observed were mainly in the form of aircraft control and the need for further tuning of flight software to maintain and hold position. Essential loiter functions and automated flight mechanisms were challenging to maintain, possibly due to the developing UAS marketplace, the device’s prototype nature, and the design of the payload transport functionality. PSCR UAS 2.0: First Responder UAS Endurance Challenge The UAS 2.0 challenge continued the objectives of UAS 1.0 but focused more on endurance. Weight limitations were increased to include larger UAS with the expectation of better control, longer endurance, and innovative ideas. The use case for UAS 2.0 closely matched the communications functions presented in UAS 1.0 but contained an additional use case for longduration search and rescue scenarios. 13 NIST TN 2295 July 2024 The key design requirements in UAS 2.0 included a single payload weight of 10 lb (4.5 kg), which simulated the smallest available cellular network device. The final event took place between 2020 and 2021. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, each contestant performed the final event tasks and measurements within their team locality. The NIST-designed payload provided to the contestants for their final flights comprised an independent position data capture and dissemination system for test measurement and validation. As in UAS 1.0, contestants performed a hover endurance test and used the NIST Open Test Lanes as a ground truth measurement system as evaluation methodologies. Larger UAS sizes, up to 100 lb (45.3 kg), were permitted with the expectation of greater endurance, longer flight times over 90 minutes, and increased aircraft stability. Contestants had to provide evidence of airspace authorizations for aircraft weight and height operation exceptions from their respective governing authorities, e.g., FAA Certificate of Authorization. Mirroring the results of the first challenge, UAS with propulsion systems and multi-rotor hybrid battery-gasoline solutions performed the best. Novel propulsion systems, such as hydrogen fuel cells, were also demonstrated in the final event. Some contestants proposed fixed-wing VTOL UAS in the early competition stages, but these ideas failed to progress past theoretical design due to engineering complexity. Flight control and stability functions were also improved with a standard payload, providing more aircraft design flexibility. PSCR found that contestants who started with existing designs early in the competition or those who tested early and frequently had better success in later stages. The winning UAS solution consisted of a hex-rotor design with a hybrid electric-gasoline engine propulsion system. The maximum flight time of this solution in the final test event was approximately 112 minutes, with a total takeoff weight of 54.9 lb (24.9 kg.) PSCR UAS 3.0: First Responder UAS Triple Challenge The UAS 3.0 challenge aimed to create a multi-use, multi-payload UAS platform for first responder search and rescue use cases. The challenge comprised three distinct research challenges that ran concurrently. The final stage of these competitions took place concurrently in June of 2022 in Starkville, Mississippi. 4.3.1. PSCR UAS 3.1: First Responder UAS Triple Challenge: FastFind The design goals of UAS 3.1 focused on the use case of finding missing persons quickly in heavily forested areas. In this challenge, UAS required optical systems that could penetrate thick forest canopies and withstand environmental conditions and hazards. The UAS had to be rapidly deployable and endure the mission's duration. In the UAS 3.1 challenge, flight vehicles had to meet a weight requirement of 55 lb (24.9 kg) or less, including attachments or payloads. A five-point scale evaluated the flight autonomy of the aircraft, with each level describing a range of independence that required less pilot intervention. Additionally, real-time video had to be transmitted to the pilot's ground control station, while onboard recording was mandatory on the aircraft. The vehicles had to demonstrate the capability for degraded takeoff and landing while operating in environments not typically suited for 14 NIST TN 2295 July 2024 standard flight operations, such as areas with uneven surfaces, dirt, or gravel. The final scenario required all competitors to find multiple designated targets within a 60-minute timeframe. In the final event, contestants used adaptive search technologies, including real-time computer vision, machine learning, and human verification, to assist in finding targets. Competitors used one or multiple camera technologies, including infrared, thermal, and neutral-density optical filters, digital filters, and telephoto optical systems, to help expedite recovery time. One contestant utilized a novel technique called Airborne Optical Sectioning, which incorporates a form of synthetic aperture imaging to integrate multiple camera technologies to suppress occlusions computationally. [11] Environmental factors at the test location, including high heat and humidity, negatively affected the contestant’s aircraft performance and the optical systems' efficiency. These conditions also generated false positive matches by computer vision algorithms used in the search. 4.3.2. PSCR UAS 3.2: First Responder UAS Triple Challenge: LifeLink UAS 3.2 LifeLink evaluated techniques using a UAS to provide continuous broadband communications in a service-denied area. The UAS carried a communication relay system to extend communications with first responder stations on the ground. UAS 3.2 contained identical UAS requirements for weight, autonomy, takeoff, and landing conditions as UAS 3.1. Specific to the LifeLink challenge, each UAS was required to have a wireless Wi-Fi transceiver to transmit internet protocol data to responders on the ground and to a NISTprovided bandwidth measurement server. A Wi-Fi antenna or array attached to the UAS could enhance coverage by optimizing signal power and direction. Each contestant’s UAS was not limited beyond FAA Part 107 requirements; contestants could choose the optimal testing height for their solution. UAS designs in UAS 3.2 contained Wi-Fi configurations that could transmit simulated voice and data streams up to 800 ft (244 m) from the aircraft. Omnidirectional antennas provided optimal coverage and higher bandwidth speeds for areas with more first responders in a small, circular geographic area. Directional antenna configurations offered the best coverage for distancefocused applications when correctly oriented. When combined with repeater technology, the WiFi signal could transmit further, but each added repeater would diminish the bandwidth speeds. High heat, humid weather conditions, and forest foliage negatively impacted coverage, distance, and bandwidth speeds.	System Instructions: You may use no source of information other than what is present in the "Source Text." This means you may NOT use any internal or external source of information; you may only use what is provided to answer questions and inform your responses. --- User Query: Can you summerize what might interfere with a wifi signal? --- Source Text: PSCR UAS 1.0: Unmanned Aerial Systems Flight and Payload Challenge The inaugural UAS challenge took place in 2018 in Fredericksburg, Virginia. In this challenge, PSCR examined how engineering design tradeoffs for flight time and endurance capabilities affect the UAS while carrying a communications payload. This use case examined how a UAS could extend cellular network coverage to “boots on the ground” first responders in a communications-denied location. The challenge was to incorporate a payload that would mimic the weight of a small cellular system on a deployable UAS. UAS were required to achieve 90 minutes of hovering flight endurance while carrying defined payloads of 10, 15, and 20 lb (4.5, 6.8, and 9.1 kg), the typical weights for a small communications system. The total weight of the flight vehicle at liftoff had to be less than 55 lb (24.9 kg) to ensure portability and compliance with FAA regulations. The UAS also had to complete maneuvering and positioning tests as required in the NIST Open Test Lanes and Scenarios test methods with the various attached payloads. [10] The Open Test Lanes methodologies helped simulate and evaluate flight maneuvers, such as position-hold and yaw movements, that a UAS pilot may observe in a responder event. Evaluators used 2D and 3D fiducials as reference points and ground truths to assess each UAS with repeatable and measurable results. By performing these test procedures in an outdoor venue, PSCR could closely replicate the environment that a UAS may encounter while carrying essential communications equipment. In the UAS 1.0 challenge, PSCR found that hybrid fuel solutions, such as a battery and gasoline combination, performed the best. Multi-rotor and aircraft frames supportive of Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) greatly influenced the performance and accuracy of the aircraft's flight. Deficiencies that PSCR observed were mainly in the form of aircraft control and the need for further tuning of flight software to maintain and hold position. Essential loiter functions and automated flight mechanisms were challenging to maintain, possibly due to the developing UAS marketplace, the device’s prototype nature, and the design of the payload transport functionality. PSCR UAS 2.0: First Responder UAS Endurance Challenge The UAS 2.0 challenge continued the objectives of UAS 1.0 but focused more on endurance. Weight limitations were increased to include larger UAS with the expectation of better control, longer endurance, and innovative ideas. The use case for UAS 2.0 closely matched the communications functions presented in UAS 1.0 but contained an additional use case for longduration search and rescue scenarios. 13 NIST TN 2295 July 2024 The key design requirements in UAS 2.0 included a single payload weight of 10 lb (4.5 kg), which simulated the smallest available cellular network device. The final event took place between 2020 and 2021. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, each contestant performed the final event tasks and measurements within their team locality. The NIST-designed payload provided to the contestants for their final flights comprised an independent position data capture and dissemination system for test measurement and validation. As in UAS 1.0, contestants performed a hover endurance test and used the NIST Open Test Lanes as a ground truth measurement system as evaluation methodologies. Larger UAS sizes, up to 100 lb (45.3 kg), were permitted with the expectation of greater endurance, longer flight times over 90 minutes, and increased aircraft stability. Contestants had to provide evidence of airspace authorizations for aircraft weight and height operation exceptions from their respective governing authorities, e.g., FAA Certificate of Authorization. Mirroring the results of the first challenge, UAS with propulsion systems and multi-rotor hybrid battery-gasoline solutions performed the best. Novel propulsion systems, such as hydrogen fuel cells, were also demonstrated in the final event. Some contestants proposed fixed-wing VTOL UAS in the early competition stages, but these ideas failed to progress past theoretical design due to engineering complexity. Flight control and stability functions were also improved with a standard payload, providing more aircraft design flexibility. PSCR found that contestants who started with existing designs early in the competition or those who tested early and frequently had better success in later stages. The winning UAS solution consisted of a hex-rotor design with a hybrid electric-gasoline engine propulsion system. The maximum flight time of this solution in the final test event was approximately 112 minutes, with a total takeoff weight of 54.9 lb (24.9 kg.) PSCR UAS 3.0: First Responder UAS Triple Challenge The UAS 3.0 challenge aimed to create a multi-use, multi-payload UAS platform for first responder search and rescue use cases. The challenge comprised three distinct research challenges that ran concurrently. The final stage of these competitions took place concurrently in June of 2022 in Starkville, Mississippi. 4.3.1. PSCR UAS 3.1: First Responder UAS Triple Challenge: FastFind The design goals of UAS 3.1 focused on the use case of finding missing persons quickly in heavily forested areas. In this challenge, UAS required optical systems that could penetrate thick forest canopies and withstand environmental conditions and hazards. The UAS had to be rapidly deployable and endure the mission's duration. In the UAS 3.1 challenge, flight vehicles had to meet a weight requirement of 55 lb (24.9 kg) or less, including attachments or payloads. A five-point scale evaluated the flight autonomy of the aircraft, with each level describing a range of independence that required less pilot intervention. Additionally, real-time video had to be transmitted to the pilot's ground control station, while onboard recording was mandatory on the aircraft. The vehicles had to demonstrate the capability for degraded takeoff and landing while operating in environments not typically suited for 14 NIST TN 2295 July 2024 standard flight operations, such as areas with uneven surfaces, dirt, or gravel. The final scenario required all competitors to find multiple designated targets within a 60-minute timeframe. In the final event, contestants used adaptive search technologies, including real-time computer vision, machine learning, and human verification, to assist in finding targets. Competitors used one or multiple camera technologies, including infrared, thermal, and neutral-density optical filters, digital filters, and telephoto optical systems, to help expedite recovery time. One contestant utilized a novel technique called Airborne Optical Sectioning, which incorporates a form of synthetic aperture imaging to integrate multiple camera technologies to suppress occlusions computationally. [11] Environmental factors at the test location, including high heat and humidity, negatively affected the contestant’s aircraft performance and the optical systems' efficiency. These conditions also generated false positive matches by computer vision algorithms used in the search. 4.3.2. PSCR UAS 3.2: First Responder UAS Triple Challenge: LifeLink UAS 3.2 LifeLink evaluated techniques using a UAS to provide continuous broadband communications in a service-denied area. The UAS carried a communication relay system to extend communications with first responder stations on the ground. UAS 3.2 contained identical UAS requirements for weight, autonomy, takeoff, and landing conditions as UAS 3.1. Specific to the LifeLink challenge, each UAS was required to have a wireless Wi-Fi transceiver to transmit internet protocol data to responders on the ground and to a NISTprovided bandwidth measurement server. A Wi-Fi antenna or array attached to the UAS could enhance coverage by optimizing signal power and direction. Each contestant’s UAS was not limited beyond FAA Part 107 requirements; contestants could choose the optimal testing height for their solution. UAS designs in UAS 3.2 contained Wi-Fi configurations that could transmit simulated voice and data streams up to 800 ft (244 m) from the aircraft. Omnidirectional antennas provided optimal coverage and higher bandwidth speeds for areas with more first responders in a small, circular geographic area. Directional antenna configurations offered the best coverage for distancefocused applications when correctly oriented. When combined with repeater technology, the WiFi signal could transmit further, but each added repeater would diminish the bandwidth speeds. High heat, humid weather conditions, and forest foliage negatively impacted coverage, distance, and bandwidth speeds.	You may use no source of information other than what is present in the "Source Text." This means you may NOT use any internal or external source of information; you may only use what is provided to answer questions and inform your responses. EVIDENCE: PSCR UAS 1.0: Unmanned Aerial Systems Flight and Payload Challenge The inaugural UAS challenge took place in 2018 in Fredericksburg, Virginia. In this challenge, PSCR examined how engineering design tradeoffs for flight time and endurance capabilities affect the UAS while carrying a communications payload. This use case examined how a UAS could extend cellular network coverage to “boots on the ground” first responders in a communications-denied location. The challenge was to incorporate a payload that would mimic the weight of a small cellular system on a deployable UAS. UAS were required to achieve 90 minutes of hovering flight endurance while carrying defined payloads of 10, 15, and 20 lb (4.5, 6.8, and 9.1 kg), the typical weights for a small communications system. The total weight of the flight vehicle at liftoff had to be less than 55 lb (24.9 kg) to ensure portability and compliance with FAA regulations. The UAS also had to complete maneuvering and positioning tests as required in the NIST Open Test Lanes and Scenarios test methods with the various attached payloads. [10] The Open Test Lanes methodologies helped simulate and evaluate flight maneuvers, such as position-hold and yaw movements, that a UAS pilot may observe in a responder event. Evaluators used 2D and 3D fiducials as reference points and ground truths to assess each UAS with repeatable and measurable results. By performing these test procedures in an outdoor venue, PSCR could closely replicate the environment that a UAS may encounter while carrying essential communications equipment. In the UAS 1.0 challenge, PSCR found that hybrid fuel solutions, such as a battery and gasoline combination, performed the best. Multi-rotor and aircraft frames supportive of Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) greatly influenced the performance and accuracy of the aircraft's flight. Deficiencies that PSCR observed were mainly in the form of aircraft control and the need for further tuning of flight software to maintain and hold position. Essential loiter functions and automated flight mechanisms were challenging to maintain, possibly due to the developing UAS marketplace, the device’s prototype nature, and the design of the payload transport functionality. PSCR UAS 2.0: First Responder UAS Endurance Challenge The UAS 2.0 challenge continued the objectives of UAS 1.0 but focused more on endurance. Weight limitations were increased to include larger UAS with the expectation of better control, longer endurance, and innovative ideas. The use case for UAS 2.0 closely matched the communications functions presented in UAS 1.0 but contained an additional use case for longduration search and rescue scenarios. 13 NIST TN 2295 July 2024 The key design requirements in UAS 2.0 included a single payload weight of 10 lb (4.5 kg), which simulated the smallest available cellular network device. The final event took place between 2020 and 2021. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, each contestant performed the final event tasks and measurements within their team locality. The NIST-designed payload provided to the contestants for their final flights comprised an independent position data capture and dissemination system for test measurement and validation. As in UAS 1.0, contestants performed a hover endurance test and used the NIST Open Test Lanes as a ground truth measurement system as evaluation methodologies. Larger UAS sizes, up to 100 lb (45.3 kg), were permitted with the expectation of greater endurance, longer flight times over 90 minutes, and increased aircraft stability. Contestants had to provide evidence of airspace authorizations for aircraft weight and height operation exceptions from their respective governing authorities, e.g., FAA Certificate of Authorization. Mirroring the results of the first challenge, UAS with propulsion systems and multi-rotor hybrid battery-gasoline solutions performed the best. Novel propulsion systems, such as hydrogen fuel cells, were also demonstrated in the final event. Some contestants proposed fixed-wing VTOL UAS in the early competition stages, but these ideas failed to progress past theoretical design due to engineering complexity. Flight control and stability functions were also improved with a standard payload, providing more aircraft design flexibility. PSCR found that contestants who started with existing designs early in the competition or those who tested early and frequently had better success in later stages. The winning UAS solution consisted of a hex-rotor design with a hybrid electric-gasoline engine propulsion system. The maximum flight time of this solution in the final test event was approximately 112 minutes, with a total takeoff weight of 54.9 lb (24.9 kg.) PSCR UAS 3.0: First Responder UAS Triple Challenge The UAS 3.0 challenge aimed to create a multi-use, multi-payload UAS platform for first responder search and rescue use cases. The challenge comprised three distinct research challenges that ran concurrently. The final stage of these competitions took place concurrently in June of 2022 in Starkville, Mississippi. 4.3.1. PSCR UAS 3.1: First Responder UAS Triple Challenge: FastFind The design goals of UAS 3.1 focused on the use case of finding missing persons quickly in heavily forested areas. In this challenge, UAS required optical systems that could penetrate thick forest canopies and withstand environmental conditions and hazards. The UAS had to be rapidly deployable and endure the mission's duration. In the UAS 3.1 challenge, flight vehicles had to meet a weight requirement of 55 lb (24.9 kg) or less, including attachments or payloads. A five-point scale evaluated the flight autonomy of the aircraft, with each level describing a range of independence that required less pilot intervention. Additionally, real-time video had to be transmitted to the pilot's ground control station, while onboard recording was mandatory on the aircraft. The vehicles had to demonstrate the capability for degraded takeoff and landing while operating in environments not typically suited for 14 NIST TN 2295 July 2024 standard flight operations, such as areas with uneven surfaces, dirt, or gravel. The final scenario required all competitors to find multiple designated targets within a 60-minute timeframe. In the final event, contestants used adaptive search technologies, including real-time computer vision, machine learning, and human verification, to assist in finding targets. Competitors used one or multiple camera technologies, including infrared, thermal, and neutral-density optical filters, digital filters, and telephoto optical systems, to help expedite recovery time. One contestant utilized a novel technique called Airborne Optical Sectioning, which incorporates a form of synthetic aperture imaging to integrate multiple camera technologies to suppress occlusions computationally. [11] Environmental factors at the test location, including high heat and humidity, negatively affected the contestant’s aircraft performance and the optical systems' efficiency. These conditions also generated false positive matches by computer vision algorithms used in the search. 4.3.2. PSCR UAS 3.2: First Responder UAS Triple Challenge: LifeLink UAS 3.2 LifeLink evaluated techniques using a UAS to provide continuous broadband communications in a service-denied area. The UAS carried a communication relay system to extend communications with first responder stations on the ground. UAS 3.2 contained identical UAS requirements for weight, autonomy, takeoff, and landing conditions as UAS 3.1. Specific to the LifeLink challenge, each UAS was required to have a wireless Wi-Fi transceiver to transmit internet protocol data to responders on the ground and to a NISTprovided bandwidth measurement server. A Wi-Fi antenna or array attached to the UAS could enhance coverage by optimizing signal power and direction. Each contestant’s UAS was not limited beyond FAA Part 107 requirements; contestants could choose the optimal testing height for their solution. UAS designs in UAS 3.2 contained Wi-Fi configurations that could transmit simulated voice and data streams up to 800 ft (244 m) from the aircraft. Omnidirectional antennas provided optimal coverage and higher bandwidth speeds for areas with more first responders in a small, circular geographic area. Directional antenna configurations offered the best coverage for distancefocused applications when correctly oriented. When combined with repeater technology, the WiFi signal could transmit further, but each added repeater would diminish the bandwidth speeds. High heat, humid weather conditions, and forest foliage negatively impacted coverage, distance, and bandwidth speeds. USER: Can you summerize what might interfere with a wifi signal? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	43	10	1,295	null	729
Draw your answer from the context block solely, do not use external information. If you cannot answer using the provided context alone, output: "Sorry, I cannot answer your question due to a lack of context.". Answer only in a paragraph format, without any markdown. Use statistics often, when relevant.	What do the main findings from the industry survey say about journalism, media, and technology companies?	These are the main findings from our industry survey, drawn from a strategic sample of more than 300 digital leaders from more than 50 countries and territories. • Just half (47%) of our sample of editors, CEOs, and digital executives say they are confident about the prospects for journalism in the year ahead, with around one-tenth (12%) expressing low confidence. Stated concerns relate to rising costs, declining advertising revenue, and a slowing in subscription growth – as well as increasing legal and physical harassment. Reasons to be cheerful include the hope that closely fought elections in the US and elsewhere could boost consumption and interest, albeit temporarily and with the potential for further damage to trust. • Almost two-thirds (63%) of our survey respondents say they are worried about a sharp decline in referral traffic from social media sites. Data sourced for this report from analytics provider Chartbeat shows that traffic to news sites from Facebook fell 48% in 2023, with traffic from X/Twitter declining by 27%. In response to these developments, around three-quarters (77%) say they will focus more on their own direct channels in the next year, with a fifth (22%) resorting to cutting costs and a similar proportion (20%) experimenting with alternative third-party platforms. • More specifically, publishers say they’ll be putting more effort into WhatsApp (+61 net score)2 and Instagram (+39) following Meta’s decision to open up broadcast channels for publishers. Interest in video networks such as TikTok (+55) and YouTube (+44) remain strong while Google Discover is becoming a more important but volatile referral source. By contrast, publisher sentiment towards Facebook has worsened further this year (-38 net score) along with X/Twitter (-39 net score). • Related to the above, the majority of our publisher respondents say they plan to create more video (+64 net score), more newsletters (+52), and more podcasts (+47), but broadly the same number of news articles – as they lean into some of the few remaining areas of audience and advertiser growth. Around half (54%) of respondents admit their companies are mostly focused on maximising attention rather than being more respectful of their audience’s time (37%). • The twin dangers of selective news avoidance and news fatigue remain a major source of concern for media companies looking to sustain interest in news from Gaza and Ukraine, amongst other difficult stories. Strategies that publishers consider very important to counter these trends include better explanation of complex stories (67%), more solutionsoriented or constructive approaches to storytelling (44%), and more inspirational human stories (43%). There was less support for commissioning more positive (21%) or entertaining (18%) news. • On the business side, publishers continue to invest in subscription and membership, with a large majority of those surveyed (80%) saying this will be an important revenue stream, ahead of both display and native advertising. Most of those operating a paid model report either a slight increase, or stable subscription numbers in the last year, despite the difficult economic outlook. • As a number of publishers aim to do lucrative licensing deals with AI platforms this year, there is little optimism that any benefits will be equally shared. In our survey a third (35%) of respondents believed that most of the money would go to big publishers. Around half (48%) felt that, at the end of the day, there would be very little money for any publisher. • Using AI for back-end news automation (56%) is considered the most important use of the technology by publisher respondents, followed by offering better recommendations (37%) and commercial uses (28%). Publishers are ambivalent about using AI for content creation, which is considered the biggest reputational risk by over half of respondents. • Experimental interfaces to the internet such as AR and VR glasses, lapel pins, and other wearable devices will be a feature of the year ahead. But existing voice activated devices such as headphones and smart speakers, as they get upgraded with AI technologies, are considered by respondents to be the most likely option (41%) to displace – or at least supplement – the smartphone in the medium term.	System Instructions: Draw your answer from the context block solely, do not use external information. If you cannot answer using the provided context alone, output: "Sorry, I cannot answer your question due to a lack of context.". Answer only in a paragraph format, without any markdown. Use statistics often, when relevant. Question: What do the main findings from the industry survey say about journalism, media, and technology companies? Context Block: These are the main findings from our industry survey, drawn from a strategic sample of more than 300 digital leaders from more than 50 countries and territories. • Just half (47%) of our sample of editors, CEOs, and digital executives say they are confident about the prospects for journalism in the year ahead, with around one-tenth (12%) expressing low confidence. Stated concerns relate to rising costs, declining advertising revenue, and a slowing in subscription growth – as well as increasing legal and physical harassment. Reasons to be cheerful include the hope that closely fought elections in the US and elsewhere could boost consumption and interest, albeit temporarily and with the potential for further damage to trust. • Almost two-thirds (63%) of our survey respondents say they are worried about a sharp decline in referral traffic from social media sites. Data sourced for this report from analytics provider Chartbeat shows that traffic to news sites from Facebook fell 48% in 2023, with traffic from X/Twitter declining by 27%. In response to these developments, around three-quarters (77%) say they will focus more on their own direct channels in the next year, with a fifth (22%) resorting to cutting costs and a similar proportion (20%) experimenting with alternative third-party platforms. • More specifically, publishers say they’ll be putting more effort into WhatsApp (+61 net score)2 and Instagram (+39) following Meta’s decision to open up broadcast channels for publishers. Interest in video networks such as TikTok (+55) and YouTube (+44) remain strong while Google Discover is becoming a more important but volatile referral source. By contrast, publisher sentiment towards Facebook has worsened further this year (-38 net score) along with X/Twitter (-39 net score). • Related to the above, the majority of our publisher respondents say they plan to create more video (+64 net score), more newsletters (+52), and more podcasts (+47), but broadly the same number of news articles – as they lean into some of the few remaining areas of audience and advertiser growth. Around half (54%) of respondents admit their companies are mostly focused on maximising attention rather than being more respectful of their audience’s time (37%). • The twin dangers of selective news avoidance and news fatigue remain a major source of concern for media companies looking to sustain interest in news from Gaza and Ukraine, amongst other difficult stories. Strategies that publishers consider very important to counter these trends include better explanation of complex stories (67%), more solutionsoriented or constructive approaches to storytelling (44%), and more inspirational human stories (43%). There was less support for commissioning more positive (21%) or entertaining (18%) news. • On the business side, publishers continue to invest in subscription and membership, with a large majority of those surveyed (80%) saying this will be an important revenue stream, ahead of both display and native advertising. Most of those operating a paid model report either a slight increase, or stable subscription numbers in the last year, despite the difficult economic outlook. • As a number of publishers aim to do lucrative licensing deals with AI platforms this year, there is little optimism that any benefits will be equally shared. In our survey a third (35%) of respondents believed that most of the money would go to big publishers. Around half (48%) felt that, at the end of the day, there would be very little money for any publisher. • Using AI for back-end news automation (56%) is considered the most important use of the technology by publisher respondents, followed by offering better recommendations (37%) and commercial uses (28%). Publishers are ambivalent about using AI for content creation, which is considered the biggest reputational risk by over half of respondents. • Experimental interfaces to the internet such as AR and VR glasses, lapel pins, and other wearable devices will be a feature of the year ahead. But existing voice activated devices such as headphones and smart speakers, as they get upgraded with AI technologies, are considered by respondents to be the most likely option (41%) to displace – or at least supplement – the smartphone in the medium term.	Draw your answer from the context block solely, do not use external information. If you cannot answer using the provided context alone, output: "Sorry, I cannot answer your question due to a lack of context.". Answer only in a paragraph format, without any markdown. Use statistics often, when relevant. EVIDENCE: These are the main findings from our industry survey, drawn from a strategic sample of more than 300 digital leaders from more than 50 countries and territories. • Just half (47%) of our sample of editors, CEOs, and digital executives say they are confident about the prospects for journalism in the year ahead, with around one-tenth (12%) expressing low confidence. Stated concerns relate to rising costs, declining advertising revenue, and a slowing in subscription growth – as well as increasing legal and physical harassment. Reasons to be cheerful include the hope that closely fought elections in the US and elsewhere could boost consumption and interest, albeit temporarily and with the potential for further damage to trust. • Almost two-thirds (63%) of our survey respondents say they are worried about a sharp decline in referral traffic from social media sites. Data sourced for this report from analytics provider Chartbeat shows that traffic to news sites from Facebook fell 48% in 2023, with traffic from X/Twitter declining by 27%. In response to these developments, around three-quarters (77%) say they will focus more on their own direct channels in the next year, with a fifth (22%) resorting to cutting costs and a similar proportion (20%) experimenting with alternative third-party platforms. • More specifically, publishers say they’ll be putting more effort into WhatsApp (+61 net score)2 and Instagram (+39) following Meta’s decision to open up broadcast channels for publishers. Interest in video networks such as TikTok (+55) and YouTube (+44) remain strong while Google Discover is becoming a more important but volatile referral source. By contrast, publisher sentiment towards Facebook has worsened further this year (-38 net score) along with X/Twitter (-39 net score). • Related to the above, the majority of our publisher respondents say they plan to create more video (+64 net score), more newsletters (+52), and more podcasts (+47), but broadly the same number of news articles – as they lean into some of the few remaining areas of audience and advertiser growth. Around half (54%) of respondents admit their companies are mostly focused on maximising attention rather than being more respectful of their audience’s time (37%). • The twin dangers of selective news avoidance and news fatigue remain a major source of concern for media companies looking to sustain interest in news from Gaza and Ukraine, amongst other difficult stories. Strategies that publishers consider very important to counter these trends include better explanation of complex stories (67%), more solutionsoriented or constructive approaches to storytelling (44%), and more inspirational human stories (43%). There was less support for commissioning more positive (21%) or entertaining (18%) news. • On the business side, publishers continue to invest in subscription and membership, with a large majority of those surveyed (80%) saying this will be an important revenue stream, ahead of both display and native advertising. Most of those operating a paid model report either a slight increase, or stable subscription numbers in the last year, despite the difficult economic outlook. • As a number of publishers aim to do lucrative licensing deals with AI platforms this year, there is little optimism that any benefits will be equally shared. In our survey a third (35%) of respondents believed that most of the money would go to big publishers. Around half (48%) felt that, at the end of the day, there would be very little money for any publisher. • Using AI for back-end news automation (56%) is considered the most important use of the technology by publisher respondents, followed by offering better recommendations (37%) and commercial uses (28%). Publishers are ambivalent about using AI for content creation, which is considered the biggest reputational risk by over half of respondents. • Experimental interfaces to the internet such as AR and VR glasses, lapel pins, and other wearable devices will be a feature of the year ahead. But existing voice activated devices such as headphones and smart speakers, as they get upgraded with AI technologies, are considered by respondents to be the most likely option (41%) to displace – or at least supplement – the smartphone in the medium term. USER: What do the main findings from the industry survey say about journalism, media, and technology companies? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	49	16	682	null	389
Answer only based on the provided document in one full sentence. Do not exceed more than two sentences in your response.	According to this document, what qualities does a successful CFO need to have?	Becoming a CFO How can up and coming finance executives develop the necessary skills and leadership qualities to position themselves as credible candidates for CFO roles? Here are 10 tips that can help fuel their professional ascent For anyone pursuing a career in finance, the position of chief financial officer (CFO) is likely to be a prized objective, a role that can unlock untold professional satisfaction. But the path to such vocational riches rarely runs smooth. Numerous barriers — personal, structural, organisational — loom large. Even the most talented individuals enjoy no guarantee that their route to the top will be free of the pitfalls that can colour anyone’s career journey. At Spencer Stuart, we recently explored the gap between the skills of today’s CFOs and what will be needed in the years to come. Our report, CFO of the Future, looked at the capabilities and domains that next generation CFOs would need to master in order to be effective in their roles. In this new paper, we examine how aspiring CFOs can go about making themselves into credible candidates for these senior positions. What skills and leadership qualities do they require? What type of experiences will they need to accumulate as they advance their career? To help answer these questions, we sat down with a number of financial leaders from a variety of industries and geographies to discuss their collective experiences. 10 tips for aspiring CFOs So what do ambitious finance professionals need to do? How can they best channel their motivation and transformational zeal into a career path that will expose them to the right blend of experiences and life-lessons necessary for any CFO position? From our conversations with financial leaders and our own day-to-day experiences in the market, we have identified 10 key ideas for how aspiring finance professionals can become credible candidates for CFO roles. Here’s what we suggest: 1. Learn how to partner The CFO role sits at the very heart of the organisation and affords a 360-degree view of not only the finance function, but other teams, projects and programmes. This means that it is essential that finance executives who have their eye on the top job learn how to partner and collaborate with their colleagues — both internal and external. That’s because CFOs also play a critical role in building relationships with external stakeholders, such as bankers, lawyers and communications advisors. According to Prashanth Mahendra-Rajah, CFO of Analog Devices, this shift is rooted in the sheer complexity of running large organisations. “Today, CFOs must be able to step back and have the enterprise view, but also dive deep when needed,” he said. “At the same time, you need to acknowledge that you can’t be an expert in everything. Therefore, you must be skilled at asking the right questions, probing, looking for the patterns, but really rely on a much broader set of counsel for certain areas of expertise.” Niclas Rosenlew, CFO of Swedish manufacturing company SKF, also believes that collaboration is vital. “An important part of the role is now building internal bridges and executing on agreed strategies,” he said. “And this is not only in finance and control — it goes for all parts of strategy implementation. The CFO increasingly is the guardian ensuring that strategy is implemented and is seen in the overall company performance.” MD Ranganath agrees. The chairman of Catamaran Ventures and former CFO of IT company Infosys, believes that the CFO’s role now looks beyond numbers and into the bigger enterprise view. “The board now looks at finance as a strategic advisor and not just an accountant,” he said. “This means that CFOs must have the ability to play a key role in shaping strategy, to navigate risks and leverage technology in operations. They must also have a problem solving mindset, not a problem stating mindset.” 2. be ready to lead alongside the Ceo When thinking about the CFO-CEO relationship, it might be helpful to picture the collaboration between a captain and first officer in the cockpit of an aeroplane. Sitting in their designated seats, side by side, theirs is a relationship shaped by mutual trust as they are both accountable for the safety of their plane and passengers. Yet it is the captain — the CEO in this analogy — who has the primary responsibility and is the final decision maker. Nonetheless, such is the crossover and similarities between the two roles, CFOs are now increasingly expected to be a key counsel and sparring partner to the CEO, working alongside on critical strategic, commercial and transformation projects, including areas such as ESG-related compliance and reporting. CFOs are now increasingly expected to be a key counsel and sparring partner to the CEO Chris Figee, CFO of Dutch telecoms company KPN, is keen to stress the importance of the CEO and CFO working in tandem. “This is most important,” he said. “They are the only two executive committee members that oversee everything in a company. They are active in all processes and focused on strategy, and they are the only ones who can guard all the plans and their cohesion.” 3. Develop your knowledge of data and advanced analytics No CFO contender is going to get very far without advanced knowledge of data, analytics and the latest developments such as generative AI. As organisations jostle for digital advantage, it’s a pre-requisite, and one that extends across an increasing number of roles. For CFOs, data, analytics and technologies can be used in any number of ways, such as identifying cost savings and customer insights, helping make more informed decision-making at pace, uncovering new market trends — the list goes on. CFOs’ and finance teams’ role in data governance and stewardship is also especially pronounced because it provides embedded continuity to organisations on the topic of data. Simply put, pretty much every company has a CFO and established f inance function, but not all companies have chief data officers. This helps put the pressure on CFOs to not only be able to identify accurate data, but also take a holistic view and understand what the data is telling you. Maria Grigorova, global head of finance at The Adecco Group, says that having sufficient knowledge of data science and data governance will be quite important. “Data science will have a major role in the future of finance, both in providing advancedlevel analytics, and in automation and elimination of repetitive tasks” she said. “While accounting and reporting will be subject to automation and streamlining, the need and value of business insights will remain a major focus. The CFO will transform more and more into a chief insights officer and will need to be wellversed in the benefits of data science and the importance of data governance. Finance is uniquely placed to take care of this.” It’s also about using data to shine a revelatory light on trends both inside and outside of the business — both of which can lead to more effective decisions. Kasper Fangel, CFO of facilities management company, ISS A/S, believes that data and finance can combine to catalyse change. “Data is gold,” he said. “Customers use data to make decisions and if one does not have it to support decisions and customer insight on an almost live basis, it can be threatening in a business like ours. This means that transparency and metrics are absolutely crucial.” It’s not all good news, however. Glen Instone, CFO of Swedish manufacturing group, Husqvarna, points out there are challenges to be aware of too. “Most things can be automated and there is a need to be quicker today,” he said. “Cyber security has become very important. There is massive upside potential, but it’s also coupled with huge risks to be aware of.” This latter point is particularly important because cyber security often falls under the CFO’s remit. This is because one of the core elements of the CFO role is system upgrades and delivering automation across all processes. Digital transformation is not just about data and analysis, but also about pace, efficiencies and cost savings. 4. build your commercial experience Such is the breadth of responsibilities that now accompanies any CFO role, it is incumbent on potential applicants to have a broad professional hinterland — and this includes commercial experience. According to our data, this is already happening. In Europe, the number of CFOs with experience outside of finance rose to 60 percent between 2019–2021, compared to 47 percent between 2017–2019. Developing a commercially savvy profile will enable new CFOs to identify opportunities for the organisation (as well as issues of concern) from the very start, and it provides yet another tool for f inance leaders to drive results against performance objectives. Commercial experience will also add depth to the relationship with the CEO by helping the CFO to be more strategic, while also strengthening relationships with non-finance areas of the business, such as communications and marketing. Dónal Rooney, who has operated as group CFO in private equity (Amaris Hospitality / Lone Star), plc (Datalex) and public sector (NAMA) environments, cites his time outside of finance as pivotal in accelerating his career progress. “I spent two years in a front-line business role, leaving finance behind, and this was instrumental in helping me become a CFO and then, as a CFO, enabling me to contribute in a meaningful way to support the business,” he said. “I don’t believe I would have had the same impact as a CFO without that time spent outside finance. So, my advice to future CFOs is go out and get a front-line business role where you are making key commercial decisions. When you become CFO, you need that credibility and experience to influence change across the organisation.” 5. Make sure you’re always learning In any role, and in any walk of life, it is good to be on the lookout for new skills, perspectives and ideas. As Gandhi said, “Learn as if you were to live forever.” An ongoing curiosity drives new innovations and a constant hunger for new information — both of which help leaders such as CFOs excel at problem solving. It also strengthens collaboration and networking — again, crucial traits for CFOs — and underpins a hunger for knowledge which can only help them understand the strengths (and weaknesses) of their companies. This willingness to explore new ideas and strategies can make all the difference. It’s not just about theoretical knowledge, though. Prashanth Mahendra-Rajah says it’s also about taking any opportunity to learn from your colleagues and their practical, real-life experiences.	[Task Instructions] ========== Answer only based on the provided document in one full sentence. Do not exceed more than two sentences in your response. ================ [Passage] ========== Becoming a CFO How can up and coming finance executives develop the necessary skills and leadership qualities to position themselves as credible candidates for CFO roles? Here are 10 tips that can help fuel their professional ascent For anyone pursuing a career in finance, the position of chief financial officer (CFO) is likely to be a prized objective, a role that can unlock untold professional satisfaction. But the path to such vocational riches rarely runs smooth. Numerous barriers — personal, structural, organisational — loom large. Even the most talented individuals enjoy no guarantee that their route to the top will be free of the pitfalls that can colour anyone’s career journey. At Spencer Stuart, we recently explored the gap between the skills of today’s CFOs and what will be needed in the years to come. Our report, CFO of the Future, looked at the capabilities and domains that next generation CFOs would need to master in order to be effective in their roles. In this new paper, we examine how aspiring CFOs can go about making themselves into credible candidates for these senior positions. What skills and leadership qualities do they require? What type of experiences will they need to accumulate as they advance their career? To help answer these questions, we sat down with a number of financial leaders from a variety of industries and geographies to discuss their collective experiences. 10 tips for aspiring CFOs So what do ambitious finance professionals need to do? How can they best channel their motivation and transformational zeal into a career path that will expose them to the right blend of experiences and life-lessons necessary for any CFO position? From our conversations with financial leaders and our own day-to-day experiences in the market, we have identified 10 key ideas for how aspiring finance professionals can become credible candidates for CFO roles. Here’s what we suggest: 1. Learn how to partner The CFO role sits at the very heart of the organisation and affords a 360-degree view of not only the finance function, but other teams, projects and programmes. This means that it is essential that finance executives who have their eye on the top job learn how to partner and collaborate with their colleagues — both internal and external. That’s because CFOs also play a critical role in building relationships with external stakeholders, such as bankers, lawyers and communications advisors. According to Prashanth Mahendra-Rajah, CFO of Analog Devices, this shift is rooted in the sheer complexity of running large organisations. “Today, CFOs must be able to step back and have the enterprise view, but also dive deep when needed,” he said. “At the same time, you need to acknowledge that you can’t be an expert in everything. Therefore, you must be skilled at asking the right questions, probing, looking for the patterns, but really rely on a much broader set of counsel for certain areas of expertise.” Niclas Rosenlew, CFO of Swedish manufacturing company SKF, also believes that collaboration is vital. “An important part of the role is now building internal bridges and executing on agreed strategies,” he said. “And this is not only in finance and control — it goes for all parts of strategy implementation. The CFO increasingly is the guardian ensuring that strategy is implemented and is seen in the overall company performance.” MD Ranganath agrees. The chairman of Catamaran Ventures and former CFO of IT company Infosys, believes that the CFO’s role now looks beyond numbers and into the bigger enterprise view. “The board now looks at finance as a strategic advisor and not just an accountant,” he said. “This means that CFOs must have the ability to play a key role in shaping strategy, to navigate risks and leverage technology in operations. They must also have a problem solving mindset, not a problem stating mindset.” 2. be ready to lead alongside the Ceo When thinking about the CFO-CEO relationship, it might be helpful to picture the collaboration between a captain and first officer in the cockpit of an aeroplane. Sitting in their designated seats, side by side, theirs is a relationship shaped by mutual trust as they are both accountable for the safety of their plane and passengers. Yet it is the captain — the CEO in this analogy — who has the primary responsibility and is the final decision maker. Nonetheless, such is the crossover and similarities between the two roles, CFOs are now increasingly expected to be a key counsel and sparring partner to the CEO, working alongside on critical strategic, commercial and transformation projects, including areas such as ESG-related compliance and reporting. CFOs are now increasingly expected to be a key counsel and sparring partner to the CEO Chris Figee, CFO of Dutch telecoms company KPN, is keen to stress the importance of the CEO and CFO working in tandem. “This is most important,” he said. “They are the only two executive committee members that oversee everything in a company. They are active in all processes and focused on strategy, and they are the only ones who can guard all the plans and their cohesion.” 3. Develop your knowledge of data and advanced analytics No CFO contender is going to get very far without advanced knowledge of data, analytics and the latest developments such as generative AI. As organisations jostle for digital advantage, it’s a pre-requisite, and one that extends across an increasing number of roles. For CFOs, data, analytics and technologies can be used in any number of ways, such as identifying cost savings and customer insights, helping make more informed decision-making at pace, uncovering new market trends — the list goes on. CFOs’ and finance teams’ role in data governance and stewardship is also especially pronounced because it provides embedded continuity to organisations on the topic of data. Simply put, pretty much every company has a CFO and established f inance function, but not all companies have chief data officers. This helps put the pressure on CFOs to not only be able to identify accurate data, but also take a holistic view and understand what the data is telling you. Maria Grigorova, global head of finance at The Adecco Group, says that having sufficient knowledge of data science and data governance will be quite important. “Data science will have a major role in the future of finance, both in providing advancedlevel analytics, and in automation and elimination of repetitive tasks” she said. “While accounting and reporting will be subject to automation and streamlining, the need and value of business insights will remain a major focus. The CFO will transform more and more into a chief insights officer and will need to be wellversed in the benefits of data science and the importance of data governance. Finance is uniquely placed to take care of this.” It’s also about using data to shine a revelatory light on trends both inside and outside of the business — both of which can lead to more effective decisions. Kasper Fangel, CFO of facilities management company, ISS A/S, believes that data and finance can combine to catalyse change. “Data is gold,” he said. “Customers use data to make decisions and if one does not have it to support decisions and customer insight on an almost live basis, it can be threatening in a business like ours. This means that transparency and metrics are absolutely crucial.” It’s not all good news, however. Glen Instone, CFO of Swedish manufacturing group, Husqvarna, points out there are challenges to be aware of too. “Most things can be automated and there is a need to be quicker today,” he said. “Cyber security has become very important. There is massive upside potential, but it’s also coupled with huge risks to be aware of.” This latter point is particularly important because cyber security often falls under the CFO’s remit. This is because one of the core elements of the CFO role is system upgrades and delivering automation across all processes. Digital transformation is not just about data and analysis, but also about pace, efficiencies and cost savings. 4. build your commercial experience Such is the breadth of responsibilities that now accompanies any CFO role, it is incumbent on potential applicants to have a broad professional hinterland — and this includes commercial experience. According to our data, this is already happening. In Europe, the number of CFOs with experience outside of finance rose to 60 percent between 2019–2021, compared to 47 percent between 2017–2019. Developing a commercially savvy profile will enable new CFOs to identify opportunities for the organisation (as well as issues of concern) from the very start, and it provides yet another tool for f inance leaders to drive results against performance objectives. Commercial experience will also add depth to the relationship with the CEO by helping the CFO to be more strategic, while also strengthening relationships with non-finance areas of the business, such as communications and marketing. Dónal Rooney, who has operated as group CFO in private equity (Amaris Hospitality / Lone Star), plc (Datalex) and public sector (NAMA) environments, cites his time outside of finance as pivotal in accelerating his career progress. “I spent two years in a front-line business role, leaving finance behind, and this was instrumental in helping me become a CFO and then, as a CFO, enabling me to contribute in a meaningful way to support the business,” he said. “I don’t believe I would have had the same impact as a CFO without that time spent outside finance. So, my advice to future CFOs is go out and get a front-line business role where you are making key commercial decisions. When you become CFO, you need that credibility and experience to influence change across the organisation.” 5. Make sure you’re always learning In any role, and in any walk of life, it is good to be on the lookout for new skills, perspectives and ideas. As Gandhi said, “Learn as if you were to live forever.” An ongoing curiosity drives new innovations and a constant hunger for new information — both of which help leaders such as CFOs excel at problem solving. It also strengthens collaboration and networking — again, crucial traits for CFOs — and underpins a hunger for knowledge which can only help them understand the strengths (and weaknesses) of their companies. This willingness to explore new ideas and strategies can make all the difference. It’s not just about theoretical knowledge, though. Prashanth Mahendra-Rajah says it’s also about taking any opportunity to learn from your colleagues and their practical, real-life experiences. ================ [Query] ========== According to this document, what qualities does a successful CFO need to have?	Answer only based on the provided document in one full sentence. Do not exceed more than two sentences in your response. EVIDENCE: Becoming a CFO How can up and coming finance executives develop the necessary skills and leadership qualities to position themselves as credible candidates for CFO roles? Here are 10 tips that can help fuel their professional ascent For anyone pursuing a career in finance, the position of chief financial officer (CFO) is likely to be a prized objective, a role that can unlock untold professional satisfaction. But the path to such vocational riches rarely runs smooth. Numerous barriers — personal, structural, organisational — loom large. Even the most talented individuals enjoy no guarantee that their route to the top will be free of the pitfalls that can colour anyone’s career journey. At Spencer Stuart, we recently explored the gap between the skills of today’s CFOs and what will be needed in the years to come. Our report, CFO of the Future, looked at the capabilities and domains that next generation CFOs would need to master in order to be effective in their roles. In this new paper, we examine how aspiring CFOs can go about making themselves into credible candidates for these senior positions. What skills and leadership qualities do they require? What type of experiences will they need to accumulate as they advance their career? To help answer these questions, we sat down with a number of financial leaders from a variety of industries and geographies to discuss their collective experiences. 10 tips for aspiring CFOs So what do ambitious finance professionals need to do? How can they best channel their motivation and transformational zeal into a career path that will expose them to the right blend of experiences and life-lessons necessary for any CFO position? From our conversations with financial leaders and our own day-to-day experiences in the market, we have identified 10 key ideas for how aspiring finance professionals can become credible candidates for CFO roles. Here’s what we suggest: 1. Learn how to partner The CFO role sits at the very heart of the organisation and affords a 360-degree view of not only the finance function, but other teams, projects and programmes. This means that it is essential that finance executives who have their eye on the top job learn how to partner and collaborate with their colleagues — both internal and external. That’s because CFOs also play a critical role in building relationships with external stakeholders, such as bankers, lawyers and communications advisors. According to Prashanth Mahendra-Rajah, CFO of Analog Devices, this shift is rooted in the sheer complexity of running large organisations. “Today, CFOs must be able to step back and have the enterprise view, but also dive deep when needed,” he said. “At the same time, you need to acknowledge that you can’t be an expert in everything. Therefore, you must be skilled at asking the right questions, probing, looking for the patterns, but really rely on a much broader set of counsel for certain areas of expertise.” Niclas Rosenlew, CFO of Swedish manufacturing company SKF, also believes that collaboration is vital. “An important part of the role is now building internal bridges and executing on agreed strategies,” he said. “And this is not only in finance and control — it goes for all parts of strategy implementation. The CFO increasingly is the guardian ensuring that strategy is implemented and is seen in the overall company performance.” MD Ranganath agrees. The chairman of Catamaran Ventures and former CFO of IT company Infosys, believes that the CFO’s role now looks beyond numbers and into the bigger enterprise view. “The board now looks at finance as a strategic advisor and not just an accountant,” he said. “This means that CFOs must have the ability to play a key role in shaping strategy, to navigate risks and leverage technology in operations. They must also have a problem solving mindset, not a problem stating mindset.” 2. be ready to lead alongside the Ceo When thinking about the CFO-CEO relationship, it might be helpful to picture the collaboration between a captain and first officer in the cockpit of an aeroplane. Sitting in their designated seats, side by side, theirs is a relationship shaped by mutual trust as they are both accountable for the safety of their plane and passengers. Yet it is the captain — the CEO in this analogy — who has the primary responsibility and is the final decision maker. Nonetheless, such is the crossover and similarities between the two roles, CFOs are now increasingly expected to be a key counsel and sparring partner to the CEO, working alongside on critical strategic, commercial and transformation projects, including areas such as ESG-related compliance and reporting. CFOs are now increasingly expected to be a key counsel and sparring partner to the CEO Chris Figee, CFO of Dutch telecoms company KPN, is keen to stress the importance of the CEO and CFO working in tandem. “This is most important,” he said. “They are the only two executive committee members that oversee everything in a company. They are active in all processes and focused on strategy, and they are the only ones who can guard all the plans and their cohesion.” 3. Develop your knowledge of data and advanced analytics No CFO contender is going to get very far without advanced knowledge of data, analytics and the latest developments such as generative AI. As organisations jostle for digital advantage, it’s a pre-requisite, and one that extends across an increasing number of roles. For CFOs, data, analytics and technologies can be used in any number of ways, such as identifying cost savings and customer insights, helping make more informed decision-making at pace, uncovering new market trends — the list goes on. CFOs’ and finance teams’ role in data governance and stewardship is also especially pronounced because it provides embedded continuity to organisations on the topic of data. Simply put, pretty much every company has a CFO and established f inance function, but not all companies have chief data officers. This helps put the pressure on CFOs to not only be able to identify accurate data, but also take a holistic view and understand what the data is telling you. Maria Grigorova, global head of finance at The Adecco Group, says that having sufficient knowledge of data science and data governance will be quite important. “Data science will have a major role in the future of finance, both in providing advancedlevel analytics, and in automation and elimination of repetitive tasks” she said. “While accounting and reporting will be subject to automation and streamlining, the need and value of business insights will remain a major focus. The CFO will transform more and more into a chief insights officer and will need to be wellversed in the benefits of data science and the importance of data governance. Finance is uniquely placed to take care of this.” It’s also about using data to shine a revelatory light on trends both inside and outside of the business — both of which can lead to more effective decisions. Kasper Fangel, CFO of facilities management company, ISS A/S, believes that data and finance can combine to catalyse change. “Data is gold,” he said. “Customers use data to make decisions and if one does not have it to support decisions and customer insight on an almost live basis, it can be threatening in a business like ours. This means that transparency and metrics are absolutely crucial.” It’s not all good news, however. Glen Instone, CFO of Swedish manufacturing group, Husqvarna, points out there are challenges to be aware of too. “Most things can be automated and there is a need to be quicker today,” he said. “Cyber security has become very important. There is massive upside potential, but it’s also coupled with huge risks to be aware of.” This latter point is particularly important because cyber security often falls under the CFO’s remit. This is because one of the core elements of the CFO role is system upgrades and delivering automation across all processes. Digital transformation is not just about data and analysis, but also about pace, efficiencies and cost savings. 4. build your commercial experience Such is the breadth of responsibilities that now accompanies any CFO role, it is incumbent on potential applicants to have a broad professional hinterland — and this includes commercial experience. According to our data, this is already happening. In Europe, the number of CFOs with experience outside of finance rose to 60 percent between 2019–2021, compared to 47 percent between 2017–2019. Developing a commercially savvy profile will enable new CFOs to identify opportunities for the organisation (as well as issues of concern) from the very start, and it provides yet another tool for f inance leaders to drive results against performance objectives. Commercial experience will also add depth to the relationship with the CEO by helping the CFO to be more strategic, while also strengthening relationships with non-finance areas of the business, such as communications and marketing. Dónal Rooney, who has operated as group CFO in private equity (Amaris Hospitality / Lone Star), plc (Datalex) and public sector (NAMA) environments, cites his time outside of finance as pivotal in accelerating his career progress. “I spent two years in a front-line business role, leaving finance behind, and this was instrumental in helping me become a CFO and then, as a CFO, enabling me to contribute in a meaningful way to support the business,” he said. “I don’t believe I would have had the same impact as a CFO without that time spent outside finance. So, my advice to future CFOs is go out and get a front-line business role where you are making key commercial decisions. When you become CFO, you need that credibility and experience to influence change across the organisation.” 5. Make sure you’re always learning In any role, and in any walk of life, it is good to be on the lookout for new skills, perspectives and ideas. As Gandhi said, “Learn as if you were to live forever.” An ongoing curiosity drives new innovations and a constant hunger for new information — both of which help leaders such as CFOs excel at problem solving. It also strengthens collaboration and networking — again, crucial traits for CFOs — and underpins a hunger for knowledge which can only help them understand the strengths (and weaknesses) of their companies. This willingness to explore new ideas and strategies can make all the difference. It’s not just about theoretical knowledge, though. Prashanth Mahendra-Rajah says it’s also about taking any opportunity to learn from your colleagues and their practical, real-life experiences. USER: According to this document, what qualities does a successful CFO need to have? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	21	13	1,755	null	397
"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	Considering Zimbabwe's effort to reduce the financial crisis through focusing on re engaging policies in 2014. How much more was raised in 2017 compared to the money that was raised through bond trading within the first 2 years .Also explain how these bonds have affected the government debt management . Keep the response at 300 words or Less	In 2014, the government for the first time started to trade infrastructure bonds (GoZ, 2014b). The introduction of the 5-year tenor infrastructure bonds at a fixed interest of 9.5 percent, has not only enhanced financial deepening in the economy but also contributed to a paradigm shift in the structure of government debt. Also, the introduction of long term debt instruments by the government was intended at minimising rollover risk and lessen borrowing expenses associated with short term debt (Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe “IDBZ”, 2016). Until now, the government has raised US$5 million, $15 million and $22 million in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, through the trading of infrastructure bonds on the capital markets (IDBZ, 2015, 2016; GoZ, 2017). At present, the government debt securities are being traded on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange in the same manner as other stocks. To provide for the management of public debt in Zimbabwe on a statutory basis, mainly foreign public debt, the public debt reforms included public sector financial reforms and the institutionalisation and operationalisation of a Debt Management Office, which is currently housed in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. The responsibilities of the Debt Office are among others, to ensure public debt database validation and reconciliation with all creditors and to provide for the raising, management and servicing of loans by the state (GoZ, 2015b). The Public Management Act Amended (2015) further stipulates that the Debt Office shall (1) formulate and publish a Medium Term Debt Management Strategy, (2) formulate and publish an annual borrowing plan, which includes a borrowing limit, and (3) undertake an annual debt sustainability analyses (MOFED, 2012). In 2011, the GNU instituted several foreign policy shifts, intended at reducing the country’s foreign public debt overhang, by re-engaging with creditors and the global community. The intention of the new re engagement policy reform was to seek comprehensive debt relief initiatives, as well as opening up new lines of offshore financing. Accordingly, in 2011, the government started to make paltry debt payments to the Bretton Woods institutions and the African Development Bank, an initiative that was aimed at seeking debt rescheduling (RBZ, 2014). To spearhead the re-engagement process, the government formulated the Accelerated Re-engagement Economic Programme (ZAREP). More so, the formulation of ZAREP was meant to promote fiscal sustainability through proper expenditure management, monitoring and wage policy reviews (GoZ, 2015c: 14). The emergence of Staff Monitored Programme (SMP) between the Zimbabwean government and the International Monetary Fund in 2013 is an indication of the success of the re-engagement policy with its traditional creditors (IMF, 2015). The Staff Monitored Programme focuses on putting public finances on a sustainable course, enhancing public financial management, facilitating diamond revenue transparency, and restructuring the central bank (IMF, 2013). In related institutional and revenue structural reforms, the government in 2015 managed to amalgamate all diamond companies into one, under the name Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Corporation (ZCDC) (Parliament of Zimbabwe, 2017: 12). The Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Corporation came as result of the IMF’s recommendations to improve on diamond revenue transparency and accountability (	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= In 2014, the government for the first time started to trade infrastructure bonds (GoZ, 2014b). The introduction of the 5-year tenor infrastructure bonds at a fixed interest of 9.5 percent, has not only enhanced financial deepening in the economy but also contributed to a paradigm shift in the structure of government debt. Also, the introduction of long term debt instruments by the government was intended at minimising rollover risk and lessen borrowing expenses associated with short term debt (Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe “IDBZ”, 2016). Until now, the government has raised US$5 million, $15 million and $22 million in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, through the trading of infrastructure bonds on the capital markets (IDBZ, 2015, 2016; GoZ, 2017). At present, the government debt securities are being traded on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange in the same manner as other stocks. To provide for the management of public debt in Zimbabwe on a statutory basis, mainly foreign public debt, the public debt reforms included public sector financial reforms and the institutionalisation and operationalisation of a Debt Management Office, which is currently housed in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. The responsibilities of the Debt Office are among others, to ensure public debt database validation and reconciliation with all creditors and to provide for the raising, management and servicing of loans by the state (GoZ, 2015b). The Public Management Act Amended (2015) further stipulates that the Debt Office shall (1) formulate and publish a Medium Term Debt Management Strategy, (2) formulate and publish an annual borrowing plan, which includes a borrowing limit, and (3) undertake an annual debt sustainability analyses (MOFED, 2012). In 2011, the GNU instituted several foreign policy shifts, intended at reducing the country’s foreign public debt overhang, by re-engaging with creditors and the global community. The intention of the new re engagement policy reform was to seek comprehensive debt relief initiatives, as well as opening up new lines of offshore financing. Accordingly, in 2011, the government started to make paltry debt payments to the Bretton Woods institutions and the African Development Bank, an initiative that was aimed at seeking debt rescheduling (RBZ, 2014). To spearhead the re-engagement process, the government formulated the Accelerated Re-engagement Economic Programme (ZAREP). More so, the formulation of ZAREP was meant to promote fiscal sustainability through proper expenditure management, monitoring and wage policy reviews (GoZ, 2015c: 14). The emergence of Staff Monitored Programme (SMP) between the Zimbabwean government and the International Monetary Fund in 2013 is an indication of the success of the re-engagement policy with its traditional creditors (IMF, 2015). The Staff Monitored Programme focuses on putting public finances on a sustainable course, enhancing public financial management, facilitating diamond revenue transparency, and restructuring the central bank (IMF, 2013). In related institutional and revenue structural reforms, the government in 2015 managed to amalgamate all diamond companies into one, under the name Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Corporation (ZCDC) (Parliament of Zimbabwe, 2017: 12). The Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Corporation came as result of the IMF’s recommendations to improve on diamond revenue transparency and accountability ( http://www.ijqr.net/journal/v12-n1/6.pdf ================ <QUESTION> ======= Considering Zimbabwe's effort to reduce the financial crisis through focusing on re engaging policies in 2014. How much more was raised in 2017 compared to the money that was raised through bond trading within the first 2 years .Also explain how these bonds have affected the government debt management . Keep the response at 300 words or Less ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided." EVIDENCE: In 2014, the government for the first time started to trade infrastructure bonds (GoZ, 2014b). The introduction of the 5-year tenor infrastructure bonds at a fixed interest of 9.5 percent, has not only enhanced financial deepening in the economy but also contributed to a paradigm shift in the structure of government debt. Also, the introduction of long term debt instruments by the government was intended at minimising rollover risk and lessen borrowing expenses associated with short term debt (Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe “IDBZ”, 2016). Until now, the government has raised US$5 million, $15 million and $22 million in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, through the trading of infrastructure bonds on the capital markets (IDBZ, 2015, 2016; GoZ, 2017). At present, the government debt securities are being traded on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange in the same manner as other stocks. To provide for the management of public debt in Zimbabwe on a statutory basis, mainly foreign public debt, the public debt reforms included public sector financial reforms and the institutionalisation and operationalisation of a Debt Management Office, which is currently housed in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. The responsibilities of the Debt Office are among others, to ensure public debt database validation and reconciliation with all creditors and to provide for the raising, management and servicing of loans by the state (GoZ, 2015b). The Public Management Act Amended (2015) further stipulates that the Debt Office shall (1) formulate and publish a Medium Term Debt Management Strategy, (2) formulate and publish an annual borrowing plan, which includes a borrowing limit, and (3) undertake an annual debt sustainability analyses (MOFED, 2012). In 2011, the GNU instituted several foreign policy shifts, intended at reducing the country’s foreign public debt overhang, by re-engaging with creditors and the global community. The intention of the new re engagement policy reform was to seek comprehensive debt relief initiatives, as well as opening up new lines of offshore financing. Accordingly, in 2011, the government started to make paltry debt payments to the Bretton Woods institutions and the African Development Bank, an initiative that was aimed at seeking debt rescheduling (RBZ, 2014). To spearhead the re-engagement process, the government formulated the Accelerated Re-engagement Economic Programme (ZAREP). More so, the formulation of ZAREP was meant to promote fiscal sustainability through proper expenditure management, monitoring and wage policy reviews (GoZ, 2015c: 14). The emergence of Staff Monitored Programme (SMP) between the Zimbabwean government and the International Monetary Fund in 2013 is an indication of the success of the re-engagement policy with its traditional creditors (IMF, 2015). The Staff Monitored Programme focuses on putting public finances on a sustainable course, enhancing public financial management, facilitating diamond revenue transparency, and restructuring the central bank (IMF, 2013). In related institutional and revenue structural reforms, the government in 2015 managed to amalgamate all diamond companies into one, under the name Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Corporation (ZCDC) (Parliament of Zimbabwe, 2017: 12). The Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Corporation came as result of the IMF’s recommendations to improve on diamond revenue transparency and accountability ( USER: Considering Zimbabwe's effort to reduce the financial crisis through focusing on re engaging policies in 2014. How much more was raised in 2017 compared to the money that was raised through bond trading within the first 2 years .Also explain how these bonds have affected the government debt management . Keep the response at 300 words or Less Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	49	58	508	null	564
{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document]	Give me the insights on the problems people faced with Windows Vista from a forgotten trove of internal Microsoft emails in 500 words or less.	A number of notes, emails, and presentations from Microsoft were made public due to a lawsuit filed against the company after the launch of Windows Vista. The Windows Vista era of Microsoft was plagued by bugs, delays, compatibility problems, and a general shrugging of shoulders from computer users. Microsoft reduced the graphics requirements for new Windows XP machines to receive the "Vista capable" designation, which signaled their suitability to run what was then the upcoming version of the operating system. Microsoft lowered the graphics requirement to help Intel "make their quarterly earnings, so they could continue to sell motherboards with 915 graphics embedded". As a result of lowering the graphics requirements, many of the Windows Vista qualified XP machines were unable to run Vista's signature features, with user's instead getting a stripped down version of the operating system, which caused confusion and challenges. The internal emails offer a vivid glimpse into what was happening inside Microsoft during this time. Highlights of these emails include then-CEO Steve Ballmer providing tech support to then-Microsoft board member Jon Shirley, who was struggling to get his scanners to work with Windows Vista due to a lack of drivers. Steven Sinofsky, the executive who was brought in to lead Windows development after repeated delays with Windows Vista, wrote about his own problems with Vista, as well as some insights he picked up from listening to customers at a Best Buy store. There is also a page of notes from an unidentified executive outlining the challenges of Microsoft's two-tiered approach to the Windows Vista versions. There is also documents pertaining to Dell's Windows Vista launch post mortem, which the PC maker prepared for a meeting with Microsoft's team. One of the slides shows how hard it is to say something good about Windows Vista. There is also a bona-fied Harvard Business School case-study about Windows Vista, which was published in 2009 by then-Harvard professor Ben Edelman. As the writer was dusting off old computers searching for audio from past-interviews, they stumbled upon a long-forgotten archive of Internal Microsoft emails, presentations, and notes, circa 2005-2007, which details the troubled Windows Vista-era. All of these documents were made public as a result of a lawsuit that was filed a few years after the launch of Windows Vista. The reason all these documents are being revisited is because Microsoft's 50th anniversary is next year, which they say is the perfect time to reconsider its history, and to take a new look at where the company is going. Many amazing moments from Microsoft's past will be remembered and celebrated to mark this milestone, however, the failure of Windows Vista will not be one of them. The writer of the article managed to find several pieces of audio from interviews they had with Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer, which they offered to Acquired's Ben Gilbert to help with his research for the Microsoft Volume II series. Ben Gillbert and co-host David Rosenthal are known for getting extensive background material for their show, which explorers the history and strategies of well known businesses and brands.	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== Give me the insights on the problems people faced with Windows Vista from a forgotten trove of internal Microsoft emails in 500 words or less. {passage 0} ========== A number of notes, emails, and presentations from Microsoft were made public due to a lawsuit filed against the company after the launch of Windows Vista. The Windows Vista era of Microsoft was plagued by bugs, delays, compatibility problems, and a general shrugging of shoulders from computer users. Microsoft reduced the graphics requirements for new Windows XP machines to receive the "Vista capable" designation, which signaled their suitability to run what was then the upcoming version of the operating system. Microsoft lowered the graphics requirement to help Intel "make their quarterly earnings, so they could continue to sell motherboards with 915 graphics embedded". As a result of lowering the graphics requirements, many of the Windows Vista qualified XP machines were unable to run Vista's signature features, with user's instead getting a stripped down version of the operating system, which caused confusion and challenges. The internal emails offer a vivid glimpse into what was happening inside Microsoft during this time. Highlights of these emails include then-CEO Steve Ballmer providing tech support to then-Microsoft board member Jon Shirley, who was struggling to get his scanners to work with Windows Vista due to a lack of drivers. Steven Sinofsky, the executive who was brought in to lead Windows development after repeated delays with Windows Vista, wrote about his own problems with Vista, as well as some insights he picked up from listening to customers at a Best Buy store. There is also a page of notes from an unidentified executive outlining the challenges of Microsoft's two-tiered approach to the Windows Vista versions. There is also documents pertaining to Dell's Windows Vista launch post mortem, which the PC maker prepared for a meeting with Microsoft's team. One of the slides shows how hard it is to say something good about Windows Vista. There is also a bona-fied Harvard Business School case-study about Windows Vista, which was published in 2009 by then-Harvard professor Ben Edelman. As the writer was dusting off old computers searching for audio from past-interviews, they stumbled upon a long-forgotten archive of Internal Microsoft emails, presentations, and notes, circa 2005-2007, which details the troubled Windows Vista-era. All of these documents were made public as a result of a lawsuit that was filed a few years after the launch of Windows Vista. The reason all these documents are being revisited is because Microsoft's 50th anniversary is next year, which they say is the perfect time to reconsider its history, and to take a new look at where the company is going. Many amazing moments from Microsoft's past will be remembered and celebrated to mark this milestone, however, the failure of Windows Vista will not be one of them. The writer of the article managed to find several pieces of audio from interviews they had with Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer, which they offered to Acquired's Ben Gilbert to help with his research for the Microsoft Volume II series. Ben Gillbert and co-host David Rosenthal are known for getting extensive background material for their show, which explorers the history and strategies of well known businesses and brands. https://www.geekwire.com/2024/business-lessons-from-windows-vista-insights-from-a-forgotten-trove-of-internal-microsoft-emails/	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document] EVIDENCE: A number of notes, emails, and presentations from Microsoft were made public due to a lawsuit filed against the company after the launch of Windows Vista. The Windows Vista era of Microsoft was plagued by bugs, delays, compatibility problems, and a general shrugging of shoulders from computer users. Microsoft reduced the graphics requirements for new Windows XP machines to receive the "Vista capable" designation, which signaled their suitability to run what was then the upcoming version of the operating system. Microsoft lowered the graphics requirement to help Intel "make their quarterly earnings, so they could continue to sell motherboards with 915 graphics embedded". As a result of lowering the graphics requirements, many of the Windows Vista qualified XP machines were unable to run Vista's signature features, with user's instead getting a stripped down version of the operating system, which caused confusion and challenges. The internal emails offer a vivid glimpse into what was happening inside Microsoft during this time. Highlights of these emails include then-CEO Steve Ballmer providing tech support to then-Microsoft board member Jon Shirley, who was struggling to get his scanners to work with Windows Vista due to a lack of drivers. Steven Sinofsky, the executive who was brought in to lead Windows development after repeated delays with Windows Vista, wrote about his own problems with Vista, as well as some insights he picked up from listening to customers at a Best Buy store. There is also a page of notes from an unidentified executive outlining the challenges of Microsoft's two-tiered approach to the Windows Vista versions. There is also documents pertaining to Dell's Windows Vista launch post mortem, which the PC maker prepared for a meeting with Microsoft's team. One of the slides shows how hard it is to say something good about Windows Vista. There is also a bona-fied Harvard Business School case-study about Windows Vista, which was published in 2009 by then-Harvard professor Ben Edelman. As the writer was dusting off old computers searching for audio from past-interviews, they stumbled upon a long-forgotten archive of Internal Microsoft emails, presentations, and notes, circa 2005-2007, which details the troubled Windows Vista-era. All of these documents were made public as a result of a lawsuit that was filed a few years after the launch of Windows Vista. The reason all these documents are being revisited is because Microsoft's 50th anniversary is next year, which they say is the perfect time to reconsider its history, and to take a new look at where the company is going. Many amazing moments from Microsoft's past will be remembered and celebrated to mark this milestone, however, the failure of Windows Vista will not be one of them. The writer of the article managed to find several pieces of audio from interviews they had with Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer, which they offered to Acquired's Ben Gilbert to help with his research for the Microsoft Volume II series. Ben Gillbert and co-host David Rosenthal are known for getting extensive background material for their show, which explorers the history and strategies of well known businesses and brands. USER: Give me the insights on the problems people faced with Windows Vista from a forgotten trove of internal Microsoft emails in 500 words or less. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	26	25	513	null	32
You must only use information from the prompt when answering. If you discuss excessive use of force that specifically resulted in a serious injury, make bold the whole sentence.	Compare the specific cases of taser and pepper spray use.	Tasers can be deployed in two modes. One of the most popular tasers used in the field—the X26, made by Taser International, Inc.—can fire two probes up to 35 feet and “discharges pulsed energy to deliver a 50,000 volt shock designed to override the subject’s central nervous system, causing uncontrollable contraction of the muscle tissue and instant collapse.” 74 Alternatively, the X26 and other similar devices can be used in “stun mode,” in which the device is physically pressed against a human body to deliver a more localized shock.75 Like all other use of force cases, those assessing the use of tasers tend to be heavily fact-specific from which it is difficult to derive universal principles. That said, a few general trends can be noted. First, the courts have held that the use of a taser is least justified against “nonviolent misdemeanants who do not flee or actively resist arrest and pose little or no threat to the security of the officer.” 76 For instance, in Brown v. City of Golden Valley, a woman and her husband were allegedly pulled over for speeding.77 When the officers reportedly engaged in aggressive behavior, the woman called 911, and refused to hang up when commanded by the officers.78 One of the officers tased her arm and threw the phone on the ground. The Eighth Circuit rejected the officer’s defense of qualified immunity, noting that the woman was only suspected of committing a minor offense and did not pose a threat to the safety of the officers. 79 In another case, the Sixth Circuit held that an officer was not entitled to qualified immunity when she “gratuitously” shocked a man after he had been restrained by police.80 Second, the courts have generally held that the use of a taser against persons who are belligerent or violent is permitted under the Fourth Amendment.81 In one case, a 9th grade student was tased by a police officer after he attempted to punch a police officer after refusing to hand over his portable video game console.82 The court rejected the student’s Section 1983 claim, observing that it was “simply impossible” to say that the amount of force used was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Somewhere in the grey area between active resistance and no resistance are cases where law enforcement used a taser against someone who was passively resisting the officer’s commands. The majority of cases seem to permit the use of a taser for individuals against such passive resisters. In Buckley v. Haddock, for example, the Eleventh Circuit upheld the use of a taser on a man who fell to the ground after being handcuffed and refused to get up after several requests from the officer. 83 After giving the man several warnings, the officer tased him several times. In rejecting his claim, the court put significant weight on the government’s interest, noting that “[t]he government has an interest in arrests being completed efficiently and without waste of limited resources: police time and energy that may be needed elsewhere at any moment.” 84 In another case, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio held that a police officer was justified in using a taser on an elderly suspect suffering from Alzheimer’s disease who had “refused to comply” with the officer’s orders. Once the officer decided to engage the suspect, the court posited, “he had to continue, and it seems the only way he was able to do this was with a taser.” 85 In doing so, the court denied the fact that the age or potential mental illness of a suspect should require a heightened use of force standard.86 Similarly, the Western District of Washington upheld the use of a taser against a mentally ill woman who attempted to drive away from two police officers who were sent to check on the suspect after her mother reported that she might attempt suicide.87 The district court upheld this use of force for two reasons. First, it found credible the officer’s belief that Lowe posed a risk to the safety of the officers and others when she got into her truck, which he believed could have been used as a weapon. Second, the court construed Lowe’s actions as “attempting to avoid legitimate contact by law enforcement.... ” 88 Beyond the level of threat posed by the individual, the courts have taken other factors into consideration including the degree of harm caused by the Taser and how many times it was used in a specific situation.89 For instance, the Eleventh Circuit observed that “[a]lthough being struck by a taser gun is an unpleasant experience, the amount of force [the officer] used—a single use of a taser gun causing a one-time shocking—was reasonably proportionate to the need for force and did not inflict any serious injury.” 90 To the contrary, the fact that an individual had suffered “serious injury requiring emergency medical care” and its multiple applications contributed to a court finding that the use of a taser multiple times was unreasonable.91 Because in the large majority of cases the target of the tasing is not going to suffer permanent injuries, the courts may be inclined to find that such use of force is reasonable in most cases. However, these opinions did not take into account the potential injury—including death—that might be caused by these devices. Other factors taken into consideration have included the vulnerability of the victim, 92 and whether the officers provided a warning to the target before employing the taser. 93 Pepper Spray Like tasers, the use of pepper spray by local police as a law enforcement tool has engendered considerable public attention, including well-known incidents during the Occupy Wall Street protests, 94 and more recently during the protests in Ferguson, Missouri. 95 Pepper spray, or oleoresin capsicum, is a chemical agent used by law enforcement to subdue violent or combative suspects without resorting to higher levels of force.96 The effects of pepper spray include “(1) dilation of the capillaries and instant closing of the eyes through swelling of the eyelids, (2) immediate respiratory inflammation, including uncontrollable coughing, retching, shortness of breath and gasping for air with a gagging sensation in the throat, and (3) immediate burning sensations to the mucous membranes, skin and inside the nose and mouth.” 97 The federal courts have generally been less deferential to law enforcement when using pepper spray on passive resisters than they have been with tasers. In cases in which the individual is only passively resisting—say, simply failing to listen to an officer’s order—the courts have generally held that the use of pepper spray is a violation of the Fourth Amendment.98 Take, for instance, Young v. County of Los Angeles, in which the Ninth Circuit held that the use of pepper spray against a nonviolent traffic offender was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.99 Similarly, in Headwaters Forest Defense v. County of Humboldt, the Ninth Circuit held that the use of pepper spray against nonviolent protestors constituted an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment.100 While these cases disapproved of the use of pepper spray against persons who were passive resisters, there have been rulings upholding such use of force in the course of traffic stops. In Mecham v. Frazier, the Tenth Circuit rejected the plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim that a police officer used excessive force when he sprayed her with pepper spray after she refused to leave her vehicle after a traffic stop.101 The court found that the officer’s actions were justified based on Mecham’s “disregard for the officer’s instructions, the length of the encounter, and the implausibility of Mecham’s rationale for not cooperating.” Like the use of tasers, the courts have generally held that an officer’s use of pepper spray is not unreasonable when a suspect is actively resisting arrest or fails to heed an officer’s direct command. In Singleton v. Darby, the Fifth Circuit upheld the use of pepper spray against a group of individuals, including the plaintiff Jeanette Singleton, who were protesting the Keystone XL Pipeline.102 In rejecting Singleton’s Section 1983 claim premised on excessive force, the court held that the use of the pepper spray was not unreasonable because (1) the state had a significant interest in keeping public roads clear; (2) the officer faced an “explosive situation” in which he was greatly outnumbered by the protesters; (3) he provided a warning before using the spray; and (4) pepper spray was likely the least intrusive force available to the officer.103 Finally, like with tasers, federal courts have generally held that it is unreasonable to use pepper spray against individuals who are not resisting and pose no danger to the officer or others.104	System Instructions: You must only use information from the prompt when answering. If you discuss excessive use of force that specifically resulted in a serious injury, make bold the whole sentence. Question: Compare the specific cases of taser and pepper spray use. Context: Tasers can be deployed in two modes. One of the most popular tasers used in the field—the X26, made by Taser International, Inc.—can fire two probes up to 35 feet and “discharges pulsed energy to deliver a 50,000 volt shock designed to override the subject’s central nervous system, causing uncontrollable contraction of the muscle tissue and instant collapse.” 74 Alternatively, the X26 and other similar devices can be used in “stun mode,” in which the device is physically pressed against a human body to deliver a more localized shock.75 Like all other use of force cases, those assessing the use of tasers tend to be heavily fact-specific from which it is difficult to derive universal principles. That said, a few general trends can be noted. First, the courts have held that the use of a taser is least justified against “nonviolent misdemeanants who do not flee or actively resist arrest and pose little or no threat to the security of the officer.” 76 For instance, in Brown v. City of Golden Valley, a woman and her husband were allegedly pulled over for speeding.77 When the officers reportedly engaged in aggressive behavior, the woman called 911, and refused to hang up when commanded by the officers.78 One of the officers tased her arm and threw the phone on the ground. The Eighth Circuit rejected the officer’s defense of qualified immunity, noting that the woman was only suspected of committing a minor offense and did not pose a threat to the safety of the officers. 79 In another case, the Sixth Circuit held that an officer was not entitled to qualified immunity when she “gratuitously” shocked a man after he had been restrained by police.80 Second, the courts have generally held that the use of a taser against persons who are belligerent or violent is permitted under the Fourth Amendment.81 In one case, a 9th grade student was tased by a police officer after he attempted to punch a police officer after refusing to hand over his portable video game console.82 The court rejected the student’s Section 1983 claim, observing that it was “simply impossible” to say that the amount of force used was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Somewhere in the grey area between active resistance and no resistance are cases where law enforcement used a taser against someone who was passively resisting the officer’s commands. The majority of cases seem to permit the use of a taser for individuals against such passive resisters. In Buckley v. Haddock, for example, the Eleventh Circuit upheld the use of a taser on a man who fell to the ground after being handcuffed and refused to get up after several requests from the officer. 83 After giving the man several warnings, the officer tased him several times. In rejecting his claim, the court put significant weight on the government’s interest, noting that “[t]he government has an interest in arrests being completed efficiently and without waste of limited resources: police time and energy that may be needed elsewhere at any moment.” 84 In another case, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio held that a police officer was justified in using a taser on an elderly suspect suffering from Alzheimer’s disease who had “refused to comply” with the officer’s orders. Once the officer decided to engage the suspect, the court posited, “he had to continue, and it seems the only way he was able to do this was with a taser.” 85 In doing so, the court denied the fact that the age or potential mental illness of a suspect should require a heightened use of force standard.86 Similarly, the Western District of Washington upheld the use of a taser against a mentally ill woman who attempted to drive away from two police officers who were sent to check on the suspect after her mother reported that she might attempt suicide.87 The district court upheld this use of force for two reasons. First, it found credible the officer’s belief that Lowe posed a risk to the safety of the officers and others when she got into her truck, which he believed could have been used as a weapon. Second, the court construed Lowe’s actions as “attempting to avoid legitimate contact by law enforcement.... ” 88 Beyond the level of threat posed by the individual, the courts have taken other factors into consideration including the degree of harm caused by the Taser and how many times it was used in a specific situation.89 For instance, the Eleventh Circuit observed that “[a]lthough being struck by a taser gun is an unpleasant experience, the amount of force [the officer] used—a single use of a taser gun causing a one-time shocking—was reasonably proportionate to the need for force and did not inflict any serious injury.” 90 To the contrary, the fact that an individual had suffered “serious injury requiring emergency medical care” and its multiple applications contributed to a court finding that the use of a taser multiple times was unreasonable.91 Because in the large majority of cases the target of the tasing is not going to suffer permanent injuries, the courts may be inclined to find that such use of force is reasonable in most cases. However, these opinions did not take into account the potential injury—including death—that might be caused by these devices. Other factors taken into consideration have included the vulnerability of the victim, 92 and whether the officers provided a warning to the target before employing the taser. 93 Pepper Spray Like tasers, the use of pepper spray by local police as a law enforcement tool has engendered considerable public attention, including well-known incidents during the Occupy Wall Street protests, 94 and more recently during the protests in Ferguson, Missouri. 95 Pepper spray, or oleoresin capsicum, is a chemical agent used by law enforcement to subdue violent or combative suspects without resorting to higher levels of force.96 The effects of pepper spray include “(1) dilation of the capillaries and instant closing of the eyes through swelling of the eyelids, (2) immediate respiratory inflammation, including uncontrollable coughing, retching, shortness of breath and gasping for air with a gagging sensation in the throat, and (3) immediate burning sensations to the mucous membranes, skin and inside the nose and mouth.” 97 The federal courts have generally been less deferential to law enforcement when using pepper spray on passive resisters than they have been with tasers. In cases in which the individual is only passively resisting—say, simply failing to listen to an officer’s order—the courts have generally held that the use of pepper spray is a violation of the Fourth Amendment.98 Take, for instance, Young v. County of Los Angeles, in which the Ninth Circuit held that the use of pepper spray against a nonviolent traffic offender was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.99 Similarly, in Headwaters Forest Defense v. County of Humboldt, the Ninth Circuit held that the use of pepper spray against nonviolent protestors constituted an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment.100 While these cases disapproved of the use of pepper spray against persons who were passive resisters, there have been rulings upholding such use of force in the course of traffic stops. In Mecham v. Frazier, the Tenth Circuit rejected the plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim that a police officer used excessive force when he sprayed her with pepper spray after she refused to leave her vehicle after a traffic stop.101 The court found that the officer’s actions were justified based on Mecham’s “disregard for the officer’s instructions, the length of the encounter, and the implausibility of Mecham’s rationale for not cooperating.” Like the use of tasers, the courts have generally held that an officer’s use of pepper spray is not unreasonable when a suspect is actively resisting arrest or fails to heed an officer’s direct command. In Singleton v. Darby, the Fifth Circuit upheld the use of pepper spray against a group of individuals, including the plaintiff Jeanette Singleton, who were protesting the Keystone XL Pipeline.102 In rejecting Singleton’s Section 1983 claim premised on excessive force, the court held that the use of the pepper spray was not unreasonable because (1) the state had a significant interest in keeping public roads clear; (2) the officer faced an “explosive situation” in which he was greatly outnumbered by the protesters; (3) he provided a warning before using the spray; and (4) pepper spray was likely the least intrusive force available to the officer.103 Finally, like with tasers, federal courts have generally held that it is unreasonable to use pepper spray against individuals who are not resisting and pose no danger to the officer or others.104	You must only use information from the prompt when answering. If you discuss excessive use of force that specifically resulted in a serious injury, make bold the whole sentence. EVIDENCE: Tasers can be deployed in two modes. One of the most popular tasers used in the field—the X26, made by Taser International, Inc.—can fire two probes up to 35 feet and “discharges pulsed energy to deliver a 50,000 volt shock designed to override the subject’s central nervous system, causing uncontrollable contraction of the muscle tissue and instant collapse.” 74 Alternatively, the X26 and other similar devices can be used in “stun mode,” in which the device is physically pressed against a human body to deliver a more localized shock.75 Like all other use of force cases, those assessing the use of tasers tend to be heavily fact-specific from which it is difficult to derive universal principles. That said, a few general trends can be noted. First, the courts have held that the use of a taser is least justified against “nonviolent misdemeanants who do not flee or actively resist arrest and pose little or no threat to the security of the officer.” 76 For instance, in Brown v. City of Golden Valley, a woman and her husband were allegedly pulled over for speeding.77 When the officers reportedly engaged in aggressive behavior, the woman called 911, and refused to hang up when commanded by the officers.78 One of the officers tased her arm and threw the phone on the ground. The Eighth Circuit rejected the officer’s defense of qualified immunity, noting that the woman was only suspected of committing a minor offense and did not pose a threat to the safety of the officers. 79 In another case, the Sixth Circuit held that an officer was not entitled to qualified immunity when she “gratuitously” shocked a man after he had been restrained by police.80 Second, the courts have generally held that the use of a taser against persons who are belligerent or violent is permitted under the Fourth Amendment.81 In one case, a 9th grade student was tased by a police officer after he attempted to punch a police officer after refusing to hand over his portable video game console.82 The court rejected the student’s Section 1983 claim, observing that it was “simply impossible” to say that the amount of force used was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Somewhere in the grey area between active resistance and no resistance are cases where law enforcement used a taser against someone who was passively resisting the officer’s commands. The majority of cases seem to permit the use of a taser for individuals against such passive resisters. In Buckley v. Haddock, for example, the Eleventh Circuit upheld the use of a taser on a man who fell to the ground after being handcuffed and refused to get up after several requests from the officer. 83 After giving the man several warnings, the officer tased him several times. In rejecting his claim, the court put significant weight on the government’s interest, noting that “[t]he government has an interest in arrests being completed efficiently and without waste of limited resources: police time and energy that may be needed elsewhere at any moment.” 84 In another case, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio held that a police officer was justified in using a taser on an elderly suspect suffering from Alzheimer’s disease who had “refused to comply” with the officer’s orders. Once the officer decided to engage the suspect, the court posited, “he had to continue, and it seems the only way he was able to do this was with a taser.” 85 In doing so, the court denied the fact that the age or potential mental illness of a suspect should require a heightened use of force standard.86 Similarly, the Western District of Washington upheld the use of a taser against a mentally ill woman who attempted to drive away from two police officers who were sent to check on the suspect after her mother reported that she might attempt suicide.87 The district court upheld this use of force for two reasons. First, it found credible the officer’s belief that Lowe posed a risk to the safety of the officers and others when she got into her truck, which he believed could have been used as a weapon. Second, the court construed Lowe’s actions as “attempting to avoid legitimate contact by law enforcement.... ” 88 Beyond the level of threat posed by the individual, the courts have taken other factors into consideration including the degree of harm caused by the Taser and how many times it was used in a specific situation.89 For instance, the Eleventh Circuit observed that “[a]lthough being struck by a taser gun is an unpleasant experience, the amount of force [the officer] used—a single use of a taser gun causing a one-time shocking—was reasonably proportionate to the need for force and did not inflict any serious injury.” 90 To the contrary, the fact that an individual had suffered “serious injury requiring emergency medical care” and its multiple applications contributed to a court finding that the use of a taser multiple times was unreasonable.91 Because in the large majority of cases the target of the tasing is not going to suffer permanent injuries, the courts may be inclined to find that such use of force is reasonable in most cases. However, these opinions did not take into account the potential injury—including death—that might be caused by these devices. Other factors taken into consideration have included the vulnerability of the victim, 92 and whether the officers provided a warning to the target before employing the taser. 93 Pepper Spray Like tasers, the use of pepper spray by local police as a law enforcement tool has engendered considerable public attention, including well-known incidents during the Occupy Wall Street protests, 94 and more recently during the protests in Ferguson, Missouri. 95 Pepper spray, or oleoresin capsicum, is a chemical agent used by law enforcement to subdue violent or combative suspects without resorting to higher levels of force.96 The effects of pepper spray include “(1) dilation of the capillaries and instant closing of the eyes through swelling of the eyelids, (2) immediate respiratory inflammation, including uncontrollable coughing, retching, shortness of breath and gasping for air with a gagging sensation in the throat, and (3) immediate burning sensations to the mucous membranes, skin and inside the nose and mouth.” 97 The federal courts have generally been less deferential to law enforcement when using pepper spray on passive resisters than they have been with tasers. In cases in which the individual is only passively resisting—say, simply failing to listen to an officer’s order—the courts have generally held that the use of pepper spray is a violation of the Fourth Amendment.98 Take, for instance, Young v. County of Los Angeles, in which the Ninth Circuit held that the use of pepper spray against a nonviolent traffic offender was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.99 Similarly, in Headwaters Forest Defense v. County of Humboldt, the Ninth Circuit held that the use of pepper spray against nonviolent protestors constituted an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment.100 While these cases disapproved of the use of pepper spray against persons who were passive resisters, there have been rulings upholding such use of force in the course of traffic stops. In Mecham v. Frazier, the Tenth Circuit rejected the plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim that a police officer used excessive force when he sprayed her with pepper spray after she refused to leave her vehicle after a traffic stop.101 The court found that the officer’s actions were justified based on Mecham’s “disregard for the officer’s instructions, the length of the encounter, and the implausibility of Mecham’s rationale for not cooperating.” Like the use of tasers, the courts have generally held that an officer’s use of pepper spray is not unreasonable when a suspect is actively resisting arrest or fails to heed an officer’s direct command. In Singleton v. Darby, the Fifth Circuit upheld the use of pepper spray against a group of individuals, including the plaintiff Jeanette Singleton, who were protesting the Keystone XL Pipeline.102 In rejecting Singleton’s Section 1983 claim premised on excessive force, the court held that the use of the pepper spray was not unreasonable because (1) the state had a significant interest in keeping public roads clear; (2) the officer faced an “explosive situation” in which he was greatly outnumbered by the protesters; (3) he provided a warning before using the spray; and (4) pepper spray was likely the least intrusive force available to the officer.103 Finally, like with tasers, federal courts have generally held that it is unreasonable to use pepper spray against individuals who are not resisting and pose no danger to the officer or others.104 USER: Compare the specific cases of taser and pepper spray use. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	29	10	1,439	null	386
"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	Explain the benefits of using mobile technology to improve healthcare management in both hi-income and low-income countries. I especially want to know about how mobile interventions have impacted mortality rates and health behaviors. Also, include a comparison of the cost-effectiveness of these interventions.	Abstract Background Mobile technologies could be a powerful media for providing individual level support to health care consumers. We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of mobile technology interventions delivered to health care consumers. Methods and Findings We searched for all controlled trials of mobile technology-based health interventions delivered to health care consumers using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Global Health, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, UK NHS HTA (Jan 1990–Sept 2010). Two authors extracted data on allocation concealment, allocation sequence, blinding, completeness of follow-up, and measures of effect. We calculated effect estimates and used random effects meta-analysis. We identified 75 trials. Fifty-nine trials investigated the use of mobile technologies to improve disease management and 26 trials investigated their use to change health behaviours. Nearly all trials were conducted in high-income countries. Four trials had a low risk of bias. Two trials of disease management had low risk of bias; in one, antiretroviral (ART) adherence, use of text messages reduced high viral load (>400 copies), with a relative risk (RR) of 0.85 (95% CI 0.72–0.99), but no statistically significant benefit on mortality (RR 0.79 [95% CI 0.47–1.32]). In a second, a PDA based intervention increased scores for perceived self care agency in lung transplant patients. Two trials of health behaviour management had low risk of bias. The pooled effect of text messaging smoking cessation support on biochemically verified smoking cessation was (RR 2.16 [95% CI 1.77–2.62]). Interventions for other conditions showed suggestive benefits in some cases, but the results were not consistent. No evidence of publication bias was demonstrated on visual or statistical examination of the funnel plots for either disease management or health behaviours. To address the limitation of the older search, we also reviewed more recent literature. Conclusions Text messaging interventions increased adherence to ART and smoking cessation and should be considered for inclusion in services. Although there is suggestive evidence of benefit in some other areas, high quality adequately powered trials of optimised interventions are required to evaluate effects on objective outcomes. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary Editors’ Summary Background Every year, millions of people die from cardiovascular diseases (diseases of the heart and circulation), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (a long-term lung disease), lung cancer, HIV infection, and diabetes. These diseases are increasingly important causes of mortality (death) in low- and middle-income countries and are responsible for nearly 40% of deaths in high-income countries. For all these diseases, individuals can adopt healthy behaviors that help prevent disease onset. For example, people can lower their risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease by maintaining a healthy body weight, and, if they are smokers, they can reduce their risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease by giving up cigarettes. In addition, optimal treatment of existing diseases can reduce mortality and morbidity (illness). Thus, in people who are infected with HIV, antiretroviral therapy delays the progression of HIV infection and the onset of AIDS, and in people who have diabetes, good blood sugar control can prevent retinopathy (a type of blindness) and other serious complications of diabetes. Why Was This Study Done? Health-care providers need effective ways to encourage "health-care consumers" to make healthy lifestyle choices and to self-manage chronic diseases. The amount of information, encouragement and support that can be conveyed to individuals during face-to-face consultations or through traditional media such as leaflets is limited, but mobile technologies such as mobile phones and portable computers have the potential to transform the delivery of health messages. These increasingly popular technologies—more than two-thirds of the world's population now owns a mobile phone—can be used to deliver health messages to people anywhere and at the most relevant times. For example, smokers trying to quit smoking can be sent regular text messages to sustain their motivation, but can also use text messaging to request extra support when it is needed. But is "mHealth," the provision of health-related services using mobile communication technology, an effective way to deliver health messages to health-care consumers? In this systematic review (a study that uses predefined criteria to identify all the research on a given topic), the researchers assess the effectiveness of mobile technology-based health behavior change interventions and disease management interventions delivered to health-care consumers. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? The researchers identified 75 controlled trials (studies that compare the outcomes of people who do and do not receive an intervention) of mobile technology-based health interventions delivered to health-care consumers that met their predefined criteria. Twenty-six trials investigated the use of mobile technologies to change health behaviors, 59 investigated their use in disease management, most were of low quality, and nearly all were undertaken in high-income countries. In one high-quality trial that used text messages to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive patients in Kenya, the intervention significantly reduced the patients’ viral load but did not significantly reduce mortality (the observed reduction in deaths may have happened by chance). In two high-quality UK trials, a smoking intervention based on text messaging (txt2stop) more than doubled biochemically verified smoking cessation. Other lower-quality trials indicated that using text messages to encourage physical activity improved diabetes control but had no effect on body weight. Combined diet and physical activity text messaging interventions also had no effect on weight, whereas interventions for other conditions showed suggestive benefits in some but not all cases. What Do These Findings Mean? These findings provide mixed evidence for the effectiveness of health intervention delivery to health-care consumers using mobile technologies. Moreover, they highlight the need for additional high-quality controlled trials of this mHealth application, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Specifically, the demonstration that text messaging interventions increased adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a low-income setting and increased smoking cessation in a high-income setting provides some support for the inclusion of these two interventions in health-care services in similar settings. However, the effects of these two interventions need to be established in other settings and their cost-effectiveness needs to be measured before they are widely implemented. Finally, for other mobile technology–based interventions designed to change health behaviors or to improve self-management of chronic diseases, the results of this systematic review suggest that the interventions need to be optimized before further trials are undertaken to establish their clinical benefits.	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= Abstract Background Mobile technologies could be a powerful media for providing individual level support to health care consumers. We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of mobile technology interventions delivered to health care consumers. Methods and Findings We searched for all controlled trials of mobile technology-based health interventions delivered to health care consumers using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Global Health, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, UK NHS HTA (Jan 1990–Sept 2010). Two authors extracted data on allocation concealment, allocation sequence, blinding, completeness of follow-up, and measures of effect. We calculated effect estimates and used random effects meta-analysis. We identified 75 trials. Fifty-nine trials investigated the use of mobile technologies to improve disease management and 26 trials investigated their use to change health behaviours. Nearly all trials were conducted in high-income countries. Four trials had a low risk of bias. Two trials of disease management had low risk of bias; in one, antiretroviral (ART) adherence, use of text messages reduced high viral load (>400 copies), with a relative risk (RR) of 0.85 (95% CI 0.72–0.99), but no statistically significant benefit on mortality (RR 0.79 [95% CI 0.47–1.32]). In a second, a PDA based intervention increased scores for perceived self care agency in lung transplant patients. Two trials of health behaviour management had low risk of bias. The pooled effect of text messaging smoking cessation support on biochemically verified smoking cessation was (RR 2.16 [95% CI 1.77–2.62]). Interventions for other conditions showed suggestive benefits in some cases, but the results were not consistent. No evidence of publication bias was demonstrated on visual or statistical examination of the funnel plots for either disease management or health behaviours. To address the limitation of the older search, we also reviewed more recent literature. Conclusions Text messaging interventions increased adherence to ART and smoking cessation and should be considered for inclusion in services. Although there is suggestive evidence of benefit in some other areas, high quality adequately powered trials of optimised interventions are required to evaluate effects on objective outcomes. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary Editors’ Summary Background Every year, millions of people die from cardiovascular diseases (diseases of the heart and circulation), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (a long-term lung disease), lung cancer, HIV infection, and diabetes. These diseases are increasingly important causes of mortality (death) in low- and middle-income countries and are responsible for nearly 40% of deaths in high-income countries. For all these diseases, individuals can adopt healthy behaviors that help prevent disease onset. For example, people can lower their risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease by maintaining a healthy body weight, and, if they are smokers, they can reduce their risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease by giving up cigarettes. In addition, optimal treatment of existing diseases can reduce mortality and morbidity (illness). Thus, in people who are infected with HIV, antiretroviral therapy delays the progression of HIV infection and the onset of AIDS, and in people who have diabetes, good blood sugar control can prevent retinopathy (a type of blindness) and other serious complications of diabetes. Why Was This Study Done? Health-care providers need effective ways to encourage "health-care consumers" to make healthy lifestyle choices and to self-manage chronic diseases. The amount of information, encouragement and support that can be conveyed to individuals during face-to-face consultations or through traditional media such as leaflets is limited, but mobile technologies such as mobile phones and portable computers have the potential to transform the delivery of health messages. These increasingly popular technologies—more than two-thirds of the world's population now owns a mobile phone—can be used to deliver health messages to people anywhere and at the most relevant times. For example, smokers trying to quit smoking can be sent regular text messages to sustain their motivation, but can also use text messaging to request extra support when it is needed. But is "mHealth," the provision of health-related services using mobile communication technology, an effective way to deliver health messages to health-care consumers? In this systematic review (a study that uses predefined criteria to identify all the research on a given topic), the researchers assess the effectiveness of mobile technology-based health behavior change interventions and disease management interventions delivered to health-care consumers. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? The researchers identified 75 controlled trials (studies that compare the outcomes of people who do and do not receive an intervention) of mobile technology-based health interventions delivered to health-care consumers that met their predefined criteria. Twenty-six trials investigated the use of mobile technologies to change health behaviors, 59 investigated their use in disease management, most were of low quality, and nearly all were undertaken in high-income countries. In one high-quality trial that used text messages to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive patients in Kenya, the intervention significantly reduced the patients’ viral load but did not significantly reduce mortality (the observed reduction in deaths may have happened by chance). In two high-quality UK trials, a smoking intervention based on text messaging (txt2stop) more than doubled biochemically verified smoking cessation. Other lower-quality trials indicated that using text messages to encourage physical activity improved diabetes control but had no effect on body weight. Combined diet and physical activity text messaging interventions also had no effect on weight, whereas interventions for other conditions showed suggestive benefits in some but not all cases. What Do These Findings Mean? These findings provide mixed evidence for the effectiveness of health intervention delivery to health-care consumers using mobile technologies. Moreover, they highlight the need for additional high-quality controlled trials of this mHealth application, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Specifically, the demonstration that text messaging interventions increased adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a low-income setting and increased smoking cessation in a high-income setting provides some support for the inclusion of these two interventions in health-care services in similar settings. However, the effects of these two interventions need to be established in other settings and their cost-effectiveness needs to be measured before they are widely implemented. Finally, for other mobile technology–based interventions designed to change health behaviors or to improve self-management of chronic diseases, the results of this systematic review suggest that the interventions need to be optimized before further trials are undertaken to establish their clinical benefits. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001362 ================ <QUESTION> ======= Explain the benefits of using mobile technology to improve healthcare management in both hi-income and low-income countries. I especially want to know about how mobile interventions have impacted mortality rates and health behaviors. Also, include a comparison of the cost-effectiveness of these interventions. ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided." EVIDENCE: Abstract Background Mobile technologies could be a powerful media for providing individual level support to health care consumers. We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of mobile technology interventions delivered to health care consumers. Methods and Findings We searched for all controlled trials of mobile technology-based health interventions delivered to health care consumers using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Global Health, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, UK NHS HTA (Jan 1990–Sept 2010). Two authors extracted data on allocation concealment, allocation sequence, blinding, completeness of follow-up, and measures of effect. We calculated effect estimates and used random effects meta-analysis. We identified 75 trials. Fifty-nine trials investigated the use of mobile technologies to improve disease management and 26 trials investigated their use to change health behaviours. Nearly all trials were conducted in high-income countries. Four trials had a low risk of bias. Two trials of disease management had low risk of bias; in one, antiretroviral (ART) adherence, use of text messages reduced high viral load (>400 copies), with a relative risk (RR) of 0.85 (95% CI 0.72–0.99), but no statistically significant benefit on mortality (RR 0.79 [95% CI 0.47–1.32]). In a second, a PDA based intervention increased scores for perceived self care agency in lung transplant patients. Two trials of health behaviour management had low risk of bias. The pooled effect of text messaging smoking cessation support on biochemically verified smoking cessation was (RR 2.16 [95% CI 1.77–2.62]). Interventions for other conditions showed suggestive benefits in some cases, but the results were not consistent. No evidence of publication bias was demonstrated on visual or statistical examination of the funnel plots for either disease management or health behaviours. To address the limitation of the older search, we also reviewed more recent literature. Conclusions Text messaging interventions increased adherence to ART and smoking cessation and should be considered for inclusion in services. Although there is suggestive evidence of benefit in some other areas, high quality adequately powered trials of optimised interventions are required to evaluate effects on objective outcomes. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary Editors’ Summary Background Every year, millions of people die from cardiovascular diseases (diseases of the heart and circulation), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (a long-term lung disease), lung cancer, HIV infection, and diabetes. These diseases are increasingly important causes of mortality (death) in low- and middle-income countries and are responsible for nearly 40% of deaths in high-income countries. For all these diseases, individuals can adopt healthy behaviors that help prevent disease onset. For example, people can lower their risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease by maintaining a healthy body weight, and, if they are smokers, they can reduce their risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease by giving up cigarettes. In addition, optimal treatment of existing diseases can reduce mortality and morbidity (illness). Thus, in people who are infected with HIV, antiretroviral therapy delays the progression of HIV infection and the onset of AIDS, and in people who have diabetes, good blood sugar control can prevent retinopathy (a type of blindness) and other serious complications of diabetes. Why Was This Study Done? Health-care providers need effective ways to encourage "health-care consumers" to make healthy lifestyle choices and to self-manage chronic diseases. The amount of information, encouragement and support that can be conveyed to individuals during face-to-face consultations or through traditional media such as leaflets is limited, but mobile technologies such as mobile phones and portable computers have the potential to transform the delivery of health messages. These increasingly popular technologies—more than two-thirds of the world's population now owns a mobile phone—can be used to deliver health messages to people anywhere and at the most relevant times. For example, smokers trying to quit smoking can be sent regular text messages to sustain their motivation, but can also use text messaging to request extra support when it is needed. But is "mHealth," the provision of health-related services using mobile communication technology, an effective way to deliver health messages to health-care consumers? In this systematic review (a study that uses predefined criteria to identify all the research on a given topic), the researchers assess the effectiveness of mobile technology-based health behavior change interventions and disease management interventions delivered to health-care consumers. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? The researchers identified 75 controlled trials (studies that compare the outcomes of people who do and do not receive an intervention) of mobile technology-based health interventions delivered to health-care consumers that met their predefined criteria. Twenty-six trials investigated the use of mobile technologies to change health behaviors, 59 investigated their use in disease management, most were of low quality, and nearly all were undertaken in high-income countries. In one high-quality trial that used text messages to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive patients in Kenya, the intervention significantly reduced the patients’ viral load but did not significantly reduce mortality (the observed reduction in deaths may have happened by chance). In two high-quality UK trials, a smoking intervention based on text messaging (txt2stop) more than doubled biochemically verified smoking cessation. Other lower-quality trials indicated that using text messages to encourage physical activity improved diabetes control but had no effect on body weight. Combined diet and physical activity text messaging interventions also had no effect on weight, whereas interventions for other conditions showed suggestive benefits in some but not all cases. What Do These Findings Mean? These findings provide mixed evidence for the effectiveness of health intervention delivery to health-care consumers using mobile technologies. Moreover, they highlight the need for additional high-quality controlled trials of this mHealth application, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Specifically, the demonstration that text messaging interventions increased adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a low-income setting and increased smoking cessation in a high-income setting provides some support for the inclusion of these two interventions in health-care services in similar settings. However, the effects of these two interventions need to be established in other settings and their cost-effectiveness needs to be measured before they are widely implemented. Finally, for other mobile technology–based interventions designed to change health behaviors or to improve self-management of chronic diseases, the results of this systematic review suggest that the interventions need to be optimized before further trials are undertaken to establish their clinical benefits. USER: Explain the benefits of using mobile technology to improve healthcare management in both hi-income and low-income countries. I especially want to know about how mobile interventions have impacted mortality rates and health behaviors. Also, include a comparison of the cost-effectiveness of these interventions. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	49	43	1,040	null	364
<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document]	what is monkeypox and is it currently spreading? what is the direct effects of monkeypox and how dangerous is it? are there ways to prevent monkey pox?	Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a disease caused by infection with a virus, known as Monkeypox virus. This virus is part of the same family as the virus that causes smallpox. People with mpox often get a rash, along with other symptoms. The rash will go through several stages, including scabs, before healing. Mpox is not related to chickenpox. Mpox is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be spread between animals and people. It is endemic, or found regularly, in parts of Central and West Africa. The virus that causes mpox has been found in small rodents, monkeys, and other mammals that live in these areas. Discovery and History The virus that causes mpox was discovered in 1958, when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research. Despite being named “monkeypox” originally, the source of the disease remains unknown. Scientists suspect African rodents and non-human primates (like monkeys) might harbor the virus and infect people. The first human case of mpox was recorded in 1970, in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2022, mpox spread around the world. Before that, cases of mpox in other places were rare and usually linked to travel or to animals being imported from regions where mpox is endemic. The World Health Organization renamed the disease in 2022 to follow modern guidelines for naming illnesses. Those guidelines recommend that disease names should avoid offending cultural, social, national, regional, professional or ethnic groups and minimize unnecessary negative effects on trade, travel, tourism or animal welfare. The virus that causes it still has its historic name, however. Virus Types Map of countries known to be endemic for clade I & 2 Mpox View Larger There are two types of the virus that causes mpox: clade I and clade II. Clade I is responsible for the current rise of cases in Central and Eastern Africa. Historically, clade I caused higher numbers of severe illnesses than clade II, with up to 10% of people dying from it. Recent outbreaks have seen much lower death rates of about 1-3.3%. Clade II is the type that caused the global outbreak that began in 2022. Infections from clade II mpox are generally less severe. More than 99.9% of people survive. Clade II is endemic to West Africa. Both types of the virus can spread through: Close contact (including intimate contact) with a person with mpox Direct contact with contaminated materials Direct contact with infected animals Risk of Severe Disease Although cases of mpox are not life-threatening, some people may be more likely to get severely ill, including People with severely weakened immune systems Children younger than 1 People with a history of eczema People who are pregnant Preventing Mpox There are several ways you can protect yourself and others from mpox: Getting vaccinated. Check with your healthcare provider to find out if the mpox vaccine is recommended for you. Avoiding close, skin-to-skin contact with people who have a rash that looks like mpox. Avoiding contact with materials that a person with mpox has used, including sharing eating utensils and cups, and handling their bedding or clothing. If you do get mpox, isolate at home, and cover lesions and wear a mask if you must be around others. If you are in an area of Western or Central Africa where mpox occurs regularly, avoid contact with live or dead wild animals.	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> what is monkeypox and is it currently spreading? what is the direct effects of monkeypox and how dangerous is it? are there ways to prevent monkey pox? <TEXT> Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a disease caused by infection with a virus, known as Monkeypox virus. This virus is part of the same family as the virus that causes smallpox. People with mpox often get a rash, along with other symptoms. The rash will go through several stages, including scabs, before healing. Mpox is not related to chickenpox. Mpox is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be spread between animals and people. It is endemic, or found regularly, in parts of Central and West Africa. The virus that causes mpox has been found in small rodents, monkeys, and other mammals that live in these areas. Discovery and History The virus that causes mpox was discovered in 1958, when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research. Despite being named “monkeypox” originally, the source of the disease remains unknown. Scientists suspect African rodents and non-human primates (like monkeys) might harbor the virus and infect people. The first human case of mpox was recorded in 1970, in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2022, mpox spread around the world. Before that, cases of mpox in other places were rare and usually linked to travel or to animals being imported from regions where mpox is endemic. The World Health Organization renamed the disease in 2022 to follow modern guidelines for naming illnesses. Those guidelines recommend that disease names should avoid offending cultural, social, national, regional, professional or ethnic groups and minimize unnecessary negative effects on trade, travel, tourism or animal welfare. The virus that causes it still has its historic name, however. Virus Types Map of countries known to be endemic for clade I & 2 Mpox View Larger There are two types of the virus that causes mpox: clade I and clade II. Clade I is responsible for the current rise of cases in Central and Eastern Africa. Historically, clade I caused higher numbers of severe illnesses than clade II, with up to 10% of people dying from it. Recent outbreaks have seen much lower death rates of about 1-3.3%. Clade II is the type that caused the global outbreak that began in 2022. Infections from clade II mpox are generally less severe. More than 99.9% of people survive. Clade II is endemic to West Africa. Both types of the virus can spread through: Close contact (including intimate contact) with a person with mpox Direct contact with contaminated materials Direct contact with infected animals Risk of Severe Disease Although cases of mpox are not life-threatening, some people may be more likely to get severely ill, including People with severely weakened immune systems Children younger than 1 People with a history of eczema People who are pregnant Preventing Mpox There are several ways you can protect yourself and others from mpox: Getting vaccinated. Check with your healthcare provider to find out if the mpox vaccine is recommended for you. Avoiding close, skin-to-skin contact with people who have a rash that looks like mpox. Avoiding contact with materials that a person with mpox has used, including sharing eating utensils and cups, and handling their bedding or clothing. If you do get mpox, isolate at home, and cover lesions and wear a mask if you must be around others. If you are in an area of Western or Central Africa where mpox occurs regularly, avoid contact with live or dead wild animals. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/about/index.html	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document] EVIDENCE: Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a disease caused by infection with a virus, known as Monkeypox virus. This virus is part of the same family as the virus that causes smallpox. People with mpox often get a rash, along with other symptoms. The rash will go through several stages, including scabs, before healing. Mpox is not related to chickenpox. Mpox is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be spread between animals and people. It is endemic, or found regularly, in parts of Central and West Africa. The virus that causes mpox has been found in small rodents, monkeys, and other mammals that live in these areas. Discovery and History The virus that causes mpox was discovered in 1958, when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research. Despite being named “monkeypox” originally, the source of the disease remains unknown. Scientists suspect African rodents and non-human primates (like monkeys) might harbor the virus and infect people. The first human case of mpox was recorded in 1970, in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2022, mpox spread around the world. Before that, cases of mpox in other places were rare and usually linked to travel or to animals being imported from regions where mpox is endemic. The World Health Organization renamed the disease in 2022 to follow modern guidelines for naming illnesses. Those guidelines recommend that disease names should avoid offending cultural, social, national, regional, professional or ethnic groups and minimize unnecessary negative effects on trade, travel, tourism or animal welfare. The virus that causes it still has its historic name, however. Virus Types Map of countries known to be endemic for clade I & 2 Mpox View Larger There are two types of the virus that causes mpox: clade I and clade II. Clade I is responsible for the current rise of cases in Central and Eastern Africa. Historically, clade I caused higher numbers of severe illnesses than clade II, with up to 10% of people dying from it. Recent outbreaks have seen much lower death rates of about 1-3.3%. Clade II is the type that caused the global outbreak that began in 2022. Infections from clade II mpox are generally less severe. More than 99.9% of people survive. Clade II is endemic to West Africa. Both types of the virus can spread through: Close contact (including intimate contact) with a person with mpox Direct contact with contaminated materials Direct contact with infected animals Risk of Severe Disease Although cases of mpox are not life-threatening, some people may be more likely to get severely ill, including People with severely weakened immune systems Children younger than 1 People with a history of eczema People who are pregnant Preventing Mpox There are several ways you can protect yourself and others from mpox: Getting vaccinated. Check with your healthcare provider to find out if the mpox vaccine is recommended for you. Avoiding close, skin-to-skin contact with people who have a rash that looks like mpox. Avoiding contact with materials that a person with mpox has used, including sharing eating utensils and cups, and handling their bedding or clothing. If you do get mpox, isolate at home, and cover lesions and wear a mask if you must be around others. If you are in an area of Western or Central Africa where mpox occurs regularly, avoid contact with live or dead wild animals. USER: what is monkeypox and is it currently spreading? what is the direct effects of monkeypox and how dangerous is it? are there ways to prevent monkey pox? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	27	569	null	667
Answer the question using only the information provided in the context and do not use any outside sources. Limit your response to 300 words.	In what circumstances would each type of foreign aid be best?	Types of Foreign Aid Foreign assistance takes various forms. It may include the direct provision of commodities and equipment (e.g., food and generators); capacity-building technical assistance to partner governments or local beneficiaries; funding for transportation, water, or energy infrastructure; support to the general budget of foreign governments and international organizations; and direct lending or loan guarantees to partner governments, among others. For reporting purposes, agencies categorize all of these activities under five aid “types”: Projects, Administrative Costs, Core Contributions, Budget Support, Technical Assistance, and Other. Most U.S. foreign aid in recent years has been classified as projects, funded and managed through aid agencies (see Figure 1). These categories may be misleading. Project-based aid includes certain types of assistance provided directly to partner governments for ongoing operations, or for purchasing commodities delivered directly to disaster-affected communities. U.S. foreign assistance agencies report aid type under a framework agreed and maintained by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD’s) Development Assistance Committee (DAC), a forum of leading bilateral donor countries.8 This reporting paradigm applies to all donors, and it does not account for the U.S. approach to foreign assistance delivery, leading to some apparently anomalous classifications. For instance, aid appropriated as “direct financial support” to the Government of Ukraine in 2022 was structured as a reimbursement for verified government expenditures—such as teachers’ salaries and social assistance payments—and managed by the World Bank. That funding has been classified as a project, including in the above figure, though the funding is meant to support Ukraine’s central budget. The aid type classifications used in reporting are important background to understand agencies’ relationships with an implementing partner, though the partner type is highly consequential for how aid will be implemented (see “Implementing Partner Types ”). While data reported in foreignassistance.gov may lack nuances necessary to understand the nature of each partnership, it still provides useful topline information about relative aid flows. Projects Projects take many forms but generally involve a third-party implementing partner working under an agreement with the managing foreign aid agency (see “Managing, Funding, and Implementing Agencies” text box). Such projects generally have a high-level goal, several objectives to advance that goal, a series of quantitative targets for making progress toward that objective, and a welldefined “scope of work” for the implementing partner (see “Key Terms” text box). Usually, the project goal is aspirational and would require complementary developments outside the project itself to be achieved—such as effective leadership by the central government, receptivity to new practices by local populations, and a relatively stable implementing environment. In practice, projects are diverse. A project’s scope may involve delivery of medicine or food, building a highway, researching a new technology, or advising a government on customs procedures, among others. A nongovernmental organization (NGO) is the most common partner organization for USAID. Of the $181.5 billion in foreign assistance obligations for projects by USAID from FY2013 to 2022, 9 NGOs implemented $109.8 billion (60%). 10 Public international organizations (PIOs) are the second-largest category of project-based implementing partners. Project-based assistance is the predominant method of providing foreign assistance for several reasons. For one, this structure mitigates the risk of implementing partners diverting funding to objectives outside of U.S. priorities.12 Project-based aid expenditures are to be “allowable, allocable, and reasonable” under an agency-designed scope of work. 13 Detailed scopes of work allow audits of project costs and direct oversight of project activities, making reporting lines clearer. USAID typically initiates projects by developing a preliminary design and a research agenda to further scope the concept. 14 Agency staff develop these proposals and then submit them for approval.15 The resulting proposal (1) states a development problem (usually associated with objectives in a country strategy or a global initiative’s strategy), (2) hypothesizes how a project may solve it (a “theory of change”), and (3) proposes an approach to implementing that solution. If approved, USAID then issues a call for proposals from implementing partners, with the implementation approach as the “scope of work.” For instance, a USAID project may identify evidence that professionalizing a government’s revenue collection and budget development processes leads to improved government responsiveness to its constituents more generally, improving faith in government and stabilizing democratic institutions. USAID officials then may propose a fiscal management project intended to build capacity in a partner government’s tax and budget bureaus. 16 Such projects may comprise a single implementing partner award or several. A paradigmatic project contains a dedicated scope of work with established deliverables and performance targets, to be carried out by an implementing partner’s team over a defined time period (typically not to exceed five years). A project may include building infrastructure, technical assistance, supply of goods or services, or some combination of all three. Usually, projects are divided into several work streams, each called “components.” The fiscal management project, for example, may include (1) technical assistance to reform an agency’s administrative procedures, (2) training for bureau staff in modern accounting practices, (3) a quantitative analysis of current tax compliance rates, (4) a marketing campaign encouraging citizens to pay their taxes, and (5) sourcing of new accounting software for each bureau to track finances better. Projects often have “cross-cutting themes” as well, which may include addressing the needs of vulnerable populations and ensuring the views of local residents are taken into account, among others. Budget Support and Core Contributions In contrast to project-based assistance, a U.S. foreign assistance agency may fund the general budget of a recipient organization. The Foreignassistance.gov database uses the label “budget support” for funding provided to a recipient government to support general operating costs rather than a specific scope of work. The label “core contribution” is used when such funding is provided to public international organizations (such as United Nations entities). Since at least 1995, most such assistance has been provided to public international organizations, with a smaller share going to foreign governments. Since 2022, the substantial budget support to Ukraine has reversed this balance, although that aid has been classified as a project. 17 USAID generally has issued budget support to foreign governments in a funding tranche after the government has met a predefined milestone.18 In providing budget support, USAID generally has relinquished exclusive control over spending, and funds instead have been managed according to the recipient’s own budgetary procedures and authorities.19 While USAID has less direct control over the recipient’s use of budget support aid, the agency does control whether it issues a funding tranche. For instance, USAID generally has provided budget support to Jordan (a top recipient of U.S. budget support aid) after the USAID/Jordan mission certifies annually that certain policy reforms have been met. For core contributions, the United States generally has not structured its funding in tranches. Rather, U.S. representatives have a direct role in the organization’s decisionmaking—often as a shareholder, member of the Board of Directors, or in appointing the organization’s leadership. For instance, the United States influences the World Bank’s decisionmaking as a major shareholder and nominates its president. 20 Budget Support: Loans and Loan Guarantees Historically, U.S. budget support to governments included a substantial lending element. From 1962 to 1988, loans represented 28% of total U.S. economic foreign assistance.21 Since 1988, Congress and the executive branch have shifted away from lending toward primarily grant-based assistance, viewing loans as contributing to already-burdensome debt levels among aid recipients.22 There has been some recent renewed interest in converting grant-based budget support to loans, with an FY2024 aid package to Ukraine requiring budget support through a loan rather than a grant.23 More frequently since the end of the Cold War, USAID has provided financing to governments through loan guarantees rather than direct loans. Loan guarantees are a commitment to repay all or part of a loan in the event a borrower stops payments. From 1993 to 2017, USAID issued 20 guarantees of sovereign bond issuances to Middle Eastern states and Ukraine, but only three remain active.24 The most recent such guarantees were issued in support of countries facing fiscal constraints due to political crises (the Arab Spring and the Russian incursion into Crimea and Eastern Ukraine). USAID has not issued any guarantees since 2017.25 Development financing to private entities, including loans and loan guarantees, remains an active area of U.S. support for international development. The U.S. International Development Finance Corporation administers most of those activities, typically by financing private sector projects rather than sovereign debt. 26 This financing generally has been based on market rates and, as a result, has not been accounted as foreign assistance. Administrative Costs Administrative costs are funds used to deliver or implement aid that do not fit the definitions of project aid or budget support/core contributions.27 From FY2013 to FY2022, U.S. assistance agencies directed 7.7% of nonmilitary foreign assistance obligations toward administrative costs. The parameters of administrative costs are highly nuanced and differ from agency to agency: some agencies, for instance, classify monitoring and evaluation as an administrative cost, while others do not. Congressional directives from the 1970s have shaped what USAID classifies as administrative costs. Congress directed that the following two categories be funded by the “Operating Expenses” account: • All salaries and benefits of USAID direct hires, including Foreign Service and Civil Service, including when those employees are working to oversee a project activity. • All costs not directly related to a specific project. 28 USAID classifies all Operating Expenses as an administrative cost. Activities are considered operating expenses if they are inherently governmental or part of the cost of doing business. Examples include developing USAID policies and notices to Congress, drafting contract agreements for projects, and managing USAID accounting.29 Because all USAID salaries are considered administrative costs, work such as supporting project implementation and designing development interventions are considered administrative expenditures. By contrast, administrative work by USAID implementing partners is considered a project cost.	In what circumstances would each type of foreign aid be best? Answer the question using only the information provided in the context and do not use any outside sources. Types of Foreign Aid Foreign assistance takes various forms. It may include the direct provision of commodities and equipment (e.g., food and generators); capacity-building technical assistance to partner governments or local beneficiaries; funding for transportation, water, or energy infrastructure; support to the general budget of foreign governments and international organizations; and direct lending or loan guarantees to partner governments, among others. For reporting purposes, agencies categorize all of these activities under five aid “types”: Projects, Administrative Costs, Core Contributions, Budget Support, Technical Assistance, and Other. Most U.S. foreign aid in recent years has been classified as projects, funded and managed through aid agencies (see Figure 1). These categories may be misleading. Project-based aid includes certain types of assistance provided directly to partner governments for ongoing operations, or for purchasing commodities delivered directly to disaster-affected communities. U.S. foreign assistance agencies report aid type under a framework agreed and maintained by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD’s) Development Assistance Committee (DAC), a forum of leading bilateral donor countries.8 This reporting paradigm applies to all donors, and it does not account for the U.S. approach to foreign assistance delivery, leading to some apparently anomalous classifications. For instance, aid appropriated as “direct financial support” to the Government of Ukraine in 2022 was structured as a reimbursement for verified government expenditures—such as teachers’ salaries and social assistance payments—and managed by the World Bank. That funding has been classified as a project, including in the above figure, though the funding is meant to support Ukraine’s central budget. The aid type classifications used in reporting are important background to understand agencies’ relationships with an implementing partner, though the partner type is highly consequential for how aid will be implemented (see “Implementing Partner Types ”). While data reported in foreignassistance.gov may lack nuances necessary to understand the nature of each partnership, it still provides useful topline information about relative aid flows. Projects Projects take many forms but generally involve a third-party implementing partner working under an agreement with the managing foreign aid agency (see “Managing, Funding, and Implementing Agencies” text box). Such projects generally have a high-level goal, several objectives to advance that goal, a series of quantitative targets for making progress toward that objective, and a welldefined “scope of work” for the implementing partner (see “Key Terms” text box). Usually, the project goal is aspirational and would require complementary developments outside the project itself to be achieved—such as effective leadership by the central government, receptivity to new practices by local populations, and a relatively stable implementing environment. In practice, projects are diverse. A project’s scope may involve delivery of medicine or food, building a highway, researching a new technology, or advising a government on customs procedures, among others. A nongovernmental organization (NGO) is the most common partner organization for USAID. Of the $181.5 billion in foreign assistance obligations for projects by USAID from FY2013 to 2022, 9 NGOs implemented $109.8 billion (60%). 10 Public international organizations (PIOs) are the second-largest category of project-based implementing partners. Project-based assistance is the predominant method of providing foreign assistance for several reasons. For one, this structure mitigates the risk of implementing partners diverting funding to objectives outside of U.S. priorities.12 Project-based aid expenditures are to be “allowable, allocable, and reasonable” under an agency-designed scope of work. 13 Detailed scopes of work allow audits of project costs and direct oversight of project activities, making reporting lines clearer. USAID typically initiates projects by developing a preliminary design and a research agenda to further scope the concept. 14 Agency staff develop these proposals and then submit them for approval.15 The resulting proposal (1) states a development problem (usually associated with objectives in a country strategy or a global initiative’s strategy), (2) hypothesizes how a project may solve it (a “theory of change”), and (3) proposes an approach to implementing that solution. If approved, USAID then issues a call for proposals from implementing partners, with the implementation approach as the “scope of work.” For instance, a USAID project may identify evidence that professionalizing a government’s revenue collection and budget development processes leads to improved government responsiveness to its constituents more generally, improving faith in government and stabilizing democratic institutions. USAID officials then may propose a fiscal management project intended to build capacity in a partner government’s tax and budget bureaus. 16 Such projects may comprise a single implementing partner award or several. A paradigmatic project contains a dedicated scope of work with established deliverables and performance targets, to be carried out by an implementing partner’s team over a defined time period (typically not to exceed five years). A project may include building infrastructure, technical assistance, supply of goods or services, or some combination of all three. Usually, projects are divided into several work streams, each called “components.” The fiscal management project, for example, may include (1) technical assistance to reform an agency’s administrative procedures, (2) training for bureau staff in modern accounting practices, (3) a quantitative analysis of current tax compliance rates, (4) a marketing campaign encouraging citizens to pay their taxes, and (5) sourcing of new accounting software for each bureau to track finances better. Projects often have “cross-cutting themes” as well, which may include addressing the needs of vulnerable populations and ensuring the views of local residents are taken into account, among others. Budget Support and Core Contributions In contrast to project-based assistance, a U.S. foreign assistance agency may fund the general budget of a recipient organization. The Foreignassistance.gov database uses the label “budget support” for funding provided to a recipient government to support general operating costs rather than a specific scope of work. The label “core contribution” is used when such funding is provided to public international organizations (such as United Nations entities). Since at least 1995, most such assistance has been provided to public international organizations, with a smaller share going to foreign governments. Since 2022, the substantial budget support to Ukraine has reversed this balance, although that aid has been classified as a project. 17 USAID generally has issued budget support to foreign governments in a funding tranche after the government has met a predefined milestone.18 In providing budget support, USAID generally has relinquished exclusive control over spending, and funds instead have been managed according to the recipient’s own budgetary procedures and authorities.19 While USAID has less direct control over the recipient’s use of budget support aid, the agency does control whether it issues a funding tranche. For instance, USAID generally has provided budget support to Jordan (a top recipient of U.S. budget support aid) after the USAID/Jordan mission certifies annually that certain policy reforms have been met. For core contributions, the United States generally has not structured its funding in tranches. Rather, U.S. representatives have a direct role in the organization’s decisionmaking—often as a shareholder, member of the Board of Directors, or in appointing the organization’s leadership. For instance, the United States influences the World Bank’s decisionmaking as a major shareholder and nominates its president. 20 Budget Support: Loans and Loan Guarantees Historically, U.S. budget support to governments included a substantial lending element. From 1962 to 1988, loans represented 28% of total U.S. economic foreign assistance.21 Since 1988, Congress and the executive branch have shifted away from lending toward primarily grant-based assistance, viewing loans as contributing to already-burdensome debt levels among aid recipients.22 There has been some recent renewed interest in converting grant-based budget support to loans, with an FY2024 aid package to Ukraine requiring budget support through a loan rather than a grant.23 More frequently since the end of the Cold War, USAID has provided financing to governments through loan guarantees rather than direct loans. Loan guarantees are a commitment to repay all or part of a loan in the event a borrower stops payments. From 1993 to 2017, USAID issued 20 guarantees of sovereign bond issuances to Middle Eastern states and Ukraine, but only three remain active.24 The most recent such guarantees were issued in support of countries facing fiscal constraints due to political crises (the Arab Spring and the Russian incursion into Crimea and Eastern Ukraine). USAID has not issued any guarantees since 2017.25 Development financing to private entities, including loans and loan guarantees, remains an active area of U.S. support for international development. The U.S. International Development Finance Corporation administers most of those activities, typically by financing private sector projects rather than sovereign debt. 26 This financing generally has been based on market rates and, as a result, has not been accounted as foreign assistance. Administrative Costs Administrative costs are funds used to deliver or implement aid that do not fit the definitions of project aid or budget support/core contributions.27 From FY2013 to FY2022, U.S. assistance agencies directed 7.7% of nonmilitary foreign assistance obligations toward administrative costs. The parameters of administrative costs are highly nuanced and differ from agency to agency: some agencies, for instance, classify monitoring and evaluation as an administrative cost, while others do not. Congressional directives from the 1970s have shaped what USAID classifies as administrative costs. Congress directed that the following two categories be funded by the “Operating Expenses” account: • All salaries and benefits of USAID direct hires, including Foreign Service and Civil Service, including when those employees are working to oversee a project activity. • All costs not directly related to a specific project. 28 USAID classifies all Operating Expenses as an administrative cost. Activities are considered operating expenses if they are inherently governmental or part of the cost of doing business. Examples include developing USAID policies and notices to Congress, drafting contract agreements for projects, and managing USAID accounting.29 Because all USAID salaries are considered administrative costs, work such as supporting project implementation and designing development interventions are considered administrative expenditures. By contrast, administrative work by USAID implementing partners is considered a project cost.	Answer the question using only the information provided in the context and do not use any outside sources. Limit your response to 300 words. EVIDENCE: Types of Foreign Aid Foreign assistance takes various forms. It may include the direct provision of commodities and equipment (e.g., food and generators); capacity-building technical assistance to partner governments or local beneficiaries; funding for transportation, water, or energy infrastructure; support to the general budget of foreign governments and international organizations; and direct lending or loan guarantees to partner governments, among others. For reporting purposes, agencies categorize all of these activities under five aid “types”: Projects, Administrative Costs, Core Contributions, Budget Support, Technical Assistance, and Other. Most U.S. foreign aid in recent years has been classified as projects, funded and managed through aid agencies (see Figure 1). These categories may be misleading. Project-based aid includes certain types of assistance provided directly to partner governments for ongoing operations, or for purchasing commodities delivered directly to disaster-affected communities. U.S. foreign assistance agencies report aid type under a framework agreed and maintained by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD’s) Development Assistance Committee (DAC), a forum of leading bilateral donor countries.8 This reporting paradigm applies to all donors, and it does not account for the U.S. approach to foreign assistance delivery, leading to some apparently anomalous classifications. For instance, aid appropriated as “direct financial support” to the Government of Ukraine in 2022 was structured as a reimbursement for verified government expenditures—such as teachers’ salaries and social assistance payments—and managed by the World Bank. That funding has been classified as a project, including in the above figure, though the funding is meant to support Ukraine’s central budget. The aid type classifications used in reporting are important background to understand agencies’ relationships with an implementing partner, though the partner type is highly consequential for how aid will be implemented (see “Implementing Partner Types ”). While data reported in foreignassistance.gov may lack nuances necessary to understand the nature of each partnership, it still provides useful topline information about relative aid flows. Projects Projects take many forms but generally involve a third-party implementing partner working under an agreement with the managing foreign aid agency (see “Managing, Funding, and Implementing Agencies” text box). Such projects generally have a high-level goal, several objectives to advance that goal, a series of quantitative targets for making progress toward that objective, and a welldefined “scope of work” for the implementing partner (see “Key Terms” text box). Usually, the project goal is aspirational and would require complementary developments outside the project itself to be achieved—such as effective leadership by the central government, receptivity to new practices by local populations, and a relatively stable implementing environment. In practice, projects are diverse. A project’s scope may involve delivery of medicine or food, building a highway, researching a new technology, or advising a government on customs procedures, among others. A nongovernmental organization (NGO) is the most common partner organization for USAID. Of the $181.5 billion in foreign assistance obligations for projects by USAID from FY2013 to 2022, 9 NGOs implemented $109.8 billion (60%). 10 Public international organizations (PIOs) are the second-largest category of project-based implementing partners. Project-based assistance is the predominant method of providing foreign assistance for several reasons. For one, this structure mitigates the risk of implementing partners diverting funding to objectives outside of U.S. priorities.12 Project-based aid expenditures are to be “allowable, allocable, and reasonable” under an agency-designed scope of work. 13 Detailed scopes of work allow audits of project costs and direct oversight of project activities, making reporting lines clearer. USAID typically initiates projects by developing a preliminary design and a research agenda to further scope the concept. 14 Agency staff develop these proposals and then submit them for approval.15 The resulting proposal (1) states a development problem (usually associated with objectives in a country strategy or a global initiative’s strategy), (2) hypothesizes how a project may solve it (a “theory of change”), and (3) proposes an approach to implementing that solution. If approved, USAID then issues a call for proposals from implementing partners, with the implementation approach as the “scope of work.” For instance, a USAID project may identify evidence that professionalizing a government’s revenue collection and budget development processes leads to improved government responsiveness to its constituents more generally, improving faith in government and stabilizing democratic institutions. USAID officials then may propose a fiscal management project intended to build capacity in a partner government’s tax and budget bureaus. 16 Such projects may comprise a single implementing partner award or several. A paradigmatic project contains a dedicated scope of work with established deliverables and performance targets, to be carried out by an implementing partner’s team over a defined time period (typically not to exceed five years). A project may include building infrastructure, technical assistance, supply of goods or services, or some combination of all three. Usually, projects are divided into several work streams, each called “components.” The fiscal management project, for example, may include (1) technical assistance to reform an agency’s administrative procedures, (2) training for bureau staff in modern accounting practices, (3) a quantitative analysis of current tax compliance rates, (4) a marketing campaign encouraging citizens to pay their taxes, and (5) sourcing of new accounting software for each bureau to track finances better. Projects often have “cross-cutting themes” as well, which may include addressing the needs of vulnerable populations and ensuring the views of local residents are taken into account, among others. Budget Support and Core Contributions In contrast to project-based assistance, a U.S. foreign assistance agency may fund the general budget of a recipient organization. The Foreignassistance.gov database uses the label “budget support” for funding provided to a recipient government to support general operating costs rather than a specific scope of work. The label “core contribution” is used when such funding is provided to public international organizations (such as United Nations entities). Since at least 1995, most such assistance has been provided to public international organizations, with a smaller share going to foreign governments. Since 2022, the substantial budget support to Ukraine has reversed this balance, although that aid has been classified as a project. 17 USAID generally has issued budget support to foreign governments in a funding tranche after the government has met a predefined milestone.18 In providing budget support, USAID generally has relinquished exclusive control over spending, and funds instead have been managed according to the recipient’s own budgetary procedures and authorities.19 While USAID has less direct control over the recipient’s use of budget support aid, the agency does control whether it issues a funding tranche. For instance, USAID generally has provided budget support to Jordan (a top recipient of U.S. budget support aid) after the USAID/Jordan mission certifies annually that certain policy reforms have been met. For core contributions, the United States generally has not structured its funding in tranches. Rather, U.S. representatives have a direct role in the organization’s decisionmaking—often as a shareholder, member of the Board of Directors, or in appointing the organization’s leadership. For instance, the United States influences the World Bank’s decisionmaking as a major shareholder and nominates its president. 20 Budget Support: Loans and Loan Guarantees Historically, U.S. budget support to governments included a substantial lending element. From 1962 to 1988, loans represented 28% of total U.S. economic foreign assistance.21 Since 1988, Congress and the executive branch have shifted away from lending toward primarily grant-based assistance, viewing loans as contributing to already-burdensome debt levels among aid recipients.22 There has been some recent renewed interest in converting grant-based budget support to loans, with an FY2024 aid package to Ukraine requiring budget support through a loan rather than a grant.23 More frequently since the end of the Cold War, USAID has provided financing to governments through loan guarantees rather than direct loans. Loan guarantees are a commitment to repay all or part of a loan in the event a borrower stops payments. From 1993 to 2017, USAID issued 20 guarantees of sovereign bond issuances to Middle Eastern states and Ukraine, but only three remain active.24 The most recent such guarantees were issued in support of countries facing fiscal constraints due to political crises (the Arab Spring and the Russian incursion into Crimea and Eastern Ukraine). USAID has not issued any guarantees since 2017.25 Development financing to private entities, including loans and loan guarantees, remains an active area of U.S. support for international development. The U.S. International Development Finance Corporation administers most of those activities, typically by financing private sector projects rather than sovereign debt. 26 This financing generally has been based on market rates and, as a result, has not been accounted as foreign assistance. Administrative Costs Administrative costs are funds used to deliver or implement aid that do not fit the definitions of project aid or budget support/core contributions.27 From FY2013 to FY2022, U.S. assistance agencies directed 7.7% of nonmilitary foreign assistance obligations toward administrative costs. The parameters of administrative costs are highly nuanced and differ from agency to agency: some agencies, for instance, classify monitoring and evaluation as an administrative cost, while others do not. Congressional directives from the 1970s have shaped what USAID classifies as administrative costs. Congress directed that the following two categories be funded by the “Operating Expenses” account: • All salaries and benefits of USAID direct hires, including Foreign Service and Civil Service, including when those employees are working to oversee a project activity. • All costs not directly related to a specific project. 28 USAID classifies all Operating Expenses as an administrative cost. Activities are considered operating expenses if they are inherently governmental or part of the cost of doing business. Examples include developing USAID policies and notices to Congress, drafting contract agreements for projects, and managing USAID accounting.29 Because all USAID salaries are considered administrative costs, work such as supporting project implementation and designing development interventions are considered administrative expenditures. By contrast, administrative work by USAID implementing partners is considered a project cost. USER: In what circumstances would each type of foreign aid be best? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	11	1,628	null	453
This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge.	Give me a summary of the events that led to Bed Bath & Beyond's cash flow problems.	The company has avoided a bankruptcy filing for now by completing a complex stock offering that will give it an immediate injection of $225 million in funds and a pledge for $800 million in the future to pay down its current debt load. Bed Bath & Beyond is also shrinking to save money. The company said it plans to close around 400 of its roughly 760 Bed Bath & Beyond stores. It will keep open its most profitable stores in key markets. The moves are a lifeline for Bed Bath & Beyond. They will give the company time to pursue a turnaround without a bankruptcy filing, which can be costly, out of its control and wind up in a liquidation. “They are essentially doing a reorganization outside of bankruptcy court,” said Daniel Gielchinsky, an attorney at DGIM Law specializing in bankruptcy. “Slow the cash burn is the name of the game for the next 6 to 12 months and allow the company to pivot into a profitable position.” It will be a complicated turnaround and the company’s future remains uncertain. If Bed Bath & Beyond comes up short in the current version of its turnaround plan, the likelihood of a liquidation increases. Here’s how Bed Bath & Beyond, once a retailer pioneer, veered to the edge of bankruptcy and where it turns next. Superstore era Bed Bath & Beyond had been a crown jewel of the era of so-called “category killers”: chains that dominated a category of retail, such as Toys “R” Us, Circuit City and Sports Authority. Those companies, too, ultimately filed for bankruptcy. Bed Bath & Beyond became known for pots and pans, towels and bedding stacked from the floor to the ceilings at its cavernous stores — and for its ubiquitous 20%-off coupons. The blue-and-white coupons became something of a pop culture symbol, and millions of Americans wound up stashing them away in their cars, closets and basements. The retailer attracted a broad range of customers by selling name brands at cut-rate prices. Brands coveted a spot on Bed Bath & Beyond’s shelves, knowing it would lead to big sales. Plus, the open-store layout encouraged impulse buying: Shoppers would come in to buy new dishes and walk out with pillows, towels and other items. Stores were a fixture for shoppers around the winter holidays and during the back-to-school and college seasons, and Bed Bath & Beyond also had a strong baby and wedding registry business. Founded in 1971 by two veterans of discount retail in Springfield, New Jersey, the chain of small linen and bath stores — then called Bed ‘n Bath — first grew around the northeast and in California selling designer bedding, a new trend at the time. Unlike department stores, it didn’t rely on sales events to draw customers. “We had witnessed the department store shakeout and knew that specialty stores were going to be the next wave of retailing,” co-founder Leonard Feinstein reportedly said in 1993. “It was the beginning of the designer approach to linens and housewares and we saw a real window of opportunity.” In 1987, the company changed its name to Bed Bath & Beyond to reflect its expanded merchandise and bigger “superstores.” The company went public in 1992 with 38 stores and around $200 million in sales. By 2000, those figures leaped to 241 stores and $1.1 billion in sales. The 1,000th Bed Bath & Beyond store opened in 2009, when the chain had reached $7.8 billion in sales. The company was something of an iconoclast. It spent little on advertising, relying instead on print coupons distributed in weekly newspapers to attract customers. “Why not just tell the customer that we’ll give you a discount on the item you want — and not the one that we want to put on sale? We’ll mail a coupon, and it will be a lot cheaper,” Bed Bath & Beyond co-founder Warren Eisenberg, now 92, said in a 2020 New York Times interview. The chain was known for giving autonomy to store managers to decide which products to stock, allowing them to customize their individual stores, and for shipping products directly to stores instead of a central warehouse. The rise of e-commerce But as brick-and-mortar began to give way to e-commerce, Bed Bath & Beyond was slow to make the transition — a misstep compounded by the fact that home decor is one of the most commonly bought categories online. “We missed the boat on the internet,” Eisenberg said in a recent Wall Street Journal interview. Online shopping weakened the allure of Bed Bath & Beyond’s fan-favorite coupons, too, because consumers could find plenty of cheaper alternatives on Amazon or browse a wider selection on sites like Wayfair (W). It wasn’t just Amazon and online shopping that sank Bed Bath & Beyond, however. Walmart (WMT), Target (TGT) and Costco (COST) have grown over the past decade, and they have been able to draw Bed Bath & Beyond customers with lower prices and a wider array of merchandise. Discount chains such as HomeGoods and TJ Maxx and have also undercut Bed Bath & Beyond’s prices. Without the differentiators of the lowest prices or widest selection, Bed Bath & Beyond’s sales stagnated from 2012 to 2019. The company was hit hard during the pandemic, closing stores temporarily during 2020 while rivals remained open. Sales sunk 17% in 2020 and 15% in 2021. What’s more, Bed Bath & Beyond has rotated through several different executives and turnaround strategies in recent years. Former Target executive Mark Tritton took the helm in 2019 with backing from investors and a bold new strategy. He scaled back coupons and inventory from national brands in favor of Bed Bath & Beyond’s own private-label brands. But this change alienated customers who were loyal to big brands. The company also fell behind on payments to vendors and stores did not have enough merchandise to stock shelves. Tritton left as CEO in 2022. As of late November the company had 949 stores, including 762 Bed Bath & Beyond stores and 137 buybuyBaby stores. It said Tuesday that it will ultimately have about half that number – 360 Bed Bath & Beyond stores and 120 buybuyBaby locations. What’s next? Bed Bath & Beyond will close stores that drain the most cash out of its business. But the closures will mean Bed Bath & Beyond will give up on stores that brought in $1.2 billion in annual sales, Michael Lasser, an analyst at UBS, said in a note to clients Tuesday. Bed Bath & Beyond will recapture a portion of those sales from its other stores and online, Lasser said, but the majority will go to other retailers. But, to survive, the company needs to grow sales at its remaining stores. Otherwise, too much of Bed Bath & Beyond’s revenue will go toward repaying debt that it won’t be able to turn a profit. Reversing sales declines won’t be easy given challenges with waning customer demand, online traffic and rising competition in Bed Bath & Beyond product categories, Lasser said. Bed Bath & Beyond will have to overcome its significant hurdles to become a healthy, profitable company. Bankruptcy lawyer Daniel Gielchinsky, however, said it was an encouraging sign that Bed Bath & Beyond was able to raise enough cash through a public offering to stay afloat. The offering was reportedly backed by investment firm Hudson Bay Capital. (Hudson Bay did not respond to a CNN Business request for comment.) Still, liquidators will be watching closely, he said, eager to pounce. “They are assuredly waiting on the sidelines to dismantle the company at the ready	Give me a summary of the events that led to Bed Bath & Beyond's cash flow problems. This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided below. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. The company has avoided a bankruptcy filing for now by completing a complex stock offering that will give it an immediate injection of $225 million in funds and a pledge for $800 million in the future to pay down its current debt load. Bed Bath & Beyond is also shrinking to save money. The company said it plans to close around 400 of its roughly 760 Bed Bath & Beyond stores. It will keep open its most profitable stores in key markets. The moves are a lifeline for Bed Bath & Beyond. They will give the company time to pursue a turnaround without a bankruptcy filing, which can be costly, out of its control and wind up in a liquidation. “They are essentially doing a reorganization outside of bankruptcy court,” said Daniel Gielchinsky, an attorney at DGIM Law specializing in bankruptcy. “Slow the cash burn is the name of the game for the next 6 to 12 months and allow the company to pivot into a profitable position.” It will be a complicated turnaround and the company’s future remains uncertain. If Bed Bath & Beyond comes up short in the current version of its turnaround plan, the likelihood of a liquidation increases. Here’s how Bed Bath & Beyond, once a retailer pioneer, veered to the edge of bankruptcy and where it turns next. Superstore era Bed Bath & Beyond had been a crown jewel of the era of so-called “category killers”: chains that dominated a category of retail, such as Toys “R” Us, Circuit City and Sports Authority. Those companies, too, ultimately filed for bankruptcy. Bed Bath & Beyond became known for pots and pans, towels and bedding stacked from the floor to the ceilings at its cavernous stores — and for its ubiquitous 20%-off coupons. The blue-and-white coupons became something of a pop culture symbol, and millions of Americans wound up stashing them away in their cars, closets and basements. The retailer attracted a broad range of customers by selling name brands at cut-rate prices. Brands coveted a spot on Bed Bath & Beyond’s shelves, knowing it would lead to big sales. Plus, the open-store layout encouraged impulse buying: Shoppers would come in to buy new dishes and walk out with pillows, towels and other items. Stores were a fixture for shoppers around the winter holidays and during the back-to-school and college seasons, and Bed Bath & Beyond also had a strong baby and wedding registry business. Founded in 1971 by two veterans of discount retail in Springfield, New Jersey, the chain of small linen and bath stores — then called Bed ‘n Bath — first grew around the northeast and in California selling designer bedding, a new trend at the time. Unlike department stores, it didn’t rely on sales events to draw customers. “We had witnessed the department store shakeout and knew that specialty stores were going to be the next wave of retailing,” co-founder Leonard Feinstein reportedly said in 1993. “It was the beginning of the designer approach to linens and housewares and we saw a real window of opportunity.” In 1987, the company changed its name to Bed Bath & Beyond to reflect its expanded merchandise and bigger “superstores.” The company went public in 1992 with 38 stores and around $200 million in sales. By 2000, those figures leaped to 241 stores and $1.1 billion in sales. The 1,000th Bed Bath & Beyond store opened in 2009, when the chain had reached $7.8 billion in sales. The company was something of an iconoclast. It spent little on advertising, relying instead on print coupons distributed in weekly newspapers to attract customers. “Why not just tell the customer that we’ll give you a discount on the item you want — and not the one that we want to put on sale? We’ll mail a coupon, and it will be a lot cheaper,” Bed Bath & Beyond co-founder Warren Eisenberg, now 92, said in a 2020 New York Times interview. The chain was known for giving autonomy to store managers to decide which products to stock, allowing them to customize their individual stores, and for shipping products directly to stores instead of a central warehouse. The rise of e-commerce But as brick-and-mortar began to give way to e-commerce, Bed Bath & Beyond was slow to make the transition — a misstep compounded by the fact that home decor is one of the most commonly bought categories online. “We missed the boat on the internet,” Eisenberg said in a recent Wall Street Journal interview. Online shopping weakened the allure of Bed Bath & Beyond’s fan-favorite coupons, too, because consumers could find plenty of cheaper alternatives on Amazon or browse a wider selection on sites like Wayfair (W). It wasn’t just Amazon and online shopping that sank Bed Bath & Beyond, however. Walmart (WMT), Target (TGT) and Costco (COST) have grown over the past decade, and they have been able to draw Bed Bath & Beyond customers with lower prices and a wider array of merchandise. Discount chains such as HomeGoods and TJ Maxx and have also undercut Bed Bath & Beyond’s prices. Without the differentiators of the lowest prices or widest selection, Bed Bath & Beyond’s sales stagnated from 2012 to 2019. The company was hit hard during the pandemic, closing stores temporarily during 2020 while rivals remained open. Sales sunk 17% in 2020 and 15% in 2021. What’s more, Bed Bath & Beyond has rotated through several different executives and turnaround strategies in recent years. Former Target executive Mark Tritton took the helm in 2019 with backing from investors and a bold new strategy. He scaled back coupons and inventory from national brands in favor of Bed Bath & Beyond’s own private-label brands. But this change alienated customers who were loyal to big brands. The company also fell behind on payments to vendors and stores did not have enough merchandise to stock shelves. Tritton left as CEO in 2022. As of late November the company had 949 stores, including 762 Bed Bath & Beyond stores and 137 buybuyBaby stores. It said Tuesday that it will ultimately have about half that number – 360 Bed Bath & Beyond stores and 120 buybuyBaby locations. What’s next? Bed Bath & Beyond will close stores that drain the most cash out of its business. But the closures will mean Bed Bath & Beyond will give up on stores that brought in $1.2 billion in annual sales, Michael Lasser, an analyst at UBS, said in a note to clients Tuesday. Bed Bath & Beyond will recapture a portion of those sales from its other stores and online, Lasser said, but the majority will go to other retailers. But, to survive, the company needs to grow sales at its remaining stores. Otherwise, too much of Bed Bath & Beyond’s revenue will go toward repaying debt that it won’t be able to turn a profit. Reversing sales declines won’t be easy given challenges with waning customer demand, online traffic and rising competition in Bed Bath & Beyond product categories, Lasser said. Bed Bath & Beyond will have to overcome its significant hurdles to become a healthy, profitable company. Bankruptcy lawyer Daniel Gielchinsky, however, said it was an encouraging sign that Bed Bath & Beyond was able to raise enough cash through a public offering to stay afloat. The offering was reportedly backed by investment firm Hudson Bay Capital. (Hudson Bay did not respond to a CNN Business request for comment.) Still, liquidators will be watching closely, he said, eager to pounce. “They are assuredly waiting on the sidelines to dismantle the company at the ready.	This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. EVIDENCE: The company has avoided a bankruptcy filing for now by completing a complex stock offering that will give it an immediate injection of $225 million in funds and a pledge for $800 million in the future to pay down its current debt load. Bed Bath & Beyond is also shrinking to save money. The company said it plans to close around 400 of its roughly 760 Bed Bath & Beyond stores. It will keep open its most profitable stores in key markets. The moves are a lifeline for Bed Bath & Beyond. They will give the company time to pursue a turnaround without a bankruptcy filing, which can be costly, out of its control and wind up in a liquidation. “They are essentially doing a reorganization outside of bankruptcy court,” said Daniel Gielchinsky, an attorney at DGIM Law specializing in bankruptcy. “Slow the cash burn is the name of the game for the next 6 to 12 months and allow the company to pivot into a profitable position.” It will be a complicated turnaround and the company’s future remains uncertain. If Bed Bath & Beyond comes up short in the current version of its turnaround plan, the likelihood of a liquidation increases. Here’s how Bed Bath & Beyond, once a retailer pioneer, veered to the edge of bankruptcy and where it turns next. Superstore era Bed Bath & Beyond had been a crown jewel of the era of so-called “category killers”: chains that dominated a category of retail, such as Toys “R” Us, Circuit City and Sports Authority. Those companies, too, ultimately filed for bankruptcy. Bed Bath & Beyond became known for pots and pans, towels and bedding stacked from the floor to the ceilings at its cavernous stores — and for its ubiquitous 20%-off coupons. The blue-and-white coupons became something of a pop culture symbol, and millions of Americans wound up stashing them away in their cars, closets and basements. The retailer attracted a broad range of customers by selling name brands at cut-rate prices. Brands coveted a spot on Bed Bath & Beyond’s shelves, knowing it would lead to big sales. Plus, the open-store layout encouraged impulse buying: Shoppers would come in to buy new dishes and walk out with pillows, towels and other items. Stores were a fixture for shoppers around the winter holidays and during the back-to-school and college seasons, and Bed Bath & Beyond also had a strong baby and wedding registry business. Founded in 1971 by two veterans of discount retail in Springfield, New Jersey, the chain of small linen and bath stores — then called Bed ‘n Bath — first grew around the northeast and in California selling designer bedding, a new trend at the time. Unlike department stores, it didn’t rely on sales events to draw customers. “We had witnessed the department store shakeout and knew that specialty stores were going to be the next wave of retailing,” co-founder Leonard Feinstein reportedly said in 1993. “It was the beginning of the designer approach to linens and housewares and we saw a real window of opportunity.” In 1987, the company changed its name to Bed Bath & Beyond to reflect its expanded merchandise and bigger “superstores.” The company went public in 1992 with 38 stores and around $200 million in sales. By 2000, those figures leaped to 241 stores and $1.1 billion in sales. The 1,000th Bed Bath & Beyond store opened in 2009, when the chain had reached $7.8 billion in sales. The company was something of an iconoclast. It spent little on advertising, relying instead on print coupons distributed in weekly newspapers to attract customers. “Why not just tell the customer that we’ll give you a discount on the item you want — and not the one that we want to put on sale? We’ll mail a coupon, and it will be a lot cheaper,” Bed Bath & Beyond co-founder Warren Eisenberg, now 92, said in a 2020 New York Times interview. The chain was known for giving autonomy to store managers to decide which products to stock, allowing them to customize their individual stores, and for shipping products directly to stores instead of a central warehouse. The rise of e-commerce But as brick-and-mortar began to give way to e-commerce, Bed Bath & Beyond was slow to make the transition — a misstep compounded by the fact that home decor is one of the most commonly bought categories online. “We missed the boat on the internet,” Eisenberg said in a recent Wall Street Journal interview. Online shopping weakened the allure of Bed Bath & Beyond’s fan-favorite coupons, too, because consumers could find plenty of cheaper alternatives on Amazon or browse a wider selection on sites like Wayfair (W). It wasn’t just Amazon and online shopping that sank Bed Bath & Beyond, however. Walmart (WMT), Target (TGT) and Costco (COST) have grown over the past decade, and they have been able to draw Bed Bath & Beyond customers with lower prices and a wider array of merchandise. Discount chains such as HomeGoods and TJ Maxx and have also undercut Bed Bath & Beyond’s prices. Without the differentiators of the lowest prices or widest selection, Bed Bath & Beyond’s sales stagnated from 2012 to 2019. The company was hit hard during the pandemic, closing stores temporarily during 2020 while rivals remained open. Sales sunk 17% in 2020 and 15% in 2021. What’s more, Bed Bath & Beyond has rotated through several different executives and turnaround strategies in recent years. Former Target executive Mark Tritton took the helm in 2019 with backing from investors and a bold new strategy. He scaled back coupons and inventory from national brands in favor of Bed Bath & Beyond’s own private-label brands. But this change alienated customers who were loyal to big brands. The company also fell behind on payments to vendors and stores did not have enough merchandise to stock shelves. Tritton left as CEO in 2022. As of late November the company had 949 stores, including 762 Bed Bath & Beyond stores and 137 buybuyBaby stores. It said Tuesday that it will ultimately have about half that number – 360 Bed Bath & Beyond stores and 120 buybuyBaby locations. What’s next? Bed Bath & Beyond will close stores that drain the most cash out of its business. But the closures will mean Bed Bath & Beyond will give up on stores that brought in $1.2 billion in annual sales, Michael Lasser, an analyst at UBS, said in a note to clients Tuesday. Bed Bath & Beyond will recapture a portion of those sales from its other stores and online, Lasser said, but the majority will go to other retailers. But, to survive, the company needs to grow sales at its remaining stores. Otherwise, too much of Bed Bath & Beyond’s revenue will go toward repaying debt that it won’t be able to turn a profit. Reversing sales declines won’t be easy given challenges with waning customer demand, online traffic and rising competition in Bed Bath & Beyond product categories, Lasser said. Bed Bath & Beyond will have to overcome its significant hurdles to become a healthy, profitable company. Bankruptcy lawyer Daniel Gielchinsky, however, said it was an encouraging sign that Bed Bath & Beyond was able to raise enough cash through a public offering to stay afloat. The offering was reportedly backed by investment firm Hudson Bay Capital. (Hudson Bay did not respond to a CNN Business request for comment.) Still, liquidators will be watching closely, he said, eager to pounce. “They are assuredly waiting on the sidelines to dismantle the company at the ready USER: Give me a summary of the events that led to Bed Bath & Beyond's cash flow problems. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	28	17	1,269	null	440
Only use the provided context to create your answers. Be concise and limit your response to 250 words or less.	What are the areas of competency required for digital transformation? Give an example of each, if available.	What does it take? A digital transformation requires five areas of competency: Adopting new technology A definitive feature of a digital transformation is that it involves the adoption of new software-based digital capabilities or technology infrastructure. It’s not necessary that these use emergent technologies such as Machine Learning, Augmented Reality, or Blockchain, so long as they support innovation, the creation of new value to customers, or operational efficiencies. Using data With digital transformation comes an explosion in the data available about your products and target markets. That means that collecting, analyzing, and using data to make good decisions is key. Being good at it can give you a competitive advantage. Being bad is just the opposite. In an increasingly data-led competitive environment, new strategies must be based on objective information where possible. As put in a 2017 article by The Economist [2], “The world’s most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data.” Customer focus Understanding your customers is critical for any business and even more so when trying new ways of working in new markets or business areas. These insights help you understand what can potentially increase customer satisfaction and, ultimately, sales. As a business, it means having the capability to get deep customer insights, experiment with ideas, and adapt and evolve your offering or business model in response. The mantra ‘constant change’ applies to your markets, competitors and customers, and your business. Continually learning what your customers care about (i.e., value) and where the market is heading must be embedded within your organization. Cross-functional collaboration and processes Today’s digital products are highly complex and involve many specialists to bring them to market, from skilled software developers and designers to User eXperience (UX) experts, DevOps, and Product Managers. No one individual has all the insights or skills necessary for success - a team of specialists working closely together is needed. In many companies, you see organizational silos, which can make cross-functional teamwork hard. Empire building and old-fashioned power hierarchies (founded on the human tendency for large egos to dominate) are often the reason. In these silos, top-down decision making, known as command-and-control, is often the result. However, this can exclude vital insights from other functions. Building software products is a creative process, and diverse skills and viewpoints in the team drive better results. Organization structures and processes that promote cross-functional working can bring out the best from all the different specialisms and maximize the odds of success. Having everyone’s primary home as an autonomous team (or squad) focused on a specific product/element is often held up as the ideal example of how to do this. However, more often we see a product management department with Product Managers leading virtual teams who are working on their product(s). Capacity to change and adopt a digital mindset Digital transformation requires fundamental changes within an organization, which go to the heart of its business model, culture, and operations. Companies must be willing to take a risk by experimenting with new business models and new ways of doing things. For example, incentivizing Sales to sell software rather than hardware or changing the business case approach to see software products as an ongoing development rather than a one-off project. A good example is the car industry in Europe. Over the last couple of years, it has been trying to adopt this digital mindset and move from the paradigm of a hardware-centric product (a one-off sale of a car) to a more softwarecentric approach. With continuous updates to the car’s software this opens up the potential for new additional and ongoing revenue. This is possible only if the leadership and people in a company adopt a digital mindset. It’s about thinking about digital as the default approach rather than a series of one-off transformation projects.	What are the areas of competency required for digital transformation? Give an example of each, if available. Only use the provided context to create your answers. Be concise and limit your response to 250 words or less. What does it take? A digital transformation requires five areas of competency: Adopting new technology A definitive feature of a digital transformation is that it involves the adoption of new software-based digital capabilities or technology infrastructure. It’s not necessary that these use emergent technologies such as Machine Learning, Augmented Reality, or Blockchain, so long as they support innovation, the creation of new value to customers, or operational efficiencies. Using data With digital transformation comes an explosion in the data available about your products and target markets. That means that collecting, analyzing, and using data to make good decisions is key. Being good at it can give you a competitive advantage. Being bad is just the opposite. In an increasingly data-led competitive environment, new strategies must be based on objective information where possible. As put in a 2017 article by The Economist [2], “The world’s most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data.” Customer focus Understanding your customers is critical for any business and even more so when trying new ways of working in new markets or business areas. These insights help you understand what can potentially increase customer satisfaction and, ultimately, sales. As a business, it means having the capability to get deep customer insights, experiment with ideas, and adapt and evolve your offering or business model in response. The mantra ‘constant change’ applies to your markets, competitors and customers, and your business. Continually learning what your customers care about (i.e., value) and where the market is heading must be embedded within your organization. Cross-functional collaboration and processes Today’s digital products are highly complex and involve many specialists to bring them to market, from skilled software developers and designers to User eXperience (UX) experts, DevOps, and Product Managers. No one individual has all the insights or skills necessary for success - a team of specialists working closely together is needed. In many companies, you see organizational silos, which can make cross-functional teamwork hard. Empire building and old-fashioned power hierarchies (founded on the human tendency for large egos to dominate) are often the reason. In these silos, top-down decision making, known as command-and-control, is often the result. However, this can exclude vital insights from other functions. Building software products is a creative process, and diverse skills and viewpoints in the team drive better results. Organization structures and processes that promote cross-functional working can bring out the best from all the different specialisms and maximize the odds of success. Having everyone’s primary home as an autonomous team (or squad) focused on a specific product/element is often held up as the ideal example of how to do this. However, more often we see a product management department with Product Managers leading virtual teams who are working on their product(s). Capacity to change and adopt a digital mindset Digital transformation requires fundamental changes within an organization, which go to the heart of its business model, culture, and operations. Companies must be willing to take a risk by experimenting with new business models and new ways of doing things. For example, incentivizing Sales to sell software rather than hardware or changing the business case approach to see software products as an ongoing development rather than a one-off project. A good example is the car industry in Europe. Over the last couple of years, it has been trying to adopt this digital mindset and move from the paradigm of a hardware-centric product (a one-off sale of a car) to a more softwarecentric approach. With continuous updates to the car’s software this opens up the potential for new additional and ongoing revenue. This is possible only if the leadership and people in a company adopt a digital mindset. It’s about thinking about digital as the default approach rather than a series of one-off transformation projects.	Only use the provided context to create your answers. Be concise and limit your response to 250 words or less. EVIDENCE: What does it take? A digital transformation requires five areas of competency: Adopting new technology A definitive feature of a digital transformation is that it involves the adoption of new software-based digital capabilities or technology infrastructure. It’s not necessary that these use emergent technologies such as Machine Learning, Augmented Reality, or Blockchain, so long as they support innovation, the creation of new value to customers, or operational efficiencies. Using data With digital transformation comes an explosion in the data available about your products and target markets. That means that collecting, analyzing, and using data to make good decisions is key. Being good at it can give you a competitive advantage. Being bad is just the opposite. In an increasingly data-led competitive environment, new strategies must be based on objective information where possible. As put in a 2017 article by The Economist [2], “The world’s most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data.” Customer focus Understanding your customers is critical for any business and even more so when trying new ways of working in new markets or business areas. These insights help you understand what can potentially increase customer satisfaction and, ultimately, sales. As a business, it means having the capability to get deep customer insights, experiment with ideas, and adapt and evolve your offering or business model in response. The mantra ‘constant change’ applies to your markets, competitors and customers, and your business. Continually learning what your customers care about (i.e., value) and where the market is heading must be embedded within your organization. Cross-functional collaboration and processes Today’s digital products are highly complex and involve many specialists to bring them to market, from skilled software developers and designers to User eXperience (UX) experts, DevOps, and Product Managers. No one individual has all the insights or skills necessary for success - a team of specialists working closely together is needed. In many companies, you see organizational silos, which can make cross-functional teamwork hard. Empire building and old-fashioned power hierarchies (founded on the human tendency for large egos to dominate) are often the reason. In these silos, top-down decision making, known as command-and-control, is often the result. However, this can exclude vital insights from other functions. Building software products is a creative process, and diverse skills and viewpoints in the team drive better results. Organization structures and processes that promote cross-functional working can bring out the best from all the different specialisms and maximize the odds of success. Having everyone’s primary home as an autonomous team (or squad) focused on a specific product/element is often held up as the ideal example of how to do this. However, more often we see a product management department with Product Managers leading virtual teams who are working on their product(s). Capacity to change and adopt a digital mindset Digital transformation requires fundamental changes within an organization, which go to the heart of its business model, culture, and operations. Companies must be willing to take a risk by experimenting with new business models and new ways of doing things. For example, incentivizing Sales to sell software rather than hardware or changing the business case approach to see software products as an ongoing development rather than a one-off project. A good example is the car industry in Europe. Over the last couple of years, it has been trying to adopt this digital mindset and move from the paradigm of a hardware-centric product (a one-off sale of a car) to a more softwarecentric approach. With continuous updates to the car’s software this opens up the potential for new additional and ongoing revenue. This is possible only if the leadership and people in a company adopt a digital mindset. It’s about thinking about digital as the default approach rather than a series of one-off transformation projects. USER: What are the areas of competency required for digital transformation? Give an example of each, if available. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	17	629	null	640
[question] [user request] ===================== [text] [context document] ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources.	the first time I had c diff I took vancomycin to treat it but i had an allergic reaction. i have c diff again. what can make it go away? I am retired. please only list affordable options.	Current Pharmacologic Options There are 3 antibiotics available for treatment of CDI: metronidazole, vancomycin, and fidaxomicin. All have demonstrated efficacy with similar rates of cure in nonsevere disease [18]. However, use of fidaxomicin, with a narrower spectrum of antimicrobial activity, has been shown to result in lower recurrence rates [19]. Based on this benefit, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines position fidaxomicin above vancomycin for treatment of an initial CDI [20]. The guidelines published by the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) differ, stating that either vancomycin or fidaxomicin is appropriate to treat an initial CDI [21]. This recommendation was based on comparable efficacy data with far lower costs of vancomycin compared with fidaxomicin. In severe infections, treatment with metronidazole was shown to be associated with increased 30-day mortality [22]. In addition, C. difficile isolates with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole and treatment failures with this agent are increasing [23]. Therefore, use of metronidazole to treat patients with severe disease or those who are older or have comorbidities is not recommended by either practice guideline, though ACG guidelines maintain that metronidazole is appropriate to treat nonsevere infections in younger patients without comorbidities. SHEA/IDSA guidelines discourage its use altogether. Bezolotoxumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to toxin B and has been shown to reduce CDI recurrence in patients at high risk of recurrence [24]. Neutralization of the toxin while the antibody remains in circulation may prevent symptoms in the event of C. difficile regrowth after completion of antibiotic therapy. There are significant drug and infusion costs to use of this agent, and clinical trials demonstrated a number needed to treat of 10 to prevent 1 recurrent CDI. The Gastroenterology Society treatment guidelines recommend considering use of this agent for patients in whom the observed clinical benefits were greatest, including those aged ≥65 years with at least 1 of the following additional risk factors: experiencing their second episode of CDI within the past 6 months, immunocompromised, or with severe CDI [21]. SHEA/IDSA guidelines similarly recommend use be reserved for patients with risk factors for recurrence. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: History and Current Status FMT has emerged as a safe and effective therapy for CDI and is now recommended in treatment guidelines after a second recurrence [21]. Initially described by the surgeon Ben Eiseman as a treatment for pseudomembranous enterocolitis in 1958 [25] with several additional successful case reports over the years [26], it was viewed as a treatment of “last resort” until rising numbers of severe and recurrent cases of C. difficile in the early 2000s. A 2004 publication by gastroenterologist Thomas Borody promoted the use of screened donor stool as “bacteriotherapy” for CDI and other gastrointestinal conditions [27]. Interest in the treatment began to gain momentum, yet through 2008, only 100 patients comprised the world's literature of recurrent CDI treated with bacteriotherapy [28]. In 2010, Yoon et al reported 100% success in 12 patients treated with donor stool administered during colonoscopy [29], and this method was rapidly adopted by other gastroenterologists as a well-tolerated and effective method. By 2012, other investigators were reporting similar high rates of cure using the colonoscopic approach in larger case series [30, 31], and the first long-term follow-up study supported the treatment as durable and safe [32]. Mechanisms of effect were also being investigated with 16s rRNA sequencing to characterize recipient's stool before and after the procedure and showed dramatic effects on the composition of the gut microbiome [33]. In the interest of standardizing the approach to donor selection and screening and administration protocols, a multidisciplinary working group was formed. This group, comprised of gastroenterologists and infectious diseases specialists, coined the term “fecal microbiota transplant” and published the first guidance for clinicians [34]. In January 2013, results from the first randomized, controlled trial of FMT for treatment of recurrent CDI were reported [35]. This landmark Dutch study was stopped at the interim analysis after duodenal infusion of a preparation of donor feces was found to be far superior to standard-of-care oral vancomycin in preventing further CDI recurrence. This study was widely publicized, increasing awareness among patients and members of the medical community and reassuring physicians about the efficacy and safety of the procedure (Figure 1). Prompted by growing interest in FMT for CDI and other applications, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) convened a public workshop in 2013 titled “Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation” with the purpose of exchanging information with the medical and scientific communities about the regulatory and scientific issues associated FMT. Clinicians, scientists, and patient advocates were invited to speak and present data on the gut microbiome, the epidemiology and treatment of recurrent CDI and its impact on patients, and FMT for CDI. At the meeting’s conclusion, it was announced that the FDA intended to regulate fecal microbiota as a biologic drug. As such, it was unapproved, and an investigational new drug (IND) application would be required to administer or conduct clinical trials on FMT. In subsequent communications, physicians and scientists expressed concern that the IND requirement was burdensome to physicians and would adversely affect the availability of FMT to patients who were suffering with recurrent CDI. In acknowledgment of these concerns, the FDA announced the policy of “enforcement discretion,” which permitted FMT to be done for patients suffering from CDI who had not responded to standard therapies, provided they were given informed consent stating that FMT is investigational and discussing potential risks [36]. Around this time, OpenBiome, a nonprofit stool bank founded by a team of physicians, microbiologists, and public health experts, was established and began to provide screened donor material for FMT. Operating under enforcement discretion, OpenBiome centralized the process of donor testing, stool donation, and processing and shipped preparations of frozen donor material to clinicians for use in FMT. With extensive donor health screenings and serologic and stool testing, infection transmission risk was minimized. With this convenient source of donor stool, FMT was facilitated; by 2018, OpenBiome had shipped 10 000 doses and partnered with investigators to conduct research around FMT and the gut microbiome. The widespread adoption of stool banks was not anticipated by FDA, and members of industry argued that the availability of donor stool under enforcement discretion was impacting enrollment in clinical trials of live biotherapeutic products. In response, the agency issued a draft guidance in 2016 that would require stool banks to adhere to IND requirements in order to distribute FMT products [37]. This would remain in draft form for several years while public comments were elicited and LBPs for treatment of CDI remained in clinical development. Gastroenterologists continued to work with collaborators from other disciplines to contribute to discoveries and innovation in the field, and the years 2013 through 2019 saw great advances in knowledge around FMT. A multicenter, retrospective series on the use of FMT in immunocompromised recipients demonstrated the effective use of FMT for CDI in this population with few serious adverse events and no related infectious complications in these high-risk patients [38]. Additional series showed the effectiveness for CDI in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [39–41], solid organ transplant recipients [42], and elderly individuals [43] and examined factors predictive of FMT failure [44]. The first placebo-controlled trial of colonoscopically administered FMT was published in 2016 [45]. This study enrolled 46 patients with multiple recurrent CDI. Patients were randomized after completing a course of oral vancomycin to treat the most recent episode and received FMT using donor stool or autologous FMT (as placebo). In the intention-to-treat analysis, 20 of 22 patients (90.9%) in the donor FMT group achieved clinical cure at 8 weeks compared with 15 of 24 (62.5%) in the autologous FMT group (P = .042).	[question] the first time I had c diff I took vancomycin to treat it but i had an allergic reaction. i have c diff again. what can make it go away? I am retired. please only list affordable options. ===================== [text] Current Pharmacologic Options There are 3 antibiotics available for treatment of CDI: metronidazole, vancomycin, and fidaxomicin. All have demonstrated efficacy with similar rates of cure in nonsevere disease [18]. However, use of fidaxomicin, with a narrower spectrum of antimicrobial activity, has been shown to result in lower recurrence rates [19]. Based on this benefit, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines position fidaxomicin above vancomycin for treatment of an initial CDI [20]. The guidelines published by the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) differ, stating that either vancomycin or fidaxomicin is appropriate to treat an initial CDI [21]. This recommendation was based on comparable efficacy data with far lower costs of vancomycin compared with fidaxomicin. In severe infections, treatment with metronidazole was shown to be associated with increased 30-day mortality [22]. In addition, C. difficile isolates with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole and treatment failures with this agent are increasing [23]. Therefore, use of metronidazole to treat patients with severe disease or those who are older or have comorbidities is not recommended by either practice guideline, though ACG guidelines maintain that metronidazole is appropriate to treat nonsevere infections in younger patients without comorbidities. SHEA/IDSA guidelines discourage its use altogether. Bezolotoxumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to toxin B and has been shown to reduce CDI recurrence in patients at high risk of recurrence [24]. Neutralization of the toxin while the antibody remains in circulation may prevent symptoms in the event of C. difficile regrowth after completion of antibiotic therapy. There are significant drug and infusion costs to use of this agent, and clinical trials demonstrated a number needed to treat of 10 to prevent 1 recurrent CDI. The Gastroenterology Society treatment guidelines recommend considering use of this agent for patients in whom the observed clinical benefits were greatest, including those aged ≥65 years with at least 1 of the following additional risk factors: experiencing their second episode of CDI within the past 6 months, immunocompromised, or with severe CDI [21]. SHEA/IDSA guidelines similarly recommend use be reserved for patients with risk factors for recurrence. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: History and Current Status FMT has emerged as a safe and effective therapy for CDI and is now recommended in treatment guidelines after a second recurrence [21]. Initially described by the surgeon Ben Eiseman as a treatment for pseudomembranous enterocolitis in 1958 [25] with several additional successful case reports over the years [26], it was viewed as a treatment of “last resort” until rising numbers of severe and recurrent cases of C. difficile in the early 2000s. A 2004 publication by gastroenterologist Thomas Borody promoted the use of screened donor stool as “bacteriotherapy” for CDI and other gastrointestinal conditions [27]. Interest in the treatment began to gain momentum, yet through 2008, only 100 patients comprised the world's literature of recurrent CDI treated with bacteriotherapy [28]. In 2010, Yoon et al reported 100% success in 12 patients treated with donor stool administered during colonoscopy [29], and this method was rapidly adopted by other gastroenterologists as a well-tolerated and effective method. By 2012, other investigators were reporting similar high rates of cure using the colonoscopic approach in larger case series [30, 31], and the first long-term follow-up study supported the treatment as durable and safe [32]. Mechanisms of effect were also being investigated with 16s rRNA sequencing to characterize recipient's stool before and after the procedure and showed dramatic effects on the composition of the gut microbiome [33]. In the interest of standardizing the approach to donor selection and screening and administration protocols, a multidisciplinary working group was formed. This group, comprised of gastroenterologists and infectious diseases specialists, coined the term “fecal microbiota transplant” and published the first guidance for clinicians [34]. In January 2013, results from the first randomized, controlled trial of FMT for treatment of recurrent CDI were reported [35]. This landmark Dutch study was stopped at the interim analysis after duodenal infusion of a preparation of donor feces was found to be far superior to standard-of-care oral vancomycin in preventing further CDI recurrence. This study was widely publicized, increasing awareness among patients and members of the medical community and reassuring physicians about the efficacy and safety of the procedure (Figure 1). Prompted by growing interest in FMT for CDI and other applications, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) convened a public workshop in 2013 titled “Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation” with the purpose of exchanging information with the medical and scientific communities about the regulatory and scientific issues associated FMT. Clinicians, scientists, and patient advocates were invited to speak and present data on the gut microbiome, the epidemiology and treatment of recurrent CDI and its impact on patients, and FMT for CDI. At the meeting’s conclusion, it was announced that the FDA intended to regulate fecal microbiota as a biologic drug. As such, it was unapproved, and an investigational new drug (IND) application would be required to administer or conduct clinical trials on FMT. In subsequent communications, physicians and scientists expressed concern that the IND requirement was burdensome to physicians and would adversely affect the availability of FMT to patients who were suffering with recurrent CDI. In acknowledgment of these concerns, the FDA announced the policy of “enforcement discretion,” which permitted FMT to be done for patients suffering from CDI who had not responded to standard therapies, provided they were given informed consent stating that FMT is investigational and discussing potential risks [36]. Around this time, OpenBiome, a nonprofit stool bank founded by a team of physicians, microbiologists, and public health experts, was established and began to provide screened donor material for FMT. Operating under enforcement discretion, OpenBiome centralized the process of donor testing, stool donation, and processing and shipped preparations of frozen donor material to clinicians for use in FMT. With extensive donor health screenings and serologic and stool testing, infection transmission risk was minimized. With this convenient source of donor stool, FMT was facilitated; by 2018, OpenBiome had shipped 10 000 doses and partnered with investigators to conduct research around FMT and the gut microbiome. The widespread adoption of stool banks was not anticipated by FDA, and members of industry argued that the availability of donor stool under enforcement discretion was impacting enrollment in clinical trials of live biotherapeutic products. In response, the agency issued a draft guidance in 2016 that would require stool banks to adhere to IND requirements in order to distribute FMT products [37]. This would remain in draft form for several years while public comments were elicited and LBPs for treatment of CDI remained in clinical development. Gastroenterologists continued to work with collaborators from other disciplines to contribute to discoveries and innovation in the field, and the years 2013 through 2019 saw great advances in knowledge around FMT. A multicenter, retrospective series on the use of FMT in immunocompromised recipients demonstrated the effective use of FMT for CDI in this population with few serious adverse events and no related infectious complications in these high-risk patients [38]. Additional series showed the effectiveness for CDI in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [39–41], solid organ transplant recipients [42], and elderly individuals [43] and examined factors predictive of FMT failure [44]. The first placebo-controlled trial of colonoscopically administered FMT was published in 2016 [45]. This study enrolled 46 patients with multiple recurrent CDI. Patients were randomized after completing a course of oral vancomycin to treat the most recent episode and received FMT using donor stool or autologous FMT (as placebo). In the intention-to-treat analysis, 20 of 22 patients (90.9%) in the donor FMT group achieved clinical cure at 8 weeks compared with 15 of 24 (62.5%) in the autologous FMT group (P = .042). https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/77/Supplement_6/S463/7459148 ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources.	[question] [user request] ===================== [text] [context document] ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources. EVIDENCE: Current Pharmacologic Options There are 3 antibiotics available for treatment of CDI: metronidazole, vancomycin, and fidaxomicin. All have demonstrated efficacy with similar rates of cure in nonsevere disease [18]. However, use of fidaxomicin, with a narrower spectrum of antimicrobial activity, has been shown to result in lower recurrence rates [19]. Based on this benefit, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines position fidaxomicin above vancomycin for treatment of an initial CDI [20]. The guidelines published by the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) differ, stating that either vancomycin or fidaxomicin is appropriate to treat an initial CDI [21]. This recommendation was based on comparable efficacy data with far lower costs of vancomycin compared with fidaxomicin. In severe infections, treatment with metronidazole was shown to be associated with increased 30-day mortality [22]. In addition, C. difficile isolates with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole and treatment failures with this agent are increasing [23]. Therefore, use of metronidazole to treat patients with severe disease or those who are older or have comorbidities is not recommended by either practice guideline, though ACG guidelines maintain that metronidazole is appropriate to treat nonsevere infections in younger patients without comorbidities. SHEA/IDSA guidelines discourage its use altogether. Bezolotoxumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to toxin B and has been shown to reduce CDI recurrence in patients at high risk of recurrence [24]. Neutralization of the toxin while the antibody remains in circulation may prevent symptoms in the event of C. difficile regrowth after completion of antibiotic therapy. There are significant drug and infusion costs to use of this agent, and clinical trials demonstrated a number needed to treat of 10 to prevent 1 recurrent CDI. The Gastroenterology Society treatment guidelines recommend considering use of this agent for patients in whom the observed clinical benefits were greatest, including those aged ≥65 years with at least 1 of the following additional risk factors: experiencing their second episode of CDI within the past 6 months, immunocompromised, or with severe CDI [21]. SHEA/IDSA guidelines similarly recommend use be reserved for patients with risk factors for recurrence. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: History and Current Status FMT has emerged as a safe and effective therapy for CDI and is now recommended in treatment guidelines after a second recurrence [21]. Initially described by the surgeon Ben Eiseman as a treatment for pseudomembranous enterocolitis in 1958 [25] with several additional successful case reports over the years [26], it was viewed as a treatment of “last resort” until rising numbers of severe and recurrent cases of C. difficile in the early 2000s. A 2004 publication by gastroenterologist Thomas Borody promoted the use of screened donor stool as “bacteriotherapy” for CDI and other gastrointestinal conditions [27]. Interest in the treatment began to gain momentum, yet through 2008, only 100 patients comprised the world's literature of recurrent CDI treated with bacteriotherapy [28]. In 2010, Yoon et al reported 100% success in 12 patients treated with donor stool administered during colonoscopy [29], and this method was rapidly adopted by other gastroenterologists as a well-tolerated and effective method. By 2012, other investigators were reporting similar high rates of cure using the colonoscopic approach in larger case series [30, 31], and the first long-term follow-up study supported the treatment as durable and safe [32]. Mechanisms of effect were also being investigated with 16s rRNA sequencing to characterize recipient's stool before and after the procedure and showed dramatic effects on the composition of the gut microbiome [33]. In the interest of standardizing the approach to donor selection and screening and administration protocols, a multidisciplinary working group was formed. This group, comprised of gastroenterologists and infectious diseases specialists, coined the term “fecal microbiota transplant” and published the first guidance for clinicians [34]. In January 2013, results from the first randomized, controlled trial of FMT for treatment of recurrent CDI were reported [35]. This landmark Dutch study was stopped at the interim analysis after duodenal infusion of a preparation of donor feces was found to be far superior to standard-of-care oral vancomycin in preventing further CDI recurrence. This study was widely publicized, increasing awareness among patients and members of the medical community and reassuring physicians about the efficacy and safety of the procedure (Figure 1). Prompted by growing interest in FMT for CDI and other applications, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) convened a public workshop in 2013 titled “Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation” with the purpose of exchanging information with the medical and scientific communities about the regulatory and scientific issues associated FMT. Clinicians, scientists, and patient advocates were invited to speak and present data on the gut microbiome, the epidemiology and treatment of recurrent CDI and its impact on patients, and FMT for CDI. At the meeting’s conclusion, it was announced that the FDA intended to regulate fecal microbiota as a biologic drug. As such, it was unapproved, and an investigational new drug (IND) application would be required to administer or conduct clinical trials on FMT. In subsequent communications, physicians and scientists expressed concern that the IND requirement was burdensome to physicians and would adversely affect the availability of FMT to patients who were suffering with recurrent CDI. In acknowledgment of these concerns, the FDA announced the policy of “enforcement discretion,” which permitted FMT to be done for patients suffering from CDI who had not responded to standard therapies, provided they were given informed consent stating that FMT is investigational and discussing potential risks [36]. Around this time, OpenBiome, a nonprofit stool bank founded by a team of physicians, microbiologists, and public health experts, was established and began to provide screened donor material for FMT. Operating under enforcement discretion, OpenBiome centralized the process of donor testing, stool donation, and processing and shipped preparations of frozen donor material to clinicians for use in FMT. With extensive donor health screenings and serologic and stool testing, infection transmission risk was minimized. With this convenient source of donor stool, FMT was facilitated; by 2018, OpenBiome had shipped 10 000 doses and partnered with investigators to conduct research around FMT and the gut microbiome. The widespread adoption of stool banks was not anticipated by FDA, and members of industry argued that the availability of donor stool under enforcement discretion was impacting enrollment in clinical trials of live biotherapeutic products. In response, the agency issued a draft guidance in 2016 that would require stool banks to adhere to IND requirements in order to distribute FMT products [37]. This would remain in draft form for several years while public comments were elicited and LBPs for treatment of CDI remained in clinical development. Gastroenterologists continued to work with collaborators from other disciplines to contribute to discoveries and innovation in the field, and the years 2013 through 2019 saw great advances in knowledge around FMT. A multicenter, retrospective series on the use of FMT in immunocompromised recipients demonstrated the effective use of FMT for CDI in this population with few serious adverse events and no related infectious complications in these high-risk patients [38]. Additional series showed the effectiveness for CDI in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [39–41], solid organ transplant recipients [42], and elderly individuals [43] and examined factors predictive of FMT failure [44]. The first placebo-controlled trial of colonoscopically administered FMT was published in 2016 [45]. This study enrolled 46 patients with multiple recurrent CDI. Patients were randomized after completing a course of oral vancomycin to treat the most recent episode and received FMT using donor stool or autologous FMT (as placebo). In the intention-to-treat analysis, 20 of 22 patients (90.9%) in the donor FMT group achieved clinical cure at 8 weeks compared with 15 of 24 (62.5%) in the autologous FMT group (P = .042). USER: the first time I had c diff I took vancomycin to treat it but i had an allergic reaction. i have c diff again. what can make it go away? I am retired. please only list affordable options. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	28	38	1,286	null	633
Your response to the user must only use the information provided in the prompt context. Focus on terms and definitions whenever possible, explaining complex concepts using short sentences. Do not use vocabulary that requires advanced education to know, and if complex terms are used, they need to be defined in-place using phrasing a person with a high-school degree would understand. Limit your response to 100 words maximum, and answer the user's question with a well-organized list if they ask for definitions. If you cannot answer the user's question using the context alone, respond simply with "I do not have enough context to provide an answer at this time."	Which model showed debt underutilization in this study?	Since Modigliani and Miller (1958), economists have relaxed many of their assumptions to understand the observed behavior of leverage ratios. Arguably, the trade-off theory has emerged as one of the leading paradigms, even though it has been often challenged by empirical tests that appear to favor other theories or suggest taxes are not that important. Therefore, there is still no consensus in the literature. Moreover, none of the extant theories jointly address the following questions in a parsimonious and simple framework: (1) why firms tend to use debt financing so conservatively, (2) whether there is indeed a target leverage ratio and partial adjustment toward it, (3) why the leverage-growth relation is negative, and (4) why average leverage paths persist for over two decades. To answers these questions, we extend Hackbarth and Mauer (2012) to multiple financing and investment decisions that maximize initial value. We develop two versions of a dynamic model with endogenous financing and investment decisions. While the multistage model features two sequentially exercisable investment options, the single-stage model has only one investment option. The single-stage model serves as a benchmark to gauge investment-financing interactions in the multistage model. In both versions, the capital expenditure is funded by a mix of debt and equity. This mixture not only trades off tax benefits of debt against bankruptcy costs (triggered by an endogenous default decision) but also recognizes financial flexibility in the multistage model. The solution of the dynamic model offers a rich set of novel predictions that link the behavior of a firm’s leverage ratios to its investment opportunities. First, a role for financial flexibility emerges endogenously because dynamic financing-investment interactions between stages lead to an “intertemporal effect” in the multistage model: reaping investment (i.e., cash flow) and tax benefits sooner by issuing more debt in the first stage to fund the investment cost reduces financial flexibility for funding more of the investment cost with debt in the second stage. In comparison to the single-stage model, firms underutilize debt in the multistage model when financing investment the first time to retain financial flexibility. Because both debt issues jointly optimize initial equity value (and hence internalize dilutive externalities on each other), underutilization of debt persists when firms mature (i.e., exercise their last investment options), and underutilization is more (less) severe for more backloaded (front-loaded) investment opportunities. It is worth noting that leverage does not vary with investment in the single-stage model. Only in the multistage model leverage dynamics crucially hinge on the structure of the investment process in that it creates significant variation target leverage ratios.1 Second, optimizing behavior by firms in a dynamic trade-off model with investment generates a significant fraction of low or zero leverage firms and path-dependent, persistent leverage ratios. Our analysis shows how incentives to retain financial flexibility in the first stage crucially depend on the structure of the investment process. Given the wide range of optimal target leverage ratios, the model suggests that leverage ratios can greatly vary depending on how the firm grows assets-in-place by exercising its real options. Third, structural models without dynamic financing-investment interactions (1) overestimate target leverage ratios, and (2) can be misleading in that they imply a fixed target leverage ratio that is largely taken to be exogenous to the investment process. It thus seems difficult to determine target leverage in the conventional sense. This also suggests that there is no meaningful measurement of partial adjustment toward target leverage (as in, e.g., Flannery and Rangan 2006) without recognizing the structure of the investment process.2 To test the model’s ability to match observed outcomes, we estimate key model parameters via simulated method of moments (SMM). Intuitively, SMM finds the set of parameters, which minimizes the difference of the simulated model moments and the data moments from COMPUSTAT’s annual tapes for the period of 1965 to 2009. We then split the full sample into low, medium, and high market-to-book (or q) subsamples and employ SMM also to fit the four parameters for each subsample. We split the sample based on q to proxy for investment opportunities. Low q firms tend to have fewer investment opportunities, whereas high q firms tend to have more investment opportunities. Therefore, the relative value of q is informative about the structure of the investment process in the real data. Our estimation results reveal that high q firms have the most back-loaded investment processes, and low q firms have the most front-loaded ones. Graham (2000) reports that firms, even stable and profitable, use less debt than predicted by the static view of the tax benefits of debt. Two of five firms have an average leverage ratio of less than 20%, and the median firm uses only 31.4% leverage over the 1965 to 2000 period, which implies a “low leverage puzzle.” More recently, Strebulaev and Yang (2013) find that on average 10% of firms have zero leverage and almost 22% firms have less than 5% quasi-market leverage, which represents a “zero leverage puzzle.” We emphasize the importance of real frictions in a dynamic trade-off model and thereby provide an economically meaningful mechanism for why firms tend to use debt financing so conservatively. Based on the structural estimation results for the full sample, the simulated economies feature a significant fraction of low (and zero) leverage firms. Moreover, in contrast to much higher point estimates in prior studies, we report, on average, 20% leverage in dynamics (i.e., for all firms) and 19% at investment points (i.e., for investing firms). In addition, we perform capital structure regressions on simulated data and show that the model can replicate stylized facts established by empirical research. In the spirit of Strebulaev (2007), simulation of the multistage model of corporate investment and financing dynamics reinforces the need to differentiate investment points from other data points when interpreting coefficient estimates for market-to-book or profitability in a dynamic world. Consistent with Frank and Goyal (2009) and others, we find leverage is negatively related to the risk of cash flows, the cost of bankruptcy, and market-to-book, but positively related the size of the firm and the tax rate. Finally, we document that real frictions in a dynamic model can produce average leverage paths that closely resemble the ones in the data (e.g., Lemmon, Roberts, and Zender 2008).3 That is, endogenous investment and financing decisions in a dynamic model can largely explain the otherwise puzzling patterns that, despite of some convergence, average leverage ratios across portfolios are fairly stable over time for both types of sorts (i.e., actual and unexpected leverage) performed by these authors.4 To do so, we extend the multistage model to randomly imposed initial variation in leverage. If model firms are “born” with high (low) leverage ratios at the beginning, then they maintain their relatively high (low) levels for over two decades (despite of the fact that leverage ratios converge somewhat to more moderate levels over time). This result illustrates that corporations, which know the structure of their investment processes, take it into account and make decisions on debt usage accordingly. This leads to fairly stable leverage ratios, and serves in the simulations as an important, unobserved determinant of the permanent component of leverage. The simplicity of our model allows us to develop a deeper understanding of related results of the growing literature that extends Leland (1994) to interactions between investment and financing decisions.5 Hackbarth and Mauer’s (2012) novel modeling feature is the explicit recognition that the firm’s existing capital structure influences future investment decisions through debtequity (agency) conflicts as well as financing mix of future investment. Like Sundaresan, Wang, and Yang (2015), we extend their model to multiple investment projects. While firms in Sundaresan et al. exhibit identical leverage ratios when the last option is exercised, final leverage ratios of our model firms vary widely.6 Titman and Tsyplakov (2007) numerically solve a complex model that features both financing and investment decision evolving over time. In contrast to, for example, Sundaresan et al. their model is based on continuous investment decisions (as in Brennan and Schwartz 1984), whereas our model focuses on discrete, irreversible, or lumpy investment that is equivalent to a “real transaction” cost so that the firm does not continuously invest or refinance.	Your response to the user must only use the information provided in the prompt context. Focus on terms and definitions whenever possible, explaining complex concepts using short sentences. Do not use vocabulary that requires advanced education to know, and if complex terms are used, they need to be defined in-place using phrasing a person with a high-school degree would understand. Limit your response to 100 words maximum, and answer the user's question with a well-organized list if they ask for definitions. If you cannot answer the user's question using the context alone, respond simply with "I do not have enough context to provide an answer at this time." Context: Since Modigliani and Miller (1958), economists have relaxed many of their assumptions to understand the observed behavior of leverage ratios. Arguably, the trade-off theory has emerged as one of the leading paradigms, even though it has been often challenged by empirical tests that appear to favor other theories or suggest taxes are not that important. Therefore, there is still no consensus in the literature. Moreover, none of the extant theories jointly address the following questions in a parsimonious and simple framework: (1) why firms tend to use debt financing so conservatively, (2) whether there is indeed a target leverage ratio and partial adjustment toward it, (3) why the leverage-growth relation is negative, and (4) why average leverage paths persist for over two decades. To answers these questions, we extend Hackbarth and Mauer (2012) to multiple financing and investment decisions that maximize initial value. We develop two versions of a dynamic model with endogenous financing and investment decisions. While the multistage model features two sequentially exercisable investment options, the single-stage model has only one investment option. The single-stage model serves as a benchmark to gauge investment-financing interactions in the multistage model. In both versions, the capital expenditure is funded by a mix of debt and equity. This mixture not only trades off tax benefits of debt against bankruptcy costs (triggered by an endogenous default decision) but also recognizes financial flexibility in the multistage model. The solution of the dynamic model offers a rich set of novel predictions that link the behavior of a firm’s leverage ratios to its investment opportunities. First, a role for financial flexibility emerges endogenously because dynamic financing-investment interactions between stages lead to an “intertemporal effect” in the multistage model: reaping investment (i.e., cash flow) and tax benefits sooner by issuing more debt in the first stage to fund the investment cost reduces financial flexibility for funding more of the investment cost with debt in the second stage. In comparison to the single-stage model, firms underutilize debt in the multistage model when financing investment the first time to retain financial flexibility. Because both debt issues jointly optimize initial equity value (and hence internalize dilutive externalities on each other), underutilization of debt persists when firms mature (i.e., exercise their last investment options), and underutilization is more (less) severe for more backloaded (front-loaded) investment opportunities. It is worth noting that leverage does not vary with investment in the single-stage model. Only in the multistage model leverage dynamics crucially hinge on the structure of the investment process in that it creates significant variation target leverage ratios.1 Second, optimizing behavior by firms in a dynamic trade-off model with investment generates a significant fraction of low or zero leverage firms and path-dependent, persistent leverage ratios. Our analysis shows how incentives to retain financial flexibility in the first stage crucially depend on the structure of the investment process. Given the wide range of optimal target leverage ratios, the model suggests that leverage ratios can greatly vary depending on how the firm grows assets-in-place by exercising its real options. Third, structural models without dynamic financing-investment interactions (1) overestimate target leverage ratios, and (2) can be misleading in that they imply a fixed target leverage ratio that is largely taken to be exogenous to the investment process. It thus seems difficult to determine target leverage in the conventional sense. This also suggests that there is no meaningful measurement of partial adjustment toward target leverage (as in, e.g., Flannery and Rangan 2006) without recognizing the structure of the investment process.2 To test the model’s ability to match observed outcomes, we estimate key model parameters via simulated method of moments (SMM). Intuitively, SMM finds the set of parameters, which minimizes the difference of the simulated model moments and the data moments from COMPUSTAT’s annual tapes for the period of 1965 to 2009. We then split the full sample into low, medium, and high market-to-book (or q) subsamples and employ SMM also to fit the four parameters for each subsample. We split the sample based on q to proxy for investment opportunities. Low q firms tend to have fewer investment opportunities, whereas high q firms tend to have more investment opportunities. Therefore, the relative value of q is informative about the structure of the investment process in the real data. Our estimation results reveal that high q firms have the most back-loaded investment processes, and low q firms have the most front-loaded ones. Graham (2000) reports that firms, even stable and profitable, use less debt than predicted by the static view of the tax benefits of debt. Two of five firms have an average leverage ratio of less than 20%, and the median firm uses only 31.4% leverage over the 1965 to 2000 period, which implies a “low leverage puzzle.” More recently, Strebulaev and Yang (2013) find that on average 10% of firms have zero leverage and almost 22% firms have less than 5% quasi-market leverage, which represents a “zero leverage puzzle.” We emphasize the importance of real frictions in a dynamic trade-off model and thereby provide an economically meaningful mechanism for why firms tend to use debt financing so conservatively. Based on the structural estimation results for the full sample, the simulated economies feature a significant fraction of low (and zero) leverage firms. Moreover, in contrast to much higher point estimates in prior studies, we report, on average, 20% leverage in dynamics (i.e., for all firms) and 19% at investment points (i.e., for investing firms). In addition, we perform capital structure regressions on simulated data and show that the model can replicate stylized facts established by empirical research. In the spirit of Strebulaev (2007), simulation of the multistage model of corporate investment and financing dynamics reinforces the need to differentiate investment points from other data points when interpreting coefficient estimates for market-to-book or profitability in a dynamic world. Consistent with Frank and Goyal (2009) and others, we find leverage is negatively related to the risk of cash flows, the cost of bankruptcy, and market-to-book, but positively related the size of the firm and the tax rate. Finally, we document that real frictions in a dynamic model can produce average leverage paths that closely resemble the ones in the data (e.g., Lemmon, Roberts, and Zender 2008).3 That is, endogenous investment and financing decisions in a dynamic model can largely explain the otherwise puzzling patterns that, despite of some convergence, average leverage ratios across portfolios are fairly stable over time for both types of sorts (i.e., actual and unexpected leverage) performed by these authors.4 To do so, we extend the multistage model to randomly imposed initial variation in leverage. If model firms are “born” with high (low) leverage ratios at the beginning, then they maintain their relatively high (low) levels for over two decades (despite of the fact that leverage ratios converge somewhat to more moderate levels over time). This result illustrates that corporations, which know the structure of their investment processes, take it into account and make decisions on debt usage accordingly. This leads to fairly stable leverage ratios, and serves in the simulations as an important, unobserved determinant of the permanent component of leverage. The simplicity of our model allows us to develop a deeper understanding of related results of the growing literature that extends Leland (1994) to interactions between investment and financing decisions.5 Hackbarth and Mauer’s (2012) novel modeling feature is the explicit recognition that the firm’s existing capital structure influences future investment decisions through debtequity (agency) conflicts as well as financing mix of future investment. Like Sundaresan, Wang, and Yang (2015), we extend their model to multiple investment projects. While firms in Sundaresan et al. exhibit identical leverage ratios when the last option is exercised, final leverage ratios of our model firms vary widely.6 Titman and Tsyplakov (2007) numerically solve a complex model that features both financing and investment decision evolving over time. In contrast to, for example, Sundaresan et al. their model is based on continuous investment decisions (as in Brennan and Schwartz 1984), whereas our model focuses on discrete, irreversible, or lumpy investment that is equivalent to a “real transaction” cost so that the firm does not continuously invest or refinance. Which model showed debt underutilization in this study?	Your response to the user must only use the information provided in the prompt context. Focus on terms and definitions whenever possible, explaining complex concepts using short sentences. Do not use vocabulary that requires advanced education to know, and if complex terms are used, they need to be defined in-place using phrasing a person with a high-school degree would understand. Limit your response to 100 words maximum, and answer the user's question with a well-organized list if they ask for definitions. If you cannot answer the user's question using the context alone, respond simply with "I do not have enough context to provide an answer at this time." EVIDENCE: Since Modigliani and Miller (1958), economists have relaxed many of their assumptions to understand the observed behavior of leverage ratios. Arguably, the trade-off theory has emerged as one of the leading paradigms, even though it has been often challenged by empirical tests that appear to favor other theories or suggest taxes are not that important. Therefore, there is still no consensus in the literature. Moreover, none of the extant theories jointly address the following questions in a parsimonious and simple framework: (1) why firms tend to use debt financing so conservatively, (2) whether there is indeed a target leverage ratio and partial adjustment toward it, (3) why the leverage-growth relation is negative, and (4) why average leverage paths persist for over two decades. To answers these questions, we extend Hackbarth and Mauer (2012) to multiple financing and investment decisions that maximize initial value. We develop two versions of a dynamic model with endogenous financing and investment decisions. While the multistage model features two sequentially exercisable investment options, the single-stage model has only one investment option. The single-stage model serves as a benchmark to gauge investment-financing interactions in the multistage model. In both versions, the capital expenditure is funded by a mix of debt and equity. This mixture not only trades off tax benefits of debt against bankruptcy costs (triggered by an endogenous default decision) but also recognizes financial flexibility in the multistage model. The solution of the dynamic model offers a rich set of novel predictions that link the behavior of a firm’s leverage ratios to its investment opportunities. First, a role for financial flexibility emerges endogenously because dynamic financing-investment interactions between stages lead to an “intertemporal effect” in the multistage model: reaping investment (i.e., cash flow) and tax benefits sooner by issuing more debt in the first stage to fund the investment cost reduces financial flexibility for funding more of the investment cost with debt in the second stage. In comparison to the single-stage model, firms underutilize debt in the multistage model when financing investment the first time to retain financial flexibility. Because both debt issues jointly optimize initial equity value (and hence internalize dilutive externalities on each other), underutilization of debt persists when firms mature (i.e., exercise their last investment options), and underutilization is more (less) severe for more backloaded (front-loaded) investment opportunities. It is worth noting that leverage does not vary with investment in the single-stage model. Only in the multistage model leverage dynamics crucially hinge on the structure of the investment process in that it creates significant variation target leverage ratios.1 Second, optimizing behavior by firms in a dynamic trade-off model with investment generates a significant fraction of low or zero leverage firms and path-dependent, persistent leverage ratios. Our analysis shows how incentives to retain financial flexibility in the first stage crucially depend on the structure of the investment process. Given the wide range of optimal target leverage ratios, the model suggests that leverage ratios can greatly vary depending on how the firm grows assets-in-place by exercising its real options. Third, structural models without dynamic financing-investment interactions (1) overestimate target leverage ratios, and (2) can be misleading in that they imply a fixed target leverage ratio that is largely taken to be exogenous to the investment process. It thus seems difficult to determine target leverage in the conventional sense. This also suggests that there is no meaningful measurement of partial adjustment toward target leverage (as in, e.g., Flannery and Rangan 2006) without recognizing the structure of the investment process.2 To test the model’s ability to match observed outcomes, we estimate key model parameters via simulated method of moments (SMM). Intuitively, SMM finds the set of parameters, which minimizes the difference of the simulated model moments and the data moments from COMPUSTAT’s annual tapes for the period of 1965 to 2009. We then split the full sample into low, medium, and high market-to-book (or q) subsamples and employ SMM also to fit the four parameters for each subsample. We split the sample based on q to proxy for investment opportunities. Low q firms tend to have fewer investment opportunities, whereas high q firms tend to have more investment opportunities. Therefore, the relative value of q is informative about the structure of the investment process in the real data. Our estimation results reveal that high q firms have the most back-loaded investment processes, and low q firms have the most front-loaded ones. Graham (2000) reports that firms, even stable and profitable, use less debt than predicted by the static view of the tax benefits of debt. Two of five firms have an average leverage ratio of less than 20%, and the median firm uses only 31.4% leverage over the 1965 to 2000 period, which implies a “low leverage puzzle.” More recently, Strebulaev and Yang (2013) find that on average 10% of firms have zero leverage and almost 22% firms have less than 5% quasi-market leverage, which represents a “zero leverage puzzle.” We emphasize the importance of real frictions in a dynamic trade-off model and thereby provide an economically meaningful mechanism for why firms tend to use debt financing so conservatively. Based on the structural estimation results for the full sample, the simulated economies feature a significant fraction of low (and zero) leverage firms. Moreover, in contrast to much higher point estimates in prior studies, we report, on average, 20% leverage in dynamics (i.e., for all firms) and 19% at investment points (i.e., for investing firms). In addition, we perform capital structure regressions on simulated data and show that the model can replicate stylized facts established by empirical research. In the spirit of Strebulaev (2007), simulation of the multistage model of corporate investment and financing dynamics reinforces the need to differentiate investment points from other data points when interpreting coefficient estimates for market-to-book or profitability in a dynamic world. Consistent with Frank and Goyal (2009) and others, we find leverage is negatively related to the risk of cash flows, the cost of bankruptcy, and market-to-book, but positively related the size of the firm and the tax rate. Finally, we document that real frictions in a dynamic model can produce average leverage paths that closely resemble the ones in the data (e.g., Lemmon, Roberts, and Zender 2008).3 That is, endogenous investment and financing decisions in a dynamic model can largely explain the otherwise puzzling patterns that, despite of some convergence, average leverage ratios across portfolios are fairly stable over time for both types of sorts (i.e., actual and unexpected leverage) performed by these authors.4 To do so, we extend the multistage model to randomly imposed initial variation in leverage. If model firms are “born” with high (low) leverage ratios at the beginning, then they maintain their relatively high (low) levels for over two decades (despite of the fact that leverage ratios converge somewhat to more moderate levels over time). This result illustrates that corporations, which know the structure of their investment processes, take it into account and make decisions on debt usage accordingly. This leads to fairly stable leverage ratios, and serves in the simulations as an important, unobserved determinant of the permanent component of leverage. The simplicity of our model allows us to develop a deeper understanding of related results of the growing literature that extends Leland (1994) to interactions between investment and financing decisions.5 Hackbarth and Mauer’s (2012) novel modeling feature is the explicit recognition that the firm’s existing capital structure influences future investment decisions through debtequity (agency) conflicts as well as financing mix of future investment. Like Sundaresan, Wang, and Yang (2015), we extend their model to multiple investment projects. While firms in Sundaresan et al. exhibit identical leverage ratios when the last option is exercised, final leverage ratios of our model firms vary widely.6 Titman and Tsyplakov (2007) numerically solve a complex model that features both financing and investment decision evolving over time. In contrast to, for example, Sundaresan et al. their model is based on continuous investment decisions (as in Brennan and Schwartz 1984), whereas our model focuses on discrete, irreversible, or lumpy investment that is equivalent to a “real transaction” cost so that the firm does not continuously invest or refinance. USER: Which model showed debt underutilization in this study? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	108	8	1,357	null	227
Answer any questions using only information from the provided text. Do not use outside or prior knowledge. Additionally, ensure all responses are concise (50-100 words) and factual.	What's the main source of income for theme parks?	Introduction Revenue management is a collection of techniques that focus on maximising revenues, and has been credited for income improvement in several segments of the hospitality industry (Cross, 1997). In many service industries, capacity of supply is often fixed while demand is volatile. Therefore, it is challenging for service companies to achieve a balance between supply and demand (Peng, Xiao & Li, 2012). Theme parks are characterised by high capital investment, high operational fixed costs and, to some extent, high operational variable cost. Additionally, demand for the theme park product varies according to time of the year, day of the week and time of the day. Thus, the industry has the potential of benefiting from the adoption of creative revenue management strategies. 144 Revenue Management for Hospitality and Tourism To achieve success with revenue management techniques, firms must be willing to constantly reconsider their product offering, their pricing structures, and their general business processes (Cross, 1997). In the U.S. hospitality and tourism industry, revenue management began in the airline industry following the 1978 deregulation, and then spread to lodging and other industry sectors. However, to date, many theme parks have not fully utilised the benefits of revenue management (Berman, 2005), even though there are opportunities to apply this strategy in the industry (Heo & Lee, 2009). The global theme park industry Theme parks are a relatively new concept of tourist attraction and often attempt to create a fantasy atmosphere of another place and time. Theming is reflected through architecture, landscaping, costumed personnel, rides, shows, food services, merchandising and other environmental attributes that impact the guest’s experience (Milman, 2010). Disneyland’s opening in 1955 in Anaheim, California is often referred to by both scholars and industry experts as the genesis of the theme park industry (Price, 1999). Walt Disney wanted his park to stress cleanliness, to have a single point of entry, and to contain numerous themed sections around which all attractions, entertainment and retail activities were coordinated. Much emphasis was placed on isolating the outside world from the fantasy world presented in the parks and to provide an environment where families could be entertained together (Price, 1999). Other theme park attributes referred to in the literature include: the pay-oneprice admission fee, annual attendance revenue in excess of US$ one million, corporate ownership, specific design traits such as elaborate landscaping, architecture that entertains, as well as a mix of activities that includes large-scale rides, retail opportunities and live entertainment (Kyriazi, 1976; Lyon, 1987; Carlson & Popelka, 1988; Adams, 1991; Gottdiener, 1997; Williams, 1998). While the contemporary theme park industry was originally introduced in North America, in recent decades, the theme park industry has expanded globally. In 2011, over 196 million people visited the top 25 worldwide parks, a 3.8 percent increase over the 2010 figure (TEA/ AECOM, 2012). While the economic, social and political impact of these entertainment complexes is sometimes overlooked, it is interesting to note that in 2011 the number of visitors to the world’s top 25 theme parks was slightly higher than the number of international tourists that visited Spain, China, Italy, and the United Kingdom combined (World Tourism Organisation, 2012). 145 10 Theme Parks Revenue Management Sources of income in the theme park industry Revenues for the theme park industry are generated from a variety of sources, but primarily from the admission price. Admission price represents between 49 to 60 percent of overall theme park revenues (Vogel, 2010; Mintel, 2011). The number of guest admissions also represents the volume from which other sources of revenue are derived like food and beverage, merchandise and games. Guest spending on food and beverage accounts for approximately 14 to 17 percent of theme park revenues; merchandise sales (souvenirs, sundries, etc.) accounts for 6 to 10 percent of revenues (Vogel, 2010; Mintel, 2011) and guest spending on games accounts for another 4 percent of the total revenues (Vogel, 2010). Parking fees, concession charges, and sponsorship funds from external advertisers make up the remainder of the revenue sources for a typical theme park (First Research, 2012) (Figure 10.1)	What's the main source of income for theme parks? Answer any questions using only information from the provided text. Do not use outside or prior knowledge. Additionally, ensure all responses are concise (50-100 words) and factual. Introduction Revenue management is a collection of techniques that focus on maximising revenues, and has been credited for income improvement in several segments of the hospitality industry (Cross, 1997). In many service industries, capacity of supply is often fixed while demand is volatile. Therefore, it is challenging for service companies to achieve a balance between supply and demand (Peng, Xiao & Li, 2012). Theme parks are characterised by high capital investment, high operational fixed costs and, to some extent, high operational variable cost. Additionally, demand for the theme park product varies according to time of the year, day of the week and time of the day. Thus, the industry has the potential of benefiting from the adoption of creative revenue management strategies. 144 Revenue Management for Hospitality and Tourism To achieve success with revenue management techniques, firms must be willing to constantly reconsider their product offering, their pricing structures, and their general business processes (Cross, 1997). In the U.S. hospitality and tourism industry, revenue management began in the airline industry following the 1978 deregulation, and then spread to lodging and other industry sectors. However, to date, many theme parks have not fully utilised the benefits of revenue management (Berman, 2005), even though there are opportunities to apply this strategy in the industry (Heo & Lee, 2009). The global theme park industry Theme parks are a relatively new concept of tourist attraction and often attempt to create a fantasy atmosphere of another place and time. Theming is reflected through architecture, landscaping, costumed personnel, rides, shows, food services, merchandising and other environmental attributes that impact the guest’s experience (Milman, 2010). Disneyland’s opening in 1955 in Anaheim, California is often referred to by both scholars and industry experts as the genesis of the theme park industry (Price, 1999). Walt Disney wanted his park to stress cleanliness, to have a single point of entry, and to contain numerous themed sections around which all attractions, entertainment and retail activities were coordinated. Much emphasis was placed on isolating the outside world from the fantasy world presented in the parks and to provide an environment where families could be entertained together (Price, 1999). Other theme park attributes referred to in the literature include: the pay-oneprice admission fee, annual attendance revenue in excess of US$ one million, corporate ownership, specific design traits such as elaborate landscaping, architecture that entertains, as well as a mix of activities that includes large-scale rides, retail opportunities and live entertainment (Kyriazi, 1976; Lyon, 1987; Carlson & Popelka, 1988; Adams, 1991; Gottdiener, 1997; Williams, 1998). While the contemporary theme park industry was originally introduced in North America, in recent decades, the theme park industry has expanded globally. In 2011, over 196 million people visited the top 25 worldwide parks, a 3.8 percent increase over the 2010 figure (TEA/ AECOM, 2012). While the economic, social and political impact of these entertainment complexes is sometimes overlooked, it is interesting to note that in 2011 the number of visitors to the world’s top 25 theme parks was slightly higher than the number of international tourists that visited Spain, China, Italy, and the United Kingdom combined (World Tourism Organisation, 2012). 145 10 Theme Parks Revenue Management Sources of income in the theme park industry Revenues for the theme park industry are generated from a variety of sources, but primarily from the admission price. Admission price represents between 49 to 60 percent of overall theme park revenues (Vogel, 2010; Mintel, 2011). The number of guest admissions also represents the volume from which other sources of revenue are derived like food and beverage, merchandise and games. Guest spending on food and beverage accounts for approximately 14 to 17 percent of theme park revenues; merchandise sales (souvenirs, sundries, etc.) accounts for 6 to 10 percent of revenues (Vogel, 2010; Mintel, 2011) and guest spending on games accounts for another 4 percent of the total revenues (Vogel, 2010). Parking fees, concession charges, and sponsorship funds from external advertisers make up the remainder of the revenue sources for a typical theme park (First Research, 2012) (Figure 10.1)	Answer any questions using only information from the provided text. Do not use outside or prior knowledge. Additionally, ensure all responses are concise (50-100 words) and factual. EVIDENCE: Introduction Revenue management is a collection of techniques that focus on maximising revenues, and has been credited for income improvement in several segments of the hospitality industry (Cross, 1997). In many service industries, capacity of supply is often fixed while demand is volatile. Therefore, it is challenging for service companies to achieve a balance between supply and demand (Peng, Xiao & Li, 2012). Theme parks are characterised by high capital investment, high operational fixed costs and, to some extent, high operational variable cost. Additionally, demand for the theme park product varies according to time of the year, day of the week and time of the day. Thus, the industry has the potential of benefiting from the adoption of creative revenue management strategies. 144 Revenue Management for Hospitality and Tourism To achieve success with revenue management techniques, firms must be willing to constantly reconsider their product offering, their pricing structures, and their general business processes (Cross, 1997). In the U.S. hospitality and tourism industry, revenue management began in the airline industry following the 1978 deregulation, and then spread to lodging and other industry sectors. However, to date, many theme parks have not fully utilised the benefits of revenue management (Berman, 2005), even though there are opportunities to apply this strategy in the industry (Heo & Lee, 2009). The global theme park industry Theme parks are a relatively new concept of tourist attraction and often attempt to create a fantasy atmosphere of another place and time. Theming is reflected through architecture, landscaping, costumed personnel, rides, shows, food services, merchandising and other environmental attributes that impact the guest’s experience (Milman, 2010). Disneyland’s opening in 1955 in Anaheim, California is often referred to by both scholars and industry experts as the genesis of the theme park industry (Price, 1999). Walt Disney wanted his park to stress cleanliness, to have a single point of entry, and to contain numerous themed sections around which all attractions, entertainment and retail activities were coordinated. Much emphasis was placed on isolating the outside world from the fantasy world presented in the parks and to provide an environment where families could be entertained together (Price, 1999). Other theme park attributes referred to in the literature include: the pay-oneprice admission fee, annual attendance revenue in excess of US$ one million, corporate ownership, specific design traits such as elaborate landscaping, architecture that entertains, as well as a mix of activities that includes large-scale rides, retail opportunities and live entertainment (Kyriazi, 1976; Lyon, 1987; Carlson & Popelka, 1988; Adams, 1991; Gottdiener, 1997; Williams, 1998). While the contemporary theme park industry was originally introduced in North America, in recent decades, the theme park industry has expanded globally. In 2011, over 196 million people visited the top 25 worldwide parks, a 3.8 percent increase over the 2010 figure (TEA/ AECOM, 2012). While the economic, social and political impact of these entertainment complexes is sometimes overlooked, it is interesting to note that in 2011 the number of visitors to the world’s top 25 theme parks was slightly higher than the number of international tourists that visited Spain, China, Italy, and the United Kingdom combined (World Tourism Organisation, 2012). 145 10 Theme Parks Revenue Management Sources of income in the theme park industry Revenues for the theme park industry are generated from a variety of sources, but primarily from the admission price. Admission price represents between 49 to 60 percent of overall theme park revenues (Vogel, 2010; Mintel, 2011). The number of guest admissions also represents the volume from which other sources of revenue are derived like food and beverage, merchandise and games. Guest spending on food and beverage accounts for approximately 14 to 17 percent of theme park revenues; merchandise sales (souvenirs, sundries, etc.) accounts for 6 to 10 percent of revenues (Vogel, 2010; Mintel, 2011) and guest spending on games accounts for another 4 percent of the total revenues (Vogel, 2010). Parking fees, concession charges, and sponsorship funds from external advertisers make up the remainder of the revenue sources for a typical theme park (First Research, 2012) (Figure 10.1) USER: What's the main source of income for theme parks? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	27	9	676	null	369
You are given a reference document. You must only use information found in the reference document to answer the question asked.	In what ways do companies within the sharing economy (Uber, Airbnb) evade governmental regulations but remain in business?	Case Studies in Ethics: Teaching Caselettes dukeethics.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - Noncommercial - No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You may reproduce this work for non-commercial use if you use the entire document and attribute the source: The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University. The term “Sharing Economy” refers to individuals directly interacting with each other online to exchange goods and services, which is also known as collaborative consumption. Individuals connect to each other through websites or phone applications, like Airbnb or Uber, which create the market space for peer-to-peer interactions. Through these sites and apps, people rent out their extra rooms on Airbnb, or rent the empty backseats of their car for travellers on Uber. However, Uber and Airbnb are beginning to face regulation concerns, which introduces the questions of what, why and how to regulate these companies. This case study will use the ethical frameworks of utilitarianism and Rawlsianism to address the regulatory issues of collaborative consumption, specifically the companies Airbnb and Uber. This case study was completed under the direction of Dr. Amber Díaz Pearson, The Kenan Institute for Ethics. THE ETHICS OF REGULATING THE SHARING ECONOMY Teaching Caselette Alexandra Zrenner Case Studies in Ethics 2 dukeethics.org Background Collaborative consumption has many economic benefits: the decline of transaction costs, increased efficiency and thus increased profits. The Internet, namely websites and phone applications, minimizes the transaction costs – the cost to the producer and consumer to conduct business – by directly connecting suppliers and consumers. Collaborative consumption companies also enable individuals to sell the unused potential of an owned good for another’s temporary use, which further increases efficiency. Owners profit from the unused potential, and consumers save from renting rather than owning. The result of the growing collaborative economy and its efficiency is a peerto-peer rental market worth $26 billion.1 Airbnb and Uber are two popular examples of collaborative consumption companies. Airbnb is a website on which Hosts offer their homes, or rooms in their homes, to Guests for visits. Uber is an application for smartphones that connects Riders to pay Drivers for a ride. The companies’ Terms of Service, which users agree to upon using Airbnb or Uber, define the companies as the platforms that facilitate the transactions between all users and the company. Given these Terms of Service, Airbnb and Uber are not held to full legal responsibility for the actions of the site or application users. Regulations The practices of Airbnb and Uber create regulatory concerns related to market competition, consumer protections, and the legality of the companies’ practices. Regulators must balance protecting established industries and assisting developing industries; decide to what standards of consumer safety the companies should be held; and determine the legality of the new companies’ practices. Competition The expectation in a capitalist and competitive economy is that innovation encourages competition and vice versa, which further increases efficiency. Airbnb and Uber use innovative online technologies to offer consumers new ways to find a place to stay or a ride. For example, consumers can choose to pay an Airbnb Host or a range of hotels for similar services, so Airbnb and hotels must compete for the consumer. Airbnb can offer lower prices to a consumer due to the company’s use of innovative online technology that minimizes production and transaction costs. The hotel industry has higher costs that must cover workers’ wages and property maintenance. Stephen Dubner, writer of Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Everything and host of the podcast by the same name, discussed how the innovations of Airbnb and Uber might fit the “creative destruction” model in economics.2 The term “creative destruction” was first presented in 1942 by Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter to describe how new innovations or companies compete with the established technologies or companies, and the success of the new means the disappearance of the established.3Within this model, the prediction is that, more consumers would choose Airbnb and Uber, increasing Airbnb’s and Uber’s profits. Simultaneously, the profits of the hotel and taxi companies would fall until every hotel and taxi company leaves the industry, leading to the disappearance of those industries. 1 “The Rise of the Sharing Economy.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 09 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. 2 Dubner, Stephen. “Re: Regulate This!” Audio blog comment. Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Everything. Freakonomics, LLC, 4 Sept. 2014. Web. 1 Apr. 2015. 3 W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, “Creative Destruction.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 2008. Library of Economics and Liberty. 27 March 2015. <http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/CreativeDestruction.html>. Case Studies in Ethics 3 dukeethics.org Airbnb, Uber, hotels and taxi companies, and regulators are aware of the creative destruction model’s prediction. In this model, Airbnb and Uber would be “winners”: the competition between Airbnb and Uber and hotels and taxi companies should increase the overall welfare of those within the room- and ride-providing markets. On the other hand, local, state and federal policymakers aiming to protect careers in the hotel and taxi industries argue that the disappearance of these industries would cause greater harm to society than the improvements that would result from the newer companies. Consumer Protections Many established regulations for the hotel and taxi industry exist for consumer protection: safety standards, antidiscrimination laws, etc. However, Airbnb and Uber are not a hotel or taxi service; they are platforms that are not directly legally responsible for the same standards a hotel or taxi may be responsible to. Airbnb and Uber argue that they developed methods to be regulated by themselves and their users. Competitive economic theory holds that producer- or consumer-based methods of regulation will provide the most efficient outcome, and that government regulations are comparatively inefficient. Producer-based regulation is called “delegated regulation”: the local government sets standards and allows Airbnb and Uber to determine whether or not they met these standards themselves. The consumer-based method of regulation is reviews: users write reviews of Airbnb Hosts and Uber Drivers, incentivizing positive Host and Driver behavior, and regulating the quality and standards of the Hosts and Drivers. Regulators concerned with consumer safety do not consider delegated regulation and consumer reviews adequate substitutes for government standards of consumer protection. Consumer reviews may not address fire standards of the apartment or emissions standards of a car. In addition, producer-based delegated regulation lacks accountability measures to ensure the companies protect the consumers. While the government can set the standards, the companies must hold themselves accountable, which worries regulators. Consumer-safety regulators and sometimes even Uber customers criticize Uber’s practice of surge pricing as a violation of consumer protections. Uber uses an algorithm to surge prices – an increase of prices resulting from an increase in demand (as economic theory would predict). The increase in price should signal more drivers to offer rides. This in turn should increase consumers’ welfare since they have more access to the service, and the drivers’ welfare should increase from receiving higher profits. Although Uber references this economic theory to explain the use of surge pricing, some critics have questioned the wisdom of allowing an algorithm in all situations and scenarios. For example, Uber’s algorithm surged prices during the Sydney, Australia shooting and during natural disasters like Northeastern winter storms. Consumers do not know the algorithm, and question if Uber is abusing the consumer’s safety during natural disasters or perilous situations. Taxes & Legality of Practice Airbnb and Uber have been criticized for their Hosts and Drivers not complying with city, state or federal law. In cities where Airbnb and Uber operate, the legality of renting out your empty rooms or backseats varies and may be ambiguous depending on the location.4 New York and California have existing laws on zoning, home rentals, and taxi regulations that address the legality of ride-sharing or charging guests for temporary home or room rentals. In many cities, temporary home or room rentals or charging individuals for rides require city permission. However, 4 Streitfeld, David. “Airbnb Listings Mostly Illegal, New York State Contends.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 15 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. Case Studies in Ethics 4 dukeethics.org the average Host or Driver does not seek out city operating permits because the Hosts and Drivers don’t know how to obtain the permits, or don’t think they would need a permit for their primary residence or car. Governments, mainly at the local and state levels, are concerned about the questionable legality of Airbnb and Uber transactions, and the lack of taxes collected from these transactions. To address these concerns, Airbnb is reaching out to cities and states to help legislators draft or adjust legislation. In addition, on the “Frequently Asked Questions” page, Airbnb informs and requires Hosts to be aware of and comply with local laws and their landlord’s rental policies, both of which may prohibit short-term rentals. Airbnb has worked with San Francisco, Portland, New York and the District of Columbia to address the concerns of the city and to help legislatures draft new laws to ensure that Airbnb users do not violate city laws. For example, Airbnb recently started to collect hotel taxes from Washington, D.C. Hosts and to send the collected funds directly to the city. 5 In doing so, Airbnb protects the information of its Hosts so that the city could not punish the Hosts for the ambiguous legality of their actions, and ensures the city does not financially suffer from loss of tax revenue. Airbnb’s active efforts to work with governments to address regulatory concerns are an example of self-regulation happening within the market. As such, some supporters of Airbnb argue that the company does not need any additional outside governmental regulations. Uber, in contrast, has not reached out to address legislative or tax concerns, and its main concern is regulatory. Uber’s interactions with governments have resulted in government delegating regulatory responsibilities to Uber rather than the typical arrangement of the government regulating the company.6 Some advocates argue that this delegated regulation is efficient, so any further government regulation would be inefficient and unnecessary. Nonetheless, regulators may be concerned that these Airbnb and Uber-created regulations are still insufficient to meet government standards. 5 Badger, Emily. “Airbnb Is about to Start Collecting Hotel Taxes in More Major Cities, including Washington.” Washington Post. The Washington Post, 29 Jan. 2015. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. 6 Uber argues that its methods regulating Drivers with background checks are sufficient if not better than government background checks. Uber is pushing and lobbying against regulations that are similar to taxi regulations that may hinder Uber growth. Regulators, however, question Uber’s concern of legality and consumer safety. Isaac, Mike. “Uber’s System for Screening Drivers Draws Scrutiny.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 09 Dec. 2014. Web. 07 Apr. 2015.	You are given a reference document. You must only use information found in the reference document to answer the question asked. In what ways do companies within the sharing economy (Uber, Airbnb) evade governmental regulations but remain in business? Case Studies in Ethics: Teaching Caselettes dukeethics.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - Noncommercial - No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You may reproduce this work for non-commercial use if you use the entire document and attribute the source: The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University. The term “Sharing Economy” refers to individuals directly interacting with each other online to exchange goods and services, which is also known as collaborative consumption. Individuals connect to each other through websites or phone applications, like Airbnb or Uber, which create the market space for peer-to-peer interactions. Through these sites and apps, people rent out their extra rooms on Airbnb, or rent the empty backseats of their car for travellers on Uber. However, Uber and Airbnb are beginning to face regulation concerns, which introduces the questions of what, why and how to regulate these companies. This case study will use the ethical frameworks of utilitarianism and Rawlsianism to address the regulatory issues of collaborative consumption, specifically the companies Airbnb and Uber. This case study was completed under the direction of Dr. Amber Díaz Pearson, The Kenan Institute for Ethics. THE ETHICS OF REGULATING THE SHARING ECONOMY Teaching Caselette Alexandra Zrenner Case Studies in Ethics 2 dukeethics.org Background Collaborative consumption has many economic benefits: the decline of transaction costs, increased efficiency and thus increased profits. The Internet, namely websites and phone applications, minimizes the transaction costs – the cost to the producer and consumer to conduct business – by directly connecting suppliers and consumers. Collaborative consumption companies also enable individuals to sell the unused potential of an owned good for another’s temporary use, which further increases efficiency. Owners profit from the unused potential, and consumers save from renting rather than owning. The result of the growing collaborative economy and its efficiency is a peerto-peer rental market worth $26 billion.1 Airbnb and Uber are two popular examples of collaborative consumption companies. Airbnb is a website on which Hosts offer their homes, or rooms in their homes, to Guests for visits. Uber is an application for smartphones that connects Riders to pay Drivers for a ride. The companies’ Terms of Service, which users agree to upon using Airbnb or Uber, define the companies as the platforms that facilitate the transactions between all users and the company. Given these Terms of Service, Airbnb and Uber are not held to full legal responsibility for the actions of the site or application users. Regulations The practices of Airbnb and Uber create regulatory concerns related to market competition, consumer protections, and the legality of the companies’ practices. Regulators must balance protecting established industries and assisting developing industries; decide to what standards of consumer safety the companies should be held; and determine the legality of the new companies’ practices. Competition The expectation in a capitalist and competitive economy is that innovation encourages competition and vice versa, which further increases efficiency. Airbnb and Uber use innovative online technologies to offer consumers new ways to find a place to stay or a ride. For example, consumers can choose to pay an Airbnb Host or a range of hotels for similar services, so Airbnb and hotels must compete for the consumer. Airbnb can offer lower prices to a consumer due to the company’s use of innovative online technology that minimizes production and transaction costs. The hotel industry has higher costs that must cover workers’ wages and property maintenance. Stephen Dubner, writer of Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Everything and host of the podcast by the same name, discussed how the innovations of Airbnb and Uber might fit the “creative destruction” model in economics.2 The term “creative destruction” was first presented in 1942 by Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter to describe how new innovations or companies compete with the established technologies or companies, and the success of the new means the disappearance of the established.3Within this model, the prediction is that, more consumers would choose Airbnb and Uber, increasing Airbnb’s and Uber’s profits. Simultaneously, the profits of the hotel and taxi companies would fall until every hotel and taxi company leaves the industry, leading to the disappearance of those industries. 1 “The Rise of the Sharing Economy.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 09 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. 2 Dubner, Stephen. “Re: Regulate This!” Audio blog comment. Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Everything. Freakonomics, LLC, 4 Sept. 2014. Web. 1 Apr. 2015. 3 W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, “Creative Destruction.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 2008. Library of Economics and Liberty. 27 March 2015. <http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/CreativeDestruction.html>. Case Studies in Ethics 3 dukeethics.org Airbnb, Uber, hotels and taxi companies, and regulators are aware of the creative destruction model’s prediction. In this model, Airbnb and Uber would be “winners”: the competition between Airbnb and Uber and hotels and taxi companies should increase the overall welfare of those within the room- and ride-providing markets. On the other hand, local, state and federal policymakers aiming to protect careers in the hotel and taxi industries argue that the disappearance of these industries would cause greater harm to society than the improvements that would result from the newer companies. Consumer Protections Many established regulations for the hotel and taxi industry exist for consumer protection: safety standards, antidiscrimination laws, etc. However, Airbnb and Uber are not a hotel or taxi service; they are platforms that are not directly legally responsible for the same standards a hotel or taxi may be responsible to. Airbnb and Uber argue that they developed methods to be regulated by themselves and their users. Competitive economic theory holds that producer- or consumer-based methods of regulation will provide the most efficient outcome, and that government regulations are comparatively inefficient. Producer-based regulation is called “delegated regulation”: the local government sets standards and allows Airbnb and Uber to determine whether or not they met these standards themselves. The consumer-based method of regulation is reviews: users write reviews of Airbnb Hosts and Uber Drivers, incentivizing positive Host and Driver behavior, and regulating the quality and standards of the Hosts and Drivers. Regulators concerned with consumer safety do not consider delegated regulation and consumer reviews adequate substitutes for government standards of consumer protection. Consumer reviews may not address fire standards of the apartment or emissions standards of a car. In addition, producer-based delegated regulation lacks accountability measures to ensure the companies protect the consumers. While the government can set the standards, the companies must hold themselves accountable, which worries regulators. Consumer-safety regulators and sometimes even Uber customers criticize Uber’s practice of surge pricing as a violation of consumer protections. Uber uses an algorithm to surge prices – an increase of prices resulting from an increase in demand (as economic theory would predict). The increase in price should signal more drivers to offer rides. This in turn should increase consumers’ welfare since they have more access to the service, and the drivers’ welfare should increase from receiving higher profits. Although Uber references this economic theory to explain the use of surge pricing, some critics have questioned the wisdom of allowing an algorithm in all situations and scenarios. For example, Uber’s algorithm surged prices during the Sydney, Australia shooting and during natural disasters like Northeastern winter storms. Consumers do not know the algorithm, and question if Uber is abusing the consumer’s safety during natural disasters or perilous situations. Taxes & Legality of Practice Airbnb and Uber have been criticized for their Hosts and Drivers not complying with city, state or federal law. In cities where Airbnb and Uber operate, the legality of renting out your empty rooms or backseats varies and may be ambiguous depending on the location.4 New York and California have existing laws on zoning, home rentals, and taxi regulations that address the legality of ride-sharing or charging guests for temporary home or room rentals. In many cities, temporary home or room rentals or charging individuals for rides require city permission. However, 4 Streitfeld, David. “Airbnb Listings Mostly Illegal, New York State Contends.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 15 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. Case Studies in Ethics 4 dukeethics.org the average Host or Driver does not seek out city operating permits because the Hosts and Drivers don’t know how to obtain the permits, or don’t think they would need a permit for their primary residence or car. Governments, mainly at the local and state levels, are concerned about the questionable legality of Airbnb and Uber transactions, and the lack of taxes collected from these transactions. To address these concerns, Airbnb is reaching out to cities and states to help legislators draft or adjust legislation. In addition, on the “Frequently Asked Questions” page, Airbnb informs and requires Hosts to be aware of and comply with local laws and their landlord’s rental policies, both of which may prohibit short-term rentals. Airbnb has worked with San Francisco, Portland, New York and the District of Columbia to address the concerns of the city and to help legislatures draft new laws to ensure that Airbnb users do not violate city laws. For example, Airbnb recently started to collect hotel taxes from Washington, D.C. Hosts and to send the collected funds directly to the city. 5 In doing so, Airbnb protects the information of its Hosts so that the city could not punish the Hosts for the ambiguous legality of their actions, and ensures the city does not financially suffer from loss of tax revenue. Airbnb’s active efforts to work with governments to address regulatory concerns are an example of self-regulation happening within the market. As such, some supporters of Airbnb argue that the company does not need any additional outside governmental regulations. Uber, in contrast, has not reached out to address legislative or tax concerns, and its main concern is regulatory. Uber’s interactions with governments have resulted in government delegating regulatory responsibilities to Uber rather than the typical arrangement of the government regulating the company.6 Some advocates argue that this delegated regulation is efficient, so any further government regulation would be inefficient and unnecessary. Nonetheless, regulators may be concerned that these Airbnb and Uber-created regulations are still insufficient to meet government standards. 5 Badger, Emily. “Airbnb Is about to Start Collecting Hotel Taxes in More Major Cities, including Washington.” Washington Post. The Washington Post, 29 Jan. 2015. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. 6 Uber argues that its methods regulating Drivers with background checks are sufficient if not better than government background checks. Uber is pushing and lobbying against regulations that are similar to taxi regulations that may hinder Uber growth. Regulators, however, question Uber’s concern of legality and consumer safety. Isaac, Mike. “Uber’s System for Screening Drivers Draws Scrutiny.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 09 Dec. 2014. Web. 07 Apr. 2015.	You are given a reference document. You must only use information found in the reference document to answer the question asked. EVIDENCE: Case Studies in Ethics: Teaching Caselettes dukeethics.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - Noncommercial - No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You may reproduce this work for non-commercial use if you use the entire document and attribute the source: The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University. The term “Sharing Economy” refers to individuals directly interacting with each other online to exchange goods and services, which is also known as collaborative consumption. Individuals connect to each other through websites or phone applications, like Airbnb or Uber, which create the market space for peer-to-peer interactions. Through these sites and apps, people rent out their extra rooms on Airbnb, or rent the empty backseats of their car for travellers on Uber. However, Uber and Airbnb are beginning to face regulation concerns, which introduces the questions of what, why and how to regulate these companies. This case study will use the ethical frameworks of utilitarianism and Rawlsianism to address the regulatory issues of collaborative consumption, specifically the companies Airbnb and Uber. This case study was completed under the direction of Dr. Amber Díaz Pearson, The Kenan Institute for Ethics. THE ETHICS OF REGULATING THE SHARING ECONOMY Teaching Caselette Alexandra Zrenner Case Studies in Ethics 2 dukeethics.org Background Collaborative consumption has many economic benefits: the decline of transaction costs, increased efficiency and thus increased profits. The Internet, namely websites and phone applications, minimizes the transaction costs – the cost to the producer and consumer to conduct business – by directly connecting suppliers and consumers. Collaborative consumption companies also enable individuals to sell the unused potential of an owned good for another’s temporary use, which further increases efficiency. Owners profit from the unused potential, and consumers save from renting rather than owning. The result of the growing collaborative economy and its efficiency is a peerto-peer rental market worth $26 billion.1 Airbnb and Uber are two popular examples of collaborative consumption companies. Airbnb is a website on which Hosts offer their homes, or rooms in their homes, to Guests for visits. Uber is an application for smartphones that connects Riders to pay Drivers for a ride. The companies’ Terms of Service, which users agree to upon using Airbnb or Uber, define the companies as the platforms that facilitate the transactions between all users and the company. Given these Terms of Service, Airbnb and Uber are not held to full legal responsibility for the actions of the site or application users. Regulations The practices of Airbnb and Uber create regulatory concerns related to market competition, consumer protections, and the legality of the companies’ practices. Regulators must balance protecting established industries and assisting developing industries; decide to what standards of consumer safety the companies should be held; and determine the legality of the new companies’ practices. Competition The expectation in a capitalist and competitive economy is that innovation encourages competition and vice versa, which further increases efficiency. Airbnb and Uber use innovative online technologies to offer consumers new ways to find a place to stay or a ride. For example, consumers can choose to pay an Airbnb Host or a range of hotels for similar services, so Airbnb and hotels must compete for the consumer. Airbnb can offer lower prices to a consumer due to the company’s use of innovative online technology that minimizes production and transaction costs. The hotel industry has higher costs that must cover workers’ wages and property maintenance. Stephen Dubner, writer of Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Everything and host of the podcast by the same name, discussed how the innovations of Airbnb and Uber might fit the “creative destruction” model in economics.2 The term “creative destruction” was first presented in 1942 by Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter to describe how new innovations or companies compete with the established technologies or companies, and the success of the new means the disappearance of the established.3Within this model, the prediction is that, more consumers would choose Airbnb and Uber, increasing Airbnb’s and Uber’s profits. Simultaneously, the profits of the hotel and taxi companies would fall until every hotel and taxi company leaves the industry, leading to the disappearance of those industries. 1 “The Rise of the Sharing Economy.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 09 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. 2 Dubner, Stephen. “Re: Regulate This!” Audio blog comment. Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Everything. Freakonomics, LLC, 4 Sept. 2014. Web. 1 Apr. 2015. 3 W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, “Creative Destruction.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 2008. Library of Economics and Liberty. 27 March 2015. <http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/CreativeDestruction.html>. Case Studies in Ethics 3 dukeethics.org Airbnb, Uber, hotels and taxi companies, and regulators are aware of the creative destruction model’s prediction. In this model, Airbnb and Uber would be “winners”: the competition between Airbnb and Uber and hotels and taxi companies should increase the overall welfare of those within the room- and ride-providing markets. On the other hand, local, state and federal policymakers aiming to protect careers in the hotel and taxi industries argue that the disappearance of these industries would cause greater harm to society than the improvements that would result from the newer companies. Consumer Protections Many established regulations for the hotel and taxi industry exist for consumer protection: safety standards, antidiscrimination laws, etc. However, Airbnb and Uber are not a hotel or taxi service; they are platforms that are not directly legally responsible for the same standards a hotel or taxi may be responsible to. Airbnb and Uber argue that they developed methods to be regulated by themselves and their users. Competitive economic theory holds that producer- or consumer-based methods of regulation will provide the most efficient outcome, and that government regulations are comparatively inefficient. Producer-based regulation is called “delegated regulation”: the local government sets standards and allows Airbnb and Uber to determine whether or not they met these standards themselves. The consumer-based method of regulation is reviews: users write reviews of Airbnb Hosts and Uber Drivers, incentivizing positive Host and Driver behavior, and regulating the quality and standards of the Hosts and Drivers. Regulators concerned with consumer safety do not consider delegated regulation and consumer reviews adequate substitutes for government standards of consumer protection. Consumer reviews may not address fire standards of the apartment or emissions standards of a car. In addition, producer-based delegated regulation lacks accountability measures to ensure the companies protect the consumers. While the government can set the standards, the companies must hold themselves accountable, which worries regulators. Consumer-safety regulators and sometimes even Uber customers criticize Uber’s practice of surge pricing as a violation of consumer protections. Uber uses an algorithm to surge prices – an increase of prices resulting from an increase in demand (as economic theory would predict). The increase in price should signal more drivers to offer rides. This in turn should increase consumers’ welfare since they have more access to the service, and the drivers’ welfare should increase from receiving higher profits. Although Uber references this economic theory to explain the use of surge pricing, some critics have questioned the wisdom of allowing an algorithm in all situations and scenarios. For example, Uber’s algorithm surged prices during the Sydney, Australia shooting and during natural disasters like Northeastern winter storms. Consumers do not know the algorithm, and question if Uber is abusing the consumer’s safety during natural disasters or perilous situations. Taxes & Legality of Practice Airbnb and Uber have been criticized for their Hosts and Drivers not complying with city, state or federal law. In cities where Airbnb and Uber operate, the legality of renting out your empty rooms or backseats varies and may be ambiguous depending on the location.4 New York and California have existing laws on zoning, home rentals, and taxi regulations that address the legality of ride-sharing or charging guests for temporary home or room rentals. In many cities, temporary home or room rentals or charging individuals for rides require city permission. However, 4 Streitfeld, David. “Airbnb Listings Mostly Illegal, New York State Contends.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 15 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. Case Studies in Ethics 4 dukeethics.org the average Host or Driver does not seek out city operating permits because the Hosts and Drivers don’t know how to obtain the permits, or don’t think they would need a permit for their primary residence or car. Governments, mainly at the local and state levels, are concerned about the questionable legality of Airbnb and Uber transactions, and the lack of taxes collected from these transactions. To address these concerns, Airbnb is reaching out to cities and states to help legislators draft or adjust legislation. In addition, on the “Frequently Asked Questions” page, Airbnb informs and requires Hosts to be aware of and comply with local laws and their landlord’s rental policies, both of which may prohibit short-term rentals. Airbnb has worked with San Francisco, Portland, New York and the District of Columbia to address the concerns of the city and to help legislatures draft new laws to ensure that Airbnb users do not violate city laws. For example, Airbnb recently started to collect hotel taxes from Washington, D.C. Hosts and to send the collected funds directly to the city. 5 In doing so, Airbnb protects the information of its Hosts so that the city could not punish the Hosts for the ambiguous legality of their actions, and ensures the city does not financially suffer from loss of tax revenue. Airbnb’s active efforts to work with governments to address regulatory concerns are an example of self-regulation happening within the market. As such, some supporters of Airbnb argue that the company does not need any additional outside governmental regulations. Uber, in contrast, has not reached out to address legislative or tax concerns, and its main concern is regulatory. Uber’s interactions with governments have resulted in government delegating regulatory responsibilities to Uber rather than the typical arrangement of the government regulating the company.6 Some advocates argue that this delegated regulation is efficient, so any further government regulation would be inefficient and unnecessary. Nonetheless, regulators may be concerned that these Airbnb and Uber-created regulations are still insufficient to meet government standards. 5 Badger, Emily. “Airbnb Is about to Start Collecting Hotel Taxes in More Major Cities, including Washington.” Washington Post. The Washington Post, 29 Jan. 2015. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. 6 Uber argues that its methods regulating Drivers with background checks are sufficient if not better than government background checks. Uber is pushing and lobbying against regulations that are similar to taxi regulations that may hinder Uber growth. Regulators, however, question Uber’s concern of legality and consumer safety. Isaac, Mike. “Uber’s System for Screening Drivers Draws Scrutiny.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 09 Dec. 2014. Web. 07 Apr. 2015. USER: In what ways do companies within the sharing economy (Uber, Airbnb) evade governmental regulations but remain in business? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	true	21	18	1,793	null	642
<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document]	My husband and I have three children and I have been a stay at home mom for 10 years. My oldest daughter is 11. My husband's 16 year old daughter from a previous marriage wants to babysit for us. If we pay her to babysit can be we qualify for the dependent care credit?	You may be able to claim the child and dependent care credit if you paid expenses for the care of a qualifying individual to enable you (and your spouse, if filing a joint return) to work or actively look for work. Generally, you may not take this credit if your filing status is married filing separately. However, see What's Your Filing Status? in Publication 503, Child and Dependent Care Expenses, which describes an exception for certain taxpayers living apart from their spouse and meeting other requirements. The amount of the credit is a percentage of the amount of work-related expenses you paid to a care provider for the care of a qualifying individual. The percentage depends on your adjusted gross income. Dollar limit The total expenses that you may use to calculate the credit may not be more than $3,000 (for one qualifying individual) or $6,000 (for two or more qualifying individuals). Expenses paid for the care of a qualifying individual are eligible expenses if the primary reason for paying the expense is to assure the individual's well-being and protection. If you received dependent care benefits that you exclude or deduct from your income, you must subtract the amount of those benefits from the dollar limit that applies to you. Qualifying individual A qualifying individual for the child and dependent care credit is: Your dependent qualifying child who was under age 13 when the care was provided, Your spouse who was physically or mentally incapable of self-care and lived with you for more than half of the year, or An individual who was physically or mentally incapable of self-care, lived with you for more than half of the year, and either: (a) was your dependent; or (b) could have been your dependent except that he or she received gross income of $4,700 or more, or filed a joint return, or you (or your spouse, if filing jointly) could have been claimed as a dependent on another taxpayer's 2023 return. Physically or mentally not able to care for oneself - An individual is physically or mentally incapable of self-care if, as a result of a physical or mental defect, the individual is incapable of caring for his or her hygiene or nutritional needs or requires the full-time attention of another person for the individual's own safety or the safety of others. Children of divorced or separated parents or parents living apart - A noncustodial parent who is claiming a child as a dependent should review the rules under the topic Child of divorced or separated parents or parents living apart in Publication 503, because a child may be treated as the qualifying individual of the custodial parent for the child and dependent care credit, even if the noncustodial parent is entitled to claim the child as a dependent. Individual qualifying for part of year - If an individual is a qualifying individual for only a part of the tax year, only those expenses paid for care of the individual during that part of the year are included in calculating the credit. Taxpayer identification number (TIN) - You must provide the TIN (usually the Social Security number) of each qualifying individual. Care of a qualifying individual The care may be provided in the household or outside the household; however, don't include any amounts that aren't primarily for the well-being of the individual. You should divide the expenses between amounts that are primarily for the care of the individual and amounts that aren't primarily for the care of the individual. You must reduce the expenses primarily for the care of the individual by the amount of any dependent care benefits provided by your employer that you exclude from gross income. In general, you can exclude up to $5,000 for dependent care benefits received from your employer. Additionally, in general, the expenses claimed may not exceed the smaller of your earned income or your spouse's earned income. If you or your spouse is a full-time student or incapable of self-care, then you or your spouse is treated as having earned income for each month that you or your spouse is a full-time student or incapable of self-care. Your or your spouse's earned income for each month is $250 if there is one qualifying person ($500 if two or more qualifying individuals). See the topic Earned Income Limit in Publication 503 PDF for further information. Care providers You must identify all persons or organizations that provide care for your child or dependent. You must report the name, address, and TIN (either the Social Security number or the employer identification number) of the care provider on your return. If the care provider is a tax-exempt organization, you need only report the name and address of the organization on your return. You can use Form W-10, Dependent Care Provider's Identification and Certification to request this information from the care provider. If you can't provide information regarding the care provider, you may still be eligible for the credit if you can show that you exercised due diligence in attempting to provide the required information. If you pay a provider to care for your dependent or spouse in your home, you may be a household employer. If you're a household employer, you may have to withhold and pay Social Security and Medicare taxes and pay federal unemployment tax. For more information, refer to Do You Have Household Employees? in Publication 503, Publication 926, Household Employer's Tax Guide, or Topic no. 756. Payments to relatives or dependents - The care provider can't be your spouse, the parent of your qualifying individual if your qualifying individual is your child and under age 13, your child who is under the age of 19, or a dependent whom you or your spouse may claim on your return. Reporting on your tax return If you qualify for the credit, complete Form 2441, Child and Dependent Care Expenses and attach to Form 1040, U.S Individual Income Tax Return, Form 1040-SR, U.S. Tax Return for Seniors or Form 1040-NR, U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return. If you received dependent care benefits from your employer (an amount is shown on your Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement), you must complete Part III of Form 2441. Additional information For more information, refer to Am I eligible to claim the child and dependent care credit?	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> My husband and I have three children and I have been a stay at home mom for 10 years. My oldest daughter is 11. My husband's 16 year old daughter from a previous marriage wants to babysit for us. If we pay her to babysit can be we qualify for the dependent care credit? <TEXT> You may be able to claim the child and dependent care credit if you paid expenses for the care of a qualifying individual to enable you (and your spouse, if filing a joint return) to work or actively look for work. Generally, you may not take this credit if your filing status is married filing separately. However, see What's Your Filing Status? in Publication 503, Child and Dependent Care Expenses, which describes an exception for certain taxpayers living apart from their spouse and meeting other requirements. The amount of the credit is a percentage of the amount of work-related expenses you paid to a care provider for the care of a qualifying individual. The percentage depends on your adjusted gross income. Dollar limit The total expenses that you may use to calculate the credit may not be more than $3,000 (for one qualifying individual) or $6,000 (for two or more qualifying individuals). Expenses paid for the care of a qualifying individual are eligible expenses if the primary reason for paying the expense is to assure the individual's well-being and protection. If you received dependent care benefits that you exclude or deduct from your income, you must subtract the amount of those benefits from the dollar limit that applies to you. Qualifying individual A qualifying individual for the child and dependent care credit is: Your dependent qualifying child who was under age 13 when the care was provided, Your spouse who was physically or mentally incapable of self-care and lived with you for more than half of the year, or An individual who was physically or mentally incapable of self-care, lived with you for more than half of the year, and either: (a) was your dependent; or (b) could have been your dependent except that he or she received gross income of $4,700 or more, or filed a joint return, or you (or your spouse, if filing jointly) could have been claimed as a dependent on another taxpayer's 2023 return. Physically or mentally not able to care for oneself - An individual is physically or mentally incapable of self-care if, as a result of a physical or mental defect, the individual is incapable of caring for his or her hygiene or nutritional needs or requires the full-time attention of another person for the individual's own safety or the safety of others. Children of divorced or separated parents or parents living apart - A noncustodial parent who is claiming a child as a dependent should review the rules under the topic Child of divorced or separated parents or parents living apart in Publication 503, because a child may be treated as the qualifying individual of the custodial parent for the child and dependent care credit, even if the noncustodial parent is entitled to claim the child as a dependent. Individual qualifying for part of year - If an individual is a qualifying individual for only a part of the tax year, only those expenses paid for care of the individual during that part of the year are included in calculating the credit. Taxpayer identification number (TIN) - You must provide the TIN (usually the Social Security number) of each qualifying individual. Care of a qualifying individual The care may be provided in the household or outside the household; however, don't include any amounts that aren't primarily for the well-being of the individual. You should divide the expenses between amounts that are primarily for the care of the individual and amounts that aren't primarily for the care of the individual. You must reduce the expenses primarily for the care of the individual by the amount of any dependent care benefits provided by your employer that you exclude from gross income. In general, you can exclude up to $5,000 for dependent care benefits received from your employer. Additionally, in general, the expenses claimed may not exceed the smaller of your earned income or your spouse's earned income. If you or your spouse is a full-time student or incapable of self-care, then you or your spouse is treated as having earned income for each month that you or your spouse is a full-time student or incapable of self-care. Your or your spouse's earned income for each month is $250 if there is one qualifying person ($500 if two or more qualifying individuals). See the topic Earned Income Limit in Publication 503 PDF for further information. Care providers You must identify all persons or organizations that provide care for your child or dependent. You must report the name, address, and TIN (either the Social Security number or the employer identification number) of the care provider on your return. If the care provider is a tax-exempt organization, you need only report the name and address of the organization on your return. You can use Form W-10, Dependent Care Provider's Identification and Certification to request this information from the care provider. If you can't provide information regarding the care provider, you may still be eligible for the credit if you can show that you exercised due diligence in attempting to provide the required information. If you pay a provider to care for your dependent or spouse in your home, you may be a household employer. If you're a household employer, you may have to withhold and pay Social Security and Medicare taxes and pay federal unemployment tax. For more information, refer to Do You Have Household Employees? in Publication 503, Publication 926, Household Employer's Tax Guide, or Topic no. 756. Payments to relatives or dependents - The care provider can't be your spouse, the parent of your qualifying individual if your qualifying individual is your child and under age 13, your child who is under the age of 19, or a dependent whom you or your spouse may claim on your return. Reporting on your tax return If you qualify for the credit, complete Form 2441, Child and Dependent Care Expenses and attach to Form 1040, U.S Individual Income Tax Return, Form 1040-SR, U.S. Tax Return for Seniors or Form 1040-NR, U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return. If you received dependent care benefits from your employer (an amount is shown on your Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement), you must complete Part III of Form 2441. Additional information For more information, refer to Am I eligible to claim the child and dependent care credit? https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc602	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document] EVIDENCE: You may be able to claim the child and dependent care credit if you paid expenses for the care of a qualifying individual to enable you (and your spouse, if filing a joint return) to work or actively look for work. Generally, you may not take this credit if your filing status is married filing separately. However, see What's Your Filing Status? in Publication 503, Child and Dependent Care Expenses, which describes an exception for certain taxpayers living apart from their spouse and meeting other requirements. The amount of the credit is a percentage of the amount of work-related expenses you paid to a care provider for the care of a qualifying individual. The percentage depends on your adjusted gross income. Dollar limit The total expenses that you may use to calculate the credit may not be more than $3,000 (for one qualifying individual) or $6,000 (for two or more qualifying individuals). Expenses paid for the care of a qualifying individual are eligible expenses if the primary reason for paying the expense is to assure the individual's well-being and protection. If you received dependent care benefits that you exclude or deduct from your income, you must subtract the amount of those benefits from the dollar limit that applies to you. Qualifying individual A qualifying individual for the child and dependent care credit is: Your dependent qualifying child who was under age 13 when the care was provided, Your spouse who was physically or mentally incapable of self-care and lived with you for more than half of the year, or An individual who was physically or mentally incapable of self-care, lived with you for more than half of the year, and either: (a) was your dependent; or (b) could have been your dependent except that he or she received gross income of $4,700 or more, or filed a joint return, or you (or your spouse, if filing jointly) could have been claimed as a dependent on another taxpayer's 2023 return. Physically or mentally not able to care for oneself - An individual is physically or mentally incapable of self-care if, as a result of a physical or mental defect, the individual is incapable of caring for his or her hygiene or nutritional needs or requires the full-time attention of another person for the individual's own safety or the safety of others. Children of divorced or separated parents or parents living apart - A noncustodial parent who is claiming a child as a dependent should review the rules under the topic Child of divorced or separated parents or parents living apart in Publication 503, because a child may be treated as the qualifying individual of the custodial parent for the child and dependent care credit, even if the noncustodial parent is entitled to claim the child as a dependent. Individual qualifying for part of year - If an individual is a qualifying individual for only a part of the tax year, only those expenses paid for care of the individual during that part of the year are included in calculating the credit. Taxpayer identification number (TIN) - You must provide the TIN (usually the Social Security number) of each qualifying individual. Care of a qualifying individual The care may be provided in the household or outside the household; however, don't include any amounts that aren't primarily for the well-being of the individual. You should divide the expenses between amounts that are primarily for the care of the individual and amounts that aren't primarily for the care of the individual. You must reduce the expenses primarily for the care of the individual by the amount of any dependent care benefits provided by your employer that you exclude from gross income. In general, you can exclude up to $5,000 for dependent care benefits received from your employer. Additionally, in general, the expenses claimed may not exceed the smaller of your earned income or your spouse's earned income. If you or your spouse is a full-time student or incapable of self-care, then you or your spouse is treated as having earned income for each month that you or your spouse is a full-time student or incapable of self-care. Your or your spouse's earned income for each month is $250 if there is one qualifying person ($500 if two or more qualifying individuals). See the topic Earned Income Limit in Publication 503 PDF for further information. Care providers You must identify all persons or organizations that provide care for your child or dependent. You must report the name, address, and TIN (either the Social Security number or the employer identification number) of the care provider on your return. If the care provider is a tax-exempt organization, you need only report the name and address of the organization on your return. You can use Form W-10, Dependent Care Provider's Identification and Certification to request this information from the care provider. If you can't provide information regarding the care provider, you may still be eligible for the credit if you can show that you exercised due diligence in attempting to provide the required information. If you pay a provider to care for your dependent or spouse in your home, you may be a household employer. If you're a household employer, you may have to withhold and pay Social Security and Medicare taxes and pay federal unemployment tax. For more information, refer to Do You Have Household Employees? in Publication 503, Publication 926, Household Employer's Tax Guide, or Topic no. 756. Payments to relatives or dependents - The care provider can't be your spouse, the parent of your qualifying individual if your qualifying individual is your child and under age 13, your child who is under the age of 19, or a dependent whom you or your spouse may claim on your return. Reporting on your tax return If you qualify for the credit, complete Form 2441, Child and Dependent Care Expenses and attach to Form 1040, U.S Individual Income Tax Return, Form 1040-SR, U.S. Tax Return for Seniors or Form 1040-NR, U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return. If you received dependent care benefits from your employer (an amount is shown on your Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement), you must complete Part III of Form 2441. Additional information For more information, refer to Am I eligible to claim the child and dependent care credit? USER: My husband and I have three children and I have been a stay at home mom for 10 years. My oldest daughter is 11. My husband's 16 year old daughter from a previous marriage wants to babysit for us. If we pay her to babysit can be we qualify for the dependent care credit? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	54	1,056	null	416
Draw your answer only from the context block below and not from external sources.	What does Apple not receive from me when I use Siri?	The Siri and Dictation features of the iOS Software may not be available in all languages or regions and features may vary by region. If your iOS Device supports Siri and Dictation, these features may allow you to make requests, give commands and dictate text to your device using your voice. When you use Siri or Dictation, the things you say will be recorded and sent to Apple in order to convert what you say into text and to process your requests. Your device will also send Apple other information, such as your name and nickname; the names, nicknames, and relationship with you (e.g., “my dad”) of your address book contacts; and song names in your collection (collectively, your “User Data”). All of this data is used to help Siri and Dictation understand you better and recognize what you say. It is not linked to other data that Apple may have from your use of other Apple services. By using Siri or Dictation, you agree and consent to Apple’s and its subsidiaries’ and agents’ transmission, collection, maintenance, processing, and use of this information, including your voice input and User Data, to provide and improve Siri, Dictation, and dictation functionality in other Apple products and services. If you have Location Services turned on, the location of your iOS Device at the time you make a request to Siri may also be sent to Apple to help Siri improve the accuracy of its response to your location-based requests. You may disable the location-based functionality of Siri by going to the Location Services setting on your iOS Device and turning off the individual location setting for Siri. Siri can allow you to interact with your iOS Device without needing to unlock it. If you have enabled a passcode on your iOS Device and would like to prevent Siri from being used from the lock screen, you can tap Settings, tap General, tap Passcode Lock and turn the Siri option to “off”. You can also turn off Siri and Dictation altogether at any time. To do so, open Settings, tap General, tap Siri, and slide the Siri switch to “off”.	Draw your answer only from the context block below and not from external sources. What does Apple not receive from me when I use Siri? [The Siri and Dictation features of the iOS Software may not be available in all languages or regions and features may vary by region. If your iOS Device supports Siri and Dictation, these features may allow you to make requests, give commands and dictate text to your device using your voice. When you use Siri or Dictation, the things you say will be recorded and sent to Apple in order to convert what you say into text and to process your requests. Your device will also send Apple other information, such as your name and nickname; the names, nicknames, and relationship with you (e.g., “my dad”) of your address book contacts; and song names in your collection (collectively, your “User Data”). All of this data is used to help Siri and Dictation understand you better and recognize what you say. It is not linked to other data that Apple may have from your use of other Apple services. By using Siri or Dictation, you agree and consent to Apple’s and its subsidiaries’ and agents’ transmission, collection, maintenance, processing, and use of this information, including your voice input and User Data, to provide and improve Siri, Dictation, and dictation functionality in other Apple products and services. If you have Location Services turned on, the location of your iOS Device at the time you make a request to Siri may also be sent to Apple to help Siri improve the accuracy of its response to your location-based requests. You may disable the location-based functionality of Siri by going to the Location Services setting on your iOS Device and turning off the individual location setting for Siri. Siri can allow you to interact with your iOS Device without needing to unlock it. If you have enabled a passcode on your iOS Device and would like to prevent Siri from being used from the lock screen, you can tap Settings, tap General, tap Passcode Lock and turn the Siri option to “off”. You can also turn off Siri and Dictation altogether at any time. To do so, open Settings, tap General, tap Siri, and slide the Siri switch to “off”.]	Draw your answer only from the context block below and not from external sources. EVIDENCE: The Siri and Dictation features of the iOS Software may not be available in all languages or regions and features may vary by region. If your iOS Device supports Siri and Dictation, these features may allow you to make requests, give commands and dictate text to your device using your voice. When you use Siri or Dictation, the things you say will be recorded and sent to Apple in order to convert what you say into text and to process your requests. Your device will also send Apple other information, such as your name and nickname; the names, nicknames, and relationship with you (e.g., “my dad”) of your address book contacts; and song names in your collection (collectively, your “User Data”). All of this data is used to help Siri and Dictation understand you better and recognize what you say. It is not linked to other data that Apple may have from your use of other Apple services. By using Siri or Dictation, you agree and consent to Apple’s and its subsidiaries’ and agents’ transmission, collection, maintenance, processing, and use of this information, including your voice input and User Data, to provide and improve Siri, Dictation, and dictation functionality in other Apple products and services. If you have Location Services turned on, the location of your iOS Device at the time you make a request to Siri may also be sent to Apple to help Siri improve the accuracy of its response to your location-based requests. You may disable the location-based functionality of Siri by going to the Location Services setting on your iOS Device and turning off the individual location setting for Siri. Siri can allow you to interact with your iOS Device without needing to unlock it. If you have enabled a passcode on your iOS Device and would like to prevent Siri from being used from the lock screen, you can tap Settings, tap General, tap Passcode Lock and turn the Siri option to “off”. You can also turn off Siri and Dictation altogether at any time. To do so, open Settings, tap General, tap Siri, and slide the Siri switch to “off”. USER: What does Apple not receive from me when I use Siri? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	14	11	356	null	452
Draw your answer from the above text only.	What are the different types of web pages?	WEB PAGES Web pages are what make up the World Wide Web. These documents are written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and are translated by your Web browser. Web pages can either be static or dynamic. Static pages show the same content each time they are viewed. Dynamic pages have content that can change each time they are accessed. These pages are typically written in scripting languages such as PHP, Perl, ASP, or JSP. The scripts in the pages run functions on the server that return things like the date and time, and database information. All the information is returned as HTML code, so when the page gets to your browser, all the browser has to do is translate the HTML. Electronic (digital) document created with HTML and, therefore, accessible with a browser. In addition to text and graphics, web pages may also contain downloadable data files, audio and video files, and hyperlinks to other pages or sites. A website is usually a collection of web pages. A web page is a document that's created in html that shows up on the internet when you type in or go to the web page's address. Web Page A web page is a document commonly written in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) that is accessible through the Internet or other network using a browser. A web page is accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web pages and files. Web pages are created using HTML which stands for HyperText Markup Language. All web pages, whether big or small, have to be developed in HTML to be displayed in web browsers. HTML, contrary to its name, is not a language. Rather, it consists of tags that specify the purpose of what they enclose. For instance, by surrounding a block of text on a web page with the <p> tag (the paragraph tag) tells the browser that all that text is to be placed as paragraph or using the <em> around a phrase will give emphasis to it. 7 Types of Web Pages Advocacy Web pages established for political candidates, called “e-campaigning,” has become an important part of politics. Surveys show that more than 50 percent of Internet users turn to the Web for information about political topics. Business/marketing Web pages used for shopping on the Internet are increasingly popular. In 1999, 17 million households shopped online. This figure is expected to grow to 49 million by 2004. A survey of back-to-school shoppers 34 years old and younger showed that 17 percent planned to shop online for their children’s school needs. Perhaps more significant, only 6 percent of surveyed shoppers reported being uncomfortable with buying on the Internet. Educational institutions frequently publish informational Web pages. Today, most colleges have web sites that offer course descriptions, information about the student population, and registration costs and deadlines. When shopping for college, surveys show that high school seniors use the Web more than catalogs or guidebooks; about 80 percent of college-bound students start looking at college Web sites as sophomores. News Web pages are the most popular Web sites among Americans with access to the Internet. Although these Web sites often are associated with newspapers, magazines, television stations, or radio stations, some are published only online, without a related print or broadcast media. Portal Web pages often offer the following free services: search engine, news, sports and weather, free personal Web pages, reference tools, shopping malls, e-mail, instant messaging, newsgroups, and chat rooms. The dictionary defines a “portal” as a door or gateway. Portal Web pages are gateways to a host of services. INTERNET CHAT On the Internet, chatting is talking to other people who are using the Internet at the same time you are. Usually, this "talking" is the exchange of typed-in messages requiring one site as the repository for the messages (or "chat site") and a group of users who take part from anywhere on the Internet. In some cases, a private chat can be arranged between two parties who meet initially in a group chat. Chats can be ongoing or scheduled for a particular time and duration. Most chats are focused on a particular topic of interest and some involve guest experts or famous people who "talk" to anyone joining the chat.	What are the different types of web pages? WEB PAGES Web pages are what make up the World Wide Web. These documents are written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and are translated by your Web browser. Web pages can either be static or dynamic. Static pages show the same content each time they are viewed. Dynamic pages have content that can change each time they are accessed. These pages are typically written in scripting languages such as PHP, Perl, ASP, or JSP. The scripts in the pages run functions on the server that return things like the date and time, and database information. All the information is returned as HTML code, so when the page gets to your browser, all the browser has to do is translate the HTML. Electronic (digital) document created with HTML and, therefore, accessible with a browser. In addition to text and graphics, web pages may also contain downloadable data files, audio and video files, and hyperlinks to other pages or sites. A website is usually a collection of web pages. A web page is a document that's created in html that shows up on the internet when you type in or go to the web page's address. Web Page A web page is a document commonly written in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) that is accessible through the Internet or other network using a browser. A web page is accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web pages and files. Web pages are created using HTML which stands for HyperText Markup Language. All web pages, whether big or small, have to be developed in HTML to be displayed in web browsers. HTML, contrary to its name, is not a language. Rather, it consists of tags that specify the purpose of what they enclose. For instance, by surrounding a block of text on a web page with the <p> tag (the paragraph tag) tells the browser that all that text is to be placed as paragraph or using the <em> around a phrase will give emphasis to it. 7 Types of Web Pages Advocacy Web pages established for political candidates, called “e-campaigning,” has become an important part of politics. Surveys show that more than 50 percent of Internet users turn to the Web for information about political topics. Business/marketing Web pages used for shopping on the Internet are increasingly popular. In 1999, 17 million households shopped online. This figure is expected to grow to 49 million by 2004. A survey of back-to-school shoppers 34 years old and younger showed that 17 percent planned to shop online for their children’s school needs. Perhaps more significant, only 6 percent of surveyed shoppers reported being uncomfortable with buying on the Internet. Educational institutions frequently publish informational Web pages. Today, most colleges have web sites that offer course descriptions, information about the student population, and registration costs and deadlines. When shopping for college, surveys show that high school seniors use the Web more than catalogs or guidebooks; about 80 percent of college-bound students start looking at college Web sites as sophomores. News Web pages are the most popular Web sites among Americans with access to the Internet. Although these Web sites often are associated with newspapers, magazines, television stations, or radio stations, some are published only online, without a related print or broadcast media. Portal Web pages often offer the following free services: search engine, news, sports and weather, free personal Web pages, reference tools, shopping malls, e-mail, instant messaging, newsgroups, and chat rooms. The dictionary defines a “portal” as a door or gateway. Portal Web pages are gateways to a host of services. INTERNET CHAT On the Internet, chatting is talking to other people who are using the Internet at the same time you are. Usually, this "talking" is the exchange of typed-in messages requiring one site as the repository for the messages (or "chat site") and a group of users who take part from anywhere on the Internet. In some cases, a private chat can be arranged between two parties who meet initially in a group chat. Chats can be ongoing or scheduled for a particular time and duration. Most chats are focused on a particular topic of interest and some involve guest experts or famous people who "talk" to anyone joining the chat. Draw your answer from the above text only.	Draw your answer from the above text only. EVIDENCE: WEB PAGES Web pages are what make up the World Wide Web. These documents are written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and are translated by your Web browser. Web pages can either be static or dynamic. Static pages show the same content each time they are viewed. Dynamic pages have content that can change each time they are accessed. These pages are typically written in scripting languages such as PHP, Perl, ASP, or JSP. The scripts in the pages run functions on the server that return things like the date and time, and database information. All the information is returned as HTML code, so when the page gets to your browser, all the browser has to do is translate the HTML. Electronic (digital) document created with HTML and, therefore, accessible with a browser. In addition to text and graphics, web pages may also contain downloadable data files, audio and video files, and hyperlinks to other pages or sites. A website is usually a collection of web pages. A web page is a document that's created in html that shows up on the internet when you type in or go to the web page's address. Web Page A web page is a document commonly written in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) that is accessible through the Internet or other network using a browser. A web page is accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web pages and files. Web pages are created using HTML which stands for HyperText Markup Language. All web pages, whether big or small, have to be developed in HTML to be displayed in web browsers. HTML, contrary to its name, is not a language. Rather, it consists of tags that specify the purpose of what they enclose. For instance, by surrounding a block of text on a web page with the <p> tag (the paragraph tag) tells the browser that all that text is to be placed as paragraph or using the <em> around a phrase will give emphasis to it. 7 Types of Web Pages Advocacy Web pages established for political candidates, called “e-campaigning,” has become an important part of politics. Surveys show that more than 50 percent of Internet users turn to the Web for information about political topics. Business/marketing Web pages used for shopping on the Internet are increasingly popular. In 1999, 17 million households shopped online. This figure is expected to grow to 49 million by 2004. A survey of back-to-school shoppers 34 years old and younger showed that 17 percent planned to shop online for their children’s school needs. Perhaps more significant, only 6 percent of surveyed shoppers reported being uncomfortable with buying on the Internet. Educational institutions frequently publish informational Web pages. Today, most colleges have web sites that offer course descriptions, information about the student population, and registration costs and deadlines. When shopping for college, surveys show that high school seniors use the Web more than catalogs or guidebooks; about 80 percent of college-bound students start looking at college Web sites as sophomores. News Web pages are the most popular Web sites among Americans with access to the Internet. Although these Web sites often are associated with newspapers, magazines, television stations, or radio stations, some are published only online, without a related print or broadcast media. Portal Web pages often offer the following free services: search engine, news, sports and weather, free personal Web pages, reference tools, shopping malls, e-mail, instant messaging, newsgroups, and chat rooms. The dictionary defines a “portal” as a door or gateway. Portal Web pages are gateways to a host of services. INTERNET CHAT On the Internet, chatting is talking to other people who are using the Internet at the same time you are. Usually, this "talking" is the exchange of typed-in messages requiring one site as the repository for the messages (or "chat site") and a group of users who take part from anywhere on the Internet. In some cases, a private chat can be arranged between two parties who meet initially in a group chat. Chats can be ongoing or scheduled for a particular time and duration. Most chats are focused on a particular topic of interest and some involve guest experts or famous people who "talk" to anyone joining the chat. USER: What are the different types of web pages? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	8	8	715	null	81
Answer the question in the prompt fully, in the format requested by the prompt, using only information in the prompt and context block.	According to the following text, how should I process the snare during the mixing phase of audio production? Please provide your response in bullet points, outlining the main processes I should apply to the snare drum.	Mixing The Drums Now that you have recorded your best drum tracks, it’s time to process and mix the audio to really bring the drums to life. By mixing the raw drum stems you can focus and balance each individual part of the drum set. There are a wide range of valuable production tools and effects that are used to enhance sound recordings. I will provide an overview and instructions to some of the most important tools used in sound recording. When mixing audio you will need to use a high quality pair of headphones or a pair of studio reference monitors. This is by no means a list of ALL of the sound recording tools available, but these are the most essential tools to enable the drums sit well in a mix, whilst adding clarity and punch. The following will all be available as plugins within your digital audio workstation. Panning Panning is a tool that spreads a signal in a multi-channel sound field. It’s crucial for making up a complete stereo image and creates the impression of space within a mix. Panning is important for mixing drums, because it mimics the realistic effect of a drum set stage sound. Using panning creates a wide sounding drum set that can be heard from all sides. The best way to pan drums is to pan the separate parts of the drum set how they appear before you as if you are playing the drums. This is called “Drummers Perspective”. •Set the kick drum and snare drum panned dead centre. •Pan the overheads fully left and right respectively. •Don’t pan the toms as extreme as the overheads. I pan the high tom to the left, middle tom slightly right and floor tom to the right. EQ EQ is a corrective and creative tool used within sound recording and reproduction to correct frequency responses using linear filters. EQ is used to strengthen or weaken frequency bands to alter a signal’s sound. What this means is that EQ allows you to adjust frequencies of a signal to improve how it sounds. EQ is your best friend in recording. It is incredibly important for balancing sounds to create a mix that allows a listener to hear all the individual parts of a drum set with clarity. Use your ears when using EQ for your drums – they are the most valuable tools at your disposal. To get your drum sounds in the right ballpark, here are some engineer approved tips for drums: •Kick EQ – Adding a bump at 60Hz will give you some thick low-end. Add 3-5kHz for some ‘knock’ and some 10kHz for some click. Try cutting around 400-500Hz, this will stop your bass drum from sounding like a cardboard box. •Snare EQ – If you want your snare to hit you in the chest, add a bump at 150-200Hz. For more body to your snare add the frequencies around 500Hz. And for more attack, add 5kHz. •Toms EQ – For toms you want to reduce boxiness and increase thump and attack. Add 100Hz for some thump and 3-5kHz for clarity. Cut the mid frequencies for toms to remove the boxy sound, but be sure to leave some left so the toms don’t sound hollow. •Overheads EQ – With the overheads your aim is to increase presence in the upper mids and high frequencies whilst reducing overall boxiness in some of the lower frequencies. If the close-mics are all sounding great you can use a high-pass filter to cut out everything below 500Hz. Compression Compression is the process of lessening the dynamic range between the loudest and quietest parts of an audio signal. The goal of compression is to even out unwanted level variations of a signal. For drums, this means turning down louder hits to match softer hits in order to make the drum sounds more balanced overall. Compression is a fairly complex tool, and there is no ‘one-size fits all’ compression setting. But proper use of compression will help smoothen out the shape of the drums and keep dynamics under control. •Threshold – When compressing drums, we generally want the entire drum signal to be compressed. You’ll want to set your threshold low enough that any drum signal can trigger it. •Attack – Nearly all the drum’s punch is found in the initial milliseconds of the drum sound. This is the “attack”. A good starting point is to set an attack of 30ms and to adjust from there. •Release – The release determines how soon the compressor stops working after its initial activation. You ideally want to set the release to be fast enough so the compression switches off before the next hit. A good starting point is around 200ms. •Ratio – The ratio determines how much the output signal increases based on the input signal. Lower ratios will provide more punch, and I would try a ratio of 3:1 or 4:1 to start with. Reverb Reverb is another essential tool in modern recording. Reverb exists all around us, and within music production the aim is to emulate a natural acoustic environment for your sounds. Digital reverb plugins mimic the way a real acoustic space works. They are designed to simulate reflections, and the echoes and the decay of high versus low frequencies. Reverb is important for bringing life to drums, and to make them sound punchy, lifelike and full within a mix. Use your ears to achieve an optimal balance for reverb. Even if you want explosive drum sounds, don’t go overboard. The choice of reverb will need to fit with the emotional quality of a song and its mix. There are five main categories of reverb. Use your ears and experiment with the different types of reverb and see what works best with your drum sounds: •Room •Hall •Chamber •Spring •Plate	According to the following text, how should I process the snare during the mixing phase of audio production? Please provide your response in bullet points, outlining the main processes I should apply to the snare drum. Mixing The Drums Now that you have recorded your best drum tracks, it’s time to process and mix the audio to really bring the drums to life. By mixing the raw drum stems you can focus and balance each individual part of the drum set. There are a wide range of valuable production tools and effects that are used to enhance sound recordings. I will provide an overview and instructions to some of the most important tools used in sound recording. When mixing audio you will need to use a high quality pair of headphones or a pair of studio reference monitors. This is by no means a list of ALL of the sound recording tools available, but these are the most essential tools to enable the drums sit well in a mix, whilst adding clarity and punch. The following will all be available as plugins within your digital audio workstation. Panning Panning is a tool that spreads a signal in a multi-channel sound field. It’s crucial for making up a complete stereo image and creates the impression of space within a mix. Panning is important for mixing drums, because it mimics the realistic effect of a drum set stage sound. Using panning creates a wide sounding drum set that can be heard from all sides. The best way to pan drums is to pan the separate parts of the drum set how they appear before you as if you are playing the drums. This is called “Drummers Perspective”. •Set the kick drum and snare drum panned dead centre. •Pan the overheads fully left and right respectively. •Don’t pan the toms as extreme as the overheads. I pan the high tom to the left, middle tom slightly right and floor tom to the right. EQ EQ is a corrective and creative tool used within sound recording and reproduction to correct frequency responses using linear filters. EQ is used to strengthen or weaken frequency bands to alter a signal’s sound. What this means is that EQ allows you to adjust frequencies of a signal to improve how it sounds. EQ is your best friend in recording. It is incredibly important for balancing sounds to create a mix that allows a listener to hear all the individual parts of a drum set with clarity. Use your ears when using EQ for your drums – they are the most valuable tools at your disposal. To get your drum sounds in the right ballpark, here are some engineer approved tips for drums: •Kick EQ – Adding a bump at 60Hz will give you some thick low-end. Add 3-5kHz for some ‘knock’ and some 10kHz for some click. Try cutting around 400-500Hz, this will stop your bass drum from sounding like a cardboard box. •Snare EQ – If you want your snare to hit you in the chest, add a bump at 150-200Hz. For more body to your snare add the frequencies around 500Hz. And for more attack, add 5kHz. •Toms EQ – For toms you want to reduce boxiness and increase thump and attack. Add 100Hz for some thump and 3-5kHz for clarity. Cut the mid frequencies for toms to remove the boxy sound, but be sure to leave some left so the toms don’t sound hollow. •Overheads EQ – With the overheads your aim is to increase presence in the upper mids and high frequencies whilst reducing overall boxiness in some of the lower frequencies. If the close-mics are all sounding great you can use a high-pass filter to cut out everything below 500Hz. Compression Compression is the process of lessening the dynamic range between the loudest and quietest parts of an audio signal. The goal of compression is to even out unwanted level variations of a signal. For drums, this means turning down louder hits to match softer hits in order to make the drum sounds more balanced overall. Compression is a fairly complex tool, and there is no ‘one-size fits all’ compression setting. But proper use of compression will help smoothen out the shape of the drums and keep dynamics under control. •Threshold – When compressing drums, we generally want the entire drum signal to be compressed. You’ll want to set your threshold low enough that any drum signal can trigger it. •Attack – Nearly all the drum’s punch is found in the initial milliseconds of the drum sound. This is the “attack”. A good starting point is to set an attack of 30ms and to adjust from there. •Release – The release determines how soon the compressor stops working after its initial activation. You ideally want to set the release to be fast enough so the compression switches off before the next hit. A good starting point is around 200ms. •Ratio – The ratio determines how much the output signal increases based on the input signal. Lower ratios will provide more punch, and I would try a ratio of 3:1 or 4:1 to start with. Reverb Reverb is another essential tool in modern recording. Reverb exists all around us, and within music production the aim is to emulate a natural acoustic environment for your sounds. Digital reverb plugins mimic the way a real acoustic space works. They are designed to simulate reflections, and the echoes and the decay of high versus low frequencies. Reverb is important for bringing life to drums, and to make them sound punchy, lifelike and full within a mix. Use your ears to achieve an optimal balance for reverb. Even if you want explosive drum sounds, don’t go overboard. The choice of reverb will need to fit with the emotional quality of a song and its mix. There are five main categories of reverb. Use your ears and experiment with the different types of reverb and see what works best with your drum sounds: •Room •Hall •Chamber •Spring •Plate	Answer the question in the prompt fully, in the format requested by the prompt, using only information in the prompt and context block. EVIDENCE: Mixing The Drums Now that you have recorded your best drum tracks, it’s time to process and mix the audio to really bring the drums to life. By mixing the raw drum stems you can focus and balance each individual part of the drum set. There are a wide range of valuable production tools and effects that are used to enhance sound recordings. I will provide an overview and instructions to some of the most important tools used in sound recording. When mixing audio you will need to use a high quality pair of headphones or a pair of studio reference monitors. This is by no means a list of ALL of the sound recording tools available, but these are the most essential tools to enable the drums sit well in a mix, whilst adding clarity and punch. The following will all be available as plugins within your digital audio workstation. Panning Panning is a tool that spreads a signal in a multi-channel sound field. It’s crucial for making up a complete stereo image and creates the impression of space within a mix. Panning is important for mixing drums, because it mimics the realistic effect of a drum set stage sound. Using panning creates a wide sounding drum set that can be heard from all sides. The best way to pan drums is to pan the separate parts of the drum set how they appear before you as if you are playing the drums. This is called “Drummers Perspective”. •Set the kick drum and snare drum panned dead centre. •Pan the overheads fully left and right respectively. •Don’t pan the toms as extreme as the overheads. I pan the high tom to the left, middle tom slightly right and floor tom to the right. EQ EQ is a corrective and creative tool used within sound recording and reproduction to correct frequency responses using linear filters. EQ is used to strengthen or weaken frequency bands to alter a signal’s sound. What this means is that EQ allows you to adjust frequencies of a signal to improve how it sounds. EQ is your best friend in recording. It is incredibly important for balancing sounds to create a mix that allows a listener to hear all the individual parts of a drum set with clarity. Use your ears when using EQ for your drums – they are the most valuable tools at your disposal. To get your drum sounds in the right ballpark, here are some engineer approved tips for drums: •Kick EQ – Adding a bump at 60Hz will give you some thick low-end. Add 3-5kHz for some ‘knock’ and some 10kHz for some click. Try cutting around 400-500Hz, this will stop your bass drum from sounding like a cardboard box. •Snare EQ – If you want your snare to hit you in the chest, add a bump at 150-200Hz. For more body to your snare add the frequencies around 500Hz. And for more attack, add 5kHz. •Toms EQ – For toms you want to reduce boxiness and increase thump and attack. Add 100Hz for some thump and 3-5kHz for clarity. Cut the mid frequencies for toms to remove the boxy sound, but be sure to leave some left so the toms don’t sound hollow. •Overheads EQ – With the overheads your aim is to increase presence in the upper mids and high frequencies whilst reducing overall boxiness in some of the lower frequencies. If the close-mics are all sounding great you can use a high-pass filter to cut out everything below 500Hz. Compression Compression is the process of lessening the dynamic range between the loudest and quietest parts of an audio signal. The goal of compression is to even out unwanted level variations of a signal. For drums, this means turning down louder hits to match softer hits in order to make the drum sounds more balanced overall. Compression is a fairly complex tool, and there is no ‘one-size fits all’ compression setting. But proper use of compression will help smoothen out the shape of the drums and keep dynamics under control. •Threshold – When compressing drums, we generally want the entire drum signal to be compressed. You’ll want to set your threshold low enough that any drum signal can trigger it. •Attack – Nearly all the drum’s punch is found in the initial milliseconds of the drum sound. This is the “attack”. A good starting point is to set an attack of 30ms and to adjust from there. •Release – The release determines how soon the compressor stops working after its initial activation. You ideally want to set the release to be fast enough so the compression switches off before the next hit. A good starting point is around 200ms. •Ratio – The ratio determines how much the output signal increases based on the input signal. Lower ratios will provide more punch, and I would try a ratio of 3:1 or 4:1 to start with. Reverb Reverb is another essential tool in modern recording. Reverb exists all around us, and within music production the aim is to emulate a natural acoustic environment for your sounds. Digital reverb plugins mimic the way a real acoustic space works. They are designed to simulate reflections, and the echoes and the decay of high versus low frequencies. Reverb is important for bringing life to drums, and to make them sound punchy, lifelike and full within a mix. Use your ears to achieve an optimal balance for reverb. Even if you want explosive drum sounds, don’t go overboard. The choice of reverb will need to fit with the emotional quality of a song and its mix. There are five main categories of reverb. Use your ears and experiment with the different types of reverb and see what works best with your drum sounds: •Room •Hall •Chamber •Spring •Plate USER: According to the following text, how should I process the snare during the mixing phase of audio production? Please provide your response in bullet points, outlining the main processes I should apply to the snare drum. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	23	36	973	null	707
I'm providing you with your source material. You will not be using any outside material. Your job is to answer questions about the material.	What are the details of the transition regulations of Relief for Renters Act, 2024.	1ST SESSION, 43RD LEGISLATURE, ONTARIO 2 CHARLES III, 2024 Bill 163 An Act to amend the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 MPP A. Hazell Private Member’s Bill 1st Reading February 20, 2024 2nd Reading 3rd Reading Royal Assent EXPLANATORY NOTE The Bill amends the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 to provide for a residential rent freeze for the calendar year 2025, subject to specified exceptions, and to provide that no landlord shall terminate a tenancy under section 48 or 49 of the Act during the same period, subject to specified exceptions. Bill 163 2024 An Act to amend the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 His Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows: 1 The Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 is amended by adding the following section: No eviction under ss. 48 and 49 during non-enforcement period Definition 49.1.1 (1) In this section, “non-enforcement period” means the period that begins on January 1, 2025 and ends on December 31, 2025. No termination of tenancy (2) No landlord shall, during the non-enforcement period, terminate a tenancy in accordance with section 48 or 49. Exception (3) Subsection (2) does not apply if the landlord is terminating a tenancy for the purpose of occupation by a person who provides or will provide care services, as described in clause 48 (1) (d), 49 (1) (d) or 49 (2) (d). 2 (1) Subsection 120 (3.1) of the Act is amended by striking out “2021” wherever it appears and substituting in each case “2025”. (2) Subsection 120 (3.2) of the Act is amended by striking out “2021” and substituting “2025”. 3 (1) The definition of “rent freeze period” in subsection 136.1 (1) of the Act is amended by striking out “January 1, 2021 and ends on December 31, 2021” at the end and substituting “January 1, 2025 and ends on December 31, 2025”. (2) Subclause 136.1 (2) (c) (i) of the Act is amended by striking out “Helping Tenants and Small Businesses Act, 2020” and substituting “Relief for Renters Act, 2024”. (3) Subsection 136.1 (3) of the Act is amended by striking out “Helping Tenants and Small Businesses Act, 2020” and substituting “Relief for Renters Act, 2024”. 4 The Act is amended by adding the following section: Transition regulations, Relief for Renters Act, 2024 241.5 (1) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations governing transitional matters that, in the opinion of the Lieutenant Governor in Council, are necessary or advisable to deal with issues arising out of the amendments to this Act made by the Relief for Renters Act, 2024. Same (2) A regulation made under subsection (1) may govern the application of provisions of this Act to proceedings before a court or the Board in which a claim is made relating to amendments to this Act made by the Relief for Renters Act, 2024 and which were commenced before the commencement date of the amendment. Commencement 5 This Act comes into force on the day it receives Royal Assent. Short title 6 The short title of this Act is the Relief for Renters Act, 2024.	I'm providing you with your source material. You will not be using any outside material. Your job is to answer questions about the material. What are the details of the transition regulations of Relief for Renters Act, 2024. 1ST SESSION, 43RD LEGISLATURE, ONTARIO 2 CHARLES III, 2024 Bill 163 An Act to amend the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 MPP A. Hazell Private Member’s Bill 1st Reading February 20, 2024 2nd Reading 3rd Reading Royal Assent EXPLANATORY NOTE The Bill amends the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 to provide for a residential rent freeze for the calendar year 2025, subject to specified exceptions, and to provide that no landlord shall terminate a tenancy under section 48 or 49 of the Act during the same period, subject to specified exceptions. Bill 163 2024 An Act to amend the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 His Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows: 1 The Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 is amended by adding the following section: No eviction under ss. 48 and 49 during non-enforcement period Definition 49.1.1 (1) In this section, “non-enforcement period” means the period that begins on January 1, 2025 and ends on December 31, 2025. No termination of tenancy (2) No landlord shall, during the non-enforcement period, terminate a tenancy in accordance with section 48 or 49. Exception (3) Subsection (2) does not apply if the landlord is terminating a tenancy for the purpose of occupation by a person who provides or will provide care services, as described in clause 48 (1) (d), 49 (1) (d) or 49 (2) (d). 2 (1) Subsection 120 (3.1) of the Act is amended by striking out “2021” wherever it appears and substituting in each case “2025”. (2) Subsection 120 (3.2) of the Act is amended by striking out “2021” and substituting “2025”. 3 (1) The definition of “rent freeze period” in subsection 136.1 (1) of the Act is amended by striking out “January 1, 2021 and ends on December 31, 2021” at the end and substituting “January 1, 2025 and ends on December 31, 2025”. (2) Subclause 136.1 (2) (c) (i) of the Act is amended by striking out “Helping Tenants and Small Businesses Act, 2020” and substituting “Relief for Renters Act, 2024”. (3) Subsection 136.1 (3) of the Act is amended by striking out “Helping Tenants and Small Businesses Act, 2020” and substituting “Relief for Renters Act, 2024”. 4 The Act is amended by adding the following section: Transition regulations, Relief for Renters Act, 2024 241.5 (1) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations governing transitional matters that, in the opinion of the Lieutenant Governor in Council, are necessary or advisable to deal with issues arising out of the amendments to this Act made by the Relief for Renters Act, 2024. Same (2) A regulation made under subsection (1) may govern the application of provisions of this Act to proceedings before a court or the Board in which a claim is made relating to amendments to this Act made by the Relief for Renters Act, 2024 and which were commenced before the commencement date of the amendment. Commencement 5 This Act comes into force on the day it receives Royal Assent. Short title 6 The short title of this Act is the Relief for Renters Act, 2024.	I'm providing you with your source material. You will not be using any outside material. Your job is to answer questions about the material. EVIDENCE: 1ST SESSION, 43RD LEGISLATURE, ONTARIO 2 CHARLES III, 2024 Bill 163 An Act to amend the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 MPP A. Hazell Private Member’s Bill 1st Reading February 20, 2024 2nd Reading 3rd Reading Royal Assent EXPLANATORY NOTE The Bill amends the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 to provide for a residential rent freeze for the calendar year 2025, subject to specified exceptions, and to provide that no landlord shall terminate a tenancy under section 48 or 49 of the Act during the same period, subject to specified exceptions. Bill 163 2024 An Act to amend the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 His Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows: 1 The Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 is amended by adding the following section: No eviction under ss. 48 and 49 during non-enforcement period Definition 49.1.1 (1) In this section, “non-enforcement period” means the period that begins on January 1, 2025 and ends on December 31, 2025. No termination of tenancy (2) No landlord shall, during the non-enforcement period, terminate a tenancy in accordance with section 48 or 49. Exception (3) Subsection (2) does not apply if the landlord is terminating a tenancy for the purpose of occupation by a person who provides or will provide care services, as described in clause 48 (1) (d), 49 (1) (d) or 49 (2) (d). 2 (1) Subsection 120 (3.1) of the Act is amended by striking out “2021” wherever it appears and substituting in each case “2025”. (2) Subsection 120 (3.2) of the Act is amended by striking out “2021” and substituting “2025”. 3 (1) The definition of “rent freeze period” in subsection 136.1 (1) of the Act is amended by striking out “January 1, 2021 and ends on December 31, 2021” at the end and substituting “January 1, 2025 and ends on December 31, 2025”. (2) Subclause 136.1 (2) (c) (i) of the Act is amended by striking out “Helping Tenants and Small Businesses Act, 2020” and substituting “Relief for Renters Act, 2024”. (3) Subsection 136.1 (3) of the Act is amended by striking out “Helping Tenants and Small Businesses Act, 2020” and substituting “Relief for Renters Act, 2024”. 4 The Act is amended by adding the following section: Transition regulations, Relief for Renters Act, 2024 241.5 (1) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations governing transitional matters that, in the opinion of the Lieutenant Governor in Council, are necessary or advisable to deal with issues arising out of the amendments to this Act made by the Relief for Renters Act, 2024. Same (2) A regulation made under subsection (1) may govern the application of provisions of this Act to proceedings before a court or the Board in which a claim is made relating to amendments to this Act made by the Relief for Renters Act, 2024 and which were commenced before the commencement date of the amendment. Commencement 5 This Act comes into force on the day it receives Royal Assent. Short title 6 The short title of this Act is the Relief for Renters Act, 2024. USER: What are the details of the transition regulations of Relief for Renters Act, 2024. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	14	519	null	740
"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	If someone quits their job or is fired, what steps must they take to apply for Employment Insurance (EI) benefits, and how does Service Canada assess whether they qualify? Discuss what constitutes 'just cause' for quitting, how Service Canada determines misconduct for fired employees, and any recourse individuals have if Service Canada disqualifies their El claim. Include specific details from the application process, such as the importance of the Record of Employment (ROE) and the timeline for applying. Provide your response in 5-7 sentences.	Do I need my Record of Employment? It is easier to apply for EI if you have your Record of Employment (ROE). You will need an ROE for every employer you worked for in the past 12 months. If your employer sends your ROE to the government online: ● they do not have to give you a copy, and ● you do not need a copy to apply for EI. But you can get a copy from Service Canada if you want one. You need a My Service Canada account to see your ROE online. Access your account or set one up at servicecanada.ca. It is easier to apply for EI with your ROE. But you should apply for EI right away, even if you do not have your ROE yet. You will need proof of your employment, such as pay stubs and T4 slips. Employment Insurance \| 5 If you do not apply within 4 weeks after your employment ends, you will probably get fewer EI payments. If you are having problems getting your ROE, call the Employment Insurance Telephone Information Service at 1-800-206-7218. For TTY, call 1-800-529-3742. CLEO has a tool that creates a letter you can send to your employer asking for your ROE. Go to stepstojustice.ca/ asking-for-roe. ❚❚❚ Can I get EI if I quit my job? If you quit your job, you will not qualify for regular EI benefits unless you had “just cause”. This means that you had to quit because you had no other reasonable choice. If you do not return to work when you are called back after a layoff, Service Canada sees this as quitting your job. If you have a problem at work, it helps to show that you tried to fix it. If the problem is so serious that it cannot be fixed, you might qualify for EI if you quit. But you might want to start looking for another job before you quit. Keep a record of your job search. What if I had just cause for quitting? If you can prove that you had just cause for quitting your job, you can get EI. There are many situations that could be just cause for quitting. Here are some examples. 6 \| cleo.on.ca You were discriminated against for one of the following reasons: ● your race, colour, national or ethnic origin, or religion ● your sexual orientation or your sex, which includes discrimination because of pregnancy or childbirth ● your marital status or family status ● your disability or age ● you were convicted of a crime but have a pardon or record suspension ● you belong to a union Your employer or supervisor: ● refused to pay you for overtime work, or forced you to work too much overtime ● was unfair or hostile to you for no good reason ● was doing something that was against the law ● pressured you to leave your job Or you quit your job because your employer: ● expected you to work in dangerous conditions ● cut your wages significantly or made major changes to your duties Even if one of the examples applies to you, that might not be enough to be just cause. And there could be other reasons for leaving that Service Canada will see as just cause. It is best to get legal advice before you quit your job for any reason. See page 27 to find out where to get legal help. Employment Insurance \| 7 ❚❚❚ Can I get EI if I was fired? It depends on why you were fired. If Service Canada says you were fired because of “misconduct”, they will not give you benefits. Misconduct usually means doing something wrong on purpose. Misconduct is more than not being able to do the job well. Here are some examples that could be misconduct: ● threatening someone or being violent ● destroying company property on purpose ● being away from work without permission ● not obeying an order from your employer It is often unclear if what a worker does is misconduct. Service Canada decides if you were fired for misconduct, not your employer. So you should apply, even if you were fired. ❚❚❚ If I quit or was fired, what happens when I apply for EI? When you apply, you have to answer questions on a special form if you quit or were fired. If you quit, you have to say: ● why you quit ● if you tried to fix the problem at work before you left ● if you tried to get other work before you quit 8 \| cleo.on.ca If you were fired, you have to say: ● why you were fired ● if your employer gave you any warnings ● if you tried to fix the problem Once you have filled in the form, Service Canada may interview you. They may also contact your employer. Then they decide if you quit without having just cause or were fired for misconduct. Being disqualified Service Canada could decide that you: ● quit without having just cause, or ● were fired for misconduct. If this happens, they will tell you in a letter that you cannot get regular EI benefits. This is called being “disqualified”. The letter will also tell you that you have the right to ask them to reconsider their decision. This means asking them to review and change their decision. You must ask for this in writing within 30 days of finding out about Service Canada’s decision. For more information, see page 25. Even if you cannot get regular EI benefits, you might still be able to get the special benefits that are listed	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= Do I need my Record of Employment? It is easier to apply for EI if you have your Record of Employment (ROE). You will need an ROE for every employer you worked for in the past 12 months. If your employer sends your ROE to the government online: ● they do not have to give you a copy, and ● you do not need a copy to apply for EI. But you can get a copy from Service Canada if you want one. You need a My Service Canada account to see your ROE online. Access your account or set one up at servicecanada.ca. It is easier to apply for EI with your ROE. But you should apply for EI right away, even if you do not have your ROE yet. You will need proof of your employment, such as pay stubs and T4 slips. Employment Insurance \| 5 If you do not apply within 4 weeks after your employment ends, you will probably get fewer EI payments. If you are having problems getting your ROE, call the Employment Insurance Telephone Information Service at 1-800-206-7218. For TTY, call 1-800-529-3742. CLEO has a tool that creates a letter you can send to your employer asking for your ROE. Go to stepstojustice.ca/ asking-for-roe. ❚❚❚ Can I get EI if I quit my job? If you quit your job, you will not qualify for regular EI benefits unless you had “just cause”. This means that you had to quit because you had no other reasonable choice. If you do not return to work when you are called back after a layoff, Service Canada sees this as quitting your job. If you have a problem at work, it helps to show that you tried to fix it. If the problem is so serious that it cannot be fixed, you might qualify for EI if you quit. But you might want to start looking for another job before you quit. Keep a record of your job search. What if I had just cause for quitting? If you can prove that you had just cause for quitting your job, you can get EI. There are many situations that could be just cause for quitting. Here are some examples. 6 \| cleo.on.ca You were discriminated against for one of the following reasons: ● your race, colour, national or ethnic origin, or religion ● your sexual orientation or your sex, which includes discrimination because of pregnancy or childbirth ● your marital status or family status ● your disability or age ● you were convicted of a crime but have a pardon or record suspension ● you belong to a union Your employer or supervisor: ● refused to pay you for overtime work, or forced you to work too much overtime ● was unfair or hostile to you for no good reason ● was doing something that was against the law ● pressured you to leave your job Or you quit your job because your employer: ● expected you to work in dangerous conditions ● cut your wages significantly or made major changes to your duties Even if one of the examples applies to you, that might not be enough to be just cause. And there could be other reasons for leaving that Service Canada will see as just cause. It is best to get legal advice before you quit your job for any reason. See page 27 to find out where to get legal help. Employment Insurance \| 7 ❚❚❚ Can I get EI if I was fired? It depends on why you were fired. If Service Canada says you were fired because of “misconduct”, they will not give you benefits. Misconduct usually means doing something wrong on purpose. Misconduct is more than not being able to do the job well. Here are some examples that could be misconduct: ● threatening someone or being violent ● destroying company property on purpose ● being away from work without permission ● not obeying an order from your employer It is often unclear if what a worker does is misconduct. Service Canada decides if you were fired for misconduct, not your employer. So you should apply, even if you were fired. ❚❚❚ If I quit or was fired, what happens when I apply for EI? When you apply, you have to answer questions on a special form if you quit or were fired. If you quit, you have to say: ● why you quit ● if you tried to fix the problem at work before you left ● if you tried to get other work before you quit 8 \| cleo.on.ca If you were fired, you have to say: ● why you were fired ● if your employer gave you any warnings ● if you tried to fix the problem Once you have filled in the form, Service Canada may interview you. They may also contact your employer. Then they decide if you quit without having just cause or were fired for misconduct. Being disqualified Service Canada could decide that you: ● quit without having just cause, or ● were fired for misconduct. If this happens, they will tell you in a letter that you cannot get regular EI benefits. This is called being “disqualified”. The letter will also tell you that you have the right to ask them to reconsider their decision. This means asking them to review and change their decision. You must ask for this in writing within 30 days of finding out about Service Canada’s decision. For more information, see page 25. Even if you cannot get regular EI benefits, you might still be able to get the special benefits that are listed https://www.cleo.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/empins.pdf ================ <QUESTION> ======= If someone quits their job or is fired, what steps must they take to apply for Employment Insurance (EI) benefits, and how does Service Canada assess whether they qualify? Discuss what constitutes 'just cause' for quitting, how Service Canada determines misconduct for fired employees, and any recourse individuals have if Service Canada disqualifies their El claim. Include specific details from the application process, such as the importance of the Record of Employment (ROE) and the timeline for applying. Provide your response in 5-7 sentences. ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided." EVIDENCE: Do I need my Record of Employment? It is easier to apply for EI if you have your Record of Employment (ROE). You will need an ROE for every employer you worked for in the past 12 months. If your employer sends your ROE to the government online: ● they do not have to give you a copy, and ● you do not need a copy to apply for EI. But you can get a copy from Service Canada if you want one. You need a My Service Canada account to see your ROE online. Access your account or set one up at servicecanada.ca. It is easier to apply for EI with your ROE. But you should apply for EI right away, even if you do not have your ROE yet. You will need proof of your employment, such as pay stubs and T4 slips. Employment Insurance \| 5 If you do not apply within 4 weeks after your employment ends, you will probably get fewer EI payments. If you are having problems getting your ROE, call the Employment Insurance Telephone Information Service at 1-800-206-7218. For TTY, call 1-800-529-3742. CLEO has a tool that creates a letter you can send to your employer asking for your ROE. Go to stepstojustice.ca/ asking-for-roe. ❚❚❚ Can I get EI if I quit my job? If you quit your job, you will not qualify for regular EI benefits unless you had “just cause”. This means that you had to quit because you had no other reasonable choice. If you do not return to work when you are called back after a layoff, Service Canada sees this as quitting your job. If you have a problem at work, it helps to show that you tried to fix it. If the problem is so serious that it cannot be fixed, you might qualify for EI if you quit. But you might want to start looking for another job before you quit. Keep a record of your job search. What if I had just cause for quitting? If you can prove that you had just cause for quitting your job, you can get EI. There are many situations that could be just cause for quitting. Here are some examples. 6 \| cleo.on.ca You were discriminated against for one of the following reasons: ● your race, colour, national or ethnic origin, or religion ● your sexual orientation or your sex, which includes discrimination because of pregnancy or childbirth ● your marital status or family status ● your disability or age ● you were convicted of a crime but have a pardon or record suspension ● you belong to a union Your employer or supervisor: ● refused to pay you for overtime work, or forced you to work too much overtime ● was unfair or hostile to you for no good reason ● was doing something that was against the law ● pressured you to leave your job Or you quit your job because your employer: ● expected you to work in dangerous conditions ● cut your wages significantly or made major changes to your duties Even if one of the examples applies to you, that might not be enough to be just cause. And there could be other reasons for leaving that Service Canada will see as just cause. It is best to get legal advice before you quit your job for any reason. See page 27 to find out where to get legal help. Employment Insurance \| 7 ❚❚❚ Can I get EI if I was fired? It depends on why you were fired. If Service Canada says you were fired because of “misconduct”, they will not give you benefits. Misconduct usually means doing something wrong on purpose. Misconduct is more than not being able to do the job well. Here are some examples that could be misconduct: ● threatening someone or being violent ● destroying company property on purpose ● being away from work without permission ● not obeying an order from your employer It is often unclear if what a worker does is misconduct. Service Canada decides if you were fired for misconduct, not your employer. So you should apply, even if you were fired. ❚❚❚ If I quit or was fired, what happens when I apply for EI? When you apply, you have to answer questions on a special form if you quit or were fired. If you quit, you have to say: ● why you quit ● if you tried to fix the problem at work before you left ● if you tried to get other work before you quit 8 \| cleo.on.ca If you were fired, you have to say: ● why you were fired ● if your employer gave you any warnings ● if you tried to fix the problem Once you have filled in the form, Service Canada may interview you. They may also contact your employer. Then they decide if you quit without having just cause or were fired for misconduct. Being disqualified Service Canada could decide that you: ● quit without having just cause, or ● were fired for misconduct. If this happens, they will tell you in a letter that you cannot get regular EI benefits. This is called being “disqualified”. The letter will also tell you that you have the right to ask them to reconsider their decision. This means asking them to review and change their decision. You must ask for this in writing within 30 days of finding out about Service Canada’s decision. For more information, see page 25. Even if you cannot get regular EI benefits, you might still be able to get the special benefits that are listed USER: If someone quits their job or is fired, what steps must they take to apply for Employment Insurance (EI) benefits, and how does Service Canada assess whether they qualify? Discuss what constitutes 'just cause' for quitting, how Service Canada determines misconduct for fired employees, and any recourse individuals have if Service Canada disqualifies their El claim. Include specific details from the application process, such as the importance of the Record of Employment (ROE) and the timeline for applying. Provide your response in 5-7 sentences. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	49	84	946	null	370
<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document]	What is the medication Atorvastatin used for and what potential side effects can result from it? Be thorough in your response and make it at least 150 words.	Why is this medication prescribed? Atorvastatin is used together with diet, weight loss, and exercise to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke and to decrease the chance that heart surgery will be needed in people who have heart disease or who are at risk of developing heart disease. Atorvastatin is also used to decrease the amount of fatty substances such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ('bad cholesterol') and triglycerides in the blood and to increase the amount of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ('good cholesterol') in the blood. Atorvastatin may also be used to decrease the amount of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood in children and teenagers 10 to 17 years of age who have familial heterozygous hypercholesterolemia (an inherited condition in which cholesterol cannot be removed from the body normally). Atorvastatin is in a class of medications called HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). It works by slowing the production of cholesterol in the body to decrease the amount of cholesterol that may build up on the walls of the arteries and block blood flow to the heart, brain, and other parts of the body. Accumulation of cholesterol and fats along the walls of your arteries (a process known as atherosclerosis) decreases blood flow and, therefore, the oxygen supply to your heart, brain, and other parts of your body. Lowering your blood level of cholesterol and fats with atorvastatin has been shown to prevent heart disease, angina (chest pain), strokes, and heart attacks. How should this medicine be used? Atorvastatin comes as a tablet and suspension (liquid) to take by mouth. The tablet is usually taken once a day with or without food. The suspension is usually taken once a day on an empty stomach (at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal).Take atorvastatin at around the same time every day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take atorvastatin exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. Your doctor may start you on a low dose of atorvastatin and gradually increase your dose, not more than once every 2 to 4 weeks. If you are taking the suspension, do not use a household spoon to measure your dose. Use a properly marked measuring device such as a medicine spoon or oral syringe. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you need help getting or using a measuring device. Continue to take atorvastatin even if you feel well. Do not stop taking atorvastatin without talking to your doctor. Other uses for this medicine This medication may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. What special precautions should I follow? Before taking atorvastatin, tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to atorvastatin, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in atorvastatin tablets and suspension. Ask your pharmacist for a list of the ingredients. Tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take while taking atorvastatin. Your doctor may need to change the doses of your medications or monitor you carefully for side effects. The following nonprescription products may interact with atorvastatin: cimetidine (Tagamet), and niacin. Be sure to let your doctor and pharmacist know that you are taking these medications before you start taking atorvastatin. Do not start any of these medications while taking atorvastatin without discussing with your healthcare provider. tell your doctor if you have or ever had liver disease. Your doctor will order laboratory tests to see how well your liver is working even if you do not think you have liver disease. Your doctor will probably tell you not to take atorvastatin if you have liver disease or if the tests show you may be developing liver disease. tell your doctor if you drink more than 2 alcoholic beverages daily, if you are 65 years of age or older, and if you have or have ever had muscle aches or weakness, diabetes, seizures, low blood pressure, or thyroid or kidney disease. tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. If you become pregnant while taking atorvastatin, stop taking atorvastatin and call your doctor immediately. Atorvastatin may harm the fetus. tell your doctor if you are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. You should not breastfeed while you are taking this medication. if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking atorvastatin. If you are hospitalized due to serious injury or infection, tell the doctor who treats you that you are taking atorvastatin. ask your doctor about the safe use of alcoholic beverages while you are taking atorvastatin. Alcohol can increase the risk of serious side effects. What special dietary instructions should I follow? Eat a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. Be sure to follow all exercise and dietary recommendations made by your doctor or dietitian. You can also visit the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) website for additional dietary information at https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.pdf. Avoid drinking large amounts [more than 1.2 liter (approximately 1 quart) per day] of grapefruit juice while taking atorvastatin. What should I do if I forget a dose? If you miss a dose of the tablet, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. If you miss a dose of the suspension, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is less than 12 hours until your next scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. What side effects can this medication cause? Atorvastatin may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: diarrhea heartburn gas joint pain forgetfulness or memory loss confusion Some side effects can be serious. The following symptoms are uncommon, but if you experience any of them, call your doctor or get emergency medical help immediately: muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness lack of energy fever chest pain nausea extreme tiredness weakness unusual bleeding or bruising loss of appetite pain in the upper right part of the stomach flu-like symptoms dark colored urine yellowing of the skin or eyes hoarseness	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> What is the medication Atorvastatin used for and what potential side effects can result from it? Be thorough in your response and make it at least 150 words. <TEXT> Why is this medication prescribed? Atorvastatin is used together with diet, weight loss, and exercise to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke and to decrease the chance that heart surgery will be needed in people who have heart disease or who are at risk of developing heart disease. Atorvastatin is also used to decrease the amount of fatty substances such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ('bad cholesterol') and triglycerides in the blood and to increase the amount of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ('good cholesterol') in the blood. Atorvastatin may also be used to decrease the amount of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood in children and teenagers 10 to 17 years of age who have familial heterozygous hypercholesterolemia (an inherited condition in which cholesterol cannot be removed from the body normally). Atorvastatin is in a class of medications called HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). It works by slowing the production of cholesterol in the body to decrease the amount of cholesterol that may build up on the walls of the arteries and block blood flow to the heart, brain, and other parts of the body. Accumulation of cholesterol and fats along the walls of your arteries (a process known as atherosclerosis) decreases blood flow and, therefore, the oxygen supply to your heart, brain, and other parts of your body. Lowering your blood level of cholesterol and fats with atorvastatin has been shown to prevent heart disease, angina (chest pain), strokes, and heart attacks. How should this medicine be used? Atorvastatin comes as a tablet and suspension (liquid) to take by mouth. The tablet is usually taken once a day with or without food. The suspension is usually taken once a day on an empty stomach (at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal).Take atorvastatin at around the same time every day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take atorvastatin exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. Your doctor may start you on a low dose of atorvastatin and gradually increase your dose, not more than once every 2 to 4 weeks. If you are taking the suspension, do not use a household spoon to measure your dose. Use a properly marked measuring device such as a medicine spoon or oral syringe. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you need help getting or using a measuring device. Continue to take atorvastatin even if you feel well. Do not stop taking atorvastatin without talking to your doctor. Other uses for this medicine This medication may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. What special precautions should I follow? Before taking atorvastatin, tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to atorvastatin, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in atorvastatin tablets and suspension. Ask your pharmacist for a list of the ingredients. Tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take while taking atorvastatin. Your doctor may need to change the doses of your medications or monitor you carefully for side effects. The following nonprescription products may interact with atorvastatin: cimetidine (Tagamet), and niacin. Be sure to let your doctor and pharmacist know that you are taking these medications before you start taking atorvastatin. Do not start any of these medications while taking atorvastatin without discussing with your healthcare provider. tell your doctor if you have or ever had liver disease. Your doctor will order laboratory tests to see how well your liver is working even if you do not think you have liver disease. Your doctor will probably tell you not to take atorvastatin if you have liver disease or if the tests show you may be developing liver disease. tell your doctor if you drink more than 2 alcoholic beverages daily, if you are 65 years of age or older, and if you have or have ever had muscle aches or weakness, diabetes, seizures, low blood pressure, or thyroid or kidney disease. tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. If you become pregnant while taking atorvastatin, stop taking atorvastatin and call your doctor immediately. Atorvastatin may harm the fetus. tell your doctor if you are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. You should not breastfeed while you are taking this medication. if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking atorvastatin. If you are hospitalized due to serious injury or infection, tell the doctor who treats you that you are taking atorvastatin. ask your doctor about the safe use of alcoholic beverages while you are taking atorvastatin. Alcohol can increase the risk of serious side effects. What special dietary instructions should I follow? Eat a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. Be sure to follow all exercise and dietary recommendations made by your doctor or dietitian. You can also visit the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) website for additional dietary information at https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.pdf. Avoid drinking large amounts [more than 1.2 liter (approximately 1 quart) per day] of grapefruit juice while taking atorvastatin. What should I do if I forget a dose? If you miss a dose of the tablet, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. If you miss a dose of the suspension, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is less than 12 hours until your next scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. What side effects can this medication cause? Atorvastatin may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: diarrhea heartburn gas joint pain forgetfulness or memory loss confusion Some side effects can be serious. The following symptoms are uncommon, but if you experience any of them, call your doctor or get emergency medical help immediately: muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness lack of energy fever chest pain nausea extreme tiredness weakness unusual bleeding or bruising loss of appetite pain in the upper right part of the stomach flu-like symptoms dark colored urine yellowing of the skin or eyes hoarseness https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a600045.html	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document] EVIDENCE: Why is this medication prescribed? Atorvastatin is used together with diet, weight loss, and exercise to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke and to decrease the chance that heart surgery will be needed in people who have heart disease or who are at risk of developing heart disease. Atorvastatin is also used to decrease the amount of fatty substances such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ('bad cholesterol') and triglycerides in the blood and to increase the amount of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ('good cholesterol') in the blood. Atorvastatin may also be used to decrease the amount of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood in children and teenagers 10 to 17 years of age who have familial heterozygous hypercholesterolemia (an inherited condition in which cholesterol cannot be removed from the body normally). Atorvastatin is in a class of medications called HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). It works by slowing the production of cholesterol in the body to decrease the amount of cholesterol that may build up on the walls of the arteries and block blood flow to the heart, brain, and other parts of the body. Accumulation of cholesterol and fats along the walls of your arteries (a process known as atherosclerosis) decreases blood flow and, therefore, the oxygen supply to your heart, brain, and other parts of your body. Lowering your blood level of cholesterol and fats with atorvastatin has been shown to prevent heart disease, angina (chest pain), strokes, and heart attacks. How should this medicine be used? Atorvastatin comes as a tablet and suspension (liquid) to take by mouth. The tablet is usually taken once a day with or without food. The suspension is usually taken once a day on an empty stomach (at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal).Take atorvastatin at around the same time every day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take atorvastatin exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. Your doctor may start you on a low dose of atorvastatin and gradually increase your dose, not more than once every 2 to 4 weeks. If you are taking the suspension, do not use a household spoon to measure your dose. Use a properly marked measuring device such as a medicine spoon or oral syringe. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you need help getting or using a measuring device. Continue to take atorvastatin even if you feel well. Do not stop taking atorvastatin without talking to your doctor. Other uses for this medicine This medication may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. What special precautions should I follow? Before taking atorvastatin, tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to atorvastatin, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in atorvastatin tablets and suspension. Ask your pharmacist for a list of the ingredients. Tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take while taking atorvastatin. Your doctor may need to change the doses of your medications or monitor you carefully for side effects. The following nonprescription products may interact with atorvastatin: cimetidine (Tagamet), and niacin. Be sure to let your doctor and pharmacist know that you are taking these medications before you start taking atorvastatin. Do not start any of these medications while taking atorvastatin without discussing with your healthcare provider. tell your doctor if you have or ever had liver disease. Your doctor will order laboratory tests to see how well your liver is working even if you do not think you have liver disease. Your doctor will probably tell you not to take atorvastatin if you have liver disease or if the tests show you may be developing liver disease. tell your doctor if you drink more than 2 alcoholic beverages daily, if you are 65 years of age or older, and if you have or have ever had muscle aches or weakness, diabetes, seizures, low blood pressure, or thyroid or kidney disease. tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. If you become pregnant while taking atorvastatin, stop taking atorvastatin and call your doctor immediately. Atorvastatin may harm the fetus. tell your doctor if you are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. You should not breastfeed while you are taking this medication. if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking atorvastatin. If you are hospitalized due to serious injury or infection, tell the doctor who treats you that you are taking atorvastatin. ask your doctor about the safe use of alcoholic beverages while you are taking atorvastatin. Alcohol can increase the risk of serious side effects. What special dietary instructions should I follow? Eat a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. Be sure to follow all exercise and dietary recommendations made by your doctor or dietitian. You can also visit the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) website for additional dietary information at https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.pdf. Avoid drinking large amounts [more than 1.2 liter (approximately 1 quart) per day] of grapefruit juice while taking atorvastatin. What should I do if I forget a dose? If you miss a dose of the tablet, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. If you miss a dose of the suspension, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is less than 12 hours until your next scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. What side effects can this medication cause? Atorvastatin may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: diarrhea heartburn gas joint pain forgetfulness or memory loss confusion Some side effects can be serious. The following symptoms are uncommon, but if you experience any of them, call your doctor or get emergency medical help immediately: muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness lack of energy fever chest pain nausea extreme tiredness weakness unusual bleeding or bruising loss of appetite pain in the upper right part of the stomach flu-like symptoms dark colored urine yellowing of the skin or eyes hoarseness USER: What is the medication Atorvastatin used for and what potential side effects can result from it? Be thorough in your response and make it at least 150 words. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	true	20	28	1,080	null	311
You must answer my questions based solely on the information provided. Do not use any external resources or prior knowledge.	When can the school year visitation schedule be reset?	II. PARENTING TIME/VISITATION SCHEDULES The following schedule should not be construed as precluding other visitation or alternative arrangements. The best visitation plan is one the parties have agreed to, rather than one imposed by the Court. However, the Court will only enforce the strict terms of this Parenting Plan in the event of any future disagreements concerning visitation. A. Parenting Time/Visitation-General This visitation schedule is broken up into several different sections or types of visitation. Regardless of the age of the child(ren) whose custody is being addressed herein, this visitation schedule is organized to include visitation during the school year, during holidays from school and during summer. For all purposes herein, the following terms shall be applicable: 1) Visitation during school year: If the child(ren) are not enrolled in school, the published schedule of the local public school where the primary custodian resides shall be utilized. If the child(ren) are enrolled in school, the schedule of the school system in which the child(ren) is/are actually enrolled shall be utilized. In the event there is more than one child and the children are enrolled in schools which observe different schedules, the parties shall utilize a hybrid schedule that reflects the holidays which are common to all applicable school systems (the applicable schedule shall be referred to as the “School Year”). This schedule may also be referred to as the “Regular Schedule” or “Day-To-Day Schedule” herein. 2) Visitation during Thanksgiving Break: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for at least two consecutive school days in November of every year (“Thanksgiving Break”). This schedule begins to be applicable at 6:00 p.m. on the date that the Thanksgiving Break begins and ends at 6:00 p.m. on the Sunday after Thanksgiving. 3) Visitation during Winter Break: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for winter break and which includes December 25 of every year (“Winter Break”). This schedule begins to be applicable at 6:00 p.m. on the date that the Winter Break begins and ends at 6:00 p.m. on the day before school resumes. 4) Visitation during Spring Break: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for a full week in the month of March or April of every year (“Spring Break”). This schedule begins to be applicable at 6:00 p.m. on the day that school recesses for Spring Break and ends at 6:00 p.m. on the day before school resumes. 5) Visitation during Summer: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for at least one full month in the summer and is the period between academic years (“Summer Break”). The Summer Break begins to be applicable on the day that school recesses for Summer Break and ends at 6:00 p.m. five (5) days before school resumes. 6) Weekend: For purposes of this parenting plan, a weekend begins at 6:00 p.m. on Friday and ends at 6:00 p.m. on Sunday. 7) Weekday visitation: Weekday visitation begins at 4:00 p.m. and ends at 7:30 p.m. The party with weekday visitation shall provide the child(ren)’s evening meal and complete any homework assigned for that evening. B. Visitation during School Year: (Choose one of the following) During the school year, the Non-Custodial Parent shall have at a minimum the following rights of parenting time/visitation (choose an item): ( ) The weekend of the first, third and fifth Friday (if any) of each month. ( ) Every other weekend starting the second weekend after the date of this plan. Additionally, the Non-Custodial Parent shall have weekday parenting time/visitation on (choose an item): ( ) None ( ) One afternoon each week to be agreed upon by the parties. If the parties cannot agree, weekday visitation shall be on Tuesday. C. Visitation during Thanksgiving Break: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the Day-to-Day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below _______ In even-numbered years, the Non-Custodial Parent will have the child(ren) with him/her for the entire Thanksgiving Break. In odd-numbered years, the Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) with him/her for the entire Thanksgiving Break. OR _______ The ( ) Custodial Parent ( ) Non-Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for the first period of Thanksgiving Break, beginning at the time that school recesses for Thanksgiving Break until 3:00 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day in (X) odd-numbered years ( ) even-numbered years ( ) every year. The other parent will have the child(ren) for the second period of Thanksgiving Break, beginning at 3:00 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day until 6:00 p.m. on the evening before Thanksgiving Break ends. Unless otherwise indicated, the parties shall alternate the first and second periods of Thanksgiving Break each year. D. Visitation during Winter Break: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the Day-to-Day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below _______ The ( ) Custodial Parent ( ) Non-Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for the first period of Winter Break, beginning at the time that school recesses for Winter Break until December 26th at 10:00 a.m. in ( ) odd-numbered years ( ) even-numbered years ( ) every year. The other parent will have the child(ren) for the second period of Winter Break, beginning at 10:00 a.m. on December 26th until 6:00 p.m. on the evening before Winter Break ends. Unless otherwise indicated, the parties shall alternate the first and second periods of Winter Break each year. For the purpose of resuming visitation during the School Year, the parent who exercised visitation during the first half of Winter Break shall have the child(ren) with that parent on the first weekend following the end of Winter Break visitation. This is the only time that visitation during the School Year might be reset. E. Visitation during Summer: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the day-to-day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below Unless the parties agree otherwise, visitation with the child(ren) during the Summer Break shall be alternated on a week-to-week basis. The first week of visitation during Summer Break begins on the Sunday after school recesses for the Summer Break at 6:00 p.m. and ends on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. The Non-Custodial Parent shall have the first week of Summer Break visitation. The Custodial Parent shall have the next week and the parties shall continue to alternate weeks of visitation during Summer Break thereafter. In all cases, the child(ren) shall be with the Custodial Parent for the last five consecutive days before Summer Break ends and the next School Year begins. ( ) Other: ___ F. Visitation during Spring Break: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the day-to-day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below ____In odd-numbered years, the Non-Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for Spring Break. In even-numbered years, the Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for the entire Spring Break. OR _______ The parties shall divide visitation during every Spring Break. If the parties are unable to agree on visitation during the child(ren)’s spring break, the parent whose Regular Schedule of visitation would include the first weekend of Spring Break will have the child(ren) for that weekend through 12:00 noon on Wednesday. At that time, the child(ren) will be returned to the other parent who will have visitation with the child(ren) for the remainder of Spring Break. G. Other holiday schedule: The child(ren) shall be with Mother on every Mother’s Day from 6:00 pm on the Saturday which precedes Mother’s Day until 6:00 pm of Mother’s Day. The child(ren) shall be with Father on every Father’s Day from 6:00 pm on the Saturday which precedes Father’s Day until 6:00 pm on Father’s Day. This schedule will be maintained, regardless of which parent the children would have been with on that particular weekend under the Regular Schedule of visitation or under the schedule of visitation applicable to Summer Break. H. School holidays that precede or follow weekend visitation during the school year For the purposes of this parenting plan, if the Non-Custodial Parent exercises visitation during the School Year on a weekend in which there is a Friday and/or Monday school holiday which immediately precedes and/or follows his weekend visitation, Non-Custodial Parent’s visitation shall include that Friday and/or Monday school holiday (“Holiday Extension”). For the purposes of this paragraph, a “school holiday” includes a teacher work day or other day in which students are not required to attend school and which is announced by the applicable school system before the end of the Non-Custodial Parent’s normal weekend visitation.	System Instruction: You must answer my questions based solely on the information provided. Do not use any external resources or prior knowledge. Question: When can the school year visitation schedule be reset? Context Block: II. PARENTING TIME/VISITATION SCHEDULES The following schedule should not be construed as precluding other visitation or alternative arrangements. The best visitation plan is one the parties have agreed to, rather than one imposed by the Court. However, the Court will only enforce the strict terms of this Parenting Plan in the event of any future disagreements concerning visitation. A. Parenting Time/Visitation-General This visitation schedule is broken up into several different sections or types of visitation. Regardless of the age of the child(ren) whose custody is being addressed herein, this visitation schedule is organized to include visitation during the school year, during holidays from school and during summer. For all purposes herein, the following terms shall be applicable: 1) Visitation during school year: If the child(ren) are not enrolled in school, the published schedule of the local public school where the primary custodian resides shall be utilized. If the child(ren) are enrolled in school, the schedule of the school system in which the child(ren) is/are actually enrolled shall be utilized. In the event there is more than one child and the children are enrolled in schools which observe different schedules, the parties shall utilize a hybrid schedule that reflects the holidays which are common to all applicable school systems (the applicable schedule shall be referred to as the “School Year”). This schedule may also be referred to as the “Regular Schedule” or “Day-To-Day Schedule” herein. 2) Visitation during Thanksgiving Break: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for at least two consecutive school days in November of every year (“Thanksgiving Break”). This schedule begins to be applicable at 6:00 p.m. on the date that the Thanksgiving Break begins and ends at 6:00 p.m. on the Sunday after Thanksgiving. 3) Visitation during Winter Break: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for winter break and which includes December 25 of every year (“Winter Break”). This schedule begins to be applicable at 6:00 p.m. on the date that the Winter Break begins and ends at 6:00 p.m. on the day before school resumes. 4) Visitation during Spring Break: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for a full week in the month of March or April of every year (“Spring Break”). This schedule begins to be applicable at 6:00 p.m. on the day that school recesses for Spring Break and ends at 6:00 p.m. on the day before school resumes. 5) Visitation during Summer: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for at least one full month in the summer and is the period between academic years (“Summer Break”). The Summer Break begins to be applicable on the day that school recesses for Summer Break and ends at 6:00 p.m. five (5) days before school resumes. 6) Weekend: For purposes of this parenting plan, a weekend begins at 6:00 p.m. on Friday and ends at 6:00 p.m. on Sunday. 7) Weekday visitation: Weekday visitation begins at 4:00 p.m. and ends at 7:30 p.m. The party with weekday visitation shall provide the child(ren)’s evening meal and complete any homework assigned for that evening. B. Visitation during School Year: (Choose one of the following) During the school year, the Non-Custodial Parent shall have at a minimum the following rights of parenting time/visitation (choose an item): ( ) The weekend of the first, third and fifth Friday (if any) of each month. ( ) Every other weekend starting the second weekend after the date of this plan. Additionally, the Non-Custodial Parent shall have weekday parenting time/visitation on (choose an item): ( ) None ( ) One afternoon each week to be agreed upon by the parties. If the parties cannot agree, weekday visitation shall be on Tuesday. C. Visitation during Thanksgiving Break: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the Day-to-Day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below _______ In even-numbered years, the Non-Custodial Parent will have the child(ren) with him/her for the entire Thanksgiving Break. In odd-numbered years, the Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) with him/her for the entire Thanksgiving Break. OR _______ The ( ) Custodial Parent ( ) Non-Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for the first period of Thanksgiving Break, beginning at the time that school recesses for Thanksgiving Break until 3:00 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day in (X) odd-numbered years ( ) even-numbered years ( ) every year. The other parent will have the child(ren) for the second period of Thanksgiving Break, beginning at 3:00 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day until 6:00 p.m. on the evening before Thanksgiving Break ends. Unless otherwise indicated, the parties shall alternate the first and second periods of Thanksgiving Break each year. D. Visitation during Winter Break: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the Day-to-Day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below _______ The ( ) Custodial Parent ( ) Non-Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for the first period of Winter Break, beginning at the time that school recesses for Winter Break until December 26th at 10:00 a.m. in ( ) odd-numbered years ( ) even-numbered years ( ) every year. The other parent will have the child(ren) for the second period of Winter Break, beginning at 10:00 a.m. on December 26th until 6:00 p.m. on the evening before Winter Break ends. Unless otherwise indicated, the parties shall alternate the first and second periods of Winter Break each year. For the purpose of resuming visitation during the School Year, the parent who exercised visitation during the first half of Winter Break shall have the child(ren) with that parent on the first weekend following the end of Winter Break visitation. This is the only time that visitation during the School Year might be reset. E. Visitation during Summer: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the day-to-day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below Unless the parties agree otherwise, visitation with the child(ren) during the Summer Break shall be alternated on a week-to-week basis. The first week of visitation during Summer Break begins on the Sunday after school recesses for the Summer Break at 6:00 p.m. and ends on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. The Non-Custodial Parent shall have the first week of Summer Break visitation. The Custodial Parent shall have the next week and the parties shall continue to alternate weeks of visitation during Summer Break thereafter. In all cases, the child(ren) shall be with the Custodial Parent for the last five consecutive days before Summer Break ends and the next School Year begins. ( ) Other: ___ F. Visitation during Spring Break: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the day-to-day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below ____In odd-numbered years, the Non-Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for Spring Break. In even-numbered years, the Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for the entire Spring Break. OR _______ The parties shall divide visitation during every Spring Break. If the parties are unable to agree on visitation during the child(ren)’s spring break, the parent whose Regular Schedule of visitation would include the first weekend of Spring Break will have the child(ren) for that weekend through 12:00 noon on Wednesday. At that time, the child(ren) will be returned to the other parent who will have visitation with the child(ren) for the remainder of Spring Break. G. Other holiday schedule: The child(ren) shall be with Mother on every Mother’s Day from 6:00 pm on the Saturday which precedes Mother’s Day until 6:00 pm of Mother’s Day. The child(ren) shall be with Father on every Father’s Day from 6:00 pm on the Saturday which precedes Father’s Day until 6:00 pm on Father’s Day. This schedule will be maintained, regardless of which parent the children would have been with on that particular weekend under the Regular Schedule of visitation or under the schedule of visitation applicable to Summer Break. H. School holidays that precede or follow weekend visitation during the school year For the purposes of this parenting plan, if the Non-Custodial Parent exercises visitation during the School Year on a weekend in which there is a Friday and/or Monday school holiday which immediately precedes and/or follows his weekend visitation, Non-Custodial Parent’s visitation shall include that Friday and/or Monday school holiday (“Holiday Extension”). For the purposes of this paragraph, a “school holiday” includes a teacher work day or other day in which students are not required to attend school and which is announced by the applicable school system before the end of the Non-Custodial Parent’s normal weekend visitation.	You must answer my questions based solely on the information provided. Do not use any external resources or prior knowledge. EVIDENCE: II. PARENTING TIME/VISITATION SCHEDULES The following schedule should not be construed as precluding other visitation or alternative arrangements. The best visitation plan is one the parties have agreed to, rather than one imposed by the Court. However, the Court will only enforce the strict terms of this Parenting Plan in the event of any future disagreements concerning visitation. A. Parenting Time/Visitation-General This visitation schedule is broken up into several different sections or types of visitation. Regardless of the age of the child(ren) whose custody is being addressed herein, this visitation schedule is organized to include visitation during the school year, during holidays from school and during summer. For all purposes herein, the following terms shall be applicable: 1) Visitation during school year: If the child(ren) are not enrolled in school, the published schedule of the local public school where the primary custodian resides shall be utilized. If the child(ren) are enrolled in school, the schedule of the school system in which the child(ren) is/are actually enrolled shall be utilized. In the event there is more than one child and the children are enrolled in schools which observe different schedules, the parties shall utilize a hybrid schedule that reflects the holidays which are common to all applicable school systems (the applicable schedule shall be referred to as the “School Year”). This schedule may also be referred to as the “Regular Schedule” or “Day-To-Day Schedule” herein. 2) Visitation during Thanksgiving Break: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for at least two consecutive school days in November of every year (“Thanksgiving Break”). This schedule begins to be applicable at 6:00 p.m. on the date that the Thanksgiving Break begins and ends at 6:00 p.m. on the Sunday after Thanksgiving. 3) Visitation during Winter Break: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for winter break and which includes December 25 of every year (“Winter Break”). This schedule begins to be applicable at 6:00 p.m. on the date that the Winter Break begins and ends at 6:00 p.m. on the day before school resumes. 4) Visitation during Spring Break: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for a full week in the month of March or April of every year (“Spring Break”). This schedule begins to be applicable at 6:00 p.m. on the day that school recesses for Spring Break and ends at 6:00 p.m. on the day before school resumes. 5) Visitation during Summer: This period of visitation includes the dates that the applicable school system recesses for at least one full month in the summer and is the period between academic years (“Summer Break”). The Summer Break begins to be applicable on the day that school recesses for Summer Break and ends at 6:00 p.m. five (5) days before school resumes. 6) Weekend: For purposes of this parenting plan, a weekend begins at 6:00 p.m. on Friday and ends at 6:00 p.m. on Sunday. 7) Weekday visitation: Weekday visitation begins at 4:00 p.m. and ends at 7:30 p.m. The party with weekday visitation shall provide the child(ren)’s evening meal and complete any homework assigned for that evening. B. Visitation during School Year: (Choose one of the following) During the school year, the Non-Custodial Parent shall have at a minimum the following rights of parenting time/visitation (choose an item): ( ) The weekend of the first, third and fifth Friday (if any) of each month. ( ) Every other weekend starting the second weekend after the date of this plan. Additionally, the Non-Custodial Parent shall have weekday parenting time/visitation on (choose an item): ( ) None ( ) One afternoon each week to be agreed upon by the parties. If the parties cannot agree, weekday visitation shall be on Tuesday. C. Visitation during Thanksgiving Break: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the Day-to-Day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below _______ In even-numbered years, the Non-Custodial Parent will have the child(ren) with him/her for the entire Thanksgiving Break. In odd-numbered years, the Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) with him/her for the entire Thanksgiving Break. OR _______ The ( ) Custodial Parent ( ) Non-Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for the first period of Thanksgiving Break, beginning at the time that school recesses for Thanksgiving Break until 3:00 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day in (X) odd-numbered years ( ) even-numbered years ( ) every year. The other parent will have the child(ren) for the second period of Thanksgiving Break, beginning at 3:00 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day until 6:00 p.m. on the evening before Thanksgiving Break ends. Unless otherwise indicated, the parties shall alternate the first and second periods of Thanksgiving Break each year. D. Visitation during Winter Break: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the Day-to-Day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below _______ The ( ) Custodial Parent ( ) Non-Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for the first period of Winter Break, beginning at the time that school recesses for Winter Break until December 26th at 10:00 a.m. in ( ) odd-numbered years ( ) even-numbered years ( ) every year. The other parent will have the child(ren) for the second period of Winter Break, beginning at 10:00 a.m. on December 26th until 6:00 p.m. on the evening before Winter Break ends. Unless otherwise indicated, the parties shall alternate the first and second periods of Winter Break each year. For the purpose of resuming visitation during the School Year, the parent who exercised visitation during the first half of Winter Break shall have the child(ren) with that parent on the first weekend following the end of Winter Break visitation. This is the only time that visitation during the School Year might be reset. E. Visitation during Summer: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the day-to-day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below Unless the parties agree otherwise, visitation with the child(ren) during the Summer Break shall be alternated on a week-to-week basis. The first week of visitation during Summer Break begins on the Sunday after school recesses for the Summer Break at 6:00 p.m. and ends on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. The Non-Custodial Parent shall have the first week of Summer Break visitation. The Custodial Parent shall have the next week and the parties shall continue to alternate weeks of visitation during Summer Break thereafter. In all cases, the child(ren) shall be with the Custodial Parent for the last five consecutive days before Summer Break ends and the next School Year begins. ( ) Other: ___ F. Visitation during Spring Break: (Choose one of the following) ( ) Applicable ( ) Not applicable, the day-to-day schedule applies ( ) See Paragraph XI below ____In odd-numbered years, the Non-Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for Spring Break. In even-numbered years, the Custodial Parent shall have the child(ren) for the entire Spring Break. OR _______ The parties shall divide visitation during every Spring Break. If the parties are unable to agree on visitation during the child(ren)’s spring break, the parent whose Regular Schedule of visitation would include the first weekend of Spring Break will have the child(ren) for that weekend through 12:00 noon on Wednesday. At that time, the child(ren) will be returned to the other parent who will have visitation with the child(ren) for the remainder of Spring Break. G. Other holiday schedule: The child(ren) shall be with Mother on every Mother’s Day from 6:00 pm on the Saturday which precedes Mother’s Day until 6:00 pm of Mother’s Day. The child(ren) shall be with Father on every Father’s Day from 6:00 pm on the Saturday which precedes Father’s Day until 6:00 pm on Father’s Day. This schedule will be maintained, regardless of which parent the children would have been with on that particular weekend under the Regular Schedule of visitation or under the schedule of visitation applicable to Summer Break. H. School holidays that precede or follow weekend visitation during the school year For the purposes of this parenting plan, if the Non-Custodial Parent exercises visitation during the School Year on a weekend in which there is a Friday and/or Monday school holiday which immediately precedes and/or follows his weekend visitation, Non-Custodial Parent’s visitation shall include that Friday and/or Monday school holiday (“Holiday Extension”). For the purposes of this paragraph, a “school holiday” includes a teacher work day or other day in which students are not required to attend school and which is announced by the applicable school system before the end of the Non-Custodial Parent’s normal weekend visitation. USER: When can the school year visitation schedule be reset? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	9	1,448	null	450
Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document]	My vet told me he thinks my dog has pancreatitis. I'm worried I have done something to cause it. What are the signs and symptoms of this? Are certain breeds prone to this and what are some risk factors? He wants me to bring him in for testing. What will they do to him?	Key Points Pancreatitis in dogs is potentially life-threatening — know the signs to look for. If you suspect your dog may have pancreatitis, a call to the veterinarian quickly is vital. There are a number of causes and risk factors that can bring on pancreatitis, though it often seems to hit out of the blue. emergency Pancreatitis in dogs is one of those conditions that owners must be informed about before it strikes because the warning signs may not always be obvious at first, the symptoms might be mistaken for something less serious, and yet it’s potentially life-threatening. The medical definition of pancreatitis is simple: “inflammation of the pancreas.” But like all serious conditions, there is more to it than that. Because it is dangerous, a suspected case of pancreatitis needs to be addressed by a veterinarian as quickly as possible and not dealt with by “DIY” treatments. As with all medical issues, even the best online resource is not a replacement for the medical guidance from your vet. Before looking at the details of pancreatitis, let’s take away the “ititis” and explain the small but vital organ itself: The pancreas is responsible for releasing enzymes that aid in digestion. When the organ is working normally, the enzymes become active only when they reach the small intestine. In a dog with pancreatitis, however, the enzymes activate when they’re released, inflaming and causing damage to the pancreas and its surrounding tissue and other organs. According to the Whole Dog Journal, the enzymes can actually begin to digest the pancreas itself, which causes extreme pain to your dog. pancreatitis xray Classic signs of pancreatitis in dogs Hunched back Repeated vomiting (either several times within a few hours or periodically over several days) Pain or distention of the abdomen (dog appears uncomfortable or bloated) Diarrhea Loss of appetite Dehydration Weakness/lethargy Fever If your dog exhibits one of these signs, and only infrequently, monitor her. But if she exhibits multiple signs at once, and repeatedly, a call to the veterinarian quickly is vital. Dehydration and pancreatitis in dogs Dehydration is due to a greater fluid loss than fluid intake. Diarrhea or vomiting can cause dehydration, but those signs together will cause a greater fluid deficit and dehydration because the dog’s fluid input (drinking) cannot keep up with the fluid losses. If the diarrhea becomes bloody, the condition worsens and the dehydration can become an emergency. Other factors such as fever require increase fluid intake and can lead to dehydration along with other metabolic issues such as kidney disease, etc. Blood in a dog’s stool indicates a loos and significant inflammatory response requiring a veterinarian’s attention but it can be cause by a multitude of factors, from ulceration to parasites. Dehydration is a serious condition that can lead to death. It is an emergency and requires immediate veterinary care. Any lethargic dog who is not drinking water or cannot hold water down should be suspect of dehydration and examined by a veterinarian. Dry mucous membranes (such as gums) may be a quick way of assessing dehydration but as always, when in doubt, consult with your veterinarian. Cane Corso laying down in the shade outdoors. ©Evelina - stock.adobe.com Causes of pancreatitis in dogs There are a number of causes and risk factors that can bring on pancreatitis. Though often the attack appears seemingly out of the blue. Among them are: A high-fat diet This is a major cause of pancreatitis, especially for a dog who gets one large helping of fatty food in one sitting A history of dietary indiscretion (a medical term for saying your dog will eat anything) Obesity Hypothyroidism (or other endocrine diseases) Severe blunt trauma Diabetes mellitus Certain medications or other toxins These include cholinesterase inhibitors, calcium, potassium bromide, phenobarbital, l-asparaginase, estrogen, salicylates, azathioprine, thiazide diuretics, and vinca alkaloids. There may, in some cases, be a genetic predisposition. Certain breeds or types of dogs have been associated with higher risks of pancreatitis such as Miniature Schnauzers and some of the smaller toy and terrier breeds. More about those fats: Human food is especially dangerous, though even high-fat dog food may cause pancreatitis. So owner vigilance is particularly required around holidays and other festive occasions—they can bring well-meaning guests who slip your buddy a fatty piece of lamb, or a tray of buttery cookies left within reach of an eager muzzle. In fact, the day after Thanksgiving is known for more than just Black Friday bargains. It’s one of the busiest days of the year pancreatitis-related emergency vet visits. Basically, if your dog is showing any signs of abdominal pain, the worst thing to do is feed him a fatty diet. This is one of many reasons that giving your dog table scraps, as tempting as it may be, is not advisable. How does a vet diagnose pancreatitis in dogs? Your dog’s medical history Blood tests to measure pancreatic enzymes Physical examination including stomach, gums, heart, temperature Radiographs or ultrasound, to rule out other causes Fine needle aspiration of the pancreas As the Merck Veterinary Manual notes, as with any disease, no test should be used in isolation for diagnosis, and all clinical findings should be used in conjunction to arrive at the most appropriate diagnosis. What’s the difference between acute and chronic pancreatitis? Acute Pancreatitis An acute attack of pancreatitis means it comes on suddenly, with no previous appearance of the condition before. It can become life threatening to other organs if the inflammation spreads. Chronic Pancreatitis A chronic condition is one that has developed over time, slowly, and often without symptoms. This condition can result from repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis. Both acute and chronic forms can be either severe or mild, and both result in pain. Treatment and management of pancreatitis in dogs There’s no fancy treatment for acute pancreatitis. First and foremost, your dog’s pain must be managed, and early intervention to prevent further complications is key. The most common treatment and management options are: Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy in severe pancreatitis Vigorous monitoring of a worsening condition Antiemetic medication for vomiting (to prevent dehydration) Resting the pancreas (withholding food and water for 24 hours) Long-term management includes: Vigilant monitoring of fat intake—No table scraps allowed! Use of a prescription diet of gastrointestinal-supportive low-fat, or ultra-low fat, food. Feed smaller, more frequent meals instead of one larger meal Have amylase and lipase levels checked by a veterinarian regularly Can supplements be used to prevent or manage pancreatitis in dogs? It is important to reiterate that pancreatitis is a serious condition, so home remedies shouldn’t be used in place of veterinary intervention. That said, some vets believe digestive enzyme supplements with pancreatin can help some (not all) dogs by reducing the work of the pancreas and inhibiting pancreatic secretion. These come in over-the-counter strength as well as prescription strength. Fish oil may seem counterintuitive at first, because of its high fat content, but it can actually help lower blood lipid levels. Studies suggest a high level of fish oil (about 1,000 mg. per 10 pounds of body weight for dog with high lipid levels; about half that amount for dogs with normal levels) is helpful to dogs with acute pancreatitis. When supplementing with fish oil, also supplement with 5 to 10 IU of vitamin E. There have been human studies suggesting that vitamin E (with selenium), vitamin C, beta-carotene, and methionine may help prevent pancreatitis. Conversely, another human study reveals that probiotics can make acute pancreatitis worse. Always speak with your veterinarian before offering any supplements to your pet.	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. My vet told me he thinks my dog has pancreatitis. I'm worried I have done something to cause it. What are the signs and symptoms of this? Are certain breeds prone to this and what are some risk factors? He wants me to bring him in for testing. What will they do to him? Key Points Pancreatitis in dogs is potentially life-threatening — know the signs to look for. If you suspect your dog may have pancreatitis, a call to the veterinarian quickly is vital. There are a number of causes and risk factors that can bring on pancreatitis, though it often seems to hit out of the blue. emergency Pancreatitis in dogs is one of those conditions that owners must be informed about before it strikes because the warning signs may not always be obvious at first, the symptoms might be mistaken for something less serious, and yet it’s potentially life-threatening. The medical definition of pancreatitis is simple: “inflammation of the pancreas.” But like all serious conditions, there is more to it than that. Because it is dangerous, a suspected case of pancreatitis needs to be addressed by a veterinarian as quickly as possible and not dealt with by “DIY” treatments. As with all medical issues, even the best online resource is not a replacement for the medical guidance from your vet. Before looking at the details of pancreatitis, let’s take away the “ititis” and explain the small but vital organ itself: The pancreas is responsible for releasing enzymes that aid in digestion. When the organ is working normally, the enzymes become active only when they reach the small intestine. In a dog with pancreatitis, however, the enzymes activate when they’re released, inflaming and causing damage to the pancreas and its surrounding tissue and other organs. According to the Whole Dog Journal, the enzymes can actually begin to digest the pancreas itself, which causes extreme pain to your dog. pancreatitis xray Classic signs of pancreatitis in dogs Hunched back Repeated vomiting (either several times within a few hours or periodically over several days) Pain or distention of the abdomen (dog appears uncomfortable or bloated) Diarrhea Loss of appetite Dehydration Weakness/lethargy Fever If your dog exhibits one of these signs, and only infrequently, monitor her. But if she exhibits multiple signs at once, and repeatedly, a call to the veterinarian quickly is vital. Dehydration and pancreatitis in dogs Dehydration is due to a greater fluid loss than fluid intake. Diarrhea or vomiting can cause dehydration, but those signs together will cause a greater fluid deficit and dehydration because the dog’s fluid input (drinking) cannot keep up with the fluid losses. If the diarrhea becomes bloody, the condition worsens and the dehydration can become an emergency. Other factors such as fever require increase fluid intake and can lead to dehydration along with other metabolic issues such as kidney disease, etc. Blood in a dog’s stool indicates a loos and significant inflammatory response requiring a veterinarian’s attention but it can be cause by a multitude of factors, from ulceration to parasites. Dehydration is a serious condition that can lead to death. It is an emergency and requires immediate veterinary care. Any lethargic dog who is not drinking water or cannot hold water down should be suspect of dehydration and examined by a veterinarian. Dry mucous membranes (such as gums) may be a quick way of assessing dehydration but as always, when in doubt, consult with your veterinarian. Cane Corso laying down in the shade outdoors. ©Evelina - stock.adobe.com Causes of pancreatitis in dogs There are a number of causes and risk factors that can bring on pancreatitis. Though often the attack appears seemingly out of the blue. Among them are: A high-fat diet This is a major cause of pancreatitis, especially for a dog who gets one large helping of fatty food in one sitting A history of dietary indiscretion (a medical term for saying your dog will eat anything) Obesity Hypothyroidism (or other endocrine diseases) Severe blunt trauma Diabetes mellitus Certain medications or other toxins These include cholinesterase inhibitors, calcium, potassium bromide, phenobarbital, l-asparaginase, estrogen, salicylates, azathioprine, thiazide diuretics, and vinca alkaloids. There may, in some cases, be a genetic predisposition. Certain breeds or types of dogs have been associated with higher risks of pancreatitis such as Miniature Schnauzers and some of the smaller toy and terrier breeds. More about those fats: Human food is especially dangerous, though even high-fat dog food may cause pancreatitis. So owner vigilance is particularly required around holidays and other festive occasions—they can bring well-meaning guests who slip your buddy a fatty piece of lamb, or a tray of buttery cookies left within reach of an eager muzzle. In fact, the day after Thanksgiving is known for more than just Black Friday bargains. It’s one of the busiest days of the year pancreatitis-related emergency vet visits. Basically, if your dog is showing any signs of abdominal pain, the worst thing to do is feed him a fatty diet. This is one of many reasons that giving your dog table scraps, as tempting as it may be, is not advisable. How does a vet diagnose pancreatitis in dogs? Your dog’s medical history Blood tests to measure pancreatic enzymes Physical examination including stomach, gums, heart, temperature Radiographs or ultrasound, to rule out other causes Fine needle aspiration of the pancreas As the Merck Veterinary Manual notes, as with any disease, no test should be used in isolation for diagnosis, and all clinical findings should be used in conjunction to arrive at the most appropriate diagnosis. What’s the difference between acute and chronic pancreatitis? Acute Pancreatitis An acute attack of pancreatitis means it comes on suddenly, with no previous appearance of the condition before. It can become life threatening to other organs if the inflammation spreads. Chronic Pancreatitis A chronic condition is one that has developed over time, slowly, and often without symptoms. This condition can result from repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis. Both acute and chronic forms can be either severe or mild, and both result in pain. Treatment and management of pancreatitis in dogs There’s no fancy treatment for acute pancreatitis. First and foremost, your dog’s pain must be managed, and early intervention to prevent further complications is key. The most common treatment and management options are: Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy in severe pancreatitis Vigorous monitoring of a worsening condition Antiemetic medication for vomiting (to prevent dehydration) Resting the pancreas (withholding food and water for 24 hours) Long-term management includes: Vigilant monitoring of fat intake—No table scraps allowed! Use of a prescription diet of gastrointestinal-supportive low-fat, or ultra-low fat, food. Feed smaller, more frequent meals instead of one larger meal Have amylase and lipase levels checked by a veterinarian regularly Can supplements be used to prevent or manage pancreatitis in dogs? It is important to reiterate that pancreatitis is a serious condition, so home remedies shouldn’t be used in place of veterinary intervention. That said, some vets believe digestive enzyme supplements with pancreatin can help some (not all) dogs by reducing the work of the pancreas and inhibiting pancreatic secretion. These come in over-the-counter strength as well as prescription strength. Fish oil may seem counterintuitive at first, because of its high fat content, but it can actually help lower blood lipid levels. Studies suggest a high level of fish oil (about 1,000 mg. per 10 pounds of body weight for dog with high lipid levels; about half that amount for dogs with normal levels) is helpful to dogs with acute pancreatitis. When supplementing with fish oil, also supplement with 5 to 10 IU of vitamin E. There have been human studies suggesting that vitamin E (with selenium), vitamin C, beta-carotene, and methionine may help prevent pancreatitis. Conversely, another human study reveals that probiotics can make acute pancreatitis worse. Always speak with your veterinarian before offering any supplements to your pet. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/pancreatitis-in-dogs/	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document] EVIDENCE: Key Points Pancreatitis in dogs is potentially life-threatening — know the signs to look for. If you suspect your dog may have pancreatitis, a call to the veterinarian quickly is vital. There are a number of causes and risk factors that can bring on pancreatitis, though it often seems to hit out of the blue. emergency Pancreatitis in dogs is one of those conditions that owners must be informed about before it strikes because the warning signs may not always be obvious at first, the symptoms might be mistaken for something less serious, and yet it’s potentially life-threatening. The medical definition of pancreatitis is simple: “inflammation of the pancreas.” But like all serious conditions, there is more to it than that. Because it is dangerous, a suspected case of pancreatitis needs to be addressed by a veterinarian as quickly as possible and not dealt with by “DIY” treatments. As with all medical issues, even the best online resource is not a replacement for the medical guidance from your vet. Before looking at the details of pancreatitis, let’s take away the “ititis” and explain the small but vital organ itself: The pancreas is responsible for releasing enzymes that aid in digestion. When the organ is working normally, the enzymes become active only when they reach the small intestine. In a dog with pancreatitis, however, the enzymes activate when they’re released, inflaming and causing damage to the pancreas and its surrounding tissue and other organs. According to the Whole Dog Journal, the enzymes can actually begin to digest the pancreas itself, which causes extreme pain to your dog. pancreatitis xray Classic signs of pancreatitis in dogs Hunched back Repeated vomiting (either several times within a few hours or periodically over several days) Pain or distention of the abdomen (dog appears uncomfortable or bloated) Diarrhea Loss of appetite Dehydration Weakness/lethargy Fever If your dog exhibits one of these signs, and only infrequently, monitor her. But if she exhibits multiple signs at once, and repeatedly, a call to the veterinarian quickly is vital. Dehydration and pancreatitis in dogs Dehydration is due to a greater fluid loss than fluid intake. Diarrhea or vomiting can cause dehydration, but those signs together will cause a greater fluid deficit and dehydration because the dog’s fluid input (drinking) cannot keep up with the fluid losses. If the diarrhea becomes bloody, the condition worsens and the dehydration can become an emergency. Other factors such as fever require increase fluid intake and can lead to dehydration along with other metabolic issues such as kidney disease, etc. Blood in a dog’s stool indicates a loos and significant inflammatory response requiring a veterinarian’s attention but it can be cause by a multitude of factors, from ulceration to parasites. Dehydration is a serious condition that can lead to death. It is an emergency and requires immediate veterinary care. Any lethargic dog who is not drinking water or cannot hold water down should be suspect of dehydration and examined by a veterinarian. Dry mucous membranes (such as gums) may be a quick way of assessing dehydration but as always, when in doubt, consult with your veterinarian. Cane Corso laying down in the shade outdoors. ©Evelina - stock.adobe.com Causes of pancreatitis in dogs There are a number of causes and risk factors that can bring on pancreatitis. Though often the attack appears seemingly out of the blue. Among them are: A high-fat diet This is a major cause of pancreatitis, especially for a dog who gets one large helping of fatty food in one sitting A history of dietary indiscretion (a medical term for saying your dog will eat anything) Obesity Hypothyroidism (or other endocrine diseases) Severe blunt trauma Diabetes mellitus Certain medications or other toxins These include cholinesterase inhibitors, calcium, potassium bromide, phenobarbital, l-asparaginase, estrogen, salicylates, azathioprine, thiazide diuretics, and vinca alkaloids. There may, in some cases, be a genetic predisposition. Certain breeds or types of dogs have been associated with higher risks of pancreatitis such as Miniature Schnauzers and some of the smaller toy and terrier breeds. More about those fats: Human food is especially dangerous, though even high-fat dog food may cause pancreatitis. So owner vigilance is particularly required around holidays and other festive occasions—they can bring well-meaning guests who slip your buddy a fatty piece of lamb, or a tray of buttery cookies left within reach of an eager muzzle. In fact, the day after Thanksgiving is known for more than just Black Friday bargains. It’s one of the busiest days of the year pancreatitis-related emergency vet visits. Basically, if your dog is showing any signs of abdominal pain, the worst thing to do is feed him a fatty diet. This is one of many reasons that giving your dog table scraps, as tempting as it may be, is not advisable. How does a vet diagnose pancreatitis in dogs? Your dog’s medical history Blood tests to measure pancreatic enzymes Physical examination including stomach, gums, heart, temperature Radiographs or ultrasound, to rule out other causes Fine needle aspiration of the pancreas As the Merck Veterinary Manual notes, as with any disease, no test should be used in isolation for diagnosis, and all clinical findings should be used in conjunction to arrive at the most appropriate diagnosis. What’s the difference between acute and chronic pancreatitis? Acute Pancreatitis An acute attack of pancreatitis means it comes on suddenly, with no previous appearance of the condition before. It can become life threatening to other organs if the inflammation spreads. Chronic Pancreatitis A chronic condition is one that has developed over time, slowly, and often without symptoms. This condition can result from repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis. Both acute and chronic forms can be either severe or mild, and both result in pain. Treatment and management of pancreatitis in dogs There’s no fancy treatment for acute pancreatitis. First and foremost, your dog’s pain must be managed, and early intervention to prevent further complications is key. The most common treatment and management options are: Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy in severe pancreatitis Vigorous monitoring of a worsening condition Antiemetic medication for vomiting (to prevent dehydration) Resting the pancreas (withholding food and water for 24 hours) Long-term management includes: Vigilant monitoring of fat intake—No table scraps allowed! Use of a prescription diet of gastrointestinal-supportive low-fat, or ultra-low fat, food. Feed smaller, more frequent meals instead of one larger meal Have amylase and lipase levels checked by a veterinarian regularly Can supplements be used to prevent or manage pancreatitis in dogs? It is important to reiterate that pancreatitis is a serious condition, so home remedies shouldn’t be used in place of veterinary intervention. That said, some vets believe digestive enzyme supplements with pancreatin can help some (not all) dogs by reducing the work of the pancreas and inhibiting pancreatic secretion. These come in over-the-counter strength as well as prescription strength. Fish oil may seem counterintuitive at first, because of its high fat content, but it can actually help lower blood lipid levels. Studies suggest a high level of fish oil (about 1,000 mg. per 10 pounds of body weight for dog with high lipid levels; about half that amount for dogs with normal levels) is helpful to dogs with acute pancreatitis. When supplementing with fish oil, also supplement with 5 to 10 IU of vitamin E. There have been human studies suggesting that vitamin E (with selenium), vitamin C, beta-carotene, and methionine may help prevent pancreatitis. Conversely, another human study reveals that probiotics can make acute pancreatitis worse. Always speak with your veterinarian before offering any supplements to your pet. USER: My vet told me he thinks my dog has pancreatitis. I'm worried I have done something to cause it. What are the signs and symptoms of this? Are certain breeds prone to this and what are some risk factors? He wants me to bring him in for testing. What will they do to him? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	54	1,259	null	52
Only use the information provided to you in the prompt question and context block that has been included, NEVER use external resources or prior knowledge. Responses should be exactly two paragraphs in length. If you don't know something because it's not provided in the document, say "Don't know - information not found." Bullet points or sentence fragments should never be used unless specifically requested. Focus on common-sense, obvious conclusions with specific factual support from the prompt.	When an inventor is granted a United States Patent what has the inventor given up or surrendered and what has the inventor received in exchange?	What Are Patents? Patents are a form of intellectual property that give their holders the exclusive right to practice their inventions (i.e., make, use, sell, offer to sell, or import them) for a limited period of time. The Constitution gives Congress the power to grant patent rights to inventors by authorizing Congress to “promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to . . . Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective . . . Discoveries.”13 Since 1790, Congress has enacted patent laws granting inventors certain exclusive rights in their inventions for a period of time.14 (Currently, patents expire 20 years after the date that the patent application that gave rise to the patent was filed.15) Patents represent a “quid pro quo” by which the inventor publicly discloses an invention in exchange for time-limited, exclusive rights to practice it. 16 In the United States, USPTO is responsible for evaluating patent applications and granting patents on qualifying inventions, as explained below.17 11 See, e.g., id.; ALLIANCE OF U.S. STARTUPS AND INVENTORS FOR JOBS, Why Patents Matter, https://www.usij.org/whypatents-matter/ (last visited Mar. 28, 2024). 12 See, e.g., Gene Quinn, A Kinder, Gentler ‘Death Squad’: Ten Years in, Despite Some Reforms, the USPTO Is Still Killing U.S. Patents, IP WATCHDOG (Sept. 19, 2021, 12:15 PM), https://ipwatchdog.com/2021/09/19/kinder-gentlerdeath-squad-ten-years-despite-reforms-uspto-still-killing-u-s-patents/id=137765/; Oil States Energy Servs. v. Greene’s Energy Grp., 584 U.S. 325, 345–47 (2018) (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). 13 U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 8. 14 See, e.g., 35 U.S.C. § 271 (setting forth how patents may be infringed). 15 Id. § 154(a)(2). Patent terms can be extended in some circumstances, such as delays by USPTO in reviewing a patent application. See id. §§ 154(b), 156. 16 J.E.M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, Inc., 534 U.S. 124, 142 (2001) (“The disclosure required by the Patent Act is ‘the quid pro quo of the right to exclude.’” (quoting Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470, 484 (1974))); see also Universal Oil Prods. Co. v. Globe Oil & Refin. Co., 322 U.S. 471, 484 (1944) (“As a reward for inventions and to encourage their disclosure, the United States offers a . . . monopoly to an inventor who refrains from keeping his invention a trade secret. But the quid pro quo is disclosure of a process or device in sufficient detail . . . .”). 17 See infra “How Do Inventors Obtain a Patent?”. Once granted, the holder of a valid patent has the exclusive right to make, use, sell, or import the invention in the United States until the patent expires.18 Any other person who practices the invention without permission from the patent holder infringes the patent and is liable for monetary damages, and possibly subject to injunctive relief, if sued by the patentee. 19 Patents have the attributes of personal property, and the patentee may sell or assign the patent to another person.20 A patentee may also license other persons to practice the invention, granting them permission to make, use, sell, or import the invention, usually in exchange for consideration (such as monetary royalties).21 What Inventions Can Be Patented? In order to be patented, an invention must meet four substantive requirements: The invention must be (1) directed to patentable (or “eligible”) subject matter, (2) new, (3) nonobvious, and (4) useful.22 In addition to these four substantive patentability requirements, the Patent Act imposes minimum requirements for the technical disclosure of the invention in the patent application, which must adequately describe and distinctly claim the invention.23 As discussed in this report, PTAB administers certain proceedings in which petitioners may seek to invalidate a patent previously granted by USPTO on the grounds that the patent fails to satisfy certain of these requirements. This section briefly surveys these patentability requirements. Eligible Subject Matter Requirement The Patent Act allows inventors to obtain patents on any new and useful “process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or . . . improvement thereof.”24 Examples of technological areas for patentable inventions include pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, chemistry, computer hardware and software, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and manufacturing processes.25 By contrast, the Supreme Court has long held that “laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas” are not patentable.26 The Court has reasoned that to permit a monopoly on the “‘basic tools of scientific and technological work’ . . . might tend to impede innovation more than it would tend to promote it.”27 In a series of cases in the 2010s, the Supreme Court established a two-step test for patentable subject matter, sometimes called the Alice test or the Alice/Mayo framework.28 The first step 18 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). 19 Id. §§ 271, 281, 283–285. 20 Id. § 261. 21 License, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014); 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). 22 See 35 U.S.C. §§ 101–103. 23 Id. § 112; see generally Hickey, supra note 4, at 12–14. 24 35 U.S.C. § 101. 25 See USPTO, PATENT TECHNOLOGY CENTERS MANAGEMENT, https://www.uspto.gov/patent/contact-patents/patenttechnology-centers-management (last visited Mar. 28, 2024) (listing technological divisions for USPTO examiners). 26 Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 185 (1981); see generally Hickey, supra note 4, at 10–20 (overviewing development of the law of patent-eligible subject matter). 27 Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Lab’ys, Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 71 (2012) (quoting Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972)). 28 See Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208 (2014); Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576 (2013); Mayo Collaborative Servs., 566 U.S. at 66. USPTO has issued guidelines for its patent examiners to determine whether a patent application seeks to claim ineligible subject matter. See 2019 Revised Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. 50 (Jan. 7, 2019).	Instructions: Only use the information provided to you in the prompt question and context block that has been included, NEVER use external resources or prior knowledge. Responses should be exactly two paragraphs in length. If you don't know something because it's not provided in the document, say "Don't know - information not found." Bullet points or sentence fragments should never be used unless specifically requested. Focus on common-sense, obvious conclusions with specific factual support from the prompt. Context: What Are Patents? Patents are a form of intellectual property that give their holders the exclusive right to practice their inventions (i.e., make, use, sell, offer to sell, or import them) for a limited period of time. The Constitution gives Congress the power to grant patent rights to inventors by authorizing Congress to “promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to . . . Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective . . . Discoveries.”13 Since 1790, Congress has enacted patent laws granting inventors certain exclusive rights in their inventions for a period of time.14 (Currently, patents expire 20 years after the date that the patent application that gave rise to the patent was filed.15) Patents represent a “quid pro quo” by which the inventor publicly discloses an invention in exchange for time-limited, exclusive rights to practice it. 16 In the United States, USPTO is responsible for evaluating patent applications and granting patents on qualifying inventions, as explained below.17 11 See, e.g., id.; ALLIANCE OF U.S. STARTUPS AND INVENTORS FOR JOBS, Why Patents Matter, https://www.usij.org/whypatents-matter/ (last visited Mar. 28, 2024). 12 See, e.g., Gene Quinn, A Kinder, Gentler ‘Death Squad’: Ten Years in, Despite Some Reforms, the USPTO Is Still Killing U.S. Patents, IP WATCHDOG (Sept. 19, 2021, 12:15 PM), https://ipwatchdog.com/2021/09/19/kinder-gentlerdeath-squad-ten-years-despite-reforms-uspto-still-killing-u-s-patents/id=137765/; Oil States Energy Servs. v. Greene’s Energy Grp., 584 U.S. 325, 345–47 (2018) (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). 13 U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 8. 14 See, e.g., 35 U.S.C. § 271 (setting forth how patents may be infringed). 15 Id. § 154(a)(2). Patent terms can be extended in some circumstances, such as delays by USPTO in reviewing a patent application. See id. §§ 154(b), 156. 16 J.E.M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, Inc., 534 U.S. 124, 142 (2001) (“The disclosure required by the Patent Act is ‘the quid pro quo of the right to exclude.’” (quoting Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470, 484 (1974))); see also Universal Oil Prods. Co. v. Globe Oil & Refin. Co., 322 U.S. 471, 484 (1944) (“As a reward for inventions and to encourage their disclosure, the United States offers a . . . monopoly to an inventor who refrains from keeping his invention a trade secret. But the quid pro quo is disclosure of a process or device in sufficient detail . . . .”). 17 See infra “How Do Inventors Obtain a Patent?”. Once granted, the holder of a valid patent has the exclusive right to make, use, sell, or import the invention in the United States until the patent expires.18 Any other person who practices the invention without permission from the patent holder infringes the patent and is liable for monetary damages, and possibly subject to injunctive relief, if sued by the patentee. 19 Patents have the attributes of personal property, and the patentee may sell or assign the patent to another person.20 A patentee may also license other persons to practice the invention, granting them permission to make, use, sell, or import the invention, usually in exchange for consideration (such as monetary royalties).21 What Inventions Can Be Patented? In order to be patented, an invention must meet four substantive requirements: The invention must be (1) directed to patentable (or “eligible”) subject matter, (2) new, (3) nonobvious, and (4) useful.22 In addition to these four substantive patentability requirements, the Patent Act imposes minimum requirements for the technical disclosure of the invention in the patent application, which must adequately describe and distinctly claim the invention.23 As discussed in this report, PTAB administers certain proceedings in which petitioners may seek to invalidate a patent previously granted by USPTO on the grounds that the patent fails to satisfy certain of these requirements. This section briefly surveys these patentability requirements. Eligible Subject Matter Requirement The Patent Act allows inventors to obtain patents on any new and useful “process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or . . . improvement thereof.”24 Examples of technological areas for patentable inventions include pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, chemistry, computer hardware and software, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and manufacturing processes.25 By contrast, the Supreme Court has long held that “laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas” are not patentable.26 The Court has reasoned that to permit a monopoly on the “‘basic tools of scientific and technological work’ . . . might tend to impede innovation more than it would tend to promote it.”27 In a series of cases in the 2010s, the Supreme Court established a two-step test for patentable subject matter, sometimes called the Alice test or the Alice/Mayo framework.28 The first step 18 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). 19 Id. §§ 271, 281, 283–285. 20 Id. § 261. 21 License, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014); 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). 22 See 35 U.S.C. §§ 101–103. 23 Id. § 112; see generally Hickey, supra note 4, at 12–14. 24 35 U.S.C. § 101. 25 See USPTO, PATENT TECHNOLOGY CENTERS MANAGEMENT, https://www.uspto.gov/patent/contact-patents/patenttechnology-centers-management (last visited Mar. 28, 2024) (listing technological divisions for USPTO examiners). 26 Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 185 (1981); see generally Hickey, supra note 4, at 10–20 (overviewing development of the law of patent-eligible subject matter). 27 Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Lab’ys, Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 71 (2012) (quoting Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972)). 28 See Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208 (2014); Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576 (2013); Mayo Collaborative Servs., 566 U.S. at 66. USPTO has issued guidelines for its patent examiners to determine whether a patent application seeks to claim ineligible subject matter. See 2019 Revised Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. 50 (Jan. 7, 2019). Question: When an inventor is granted a United States Patent what has the inventor given up or surrendered and what has the inventor received in exchange?	Only use the information provided to you in the prompt question and context block that has been included, NEVER use external resources or prior knowledge. Responses should be exactly two paragraphs in length. If you don't know something because it's not provided in the document, say "Don't know - information not found." Bullet points or sentence fragments should never be used unless specifically requested. Focus on common-sense, obvious conclusions with specific factual support from the prompt. EVIDENCE: What Are Patents? Patents are a form of intellectual property that give their holders the exclusive right to practice their inventions (i.e., make, use, sell, offer to sell, or import them) for a limited period of time. The Constitution gives Congress the power to grant patent rights to inventors by authorizing Congress to “promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to . . . Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective . . . Discoveries.”13 Since 1790, Congress has enacted patent laws granting inventors certain exclusive rights in their inventions for a period of time.14 (Currently, patents expire 20 years after the date that the patent application that gave rise to the patent was filed.15) Patents represent a “quid pro quo” by which the inventor publicly discloses an invention in exchange for time-limited, exclusive rights to practice it. 16 In the United States, USPTO is responsible for evaluating patent applications and granting patents on qualifying inventions, as explained below.17 11 See, e.g., id.; ALLIANCE OF U.S. STARTUPS AND INVENTORS FOR JOBS, Why Patents Matter, https://www.usij.org/whypatents-matter/ (last visited Mar. 28, 2024). 12 See, e.g., Gene Quinn, A Kinder, Gentler ‘Death Squad’: Ten Years in, Despite Some Reforms, the USPTO Is Still Killing U.S. Patents, IP WATCHDOG (Sept. 19, 2021, 12:15 PM), https://ipwatchdog.com/2021/09/19/kinder-gentlerdeath-squad-ten-years-despite-reforms-uspto-still-killing-u-s-patents/id=137765/; Oil States Energy Servs. v. Greene’s Energy Grp., 584 U.S. 325, 345–47 (2018) (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). 13 U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 8. 14 See, e.g., 35 U.S.C. § 271 (setting forth how patents may be infringed). 15 Id. § 154(a)(2). Patent terms can be extended in some circumstances, such as delays by USPTO in reviewing a patent application. See id. §§ 154(b), 156. 16 J.E.M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, Inc., 534 U.S. 124, 142 (2001) (“The disclosure required by the Patent Act is ‘the quid pro quo of the right to exclude.’” (quoting Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470, 484 (1974))); see also Universal Oil Prods. Co. v. Globe Oil & Refin. Co., 322 U.S. 471, 484 (1944) (“As a reward for inventions and to encourage their disclosure, the United States offers a . . . monopoly to an inventor who refrains from keeping his invention a trade secret. But the quid pro quo is disclosure of a process or device in sufficient detail . . . .”). 17 See infra “How Do Inventors Obtain a Patent?”. Once granted, the holder of a valid patent has the exclusive right to make, use, sell, or import the invention in the United States until the patent expires.18 Any other person who practices the invention without permission from the patent holder infringes the patent and is liable for monetary damages, and possibly subject to injunctive relief, if sued by the patentee. 19 Patents have the attributes of personal property, and the patentee may sell or assign the patent to another person.20 A patentee may also license other persons to practice the invention, granting them permission to make, use, sell, or import the invention, usually in exchange for consideration (such as monetary royalties).21 What Inventions Can Be Patented? In order to be patented, an invention must meet four substantive requirements: The invention must be (1) directed to patentable (or “eligible”) subject matter, (2) new, (3) nonobvious, and (4) useful.22 In addition to these four substantive patentability requirements, the Patent Act imposes minimum requirements for the technical disclosure of the invention in the patent application, which must adequately describe and distinctly claim the invention.23 As discussed in this report, PTAB administers certain proceedings in which petitioners may seek to invalidate a patent previously granted by USPTO on the grounds that the patent fails to satisfy certain of these requirements. This section briefly surveys these patentability requirements. Eligible Subject Matter Requirement The Patent Act allows inventors to obtain patents on any new and useful “process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or . . . improvement thereof.”24 Examples of technological areas for patentable inventions include pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, chemistry, computer hardware and software, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and manufacturing processes.25 By contrast, the Supreme Court has long held that “laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas” are not patentable.26 The Court has reasoned that to permit a monopoly on the “‘basic tools of scientific and technological work’ . . . might tend to impede innovation more than it would tend to promote it.”27 In a series of cases in the 2010s, the Supreme Court established a two-step test for patentable subject matter, sometimes called the Alice test or the Alice/Mayo framework.28 The first step 18 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). 19 Id. §§ 271, 281, 283–285. 20 Id. § 261. 21 License, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014); 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). 22 See 35 U.S.C. §§ 101–103. 23 Id. § 112; see generally Hickey, supra note 4, at 12–14. 24 35 U.S.C. § 101. 25 See USPTO, PATENT TECHNOLOGY CENTERS MANAGEMENT, https://www.uspto.gov/patent/contact-patents/patenttechnology-centers-management (last visited Mar. 28, 2024) (listing technological divisions for USPTO examiners). 26 Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 185 (1981); see generally Hickey, supra note 4, at 10–20 (overviewing development of the law of patent-eligible subject matter). 27 Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Lab’ys, Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 71 (2012) (quoting Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972)). 28 See Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208 (2014); Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576 (2013); Mayo Collaborative Servs., 566 U.S. at 66. USPTO has issued guidelines for its patent examiners to determine whether a patent application seeks to claim ineligible subject matter. See 2019 Revised Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. 50 (Jan. 7, 2019). USER: When an inventor is granted a United States Patent what has the inventor given up or surrendered and what has the inventor received in exchange? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	true	76	25	949	null	784
Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document]	Explain how smoking affects different organs and bodily systems in both smokers and nonsmokers. Include specific details on how recent changes in cigarette design have influenced health outcomes. Additionally, describe how smoking during pregnancy impacts both the mother and the infant, including potential genetic changes to the baby. Please provide a response within 3-5 sentences.	Smoking is the leading cause of premature, preventable death in this country. Cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke cause about 480,000 premature deaths each year in the United States (1). Of those premature deaths, about 36% are from cancer, 39% are from heart disease and stroke, and 24% are from lung disease (1). Mortality rates among smokers are about three times higher than among people who have never smoked (6, 7). Smoking harms nearly every bodily organ and organ system in the body and diminishes a person’s overall health. Smoking causes cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum, as well as acute myeloid leukemia (1–3). Smoking also causes heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm (a balloon-like bulge in an artery in the chest), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (chronic bronchitis and emphysema), diabetes, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, age-related macular degeneration, and cataracts, and worsens asthma symptoms in adults. Smokers are at higher risk of developing pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other airway infections (1–3). In addition, smoking causes inflammation and impairs immune function (1). Since the 1960s, a smoker’s risk of developing lung cancer or COPD has actually increased compared with nonsmokers, even though the number of cigarettes consumed per smoker has decreased (1). There have also been changes over time in the type of lung cancer smokers develop – a decline in squamous cell carcinomas but a dramatic increase in adenocarcinomas. Both of these shifts may be due to changes in cigarette design and composition, in how tobacco leaves are cured, and in how deeply smokers inhale cigarette smoke and the toxicants it contains (1, 8). Smoking makes it harder for a woman to get pregnant. A pregnant smoker is at higher risk of miscarriage, having an ectopic pregnancy, having her baby born too early and with an abnormally low birth weight, and having her baby born with a cleft lip and/or cleft palate (1). A woman who smokes during or after pregnancy increases her infant’s risk of death from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (2, 3). Men who smoke are at greater risk of erectile dysfunction (1, 9). The longer a smoker’s duration of smoking, the greater their likelihood of experiencing harm from smoking, including earlier death (7). But regardless of their age, smokers can substantially reduce their risk of disease, including cancer, by quitting. What are the risks of tobacco smoke to nonsmokers? Secondhand smoke (also called environmental tobacco smoke, involuntary smoking, and passive smoking) is the combination of “sidestream” smoke (the smoke given off by a burning tobacco product) and “mainstream” smoke (the smoke exhaled by a smoker) (4, 5, 10, 11). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. National Toxicology Program, the U.S. Surgeon General, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer have classified secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) (5, 11, 12). Inhaling secondhand smoke causes lung cancer in nonsmoking adults (1, 2, 4). Approximately 7,300 lung cancer deaths occur each year among adult nonsmokers in the United States as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke (1). The U.S. Surgeon General estimates that living with a smoker increases a nonsmoker’s chances of developing lung cancer by 20 to 30% (4). Secondhand smoke causes disease and premature death in nonsmoking adults and children (2, 4). Exposure to secondhand smoke irritates the airways and has immediate harmful effects on a person’s heart and blood vessels. It increases the risk of heart disease by an estimated 25 to 30% (4). In the United States, exposure to secondhand smoke is estimated to cause about 34,000 deaths from heart disease each year (1). Exposure to secondhand smoke also increases the risk of stroke by 20 to 30% (1). Pregnant women exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk of having a baby with a small reduction in birth weight (1). Children exposed to secondhand smoke are at an increased risk of SIDS, ear infections, colds, pneumonia, and bronchitis. Secondhand smoke exposure can also increase the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms among children who have asthma. Being exposed to secondhand smoke slows the growth of children’s lungs and can cause them to cough, wheeze, and feel breathless (2, 4). Is smoking addictive? Smoking is highly addictive. Nicotine is the drug primarily responsible for a person’s addiction to tobacco products, including cigarettes. The addiction to cigarettes and other tobacco products that nicotine causes is similar to the addiction produced by using drugs such as heroin and cocaine (13). Nicotine is present naturally in the tobacco plant. But tobacco companies intentionally design cigarettes to have enough nicotine to create and sustain addiction. The amount of nicotine that gets into the body is determined by the way a person smokes a tobacco product and by the nicotine content and design of the product. Nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the lining of the mouth and the lungs and travels to the brain in a matter of seconds. Taking more frequent and deeper puffs of tobacco smoke increases the amount of nicotine absorbed by the body. Are other tobacco products, such as smokeless tobacco or pipe tobacco, harmful and addictive? Yes. All forms of tobacco are harmful and addictive (4, 11). There is no safe tobacco product. In addition to cigarettes, other forms of tobacco include smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, hookahs (waterpipes), bidis, and kreteks. There is no safe level of smoking. Smoking even just one cigarette per day over a lifetime can cause smoking-related cancers (lung, bladder, and pancreas) and premature death (24, 25). What are the immediate health benefits of quitting smoking? The immediate health benefits of quitting smoking are substantial: Heart rate and blood pressure, which are abnormally high while smoking, begin to return to normal. Within a few hours, the level of carbon monoxide in the blood begins to decline. (Carbon monoxide reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.) Within a few weeks, people who quit smoking have improved circulation, produce less phlegm, and don’t cough or wheeze as often. Within several months of quitting, people can expect substantial improvements in lung function (26). Within a few years of quitting, people will have lower risks of cancer, heart disease, and other chronic diseases than if they had continued to smoke.	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. Explain how smoking affects different organs and bodily systems in both smokers and nonsmokers. Include specific details on how recent changes in cigarette design have influenced health outcomes. Additionally, describe how smoking during pregnancy impacts both the mother and the infant, including potential genetic changes to the baby. Please provide a response within 3-5 sentences. Smoking is the leading cause of premature, preventable death in this country. Cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke cause about 480,000 premature deaths each year in the United States (1). Of those premature deaths, about 36% are from cancer, 39% are from heart disease and stroke, and 24% are from lung disease (1). Mortality rates among smokers are about three times higher than among people who have never smoked (6, 7). Smoking harms nearly every bodily organ and organ system in the body and diminishes a person’s overall health. Smoking causes cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum, as well as acute myeloid leukemia (1–3). Smoking also causes heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm (a balloon-like bulge in an artery in the chest), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (chronic bronchitis and emphysema), diabetes, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, age-related macular degeneration, and cataracts, and worsens asthma symptoms in adults. Smokers are at higher risk of developing pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other airway infections (1–3). In addition, smoking causes inflammation and impairs immune function (1). Since the 1960s, a smoker’s risk of developing lung cancer or COPD has actually increased compared with nonsmokers, even though the number of cigarettes consumed per smoker has decreased (1). There have also been changes over time in the type of lung cancer smokers develop – a decline in squamous cell carcinomas but a dramatic increase in adenocarcinomas. Both of these shifts may be due to changes in cigarette design and composition, in how tobacco leaves are cured, and in how deeply smokers inhale cigarette smoke and the toxicants it contains (1, 8). Smoking makes it harder for a woman to get pregnant. A pregnant smoker is at higher risk of miscarriage, having an ectopic pregnancy, having her baby born too early and with an abnormally low birth weight, and having her baby born with a cleft lip and/or cleft palate (1). A woman who smokes during or after pregnancy increases her infant’s risk of death from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (2, 3). Men who smoke are at greater risk of erectile dysfunction (1, 9). The longer a smoker’s duration of smoking, the greater their likelihood of experiencing harm from smoking, including earlier death (7). But regardless of their age, smokers can substantially reduce their risk of disease, including cancer, by quitting. What are the risks of tobacco smoke to nonsmokers? Secondhand smoke (also called environmental tobacco smoke, involuntary smoking, and passive smoking) is the combination of “sidestream” smoke (the smoke given off by a burning tobacco product) and “mainstream” smoke (the smoke exhaled by a smoker) (4, 5, 10, 11). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. National Toxicology Program, the U.S. Surgeon General, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer have classified secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) (5, 11, 12). Inhaling secondhand smoke causes lung cancer in nonsmoking adults (1, 2, 4). Approximately 7,300 lung cancer deaths occur each year among adult nonsmokers in the United States as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke (1). The U.S. Surgeon General estimates that living with a smoker increases a nonsmoker’s chances of developing lung cancer by 20 to 30% (4). Secondhand smoke causes disease and premature death in nonsmoking adults and children (2, 4). Exposure to secondhand smoke irritates the airways and has immediate harmful effects on a person’s heart and blood vessels. It increases the risk of heart disease by an estimated 25 to 30% (4). In the United States, exposure to secondhand smoke is estimated to cause about 34,000 deaths from heart disease each year (1). Exposure to secondhand smoke also increases the risk of stroke by 20 to 30% (1). Pregnant women exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk of having a baby with a small reduction in birth weight (1). Children exposed to secondhand smoke are at an increased risk of SIDS, ear infections, colds, pneumonia, and bronchitis. Secondhand smoke exposure can also increase the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms among children who have asthma. Being exposed to secondhand smoke slows the growth of children’s lungs and can cause them to cough, wheeze, and feel breathless (2, 4). Is smoking addictive? Smoking is highly addictive. Nicotine is the drug primarily responsible for a person’s addiction to tobacco products, including cigarettes. The addiction to cigarettes and other tobacco products that nicotine causes is similar to the addiction produced by using drugs such as heroin and cocaine (13). Nicotine is present naturally in the tobacco plant. But tobacco companies intentionally design cigarettes to have enough nicotine to create and sustain addiction. The amount of nicotine that gets into the body is determined by the way a person smokes a tobacco product and by the nicotine content and design of the product. Nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the lining of the mouth and the lungs and travels to the brain in a matter of seconds. Taking more frequent and deeper puffs of tobacco smoke increases the amount of nicotine absorbed by the body. Are other tobacco products, such as smokeless tobacco or pipe tobacco, harmful and addictive? Yes. All forms of tobacco are harmful and addictive (4, 11). There is no safe tobacco product. In addition to cigarettes, other forms of tobacco include smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, hookahs (waterpipes), bidis, and kreteks. There is no safe level of smoking. Smoking even just one cigarette per day over a lifetime can cause smoking-related cancers (lung, bladder, and pancreas) and premature death (24, 25). What are the immediate health benefits of quitting smoking? The immediate health benefits of quitting smoking are substantial: Heart rate and blood pressure, which are abnormally high while smoking, begin to return to normal. Within a few hours, the level of carbon monoxide in the blood begins to decline. (Carbon monoxide reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.) Within a few weeks, people who quit smoking have improved circulation, produce less phlegm, and don’t cough or wheeze as often. Within several months of quitting, people can expect substantial improvements in lung function (26). Within a few years of quitting, people will have lower risks of cancer, heart disease, and other chronic diseases than if they had continued to smoke. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cessation-fact-sheet#:~:text=Since%20the%201960s%2C%20a%20smoker's,dysfunction%20(1%2C%209).	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document] EVIDENCE: Smoking is the leading cause of premature, preventable death in this country. Cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke cause about 480,000 premature deaths each year in the United States (1). Of those premature deaths, about 36% are from cancer, 39% are from heart disease and stroke, and 24% are from lung disease (1). Mortality rates among smokers are about three times higher than among people who have never smoked (6, 7). Smoking harms nearly every bodily organ and organ system in the body and diminishes a person’s overall health. Smoking causes cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum, as well as acute myeloid leukemia (1–3). Smoking also causes heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm (a balloon-like bulge in an artery in the chest), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (chronic bronchitis and emphysema), diabetes, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, age-related macular degeneration, and cataracts, and worsens asthma symptoms in adults. Smokers are at higher risk of developing pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other airway infections (1–3). In addition, smoking causes inflammation and impairs immune function (1). Since the 1960s, a smoker’s risk of developing lung cancer or COPD has actually increased compared with nonsmokers, even though the number of cigarettes consumed per smoker has decreased (1). There have also been changes over time in the type of lung cancer smokers develop – a decline in squamous cell carcinomas but a dramatic increase in adenocarcinomas. Both of these shifts may be due to changes in cigarette design and composition, in how tobacco leaves are cured, and in how deeply smokers inhale cigarette smoke and the toxicants it contains (1, 8). Smoking makes it harder for a woman to get pregnant. A pregnant smoker is at higher risk of miscarriage, having an ectopic pregnancy, having her baby born too early and with an abnormally low birth weight, and having her baby born with a cleft lip and/or cleft palate (1). A woman who smokes during or after pregnancy increases her infant’s risk of death from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (2, 3). Men who smoke are at greater risk of erectile dysfunction (1, 9). The longer a smoker’s duration of smoking, the greater their likelihood of experiencing harm from smoking, including earlier death (7). But regardless of their age, smokers can substantially reduce their risk of disease, including cancer, by quitting. What are the risks of tobacco smoke to nonsmokers? Secondhand smoke (also called environmental tobacco smoke, involuntary smoking, and passive smoking) is the combination of “sidestream” smoke (the smoke given off by a burning tobacco product) and “mainstream” smoke (the smoke exhaled by a smoker) (4, 5, 10, 11). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. National Toxicology Program, the U.S. Surgeon General, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer have classified secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) (5, 11, 12). Inhaling secondhand smoke causes lung cancer in nonsmoking adults (1, 2, 4). Approximately 7,300 lung cancer deaths occur each year among adult nonsmokers in the United States as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke (1). The U.S. Surgeon General estimates that living with a smoker increases a nonsmoker’s chances of developing lung cancer by 20 to 30% (4). Secondhand smoke causes disease and premature death in nonsmoking adults and children (2, 4). Exposure to secondhand smoke irritates the airways and has immediate harmful effects on a person’s heart and blood vessels. It increases the risk of heart disease by an estimated 25 to 30% (4). In the United States, exposure to secondhand smoke is estimated to cause about 34,000 deaths from heart disease each year (1). Exposure to secondhand smoke also increases the risk of stroke by 20 to 30% (1). Pregnant women exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk of having a baby with a small reduction in birth weight (1). Children exposed to secondhand smoke are at an increased risk of SIDS, ear infections, colds, pneumonia, and bronchitis. Secondhand smoke exposure can also increase the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms among children who have asthma. Being exposed to secondhand smoke slows the growth of children’s lungs and can cause them to cough, wheeze, and feel breathless (2, 4). Is smoking addictive? Smoking is highly addictive. Nicotine is the drug primarily responsible for a person’s addiction to tobacco products, including cigarettes. The addiction to cigarettes and other tobacco products that nicotine causes is similar to the addiction produced by using drugs such as heroin and cocaine (13). Nicotine is present naturally in the tobacco plant. But tobacco companies intentionally design cigarettes to have enough nicotine to create and sustain addiction. The amount of nicotine that gets into the body is determined by the way a person smokes a tobacco product and by the nicotine content and design of the product. Nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the lining of the mouth and the lungs and travels to the brain in a matter of seconds. Taking more frequent and deeper puffs of tobacco smoke increases the amount of nicotine absorbed by the body. Are other tobacco products, such as smokeless tobacco or pipe tobacco, harmful and addictive? Yes. All forms of tobacco are harmful and addictive (4, 11). There is no safe tobacco product. In addition to cigarettes, other forms of tobacco include smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, hookahs (waterpipes), bidis, and kreteks. There is no safe level of smoking. Smoking even just one cigarette per day over a lifetime can cause smoking-related cancers (lung, bladder, and pancreas) and premature death (24, 25). What are the immediate health benefits of quitting smoking? The immediate health benefits of quitting smoking are substantial: Heart rate and blood pressure, which are abnormally high while smoking, begin to return to normal. Within a few hours, the level of carbon monoxide in the blood begins to decline. (Carbon monoxide reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.) Within a few weeks, people who quit smoking have improved circulation, produce less phlegm, and don’t cough or wheeze as often. Within several months of quitting, people can expect substantial improvements in lung function (26). Within a few years of quitting, people will have lower risks of cancer, heart disease, and other chronic diseases than if they had continued to smoke. USER: Explain how smoking affects different organs and bodily systems in both smokers and nonsmokers. Include specific details on how recent changes in cigarette design have influenced health outcomes. Additionally, describe how smoking during pregnancy impacts both the mother and the infant, including potential genetic changes to the baby. Please provide a response within 3-5 sentences. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	55	1,044	null	342
Answer the user query using only the information in the provided text.	How did verbal ability impact the results?	Background: Individuals on the autism spectrum experience various challenges related to social behaviors and may often display increased irritability and hyperactivity. Some studies have suggested that reduced levels of a hormone called oxytocin, which is known for its role in promoting social bonding, may be responsible for difculties in social interactions in autism. Oxytocin therapy has been used of-label in some individuals on the autism spectrum as a potential intervention to improve social behavior, but previous studies have not been able to confrm its efcacy. Earlier clinical trials examining oxytocin in autism have shown widely varying results. This large randomized controlled trial sought to resolve the previous contradictory fndings and determine whether extended use of oxytocin can help to improve social behaviors in children and teenagers on the autism spectrum. Methods & Findings: Tis study evaluated whether a nasal oxytocin spray could afect social interactions and other behaviors (e.g., irritability, social withdrawal, and hyperactivity) in children and adolescents on the autism spectrum during a 24-week clinical trial. Individuals between the ages of 3 and 17 were assessed by trained researchers and were selected for participation if they met the criteria for autism. Participants were then randomly assigned to receive either a nasal oxytocin spray or a placebo (i.e., a comparison nasal spray that did not contain oxytocin) every day at a series of gradually increasing doses. Participants received social interaction scores every 4 weeks based on multiple assessments that were completed by caregivers or the participant. Separate analyses were performed in groups of individuals with minimal verbal fuency and high verbal fuency. Tis study found no diference in social interaction scores between the oxytocin group and the placebo group and no diference between the groups with difering levels of verbal ability. Implications: Te fndings of this study demonstrate that extended use of a nasal oxytocin spray over a 24-week period does not make a detectable diference in measured social interactions or behaviors in children and adolescents with autism. While this study showed no observable social beneft with the use of intranasal oxytocin, there are remaining questions around issues such as the ideal dose, whether current formulations are able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and whether a longer intervention time course could reveal efects. In addition, future studies that use techniques such as brain imaging may reveal new information on how oxytocin might be used in autism.	Answer the user query using only the information in the provided text. Background: Individuals on the autism spectrum experience various challenges related to social behaviors and may often display increased irritability and hyperactivity. Some studies have suggested that reduced levels of a hormone called oxytocin, which is known for its role in promoting social bonding, may be responsible for difculties in social interactions in autism. Oxytocin therapy has been used of-label in some individuals on the autism spectrum as a potential intervention to improve social behavior, but previous studies have not been able to confrm its efcacy. Earlier clinical trials examining oxytocin in autism have shown widely varying results. This large randomized controlled trial sought to resolve the previous contradictory fndings and determine whether extended use of oxytocin can help to improve social behaviors in children and teenagers on the autism spectrum. Methods & Findings: Tis study evaluated whether a nasal oxytocin spray could afect social interactions and other behaviors (e.g., irritability, social withdrawal, and hyperactivity) in children and adolescents on the autism spectrum during a 24-week clinical trial. Individuals between the ages of 3 and 17 were assessed by trained researchers and were selected for participation if they met the criteria for autism. Participants were then randomly assigned to receive either a nasal oxytocin spray or a placebo (i.e., a comparison nasal spray that did not contain oxytocin) every day at a series of gradually increasing doses. Participants received social interaction scores every 4 weeks based on multiple assessments that were completed by caregivers or the participant. Separate analyses were performed in groups of individuals with minimal verbal fuency and high verbal fuency. Tis study found no diference in social interaction scores between the oxytocin group and the placebo group and no diference between the groups with difering levels of verbal ability. Implications: Te fndings of this study demonstrate that extended use of a nasal oxytocin spray over a 24-week period does not make a detectable diference in measured social interactions or behaviors in children and adolescents with autism. While this study showed no observable social beneft with the use of intranasal oxytocin, there are remaining questions around issues such as the ideal dose, whether current formulations are able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and whether a longer intervention time course could reveal efects. In addition, future studies that use techniques such as brain imaging may reveal new information on how oxytocin might be used in autism. What is oxytocin therapy?	Answer the user query using only the information in the provided text. EVIDENCE: Background: Individuals on the autism spectrum experience various challenges related to social behaviors and may often display increased irritability and hyperactivity. Some studies have suggested that reduced levels of a hormone called oxytocin, which is known for its role in promoting social bonding, may be responsible for difculties in social interactions in autism. Oxytocin therapy has been used of-label in some individuals on the autism spectrum as a potential intervention to improve social behavior, but previous studies have not been able to confrm its efcacy. Earlier clinical trials examining oxytocin in autism have shown widely varying results. This large randomized controlled trial sought to resolve the previous contradictory fndings and determine whether extended use of oxytocin can help to improve social behaviors in children and teenagers on the autism spectrum. Methods & Findings: Tis study evaluated whether a nasal oxytocin spray could afect social interactions and other behaviors (e.g., irritability, social withdrawal, and hyperactivity) in children and adolescents on the autism spectrum during a 24-week clinical trial. Individuals between the ages of 3 and 17 were assessed by trained researchers and were selected for participation if they met the criteria for autism. Participants were then randomly assigned to receive either a nasal oxytocin spray or a placebo (i.e., a comparison nasal spray that did not contain oxytocin) every day at a series of gradually increasing doses. Participants received social interaction scores every 4 weeks based on multiple assessments that were completed by caregivers or the participant. Separate analyses were performed in groups of individuals with minimal verbal fuency and high verbal fuency. Tis study found no diference in social interaction scores between the oxytocin group and the placebo group and no diference between the groups with difering levels of verbal ability. Implications: Te fndings of this study demonstrate that extended use of a nasal oxytocin spray over a 24-week period does not make a detectable diference in measured social interactions or behaviors in children and adolescents with autism. While this study showed no observable social beneft with the use of intranasal oxytocin, there are remaining questions around issues such as the ideal dose, whether current formulations are able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and whether a longer intervention time course could reveal efects. In addition, future studies that use techniques such as brain imaging may reveal new information on how oxytocin might be used in autism. USER: How did verbal ability impact the results? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	12	7	396	null	540
You are to answer the question below based only on the information in the provided text. Do not pull from prior or outside knowledge. Use bold section headings with informative bullet points nested within the headings.	What are some pros and cons of smart watches?	There are a plenty of great smart watches to choose from, ranging from the Android Wear army to the most recent Pebble watches, and the Apple Watch is also selling like hotcakes. With smart watches we can find apps in android watch, download and install applications, Keep an eye on the navigation. Smart watch stay on your hand and inform us what’s happening. We won’t appear tired in meetings [1][2]. 1. Benefits of Android wear smart watches 1.1 Slumber: Slumber just blacks off your screen while our watch is charging. If user is charging the watch overnight, this light will be glaring in user face, and on some watches the continuous display has even caused screen burn-in most Android Wear devices turn on to charge and display a screen indicating the current battery level (Figure 1) [3]. Smart watches are a type of wearable device that allows us to keep our hands free while also allowing us to use our smartphones away from our bodies. The smart watch help to determine the battery consumption of the user’s phone, and Wear power supply Stats can help in calculate the drainage of the phone battery.The app's watch counterpart gives you a barebones view of what's going on with your battery, but you'll want to open the app on your phone for the most information. You'll be able to see how much time you've spent staring at your screen and which apps you've used as shown in Figure 2 [4]–[6]. 1.3Smart Watches as a Calculator Smart watches used for calculus homework, having an accessible calculator are a good idea for calculating a quick sale percentage, tipping at a restaurant, or double-checking your math.A wearable smart watches worn on the wrist has comparable functionality and capabilities as a smartphone. Smart watches are designed to provide features such as accessing the internet, running mobile applications, making a call, communication via text or video, trying to check caller ID, accessing stock and climate updates, providing wellness monitoring capabilities, providing Gps location and position directions, and more, either on their own or when paired with a smart phone [3], [7], [8]. 1.4 Smart phone as a mobile phone finder Apps that help you find your phone are common, but since your watch is linked to your phone, being able to ring it right from your wrist is a great idea. As long as your phone is connected to your watch via Bluetooth, simply opening the app and tapping "Find!" on your watch will ring your phone. You can also use the app to set a notification that sounds on both your watch and phone when they are disconnected. That way, if you're about to leave the house without your phone but not your watch, you'll be warned before making a costly error The smart watches comprise of E-INK display as the battery life of an E-INK display is 5 days. Interface Touch interfaces are more intuitive to use, and many people use a mixture of touch and buttons. People who work out will benefit greatly from smart watches. Sensors are built into these devices that compute how many calories were expended, Traveled distance of the user, Speed, Pulse rate of the user and location of the user through GPS. Elderly falls are one of the most difficult issues that public health systems must deal with. According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, falls are the second largest cause of accidental injury mortality after road traffic accidents. Adults over the age of 65 are by far the most vulnerable to this problem, since falls may have a significant effect on their well-being and self-sufficiency. There are a variety of commercial wearables available now that are especially intended to detect falls (see, for example, the reviews presented ref. in for an analysis of the most popular products). These off-the-shelf gadgets, which are generally marketed as a pendant or bracelet, usually include a help button to summon assistance (a useless function if the patient remains unconscious after an accident). These alerting systems are primarily designed for in-home monitoring through specialized base stations connected to a landline. A monthly charge is needed to offer cell phone service when the customer wants on-the-go (ubiquitous) tracking, in addition to the cost of the detector and (in certain instances) the requirement for long-term contracts. Furthermore, in nearly all instances, the manufacturers do not provide information regarding the detection method used or how the detector was validated. As a result, the real efficiency of these systems for detecting falls has not been benchmarked (particularly when they are applied to the target population—the elderly) The major issue with a smartwatch-based FDS is that analyzing wrist motions may lead to overestimates, or an excess of false alarms produced by the jerky activity of the arms and hands, which is not necessarily indicative of the rest of the body's mobility. As a result of the compensatory movements of the hands, the wrist exhibits a completely different mobility pattern during the fall when compared to measurements captured by other body positions, fall-related accelerometry signals may be misinterpreted more frequently as those originated by other ADLs and vice versa when the inertial sensor is placed on the wrist. However, most smartwatches have significant battery and computational power limitations. In fact, autonomy, along with tiny displays, has long been seen as two of the most significant obstacles to wristwatch adoption in health monitoring applications targeted for the elderly. The amount of sensors and sampling rates used in a smartwatch have a direct relationship with battery consumption. As a result, the main limiting issue for the deployment and acceptance of apps that need continuous signal monitoring is the battery capacity (which is typically much lower than that of smartphones). Most activity recognition systems would be jeopardized if the battery autonomy was less than 24 hours, since movement monitoring would have to be stopped before sleep to recharge the batteries. An extra fall detection (constantly running) program may have a significant effect on the battery life. In fact, according to a recent research based on questionnaires completed by respondents in a real-world testing of a worn fall sensor, consumers prefer devices that can operate for at least 6 months before needing to charge a battery. We examine commercially accessible Smart Watches, where adoption is still in its early stages. With the Smart watches accessing of the social network become faster. Smart watches reduce the number of times and effort of the user in pulling out phone. With the smart watches the calls and alerts are less likely to be missed. The features of the camera, Data may be synchronised with smart phones. Touch interface dominant makes easier to navigate, many use the mixture of touch and buttons are in the smart watches.[1], [10], [11]	You are to answer the question below based only on the information in the provided text. Do not pull from prior or outside knowledge. Use bold section headings with informative bullet points nested within the headings. Question: What are some pros and cons of smart watches? There are a plenty of great smart watches to choose from, ranging from the Android Wear army to the most recent Pebble watches, and the Apple Watch is also selling like hotcakes. With smart watches we can find apps in android watch, download and install applications, Keep an eye on the navigation. Smart watch stay on your hand and inform us what’s happening. We won’t appear tired in meetings [1][2]. 1. Benefits of Android wear smart watches 1.1 Slumber: Slumber just blacks off your screen while our watch is charging. If user is charging the watch overnight, this light will be glaring in user face, and on some watches the continuous display has even caused screen burn-in most Android Wear devices turn on to charge and display a screen indicating the current battery level (Figure 1) [3]. Smart watches are a type of wearable device that allows us to keep our hands free while also allowing us to use our smartphones away from our bodies. The smart watch help to determine the battery consumption of the user’s phone, and Wear power supply Stats can help in calculate the drainage of the phone battery.The app's watch counterpart gives you a barebones view of what's going on with your battery, but you'll want to open the app on your phone for the most information. You'll be able to see how much time you've spent staring at your screen and which apps you've used as shown in Figure 2 [4]–[6]. 1.3Smart Watches as a Calculator Smart watches used for calculus homework, having an accessible calculator are a good idea for calculating a quick sale percentage, tipping at a restaurant, or double-checking your math.A wearable smart watches worn on the wrist has comparable functionality and capabilities as a smartphone. Smart watches are designed to provide features such as accessing the internet, running mobile applications, making a call, communication via text or video, trying to check caller ID, accessing stock and climate updates, providing wellness monitoring capabilities, providing Gps location and position directions, and more, either on their own or when paired with a smart phone [3], [7], [8]. 1.4 Smart phone as a mobile phone finder Apps that help you find your phone are common, but since your watch is linked to your phone, being able to ring it right from your wrist is a great idea. As long as your phone is connected to your watch via Bluetooth, simply opening the app and tapping "Find!" on your watch will ring your phone. You can also use the app to set a notification that sounds on both your watch and phone when they are disconnected. That way, if you're about to leave the house without your phone but not your watch, you'll be warned before making a costly error The smart watches comprise of E-INK display as the battery life of an E-INK display is 5 days. Interface Touch interfaces are more intuitive to use, and many people use a mixture of touch and buttons. People who work out will benefit greatly from smart watches. Sensors are built into these devices that compute how many calories were expended, Traveled distance of the user, Speed, Pulse rate of the user and location of the user through GPS. Elderly falls are one of the most difficult issues that public health systems must deal with. According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, falls are the second largest cause of accidental injury mortality after road traffic accidents. Adults over the age of 65 are by far the most vulnerable to this problem, since falls may have a significant effect on their well-being and self-sufficiency. There are a variety of commercial wearables available now that are especially intended to detect falls (see, for example, the reviews presented ref. in for an analysis of the most popular products). These off-the-shelf gadgets, which are generally marketed as a pendant or bracelet, usually include a help button to summon assistance (a useless function if the patient remains unconscious after an accident). These alerting systems are primarily designed for in-home monitoring through specialized base stations connected to a landline. A monthly charge is needed to offer cell phone service when the customer wants on-the-go (ubiquitous) tracking, in addition to the cost of the detector and (in certain instances) the requirement for long-term contracts. Furthermore, in nearly all instances, the manufacturers do not provide information regarding the detection method used or how the detector was validated. As a result, the real efficiency of these systems for detecting falls has not been benchmarked (particularly when they are applied to the target population—the elderly) The major issue with a smartwatch-based FDS is that analyzing wrist motions may lead to overestimates, or an excess of false alarms produced by the jerky activity of the arms and hands, which is not necessarily indicative of the rest of the body's mobility. As a result of the compensatory movements of the hands, the wrist exhibits a completely different mobility pattern during the fall when compared to measurements captured by other body positions, fall-related accelerometry signals may be misinterpreted more frequently as those originated by other ADLs and vice versa when the inertial sensor is placed on the wrist. However, most smartwatches have significant battery and computational power limitations. In fact, autonomy, along with tiny displays, has long been seen as two of the most significant obstacles to wristwatch adoption in health monitoring applications targeted for the elderly. The amount of sensors and sampling rates used in a smartwatch have a direct relationship with battery consumption. As a result, the main limiting issue for the deployment and acceptance of apps that need continuous signal monitoring is the battery capacity (which is typically much lower than that of smartphones). Most activity recognition systems would be jeopardized if the battery autonomy was less than 24 hours, since movement monitoring would have to be stopped before sleep to recharge the batteries. An extra fall detection (constantly running) program may have a significant effect on the battery life. In fact, according to a recent research based on questionnaires completed by respondents in a real-world testing of a worn fall sensor, consumers prefer devices that can operate for at least 6 months before needing to charge a battery. We examine commercially accessible Smart Watches, where adoption is still in its early stages. With the Smart watches accessing of the social network become faster. Smart watches reduce the number of times and effort of the user in pulling out phone. With the smart watches the calls and alerts are less likely to be missed. The features of the camera, Data may be synchronised with smart phones. Touch interface dominant makes easier to navigate, many use the mixture of touch and buttons are in the smart watches.[1], [10], [11]	You are to answer the question below based only on the information in the provided text. Do not pull from prior or outside knowledge. Use bold section headings with informative bullet points nested within the headings. EVIDENCE: There are a plenty of great smart watches to choose from, ranging from the Android Wear army to the most recent Pebble watches, and the Apple Watch is also selling like hotcakes. With smart watches we can find apps in android watch, download and install applications, Keep an eye on the navigation. Smart watch stay on your hand and inform us what’s happening. We won’t appear tired in meetings [1][2]. 1. Benefits of Android wear smart watches 1.1 Slumber: Slumber just blacks off your screen while our watch is charging. If user is charging the watch overnight, this light will be glaring in user face, and on some watches the continuous display has even caused screen burn-in most Android Wear devices turn on to charge and display a screen indicating the current battery level (Figure 1) [3]. Smart watches are a type of wearable device that allows us to keep our hands free while also allowing us to use our smartphones away from our bodies. The smart watch help to determine the battery consumption of the user’s phone, and Wear power supply Stats can help in calculate the drainage of the phone battery.The app's watch counterpart gives you a barebones view of what's going on with your battery, but you'll want to open the app on your phone for the most information. You'll be able to see how much time you've spent staring at your screen and which apps you've used as shown in Figure 2 [4]–[6]. 1.3Smart Watches as a Calculator Smart watches used for calculus homework, having an accessible calculator are a good idea for calculating a quick sale percentage, tipping at a restaurant, or double-checking your math.A wearable smart watches worn on the wrist has comparable functionality and capabilities as a smartphone. Smart watches are designed to provide features such as accessing the internet, running mobile applications, making a call, communication via text or video, trying to check caller ID, accessing stock and climate updates, providing wellness monitoring capabilities, providing Gps location and position directions, and more, either on their own or when paired with a smart phone [3], [7], [8]. 1.4 Smart phone as a mobile phone finder Apps that help you find your phone are common, but since your watch is linked to your phone, being able to ring it right from your wrist is a great idea. As long as your phone is connected to your watch via Bluetooth, simply opening the app and tapping "Find!" on your watch will ring your phone. You can also use the app to set a notification that sounds on both your watch and phone when they are disconnected. That way, if you're about to leave the house without your phone but not your watch, you'll be warned before making a costly error The smart watches comprise of E-INK display as the battery life of an E-INK display is 5 days. Interface Touch interfaces are more intuitive to use, and many people use a mixture of touch and buttons. People who work out will benefit greatly from smart watches. Sensors are built into these devices that compute how many calories were expended, Traveled distance of the user, Speed, Pulse rate of the user and location of the user through GPS. Elderly falls are one of the most difficult issues that public health systems must deal with. According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, falls are the second largest cause of accidental injury mortality after road traffic accidents. Adults over the age of 65 are by far the most vulnerable to this problem, since falls may have a significant effect on their well-being and self-sufficiency. There are a variety of commercial wearables available now that are especially intended to detect falls (see, for example, the reviews presented ref. in for an analysis of the most popular products). These off-the-shelf gadgets, which are generally marketed as a pendant or bracelet, usually include a help button to summon assistance (a useless function if the patient remains unconscious after an accident). These alerting systems are primarily designed for in-home monitoring through specialized base stations connected to a landline. A monthly charge is needed to offer cell phone service when the customer wants on-the-go (ubiquitous) tracking, in addition to the cost of the detector and (in certain instances) the requirement for long-term contracts. Furthermore, in nearly all instances, the manufacturers do not provide information regarding the detection method used or how the detector was validated. As a result, the real efficiency of these systems for detecting falls has not been benchmarked (particularly when they are applied to the target population—the elderly) The major issue with a smartwatch-based FDS is that analyzing wrist motions may lead to overestimates, or an excess of false alarms produced by the jerky activity of the arms and hands, which is not necessarily indicative of the rest of the body's mobility. As a result of the compensatory movements of the hands, the wrist exhibits a completely different mobility pattern during the fall when compared to measurements captured by other body positions, fall-related accelerometry signals may be misinterpreted more frequently as those originated by other ADLs and vice versa when the inertial sensor is placed on the wrist. However, most smartwatches have significant battery and computational power limitations. In fact, autonomy, along with tiny displays, has long been seen as two of the most significant obstacles to wristwatch adoption in health monitoring applications targeted for the elderly. The amount of sensors and sampling rates used in a smartwatch have a direct relationship with battery consumption. As a result, the main limiting issue for the deployment and acceptance of apps that need continuous signal monitoring is the battery capacity (which is typically much lower than that of smartphones). Most activity recognition systems would be jeopardized if the battery autonomy was less than 24 hours, since movement monitoring would have to be stopped before sleep to recharge the batteries. An extra fall detection (constantly running) program may have a significant effect on the battery life. In fact, according to a recent research based on questionnaires completed by respondents in a real-world testing of a worn fall sensor, consumers prefer devices that can operate for at least 6 months before needing to charge a battery. We examine commercially accessible Smart Watches, where adoption is still in its early stages. With the Smart watches accessing of the social network become faster. Smart watches reduce the number of times and effort of the user in pulling out phone. With the smart watches the calls and alerts are less likely to be missed. The features of the camera, Data may be synchronised with smart phones. Touch interface dominant makes easier to navigate, many use the mixture of touch and buttons are in the smart watches.[1], [10], [11] USER: What are some pros and cons of smart watches? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	36	9	1,131	null	267
Rely only on the context document, with no outside information.	According to this document you shouldn't use which two things in conjunction on the same CPU or memory sticks?	Best practices for performance and scaling for small to medium workloads in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS): This article focuses on general best practices for small to medium workloads. For best practices specific to large workloads, see Performance and scaling best practices for large workloads in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS). As you deploy and maintain clusters in AKS, you can use the following best practices to help you optimize performance and scaling. In this article, you learn about: Tradeoffs and recommendations for autoscaling your workloads. Managing node scaling and efficiency based on your workload demands. Networking considerations for ingress and egress traffic. Monitoring and troubleshooting control plane and node performance. Capacity planning, surge scenarios, and cluster upgrades. Storage and networking considerations for data plane performance. Application autoscaling vs. infrastructure autoscaling Application autoscaling Application autoscaling is useful when dealing with cost optimization or infrastructure limitations. A well-configured autoscaler maintains high availability for your application while also minimizing costs. You only pay for the resources required to maintain availability, regardless of the demand. For example, if an existing node has space but not enough IPs in the subnet, it might be able to skip the creation of a new node and instead immediately start running the application on a new pod. Horizontal Pod autoscaling Implementing horizontal pod autoscaling is useful for applications with a steady and predictable resource demand. The Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) dynamically scales the number of pod replicas, which effectively distributes the load across multiple pods and nodes. This scaling mechanism is typically most beneficial for applications that can be decomposed into smaller, independent components capable of running in parallel. The HPA provides resource utilization metrics by default. You can also integrate custom metrics or leverage tools like the Kubernetes Event-Driven Autoscaler (KEDA) (Preview). These extensions allow the HPA to make scaling decisions based on multiple perspectives and criteria, providing a more holistic view of your application's performance. This is especially helpful for applications with varying complex scaling requirements. Note If maintaining high availability for your application is a top priority, we recommend leaving a slightly higher buffer for the minimum pod number for your HPA to account for scaling time. Vertical Pod autoscaling Implementing vertical pod autoscaling is useful for applications with fluctuating and unpredictable resource demands. The Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA) allows you to fine-tune resource requests, including CPU and memory, for individual pods, enabling precise control over resource allocation. This granularity minimizes resource waste and enhances the overall efficiency of cluster utilization. The VPA also streamlines application management by automating resource allocation, freeing up resources for critical tasks. Warning You shouldn't use the VPA in conjunction with the HPA on the same CPU or memory metrics. This combination can lead to conflicts, as both autoscalers attempt to respond to changes in demand using the same metrics. However, you can use the VPA for CPU or memory in conjunction with the HPA for custom metrics to prevent overlap and ensure that each autoscaler focuses on distinct aspects of workload scaling. Note The VPA works based on historical data. We recommend waiting at least 24 hours after deploying the VPA before applying any changes to give it time to collect recommendation data. Infrastructure autoscaling Cluster autoscaling Implementing cluster autoscaling is useful if your existing nodes lack sufficient capacity, as it helps with scaling up and provisioning new nodes. When considering cluster autoscaling, the decision of when to remove a node involves a tradeoff between optimizing resource utilization and ensuring resource availability. Eliminating underutilized nodes enhances cluster utilization but might result in new workloads having to wait for resources to be provisioned before they can be deployed. It's important to find a balance between these two factors that aligns with your cluster and workload requirements and configure the cluster autoscaler profile settings accordingly. The Cluster Autoscaler profile settings apply universally to all autoscaler-enabled node pools in your cluster. This means that any scaling actions occurring in one autoscaler-enabled node pool might impact the autoscaling behavior in another node pool. It's important to apply consistent and synchronized profile settings across all relevant node pools to ensure that the autoscaler behaves as expected. Overprovisioning Overprovisioning is a strategy that helps mitigate the risk of application pressure by ensuring there's an excess of readily available resources. This approach is especially useful for applications that experience highly variable loads and cluster scaling patterns that show frequent scale ups and scale downs. To determine the optimal amount of overprovisioning, you can use the following formula: txt Copy 1-buffer/1+traffic For example, let's say you want to avoid hitting 100% CPU utilization in your cluster. You might opt for a 30% buffer to maintain a safety margin. If you anticipate an average traffic growth rate of 40%, you might consider overprovisioning by 50%, as calculated by the formula: txt Copy 1-30%/1+40%=50% An effective overprovisioning method involves the use of pause pods. Pause pods are low-priority deployments that can be easily replaced by high-priority deployments. You create low priority pods that serve the sole purpose of reserving buffer space. When a high-priority pod requires space, the pause pods are removed and rescheduled on another node or a new node to accommodate the high priority pod. The following YAML shows an example pause pod manifest: yml Copy apiVersion: scheduling.k8s.io/v1 kind: PriorityClass metadata: name: overprovisioning value: -1 globalDefault: false description: "Priority class used by overprovisioning." --- apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: overprovisioning namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: run: overprovisioning template: metadata: labels: run: overprovisioning spec: priorityClassName: overprovisioning containers: - name: reserve-resources image: your-custome-pause-image resources: requests: cpu: 1 memory: 4Gi Node scaling and efficiency Best practice guidance: Carefully monitor resource utilization and scheduling policies to ensure nodes are being used efficiently. Node scaling allows you to dynamically adjust the number of nodes in your cluster based on workload demands. It's important to understand that adding more nodes to a cluster isn't always the best solution for improving performance. To ensure optimal performance, you should carefully monitor resource utilization and scheduling policies to ensure nodes are being used efficiently. Node images Best practice guidance: Use the latest node image version to ensure that you have the latest security patches and bug fixes. Using the latest node image version provides the best performance experience. AKS ships performance improvements within the weekly image releases. The latest daemonset images are cached on the latest VHD image, which provide lower latency benefits for node provisioning and bootstrapping. Falling behind on updates might have a negative impact on performance, so it's important to avoid large gaps between versions. Azure Linux The Azure Linux Container Host on AKS uses a native AKS image and provides a single place for Linux development. Every package is built from source and validated, ensuring your services run on proven components. Azure Linux is lightweight, only including the necessary set of packages to run container workloads. It provides a reduced attack surface and eliminates patching and maintenance of unnecessary packages. At its base layer, it has a Microsoft-hardened kernel tuned for Azure. This image is ideal for performance-sensitive workloads and platform engineers or operators that manage fleets of AKS clusters. Ubuntu 2204 The Ubuntu 2204 image is the default node image for AKS. It's a lightweight and efficient operating system optimized for running containerized workloads. This means that it can help reduce resource usage and improve overall performance. The image includes the latest security patches and updates, which help ensure that your workloads are protected from vulnerabilities. The Ubuntu 2204 image is fully supported by Microsoft, Canonical, and the Ubuntu community and can help you achieve better performance and security for your containerized workloads. Virtual machines (VMs) Best practice guidance: When selecting a VM, ensure the size and performance of the OS disk and VM SKU don't have a large discrepancy. A discrepancy in size or performance can cause performance issues and resource contention. Application performance is closely tied to the VM SKUs you use in your workloads. Larger and more powerful VMs, generally provide better performance. For mission critical or product workloads, we recommend using VMs with at least an 8-core CPU. VMs with newer hardware generations, like v4 and v5, can also help improve performance. Keep in mind that create and scale latency might vary depending on the VM SKUs you use. Use dedicated system node pools For scaling performance and reliability, we recommend using a dedicated system node pool. With this configuration, the dedicated system node pool reserves space for critical system resources such as system OS daemons. Your application workload can then run in a user node pool to increase the availability of allocatable resources for your application. This configuration also helps mitigate the risk of resource competition between the system and application.	<Task Information> ================== Rely only on the context document, with no outside information. <Passage> ================== Best practices for performance and scaling for small to medium workloads in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS): This article focuses on general best practices for small to medium workloads. For best practices specific to large workloads, see Performance and scaling best practices for large workloads in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS). As you deploy and maintain clusters in AKS, you can use the following best practices to help you optimize performance and scaling. In this article, you learn about: Tradeoffs and recommendations for autoscaling your workloads. Managing node scaling and efficiency based on your workload demands. Networking considerations for ingress and egress traffic. Monitoring and troubleshooting control plane and node performance. Capacity planning, surge scenarios, and cluster upgrades. Storage and networking considerations for data plane performance. Application autoscaling vs. infrastructure autoscaling Application autoscaling Application autoscaling is useful when dealing with cost optimization or infrastructure limitations. A well-configured autoscaler maintains high availability for your application while also minimizing costs. You only pay for the resources required to maintain availability, regardless of the demand. For example, if an existing node has space but not enough IPs in the subnet, it might be able to skip the creation of a new node and instead immediately start running the application on a new pod. Horizontal Pod autoscaling Implementing horizontal pod autoscaling is useful for applications with a steady and predictable resource demand. The Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) dynamically scales the number of pod replicas, which effectively distributes the load across multiple pods and nodes. This scaling mechanism is typically most beneficial for applications that can be decomposed into smaller, independent components capable of running in parallel. The HPA provides resource utilization metrics by default. You can also integrate custom metrics or leverage tools like the Kubernetes Event-Driven Autoscaler (KEDA) (Preview). These extensions allow the HPA to make scaling decisions based on multiple perspectives and criteria, providing a more holistic view of your application's performance. This is especially helpful for applications with varying complex scaling requirements. Note If maintaining high availability for your application is a top priority, we recommend leaving a slightly higher buffer for the minimum pod number for your HPA to account for scaling time. Vertical Pod autoscaling Implementing vertical pod autoscaling is useful for applications with fluctuating and unpredictable resource demands. The Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA) allows you to fine-tune resource requests, including CPU and memory, for individual pods, enabling precise control over resource allocation. This granularity minimizes resource waste and enhances the overall efficiency of cluster utilization. The VPA also streamlines application management by automating resource allocation, freeing up resources for critical tasks. Warning You shouldn't use the VPA in conjunction with the HPA on the same CPU or memory metrics. This combination can lead to conflicts, as both autoscalers attempt to respond to changes in demand using the same metrics. However, you can use the VPA for CPU or memory in conjunction with the HPA for custom metrics to prevent overlap and ensure that each autoscaler focuses on distinct aspects of workload scaling. Note The VPA works based on historical data. We recommend waiting at least 24 hours after deploying the VPA before applying any changes to give it time to collect recommendation data. Infrastructure autoscaling Cluster autoscaling Implementing cluster autoscaling is useful if your existing nodes lack sufficient capacity, as it helps with scaling up and provisioning new nodes. When considering cluster autoscaling, the decision of when to remove a node involves a tradeoff between optimizing resource utilization and ensuring resource availability. Eliminating underutilized nodes enhances cluster utilization but might result in new workloads having to wait for resources to be provisioned before they can be deployed. It's important to find a balance between these two factors that aligns with your cluster and workload requirements and configure the cluster autoscaler profile settings accordingly. The Cluster Autoscaler profile settings apply universally to all autoscaler-enabled node pools in your cluster. This means that any scaling actions occurring in one autoscaler-enabled node pool might impact the autoscaling behavior in another node pool. It's important to apply consistent and synchronized profile settings across all relevant node pools to ensure that the autoscaler behaves as expected. Overprovisioning Overprovisioning is a strategy that helps mitigate the risk of application pressure by ensuring there's an excess of readily available resources. This approach is especially useful for applications that experience highly variable loads and cluster scaling patterns that show frequent scale ups and scale downs. To determine the optimal amount of overprovisioning, you can use the following formula: txt Copy 1-buffer/1+traffic For example, let's say you want to avoid hitting 100% CPU utilization in your cluster. You might opt for a 30% buffer to maintain a safety margin. If you anticipate an average traffic growth rate of 40%, you might consider overprovisioning by 50%, as calculated by the formula: txt Copy 1-30%/1+40%=50% An effective overprovisioning method involves the use of pause pods. Pause pods are low-priority deployments that can be easily replaced by high-priority deployments. You create low priority pods that serve the sole purpose of reserving buffer space. When a high-priority pod requires space, the pause pods are removed and rescheduled on another node or a new node to accommodate the high priority pod. The following YAML shows an example pause pod manifest: yml Copy apiVersion: scheduling.k8s.io/v1 kind: PriorityClass metadata: name: overprovisioning value: -1 globalDefault: false description: "Priority class used by overprovisioning." --- apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: overprovisioning namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: run: overprovisioning template: metadata: labels: run: overprovisioning spec: priorityClassName: overprovisioning containers: - name: reserve-resources image: your-custome-pause-image resources: requests: cpu: 1 memory: 4Gi Node scaling and efficiency Best practice guidance: Carefully monitor resource utilization and scheduling policies to ensure nodes are being used efficiently. Node scaling allows you to dynamically adjust the number of nodes in your cluster based on workload demands. It's important to understand that adding more nodes to a cluster isn't always the best solution for improving performance. To ensure optimal performance, you should carefully monitor resource utilization and scheduling policies to ensure nodes are being used efficiently. Node images Best practice guidance: Use the latest node image version to ensure that you have the latest security patches and bug fixes. Using the latest node image version provides the best performance experience. AKS ships performance improvements within the weekly image releases. The latest daemonset images are cached on the latest VHD image, which provide lower latency benefits for node provisioning and bootstrapping. Falling behind on updates might have a negative impact on performance, so it's important to avoid large gaps between versions. Azure Linux The Azure Linux Container Host on AKS uses a native AKS image and provides a single place for Linux development. Every package is built from source and validated, ensuring your services run on proven components. Azure Linux is lightweight, only including the necessary set of packages to run container workloads. It provides a reduced attack surface and eliminates patching and maintenance of unnecessary packages. At its base layer, it has a Microsoft-hardened kernel tuned for Azure. This image is ideal for performance-sensitive workloads and platform engineers or operators that manage fleets of AKS clusters. Ubuntu 2204 The Ubuntu 2204 image is the default node image for AKS. It's a lightweight and efficient operating system optimized for running containerized workloads. This means that it can help reduce resource usage and improve overall performance. The image includes the latest security patches and updates, which help ensure that your workloads are protected from vulnerabilities. The Ubuntu 2204 image is fully supported by Microsoft, Canonical, and the Ubuntu community and can help you achieve better performance and security for your containerized workloads. Virtual machines (VMs) Best practice guidance: When selecting a VM, ensure the size and performance of the OS disk and VM SKU don't have a large discrepancy. A discrepancy in size or performance can cause performance issues and resource contention. Application performance is closely tied to the VM SKUs you use in your workloads. Larger and more powerful VMs, generally provide better performance. For mission critical or product workloads, we recommend using VMs with at least an 8-core CPU. VMs with newer hardware generations, like v4 and v5, can also help improve performance. Keep in mind that create and scale latency might vary depending on the VM SKUs you use. Use dedicated system node pools For scaling performance and reliability, we recommend using a dedicated system node pool. With this configuration, the dedicated system node pool reserves space for critical system resources such as system OS daemons. Your application workload can then run in a user node pool to increase the availability of allocatable resources for your application. This configuration also helps mitigate the risk of resource competition between the system and application. <Question> ================== According to this document you shouldn't use which two things in conjunction on the same CPU or memory sticks?	Rely only on the context document, with no outside information. EVIDENCE: Best practices for performance and scaling for small to medium workloads in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS): This article focuses on general best practices for small to medium workloads. For best practices specific to large workloads, see Performance and scaling best practices for large workloads in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS). As you deploy and maintain clusters in AKS, you can use the following best practices to help you optimize performance and scaling. In this article, you learn about: Tradeoffs and recommendations for autoscaling your workloads. Managing node scaling and efficiency based on your workload demands. Networking considerations for ingress and egress traffic. Monitoring and troubleshooting control plane and node performance. Capacity planning, surge scenarios, and cluster upgrades. Storage and networking considerations for data plane performance. Application autoscaling vs. infrastructure autoscaling Application autoscaling Application autoscaling is useful when dealing with cost optimization or infrastructure limitations. A well-configured autoscaler maintains high availability for your application while also minimizing costs. You only pay for the resources required to maintain availability, regardless of the demand. For example, if an existing node has space but not enough IPs in the subnet, it might be able to skip the creation of a new node and instead immediately start running the application on a new pod. Horizontal Pod autoscaling Implementing horizontal pod autoscaling is useful for applications with a steady and predictable resource demand. The Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) dynamically scales the number of pod replicas, which effectively distributes the load across multiple pods and nodes. This scaling mechanism is typically most beneficial for applications that can be decomposed into smaller, independent components capable of running in parallel. The HPA provides resource utilization metrics by default. You can also integrate custom metrics or leverage tools like the Kubernetes Event-Driven Autoscaler (KEDA) (Preview). These extensions allow the HPA to make scaling decisions based on multiple perspectives and criteria, providing a more holistic view of your application's performance. This is especially helpful for applications with varying complex scaling requirements. Note If maintaining high availability for your application is a top priority, we recommend leaving a slightly higher buffer for the minimum pod number for your HPA to account for scaling time. Vertical Pod autoscaling Implementing vertical pod autoscaling is useful for applications with fluctuating and unpredictable resource demands. The Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA) allows you to fine-tune resource requests, including CPU and memory, for individual pods, enabling precise control over resource allocation. This granularity minimizes resource waste and enhances the overall efficiency of cluster utilization. The VPA also streamlines application management by automating resource allocation, freeing up resources for critical tasks. Warning You shouldn't use the VPA in conjunction with the HPA on the same CPU or memory metrics. This combination can lead to conflicts, as both autoscalers attempt to respond to changes in demand using the same metrics. However, you can use the VPA for CPU or memory in conjunction with the HPA for custom metrics to prevent overlap and ensure that each autoscaler focuses on distinct aspects of workload scaling. Note The VPA works based on historical data. We recommend waiting at least 24 hours after deploying the VPA before applying any changes to give it time to collect recommendation data. Infrastructure autoscaling Cluster autoscaling Implementing cluster autoscaling is useful if your existing nodes lack sufficient capacity, as it helps with scaling up and provisioning new nodes. When considering cluster autoscaling, the decision of when to remove a node involves a tradeoff between optimizing resource utilization and ensuring resource availability. Eliminating underutilized nodes enhances cluster utilization but might result in new workloads having to wait for resources to be provisioned before they can be deployed. It's important to find a balance between these two factors that aligns with your cluster and workload requirements and configure the cluster autoscaler profile settings accordingly. The Cluster Autoscaler profile settings apply universally to all autoscaler-enabled node pools in your cluster. This means that any scaling actions occurring in one autoscaler-enabled node pool might impact the autoscaling behavior in another node pool. It's important to apply consistent and synchronized profile settings across all relevant node pools to ensure that the autoscaler behaves as expected. Overprovisioning Overprovisioning is a strategy that helps mitigate the risk of application pressure by ensuring there's an excess of readily available resources. This approach is especially useful for applications that experience highly variable loads and cluster scaling patterns that show frequent scale ups and scale downs. To determine the optimal amount of overprovisioning, you can use the following formula: txt Copy 1-buffer/1+traffic For example, let's say you want to avoid hitting 100% CPU utilization in your cluster. You might opt for a 30% buffer to maintain a safety margin. If you anticipate an average traffic growth rate of 40%, you might consider overprovisioning by 50%, as calculated by the formula: txt Copy 1-30%/1+40%=50% An effective overprovisioning method involves the use of pause pods. Pause pods are low-priority deployments that can be easily replaced by high-priority deployments. You create low priority pods that serve the sole purpose of reserving buffer space. When a high-priority pod requires space, the pause pods are removed and rescheduled on another node or a new node to accommodate the high priority pod. The following YAML shows an example pause pod manifest: yml Copy apiVersion: scheduling.k8s.io/v1 kind: PriorityClass metadata: name: overprovisioning value: -1 globalDefault: false description: "Priority class used by overprovisioning." --- apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: overprovisioning namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: run: overprovisioning template: metadata: labels: run: overprovisioning spec: priorityClassName: overprovisioning containers: - name: reserve-resources image: your-custome-pause-image resources: requests: cpu: 1 memory: 4Gi Node scaling and efficiency Best practice guidance: Carefully monitor resource utilization and scheduling policies to ensure nodes are being used efficiently. Node scaling allows you to dynamically adjust the number of nodes in your cluster based on workload demands. It's important to understand that adding more nodes to a cluster isn't always the best solution for improving performance. To ensure optimal performance, you should carefully monitor resource utilization and scheduling policies to ensure nodes are being used efficiently. Node images Best practice guidance: Use the latest node image version to ensure that you have the latest security patches and bug fixes. Using the latest node image version provides the best performance experience. AKS ships performance improvements within the weekly image releases. The latest daemonset images are cached on the latest VHD image, which provide lower latency benefits for node provisioning and bootstrapping. Falling behind on updates might have a negative impact on performance, so it's important to avoid large gaps between versions. Azure Linux The Azure Linux Container Host on AKS uses a native AKS image and provides a single place for Linux development. Every package is built from source and validated, ensuring your services run on proven components. Azure Linux is lightweight, only including the necessary set of packages to run container workloads. It provides a reduced attack surface and eliminates patching and maintenance of unnecessary packages. At its base layer, it has a Microsoft-hardened kernel tuned for Azure. This image is ideal for performance-sensitive workloads and platform engineers or operators that manage fleets of AKS clusters. Ubuntu 2204 The Ubuntu 2204 image is the default node image for AKS. It's a lightweight and efficient operating system optimized for running containerized workloads. This means that it can help reduce resource usage and improve overall performance. The image includes the latest security patches and updates, which help ensure that your workloads are protected from vulnerabilities. The Ubuntu 2204 image is fully supported by Microsoft, Canonical, and the Ubuntu community and can help you achieve better performance and security for your containerized workloads. Virtual machines (VMs) Best practice guidance: When selecting a VM, ensure the size and performance of the OS disk and VM SKU don't have a large discrepancy. A discrepancy in size or performance can cause performance issues and resource contention. Application performance is closely tied to the VM SKUs you use in your workloads. Larger and more powerful VMs, generally provide better performance. For mission critical or product workloads, we recommend using VMs with at least an 8-core CPU. VMs with newer hardware generations, like v4 and v5, can also help improve performance. Keep in mind that create and scale latency might vary depending on the VM SKUs you use. Use dedicated system node pools For scaling performance and reliability, we recommend using a dedicated system node pool. With this configuration, the dedicated system node pool reserves space for critical system resources such as system OS daemons. Your application workload can then run in a user node pool to increase the availability of allocatable resources for your application. This configuration also helps mitigate the risk of resource competition between the system and application. USER: According to this document you shouldn't use which two things in conjunction on the same CPU or memory sticks? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	10	19	1,457	null	106
For this task, you can only use the text provided to you. External information or outside knowledge should not be used to fulfil the request.	Explain to me how views have changed on anti-trust laws in the US over time.	The Antitrust Reform Movement and UMC Rulemaking The past several years have witnessed renewed interest in antitrust law and policy. Much of this interest has been driven by concerns that the antitrust laws have been underenforced and that current doctrine is overly permissive. Since the 1970s, the Supreme Court has reduced the number of per se rules that define specific conduct as anticompetitive without inquiries into market dynamics and harms in particular cases. In doing so, the Court has expanded the scope of the “rule of reason”—a standard that, in its current form, typically involves a burden-shifting framework that requires such inquiries. Empirical studies have found that the vast majority—as much as 97%—of complaints evaluated under the rule of reason are dismissed at the first stage of this burden-shifting process, leading some commentators to argue that the rule of reason is, in practice, a rule of per se legality. Others have criticized the costs and slow pace of antitrust litigation, which they attribute in part to the detailed analysis required by current law. Alongside the extension of the rule of reason, the Supreme Court has relaxed several aspects of monopolization doctrine, limiting the ways in which antitrust law restricts the unilateral conduct of dominant firms. Congressional Research Service 3 Advocates of more aggressive antitrust enforcement have supported UMC rulemaking as a means of counteracting these developments. In 2020, Lina Khan (who now serves as FTC Chair) and Rohit Chopra (an FTC Commissioner at the time) co-authored an article in which they contended that exclusive reliance on case-by-case adjudication under the rule of reason had produced “a system of enforcement that generates ambiguity, unduly drains resources from enforcers, and deprives individuals and firms of any real opportunity to democratically participate in the process.” They thus argued that the FTC should supplement antitrust adjudication with UMC rules, which could promote legal clarity, lower enforcement costs, and allow the public to participate in the formulation of competition policy. Other academic work from proponents of antitrust reform has likewise urged enforcers and courts to “eschew the open-ended rule of reason” in favor of simpler presumptions and bright-line rules. In July 2021, President Biden joined these calls for UMC rulemaking. In an executive order on competition policy, President Biden encouraged the FTC to exercise its “statutory rulemaking authority under the Federal Trade Commission Act to curtail the unfair use of non-compete clauses and other clauses or agreements that may unfairly limit worker mobility.” Others have identified additional issues that the FTC may seek to address if its UMC rulemaking power is upheld. A coalition of advocacy groups has filed a petition for rulemaking urging the FTC to prohibit exclusive dealing by dominant firms. Commentators have also suggested that the FTC may propose rules targeting reverse-payment settlements in the pharmaceutical industry (often called “pay-for-delay” agreements), predatory pricing, and manufacturer repair restrictions. The FTC’s authority to issue such rules—and the Non-Compete Rule—depends not only on whether Section 6(g) authorizes legislative rulemaking, but also on the scope of Section 5’s prohibition of UMC. The Supreme Court has repeatedly said that Section 5 is broader than the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act (the other core federal antitrust laws). However, the scope of this additional coverage—often called the FTC’s “standalone” Section 5 authority—is unsettled. Under previous leadership, the FTC took a narrow view of its standalone Section 5 authority. In a 2015 policy statement, the FTC indicated that decisions to bring standalone Section 5 actions would be guided by considerations of consumer welfare; that the FTC would evaluate challenged conduct under “a framework similar to the rule of reason”; and that the FTC was less likely to bring a standalone Section 5 action if enforcement of the Sherman Act or Clayton Act was sufficient to address the relevant competitive harm. The FTC rescinded this policy statement in 2021 and issued a new Section 5 policy statement the following year. In the 2022 policy statement, the FTC identified two criteria it will consider in evaluating whether a “method of competition” is “unfair.” First, the FTC indicated that “unfair” conduct “may be coercive, exploitative, collusive, abusive, deceptive, predatory, or involve the use of economic power of a similar nature,” and “may also be otherwise restrictive or exclusionary.” Second, the FTC explained that such conduct “must tend to negatively affect competitive conditions”—for example, by foreclosing or impairing the opportunities of market participants, reducing competition between rivals, limiting choice, or otherwise harming consumers. The 2022 policy statement indicated that this second inquiry will not turn on whether conduct directly causes harm in particular cases, but instead will focus on whether conduct “has a tendency to generate negative consequences.” The FTC framed its 2022 policy statement as a return to the original purposes of the FTC Act. Former Commissioner Christine Wilson dissented from the statement, arguing that it departed from antitrust’s traditional focus on consumer welfare and did not provide clear guidance to businesses on how to structure their conduct to avoid violating the law.	For this task, you can only use the text provided to you. External information or outside knowledge should not be used to fulfil the request. The request is as follows: Explain to me how views have changed on anti-trust laws in the US over time. Provided text: The Antitrust Reform Movement and UMC Rulemaking The past several years have witnessed renewed interest in antitrust law and policy. Much of this interest has been driven by concerns that the antitrust laws have been underenforced and that current doctrine is overly permissive. Since the 1970s, the Supreme Court has reduced the number of per se rules that define specific conduct as anticompetitive without inquiries into market dynamics and harms in particular cases. In doing so, the Court has expanded the scope of the “rule of reason”—a standard that, in its current form, typically involves a burden-shifting framework that requires such inquiries. Empirical studies have found that the vast majority—as much as 97%—of complaints evaluated under the rule of reason are dismissed at the first stage of this burden-shifting process, leading some commentators to argue that the rule of reason is, in practice, a rule of per se legality. Others have criticized the costs and slow pace of antitrust litigation, which they attribute in part to the detailed analysis required by current law. Alongside the extension of the rule of reason, the Supreme Court has relaxed several aspects of monopolization doctrine, limiting the ways in which antitrust law restricts the unilateral conduct of dominant firms. Congressional Research Service 3 Advocates of more aggressive antitrust enforcement have supported UMC rulemaking as a means of counteracting these developments. In 2020, Lina Khan (who now serves as FTC Chair) and Rohit Chopra (an FTC Commissioner at the time) co-authored an article in which they contended that exclusive reliance on case-by-case adjudication under the rule of reason had produced “a system of enforcement that generates ambiguity, unduly drains resources from enforcers, and deprives individuals and firms of any real opportunity to democratically participate in the process.” They thus argued that the FTC should supplement antitrust adjudication with UMC rules, which could promote legal clarity, lower enforcement costs, and allow the public to participate in the formulation of competition policy. Other academic work from proponents of antitrust reform has likewise urged enforcers and courts to “eschew the open-ended rule of reason” in favor of simpler presumptions and bright-line rules. In July 2021, President Biden joined these calls for UMC rulemaking. In an executive order on competition policy, President Biden encouraged the FTC to exercise its “statutory rulemaking authority under the Federal Trade Commission Act to curtail the unfair use of non-compete clauses and other clauses or agreements that may unfairly limit worker mobility.” Others have identified additional issues that the FTC may seek to address if its UMC rulemaking power is upheld. A coalition of advocacy groups has filed a petition for rulemaking urging the FTC to prohibit exclusive dealing by dominant firms. Commentators have also suggested that the FTC may propose rules targeting reverse-payment settlements in the pharmaceutical industry (often called “pay-for-delay” agreements), predatory pricing, and manufacturer repair restrictions. The FTC’s authority to issue such rules—and the Non-Compete Rule—depends not only on whether Section 6(g) authorizes legislative rulemaking, but also on the scope of Section 5’s prohibition of UMC. The Supreme Court has repeatedly said that Section 5 is broader than the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act (the other core federal antitrust laws). However, the scope of this additional coverage—often called the FTC’s “standalone” Section 5 authority—is unsettled. Under previous leadership, the FTC took a narrow view of its standalone Section 5 authority. In a 2015 policy statement, the FTC indicated that decisions to bring standalone Section 5 actions would be guided by considerations of consumer welfare; that the FTC would evaluate challenged conduct under “a framework similar to the rule of reason”; and that the FTC was less likely to bring a standalone Section 5 action if enforcement of the Sherman Act or Clayton Act was sufficient to address the relevant competitive harm. The FTC rescinded this policy statement in 2021 and issued a new Section 5 policy statement the following year. In the 2022 policy statement, the FTC identified two criteria it will consider in evaluating whether a “method of competition” is “unfair.” First, the FTC indicated that “unfair” conduct “may be coercive, exploitative, collusive, abusive, deceptive, predatory, or involve the use of economic power of a similar nature,” and “may also be otherwise restrictive or exclusionary.” Second, the FTC explained that such conduct “must tend to negatively affect competitive conditions”—for example, by foreclosing or impairing the opportunities of market participants, reducing competition between rivals, limiting choice, or otherwise harming consumers. The 2022 policy statement indicated that this second inquiry will not turn on whether conduct directly causes harm in particular cases, but instead will focus on whether conduct “has a tendency to generate negative consequences.” The FTC framed its 2022 policy statement as a return to the original purposes of the FTC Act. Former Commissioner Christine Wilson dissented from the statement, arguing that it departed from antitrust’s traditional focus on consumer welfare and did not provide clear guidance to businesses on how to structure their conduct to avoid violating the law.	For this task, you can only use the text provided to you. External information or outside knowledge should not be used to fulfil the request. EVIDENCE: The Antitrust Reform Movement and UMC Rulemaking The past several years have witnessed renewed interest in antitrust law and policy. Much of this interest has been driven by concerns that the antitrust laws have been underenforced and that current doctrine is overly permissive. Since the 1970s, the Supreme Court has reduced the number of per se rules that define specific conduct as anticompetitive without inquiries into market dynamics and harms in particular cases. In doing so, the Court has expanded the scope of the “rule of reason”—a standard that, in its current form, typically involves a burden-shifting framework that requires such inquiries. Empirical studies have found that the vast majority—as much as 97%—of complaints evaluated under the rule of reason are dismissed at the first stage of this burden-shifting process, leading some commentators to argue that the rule of reason is, in practice, a rule of per se legality. Others have criticized the costs and slow pace of antitrust litigation, which they attribute in part to the detailed analysis required by current law. Alongside the extension of the rule of reason, the Supreme Court has relaxed several aspects of monopolization doctrine, limiting the ways in which antitrust law restricts the unilateral conduct of dominant firms. Congressional Research Service 3 Advocates of more aggressive antitrust enforcement have supported UMC rulemaking as a means of counteracting these developments. In 2020, Lina Khan (who now serves as FTC Chair) and Rohit Chopra (an FTC Commissioner at the time) co-authored an article in which they contended that exclusive reliance on case-by-case adjudication under the rule of reason had produced “a system of enforcement that generates ambiguity, unduly drains resources from enforcers, and deprives individuals and firms of any real opportunity to democratically participate in the process.” They thus argued that the FTC should supplement antitrust adjudication with UMC rules, which could promote legal clarity, lower enforcement costs, and allow the public to participate in the formulation of competition policy. Other academic work from proponents of antitrust reform has likewise urged enforcers and courts to “eschew the open-ended rule of reason” in favor of simpler presumptions and bright-line rules. In July 2021, President Biden joined these calls for UMC rulemaking. In an executive order on competition policy, President Biden encouraged the FTC to exercise its “statutory rulemaking authority under the Federal Trade Commission Act to curtail the unfair use of non-compete clauses and other clauses or agreements that may unfairly limit worker mobility.” Others have identified additional issues that the FTC may seek to address if its UMC rulemaking power is upheld. A coalition of advocacy groups has filed a petition for rulemaking urging the FTC to prohibit exclusive dealing by dominant firms. Commentators have also suggested that the FTC may propose rules targeting reverse-payment settlements in the pharmaceutical industry (often called “pay-for-delay” agreements), predatory pricing, and manufacturer repair restrictions. The FTC’s authority to issue such rules—and the Non-Compete Rule—depends not only on whether Section 6(g) authorizes legislative rulemaking, but also on the scope of Section 5’s prohibition of UMC. The Supreme Court has repeatedly said that Section 5 is broader than the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act (the other core federal antitrust laws). However, the scope of this additional coverage—often called the FTC’s “standalone” Section 5 authority—is unsettled. Under previous leadership, the FTC took a narrow view of its standalone Section 5 authority. In a 2015 policy statement, the FTC indicated that decisions to bring standalone Section 5 actions would be guided by considerations of consumer welfare; that the FTC would evaluate challenged conduct under “a framework similar to the rule of reason”; and that the FTC was less likely to bring a standalone Section 5 action if enforcement of the Sherman Act or Clayton Act was sufficient to address the relevant competitive harm. The FTC rescinded this policy statement in 2021 and issued a new Section 5 policy statement the following year. In the 2022 policy statement, the FTC identified two criteria it will consider in evaluating whether a “method of competition” is “unfair.” First, the FTC indicated that “unfair” conduct “may be coercive, exploitative, collusive, abusive, deceptive, predatory, or involve the use of economic power of a similar nature,” and “may also be otherwise restrictive or exclusionary.” Second, the FTC explained that such conduct “must tend to negatively affect competitive conditions”—for example, by foreclosing or impairing the opportunities of market participants, reducing competition between rivals, limiting choice, or otherwise harming consumers. The 2022 policy statement indicated that this second inquiry will not turn on whether conduct directly causes harm in particular cases, but instead will focus on whether conduct “has a tendency to generate negative consequences.” The FTC framed its 2022 policy statement as a return to the original purposes of the FTC Act. Former Commissioner Christine Wilson dissented from the statement, arguing that it departed from antitrust’s traditional focus on consumer welfare and did not provide clear guidance to businesses on how to structure their conduct to avoid violating the law. USER: Explain to me how views have changed on anti-trust laws in the US over time. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	25	15	831	null	122
{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document]	I'm a 27-year-old looking to start implementing Vitamin C in my diet. In under 150 words, why is vitamin C necessary for collagen, and how much would be needed for maximum absorption?	Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Humans, unlike most animals, are unable to synthesize vitamin C endogenously, so it is an essential dietary component [1]. Vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of collagen, L-carnitine, and certain neurotransmitters; vitamin C is also involved in protein metabolism [1,2]. Collagen is an essential component of connective tissue, which plays a vital role in wound healing. Vitamin C is also an important physiological antioxidant [3] and has been shown to regenerate other antioxidants within the body, including alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) [4]. Ongoing research is examining whether vitamin C, by limiting the damaging effects of free radicals through its antioxidant activity, might help prevent or delay the development of certain cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases in which oxidative stress plays a causal role. In addition to its biosynthetic and antioxidant functions, vitamin C plays an important role in immune function [4] and improves the absorption of nonheme iron [5], the form of iron present in plant-based foods. Insufficient vitamin C intake causes scurvy, which is characterized by fatigue or lassitude, widespread connective tissue weakness, and capillary fragility [1,2,4,6-9]. The intestinal absorption of vitamin C is regulated by at least one specific dose-dependent, active transporter [4]. Cells accumulate vitamin C via a second specific transport protein. In vitro studies have found that oxidized vitamin C, or dehydroascorbic acid, enters cells via some facilitated glucose transporters and is then reduced internally to ascorbic acid. The physiologic importance of dehydroascorbic acid uptake and its contribution to overall vitamin C economy are unknown. Oral vitamin C produces tissue and plasma concentrations that the body tightly controls. Approximately 70%–90% of vitamin C is absorbed at moderate intakes of 30–180 mg/day. However, at doses above 1 g/day, absorption falls to less than 50% and absorbed, unmetabolized ascorbic acid is excreted in the urine [4]. Results from pharmacokinetic studies indicate that oral doses of 1.25 g/day ascorbic acid produce mean peak plasma vitamin C concentrations of 135 micromol/L, which are about two times higher than those produced by consuming 200–300 mg/day ascorbic acid from vitamin C-rich foods [10]. Pharmacokinetic modeling predicts that even doses as high as 3 g ascorbic acid taken every 4 hours would produce peak plasma concentrations of only 220 micromol/L [10]. The total body content of vitamin C ranges from 300 mg (at near scurvy) to about 2 g [4]. High levels of vitamin C (millimolar concentrations) are maintained in cells and tissues and are highest in leukocytes (white blood cells), eyes, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and brain. Relatively low levels of vitamin C (micromolar concentrations) are found in extracellular fluids, such as plasma, red blood cells, and saliva [4]. Recommended Intakes Intake recommendations for vitamin C and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [8]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender [8], include the following: Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects Table 1 lists the current RDAs for vitamin C [8]. The RDAs for vitamin C are based on its known physiological and antioxidant functions in white blood cells and are much higher than the amount required for protection from deficiency [4,8,11]. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for vitamin C that is equivalent to the mean intake of vitamin C in healthy, breastfed infants.	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== I'm a 27-year-old looking to start implementing Vitamin C in my diet. In under 150 words, why is vitamin C necessary for collagen, and how much would be needed for maximum absorption? {passage 0} ========== Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Humans, unlike most animals, are unable to synthesize vitamin C endogenously, so it is an essential dietary component [1]. Vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of collagen, L-carnitine, and certain neurotransmitters; vitamin C is also involved in protein metabolism [1,2]. Collagen is an essential component of connective tissue, which plays a vital role in wound healing. Vitamin C is also an important physiological antioxidant [3] and has been shown to regenerate other antioxidants within the body, including alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) [4]. Ongoing research is examining whether vitamin C, by limiting the damaging effects of free radicals through its antioxidant activity, might help prevent or delay the development of certain cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases in which oxidative stress plays a causal role. In addition to its biosynthetic and antioxidant functions, vitamin C plays an important role in immune function [4] and improves the absorption of nonheme iron [5], the form of iron present in plant-based foods. Insufficient vitamin C intake causes scurvy, which is characterized by fatigue or lassitude, widespread connective tissue weakness, and capillary fragility [1,2,4,6-9]. The intestinal absorption of vitamin C is regulated by at least one specific dose-dependent, active transporter [4]. Cells accumulate vitamin C via a second specific transport protein. In vitro studies have found that oxidized vitamin C, or dehydroascorbic acid, enters cells via some facilitated glucose transporters and is then reduced internally to ascorbic acid. The physiologic importance of dehydroascorbic acid uptake and its contribution to overall vitamin C economy are unknown. Oral vitamin C produces tissue and plasma concentrations that the body tightly controls. Approximately 70%–90% of vitamin C is absorbed at moderate intakes of 30–180 mg/day. However, at doses above 1 g/day, absorption falls to less than 50% and absorbed, unmetabolized ascorbic acid is excreted in the urine [4]. Results from pharmacokinetic studies indicate that oral doses of 1.25 g/day ascorbic acid produce mean peak plasma vitamin C concentrations of 135 micromol/L, which are about two times higher than those produced by consuming 200–300 mg/day ascorbic acid from vitamin C-rich foods [10]. Pharmacokinetic modeling predicts that even doses as high as 3 g ascorbic acid taken every 4 hours would produce peak plasma concentrations of only 220 micromol/L [10]. The total body content of vitamin C ranges from 300 mg (at near scurvy) to about 2 g [4]. High levels of vitamin C (millimolar concentrations) are maintained in cells and tissues and are highest in leukocytes (white blood cells), eyes, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and brain. Relatively low levels of vitamin C (micromolar concentrations) are found in extracellular fluids, such as plasma, red blood cells, and saliva [4]. Recommended Intakes Intake recommendations for vitamin C and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [8]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender [8], include the following: Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects Table 1 lists the current RDAs for vitamin C [8]. The RDAs for vitamin C are based on its known physiological and antioxidant functions in white blood cells and are much higher than the amount required for protection from deficiency [4,8,11]. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for vitamin C that is equivalent to the mean intake of vitamin C in healthy, breastfed infants. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document] EVIDENCE: Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Humans, unlike most animals, are unable to synthesize vitamin C endogenously, so it is an essential dietary component [1]. Vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of collagen, L-carnitine, and certain neurotransmitters; vitamin C is also involved in protein metabolism [1,2]. Collagen is an essential component of connective tissue, which plays a vital role in wound healing. Vitamin C is also an important physiological antioxidant [3] and has been shown to regenerate other antioxidants within the body, including alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) [4]. Ongoing research is examining whether vitamin C, by limiting the damaging effects of free radicals through its antioxidant activity, might help prevent or delay the development of certain cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases in which oxidative stress plays a causal role. In addition to its biosynthetic and antioxidant functions, vitamin C plays an important role in immune function [4] and improves the absorption of nonheme iron [5], the form of iron present in plant-based foods. Insufficient vitamin C intake causes scurvy, which is characterized by fatigue or lassitude, widespread connective tissue weakness, and capillary fragility [1,2,4,6-9]. The intestinal absorption of vitamin C is regulated by at least one specific dose-dependent, active transporter [4]. Cells accumulate vitamin C via a second specific transport protein. In vitro studies have found that oxidized vitamin C, or dehydroascorbic acid, enters cells via some facilitated glucose transporters and is then reduced internally to ascorbic acid. The physiologic importance of dehydroascorbic acid uptake and its contribution to overall vitamin C economy are unknown. Oral vitamin C produces tissue and plasma concentrations that the body tightly controls. Approximately 70%–90% of vitamin C is absorbed at moderate intakes of 30–180 mg/day. However, at doses above 1 g/day, absorption falls to less than 50% and absorbed, unmetabolized ascorbic acid is excreted in the urine [4]. Results from pharmacokinetic studies indicate that oral doses of 1.25 g/day ascorbic acid produce mean peak plasma vitamin C concentrations of 135 micromol/L, which are about two times higher than those produced by consuming 200–300 mg/day ascorbic acid from vitamin C-rich foods [10]. Pharmacokinetic modeling predicts that even doses as high as 3 g ascorbic acid taken every 4 hours would produce peak plasma concentrations of only 220 micromol/L [10]. The total body content of vitamin C ranges from 300 mg (at near scurvy) to about 2 g [4]. High levels of vitamin C (millimolar concentrations) are maintained in cells and tissues and are highest in leukocytes (white blood cells), eyes, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and brain. Relatively low levels of vitamin C (micromolar concentrations) are found in extracellular fluids, such as plasma, red blood cells, and saliva [4]. Recommended Intakes Intake recommendations for vitamin C and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [8]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender [8], include the following: Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects Table 1 lists the current RDAs for vitamin C [8]. The RDAs for vitamin C are based on its known physiological and antioxidant functions in white blood cells and are much higher than the amount required for protection from deficiency [4,8,11]. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for vitamin C that is equivalent to the mean intake of vitamin C in healthy, breastfed infants. USER: I'm a 27-year-old looking to start implementing Vitamin C in my diet. In under 150 words, why is vitamin C necessary for collagen, and how much would be needed for maximum absorption? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	26	32	725	null	396
Please answer the following question in one sentence, using only information found in the text provided below:	What factors can impact a person's target replacement rate for retirement?	The first issue is to define the concept of adequate saving, which is surprisingly controversial.3 For pur- poses of this paper, we define adequate saving as sufficient to provide a household with an expected standard of living in retirement that is commensurate with its standard of living during its working years. This definition has the advantage of conforming to people's "common sense" views of how they would like to live their lives. But it comes with an important caveat. Our definition focuses on expected retirement living standards rel- ative to pre-retirement living standards. Many things can go wrong between saving the right amount to maintain living standards on an expected basis and being able to maintain living standards in actuality. Individuals face numerous risks in preparing for retirement. Disability or layoffs may stop people from working as long as they had planned and hence reduce their ability to accumulate wealth. Assets may ac- crue less than the expected rate of return over time. A household may face disproportionate uninsured health care costs, including those associated with long-term care. People may face mental or physical de- clines that require expensive daily assistance. Household members may live longer than expected, which, while generally a good thing, has the side effect of generating higher saving needs to maintain pre-retire- ment living standards. Alternatively, a person may become widowed and thus lose important sources of income in retirement. Children may present unexpected financial burdens. Many of these concerns relate to adequate insurance (for example, against risks associated with disability, rate of return, inflation, health care costs, health status, lifespan, and children's circumstances) as op- posed to adequate saving, but the two issues are related and both are part of retirement preparation. So- cial Security, of course, is intended to cover only a portion of adequate retirement income, not all of it. In the absence of well-functioning insurance markets, people will to some extent need to save more in order to partially self-insure and be in a position to mitigate the negative consequences of adverse outcomes. A definition of adequate saving that allows people to self-insure against all risks is probably an exces- sively high standard for all but the super-rich. But the distinction between saving enough to maintain ex- pected living standards in retirement and saving enough to insure against all risks helps explain why there are different standards for "adequate saving." One approach to measuring whether people are saving adequately is to compare their wealth accumula- tion behavior to that implied by an economic model that prescribes that people save optimally.4 The standard economic approach is to equate the household's discounted marginal utility of consumption in 3 For a recent review of the literature on the adequacy of retirement saving, see Mackenzie (forthcoming). 4 Engen, Gale, and Uccello (1999); Gale, Scholz, and Seshadri (2009); Scholz, Seshadri, and Khitatrakun (2006). 5 each period. This approach has the advantage of being fully consistent with economic theory, but it is not always easy for people to translate this approach into practical advice, or to see where their preparations land them relative to the benchmark. And the results are sensitive to model specification, especially in the presence of major changes, such as those that occur in family size, marital status, or work status.5 A more common, intuitive, and flexible approach focuses on replacement rates. A replacement rate is a ratio of post-retirement income to pre-retirement income. The target replacement rate that a household should aim for is one that will allow it to replicate its pre-retirement living standards in retirement. It is essential to emphasize that 100 percent is not a natural benchmark for an adequate replacement. The typ- ical advice of financial planners is to target a replacement rate of between 70 and 85 percent and some evidence suggests this is consistent with optimal models of saving.6 Table 1 provides an extremely stylized example of how target replacement ratios in this range might come about. Suppose a worker earns $100 in gross wages, and has $62 remaining after work expenses, mort- gage costs, retirement saving contributions, health insurance premiums, payroll taxes, and federal and state income taxes. Suppose the worker reaches age 65, pays off the mortgage, and retires. The payments for work expenses, the mortgage, 401(k) contributions, payroll taxes, and health insurance stop (the last because the worker becomes eligible for Medicare) and let's say taxes fall by one-third (because income declines and because there are currently benefits in the tax code for the elderly). That means the worker would only need $70 per year in retirement to replace the living standard that $100 provided during working years, or a 70 percent replacement rate. This stylized example serves to show that adequate retirement income need not replace 100 percent of pre-retirement income and that there may be a sizable difference between saving enough and saving "a lot." For example, in the scenario above, if Social Security and a defined benefit plan replaced two-thirds of the worker's wages in retirement, very little additional saving would be required to maintain pre-retire- ment living standards in retirement. Several qualifications are crucial. First, it is not clear what the "right" pre-retirement wage should be for purposes of the calculation. Oft-used measures include final earnings, an average of the highest three or five years of earnings, or average lifetime earnings. Empirical measures of the target replacement rate are sensitive to which measure is used as the denominator. Second, different households will have different target replacement rates. Factors such as the presence of children during working years or increased health needs during retirement years will influence how much spending is needed in retirement to main- tain pre-retirement living standards. The target replacement rate would be higher to the extent that pre- retirement expenses on mortgages, health insurance, retirement contributions, and taxes were lower, or to the extent that post-retirement health care needs or bequest motives were stronger. Third, different 5 Dushi et al. (2016). 6 Scholz and Seshadri (2009); Engen, Gale, and Uccello (1999). 6 households may want to include varying measures of assets as sources of available retirement income. Some might want to tap housing equity, while others may choose not to do so. For all of these reasons, the replacement rate needed to maintain pre-retirement living standards in retirement will vary across house- holds.	Please answer the following question in one sentence, using only information found in the text provided below: What factors can impact a person's target replacement rate for retirement? The first issue is to define the concept of adequate saving, which is surprisingly controversial.3 For pur- poses of this paper, we define adequate saving as sufficient to provide a household with an expected standard of living in retirement that is commensurate with its standard of living during its working years. This definition has the advantage of conforming to people's "common sense" views of how they would like to live their lives. But it comes with an important caveat. Our definition focuses on expected retirement living standards rel- ative to pre-retirement living standards. Many things can go wrong between saving the right amount to maintain living standards on an expected basis and being able to maintain living standards in actuality. Individuals face numerous risks in preparing for retirement. Disability or layoffs may stop people from working as long as they had planned and hence reduce their ability to accumulate wealth. Assets may ac- crue less than the expected rate of return over time. A household may face disproportionate uninsured health care costs, including those associated with long-term care. People may face mental or physical de- clines that require expensive daily assistance. Household members may live longer than expected, which, while generally a good thing, has the side effect of generating higher saving needs to maintain pre-retire- ment living standards. Alternatively, a person may become widowed and thus lose important sources of income in retirement. Children may present unexpected financial burdens. Many of these concerns relate to adequate insurance (for example, against risks associated with disability, rate of return, inflation, health care costs, health status, lifespan, and children's circumstances) as op- posed to adequate saving, but the two issues are related and both are part of retirement preparation. So- cial Security, of course, is intended to cover only a portion of adequate retirement income, not all of it. In the absence of well-functioning insurance markets, people will to some extent need to save more in order to partially self-insure and be in a position to mitigate the negative consequences of adverse outcomes. A definition of adequate saving that allows people to self-insure against all risks is probably an exces- sively high standard for all but the super-rich. But the distinction between saving enough to maintain ex- pected living standards in retirement and saving enough to insure against all risks helps explain why there are different standards for "adequate saving." One approach to measuring whether people are saving adequately is to compare their wealth accumula- tion behavior to that implied by an economic model that prescribes that people save optimally.4 The standard economic approach is to equate the household's discounted marginal utility of consumption in 3 For a recent review of the literature on the adequacy of retirement saving, see Mackenzie (forthcoming). 4 Engen, Gale, and Uccello (1999); Gale, Scholz, and Seshadri (2009); Scholz, Seshadri, and Khitatrakun (2006). 5 each period. This approach has the advantage of being fully consistent with economic theory, but it is not always easy for people to translate this approach into practical advice, or to see where their preparations land them relative to the benchmark. And the results are sensitive to model specification, especially in the presence of major changes, such as those that occur in family size, marital status, or work status.5 A more common, intuitive, and flexible approach focuses on replacement rates. A replacement rate is a ratio of post-retirement income to pre-retirement income. The target replacement rate that a household should aim for is one that will allow it to replicate its pre-retirement living standards in retirement. It is essential to emphasize that 100 percent is not a natural benchmark for an adequate replacement. The typ- ical advice of financial planners is to target a replacement rate of between 70 and 85 percent and some evidence suggests this is consistent with optimal models of saving.6 Table 1 provides an extremely stylized example of how target replacement ratios in this range might come about. Suppose a worker earns $100 in gross wages, and has $62 remaining after work expenses, mort- gage costs, retirement saving contributions, health insurance premiums, payroll taxes, and federal and state income taxes. Suppose the worker reaches age 65, pays off the mortgage, and retires. The payments for work expenses, the mortgage, 401(k) contributions, payroll taxes, and health insurance stop (the last because the worker becomes eligible for Medicare) and let's say taxes fall by one-third (because income declines and because there are currently benefits in the tax code for the elderly). That means the worker would only need $70 per year in retirement to replace the living standard that $100 provided during working years, or a 70 percent replacement rate. This stylized example serves to show that adequate retirement income need not replace 100 percent of pre-retirement income and that there may be a sizable difference between saving enough and saving "a lot." For example, in the scenario above, if Social Security and a defined benefit plan replaced two-thirds of the worker's wages in retirement, very little additional saving would be required to maintain pre-retire- ment living standards in retirement. Several qualifications are crucial. First, it is not clear what the "right" pre-retirement wage should be for purposes of the calculation. Oft-used measures include final earnings, an average of the highest three or five years of earnings, or average lifetime earnings. Empirical measures of the target replacement rate are sensitive to which measure is used as the denominator. Second, different households will have different target replacement rates. Factors such as the presence of children during working years or increased health needs during retirement years will influence how much spending is needed in retirement to main- tain pre-retirement living standards. The target replacement rate would be higher to the extent that pre- retirement expenses on mortgages, health insurance, retirement contributions, and taxes were lower, or to the extent that post-retirement health care needs or bequest motives were stronger. Third, different 5 Dushi et al. (2016). 6 Scholz and Seshadri (2009); Engen, Gale, and Uccello (1999). 6 households may want to include varying measures of assets as sources of available retirement income. Some might want to tap housing equity, while others may choose not to do so. For all of these reasons, the replacement rate needed to maintain pre-retirement living standards in retirement will vary across house- holds.	Please answer the following question in one sentence, using only information found in the text provided below: EVIDENCE: The first issue is to define the concept of adequate saving, which is surprisingly controversial.3 For pur- poses of this paper, we define adequate saving as sufficient to provide a household with an expected standard of living in retirement that is commensurate with its standard of living during its working years. This definition has the advantage of conforming to people's "common sense" views of how they would like to live their lives. But it comes with an important caveat. Our definition focuses on expected retirement living standards rel- ative to pre-retirement living standards. Many things can go wrong between saving the right amount to maintain living standards on an expected basis and being able to maintain living standards in actuality. Individuals face numerous risks in preparing for retirement. Disability or layoffs may stop people from working as long as they had planned and hence reduce their ability to accumulate wealth. Assets may ac- crue less than the expected rate of return over time. A household may face disproportionate uninsured health care costs, including those associated with long-term care. People may face mental or physical de- clines that require expensive daily assistance. Household members may live longer than expected, which, while generally a good thing, has the side effect of generating higher saving needs to maintain pre-retire- ment living standards. Alternatively, a person may become widowed and thus lose important sources of income in retirement. Children may present unexpected financial burdens. Many of these concerns relate to adequate insurance (for example, against risks associated with disability, rate of return, inflation, health care costs, health status, lifespan, and children's circumstances) as op- posed to adequate saving, but the two issues are related and both are part of retirement preparation. So- cial Security, of course, is intended to cover only a portion of adequate retirement income, not all of it. In the absence of well-functioning insurance markets, people will to some extent need to save more in order to partially self-insure and be in a position to mitigate the negative consequences of adverse outcomes. A definition of adequate saving that allows people to self-insure against all risks is probably an exces- sively high standard for all but the super-rich. But the distinction between saving enough to maintain ex- pected living standards in retirement and saving enough to insure against all risks helps explain why there are different standards for "adequate saving." One approach to measuring whether people are saving adequately is to compare their wealth accumula- tion behavior to that implied by an economic model that prescribes that people save optimally.4 The standard economic approach is to equate the household's discounted marginal utility of consumption in 3 For a recent review of the literature on the adequacy of retirement saving, see Mackenzie (forthcoming). 4 Engen, Gale, and Uccello (1999); Gale, Scholz, and Seshadri (2009); Scholz, Seshadri, and Khitatrakun (2006). 5 each period. This approach has the advantage of being fully consistent with economic theory, but it is not always easy for people to translate this approach into practical advice, or to see where their preparations land them relative to the benchmark. And the results are sensitive to model specification, especially in the presence of major changes, such as those that occur in family size, marital status, or work status.5 A more common, intuitive, and flexible approach focuses on replacement rates. A replacement rate is a ratio of post-retirement income to pre-retirement income. The target replacement rate that a household should aim for is one that will allow it to replicate its pre-retirement living standards in retirement. It is essential to emphasize that 100 percent is not a natural benchmark for an adequate replacement. The typ- ical advice of financial planners is to target a replacement rate of between 70 and 85 percent and some evidence suggests this is consistent with optimal models of saving.6 Table 1 provides an extremely stylized example of how target replacement ratios in this range might come about. Suppose a worker earns $100 in gross wages, and has $62 remaining after work expenses, mort- gage costs, retirement saving contributions, health insurance premiums, payroll taxes, and federal and state income taxes. Suppose the worker reaches age 65, pays off the mortgage, and retires. The payments for work expenses, the mortgage, 401(k) contributions, payroll taxes, and health insurance stop (the last because the worker becomes eligible for Medicare) and let's say taxes fall by one-third (because income declines and because there are currently benefits in the tax code for the elderly). That means the worker would only need $70 per year in retirement to replace the living standard that $100 provided during working years, or a 70 percent replacement rate. This stylized example serves to show that adequate retirement income need not replace 100 percent of pre-retirement income and that there may be a sizable difference between saving enough and saving "a lot." For example, in the scenario above, if Social Security and a defined benefit plan replaced two-thirds of the worker's wages in retirement, very little additional saving would be required to maintain pre-retire- ment living standards in retirement. Several qualifications are crucial. First, it is not clear what the "right" pre-retirement wage should be for purposes of the calculation. Oft-used measures include final earnings, an average of the highest three or five years of earnings, or average lifetime earnings. Empirical measures of the target replacement rate are sensitive to which measure is used as the denominator. Second, different households will have different target replacement rates. Factors such as the presence of children during working years or increased health needs during retirement years will influence how much spending is needed in retirement to main- tain pre-retirement living standards. The target replacement rate would be higher to the extent that pre- retirement expenses on mortgages, health insurance, retirement contributions, and taxes were lower, or to the extent that post-retirement health care needs or bequest motives were stronger. Third, different 5 Dushi et al. (2016). 6 Scholz and Seshadri (2009); Engen, Gale, and Uccello (1999). 6 households may want to include varying measures of assets as sources of available retirement income. Some might want to tap housing equity, while others may choose not to do so. For all of these reasons, the replacement rate needed to maintain pre-retirement living standards in retirement will vary across house- holds. USER: What factors can impact a person's target replacement rate for retirement? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	17	11	1,055	null	854
Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document]	I need to know what is effective primary and secondary line therapy. Are there any specific genes to look out for? What are some targeted antibodies? Make your response in bullet points and be sure to keep it less than 400 words.	Ovarian cancer often progresses significantly before a patient is diagnosed. This is because the symptoms of ovarian cancer can be easily confused with less life-threatening digestive issues such as bloating, constipation, and gas. Roughly only 20 percent of ovarian cancers are detected before it spreads beyond the ovaries. Unfortunately, to date, no screening tests have been demonstrated to improve early detection and outcomes of people with ovarian cancer. The most prominent risk factor for this disease is a family history that includes breast or ovarian cancer. People who test positive for the inherited mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are at significantly greater risk—45% to 65% risk of developing breast cancer and 10% to 20% risk of developing ovarian cancer by age 70. Globally, ovarian cancer is diagnosed in an estimated 300,000 people each year, and causes roughly 180,000 deaths. In 2023, ovarian cancer will be diagnosed in approximately 20,000 people and cause about 13,000 deaths in the United States. While significant advances have been made in surgical and chemo-based treatments for ovarian cancer, the survival rates have only modestly improved. The poor survival in advanced ovarian cancer is due both to late diagnosis as well as to the lack of effective second-line therapy for patients who relapse. Many people affected by advanced ovarian cancer respond to chemotherapy, but effects are not typically long-lasting. The clinical course of ovarian cancer patients is marked by periods of remission and relapse of sequentially shortening duration until chemotherapy resistance develops. More than 80% of ovarian cancer patients experience recurrent disease, and more than 50% of these patients die from the disease in less than five years post-diagnosis. There is an urgent need for new treatments for advanced stage, recurring ovarian cancer. Subscribe To Email Alerts Ovarian Cancer Treatment Options First-line treatment for ovarian cancer includes surgery followed by a chemotherapy regimen combining a platinum-based (usually carboplatin) and a taxane-based (usually paclitaxel) treatment. This course of treatment leads to a complete response in approximately 80% of patients. A complete response means no visible evidence of disease on imaging scans and normal blood tests. After completion of upfront chemotherapy, patients may be eligible to receive maintenance therapy with a new class of drugs called PARP inhibitors, which have been demonstrated to significantly delay and possibly even prevent disease relapse in some patients, particularly patients whose tumor carry mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Patients who initially respond to treatment but then relapse after a period of six months or more may undergo the same therapy. Patients who progress during first-line treatment or who relapse within six months following successful first-line treatment are considered refractory or resistant to platinum-based treatments. For these patients, there are several chemotherapeutic options; however, each has shown only marginal benefit. Immunotherapy is class of treatments that take advantage of a person’s own immune system to help kill cancer cells. There are currently three FDA-approved immunotherapy options for ovarian cancer. Targeted Antibodies Bevacizumab (Avastin®): a monoclonal antibody that targets the VEGF/VEGFR pathway and inhibits tumor blood vessel growth; approved for patients with newly-diagnosed and with relapsed ovarian cancer Mirvetuximab soravtansine (ElahereTM): an antibody-drug conjugate that targets the folate receptor apathway and delivers toxic drugs to tumors; approved for subsets of patients with advanced ovarian cancer Immunomodulators Dostarlimab (Jemperli): a checkpoint inhibitor that targets the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway; approved for subsets of patients with advanced ovarian cancer that has DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®): a checkpoint inhibitor that targets the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway; approved for subsets of patients with advanced ovarian cancer that has high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR), or high tumor mutational burden (TMB-H)	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. I need to know what is effective primary and secondary line therapy. Are there any specific genes to look out for? What are some targeted antibodies? Make your response in bullet points and be sure to keep it less than 400 words. Ovarian cancer often progresses significantly before a patient is diagnosed. This is because the symptoms of ovarian cancer can be easily confused with less life-threatening digestive issues such as bloating, constipation, and gas. Roughly only 20 percent of ovarian cancers are detected before it spreads beyond the ovaries. Unfortunately, to date, no screening tests have been demonstrated to improve early detection and outcomes of people with ovarian cancer. The most prominent risk factor for this disease is a family history that includes breast or ovarian cancer. People who test positive for the inherited mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are at significantly greater risk—45% to 65% risk of developing breast cancer and 10% to 20% risk of developing ovarian cancer by age 70. Globally, ovarian cancer is diagnosed in an estimated 300,000 people each year, and causes roughly 180,000 deaths. In 2023, ovarian cancer will be diagnosed in approximately 20,000 people and cause about 13,000 deaths in the United States. While significant advances have been made in surgical and chemo-based treatments for ovarian cancer, the survival rates have only modestly improved. The poor survival in advanced ovarian cancer is due both to late diagnosis as well as to the lack of effective second-line therapy for patients who relapse. Many people affected by advanced ovarian cancer respond to chemotherapy, but effects are not typically long-lasting. The clinical course of ovarian cancer patients is marked by periods of remission and relapse of sequentially shortening duration until chemotherapy resistance develops. More than 80% of ovarian cancer patients experience recurrent disease, and more than 50% of these patients die from the disease in less than five years post-diagnosis. There is an urgent need for new treatments for advanced stage, recurring ovarian cancer. Subscribe To Email Alerts Ovarian Cancer Treatment Options First-line treatment for ovarian cancer includes surgery followed by a chemotherapy regimen combining a platinum-based (usually carboplatin) and a taxane-based (usually paclitaxel) treatment. This course of treatment leads to a complete response in approximately 80% of patients. A complete response means no visible evidence of disease on imaging scans and normal blood tests. After completion of upfront chemotherapy, patients may be eligible to receive maintenance therapy with a new class of drugs called PARP inhibitors, which have been demonstrated to significantly delay and possibly even prevent disease relapse in some patients, particularly patients whose tumor carry mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Patients who initially respond to treatment but then relapse after a period of six months or more may undergo the same therapy. Patients who progress during first-line treatment or who relapse within six months following successful first-line treatment are considered refractory or resistant to platinum-based treatments. For these patients, there are several chemotherapeutic options; however, each has shown only marginal benefit. Immunotherapy is class of treatments that take advantage of a person’s own immune system to help kill cancer cells. There are currently three FDA-approved immunotherapy options for ovarian cancer. Targeted Antibodies Bevacizumab (Avastin®): a monoclonal antibody that targets the VEGF/VEGFR pathway and inhibits tumor blood vessel growth; approved for patients with newly-diagnosed and with relapsed ovarian cancer Mirvetuximab soravtansine (ElahereTM): an antibody-drug conjugate that targets the folate receptor apathway and delivers toxic drugs to tumors; approved for subsets of patients with advanced ovarian cancer Immunomodulators Dostarlimab (Jemperli): a checkpoint inhibitor that targets the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway; approved for subsets of patients with advanced ovarian cancer that has DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®): a checkpoint inhibitor that targets the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway; approved for subsets of patients with advanced ovarian cancer that has high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR), or high tumor mutational burden (TMB-H) https://www.cancerresearch.org/cancer-types/ovarian-cancer	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document] EVIDENCE: Ovarian cancer often progresses significantly before a patient is diagnosed. This is because the symptoms of ovarian cancer can be easily confused with less life-threatening digestive issues such as bloating, constipation, and gas. Roughly only 20 percent of ovarian cancers are detected before it spreads beyond the ovaries. Unfortunately, to date, no screening tests have been demonstrated to improve early detection and outcomes of people with ovarian cancer. The most prominent risk factor for this disease is a family history that includes breast or ovarian cancer. People who test positive for the inherited mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are at significantly greater risk—45% to 65% risk of developing breast cancer and 10% to 20% risk of developing ovarian cancer by age 70. Globally, ovarian cancer is diagnosed in an estimated 300,000 people each year, and causes roughly 180,000 deaths. In 2023, ovarian cancer will be diagnosed in approximately 20,000 people and cause about 13,000 deaths in the United States. While significant advances have been made in surgical and chemo-based treatments for ovarian cancer, the survival rates have only modestly improved. The poor survival in advanced ovarian cancer is due both to late diagnosis as well as to the lack of effective second-line therapy for patients who relapse. Many people affected by advanced ovarian cancer respond to chemotherapy, but effects are not typically long-lasting. The clinical course of ovarian cancer patients is marked by periods of remission and relapse of sequentially shortening duration until chemotherapy resistance develops. More than 80% of ovarian cancer patients experience recurrent disease, and more than 50% of these patients die from the disease in less than five years post-diagnosis. There is an urgent need for new treatments for advanced stage, recurring ovarian cancer. Subscribe To Email Alerts Ovarian Cancer Treatment Options First-line treatment for ovarian cancer includes surgery followed by a chemotherapy regimen combining a platinum-based (usually carboplatin) and a taxane-based (usually paclitaxel) treatment. This course of treatment leads to a complete response in approximately 80% of patients. A complete response means no visible evidence of disease on imaging scans and normal blood tests. After completion of upfront chemotherapy, patients may be eligible to receive maintenance therapy with a new class of drugs called PARP inhibitors, which have been demonstrated to significantly delay and possibly even prevent disease relapse in some patients, particularly patients whose tumor carry mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Patients who initially respond to treatment but then relapse after a period of six months or more may undergo the same therapy. Patients who progress during first-line treatment or who relapse within six months following successful first-line treatment are considered refractory or resistant to platinum-based treatments. For these patients, there are several chemotherapeutic options; however, each has shown only marginal benefit. Immunotherapy is class of treatments that take advantage of a person’s own immune system to help kill cancer cells. There are currently three FDA-approved immunotherapy options for ovarian cancer. Targeted Antibodies Bevacizumab (Avastin®): a monoclonal antibody that targets the VEGF/VEGFR pathway and inhibits tumor blood vessel growth; approved for patients with newly-diagnosed and with relapsed ovarian cancer Mirvetuximab soravtansine (ElahereTM): an antibody-drug conjugate that targets the folate receptor apathway and delivers toxic drugs to tumors; approved for subsets of patients with advanced ovarian cancer Immunomodulators Dostarlimab (Jemperli): a checkpoint inhibitor that targets the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway; approved for subsets of patients with advanced ovarian cancer that has DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®): a checkpoint inhibitor that targets the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway; approved for subsets of patients with advanced ovarian cancer that has high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR), or high tumor mutational burden (TMB-H) USER: I need to know what is effective primary and secondary line therapy. Are there any specific genes to look out for? What are some targeted antibodies? Make your response in bullet points and be sure to keep it less than 400 words. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	42	607	null	533
Only refer to the attached document in providing your response.	According to the document what is the forecasted growth of the fashion industry in the year 2024 and what challenges does it face.	Skip to main content Sign In \| Subscribe The State of Fashion 2024: Finding pockets of growth as uncertainty reigns Share Print Download Save The State of Fashion 2024: Finding pockets of growth as uncertainty reigns November 29, 2023 \| Report Share Print Download Save Fashion companies will face economic headwinds, technology shifts, and an evolving competitive landscape in 2024. However, shifting consumer priorities will continue to offer opportunities. DOWNLOADS The State of Fashion 2024 Full Report (128 pages) Storm clouds are gathering, but the experience of recent years shows how the fashion industry may ride out the challenges ahead. In 2022, the industry again showed its resilience, almost equaling the record economic profit of 2021, the McKinsey Global Fashion Index shows. Echoing the pattern of the previous year, the luxury sector outperformed, with a 36 percent rise in economic profit that offset weakness in other segments. Yet even the non-luxury sector was ahead of its long-term average. Strong margin performance meant the industry in 2022 achieved more than double the economic profit than in all years between 2011 and 2020, except for one. In 2023, the industry faced challenges that were both persistent and deepening. On a regional basis, Europe and the United States saw slow growth throughout the year, while China’s initially strong performance faded in the second half. Though the luxury segment initially fared well, it too began to feel the effects of weaker demand in the latter part of the year, leading to slowing sales and uneven performance. Sidebar About the authors Looking toward 2024, the most prominent sentiment among fashion industry leaders is uncertainty, reflecting the prospect of subdued economic growth, persistent inflation, and weak consumer confidence. Against this backdrop, businesses will be challenged to identify pockets of value and unlock new drivers of performance. According to McKinsey’s analysis of fashion forecasts, the global industry will post top-line growth of 2 to 4 percent in 2024 (exhibit), with regional and country-level variations. Once again, the luxury segment is expected to generate the biggest share of economic profit. However, even there, companies will be challenged by the tough economic environment. The segment is forecast to grow globally by 3 to 5 percent, compared with 5 to 7 percent in 2023, as consumers rein in spending after a postpandemic surge. European and Chinese growth is set to slow, while US growth is expected to pick up after a relatively weak 2023, reflecting the slightly more optimistic outlook there. Exhibit Slower but normalized growth is anticipated across regions in 2024. We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. Please email us at: McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com MOST POPULAR INSIGHTS It’s cool to be kind: The value of empathy at work How to be a better chief of staff The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier What is diversity, equity, and inclusion? Adopting AI at speed and scale: The 4IR push to stay competitive Beyond luxury, growth of 2 to 4 percent is predicted for the year ahead, in line with the probable outcome in 2023. The European market will likely expand by just 1 to 3 percent, compared with 5 percent in the first half of 2023 and 1 to 3 percent in the second half. Slumping consumer confidence and declining household savings are expected to be the most probable causes of restrained spending. In the United States, nonluxury sector growth of 0 to 2 percent is forecast. And China is expected to be similarly challenged amid 4 to 6 percent growth, which is a slight uptick from the end of 2023 but slow when considered on a historical basis. These are just some of the findings from The State of Fashion 2024, published by the Business of Fashion (BoF) and McKinsey. The eighth report in the annual series discusses the major themes shaping the fashion economy and assesses the industry’s potential responses. Reflecting in-depth research and many conversations with industry leaders, it reveals the key trends that could shape the fashion landscape in the year ahead. Uncertainty in the face of headwinds With conflicts in Europe and the Middle East and strained international relations elsewhere, geopolitics is the number-one concern for fashion industry executives going into 2024, followed by economic volatility and inflation. Some 62 percent of executives in this year’s survey, conducted in September, cite geopolitical instability as the top risk to growth. Economic volatility is cited by 55 percent and inflation is mentioned by 51 percent (compared with 78 percent last year). The global average headline rate of inflation is predicted to moderate to 5.8 percent—still high on a historical basis—from 6.9 percent in 2023.1 Against a challenging economic backdrop, executive views of the industry’s prospects are more divided than in any year since the launch of the BoF–McKinsey Executive Survey in 2017. While 26 percent of survey respondents say they expect conditions to improve year on year, 37 percent see them remaining the same and 38 percent think they will worsen. Uncertainty within the industry reflects the broader economic situation, albeit with regional divergence. Going into 2024, pressure on household incomes is expected to dampen demand for apparel and prompt trading down across categories. Still, there are geographic outliers that may offer comfort. One is India, where consumer confidence hit a four-year high in September 2023.2 India-based executives are more optimistic than those in Western countries, with 85 percent of respondents to McKinsey’s Global Economics Intelligence survey saying that conditions have improved in the past six months.3 China’s economy is facing challenges, but the country’s consumers show a higher intent to shop for fashion in 2024 than consumers in both the United States and Europe. Ten themes for 2024 To prepare for challenges and be alert to opportunities, leading fashion companies will likely prioritize contingency planning for the coming year. A key theme will be companies keeping a firm grip on costs and inventories while driving growth by precisely managing prices. Brands and suppliers can expect an increasingly competitive environment. But they will also have opportunities, with consumers discovering new styles, tastes, and priorities—all presenting routes to value creation. As previously done, this year’s report highlights ten emerging themes that will be high on leadership agendas. Global economy: Fragmented future. In 2024, the global economic outlook will continue to be unsettled, as financial, geopolitical, and other challenges weigh on consumer confidence. Fashion markets in China, Europe, and the United States will likely face headwinds, some of which reflect individual regional dynamics. Suppliers, brands, and retailers may need to bolster contingency planning and manage for uncertainty. Climate urgency. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather-related events in 2023 mean the climate crisis is an even more urgent priority than in previous years. With physical and transition risks rising across continents, the industry must not delay in tackling emissions and building resilience into supply chains. Consumer shifts: Vacation mode. Consumers are gearing up for the biggest year of travel since before the pandemic. But a shift in values means expectations are evolving, even as shopping remains a priority. Brands and retailers should refresh distribution and category strategies to reflect the new reality. The new face of influence. It’s time for brand marketers to update their influencer playbooks, as a new guard of creative personalities wins fans. Working with opinion leaders in 2024 will require a different type of partnership, an emphasis on video, and a willingness to loosen the reins on creative control. Outdoors reinvented. Technical outdoor clothing and “gorpcore” are in demand as consumers embrace healthier lifestyles. In 2024, more outdoor brands are expected to launch lifestyle collections. At the same time, lifestyle brands will likely embed technical elements into collections, blurring the lines between functionality and style. Fashion system: Generative AI’s creative crossroads. After generative AI’s (gen AI) breakout year in 2023, more use cases are emerging across the industry. Capturing value will require fashion players to look beyond automation and explore gen AI’s potential to enhance the work of human creatives. Fast fashion’s power play. Fast-fashion competition is set to be fiercer than ever. Challengers, led by Shein and Temu, are bringing new tactics on price, customer experience, and speed. Success for disruptors and incumbents could hinge on adapting to new consumer preferences while navigating the regulatory agenda. All eyes on brand. Brand marketing is expected to be back in the spotlight as the fashion industry manages a switch away from performance marketing. Brands may benefit from forging emotional connections with consumers as marketers rewrite playbooks to emphasise long-term brand building. Sustainability rules. The era of fashion industry self-regulation is drawing to a close. Across jurisdictions, new rules will have significant effects on both consumers and fashion players. Brands and manufacturers may consider revamping business models to align with the changes ahead. Bullwhip snaps back. Shifts in consumer demand have created a “bullwhip effect,” by which order volatility reverberates unpredictably through supply chains. Suppliers will likely face pressure as brands and retailers focus on transparency and strategic partnerships. Looking ahead As the industry continues to be challenged by geopolitical and economic headwinds, fashion leaders in 2024 will look to strike a careful balance between managing uncertainty and seizing opportunities. With cost-saving tactics mostly exhausted, companies may focus on growing sales, underpinned by new pricing and promotion strategies. Across the industry, net intent to raise prices is more than 50 percent, according to the BoF–McKinsey Executive Survey. At the same time, reduced cost pressures could provide a potential boost to performance. As climate change brings increasingly extreme weather events and global temperatures rise, the coming year is likely to mark a heightened industry focus on environmental, social, and governance issues. Our survey shows that the topic is seen as both the number-one priority and number-one challenge for industry executives. The most successful companies will find a balance between sustainability initiatives, risk management, and commercial imperatives. In an uncertain world, consumer discretionary spend will be weighted toward trusted categories and brands. Hard luxury goods—jewelry, watches, and leather—will likely be in demand, reflecting their potential investment value in tough economic times. Consumers are expected to travel more and continue spending more time outdoors. And they prefer emotional connections and authenticity over celebrity endorsements. All told, executives are bracing for a strategically complex year ahead. To counter uncertainty, leading companies will prepare for a range of outcomes. The most successful will become more resilient, better equipped to manage the challenges, and ready to accelerate when the storm clouds begin to clear. ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S) Anita Balchandani is a senior partner in McKinsey’s London office, where Ewa Starzynska is a consultant; David Barrelet is an associate partner in the Munich office; Achim Berg is a senior partner in the Frankfurt office; Gemma D’Auria is a senior partner in the Milan office; and Felix Rölkens is a partner in the Berlin office. Imran Amed is the founder, editor-in-chief, and CEO of the Business of Fashion and is an alumnus of McKinsey’s London office. The authors wish to thank Asina De Branche and Joëlle Grunberg for their contributions to this article. Talk to us EXPLORE A CAREER WITH US Search Openings RELATED ARTICLES Female friends shopping together in clothing boutique. Report State of Fashion report archive (2017-2023) Sign up for emails on new Consumer & Retail articles Never miss an insight. We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. Email address Subscribe Sign up for emails on new Consumer & Retail articles	Only refer to the attached document in providing your response. According to the document what is the forecasted growth of the fashion industry in the year 2024 and what challenges does it face. Skip to main content Sign In \| Subscribe The State of Fashion 2024: Finding pockets of growth as uncertainty reigns Share Print Download Save The State of Fashion 2024: Finding pockets of growth as uncertainty reigns November 29, 2023 \| Report Share Print Download Save Fashion companies will face economic headwinds, technology shifts, and an evolving competitive landscape in 2024. However, shifting consumer priorities will continue to offer opportunities. DOWNLOADS The State of Fashion 2024 Full Report (128 pages) Storm clouds are gathering, but the experience of recent years shows how the fashion industry may ride out the challenges ahead. In 2022, the industry again showed its resilience, almost equaling the record economic profit of 2021, the McKinsey Global Fashion Index shows. Echoing the pattern of the previous year, the luxury sector outperformed, with a 36 percent rise in economic profit that offset weakness in other segments. Yet even the non-luxury sector was ahead of its long-term average. Strong margin performance meant the industry in 2022 achieved more than double the economic profit than in all years between 2011 and 2020, except for one. In 2023, the industry faced challenges that were both persistent and deepening. On a regional basis, Europe and the United States saw slow growth throughout the year, while China’s initially strong performance faded in the second half. Though the luxury segment initially fared well, it too began to feel the effects of weaker demand in the latter part of the year, leading to slowing sales and uneven performance. Sidebar About the authors Looking toward 2024, the most prominent sentiment among fashion industry leaders is uncertainty, reflecting the prospect of subdued economic growth, persistent inflation, and weak consumer confidence. Against this backdrop, businesses will be challenged to identify pockets of value and unlock new drivers of performance. According to McKinsey’s analysis of fashion forecasts, the global industry will post top-line growth of 2 to 4 percent in 2024 (exhibit), with regional and country-level variations. Once again, the luxury segment is expected to generate the biggest share of economic profit. However, even there, companies will be challenged by the tough economic environment. The segment is forecast to grow globally by 3 to 5 percent, compared with 5 to 7 percent in 2023, as consumers rein in spending after a postpandemic surge. European and Chinese growth is set to slow, while US growth is expected to pick up after a relatively weak 2023, reflecting the slightly more optimistic outlook there. Exhibit Slower but normalized growth is anticipated across regions in 2024. We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. Please email us at: McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com MOST POPULAR INSIGHTS It’s cool to be kind: The value of empathy at work How to be a better chief of staff The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier What is diversity, equity, and inclusion? Adopting AI at speed and scale: The 4IR push to stay competitive Beyond luxury, growth of 2 to 4 percent is predicted for the year ahead, in line with the probable outcome in 2023. The European market will likely expand by just 1 to 3 percent, compared with 5 percent in the first half of 2023 and 1 to 3 percent in the second half. Slumping consumer confidence and declining household savings are expected to be the most probable causes of restrained spending. In the United States, nonluxury sector growth of 0 to 2 percent is forecast. And China is expected to be similarly challenged amid 4 to 6 percent growth, which is a slight uptick from the end of 2023 but slow when considered on a historical basis. These are just some of the findings from The State of Fashion 2024, published by the Business of Fashion (BoF) and McKinsey. The eighth report in the annual series discusses the major themes shaping the fashion economy and assesses the industry’s potential responses. Reflecting in-depth research and many conversations with industry leaders, it reveals the key trends that could shape the fashion landscape in the year ahead. Uncertainty in the face of headwinds With conflicts in Europe and the Middle East and strained international relations elsewhere, geopolitics is the number-one concern for fashion industry executives going into 2024, followed by economic volatility and inflation. Some 62 percent of executives in this year’s survey, conducted in September, cite geopolitical instability as the top risk to growth. Economic volatility is cited by 55 percent and inflation is mentioned by 51 percent (compared with 78 percent last year). The global average headline rate of inflation is predicted to moderate to 5.8 percent—still high on a historical basis—from 6.9 percent in 2023.1 Against a challenging economic backdrop, executive views of the industry’s prospects are more divided than in any year since the launch of the BoF–McKinsey Executive Survey in 2017. While 26 percent of survey respondents say they expect conditions to improve year on year, 37 percent see them remaining the same and 38 percent think they will worsen. Uncertainty within the industry reflects the broader economic situation, albeit with regional divergence. Going into 2024, pressure on household incomes is expected to dampen demand for apparel and prompt trading down across categories. Still, there are geographic outliers that may offer comfort. One is India, where consumer confidence hit a four-year high in September 2023.2 India-based executives are more optimistic than those in Western countries, with 85 percent of respondents to McKinsey’s Global Economics Intelligence survey saying that conditions have improved in the past six months.3 China’s economy is facing challenges, but the country’s consumers show a higher intent to shop for fashion in 2024 than consumers in both the United States and Europe. Ten themes for 2024 To prepare for challenges and be alert to opportunities, leading fashion companies will likely prioritize contingency planning for the coming year. A key theme will be companies keeping a firm grip on costs and inventories while driving growth by precisely managing prices. Brands and suppliers can expect an increasingly competitive environment. But they will also have opportunities, with consumers discovering new styles, tastes, and priorities—all presenting routes to value creation. As previously done, this year’s report highlights ten emerging themes that will be high on leadership agendas. Global economy: Fragmented future. In 2024, the global economic outlook will continue to be unsettled, as financial, geopolitical, and other challenges weigh on consumer confidence. Fashion markets in China, Europe, and the United States will likely face headwinds, some of which reflect individual regional dynamics. Suppliers, brands, and retailers may need to bolster contingency planning and manage for uncertainty. Climate urgency. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather-related events in 2023 mean the climate crisis is an even more urgent priority than in previous years. With physical and transition risks rising across continents, the industry must not delay in tackling emissions and building resilience into supply chains. Consumer shifts: Vacation mode. Consumers are gearing up for the biggest year of travel since before the pandemic. But a shift in values means expectations are evolving, even as shopping remains a priority. Brands and retailers should refresh distribution and category strategies to reflect the new reality. The new face of influence. It’s time for brand marketers to update their influencer playbooks, as a new guard of creative personalities wins fans. Working with opinion leaders in 2024 will require a different type of partnership, an emphasis on video, and a willingness to loosen the reins on creative control. Outdoors reinvented. Technical outdoor clothing and “gorpcore” are in demand as consumers embrace healthier lifestyles. In 2024, more outdoor brands are expected to launch lifestyle collections. At the same time, lifestyle brands will likely embed technical elements into collections, blurring the lines between functionality and style. Fashion system: Generative AI’s creative crossroads. After generative AI’s (gen AI) breakout year in 2023, more use cases are emerging across the industry. Capturing value will require fashion players to look beyond automation and explore gen AI’s potential to enhance the work of human creatives. Fast fashion’s power play. Fast-fashion competition is set to be fiercer than ever. Challengers, led by Shein and Temu, are bringing new tactics on price, customer experience, and speed. Success for disruptors and incumbents could hinge on adapting to new consumer preferences while navigating the regulatory agenda. All eyes on brand. Brand marketing is expected to be back in the spotlight as the fashion industry manages a switch away from performance marketing. Brands may benefit from forging emotional connections with consumers as marketers rewrite playbooks to emphasise long-term brand building. Sustainability rules. The era of fashion industry self-regulation is drawing to a close. Across jurisdictions, new rules will have significant effects on both consumers and fashion players. Brands and manufacturers may consider revamping business models to align with the changes ahead. Bullwhip snaps back. Shifts in consumer demand have created a “bullwhip effect,” by which order volatility reverberates unpredictably through supply chains. Suppliers will likely face pressure as brands and retailers focus on transparency and strategic partnerships. Looking ahead As the industry continues to be challenged by geopolitical and economic headwinds, fashion leaders in 2024 will look to strike a careful balance between managing uncertainty and seizing opportunities. With cost-saving tactics mostly exhausted, companies may focus on growing sales, underpinned by new pricing and promotion strategies. Across the industry, net intent to raise prices is more than 50 percent, according to the BoF–McKinsey Executive Survey. At the same time, reduced cost pressures could provide a potential boost to performance. As climate change brings increasingly extreme weather events and global temperatures rise, the coming year is likely to mark a heightened industry focus on environmental, social, and governance issues. Our survey shows that the topic is seen as both the number-one priority and number-one challenge for industry executives. The most successful companies will find a balance between sustainability initiatives, risk management, and commercial imperatives. In an uncertain world, consumer discretionary spend will be weighted toward trusted categories and brands. Hard luxury goods—jewelry, watches, and leather—will likely be in demand, reflecting their potential investment value in tough economic times. Consumers are expected to travel more and continue spending more time outdoors. And they prefer emotional connections and authenticity over celebrity endorsements. All told, executives are bracing for a strategically complex year ahead. To counter uncertainty, leading companies will prepare for a range of outcomes. The most successful will become more resilient, better equipped to manage the challenges, and ready to accelerate when the storm clouds begin to clear. ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S) Anita Balchandani is a senior partner in McKinsey’s London office, where Ewa Starzynska is a consultant; David Barrelet is an associate partner in the Munich office; Achim Berg is a senior partner in the Frankfurt office; Gemma D’Auria is a senior partner in the Milan office; and Felix Rölkens is a partner in the Berlin office. Imran Amed is the founder, editor-in-chief, and CEO of the Business of Fashion and is an alumnus of McKinsey’s London office. The authors wish to thank Asina De Branche and Joëlle Grunberg for their contributions to this article. Talk to us EXPLORE A CAREER WITH US Search Openings RELATED ARTICLES Female friends shopping together in clothing boutique. Report State of Fashion report archive (2017-2023) Sign up for emails on new Consumer & Retail articles Never miss an insight. We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. Email address Subscribe Sign up for emails on new Consumer & Retail articles	Only refer to the attached document in providing your response. EVIDENCE: Skip to main content Sign In \| Subscribe The State of Fashion 2024: Finding pockets of growth as uncertainty reigns Share Print Download Save The State of Fashion 2024: Finding pockets of growth as uncertainty reigns November 29, 2023 \| Report Share Print Download Save Fashion companies will face economic headwinds, technology shifts, and an evolving competitive landscape in 2024. However, shifting consumer priorities will continue to offer opportunities. DOWNLOADS The State of Fashion 2024 Full Report (128 pages) Storm clouds are gathering, but the experience of recent years shows how the fashion industry may ride out the challenges ahead. In 2022, the industry again showed its resilience, almost equaling the record economic profit of 2021, the McKinsey Global Fashion Index shows. Echoing the pattern of the previous year, the luxury sector outperformed, with a 36 percent rise in economic profit that offset weakness in other segments. Yet even the non-luxury sector was ahead of its long-term average. Strong margin performance meant the industry in 2022 achieved more than double the economic profit than in all years between 2011 and 2020, except for one. In 2023, the industry faced challenges that were both persistent and deepening. On a regional basis, Europe and the United States saw slow growth throughout the year, while China’s initially strong performance faded in the second half. Though the luxury segment initially fared well, it too began to feel the effects of weaker demand in the latter part of the year, leading to slowing sales and uneven performance. Sidebar About the authors Looking toward 2024, the most prominent sentiment among fashion industry leaders is uncertainty, reflecting the prospect of subdued economic growth, persistent inflation, and weak consumer confidence. Against this backdrop, businesses will be challenged to identify pockets of value and unlock new drivers of performance. According to McKinsey’s analysis of fashion forecasts, the global industry will post top-line growth of 2 to 4 percent in 2024 (exhibit), with regional and country-level variations. Once again, the luxury segment is expected to generate the biggest share of economic profit. However, even there, companies will be challenged by the tough economic environment. The segment is forecast to grow globally by 3 to 5 percent, compared with 5 to 7 percent in 2023, as consumers rein in spending after a postpandemic surge. European and Chinese growth is set to slow, while US growth is expected to pick up after a relatively weak 2023, reflecting the slightly more optimistic outlook there. Exhibit Slower but normalized growth is anticipated across regions in 2024. We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. Please email us at: McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com MOST POPULAR INSIGHTS It’s cool to be kind: The value of empathy at work How to be a better chief of staff The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier What is diversity, equity, and inclusion? Adopting AI at speed and scale: The 4IR push to stay competitive Beyond luxury, growth of 2 to 4 percent is predicted for the year ahead, in line with the probable outcome in 2023. The European market will likely expand by just 1 to 3 percent, compared with 5 percent in the first half of 2023 and 1 to 3 percent in the second half. Slumping consumer confidence and declining household savings are expected to be the most probable causes of restrained spending. In the United States, nonluxury sector growth of 0 to 2 percent is forecast. And China is expected to be similarly challenged amid 4 to 6 percent growth, which is a slight uptick from the end of 2023 but slow when considered on a historical basis. These are just some of the findings from The State of Fashion 2024, published by the Business of Fashion (BoF) and McKinsey. The eighth report in the annual series discusses the major themes shaping the fashion economy and assesses the industry’s potential responses. Reflecting in-depth research and many conversations with industry leaders, it reveals the key trends that could shape the fashion landscape in the year ahead. Uncertainty in the face of headwinds With conflicts in Europe and the Middle East and strained international relations elsewhere, geopolitics is the number-one concern for fashion industry executives going into 2024, followed by economic volatility and inflation. Some 62 percent of executives in this year’s survey, conducted in September, cite geopolitical instability as the top risk to growth. Economic volatility is cited by 55 percent and inflation is mentioned by 51 percent (compared with 78 percent last year). The global average headline rate of inflation is predicted to moderate to 5.8 percent—still high on a historical basis—from 6.9 percent in 2023.1 Against a challenging economic backdrop, executive views of the industry’s prospects are more divided than in any year since the launch of the BoF–McKinsey Executive Survey in 2017. While 26 percent of survey respondents say they expect conditions to improve year on year, 37 percent see them remaining the same and 38 percent think they will worsen. Uncertainty within the industry reflects the broader economic situation, albeit with regional divergence. Going into 2024, pressure on household incomes is expected to dampen demand for apparel and prompt trading down across categories. Still, there are geographic outliers that may offer comfort. One is India, where consumer confidence hit a four-year high in September 2023.2 India-based executives are more optimistic than those in Western countries, with 85 percent of respondents to McKinsey’s Global Economics Intelligence survey saying that conditions have improved in the past six months.3 China’s economy is facing challenges, but the country’s consumers show a higher intent to shop for fashion in 2024 than consumers in both the United States and Europe. Ten themes for 2024 To prepare for challenges and be alert to opportunities, leading fashion companies will likely prioritize contingency planning for the coming year. A key theme will be companies keeping a firm grip on costs and inventories while driving growth by precisely managing prices. Brands and suppliers can expect an increasingly competitive environment. But they will also have opportunities, with consumers discovering new styles, tastes, and priorities—all presenting routes to value creation. As previously done, this year’s report highlights ten emerging themes that will be high on leadership agendas. Global economy: Fragmented future. In 2024, the global economic outlook will continue to be unsettled, as financial, geopolitical, and other challenges weigh on consumer confidence. Fashion markets in China, Europe, and the United States will likely face headwinds, some of which reflect individual regional dynamics. Suppliers, brands, and retailers may need to bolster contingency planning and manage for uncertainty. Climate urgency. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather-related events in 2023 mean the climate crisis is an even more urgent priority than in previous years. With physical and transition risks rising across continents, the industry must not delay in tackling emissions and building resilience into supply chains. Consumer shifts: Vacation mode. Consumers are gearing up for the biggest year of travel since before the pandemic. But a shift in values means expectations are evolving, even as shopping remains a priority. Brands and retailers should refresh distribution and category strategies to reflect the new reality. The new face of influence. It’s time for brand marketers to update their influencer playbooks, as a new guard of creative personalities wins fans. Working with opinion leaders in 2024 will require a different type of partnership, an emphasis on video, and a willingness to loosen the reins on creative control. Outdoors reinvented. Technical outdoor clothing and “gorpcore” are in demand as consumers embrace healthier lifestyles. In 2024, more outdoor brands are expected to launch lifestyle collections. At the same time, lifestyle brands will likely embed technical elements into collections, blurring the lines between functionality and style. Fashion system: Generative AI’s creative crossroads. After generative AI’s (gen AI) breakout year in 2023, more use cases are emerging across the industry. Capturing value will require fashion players to look beyond automation and explore gen AI’s potential to enhance the work of human creatives. Fast fashion’s power play. Fast-fashion competition is set to be fiercer than ever. Challengers, led by Shein and Temu, are bringing new tactics on price, customer experience, and speed. Success for disruptors and incumbents could hinge on adapting to new consumer preferences while navigating the regulatory agenda. All eyes on brand. Brand marketing is expected to be back in the spotlight as the fashion industry manages a switch away from performance marketing. Brands may benefit from forging emotional connections with consumers as marketers rewrite playbooks to emphasise long-term brand building. Sustainability rules. The era of fashion industry self-regulation is drawing to a close. Across jurisdictions, new rules will have significant effects on both consumers and fashion players. Brands and manufacturers may consider revamping business models to align with the changes ahead. Bullwhip snaps back. Shifts in consumer demand have created a “bullwhip effect,” by which order volatility reverberates unpredictably through supply chains. Suppliers will likely face pressure as brands and retailers focus on transparency and strategic partnerships. Looking ahead As the industry continues to be challenged by geopolitical and economic headwinds, fashion leaders in 2024 will look to strike a careful balance between managing uncertainty and seizing opportunities. With cost-saving tactics mostly exhausted, companies may focus on growing sales, underpinned by new pricing and promotion strategies. Across the industry, net intent to raise prices is more than 50 percent, according to the BoF–McKinsey Executive Survey. At the same time, reduced cost pressures could provide a potential boost to performance. As climate change brings increasingly extreme weather events and global temperatures rise, the coming year is likely to mark a heightened industry focus on environmental, social, and governance issues. Our survey shows that the topic is seen as both the number-one priority and number-one challenge for industry executives. The most successful companies will find a balance between sustainability initiatives, risk management, and commercial imperatives. In an uncertain world, consumer discretionary spend will be weighted toward trusted categories and brands. Hard luxury goods—jewelry, watches, and leather—will likely be in demand, reflecting their potential investment value in tough economic times. Consumers are expected to travel more and continue spending more time outdoors. And they prefer emotional connections and authenticity over celebrity endorsements. All told, executives are bracing for a strategically complex year ahead. To counter uncertainty, leading companies will prepare for a range of outcomes. The most successful will become more resilient, better equipped to manage the challenges, and ready to accelerate when the storm clouds begin to clear. ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S) Anita Balchandani is a senior partner in McKinsey’s London office, where Ewa Starzynska is a consultant; David Barrelet is an associate partner in the Munich office; Achim Berg is a senior partner in the Frankfurt office; Gemma D’Auria is a senior partner in the Milan office; and Felix Rölkens is a partner in the Berlin office. Imran Amed is the founder, editor-in-chief, and CEO of the Business of Fashion and is an alumnus of McKinsey’s London office. The authors wish to thank Asina De Branche and Joëlle Grunberg for their contributions to this article. Talk to us EXPLORE A CAREER WITH US Search Openings RELATED ARTICLES Female friends shopping together in clothing boutique. Report State of Fashion report archive (2017-2023) Sign up for emails on new Consumer & Retail articles Never miss an insight. We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. Email address Subscribe Sign up for emails on new Consumer & Retail articles USER: According to the document what is the forecasted growth of the fashion industry in the year 2024 and what challenges does it face. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	10	23	1,925	null	384
Use only the provided context for your response, without relying on external information.	How much does a pair of Diamond 210 cost?	Title: Wharfedale Diamonds Shine Even Brighter Wharfedale's classic Diamond lineage of high-performance, high-value speakers reaches new heights with the Diamond 200 Series Huntingdon, England -- For more than 30 years, Wharfedale’s famous Diamond speakers have served as the classic entry point to true high-fidelity sound, their exceptional value for money earning dozens of awards around the globe. Now, with the introduction of the all-new Diamond 200 Series, Wharfedale has once again raised the bar for affordable, high-performance loudspeakers. Replacing the critically acclaimed Diamond 100 Series, Diamond 200 comprises two standmount speakers and three floorstanding models, plus a center speaker for home cinema use. Given that the speakers’ predecessors were so highly rated for their sound quality, Wharfedale's engineers took an evolutionary approach, precisely targeting key areas to improve in order to make an already great loudspeaker range deliver even better value for money. Enhancements across the range include: New cabinet construction – a sandwich of particleboard between MDF, which has enabled improvements both aesthetic and sonic. New lacquered baffle design further enhances aesthetic qualities. Improved bass motor system with larger magnets makes the speakers easier to drive and boosts transient acoustic power. Enhanced 'Slot-Loaded Distributed Port' – improved airflow control lowers turbulence and hence reduces low-frequency distortion. Upgraded crossover networks further improve the integration between the drive units. The Wharfedale Diamond 200 Series in full The first Diamond 200 Series model to launch is the Diamond 220. Available now, this pivotal model is the latest evolution of Wharfedale’s classic Diamond standmount speaker – a neatly proportioned design with a 130mm mid/bass driver. It is the direct replacement for the best-selling Diamond 121 from the outgoing Diamond 100 Series, benefitting from all the enhancements described above, yet Wharfedale has managed to shave £30 off the RRP – the Diamond 220 has an RRP of just £199.95 per pair. The remaining Diamond 200 Series models arrive this month. These include the Diamond 210, an ultra-compact speaker for rear/surround duties or stereo applications where space is at a premium (£149.95 per pair), plus three floorstanders – the Diamond 230 (£499.95 per pair), Diamond 240 (£699.95 per pair), and Diamond 250 (£999.95 per pair). The Diamond 220C home cinema center speaker (£199.95) completes the range. Anyone wishing to compile a 5.1 or 7.1 surround sound package from the Diamond 200 Series can add an active subwoofer from Wharfedale’s highly rated PowerCube SPC range, selecting an appropriate model to suit their room. Many of the speakers’ core features are unchanged from the Diamond 100 Series. The bass and midrange cones are fashioned from woven Kevlar and incorporate semi-elliptical ‘break-up’ areas – visible as raised ‘V’ shapes on the cone’s surface – that smooth the response throughout the audible range. The dust cap is blended and treated to provide a smooth transition with the treble unit, which incorporates an advanced ferrite magnet system and a carefully constructed waveguide around the fabric dome for optimal dispersion. Bass performance is enhanced by a newly refined version of the Slot-Loaded Distributed Port, first introduced in the outgoing Diamond 100 Series. Instead of the usual circular reflex port, all Diamond 200 Series models incorporate a port that exits at the base of the speaker cabinet, loaded by a slot that is created by the plinth. This equalizes the air pressure to mimic that inside the cabinet, allowing smooth transition between the pressure variation in the cabinet and the low-frequency sound developed in the room. The result is deep, articulate and well-integrated bass, without the ‘chuffing’ that is often associated with regular front- or rear-mounted ports. It also allows the speakers to be placed closer to a rear wall than is appropriate with most competing designs, making them easier to position in an average room. No other speaker range at such affordable price points implements an advanced bass loading system of this kind. All Wharfedale Diamond 200 Series speakers come in a choice of four finishes – black, white, walnut, and rosewood – adding to their smart aesthetics and excellent value for money. Designer’s notes: Peter Comeau, Wharfedale’s Director of Acoustic Design Peter Comeau, Wharfedale’s Director of Acoustic Design, describes the improvements he and his team have brought to the Diamond 200 Series: When Wharfedale launched the very first Diamond in 1981, the company defined a new class of speaker that delivered genuine hi-fi accuracy and musical brio at a remarkably affordable price. Since then, every iteration of the famous Diamond line has adhered to that tradition but improved upon it. Our challenge with the Diamond 200 Series was to further enhance every model across the range, whilst maintaining the traditionally affordable retail prices that embody the Diamond ethos – no mean feat at a time when other manufacturers are being forced to raise the prices of equivalent ranges. It is no coincidence that research from loudspeakers further up the Wharfedale range has crept downwards into the Diamond 200 Series. Whilst higher retail price points permit the advanced research that lets Wharfedale engineers investigate cutting-edge performance in acoustic technology, the trick is to use the benefits of this research and apply it to materials that can be produced in higher quantities with the benefit of lower cost to production. That’s no more apparent than in the Diamond 200 Series’ new cabinet material. Research undertaken for Wharfedale’s upmarket Jade Series yielded a matrix of materials called Crystalam, which reduced the audibility of panel resonance and what our engineers call ‘cabinet hear-through’. This research showed that coherent materials, like raw MDF, have peak resonances (particularly in the midrange) that let sound out of a cabinet at volume levels that interfere with the sound from the drive units. Not surprisingly, this ‘hear-through’ causes a distinct coloration and character to the sound of such cabinets. In Jade’s Crystalam, Wharfedale put together a matrix of non-coherent materials comprising differing densities of particleboard and MDF, substantially reducing both panel resonance and cabinet hear-through. For the Diamond 200 Series, we found that a simpler ‘sandwich’ combination of particleboard and MDF, whilst not quite reaching to the absolute standards of Crystalam, yielded similar reductions in coloration at considerably lower cost. In addition, the inner and outer layers of MDF allow a superior finish to the cabinet veneers, enhancing the aesthetic quality of the speakers in comparison to the outgoing Diamond 100 Series. Topping this new cabinet material is a simple, one-piece baffle lacquered to a highly polished finish that cosmetically matches the silver-colored, diamond-cut drive unit surrounds. The result is an attractive appearance, with or without grilles, that makes Diamond 200 Series speakers look more expensive than they actually are, adding to their exceptional value for money. Additional improvements inside the speakers enhance sound quality in comparison to the already highly acclaimed Diamond 100 Series. Bass unit motor systems have been further refined, with corresponding increases in magnet size, making the speakers easier to drive and boosting transient acoustic power. Furthermore, we have taken note of how most users are placing their speakers in their rooms. These days, loudspeakers are often expected to blend into room furnishings rather than take up a significant amount of space. This is particularly true of low-cost speakers like those in the Diamond 200 Series, which are expected to fit seamlessly into average-size living rooms. For this reason, the ability to be positioned close to a rear wall is important. The balance of the Diamond 200 Series takes this into account, with the standmount speakers having a recommended minimum of 50mm to the rear wall, alongside a minimum of 200mm for the floorstanders – considerably closer positioning than is possible with many similar-sized designs. This freedom of positioning is aided by the Slot-Loaded Distributed Port, again grown out of our research into the Jade Aperiodic bass loading system. While the Diamond 200 Series bass system is strictly bass reflex, with its attendant bonus of high sensitivity, the slot-loaded port, which uses a gap between the plinth and the port exit in the base of the cabinet, aids the pressure differential between the port and the air in the room, increasing the energy transfer and making the system more efficient. Attendant with the increase in bass driver power, Diamond 200 Series speakers now have an added degree of airflow control to the port exit, which effectively reduces turbulence in this region and reduces low-frequency distortion. Finally, but not least of the Diamond 200 Series improvements, the crossovers have been refined over hundreds of hours of listening tests to further improve the integration between the drive units and herald a new level of realism to instruments and voices. The result of all these technical endeavors is, we feel, the best Diamond Series yet, delivering loudspeakers which reveal a whole new level of musical detail and transient attack, drawing the listener into the musical performance in a way that is normally only expected from speakers at a considerably higher price level.	[Query] How much does a pair of Diamond 210 cost? ================ [Task Description] Use only the provided context for your response, without relying on external information. ================ [Document] Title: Wharfedale Diamonds Shine Even Brighter Wharfedale's classic Diamond lineage of high-performance, high-value speakers reaches new heights with the Diamond 200 Series Huntingdon, England -- For more than 30 years, Wharfedale’s famous Diamond speakers have served as the classic entry point to true high-fidelity sound, their exceptional value for money earning dozens of awards around the globe. Now, with the introduction of the all-new Diamond 200 Series, Wharfedale has once again raised the bar for affordable, high-performance loudspeakers. Replacing the critically acclaimed Diamond 100 Series, Diamond 200 comprises two standmount speakers and three floorstanding models, plus a center speaker for home cinema use. Given that the speakers’ predecessors were so highly rated for their sound quality, Wharfedale's engineers took an evolutionary approach, precisely targeting key areas to improve in order to make an already great loudspeaker range deliver even better value for money. Enhancements across the range include: New cabinet construction – a sandwich of particleboard between MDF, which has enabled improvements both aesthetic and sonic. New lacquered baffle design further enhances aesthetic qualities. Improved bass motor system with larger magnets makes the speakers easier to drive and boosts transient acoustic power. Enhanced 'Slot-Loaded Distributed Port' – improved airflow control lowers turbulence and hence reduces low-frequency distortion. Upgraded crossover networks further improve the integration between the drive units. The Wharfedale Diamond 200 Series in full The first Diamond 200 Series model to launch is the Diamond 220. Available now, this pivotal model is the latest evolution of Wharfedale’s classic Diamond standmount speaker – a neatly proportioned design with a 130mm mid/bass driver. It is the direct replacement for the best-selling Diamond 121 from the outgoing Diamond 100 Series, benefitting from all the enhancements described above, yet Wharfedale has managed to shave £30 off the RRP – the Diamond 220 has an RRP of just £199.95 per pair. The remaining Diamond 200 Series models arrive this month. These include the Diamond 210, an ultra-compact speaker for rear/surround duties or stereo applications where space is at a premium (£149.95 per pair), plus three floorstanders – the Diamond 230 (£499.95 per pair), Diamond 240 (£699.95 per pair), and Diamond 250 (£999.95 per pair). The Diamond 220C home cinema center speaker (£199.95) completes the range. Anyone wishing to compile a 5.1 or 7.1 surround sound package from the Diamond 200 Series can add an active subwoofer from Wharfedale’s highly rated PowerCube SPC range, selecting an appropriate model to suit their room. Many of the speakers’ core features are unchanged from the Diamond 100 Series. The bass and midrange cones are fashioned from woven Kevlar and incorporate semi-elliptical ‘break-up’ areas – visible as raised ‘V’ shapes on the cone’s surface – that smooth the response throughout the audible range. The dust cap is blended and treated to provide a smooth transition with the treble unit, which incorporates an advanced ferrite magnet system and a carefully constructed waveguide around the fabric dome for optimal dispersion. Bass performance is enhanced by a newly refined version of the Slot-Loaded Distributed Port, first introduced in the outgoing Diamond 100 Series. Instead of the usual circular reflex port, all Diamond 200 Series models incorporate a port that exits at the base of the speaker cabinet, loaded by a slot that is created by the plinth. This equalizes the air pressure to mimic that inside the cabinet, allowing smooth transition between the pressure variation in the cabinet and the low-frequency sound developed in the room. The result is deep, articulate and well-integrated bass, without the ‘chuffing’ that is often associated with regular front- or rear-mounted ports. It also allows the speakers to be placed closer to a rear wall than is appropriate with most competing designs, making them easier to position in an average room. No other speaker range at such affordable price points implements an advanced bass loading system of this kind. All Wharfedale Diamond 200 Series speakers come in a choice of four finishes – black, white, walnut, and rosewood – adding to their smart aesthetics and excellent value for money. Designer’s notes: Peter Comeau, Wharfedale’s Director of Acoustic Design Peter Comeau, Wharfedale’s Director of Acoustic Design, describes the improvements he and his team have brought to the Diamond 200 Series: When Wharfedale launched the very first Diamond in 1981, the company defined a new class of speaker that delivered genuine hi-fi accuracy and musical brio at a remarkably affordable price. Since then, every iteration of the famous Diamond line has adhered to that tradition but improved upon it. Our challenge with the Diamond 200 Series was to further enhance every model across the range, whilst maintaining the traditionally affordable retail prices that embody the Diamond ethos – no mean feat at a time when other manufacturers are being forced to raise the prices of equivalent ranges. It is no coincidence that research from loudspeakers further up the Wharfedale range has crept downwards into the Diamond 200 Series. Whilst higher retail price points permit the advanced research that lets Wharfedale engineers investigate cutting-edge performance in acoustic technology, the trick is to use the benefits of this research and apply it to materials that can be produced in higher quantities with the benefit of lower cost to production. That’s no more apparent than in the Diamond 200 Series’ new cabinet material. Research undertaken for Wharfedale’s upmarket Jade Series yielded a matrix of materials called Crystalam, which reduced the audibility of panel resonance and what our engineers call ‘cabinet hear-through’. This research showed that coherent materials, like raw MDF, have peak resonances (particularly in the midrange) that let sound out of a cabinet at volume levels that interfere with the sound from the drive units. Not surprisingly, this ‘hear-through’ causes a distinct coloration and character to the sound of such cabinets. In Jade’s Crystalam, Wharfedale put together a matrix of non-coherent materials comprising differing densities of particleboard and MDF, substantially reducing both panel resonance and cabinet hear-through. For the Diamond 200 Series, we found that a simpler ‘sandwich’ combination of particleboard and MDF, whilst not quite reaching to the absolute standards of Crystalam, yielded similar reductions in coloration at considerably lower cost. In addition, the inner and outer layers of MDF allow a superior finish to the cabinet veneers, enhancing the aesthetic quality of the speakers in comparison to the outgoing Diamond 100 Series. Topping this new cabinet material is a simple, one-piece baffle lacquered to a highly polished finish that cosmetically matches the silver-colored, diamond-cut drive unit surrounds. The result is an attractive appearance, with or without grilles, that makes Diamond 200 Series speakers look more expensive than they actually are, adding to their exceptional value for money. Additional improvements inside the speakers enhance sound quality in comparison to the already highly acclaimed Diamond 100 Series. Bass unit motor systems have been further refined, with corresponding increases in magnet size, making the speakers easier to drive and boosting transient acoustic power. Furthermore, we have taken note of how most users are placing their speakers in their rooms. These days, loudspeakers are often expected to blend into room furnishings rather than take up a significant amount of space. This is particularly true of low-cost speakers like those in the Diamond 200 Series, which are expected to fit seamlessly into average-size living rooms. For this reason, the ability to be positioned close to a rear wall is important. The balance of the Diamond 200 Series takes this into account, with the standmount speakers having a recommended minimum of 50mm to the rear wall, alongside a minimum of 200mm for the floorstanders – considerably closer positioning than is possible with many similar-sized designs. This freedom of positioning is aided by the Slot-Loaded Distributed Port, again grown out of our research into the Jade Aperiodic bass loading system. While the Diamond 200 Series bass system is strictly bass reflex, with its attendant bonus of high sensitivity, the slot-loaded port, which uses a gap between the plinth and the port exit in the base of the cabinet, aids the pressure differential between the port and the air in the room, increasing the energy transfer and making the system more efficient. Attendant with the increase in bass driver power, Diamond 200 Series speakers now have an added degree of airflow control to the port exit, which effectively reduces turbulence in this region and reduces low-frequency distortion. Finally, but not least of the Diamond 200 Series improvements, the crossovers have been refined over hundreds of hours of listening tests to further improve the integration between the drive units and herald a new level of realism to instruments and voices. The result of all these technical endeavors is, we feel, the best Diamond Series yet, delivering loudspeakers which reveal a whole new level of musical detail and transient attack, drawing the listener into the musical performance in a way that is normally only expected from speakers at a considerably higher price level.	Use only the provided context for your response, without relying on external information. EVIDENCE: Title: Wharfedale Diamonds Shine Even Brighter Wharfedale's classic Diamond lineage of high-performance, high-value speakers reaches new heights with the Diamond 200 Series Huntingdon, England -- For more than 30 years, Wharfedale’s famous Diamond speakers have served as the classic entry point to true high-fidelity sound, their exceptional value for money earning dozens of awards around the globe. Now, with the introduction of the all-new Diamond 200 Series, Wharfedale has once again raised the bar for affordable, high-performance loudspeakers. Replacing the critically acclaimed Diamond 100 Series, Diamond 200 comprises two standmount speakers and three floorstanding models, plus a center speaker for home cinema use. Given that the speakers’ predecessors were so highly rated for their sound quality, Wharfedale's engineers took an evolutionary approach, precisely targeting key areas to improve in order to make an already great loudspeaker range deliver even better value for money. Enhancements across the range include: New cabinet construction – a sandwich of particleboard between MDF, which has enabled improvements both aesthetic and sonic. New lacquered baffle design further enhances aesthetic qualities. Improved bass motor system with larger magnets makes the speakers easier to drive and boosts transient acoustic power. Enhanced 'Slot-Loaded Distributed Port' – improved airflow control lowers turbulence and hence reduces low-frequency distortion. Upgraded crossover networks further improve the integration between the drive units. The Wharfedale Diamond 200 Series in full The first Diamond 200 Series model to launch is the Diamond 220. Available now, this pivotal model is the latest evolution of Wharfedale’s classic Diamond standmount speaker – a neatly proportioned design with a 130mm mid/bass driver. It is the direct replacement for the best-selling Diamond 121 from the outgoing Diamond 100 Series, benefitting from all the enhancements described above, yet Wharfedale has managed to shave £30 off the RRP – the Diamond 220 has an RRP of just £199.95 per pair. The remaining Diamond 200 Series models arrive this month. These include the Diamond 210, an ultra-compact speaker for rear/surround duties or stereo applications where space is at a premium (£149.95 per pair), plus three floorstanders – the Diamond 230 (£499.95 per pair), Diamond 240 (£699.95 per pair), and Diamond 250 (£999.95 per pair). The Diamond 220C home cinema center speaker (£199.95) completes the range. Anyone wishing to compile a 5.1 or 7.1 surround sound package from the Diamond 200 Series can add an active subwoofer from Wharfedale’s highly rated PowerCube SPC range, selecting an appropriate model to suit their room. Many of the speakers’ core features are unchanged from the Diamond 100 Series. The bass and midrange cones are fashioned from woven Kevlar and incorporate semi-elliptical ‘break-up’ areas – visible as raised ‘V’ shapes on the cone’s surface – that smooth the response throughout the audible range. The dust cap is blended and treated to provide a smooth transition with the treble unit, which incorporates an advanced ferrite magnet system and a carefully constructed waveguide around the fabric dome for optimal dispersion. Bass performance is enhanced by a newly refined version of the Slot-Loaded Distributed Port, first introduced in the outgoing Diamond 100 Series. Instead of the usual circular reflex port, all Diamond 200 Series models incorporate a port that exits at the base of the speaker cabinet, loaded by a slot that is created by the plinth. This equalizes the air pressure to mimic that inside the cabinet, allowing smooth transition between the pressure variation in the cabinet and the low-frequency sound developed in the room. The result is deep, articulate and well-integrated bass, without the ‘chuffing’ that is often associated with regular front- or rear-mounted ports. It also allows the speakers to be placed closer to a rear wall than is appropriate with most competing designs, making them easier to position in an average room. No other speaker range at such affordable price points implements an advanced bass loading system of this kind. All Wharfedale Diamond 200 Series speakers come in a choice of four finishes – black, white, walnut, and rosewood – adding to their smart aesthetics and excellent value for money. Designer’s notes: Peter Comeau, Wharfedale’s Director of Acoustic Design Peter Comeau, Wharfedale’s Director of Acoustic Design, describes the improvements he and his team have brought to the Diamond 200 Series: When Wharfedale launched the very first Diamond in 1981, the company defined a new class of speaker that delivered genuine hi-fi accuracy and musical brio at a remarkably affordable price. Since then, every iteration of the famous Diamond line has adhered to that tradition but improved upon it. Our challenge with the Diamond 200 Series was to further enhance every model across the range, whilst maintaining the traditionally affordable retail prices that embody the Diamond ethos – no mean feat at a time when other manufacturers are being forced to raise the prices of equivalent ranges. It is no coincidence that research from loudspeakers further up the Wharfedale range has crept downwards into the Diamond 200 Series. Whilst higher retail price points permit the advanced research that lets Wharfedale engineers investigate cutting-edge performance in acoustic technology, the trick is to use the benefits of this research and apply it to materials that can be produced in higher quantities with the benefit of lower cost to production. That’s no more apparent than in the Diamond 200 Series’ new cabinet material. Research undertaken for Wharfedale’s upmarket Jade Series yielded a matrix of materials called Crystalam, which reduced the audibility of panel resonance and what our engineers call ‘cabinet hear-through’. This research showed that coherent materials, like raw MDF, have peak resonances (particularly in the midrange) that let sound out of a cabinet at volume levels that interfere with the sound from the drive units. Not surprisingly, this ‘hear-through’ causes a distinct coloration and character to the sound of such cabinets. In Jade’s Crystalam, Wharfedale put together a matrix of non-coherent materials comprising differing densities of particleboard and MDF, substantially reducing both panel resonance and cabinet hear-through. For the Diamond 200 Series, we found that a simpler ‘sandwich’ combination of particleboard and MDF, whilst not quite reaching to the absolute standards of Crystalam, yielded similar reductions in coloration at considerably lower cost. In addition, the inner and outer layers of MDF allow a superior finish to the cabinet veneers, enhancing the aesthetic quality of the speakers in comparison to the outgoing Diamond 100 Series. Topping this new cabinet material is a simple, one-piece baffle lacquered to a highly polished finish that cosmetically matches the silver-colored, diamond-cut drive unit surrounds. The result is an attractive appearance, with or without grilles, that makes Diamond 200 Series speakers look more expensive than they actually are, adding to their exceptional value for money. Additional improvements inside the speakers enhance sound quality in comparison to the already highly acclaimed Diamond 100 Series. Bass unit motor systems have been further refined, with corresponding increases in magnet size, making the speakers easier to drive and boosting transient acoustic power. Furthermore, we have taken note of how most users are placing their speakers in their rooms. These days, loudspeakers are often expected to blend into room furnishings rather than take up a significant amount of space. This is particularly true of low-cost speakers like those in the Diamond 200 Series, which are expected to fit seamlessly into average-size living rooms. For this reason, the ability to be positioned close to a rear wall is important. The balance of the Diamond 200 Series takes this into account, with the standmount speakers having a recommended minimum of 50mm to the rear wall, alongside a minimum of 200mm for the floorstanders – considerably closer positioning than is possible with many similar-sized designs. This freedom of positioning is aided by the Slot-Loaded Distributed Port, again grown out of our research into the Jade Aperiodic bass loading system. While the Diamond 200 Series bass system is strictly bass reflex, with its attendant bonus of high sensitivity, the slot-loaded port, which uses a gap between the plinth and the port exit in the base of the cabinet, aids the pressure differential between the port and the air in the room, increasing the energy transfer and making the system more efficient. Attendant with the increase in bass driver power, Diamond 200 Series speakers now have an added degree of airflow control to the port exit, which effectively reduces turbulence in this region and reduces low-frequency distortion. Finally, but not least of the Diamond 200 Series improvements, the crossovers have been refined over hundreds of hours of listening tests to further improve the integration between the drive units and herald a new level of realism to instruments and voices. The result of all these technical endeavors is, we feel, the best Diamond Series yet, delivering loudspeakers which reveal a whole new level of musical detail and transient attack, drawing the listener into the musical performance in a way that is normally only expected from speakers at a considerably higher price level. USER: How much does a pair of Diamond 210 cost? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	13	9	1,484	null	105
{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document]	I have been considering liposuction, but my sister said a tummy tuck or cool sculpting is best. I am familiar with tummy tucks, but unfamiliar with cool sculpting. In 150 words or less, please tell me how the three options compare regarding the procedure and recovery time.	Coolsculpting, Liposuction or a Tummy Tuck: How to Choose the Best Procedure for You If you’re considering body contouring but aren’t sure which procedure is right for you (CoolSculpting vs liposuction vs tummy tuck), consider the following: Your Anatomy: Each of these procedures treats very different issues, and you may not be a candidate for all three. Do you have excess fat and no extra skin? Or just loose skin but no excess fat? Or do you have some of both? Are your stomach muscles separated? Generally speaking, tummy tucks are best for patients with excess skin or muscles that need tightening, while liposuction and CoolSculpting are best to treat stubborn areas of fat that just won’t go away. Your Timeline: Are you looking for immediate results or would you rather see your results come gradually over time? Choosing between CoolSculpting vs liposuction means you’ll need to consider what kind of time you have to recover. Liposuction results will come immediately but it’s an intensive treatment that requires rest and recovery in the weeks following surgery. CoolSculpting results usually require multiple treatment sessions and appear more gradually, but require little to no downtime. Your Expectations: What kind of result will you be satisfied with? Do you want your stomach to be as flat, tight and smooth as possible, or would you be happy with mild improvement? Your Health: Are you healthy enough to have a surgical procedure? If not, CoolSculpting may be your only non-invasive option. Weighing Your Options: What’s the Difference in Procedures? CoolSculpting: Best non-surgical option for excess fat removal If you have small pockets of fat that just don’t respond to diet and exercise, CoolSculpting may be a great option for you. CoolSculpting is a revolutionary, non-surgical body contouring procedure that removes unwanted bulges by freezing the fat until it breaks down. This allows your body to eliminate the fat naturally while your skin, muscle, and other tissues stay unharmed and healthy. This procedure is FDA-cleared and comfortable, requiring no downtime. Patients may often decide to get CoolSculpting done in the abdominal area, and, oftentimes, in combination with other parts of the body, including hips, flanks, back, thighs, chin, legs, and more. Unlike liposuction or a tummy tuck procedures, where patients must take time to rest and recover, with CoolSculpting, patients immediately return to their normal activities, including strenuous exercise. The best results may require multiple treatments, but changes are usually noticeable just three weeks after treatment, with final results seen after one to three months. Liposuction: Best for effective (but less invasive) fat removal Liposuction is highly effective for safely removing stubborn areas of unwanted fat. It is an ideal solution for people who have good skin, good muscle tone, and no excess, loose skin. Unlike a non-surgical CoolSculpting treatment, liposuction is a surgical procedure requiring a very small incision to access the targeted area. The surgeon will insert a thin cannula which is used to clean the area with saline and anesthetic solutions, while loosening the fat cells. The fat cells are then suctioned away with a surgical vacuum. The procedure is performed on an outpatient basis with general anesthesia. It takes between one to five hours, depending upon the size of the treatment area. In addition to slimming the abdomen, liposuction can be used in many other places of the body, including the sides (love handles), arms, chin, legs, and bottom. Liposuction is far less invasive than a tummy tuck, but it only removes fat. Liposuction will not eliminate excess skin or stretch marks, and it will not tighten loose abdominal muscles. While both liposuction and CoolSculpting are used to remove unwanted fat, the results can be different. Liposuction offers precise contouring with immediate results in a single procedure vs CoolSculpting which requires no surgery or downtime but a longer wait time for results. Tummy Tuck: Best for removing excess skin and fat A tummy tuck, also known as an abdominoplasty, addresses the unwanted fat in a person’s abdomen, sagging skin, loose muscles and stretch marks associated with life events such as pregnancy, drastic weight loss, and age. The biggest difference between a patient who qualifies for a tummy tuck vs liposuction procedure is the presence of this excess skin as a result of losing fat quickly. A tummy tuck procedure starts with an incision across the lower abdomen, allowing the surgeon to remove excess skin and tighten slack or loose muscles. The incision is strategically placed to be as inconspicuous as possible, so it can be hidden by underwear and bathing suits, should scarring occur. The length of the incision is determined by the patient’s anatomy and the level of correction needed to achieve the desired results. Unwanted fat, skin and stretch marks are removed and weak, protruding abdominal muscles are repaired – leaving a tight, flat, smooth tummy! A tummy tuck takes two to five hours and is performed on an outpatient basis with general anesthesia. A tummy tuck is a more invasive procedure compared to liposuction because of all the tightening involved. The recovery time is also much longer for a tummy tuck vs a non-surgical procedure like CoolSculpting. Combining a Tummy Tuck, Liposuction and CoolSculpting for Optimal Results Ultimately, there is no one size fits all treatment for body contouring procedures. Each patient’s situation is going to be different and our surgeons may frequently recommend a combination of procedures in order to achieve the desired results. Because of the differences in what each procedure does, liposuction is often performed during a tummy tuck procedure in order to remove the excess fat before tightening and smoothing out the skin. CoolSculpting can also be performed before or after a tummy tuck or liposuction procedure to enhance the body contouring results further. At Belcara Health, we develop customized treatment plans to meet the specific needs and goals of each patient.	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== I have been considering liposuction, but my sister said a tummy tuck or cool sculpting is best. I am familiar with tummy tucks, but unfamiliar with cool sculpting. In 150 words or less, please tell me how the three options compare regarding the procedure and recovery time. {passage 0} ========== Coolsculpting, Liposuction or a Tummy Tuck: How to Choose the Best Procedure for You If you’re considering body contouring but aren’t sure which procedure is right for you (CoolSculpting vs liposuction vs tummy tuck), consider the following: Your Anatomy: Each of these procedures treats very different issues, and you may not be a candidate for all three. Do you have excess fat and no extra skin? Or just loose skin but no excess fat? Or do you have some of both? Are your stomach muscles separated? Generally speaking, tummy tucks are best for patients with excess skin or muscles that need tightening, while liposuction and CoolSculpting are best to treat stubborn areas of fat that just won’t go away. Your Timeline: Are you looking for immediate results or would you rather see your results come gradually over time? Choosing between CoolSculpting vs liposuction means you’ll need to consider what kind of time you have to recover. Liposuction results will come immediately but it’s an intensive treatment that requires rest and recovery in the weeks following surgery. CoolSculpting results usually require multiple treatment sessions and appear more gradually, but require little to no downtime. Your Expectations: What kind of result will you be satisfied with? Do you want your stomach to be as flat, tight and smooth as possible, or would you be happy with mild improvement? Your Health: Are you healthy enough to have a surgical procedure? If not, CoolSculpting may be your only non-invasive option. Weighing Your Options: What’s the Difference in Procedures? CoolSculpting: Best non-surgical option for excess fat removal If you have small pockets of fat that just don’t respond to diet and exercise, CoolSculpting may be a great option for you. CoolSculpting is a revolutionary, non-surgical body contouring procedure that removes unwanted bulges by freezing the fat until it breaks down. This allows your body to eliminate the fat naturally while your skin, muscle, and other tissues stay unharmed and healthy. This procedure is FDA-cleared and comfortable, requiring no downtime. Patients may often decide to get CoolSculpting done in the abdominal area, and, oftentimes, in combination with other parts of the body, including hips, flanks, back, thighs, chin, legs, and more. Unlike liposuction or a tummy tuck procedures, where patients must take time to rest and recover, with CoolSculpting, patients immediately return to their normal activities, including strenuous exercise. The best results may require multiple treatments, but changes are usually noticeable just three weeks after treatment, with final results seen after one to three months. Liposuction: Best for effective (but less invasive) fat removal Liposuction is highly effective for safely removing stubborn areas of unwanted fat. It is an ideal solution for people who have good skin, good muscle tone, and no excess, loose skin. Unlike a non-surgical CoolSculpting treatment, liposuction is a surgical procedure requiring a very small incision to access the targeted area. The surgeon will insert a thin cannula which is used to clean the area with saline and anesthetic solutions, while loosening the fat cells. The fat cells are then suctioned away with a surgical vacuum. The procedure is performed on an outpatient basis with general anesthesia. It takes between one to five hours, depending upon the size of the treatment area. In addition to slimming the abdomen, liposuction can be used in many other places of the body, including the sides (love handles), arms, chin, legs, and bottom. Liposuction is far less invasive than a tummy tuck, but it only removes fat. Liposuction will not eliminate excess skin or stretch marks, and it will not tighten loose abdominal muscles. While both liposuction and CoolSculpting are used to remove unwanted fat, the results can be different. Liposuction offers precise contouring with immediate results in a single procedure vs CoolSculpting which requires no surgery or downtime but a longer wait time for results. Tummy Tuck: Best for removing excess skin and fat A tummy tuck, also known as an abdominoplasty, addresses the unwanted fat in a person’s abdomen, sagging skin, loose muscles and stretch marks associated with life events such as pregnancy, drastic weight loss, and age. The biggest difference between a patient who qualifies for a tummy tuck vs liposuction procedure is the presence of this excess skin as a result of losing fat quickly. A tummy tuck procedure starts with an incision across the lower abdomen, allowing the surgeon to remove excess skin and tighten slack or loose muscles. The incision is strategically placed to be as inconspicuous as possible, so it can be hidden by underwear and bathing suits, should scarring occur. The length of the incision is determined by the patient’s anatomy and the level of correction needed to achieve the desired results. Unwanted fat, skin and stretch marks are removed and weak, protruding abdominal muscles are repaired – leaving a tight, flat, smooth tummy! A tummy tuck takes two to five hours and is performed on an outpatient basis with general anesthesia. A tummy tuck is a more invasive procedure compared to liposuction because of all the tightening involved. The recovery time is also much longer for a tummy tuck vs a non-surgical procedure like CoolSculpting. Combining a Tummy Tuck, Liposuction and CoolSculpting for Optimal Results Ultimately, there is no one size fits all treatment for body contouring procedures. Each patient’s situation is going to be different and our surgeons may frequently recommend a combination of procedures in order to achieve the desired results. Because of the differences in what each procedure does, liposuction is often performed during a tummy tuck procedure in order to remove the excess fat before tightening and smoothing out the skin. CoolSculpting can also be performed before or after a tummy tuck or liposuction procedure to enhance the body contouring results further. At Belcara Health, we develop customized treatment plans to meet the specific needs and goals of each patient. https://www.belcarahealth.com/blog/tummy-tuck-vs-lipo-one-best/	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document] EVIDENCE: Coolsculpting, Liposuction or a Tummy Tuck: How to Choose the Best Procedure for You If you’re considering body contouring but aren’t sure which procedure is right for you (CoolSculpting vs liposuction vs tummy tuck), consider the following: Your Anatomy: Each of these procedures treats very different issues, and you may not be a candidate for all three. Do you have excess fat and no extra skin? Or just loose skin but no excess fat? Or do you have some of both? Are your stomach muscles separated? Generally speaking, tummy tucks are best for patients with excess skin or muscles that need tightening, while liposuction and CoolSculpting are best to treat stubborn areas of fat that just won’t go away. Your Timeline: Are you looking for immediate results or would you rather see your results come gradually over time? Choosing between CoolSculpting vs liposuction means you’ll need to consider what kind of time you have to recover. Liposuction results will come immediately but it’s an intensive treatment that requires rest and recovery in the weeks following surgery. CoolSculpting results usually require multiple treatment sessions and appear more gradually, but require little to no downtime. Your Expectations: What kind of result will you be satisfied with? Do you want your stomach to be as flat, tight and smooth as possible, or would you be happy with mild improvement? Your Health: Are you healthy enough to have a surgical procedure? If not, CoolSculpting may be your only non-invasive option. Weighing Your Options: What’s the Difference in Procedures? CoolSculpting: Best non-surgical option for excess fat removal If you have small pockets of fat that just don’t respond to diet and exercise, CoolSculpting may be a great option for you. CoolSculpting is a revolutionary, non-surgical body contouring procedure that removes unwanted bulges by freezing the fat until it breaks down. This allows your body to eliminate the fat naturally while your skin, muscle, and other tissues stay unharmed and healthy. This procedure is FDA-cleared and comfortable, requiring no downtime. Patients may often decide to get CoolSculpting done in the abdominal area, and, oftentimes, in combination with other parts of the body, including hips, flanks, back, thighs, chin, legs, and more. Unlike liposuction or a tummy tuck procedures, where patients must take time to rest and recover, with CoolSculpting, patients immediately return to their normal activities, including strenuous exercise. The best results may require multiple treatments, but changes are usually noticeable just three weeks after treatment, with final results seen after one to three months. Liposuction: Best for effective (but less invasive) fat removal Liposuction is highly effective for safely removing stubborn areas of unwanted fat. It is an ideal solution for people who have good skin, good muscle tone, and no excess, loose skin. Unlike a non-surgical CoolSculpting treatment, liposuction is a surgical procedure requiring a very small incision to access the targeted area. The surgeon will insert a thin cannula which is used to clean the area with saline and anesthetic solutions, while loosening the fat cells. The fat cells are then suctioned away with a surgical vacuum. The procedure is performed on an outpatient basis with general anesthesia. It takes between one to five hours, depending upon the size of the treatment area. In addition to slimming the abdomen, liposuction can be used in many other places of the body, including the sides (love handles), arms, chin, legs, and bottom. Liposuction is far less invasive than a tummy tuck, but it only removes fat. Liposuction will not eliminate excess skin or stretch marks, and it will not tighten loose abdominal muscles. While both liposuction and CoolSculpting are used to remove unwanted fat, the results can be different. Liposuction offers precise contouring with immediate results in a single procedure vs CoolSculpting which requires no surgery or downtime but a longer wait time for results. Tummy Tuck: Best for removing excess skin and fat A tummy tuck, also known as an abdominoplasty, addresses the unwanted fat in a person’s abdomen, sagging skin, loose muscles and stretch marks associated with life events such as pregnancy, drastic weight loss, and age. The biggest difference between a patient who qualifies for a tummy tuck vs liposuction procedure is the presence of this excess skin as a result of losing fat quickly. A tummy tuck procedure starts with an incision across the lower abdomen, allowing the surgeon to remove excess skin and tighten slack or loose muscles. The incision is strategically placed to be as inconspicuous as possible, so it can be hidden by underwear and bathing suits, should scarring occur. The length of the incision is determined by the patient’s anatomy and the level of correction needed to achieve the desired results. Unwanted fat, skin and stretch marks are removed and weak, protruding abdominal muscles are repaired – leaving a tight, flat, smooth tummy! A tummy tuck takes two to five hours and is performed on an outpatient basis with general anesthesia. A tummy tuck is a more invasive procedure compared to liposuction because of all the tightening involved. The recovery time is also much longer for a tummy tuck vs a non-surgical procedure like CoolSculpting. Combining a Tummy Tuck, Liposuction and CoolSculpting for Optimal Results Ultimately, there is no one size fits all treatment for body contouring procedures. Each patient’s situation is going to be different and our surgeons may frequently recommend a combination of procedures in order to achieve the desired results. Because of the differences in what each procedure does, liposuction is often performed during a tummy tuck procedure in order to remove the excess fat before tightening and smoothing out the skin. CoolSculpting can also be performed before or after a tummy tuck or liposuction procedure to enhance the body contouring results further. At Belcara Health, we develop customized treatment plans to meet the specific needs and goals of each patient. USER: I have been considering liposuction, but my sister said a tummy tuck or cool sculpting is best. I am familiar with tummy tucks, but unfamiliar with cool sculpting. In 150 words or less, please tell me how the three options compare regarding the procedure and recovery time. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	26	47	977	null	266
Create your answer using only information found in the context provided.	What are the circumstances in which someone should not take BuSpar?	Renal Impairment After multiple-dose administration of buspirone to renally impaired (Clcr = 10– 70 mL/min/1.73 m2) patients, steady-state AUC of buspirone increased 4-fold compared with healthy (Clcr ≥80 mL/min/1.73 m2) subjects (see PRECAUTIONS). Race Effects The effects of race on the pharmacokinetics of buspirone have not been studied. INDICATIONS AND USAGE BuSpar is indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic. The efficacy of BuSpar has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials of outpatients whose diagnosis roughly corresponds to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Many of the patients enrolled in these studies also had coexisting depressive symptoms and BuSpar relieved anxiety in the presence of these coexisting depressive symptoms. The patients evaluated in these studies had experienced symptoms for periods of 1 month to over 1 year prior to the study, with an average symptom duration of 6 months. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (300.02) is described in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, III1 as follows: Generalized, persistent anxiety (of at least 1 month continual duration), manifested by symptoms from three of the four following categories: 1. Motor tension: shakiness, jitteriness, jumpiness, trembling, tension, muscle aches, fatigability, inability to relax, eyelid twitch, furrowed brow, strained face, fidgeting, restlessness, easy startle. 2. Autonomic hyperactivity: sweating, heart pounding or racing, cold, clammy hands, dry mouth, dizziness, lightheadedness, paresthesias (tingling in hands or feet), upset stomach, hot or cold spells, frequent urination, diarrhea, discomfort in the pit of the stomach, lump in the throat, flushing, pallor, high resting pulse and respiration rate. 4 Reference ID: 2867200 3. Apprehensive expectation: anxiety, worry, fear, rumination, and anticipation of misfortune to self or others. 4. Vigilance and scanning: hyperattentiveness resulting in distractibility, difficulty in concentrating, insomnia, feeling "on edge," irritability, impatience. The above symptoms would not be due to another mental disorder, such as a depressive disorder or schizophrenia. However, mild depressive symptoms are common in GAD. The effectiveness of BuSpar in long-term use, that is, for more than 3 to 4 weeks, has not been demonstrated in controlled trials. There is no body of evidence available that systematically addresses the appropriate duration of treatment for GAD. However, in a study of long-term use, 264 patients were treated with BuSpar for 1 year without ill effect. Therefore, the physician who elects to use BuSpar for extended periods should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient. CONTRAINDICATIONS BuSpar is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to buspirone hydrochloride. WARNINGS The administration of BuSpar to a patient taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) may pose a hazard. There have been reports of the occurrence of elevated blood pressure when BuSpar (buspirone hydrochloride) has been added to a regimen including an MAOI. Therefore, it is recommended that BuSpar not be used concomitantly with an MAOI. Because BuSpar has no established antipsychotic activity, it should not be employed in lieu of appropriate antipsychotic treatment. PRECAUTIONS General Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance Studies indicate that BuSpar is less sedating than other anxiolytics and that it does not produce significant functional impairment. However, its CNS effects in any individual patient may not be predictable. Therefore, patients should be cautioned about operating an 5 Reference ID: 2867200 automobile or using complex machinery until they are reasonably certain that buspirone treatment does not affect them adversely. While formal studies of the interaction of BuSpar (buspirone hydrochloride) with alcohol indicate that buspirone does not increase alcohol-induced impairment in motor and mental performance, it is prudent to avoid concomitant use of alcohol and buspirone. Potential for Withdrawal Reactions in Sedative/Hypnotic/Anxiolytic Drug- Dependent Patients Because BuSpar does not exhibit cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines and other common sedative/hypnotic drugs, it will not block the withdrawal syndrome often seen with cessation of therapy with these drugs. Therefore, before starting therapy with BuSpar, it is advisable to withdraw patients gradually, especially patients who have been using a CNS-depressant drug chronically, from their prior treatment. Rebound or withdrawal symptoms may occur over varying time periods, depending in part on the type of drug, and its effective half-life of elimination. The syndrome of withdrawal from sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic drugs can appear as any combination of irritability, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, tremor, abdominal cramps, muscle cramps, vomiting, sweating, flu-like symptoms without fever, and occasionally, even as seizures. Possible Concerns Related to Buspirone's Binding to Dopamine Receptors Because buspirone can bind to central dopamine receptors, a question has been raised about its potential to cause acute and chronic changes in dopamine-mediated neurological function (eg, dystonia, pseudo-parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia). Clinical experience in controlled trials has failed to identify any significant neuroleptic-like activity; however, a syndrome of restlessness, appearing shortly after initiation of treatment, has been reported in some small fraction of buspirone-treated patients. The syndrome may be explained in several ways. For example, buspirone may increase central noradrenergic activity; alternatively, the effect may be attributable to dopaminergic effects (ie, represent akathisia). See ADVERSE REACTIONS: Postmarketing Experience.	Create your answer using only information found in the context provided. What are the circumstances in which someone should not take BuSpar? Renal Impairment After multiple-dose administration of buspirone to renally impaired (Clcr = 10– 70 mL/min/1.73 m2) patients, steady-state AUC of buspirone increased 4-fold compared with healthy (Clcr ≥80 mL/min/1.73 m2) subjects (see PRECAUTIONS). Race Effects The effects of race on the pharmacokinetics of buspirone have not been studied. INDICATIONS AND USAGE BuSpar is indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic. The efficacy of BuSpar has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials of outpatients whose diagnosis roughly corresponds to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Many of the patients enrolled in these studies also had coexisting depressive symptoms and BuSpar relieved anxiety in the presence of these coexisting depressive symptoms. The patients evaluated in these studies had experienced symptoms for periods of 1 month to over 1 year prior to the study, with an average symptom duration of 6 months. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (300.02) is described in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, III1 as follows: Generalized, persistent anxiety (of at least 1 month continual duration), manifested by symptoms from three of the four following categories: 1. Motor tension: shakiness, jitteriness, jumpiness, trembling, tension, muscle aches, fatigability, inability to relax, eyelid twitch, furrowed brow, strained face, fidgeting, restlessness, easy startle. 2. Autonomic hyperactivity: sweating, heart pounding or racing, cold, clammy hands, dry mouth, dizziness, lightheadedness, paresthesias (tingling in hands or feet), upset stomach, hot or cold spells, frequent urination, diarrhea, discomfort in the pit of the stomach, lump in the throat, flushing, pallor, high resting pulse and respiration rate. 4 Reference ID: 2867200 3. Apprehensive expectation: anxiety, worry, fear, rumination, and anticipation of misfortune to self or others. 4. Vigilance and scanning: hyperattentiveness resulting in distractibility, difficulty in concentrating, insomnia, feeling "on edge," irritability, impatience. The above symptoms would not be due to another mental disorder, such as a depressive disorder or schizophrenia. However, mild depressive symptoms are common in GAD. The effectiveness of BuSpar in long-term use, that is, for more than 3 to 4 weeks, has not been demonstrated in controlled trials. There is no body of evidence available that systematically addresses the appropriate duration of treatment for GAD. However, in a study of long-term use, 264 patients were treated with BuSpar for 1 year without ill effect. Therefore, the physician who elects to use BuSpar for extended periods should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient. CONTRAINDICATIONS BuSpar is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to buspirone hydrochloride. WARNINGS The administration of BuSpar to a patient taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) may pose a hazard. There have been reports of the occurrence of elevated blood pressure when BuSpar (buspirone hydrochloride) has been added to a regimen including an MAOI. Therefore, it is recommended that BuSpar not be used concomitantly with an MAOI. Because BuSpar has no established antipsychotic activity, it should not be employed in lieu of appropriate antipsychotic treatment. PRECAUTIONS General Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance Studies indicate that BuSpar is less sedating than other anxiolytics and that it does not produce significant functional impairment. However, its CNS effects in any individual patient may not be predictable. Therefore, patients should be cautioned about operating an 5 Reference ID: 2867200 automobile or using complex machinery until they are reasonably certain that buspirone treatment does not affect them adversely. While formal studies of the interaction of BuSpar (buspirone hydrochloride) with alcohol indicate that buspirone does not increase alcohol-induced impairment in motor and mental performance, it is prudent to avoid concomitant use of alcohol and buspirone. Potential for Withdrawal Reactions in Sedative/Hypnotic/Anxiolytic Drug- Dependent Patients Because BuSpar does not exhibit cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines and other common sedative/hypnotic drugs, it will not block the withdrawal syndrome often seen with cessation of therapy with these drugs. Therefore, before starting therapy with BuSpar, it is advisable to withdraw patients gradually, especially patients who have been using a CNS-depressant drug chronically, from their prior treatment. Rebound or withdrawal symptoms may occur over varying time periods, depending in part on the type of drug, and its effective half-life of elimination. The syndrome of withdrawal from sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic drugs can appear as any combination of irritability, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, tremor, abdominal cramps, muscle cramps, vomiting, sweating, flu-like symptoms without fever, and occasionally, even as seizures. Possible Concerns Related to Buspirone's Binding to Dopamine Receptors Because buspirone can bind to central dopamine receptors, a question has been raised about its potential to cause acute and chronic changes in dopamine-mediated neurological function (eg, dystonia, pseudo-parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia). Clinical experience in controlled trials has failed to identify any significant neuroleptic-like activity; however, a syndrome of restlessness, appearing shortly after initiation of treatment, has been reported in some small fraction of buspirone-treated patients. The syndrome may be explained in several ways. For example, buspirone may increase central noradrenergic activity; alternatively, the effect may be attributable to dopaminergic effects (ie, represent akathisia). See ADVERSE REACTIONS: Postmarketing Experience.	Create your answer using only information found in the context provided. EVIDENCE: Renal Impairment After multiple-dose administration of buspirone to renally impaired (Clcr = 10– 70 mL/min/1.73 m2) patients, steady-state AUC of buspirone increased 4-fold compared with healthy (Clcr ≥80 mL/min/1.73 m2) subjects (see PRECAUTIONS). Race Effects The effects of race on the pharmacokinetics of buspirone have not been studied. INDICATIONS AND USAGE BuSpar is indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic. The efficacy of BuSpar has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials of outpatients whose diagnosis roughly corresponds to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Many of the patients enrolled in these studies also had coexisting depressive symptoms and BuSpar relieved anxiety in the presence of these coexisting depressive symptoms. The patients evaluated in these studies had experienced symptoms for periods of 1 month to over 1 year prior to the study, with an average symptom duration of 6 months. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (300.02) is described in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, III1 as follows: Generalized, persistent anxiety (of at least 1 month continual duration), manifested by symptoms from three of the four following categories: 1. Motor tension: shakiness, jitteriness, jumpiness, trembling, tension, muscle aches, fatigability, inability to relax, eyelid twitch, furrowed brow, strained face, fidgeting, restlessness, easy startle. 2. Autonomic hyperactivity: sweating, heart pounding or racing, cold, clammy hands, dry mouth, dizziness, lightheadedness, paresthesias (tingling in hands or feet), upset stomach, hot or cold spells, frequent urination, diarrhea, discomfort in the pit of the stomach, lump in the throat, flushing, pallor, high resting pulse and respiration rate. 4 Reference ID: 2867200 3. Apprehensive expectation: anxiety, worry, fear, rumination, and anticipation of misfortune to self or others. 4. Vigilance and scanning: hyperattentiveness resulting in distractibility, difficulty in concentrating, insomnia, feeling "on edge," irritability, impatience. The above symptoms would not be due to another mental disorder, such as a depressive disorder or schizophrenia. However, mild depressive symptoms are common in GAD. The effectiveness of BuSpar in long-term use, that is, for more than 3 to 4 weeks, has not been demonstrated in controlled trials. There is no body of evidence available that systematically addresses the appropriate duration of treatment for GAD. However, in a study of long-term use, 264 patients were treated with BuSpar for 1 year without ill effect. Therefore, the physician who elects to use BuSpar for extended periods should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient. CONTRAINDICATIONS BuSpar is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to buspirone hydrochloride. WARNINGS The administration of BuSpar to a patient taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) may pose a hazard. There have been reports of the occurrence of elevated blood pressure when BuSpar (buspirone hydrochloride) has been added to a regimen including an MAOI. Therefore, it is recommended that BuSpar not be used concomitantly with an MAOI. Because BuSpar has no established antipsychotic activity, it should not be employed in lieu of appropriate antipsychotic treatment. PRECAUTIONS General Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance Studies indicate that BuSpar is less sedating than other anxiolytics and that it does not produce significant functional impairment. However, its CNS effects in any individual patient may not be predictable. Therefore, patients should be cautioned about operating an 5 Reference ID: 2867200 automobile or using complex machinery until they are reasonably certain that buspirone treatment does not affect them adversely. While formal studies of the interaction of BuSpar (buspirone hydrochloride) with alcohol indicate that buspirone does not increase alcohol-induced impairment in motor and mental performance, it is prudent to avoid concomitant use of alcohol and buspirone. Potential for Withdrawal Reactions in Sedative/Hypnotic/Anxiolytic Drug- Dependent Patients Because BuSpar does not exhibit cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines and other common sedative/hypnotic drugs, it will not block the withdrawal syndrome often seen with cessation of therapy with these drugs. Therefore, before starting therapy with BuSpar, it is advisable to withdraw patients gradually, especially patients who have been using a CNS-depressant drug chronically, from their prior treatment. Rebound or withdrawal symptoms may occur over varying time periods, depending in part on the type of drug, and its effective half-life of elimination. The syndrome of withdrawal from sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic drugs can appear as any combination of irritability, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, tremor, abdominal cramps, muscle cramps, vomiting, sweating, flu-like symptoms without fever, and occasionally, even as seizures. Possible Concerns Related to Buspirone's Binding to Dopamine Receptors Because buspirone can bind to central dopamine receptors, a question has been raised about its potential to cause acute and chronic changes in dopamine-mediated neurological function (eg, dystonia, pseudo-parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia). Clinical experience in controlled trials has failed to identify any significant neuroleptic-like activity; however, a syndrome of restlessness, appearing shortly after initiation of treatment, has been reported in some small fraction of buspirone-treated patients. The syndrome may be explained in several ways. For example, buspirone may increase central noradrenergic activity; alternatively, the effect may be attributable to dopaminergic effects (ie, represent akathisia). See ADVERSE REACTIONS: Postmarketing Experience. USER: What are the circumstances in which someone should not take BuSpar? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	11	11	838	null	347
Use the text provided by the user to answer all questions. Do not use any other information, including your stored data, to answer any questions. Answer in a numbered list and provide support for each item.	Which branches of physics are involved in the study of the brain, and how do they contribute to the understanding of neuroscience?	The brain is a complex organ characterized by heterogeneous patterns of structural connections supporting unparalleled feats of cognition and a wide range of behaviors. New noninvasive imaging techniques now allow these patterns to be carefully and comprehensively mapped in individual humans and animals. Yet, it remains a fundamental challenge to understand how the brain’s structural wiring supports cognitive processes, with major implications for the personalized treatment of mental health disorders. Here, we review recent efforts to meet this challenge that draw on intuitions, models, and theories from physics, spanning the domains of statistical mechanics, information theory, and dynamical systems and control. We begin by considering the organizing principles of brain network architecture instantiated in structural wiring under constraints of symmetry, spatial embedding, and energy minimization. We next consider models of brain network function that stipulate how neural activity propagates along these structural connections, producing the long-range interactions and collective dynamics that support a rich repertoire of system functions. Finally, we consider perturbative experiments and models for brain network control, which leverage the physics of signal transmission along structural wires to infer intrinsic control processes that support goal-directed behavior and to inform stimulation-based therapies for neurological disease and psychiatric disorders. Throughout, we highlight several open questions in the physics of brain network structure, function, and control that will require creative efforts from physicists willing to brave the complexities of living matter. 2 It is our good fortune as physicists to seek to understand the nature of the observable world around us. In this inquiry, we need not reach to contemporary science to appreciate the fact that our perception of the world around us is inextricably linked to the world within us: the mind. Indeed, even Aristotle c. 350 B.C. noted that it is by mapping the structure of the world that the human comes to understand their own mind 1. “Mind thinks itself because it shares the nature of the object of thought; for it becomes an object of thought in coming into contact with and thinking its objects, so that mind and object of thought are the same” 2. Over the ensuing 2000-plus years, it has not completely escaped notice that the mappers of the world have unique contributions to offer the mapping of the mind (from Thales of Miletus, c. 624–546 B.C., to Leonardo Da Vinci, 1452–1519). More recently, it is notable that nearly all famous physicists of the early 20th century– Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schroedinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born– considered the philosophical implications of their observations and theories 3. In the post-war era, philosophical musings turned to particularly conspicuous empirical contributions at the intersection of neuroscience and artificial intelligence, spanning polymath John von Neumann’s work enhancing our understanding of computational architectures 4 and physicist John Hopfield’s invention of the associative neural network, which revolutionized our understanding of collective computation 5. In the contemporary study of the mind and its fundamental organ– the brain– nearly all of the domains of physics, perhaps with the exception of relativity, are not only relevant but truly essential, motivating the early coinage of the term neurophysics some four decades ago 6. The fundamentals of electricity and magnetism prove critical for building theoretical models of neurons and the transmission of action potentials 7. These theories are being increasingly informed by mechanics to understand how force-generating and load-bearing proteins bend, curl, kink, buckle, constrict, and stretch to mediate neuronal signaling and plasticity 8. Principles from thermodynamics come into play when predicting how the brain samples the environment (action) or shifts the distribution of information that it encodes (perception) 9. Collectively, theories of brain function are either buttressed or dismantled by imaging, with common tools including magnetic resonance imaging 10 and magnetoencephalography 11, the latter being built on superconducting quantum interference devices and next-generation quantum sensors that can be embedded into a system that 3 can be worn like a helmet, revolutionizing our ability to measure brain function while allowing free and natural movement 12. Moreover, recent developments in nanoscale analysis tools and in the design and synthesis of nanomaterials have generated optical, electrical, and chemical methods to explore brain function by enabling simultaneous measurement and manipulation of the activity of thousands or even millions of neurons 13. Beyond its relevance for continued imaging advancements 14, optics has come to the fore of neuroscience over the last decade with the development of optogenetics, an approach that uses light to alter neural processing at the level of single spikes and synaptic events, offering reliable, millisecond-timescale control of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission 15. Such astounding advances, enabled by the intersection of physics and neuroscience, have motivated the construction of a National Brain Observatory at the Argonne National Laboratory (Director: Peter Littlewood, previously of Cavendish Laboratories) funded by the National Science Foundation, as well as frequent media coverage including titles in the APS News such as “Physicists, the Brain is Calling You.”16 And as physicists answer the call, our understanding of the brain deepens and our ability to mark and measure its component parts expands. Yet alongside this growing systematization and archivation, we have begun to face an increasing realization that it is the interactions between hundreds or thousands of neurons that generate the mind’s functional states 13. Indeed, from interactions among neural components emerge computation 17, communication 18, and information propagation 19. We can confidently state of neuroscience what Henri Poincare, the French mathematician, theoretical physicist, and philosopher of science, states of science generally: “The aim of science is not things themselves, as the dogmatists in their simplicity imagine, but the relations among things; outside these relations there is no reality knowable.”20 The overarching goal of mapping these interactions in neural systems has motivated multibillion-dollar investments across the United States (the Brain Initiative generally, and the Human Connectome Project specifically 21), the European Union (the Blue Brain Project 22), China (the China Brain Project 23), and Japan (Japan’s Brain/MINDS project 24)	Use the text provided by the user to answer all questions. Do not use any other information, including your stored data, to answer any questions. Answer in a numbered list and provide support for each item. The brain is a complex organ characterized by heterogeneous patterns of structural connections supporting unparalleled feats of cognition and a wide range of behaviors. New noninvasive imaging techniques now allow these patterns to be carefully and comprehensively mapped in individual humans and animals. Yet, it remains a fundamental challenge to understand how the brain’s structural wiring supports cognitive processes, with major implications for the personalized treatment of mental health disorders. Here, we review recent efforts to meet this challenge that draw on intuitions, models, and theories from physics, spanning the domains of statistical mechanics, information theory, and dynamical systems and control. We begin by considering the organizing principles of brain network architecture instantiated in structural wiring under constraints of symmetry, spatial embedding, and energy minimization. We next consider models of brain network function that stipulate how neural activity propagates along these structural connections, producing the long-range interactions and collective dynamics that support a rich repertoire of system functions. Finally, we consider perturbative experiments and models for brain network control, which leverage the physics of signal transmission along structural wires to infer intrinsic control processes that support goal-directed behavior and to inform stimulation-based therapies for neurological disease and psychiatric disorders. Throughout, we highlight several open questions in the physics of brain network structure, function, and control that will require creative efforts from physicists willing to brave the complexities of living matter. 2 It is our good fortune as physicists to seek to understand the nature of the observable world around us. In this inquiry, we need not reach to contemporary science to appreciate the fact that our perception of the world around us is inextricably linked to the world within us: the mind. Indeed, even Aristotle c. 350 B.C. noted that it is by mapping the structure of the world that the human comes to understand their own mind 1. “Mind thinks itself because it shares the nature of the object of thought; for it becomes an object of thought in coming into contact with and thinking its objects, so that mind and object of thought are the same” 2. Over the ensuing 2000-plus years, it has not completely escaped notice that the mappers of the world have unique contributions to offer the mapping of the mind (from Thales of Miletus, c. 624–546 B.C., to Leonardo Da Vinci, 1452–1519). More recently, it is notable that nearly all famous physicists of the early 20th century– Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schroedinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born– considered the philosophical implications of their observations and theories 3. In the post-war era, philosophical musings turned to particularly conspicuous empirical contributions at the intersection of neuroscience and artificial intelligence, spanning polymath John von Neumann’s work enhancing our understanding of computational architectures 4 and physicist John Hopfield’s invention of the associative neural network, which revolutionized our understanding of collective computation 5. In the contemporary study of the mind and its fundamental organ– the brain– nearly all of the domains of physics, perhaps with the exception of relativity, are not only relevant but truly essential, motivating the early coinage of the term neurophysics some four decades ago 6. The fundamentals of electricity and magnetism prove critical for building theoretical models of neurons and the transmission of action potentials 7. These theories are being increasingly informed by mechanics to understand how force-generating and load-bearing proteins bend, curl, kink, buckle, constrict, and stretch to mediate neuronal signaling and plasticity 8. Principles from thermodynamics come into play when predicting how the brain samples the environment (action) or shifts the distribution of information that it encodes (perception) 9. Collectively, theories of brain function are either buttressed or dismantled by imaging, with common tools including magnetic resonance imaging 10 and magnetoencephalography 11, the latter being built on superconducting quantum interference devices and next-generation quantum sensors that can be embedded into a system that 3 can be worn like a helmet, revolutionizing our ability to measure brain function while allowing free and natural movement 12. Moreover, recent developments in nanoscale analysis tools and in the design and synthesis of nanomaterials have generated optical, electrical, and chemical methods to explore brain function by enabling simultaneous measurement and manipulation of the activity of thousands or even millions of neurons 13. Beyond its relevance for continued imaging advancements 14, optics has come to the fore of neuroscience over the last decade with the development of optogenetics, an approach that uses light to alter neural processing at the level of single spikes and synaptic events, offering reliable, millisecond-timescale control of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission 15. Such astounding advances, enabled by the intersection of physics and neuroscience, have motivated the construction of a National Brain Observatory at the Argonne National Laboratory (Director: Peter Littlewood, previously of Cavendish Laboratories) funded by the National Science Foundation, as well as frequent media coverage including titles in the APS News such as “Physicists, the Brain is Calling You.”16 And as physicists answer the call, our understanding of the brain deepens and our ability to mark and measure its component parts expands. Yet alongside this growing systematization and archivation, we have begun to face an increasing realization that it is the interactions between hundreds or thousands of neurons that generate the mind’s functional states 13. Indeed, from interactions among neural components emerge computation 17, communication 18, and information propagation 19. We can confidently state of neuroscience what Henri Poincare, the French mathematician, theoretical physicist, and philosopher of science, states of science generally: “The aim of science is not things themselves, as the dogmatists in their simplicity imagine, but the relations among things; outside these relations there is no reality knowable.”20 The overarching goal of mapping these interactions in neural systems has motivated multibillion-dollar investments across the United States (the Brain Initiative generally, and the Human Connectome Project specifically 21), the European Union (the Blue Brain Project 22), China (the China Brain Project 23), and Japan (Japan’s Brain/MINDS project 24) Which branches of physics are involved in the study of the brain, and how do they contribute to the understanding of neuroscience?	Use the text provided by the user to answer all questions. Do not use any other information, including your stored data, to answer any questions. Answer in a numbered list and provide support for each item. EVIDENCE: The brain is a complex organ characterized by heterogeneous patterns of structural connections supporting unparalleled feats of cognition and a wide range of behaviors. New noninvasive imaging techniques now allow these patterns to be carefully and comprehensively mapped in individual humans and animals. Yet, it remains a fundamental challenge to understand how the brain’s structural wiring supports cognitive processes, with major implications for the personalized treatment of mental health disorders. Here, we review recent efforts to meet this challenge that draw on intuitions, models, and theories from physics, spanning the domains of statistical mechanics, information theory, and dynamical systems and control. We begin by considering the organizing principles of brain network architecture instantiated in structural wiring under constraints of symmetry, spatial embedding, and energy minimization. We next consider models of brain network function that stipulate how neural activity propagates along these structural connections, producing the long-range interactions and collective dynamics that support a rich repertoire of system functions. Finally, we consider perturbative experiments and models for brain network control, which leverage the physics of signal transmission along structural wires to infer intrinsic control processes that support goal-directed behavior and to inform stimulation-based therapies for neurological disease and psychiatric disorders. Throughout, we highlight several open questions in the physics of brain network structure, function, and control that will require creative efforts from physicists willing to brave the complexities of living matter. 2 It is our good fortune as physicists to seek to understand the nature of the observable world around us. In this inquiry, we need not reach to contemporary science to appreciate the fact that our perception of the world around us is inextricably linked to the world within us: the mind. Indeed, even Aristotle c. 350 B.C. noted that it is by mapping the structure of the world that the human comes to understand their own mind 1. “Mind thinks itself because it shares the nature of the object of thought; for it becomes an object of thought in coming into contact with and thinking its objects, so that mind and object of thought are the same” 2. Over the ensuing 2000-plus years, it has not completely escaped notice that the mappers of the world have unique contributions to offer the mapping of the mind (from Thales of Miletus, c. 624–546 B.C., to Leonardo Da Vinci, 1452–1519). More recently, it is notable that nearly all famous physicists of the early 20th century– Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schroedinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born– considered the philosophical implications of their observations and theories 3. In the post-war era, philosophical musings turned to particularly conspicuous empirical contributions at the intersection of neuroscience and artificial intelligence, spanning polymath John von Neumann’s work enhancing our understanding of computational architectures 4 and physicist John Hopfield’s invention of the associative neural network, which revolutionized our understanding of collective computation 5. In the contemporary study of the mind and its fundamental organ– the brain– nearly all of the domains of physics, perhaps with the exception of relativity, are not only relevant but truly essential, motivating the early coinage of the term neurophysics some four decades ago 6. The fundamentals of electricity and magnetism prove critical for building theoretical models of neurons and the transmission of action potentials 7. These theories are being increasingly informed by mechanics to understand how force-generating and load-bearing proteins bend, curl, kink, buckle, constrict, and stretch to mediate neuronal signaling and plasticity 8. Principles from thermodynamics come into play when predicting how the brain samples the environment (action) or shifts the distribution of information that it encodes (perception) 9. Collectively, theories of brain function are either buttressed or dismantled by imaging, with common tools including magnetic resonance imaging 10 and magnetoencephalography 11, the latter being built on superconducting quantum interference devices and next-generation quantum sensors that can be embedded into a system that 3 can be worn like a helmet, revolutionizing our ability to measure brain function while allowing free and natural movement 12. Moreover, recent developments in nanoscale analysis tools and in the design and synthesis of nanomaterials have generated optical, electrical, and chemical methods to explore brain function by enabling simultaneous measurement and manipulation of the activity of thousands or even millions of neurons 13. Beyond its relevance for continued imaging advancements 14, optics has come to the fore of neuroscience over the last decade with the development of optogenetics, an approach that uses light to alter neural processing at the level of single spikes and synaptic events, offering reliable, millisecond-timescale control of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission 15. Such astounding advances, enabled by the intersection of physics and neuroscience, have motivated the construction of a National Brain Observatory at the Argonne National Laboratory (Director: Peter Littlewood, previously of Cavendish Laboratories) funded by the National Science Foundation, as well as frequent media coverage including titles in the APS News such as “Physicists, the Brain is Calling You.”16 And as physicists answer the call, our understanding of the brain deepens and our ability to mark and measure its component parts expands. Yet alongside this growing systematization and archivation, we have begun to face an increasing realization that it is the interactions between hundreds or thousands of neurons that generate the mind’s functional states 13. Indeed, from interactions among neural components emerge computation 17, communication 18, and information propagation 19. We can confidently state of neuroscience what Henri Poincare, the French mathematician, theoretical physicist, and philosopher of science, states of science generally: “The aim of science is not things themselves, as the dogmatists in their simplicity imagine, but the relations among things; outside these relations there is no reality knowable.”20 The overarching goal of mapping these interactions in neural systems has motivated multibillion-dollar investments across the United States (the Brain Initiative generally, and the Human Connectome Project specifically 21), the European Union (the Blue Brain Project 22), China (the China Brain Project 23), and Japan (Japan’s Brain/MINDS project 24) USER: Which branches of physics are involved in the study of the brain, and how do they contribute to the understanding of neuroscience? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	36	22	986	null	190
You must answer all user questions using information provided in the prompt. No other sources of information, including your stored data may be used. Format your answer in bullet points and use bold for any key terminology or jargon.	How can bad actors use Artificial Intelligence to breach existing cybersecurity defenses?	AI for Cybersecurity Many attacks target relatively simple errors, such as misconfigurations of systems, that are hidden in a vast amount of correct data. Logic-based AI systems are exceptionally good at noticing these kinds of inconsistencies and knowing how to repair them. Other attacks may show up as departures from standard usage patterns. These patterns may not be obviously anomalous, can be hidden deep within data streams, and are unlikely to be visible to humans. Though often indescribable by humans, these patterns can be learned by machines and noticed at scale. It is understood that significant leverage is gained from having a small team of highly skilled cyber defenders protecting networks used by thousands. Using AI could enable similar levels of protection to become ubiquitous while providing the domain experience necessary to address other aspects, such as quality-of-service constraints and degradation-of-system behaviors. AI can also play a role in securely deploying and operating software systems. Once code is developed, AI techniques can automatically explore for low-level attack vectors, or where appropriate, domain and application configuration or logic errors. Similarly, AI can also advise IT professionals on best practices for the secure operation and monitoring of critical systems. Automated configuration advice can secure systems against unsophisticated adversaries, whereas AI-based network monitoring can detect patterns of attack that are associated with more sophisticated nation-state adversaries. Open-source software development offers a unique setting to apply these AI-based software assurance techniques. With its widespread use by commercial and government organizations, open-source security improvements would be extremely high impact (e.g., an automated system that continually proposes security patches for open source software). At the same time, the public nature of open source development adds new challenges concerning the malicious introduction of functionality and corruption of data by an AI-based agent. This requires further exploration. AI for Identity Management Identity management and access control are central to securing modern communication systems and data stores. However, an adversary can compromise many of these systems by stealing relatively small authorization tokens. AI-based identity management can make access-control decisions based on a history of interactions, and it is difficult to circumvent. By characterizing expected behavior, AI techniques can provide protection with more lightweight and transparent mechanisms than current approaches (e.g., two-person authorization requirements for certain actions). AI also can enhance accuracy and reduce threats against biometric authentication systems. However, there is a downside to using AI for identify management. AI monitoring of behavioral patterns to provide authorization and detect insider threats could enable ongoing privacy violations in the system. Research is needed to push monitoring and decision-making procedures closer to where they are needed, and to use techniques such as differential privacy to limit the scope of privacy violations. These efforts should include both the ethical and technical aspects of identity management and examine the potential for abuse. AI techniques are likely to be used by attackers as well as defenders. Traditional defensive strategy sought to eliminate vulnerabilities or to increase the costs of an attack. The use of AI could dramatically alter the attack risk and cost equations. Automated systems will need to plan for worst cases and anticipate, respond, and analyze potential and actual threat occurrences. Research is needed to understand how AI changes the attacker and defender balance of capabilities, and how it alters attack economics. There are multiple stakeholders involved in cyber defensive scenarios, including data owners, service providers, system operators, and those affected by AI-based decisions. How stakeholders are consulted and informed about autonomous operations and how decision-making is delegated and constrained are important considerations. Two areas of specific interest are autonomous attacks and mission-specific resilience. Autonomous Attacks Cyber defenders will face attacks created and orchestrated by AI systems. At the most basic level, where there is a stable cyber environment, attacks could be constructed using classic deterministic planning. At the next level, where the environment is uncertain, attacks may involve planning under uncertainty. In the extreme case where minimal information about the environment and defenses is available, the attacker could use autonomous techniques to discover information and learn how to attack and execute plans for cyber reconnaissance. The attacker’s challenges include the need to remain stealthy and avoid any deception mechanisms. The attacker may use AI to develop strategies that include building a model of the victim network or system (i.e., AI-enabled program synthesis). An adversary can systematically generate programs that have a fixed behavior to learn about a cybersecurity product—using it as an oracle. At a high level, the attacker can generate code examples and predict whether the defense technology would detect the attacker’s presence as malicious. Using the answers, the attacker can build a model of the cybersecurity product. Methods and techniques are needed to make deployed systems resistant to automated analysis and attack, by either increasing the cost or continuing to close system loopholes. One promising technique is automated isolation (e.g., behavioral restrictions). Attacks can exploit the universality of program execution because most software components are designed to have limited behavior. Sandboxes have proven effective in protecting software from memory corruption attacks, but more precise methods are needed. There is value in exploring AI systems that learn the scope of valid behaviors and limit components to those behaviors. Another method is to strategically study defensive agility. How and when should plans and systems be updated? Can results from simulation environments be applied to real systems? What are the principles behind simulating? What is possible, and what is useful? Mission-Specific Resilience Many cybersecurity techniques are designed to be broadly applicable. While often beneficial, applying techniques without accounting for the objectives of the enterprise can lead to problems, including failure to meet the mission (whether social, industrial, or military). Domain experts must team with the AI experts to categorize system attacks and model responses in the context of the primary mission of the organization. Conflict between security measures designed for distinct computing resources, whether they are run concurrently or in sequence, is a challenge. For example, one autonomous agent may be working to lay a cyber deception trail to confuse a cyber attacker while another agent may be trying to simplify the network structure to reduce the attack surface. Autonomous Cyber Defense As adversaries use AI to identify vulnerable systems, amplify points of attack, coordinate resources, and stage attacks at scale, defenders need to respond accordingly. Current practice is often focused on the detection of individual exploits, but sophisticated attacks can involve multiple stages—including penetration, lateral motion, privilege escalation, malware staging, and/or persistence establishment—before the ultimate target is compromised. Although modern ML techniques can detect the individual events that constitute this “cyber kill chain,” a bottom-up approach that sequentially addresses the various stages of attack is inadequate. Progress requires integration activity at the tactical level into a top-down strategic view that reveals the attacker’s goals and current status, and helps coordinate, focus, and manage available defensive resources. Consider the scenario of an attack on a power distribution system. Initial penetration is accomplished through a phishing email and the initial foothold is on a normal workstation. A larger malware package is downloaded that includes a key logger and a “kill disk” that consumes all the space on the workstation disk. The credentials of a system administrator who logs in to repair the workstation are exfiltrated to the attacker, and the attacker moves to the power grid’s operator console, able then to disable the entire distribution network.	System instruction: You must answer all user questions using information provided in the prompt. No other sources of information, including your stored data may be used. Format your answer in bullet points and use bold for any key terminology or jargon. Context block: AI for Cybersecurity Many attacks target relatively simple errors, such as misconfigurations of systems, that are hidden in a vast amount of correct data. Logic-based AI systems are exceptionally good at noticing these kinds of inconsistencies and knowing how to repair them. Other attacks may show up as departures from standard usage patterns. These patterns may not be obviously anomalous, can be hidden deep within data streams, and are unlikely to be visible to humans. Though often indescribable by humans, these patterns can be learned by machines and noticed at scale. It is understood that significant leverage is gained from having a small team of highly skilled cyber defenders protecting networks used by thousands. Using AI could enable similar levels of protection to become ubiquitous while providing the domain experience necessary to address other aspects, such as quality-of-service constraints and degradation-of-system behaviors. AI can also play a role in securely deploying and operating software systems. Once code is developed, AI techniques can automatically explore for low-level attack vectors, or where appropriate, domain and application configuration or logic errors. Similarly, AI can also advise IT professionals on best practices for the secure operation and monitoring of critical systems. Automated configuration advice can secure systems against unsophisticated adversaries, whereas AI-based network monitoring can detect patterns of attack that are associated with more sophisticated nation-state adversaries. Open-source software development offers a unique setting to apply these AI-based software assurance techniques. With its widespread use by commercial and government organizations, open-source security improvements would be extremely high impact (e.g., an automated system that continually proposes security patches for open source software). At the same time, the public nature of open source development adds new challenges concerning the malicious introduction of functionality and corruption of data by an AI-based agent. This requires further exploration. AI for Identity Management Identity management and access control are central to securing modern communication systems and data stores. However, an adversary can compromise many of these systems by stealing relatively small authorization tokens. AI-based identity management can make access-control decisions based on a history of interactions, and it is difficult to circumvent. By characterizing expected behavior, AI techniques can provide protection with more lightweight and transparent mechanisms than current approaches (e.g., two-person authorization requirements for certain actions). AI also can enhance accuracy and reduce threats against biometric authentication systems. However, there is a downside to using AI for identify management. AI monitoring of behavioral patterns to provide authorization and detect insider threats could enable ongoing privacy violations in the system. Research is needed to push monitoring and decision-making procedures closer to where they are needed, and to use techniques such as differential privacy to limit the scope of privacy violations. These efforts should include both the ethical and technical aspects of identity management and examine the potential for abuse. AI techniques are likely to be used by attackers as well as defenders. Traditional defensive strategy sought to eliminate vulnerabilities or to increase the costs of an attack. The use of AI could dramatically alter the attack risk and cost equations. Automated systems will need to plan for worst cases and anticipate, respond, and analyze potential and actual threat occurrences. Research is needed to understand how AI changes the attacker and defender balance of capabilities, and how it alters attack economics. There are multiple stakeholders involved in cyber defensive scenarios, including data owners, service providers, system operators, and those affected by AI-based decisions. How stakeholders are consulted and informed about autonomous operations and how decision-making is delegated and constrained are important considerations. Two areas of specific interest are autonomous attacks and mission-specific resilience. Autonomous Attacks Cyber defenders will face attacks created and orchestrated by AI systems. At the most basic level, where there is a stable cyber environment, attacks could be constructed using classic deterministic planning. At the next level, where the environment is uncertain, attacks may involve planning under uncertainty. In the extreme case where minimal information about the environment and defenses is available, the attacker could use autonomous techniques to discover information and learn how to attack and execute plans for cyber reconnaissance. The attacker’s challenges include the need to remain stealthy and avoid any deception mechanisms. The attacker may use AI to develop strategies that include building a model of the victim network or system (i.e., AI-enabled program synthesis). An adversary can systematically generate programs that have a fixed behavior to learn about a cybersecurity product—using it as an oracle. At a high level, the attacker can generate code examples and predict whether the defense technology would detect the attacker’s presence as malicious. Using the answers, the attacker can build a model of the cybersecurity product. Methods and techniques are needed to make deployed systems resistant to automated analysis and attack, by either increasing the cost or continuing to close system loopholes. One promising technique is automated isolation (e.g., behavioral restrictions). Attacks can exploit the universality of program execution because most software components are designed to have limited behavior. Sandboxes have proven effective in protecting software from memory corruption attacks, but more precise methods are needed. There is value in exploring AI systems that learn the scope of valid behaviors and limit components to those behaviors. Another method is to strategically study defensive agility. How and when should plans and systems be updated? Can results from simulation environments be applied to real systems? What are the principles behind simulating? What is possible, and what is useful? Mission-Specific Resilience Many cybersecurity techniques are designed to be broadly applicable. While often beneficial, applying techniques without accounting for the objectives of the enterprise can lead to problems, including failure to meet the mission (whether social, industrial, or military). Domain experts must team with the AI experts to categorize system attacks and model responses in the context of the primary mission of the organization. Conflict between security measures designed for distinct computing resources, whether they are run concurrently or in sequence, is a challenge. For example, one autonomous agent may be working to lay a cyber deception trail to confuse a cyber attacker while another agent may be trying to simplify the network structure to reduce the attack surface. Autonomous Cyber Defense As adversaries use AI to identify vulnerable systems, amplify points of attack, coordinate resources, and stage attacks at scale, defenders need to respond accordingly. Current practice is often focused on the detection of individual exploits, but sophisticated attacks can involve multiple stages—including penetration, lateral motion, privilege escalation, malware staging, and/or persistence establishment—before the ultimate target is compromised. Although modern ML techniques can detect the individual events that constitute this “cyber kill chain,” a bottom-up approach that sequentially addresses the various stages of attack is inadequate. Progress requires integration activity at the tactical level into a top-down strategic view that reveals the attacker’s goals and current status, and helps coordinate, focus, and manage available defensive resources. Consider the scenario of an attack on a power distribution system. Initial penetration is accomplished through a phishing email and the initial foothold is on a normal workstation. A larger malware package is downloaded that includes a key logger and a “kill disk” that consumes all the space on the workstation disk. The credentials of a system administrator who logs in to repair the workstation are exfiltrated to the attacker, and the attacker moves to the power grid’s operator console, able then to disable the entire distribution network. Question: How can bad actors use Artificial Intelligence to breach existing cybersecurity defenses?	You must answer all user questions using information provided in the prompt. No other sources of information, including your stored data may be used. Format your answer in bullet points and use bold for any key terminology or jargon. EVIDENCE: AI for Cybersecurity Many attacks target relatively simple errors, such as misconfigurations of systems, that are hidden in a vast amount of correct data. Logic-based AI systems are exceptionally good at noticing these kinds of inconsistencies and knowing how to repair them. Other attacks may show up as departures from standard usage patterns. These patterns may not be obviously anomalous, can be hidden deep within data streams, and are unlikely to be visible to humans. Though often indescribable by humans, these patterns can be learned by machines and noticed at scale. It is understood that significant leverage is gained from having a small team of highly skilled cyber defenders protecting networks used by thousands. Using AI could enable similar levels of protection to become ubiquitous while providing the domain experience necessary to address other aspects, such as quality-of-service constraints and degradation-of-system behaviors. AI can also play a role in securely deploying and operating software systems. Once code is developed, AI techniques can automatically explore for low-level attack vectors, or where appropriate, domain and application configuration or logic errors. Similarly, AI can also advise IT professionals on best practices for the secure operation and monitoring of critical systems. Automated configuration advice can secure systems against unsophisticated adversaries, whereas AI-based network monitoring can detect patterns of attack that are associated with more sophisticated nation-state adversaries. Open-source software development offers a unique setting to apply these AI-based software assurance techniques. With its widespread use by commercial and government organizations, open-source security improvements would be extremely high impact (e.g., an automated system that continually proposes security patches for open source software). At the same time, the public nature of open source development adds new challenges concerning the malicious introduction of functionality and corruption of data by an AI-based agent. This requires further exploration. AI for Identity Management Identity management and access control are central to securing modern communication systems and data stores. However, an adversary can compromise many of these systems by stealing relatively small authorization tokens. AI-based identity management can make access-control decisions based on a history of interactions, and it is difficult to circumvent. By characterizing expected behavior, AI techniques can provide protection with more lightweight and transparent mechanisms than current approaches (e.g., two-person authorization requirements for certain actions). AI also can enhance accuracy and reduce threats against biometric authentication systems. However, there is a downside to using AI for identify management. AI monitoring of behavioral patterns to provide authorization and detect insider threats could enable ongoing privacy violations in the system. Research is needed to push monitoring and decision-making procedures closer to where they are needed, and to use techniques such as differential privacy to limit the scope of privacy violations. These efforts should include both the ethical and technical aspects of identity management and examine the potential for abuse. AI techniques are likely to be used by attackers as well as defenders. Traditional defensive strategy sought to eliminate vulnerabilities or to increase the costs of an attack. The use of AI could dramatically alter the attack risk and cost equations. Automated systems will need to plan for worst cases and anticipate, respond, and analyze potential and actual threat occurrences. Research is needed to understand how AI changes the attacker and defender balance of capabilities, and how it alters attack economics. There are multiple stakeholders involved in cyber defensive scenarios, including data owners, service providers, system operators, and those affected by AI-based decisions. How stakeholders are consulted and informed about autonomous operations and how decision-making is delegated and constrained are important considerations. Two areas of specific interest are autonomous attacks and mission-specific resilience. Autonomous Attacks Cyber defenders will face attacks created and orchestrated by AI systems. At the most basic level, where there is a stable cyber environment, attacks could be constructed using classic deterministic planning. At the next level, where the environment is uncertain, attacks may involve planning under uncertainty. In the extreme case where minimal information about the environment and defenses is available, the attacker could use autonomous techniques to discover information and learn how to attack and execute plans for cyber reconnaissance. The attacker’s challenges include the need to remain stealthy and avoid any deception mechanisms. The attacker may use AI to develop strategies that include building a model of the victim network or system (i.e., AI-enabled program synthesis). An adversary can systematically generate programs that have a fixed behavior to learn about a cybersecurity product—using it as an oracle. At a high level, the attacker can generate code examples and predict whether the defense technology would detect the attacker’s presence as malicious. Using the answers, the attacker can build a model of the cybersecurity product. Methods and techniques are needed to make deployed systems resistant to automated analysis and attack, by either increasing the cost or continuing to close system loopholes. One promising technique is automated isolation (e.g., behavioral restrictions). Attacks can exploit the universality of program execution because most software components are designed to have limited behavior. Sandboxes have proven effective in protecting software from memory corruption attacks, but more precise methods are needed. There is value in exploring AI systems that learn the scope of valid behaviors and limit components to those behaviors. Another method is to strategically study defensive agility. How and when should plans and systems be updated? Can results from simulation environments be applied to real systems? What are the principles behind simulating? What is possible, and what is useful? Mission-Specific Resilience Many cybersecurity techniques are designed to be broadly applicable. While often beneficial, applying techniques without accounting for the objectives of the enterprise can lead to problems, including failure to meet the mission (whether social, industrial, or military). Domain experts must team with the AI experts to categorize system attacks and model responses in the context of the primary mission of the organization. Conflict between security measures designed for distinct computing resources, whether they are run concurrently or in sequence, is a challenge. For example, one autonomous agent may be working to lay a cyber deception trail to confuse a cyber attacker while another agent may be trying to simplify the network structure to reduce the attack surface. Autonomous Cyber Defense As adversaries use AI to identify vulnerable systems, amplify points of attack, coordinate resources, and stage attacks at scale, defenders need to respond accordingly. Current practice is often focused on the detection of individual exploits, but sophisticated attacks can involve multiple stages—including penetration, lateral motion, privilege escalation, malware staging, and/or persistence establishment—before the ultimate target is compromised. Although modern ML techniques can detect the individual events that constitute this “cyber kill chain,” a bottom-up approach that sequentially addresses the various stages of attack is inadequate. Progress requires integration activity at the tactical level into a top-down strategic view that reveals the attacker’s goals and current status, and helps coordinate, focus, and manage available defensive resources. Consider the scenario of an attack on a power distribution system. Initial penetration is accomplished through a phishing email and the initial foothold is on a normal workstation. A larger malware package is downloaded that includes a key logger and a “kill disk” that consumes all the space on the workstation disk. The credentials of a system administrator who logs in to repair the workstation are exfiltrated to the attacker, and the attacker moves to the power grid’s operator console, able then to disable the entire distribution network. USER: How can bad actors use Artificial Intelligence to breach existing cybersecurity defenses? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	39	12	1,233	null	741
Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document]	What is compound interest savings? Can i get rich with this? explain the formula and use it to figure out how much I can save by putting away 5000 a year.	Compound interest is a powerful force for consumers looking to build their savings. It creates a multiplier effect on your money that can help it grow more over time. Knowing how it works and how often your bank compounds interest can help you make smarter decisions about where to put your money. The definition of compound interest In simple terms, the compound interest definition is the interest you earn on interest. With a savings account, money market account or CD that earns compound interest, you earn interest on the principal (the initial amount deposited) plus on the interest that accumulates over time. That’s much more valuable than simple interest, which only pays interest on the deposit. How does compound interest work? Many savings accounts and money market accounts, as well as investments, pay compound interest. As a saver or investor, you receive the interest payments on a set schedule: daily, monthly, quarterly or annually. A basic savings account, for example, might compound interest daily, weekly or monthly. When you add money to a savings account or a similar account, you receive interest based on the amount that you deposited. For example, if you deposit $1,000 in an account that pays 1 percent annual interest, you’d earn $10 in interest after a year. Thanks to compound interest, in the second year you’d earn 1 percent on $1,010 — the principal plus the interest, or $10.10 in interest payouts for the year. Compound interest accelerates your interest earnings, helping your savings grow more quickly. Over time, you’ll earn interest on ever-larger account balances that have grown with the help of interest earned in prior years, and therefore steadily increase earnings. To get a deeper understanding of how compounding impacts your savings, the formula for compound interest is: Initial balance × ( 1 + ( interest rate / number of compoundings per period )number of compoundings per period multiplied by number of periods To see how the formula works, consider this example: You have $100,000 in two savings accounts, each paying 2 percent interest. One account compounds interest annually while the other compounds the interest daily. You wait one year and withdraw your money from both accounts. From the first account, which compounds interest just once a year, you’ll receive: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 1 )1 × 1 = $102,000 From the second account, which compounds interest each day, you’ll receive: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 365 )365 × 1 = $102,020.08 Because the interest you earn each day in the second example also earns interest on the days that follow, you earn an extra $20.08 compared with the account that compounds interest annually. Over the long term, the impacts of compound interest become greater because you’re earning interest on larger account balances that resulted from years of earning interest on previous interest earnings. If you left your money in the account for 30 years, for example, the ending balances would look like this. For annual compounding: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 1 )1 × 30 = $181,136.16 For daily compounding: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 365 )365 × 30 = $182,208.88 Over the 30-year period, compound interest did all the work for you. That initial $100,000 deposit nearly doubled. Depending on how frequently your money was compounding, your account balance grew to more than $181,000 or $182,000. And daily compounding earned you an extra $1,072.72, or more than $35 a year. The interest rate you earn on your money also has a major impact on the power of compounding. If the savings account paid 5 percent annually instead of 2 percent, the ending balances would look like: 1 year 30 years Annual compounding $105,000.00 $432,194.24 Daily compounding $105,126.75 $448,122.87 The higher the interest rate, the greater the difference between ending balances based on the frequency of compounding. Bankrate’s compound interest calculator can help you calculate how much interest you’ll earn from different accounts. How to take advantage of compound interest There are two simple ways that consumers can take advantage of compound interest. 1. Save early The power of compounding interest comes from time. The longer you leave your money in a savings account or invested in the market, the more interest it can accrue. The more time your money stays in the account, the more compounding can occur, meaning you get to earn additional interest on the earned interest. Consider an example of someone who saves $10,000 a year for 10 years, and then stops saving, compared to someone who saves $2,500 a year for 40 years. Assuming both savers earn 7 percent annual returns, compounded daily, here’s how much they will have at the end of 40 years. Saves $10,000 a year for 10 years, then nothing for 30 years Saves $2,500 a year for 40 years $1,388,623 $612,116 Both people put away the same $100,000 overall amount, but the person who saved more earlier winds up with far more at the end of the 40 years. Even someone who saves $200,000, or twice as much over the full 40 years, winds up with less — $1,224,232 — because a smaller amount was saved initially. 2. Check the APY When you’re shopping around for places to save, focus on looking at the APY. APY shows the effective interest rate of an account, including all of the compounding. If you put $1,000 in an account that pays 1 percent interest a year, you might wind up with more than $1,010 in the account after a year if the interest compounds more frequently than annually. Comparing the APY rather than the interest rate of two accounts will show which truly pays more interest. Some banks may offer only 0.01 percent compared to others that can offer 5 percent or more. This would be a significant difference in earnings over time. 3. Check the frequency of compounding When comparing accounts, don’t just look at APY. Also consider how frequently each compounds interest. The more often interest is compounded, the better. When comparing two accounts with the same interest rate, the one with more frequent compounding may have a higher yield, meaning it can pay more interest on the same account balance. Bottom line The advantage of compound interest lies in its ability to supplement savings over time. By understanding how it operates and considering factors like the interest rate, frequency of compounding and timeline of investments, savers can make the most of compound interest and look for the highest-earning accounts.	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. What is compound interest savings? Can i get rich with this? explain the formula and use it to figure out how much I can save by putting away 5000 a year. Compound interest is a powerful force for consumers looking to build their savings. It creates a multiplier effect on your money that can help it grow more over time. Knowing how it works and how often your bank compounds interest can help you make smarter decisions about where to put your money. The definition of compound interest In simple terms, the compound interest definition is the interest you earn on interest. With a savings account, money market account or CD that earns compound interest, you earn interest on the principal (the initial amount deposited) plus on the interest that accumulates over time. That’s much more valuable than simple interest, which only pays interest on the deposit. How does compound interest work? Many savings accounts and money market accounts, as well as investments, pay compound interest. As a saver or investor, you receive the interest payments on a set schedule: daily, monthly, quarterly or annually. A basic savings account, for example, might compound interest daily, weekly or monthly. When you add money to a savings account or a similar account, you receive interest based on the amount that you deposited. For example, if you deposit $1,000 in an account that pays 1 percent annual interest, you’d earn $10 in interest after a year. Thanks to compound interest, in the second year you’d earn 1 percent on $1,010 — the principal plus the interest, or $10.10 in interest payouts for the year. Compound interest accelerates your interest earnings, helping your savings grow more quickly. Over time, you’ll earn interest on ever-larger account balances that have grown with the help of interest earned in prior years, and therefore steadily increase earnings. To get a deeper understanding of how compounding impacts your savings, the formula for compound interest is: Initial balance × ( 1 + ( interest rate / number of compoundings per period )number of compoundings per period multiplied by number of periods To see how the formula works, consider this example: You have $100,000 in two savings accounts, each paying 2 percent interest. One account compounds interest annually while the other compounds the interest daily. You wait one year and withdraw your money from both accounts. From the first account, which compounds interest just once a year, you’ll receive: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 1 )1 × 1 = $102,000 From the second account, which compounds interest each day, you’ll receive: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 365 )365 × 1 = $102,020.08 Because the interest you earn each day in the second example also earns interest on the days that follow, you earn an extra $20.08 compared with the account that compounds interest annually. Over the long term, the impacts of compound interest become greater because you’re earning interest on larger account balances that resulted from years of earning interest on previous interest earnings. If you left your money in the account for 30 years, for example, the ending balances would look like this. For annual compounding: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 1 )1 × 30 = $181,136.16 For daily compounding: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 365 )365 × 30 = $182,208.88 Over the 30-year period, compound interest did all the work for you. That initial $100,000 deposit nearly doubled. Depending on how frequently your money was compounding, your account balance grew to more than $181,000 or $182,000. And daily compounding earned you an extra $1,072.72, or more than $35 a year. The interest rate you earn on your money also has a major impact on the power of compounding. If the savings account paid 5 percent annually instead of 2 percent, the ending balances would look like: 1 year 30 years Annual compounding $105,000.00 $432,194.24 Daily compounding $105,126.75 $448,122.87 The higher the interest rate, the greater the difference between ending balances based on the frequency of compounding. Bankrate’s compound interest calculator can help you calculate how much interest you’ll earn from different accounts. How to take advantage of compound interest There are two simple ways that consumers can take advantage of compound interest. 1. Save early The power of compounding interest comes from time. The longer you leave your money in a savings account or invested in the market, the more interest it can accrue. The more time your money stays in the account, the more compounding can occur, meaning you get to earn additional interest on the earned interest. Consider an example of someone who saves $10,000 a year for 10 years, and then stops saving, compared to someone who saves $2,500 a year for 40 years. Assuming both savers earn 7 percent annual returns, compounded daily, here’s how much they will have at the end of 40 years. Saves $10,000 a year for 10 years, then nothing for 30 years Saves $2,500 a year for 40 years $1,388,623 $612,116 Both people put away the same $100,000 overall amount, but the person who saved more earlier winds up with far more at the end of the 40 years. Even someone who saves $200,000, or twice as much over the full 40 years, winds up with less — $1,224,232 — because a smaller amount was saved initially. 2. Check the APY When you’re shopping around for places to save, focus on looking at the APY. APY shows the effective interest rate of an account, including all of the compounding. If you put $1,000 in an account that pays 1 percent interest a year, you might wind up with more than $1,010 in the account after a year if the interest compounds more frequently than annually. Comparing the APY rather than the interest rate of two accounts will show which truly pays more interest. Some banks may offer only 0.01 percent compared to others that can offer 5 percent or more. This would be a significant difference in earnings over time. 3. Check the frequency of compounding When comparing accounts, don’t just look at APY. Also consider how frequently each compounds interest. The more often interest is compounded, the better. When comparing two accounts with the same interest rate, the one with more frequent compounding may have a higher yield, meaning it can pay more interest on the same account balance. Bottom line The advantage of compound interest lies in its ability to supplement savings over time. By understanding how it operates and considering factors like the interest rate, frequency of compounding and timeline of investments, savers can make the most of compound interest and look for the highest-earning accounts. https://www.bankrate.com/banking/what-is-compound-interest/#how-to-take-advantage-of-compound-interest	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document] EVIDENCE: Compound interest is a powerful force for consumers looking to build their savings. It creates a multiplier effect on your money that can help it grow more over time. Knowing how it works and how often your bank compounds interest can help you make smarter decisions about where to put your money. The definition of compound interest In simple terms, the compound interest definition is the interest you earn on interest. With a savings account, money market account or CD that earns compound interest, you earn interest on the principal (the initial amount deposited) plus on the interest that accumulates over time. That’s much more valuable than simple interest, which only pays interest on the deposit. How does compound interest work? Many savings accounts and money market accounts, as well as investments, pay compound interest. As a saver or investor, you receive the interest payments on a set schedule: daily, monthly, quarterly or annually. A basic savings account, for example, might compound interest daily, weekly or monthly. When you add money to a savings account or a similar account, you receive interest based on the amount that you deposited. For example, if you deposit $1,000 in an account that pays 1 percent annual interest, you’d earn $10 in interest after a year. Thanks to compound interest, in the second year you’d earn 1 percent on $1,010 — the principal plus the interest, or $10.10 in interest payouts for the year. Compound interest accelerates your interest earnings, helping your savings grow more quickly. Over time, you’ll earn interest on ever-larger account balances that have grown with the help of interest earned in prior years, and therefore steadily increase earnings. To get a deeper understanding of how compounding impacts your savings, the formula for compound interest is: Initial balance × ( 1 + ( interest rate / number of compoundings per period )number of compoundings per period multiplied by number of periods To see how the formula works, consider this example: You have $100,000 in two savings accounts, each paying 2 percent interest. One account compounds interest annually while the other compounds the interest daily. You wait one year and withdraw your money from both accounts. From the first account, which compounds interest just once a year, you’ll receive: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 1 )1 × 1 = $102,000 From the second account, which compounds interest each day, you’ll receive: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 365 )365 × 1 = $102,020.08 Because the interest you earn each day in the second example also earns interest on the days that follow, you earn an extra $20.08 compared with the account that compounds interest annually. Over the long term, the impacts of compound interest become greater because you’re earning interest on larger account balances that resulted from years of earning interest on previous interest earnings. If you left your money in the account for 30 years, for example, the ending balances would look like this. For annual compounding: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 1 )1 × 30 = $181,136.16 For daily compounding: $100,000 × ( 1 + ( .02 / 365 )365 × 30 = $182,208.88 Over the 30-year period, compound interest did all the work for you. That initial $100,000 deposit nearly doubled. Depending on how frequently your money was compounding, your account balance grew to more than $181,000 or $182,000. And daily compounding earned you an extra $1,072.72, or more than $35 a year. The interest rate you earn on your money also has a major impact on the power of compounding. If the savings account paid 5 percent annually instead of 2 percent, the ending balances would look like: 1 year 30 years Annual compounding $105,000.00 $432,194.24 Daily compounding $105,126.75 $448,122.87 The higher the interest rate, the greater the difference between ending balances based on the frequency of compounding. Bankrate’s compound interest calculator can help you calculate how much interest you’ll earn from different accounts. How to take advantage of compound interest There are two simple ways that consumers can take advantage of compound interest. 1. Save early The power of compounding interest comes from time. The longer you leave your money in a savings account or invested in the market, the more interest it can accrue. The more time your money stays in the account, the more compounding can occur, meaning you get to earn additional interest on the earned interest. Consider an example of someone who saves $10,000 a year for 10 years, and then stops saving, compared to someone who saves $2,500 a year for 40 years. Assuming both savers earn 7 percent annual returns, compounded daily, here’s how much they will have at the end of 40 years. Saves $10,000 a year for 10 years, then nothing for 30 years Saves $2,500 a year for 40 years $1,388,623 $612,116 Both people put away the same $100,000 overall amount, but the person who saved more earlier winds up with far more at the end of the 40 years. Even someone who saves $200,000, or twice as much over the full 40 years, winds up with less — $1,224,232 — because a smaller amount was saved initially. 2. Check the APY When you’re shopping around for places to save, focus on looking at the APY. APY shows the effective interest rate of an account, including all of the compounding. If you put $1,000 in an account that pays 1 percent interest a year, you might wind up with more than $1,010 in the account after a year if the interest compounds more frequently than annually. Comparing the APY rather than the interest rate of two accounts will show which truly pays more interest. Some banks may offer only 0.01 percent compared to others that can offer 5 percent or more. This would be a significant difference in earnings over time. 3. Check the frequency of compounding When comparing accounts, don’t just look at APY. Also consider how frequently each compounds interest. The more often interest is compounded, the better. When comparing two accounts with the same interest rate, the one with more frequent compounding may have a higher yield, meaning it can pay more interest on the same account balance. Bottom line The advantage of compound interest lies in its ability to supplement savings over time. By understanding how it operates and considering factors like the interest rate, frequency of compounding and timeline of investments, savers can make the most of compound interest and look for the highest-earning accounts. USER: What is compound interest savings? Can i get rich with this? explain the formula and use it to figure out how much I can save by putting away 5000 a year. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	31	1,090	null	728
This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. Use language appropriate for a 9th grade civics class. Use real life examples to make things comprehensible for someone with minimal legislative knowledge.	Summarize NetChoice’s two challenges. Explain why they challenged the restrictions. Bold the major actors names and also any legislative references that are included in the text.	NetChoice’s Challenge to Florida’s S.B. 7072 Florida’s S.B. 7072 imposes restrictions on any information service, system, internet search engine, or access software provider that enables access by multiple users to a computer server, is organized as a legal entity, does business in Florida, and satisfies certain specified user- or revenue-based thresholds. Thus, while the litigation about the law emphasized the limitations it imposed on social media platforms, the law applied more broadly. NetChoice challenged restrictions that generally fall into two categories: content moderation restrictions and individualized-explanation requirements. The Supreme Court’s analysis in Moody focused on the content moderation restrictions. Those provisions limit the ability of covered platforms to delete content, make content less visible to other users, or ban users. Under S.B. 7072, platforms may not “deplatform” a political candidate or deprioritize a candidate’s or “journalistic enterprise’s” posts. They must “apply censorship, deplatforming, and shadow banning standards in a consistent manner,” and they cannot change the rules or terms that apply to users more than once every 30 days. Deplatforming occurs when a platform bans a user for at least 14 days. Shadow banning occurs when a platform deletes a user’s content or makes the account’s content less visible to other users. Before S.B. 7072 took effect, NetChoice sued, alleging that the content moderation provisions, on their face, violate the First Amendment. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of the content moderation provisions while NetChoice’s challenge is litigated. The court held that the provisions likely “trigger[] First Amendment scrutiny because [S.B. 7072] restricts social-media platforms’ exercise of editorial judgment.” It decided that the challenged provisions likely fail constitutional scrutiny because they lack a “substantial or compelling interest that would justify [the provisions’] significant restrictions on platforms’ editorial judgment.” NetChoice’s Challenge to Texas’s H.B. 20 Texas’s H.B. 20 applies to social media platforms with more than 50 million monthly active users in the United States. The law defines social media platforms as public websites or applications that enable users to create accounts and communicate for the primary purpose of posting user-generated information. Internet service providers, email providers, and websites “that consist primarily of news, sports, entertainment, or other” content that is not user generated are excluded from the definition. As with Florida’s law, H.B. 20 limits when covered platforms may delete or restrict access to user-posted content. Subject to enumerated exceptions, covered platforms are prohibited from censoring a user’s content based on viewpoint or the user’s geographic location in Texas. Censor is defined to mean “block[ing], ban[ning], remove[ing], deplatform[ing], demonetiz[ing], de-boost[ing], restrict[ing], deny[ing] equal access or visibility to, or otherwise discriminat[ing] against expression.” Again, NetChoice challenged H.B. 20’s content moderation provisions on their face and asked a court to enjoin their enforcement before the law took effect. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied the request. Expressly disagreeing with the Eleventh Circuit’s reasoning about Florida’s law, the Fifth Circuit held that Texas’s content moderation provisions do not likely implicate First Amendment rights. According to the Fifth Circuit, NetChoice was seeking to assert a “right to censor what people say” that is not protected by the First Amendment. In the alternative, the court held that, even if the law restricted protected expression, it is a content- and viewpoint-neutral law—so subject to intermediate scrutiny—and Texas’s interest in protecting the free exchange of ideas is sufficiently important to satisfy that standard.	This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. Use language appropriate for a 9th grade civics class. Use real life examples to make things comprehensible for someone with minimal legislative knowledge. Summarize NetChoice’s two challenges. Explain why they challenged the restrictions. Bold the major actors names and also any legislative references that are included in the text. NetChoice’s Challenge to Florida’s S.B. 7072 Florida’s S.B. 7072 imposes restrictions on any information service, system, internet search engine, or access software provider that enables access by multiple users to a computer server, is organized as a legal entity, does business in Florida, and satisfies certain specified user- or revenue-based thresholds. Thus, while the litigation about the law emphasized the limitations it imposed on social media platforms, the law applied more broadly. NetChoice challenged restrictions that generally fall into two categories: content moderation restrictions and individualized-explanation requirements. The Supreme Court’s analysis in Moody focused on the content moderation restrictions. Those provisions limit the ability of covered platforms to delete content, make content less visible to other users, or ban users. Under S.B. 7072, platforms may not “deplatform” a political candidate or deprioritize a candidate’s or “journalistic enterprise’s” posts. They must “apply censorship, deplatforming, and shadow banning standards in a consistent manner,” and they cannot change the rules or terms that apply to users more than once every 30 days. Deplatforming occurs when a platform bans a user for at least 14 days. Shadow banning occurs when a platform deletes a user’s content or makes the account’s content less visible to other users. Before S.B. 7072 took effect, NetChoice sued, alleging that the content moderation provisions, on their face, violate the First Amendment. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of the content moderation provisions while NetChoice’s challenge is litigated. The court held that the provisions likely “trigger[] First Amendment scrutiny because [S.B. 7072] restricts social-media platforms’ exercise of editorial judgment.” It decided that the challenged provisions likely fail constitutional scrutiny because they lack a “substantial or compelling interest that would justify [the provisions’] significant restrictions on platforms’ editorial judgment.” NetChoice’s Challenge to Texas’s H.B. 20 Texas’s H.B. 20 applies to social media platforms with more than 50 million monthly active users in the United States. The law defines social media platforms as public websites or applications that enable users to create accounts and communicate for the primary purpose of posting user-generated information. Internet service providers, email providers, and websites “that consist primarily of news, sports, entertainment, or other” content that is not user generated are excluded from the definition. As with Florida’s law, H.B. 20 limits when covered platforms may delete or restrict access to user-posted content. Subject to enumerated exceptions, covered platforms are prohibited from censoring a user’s content based on viewpoint or the user’s geographic location in Texas. Censor is defined to mean “block[ing], ban[ning], remove[ing], deplatform[ing], demonetiz[ing], de-boost[ing], restrict[ing], deny[ing] equal access or visibility to, or otherwise discriminat[ing] against expression.” Again, NetChoice challenged H.B. 20’s content moderation provisions on their face and asked a court to enjoin their enforcement before the law took effect. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied the request. Expressly disagreeing with the Eleventh Circuit’s reasoning about Florida’s law, the Fifth Circuit held that Texas’s content moderation provisions do not likely implicate First Amendment rights. According to the Fifth Circuit, NetChoice was seeking to assert a “right to censor what people say” that is not protected by the First Amendment. In the alternative, the court held that, even if the law restricted protected expression, it is a content- and viewpoint-neutral law—so subject to intermediate scrutiny—and Texas’s interest in protecting the free exchange of ideas is sufficiently important to satisfy that standard.	This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. Use language appropriate for a 9th grade civics class. Use real life examples to make things comprehensible for someone with minimal legislative knowledge. EVIDENCE: NetChoice’s Challenge to Florida’s S.B. 7072 Florida’s S.B. 7072 imposes restrictions on any information service, system, internet search engine, or access software provider that enables access by multiple users to a computer server, is organized as a legal entity, does business in Florida, and satisfies certain specified user- or revenue-based thresholds. Thus, while the litigation about the law emphasized the limitations it imposed on social media platforms, the law applied more broadly. NetChoice challenged restrictions that generally fall into two categories: content moderation restrictions and individualized-explanation requirements. The Supreme Court’s analysis in Moody focused on the content moderation restrictions. Those provisions limit the ability of covered platforms to delete content, make content less visible to other users, or ban users. Under S.B. 7072, platforms may not “deplatform” a political candidate or deprioritize a candidate’s or “journalistic enterprise’s” posts. They must “apply censorship, deplatforming, and shadow banning standards in a consistent manner,” and they cannot change the rules or terms that apply to users more than once every 30 days. Deplatforming occurs when a platform bans a user for at least 14 days. Shadow banning occurs when a platform deletes a user’s content or makes the account’s content less visible to other users. Before S.B. 7072 took effect, NetChoice sued, alleging that the content moderation provisions, on their face, violate the First Amendment. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of the content moderation provisions while NetChoice’s challenge is litigated. The court held that the provisions likely “trigger[] First Amendment scrutiny because [S.B. 7072] restricts social-media platforms’ exercise of editorial judgment.” It decided that the challenged provisions likely fail constitutional scrutiny because they lack a “substantial or compelling interest that would justify [the provisions’] significant restrictions on platforms’ editorial judgment.” NetChoice’s Challenge to Texas’s H.B. 20 Texas’s H.B. 20 applies to social media platforms with more than 50 million monthly active users in the United States. The law defines social media platforms as public websites or applications that enable users to create accounts and communicate for the primary purpose of posting user-generated information. Internet service providers, email providers, and websites “that consist primarily of news, sports, entertainment, or other” content that is not user generated are excluded from the definition. As with Florida’s law, H.B. 20 limits when covered platforms may delete or restrict access to user-posted content. Subject to enumerated exceptions, covered platforms are prohibited from censoring a user’s content based on viewpoint or the user’s geographic location in Texas. Censor is defined to mean “block[ing], ban[ning], remove[ing], deplatform[ing], demonetiz[ing], de-boost[ing], restrict[ing], deny[ing] equal access or visibility to, or otherwise discriminat[ing] against expression.” Again, NetChoice challenged H.B. 20’s content moderation provisions on their face and asked a court to enjoin their enforcement before the law took effect. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied the request. Expressly disagreeing with the Eleventh Circuit’s reasoning about Florida’s law, the Fifth Circuit held that Texas’s content moderation provisions do not likely implicate First Amendment rights. According to the Fifth Circuit, NetChoice was seeking to assert a “right to censor what people say” that is not protected by the First Amendment. In the alternative, the court held that, even if the law restricted protected expression, it is a content- and viewpoint-neutral law—so subject to intermediate scrutiny—and Texas’s interest in protecting the free exchange of ideas is sufficiently important to satisfy that standard. USER: Summarize NetChoice’s two challenges. Explain why they challenged the restrictions. Bold the major actors names and also any legislative references that are included in the text. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	51	26	569	null	39
You use only the information contained in this prompt to respond to the prompt. Do not use any external sources of information or other knowledge in your response.	What sort of regulatory model might use a risk-based approach that categorizes specific applications of AI?	5.2 Regulatory models Bradford (2023) identifies three primary regulatory models, adopted in the US, China and the EU. The “market-driven” regulatory model in the US is characterised by a market-based approach that emphasises innovation, self-regulation and scepticism of government intervention. The “state-driven” regulatory model in China utilises technology for political objectives, and aims to grow the industry while exporting technology infrastructure. The “rights-driven” regulatory model of the EU is focused on protecting individual and societal rights and the equitable distribution of digital transformation gains. These regulatory models, while distinct, are not mutually exclusive and show a tendency to converge towards the principles highlighted above, as well as towards rather similar operationalisations. In the United States, the regulation of AI has evolved from voluntary guidance to executive actions. Initially, the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights in October 2022 laid foundational ethical considerations. This was followed by voluntary commitments from leading AI firms in July 2023, signalling industry readiness to address AI’s societal impacts. The shift towards regulatory oversight was marked by the Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI in November 2023, which mandated over 25 agencies to address AI-related harms, including security, privacy, and discrimination. These agencies are now tasked with establishing rules, funding research, assessing risks, and enforcing transparency through safety tests and reporting by AI developers. However, there has not been significant legislative action on AI regulation. China’s AI regulation has evolved from a state-driven approach to more sectorspecific guidance. The 2018 Guiding Opinions for financial institutions mandated algorithm filing, risk disclosure, and manual intervention to mitigate pro-cyclicality risk in financial markets, highlighting a cautious approach to AI’s systemic impacts. The 2022 Deep Synthesis Provisions and the 2023 Generative AI Provisions set the stage for regulatory oversight, emphasising the adherence to socialist values, content reliability, and discrimination prevention. An AI Law is underway, proposing a framework for public-facing generative AI systems, including content standards, privacy respect, and a mandatory filing to the algorithm registry. The European Union’s AI Act, approved in February 2024, aims to ensure that AI technologies are safe and respect fundamental rights while fostering innovation and economic growth. This regulatory framework introduces a risk-based approach that categorises AI systems according to the risk they pose to users. For example, the act identifies specific applications of AI that pose unacceptable risks and are therefore prohibited. These include social scoring, manipulation or exploitation of vulnerabilities and certain uses of biometric identification. The EU AI Act also introduces governance rules for AI applications that might pose risks to health, safety, fundamental rights, the environment, democracy and the rule of law. For these high-risk categories, stringent regulatory requirements are set.	You use only the information contained in this prompt to respond to the prompt. Do not use any external sources of information or other knowledge in your response. 5.2 Regulatory models Bradford (2023) identifies three primary regulatory models, adopted in the US, China and the EU. The “market-driven” regulatory model in the US is characterised by a market-based approach that emphasises innovation, self-regulation and scepticism of government intervention. The “state-driven” regulatory model in China utilises technology for political objectives, and aims to grow the industry while exporting technology infrastructure. The “rights-driven” regulatory model of the EU is focused on protecting individual and societal rights and the equitable distribution of digital transformation gains. These regulatory models, while distinct, are not mutually exclusive and show a tendency to converge towards the principles highlighted above, as well as towards rather similar operationalisations. In the United States, the regulation of AI has evolved from voluntary guidance to executive actions. Initially, the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights in October 2022 laid foundational ethical considerations. This was followed by voluntary commitments from leading AI firms in July 2023, signalling industry readiness to address AI’s societal impacts. The shift towards regulatory oversight was marked by the Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI in November 2023, which mandated over 25 agencies to address AI-related harms, including security, privacy, and discrimination. These agencies are now tasked with establishing rules, funding research, assessing risks, and enforcing transparency through safety tests and reporting by AI developers. However, there has not been significant legislative action on AI regulation. China’s AI regulation has evolved from a state-driven approach to more sectorspecific guidance. The 2018 Guiding Opinions for financial institutions mandated algorithm filing, risk disclosure, and manual intervention to mitigate pro-cyclicality risk in financial markets, highlighting a cautious approach to AI’s systemic impacts. The 2022 Deep Synthesis Provisions and the 2023 Generative AI Provisions set the stage for regulatory oversight, emphasising the adherence to socialist values, content reliability, and discrimination prevention. An AI Law is underway, proposing a framework for public-facing generative AI systems, including content standards, privacy respect, and a mandatory filing to the algorithm registry. The European Union’s AI Act, approved in February 2024, aims to ensure that AI technologies are safe and respect fundamental rights while fostering innovation and economic growth. This regulatory framework introduces a risk-based approach that categorises AI systems according to the risk they pose to users. For example, the act identifies specific applications of AI that pose unacceptable risks and are therefore prohibited. These include social scoring, manipulation or exploitation of vulnerabilities and certain uses of biometric identification. The EU AI Act also introduces governance rules for AI applications that might pose risks to health, safety, fundamental rights, the environment, democracy and the rule of law. For these high-risk categories, stringent regulatory requirements are set. What sort of regulatory model might use a risk-based approach that categorizes specific applications of AI?	You use only the information contained in this prompt to respond to the prompt. Do not use any external sources of information or other knowledge in your response. EVIDENCE: 5.2 Regulatory models Bradford (2023) identifies three primary regulatory models, adopted in the US, China and the EU. The “market-driven” regulatory model in the US is characterised by a market-based approach that emphasises innovation, self-regulation and scepticism of government intervention. The “state-driven” regulatory model in China utilises technology for political objectives, and aims to grow the industry while exporting technology infrastructure. The “rights-driven” regulatory model of the EU is focused on protecting individual and societal rights and the equitable distribution of digital transformation gains. These regulatory models, while distinct, are not mutually exclusive and show a tendency to converge towards the principles highlighted above, as well as towards rather similar operationalisations. In the United States, the regulation of AI has evolved from voluntary guidance to executive actions. Initially, the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights in October 2022 laid foundational ethical considerations. This was followed by voluntary commitments from leading AI firms in July 2023, signalling industry readiness to address AI’s societal impacts. The shift towards regulatory oversight was marked by the Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI in November 2023, which mandated over 25 agencies to address AI-related harms, including security, privacy, and discrimination. These agencies are now tasked with establishing rules, funding research, assessing risks, and enforcing transparency through safety tests and reporting by AI developers. However, there has not been significant legislative action on AI regulation. China’s AI regulation has evolved from a state-driven approach to more sectorspecific guidance. The 2018 Guiding Opinions for financial institutions mandated algorithm filing, risk disclosure, and manual intervention to mitigate pro-cyclicality risk in financial markets, highlighting a cautious approach to AI’s systemic impacts. The 2022 Deep Synthesis Provisions and the 2023 Generative AI Provisions set the stage for regulatory oversight, emphasising the adherence to socialist values, content reliability, and discrimination prevention. An AI Law is underway, proposing a framework for public-facing generative AI systems, including content standards, privacy respect, and a mandatory filing to the algorithm registry. The European Union’s AI Act, approved in February 2024, aims to ensure that AI technologies are safe and respect fundamental rights while fostering innovation and economic growth. This regulatory framework introduces a risk-based approach that categorises AI systems according to the risk they pose to users. For example, the act identifies specific applications of AI that pose unacceptable risks and are therefore prohibited. These include social scoring, manipulation or exploitation of vulnerabilities and certain uses of biometric identification. The EU AI Act also introduces governance rules for AI applications that might pose risks to health, safety, fundamental rights, the environment, democracy and the rule of law. For these high-risk categories, stringent regulatory requirements are set. USER: What sort of regulatory model might use a risk-based approach that categorizes specific applications of AI? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	28	16	444	null	339
Only use the information provided in the prompt to answer the question. Use no external sources or prior knowledge. Use 150 words or less. Question: What are the differences between OSI RM and TCP/IP layers?	Question: What are the differences between OSI RM and TCP/IP layers?	2.2.2 ISO MODEL The International Standards Organization (ISO), based in Geneva Switzerland, is composed of groups for various countries that set standards working towards the establishment of world-wide standards for communication and data exchange. One notable accomplishment has been the development of a reference model that contains specifications for a network architecture for connecting dissimilar computers, with a main goal being that of producing an open and non-proprietary method of data communication. This reference model, called the Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model (OSI RM), was developed in 1981 (?) and revised in 1984. The OSI RM uses 7 layers, each independent of each other, to allow computers to exchange data. To transfer a message from user A to user B, the data has to pass through the 7 layers on user's A machine, before being transmitted through the selected medium. At the receiving computer of user B, the data must then pass through the 7 layers again, this time in reverse sequence, before being received by user B. For data to be transferred, it must pass through all 7 layers on both computers. Each layer follows a relatively strict specification and this allows the differing layers to be produced and implemented by different concerns. Each layer can then interface with its neighboring layers even though they may have been developed by different groups. One way of viewing the activities of the layers is that as the original message passes down the layers towards the medium on the computer of user A, additional information, for both formatting or addressing information, is added to the beginning or end of the message. The additional information is added to ensure correct communication. At the other end (i.e. at user B) this information is gradually stripped off at the data passes through the 7 layers - this time in reverse order. The layers are arranged in order as follows: Layer 7, Application Layer. This layer defines network applications such as error recovery, flow control and network access. Note that user applications are not part of the layers. Layer 6, Presentation Layer. This layer determines the format used to exchange data in such aspects as data translation, encryption and protocol conversion. The data from user A is translated to a common syntax that can be understood by user B. In this way it specifies how applications can connect to the network and to user B. Layer 5, Session Layer. This layer controls the communication session between computers. It is responsible for establishing and removing communication sessions between computers. Additional address translations and security are also performed. This layer therefore instigates a data transfer session between user A and user B so that an extended data transfer can take place. Layer 4, Transport Layer. This layer is responsible for ensuring that data is delivered free of error and provides some flow control. This layer ensures that data is transferred as part of the session instigated by the Session Layer. Layer 3, Network Layer. This layer handles the delivery of data by determining the route for the information to follow. The data is divided into packets with addressing information attached. It also translates address from names into numbers. Intermediate addresses are also attached. Layer 2, Data Link Layer. This layer defines the network control mechanism and prepares the packets for transmission. Layer 1, Physical Layer. This layer is concerned with the transmission of binary data between stations and defines the connections. The connection definition includes such aspects as mechanical, electrical,, topology and bandwidth aspects. At the receiving end the process is reversed so that the binary data that is received is translated back into the original message for User B. Note that each layer communicates only with it's immediate neighbors. For example the Transport Layer only communicates with the Session Layer and with the Network Layer. Each network architecture can be defined by a set of protocols for each of the layers. This allows for a degree of simplification and modularity in design. In spite of an enormous amount of worked and effort having been expended on the ISO RM, very little of it is in use compared to TCP/IP (described in the following section). Perhaps one reason is that the OSI RM is Internet Technologies Overview Page 2-3 extremely complex and it takes a long time to implement all the functions. However a more likely reason is that TCP/IP is in widespread use and has preempted much of the work on implementing the OSI RM. 2.2.3 TCP/IP The Internet grew out of the Cold War in the 1960s as a response to the issue of making sure that computer networks could survive a nuclear weapons attack. The problem was that a nuclear war could destroy much of the military communications and computer networks and that military control would then be lost. An approach was therefore needed whereby the networks could operate even when substantive portions had been destroyed. A number of possible network structures were proposed, with most using analogue approaches with relatively sophisticated mechanisms for making sure that network connections were maintained. Such approaches were difficult to implement effectively since all possible scenarios of damage to the network had to be preprogrammed into the network control algorithms. This structure was unwieldy and it was difficult to make changes to the network. Also proposed, but not implemented at that time, was the structure that was to form the basis of the Internet. This approach was based on a simple and elegant digital model of a very decentralized network and is described in more detail below. Such a network is digital in nature and was therefore dependent on readily available computing power. Such power was becoming available in the 1970s and it was then that the University of California at Berkeley received a contract from the United States Department of Defense to develop a computer network that would: 1. Operate on a wide variety of computer hardware with differing communications media 2. Reconfigure itself if portions of the network failed The earlier proposed network of data packets being directed by routers was implemented under this contract in a network structure formulated as a series of protocols which are described under the general heading of Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP is described in more detail later. 2.2.5 TCP/IP STRUCTURE TCP/IP consists of a whole series of protocols, applications and services that together support the powerful capabilities of Internet technologies. Whereas the OSI RM has seven layers the TCP/IP can be thought of as consisting of five layers: The application layer containing such protocols and applications as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMPT), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Telnet. The transport layer contains such protocols as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The Internet layer contains such protocols as Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) The data link layer and The physical layer handle the hardware connections. A wide variety of hardware network connections are possible ranging from token ring to Ethernet and from twisted pair cables to fiber optic cables. As with the OSI RM, each message that is being transmitted must be passed down through the layers to the hardware, while the reverse happens on the receiving machine. Another way of looking at the TCP/IP set is to categorize it into upper layers (the application layer) midlayers (the transport and Internet layer) and into lower layers (the data link and physical layers). The upper layers handle the applications, while the lower layers handle the hardware connections. The mid-layers form the core of TCP/IP. Note that not all protocols, applications and services are used on all sessions, rather each can be used under particular scenarios. For example TCP/IP is often combined with Ethernet for a specific hardware implementation. Ethernet is a protocol for the data link and physical layers that uses carrier-sense multipleaccess with collision detection (CSMA-CD). It is simple to install and is available for a wide range of computer hardware. An arrangement such as TCP/IP with Ethernet (with twisted pair cables) therefore covers the mid and lower layers. Alternatively TCP/IP may connect to a token ring network where transmission is only allowed if the node has a token passed to it from another node on the network. In this case the data link and physical layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite are concerned with the interface to the token ring network. It should be noted that this modular approach allows for a wide variety of configurations to be possible. Ironically, the modular approach also allows for the use of Internet technologies that address the upper layers (such as WWW browsers) to use non-TCP/IP networks (Novell networks as an example).	2.2.2 ISO MODEL The International Standards Organization (ISO), based in Geneva Switzerland, is composed of groups for various countries that set standards working towards the establishment of world-wide standards for communication and data exchange. One notable accomplishment has been the development of a reference model that contains specifications for a network architecture for connecting dissimilar computers, with a main goal being that of producing an open and non-proprietary method of data communication. This reference model, called the Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model (OSI RM), was developed in 1981 (?) and revised in 1984. The OSI RM uses 7 layers, each independent of each other, to allow computers to exchange data. To transfer a message from user A to user B, the data has to pass through the 7 layers on user's A machine, before being transmitted through the selected medium. At the receiving computer of user B, the data must then pass through the 7 layers again, this time in reverse sequence, before being received by user B. For data to be transferred, it must pass through all 7 layers on both computers. Each layer follows a relatively strict specification and this allows the differing layers to be produced and implemented by different concerns. Each layer can then interface with its neighboring layers even though they may have been developed by different groups. One way of viewing the activities of the layers is that as the original message passes down the layers towards the medium on the computer of user A, additional information, for both formatting or addressing information, is added to the beginning or end of the message. The additional information is added to ensure correct communication. At the other end (i.e. at user B) this information is gradually stripped off at the data passes through the 7 layers - this time in reverse order. The layers are arranged in order as follows: Layer 7, Application Layer. This layer defines network applications such as error recovery, flow control and network access. Note that user applications are not part of the layers. Layer 6, Presentation Layer. This layer determines the format used to exchange data in such aspects as data translation, encryption and protocol conversion. The data from user A is translated to a common syntax that can be understood by user B. In this way it specifies how applications can connect to the network and to user B. Layer 5, Session Layer. This layer controls the communication session between computers. It is responsible for establishing and removing communication sessions between computers. Additional address translations and security are also performed. This layer therefore instigates a data transfer session between user A and user B so that an extended data transfer can take place. Layer 4, Transport Layer. This layer is responsible for ensuring that data is delivered free of error and provides some flow control. This layer ensures that data is transferred as part of the session instigated by the Session Layer. Layer 3, Network Layer. This layer handles the delivery of data by determining the route for the information to follow. The data is divided into packets with addressing information attached. It also translates address from names into numbers. Intermediate addresses are also attached. Layer 2, Data Link Layer. This layer defines the network control mechanism and prepares the packets for transmission. Layer 1, Physical Layer. This layer is concerned with the transmission of binary data between stations and defines the connections. The connection definition includes such aspects as mechanical, electrical,, topology and bandwidth aspects. At the receiving end the process is reversed so that the binary data that is received is translated back into the original message for User B. Note that each layer communicates only with it's immediate neighbors. For example the Transport Layer only communicates with the Session Layer and with the Network Layer. Each network architecture can be defined by a set of protocols for each of the layers. This allows for a degree of simplification and modularity in design. In spite of an enormous amount of worked and effort having been expended on the ISO RM, very little of it is in use compared to TCP/IP (described in the following section). Perhaps one reason is that the OSI RM is Internet Technologies Overview Page 2-3 extremely complex and it takes a long time to implement all the functions. However a more likely reason is that TCP/IP is in widespread use and has preempted much of the work on implementing the OSI RM. 2.2.3 TCP/IP The Internet grew out of the Cold War in the 1960s as a response to the issue of making sure that computer networks could survive a nuclear weapons attack. The problem was that a nuclear war could destroy much of the military communications and computer networks and that military control would then be lost. An approach was therefore needed whereby the networks could operate even when substantive portions had been destroyed. A number of possible network structures were proposed, with most using analogue approaches with relatively sophisticated mechanisms for making sure that network connections were maintained. Such approaches were difficult to implement effectively since all possible scenarios of damage to the network had to be preprogrammed into the network control algorithms. This structure was unwieldy and it was difficult to make changes to the network. Also proposed, but not implemented at that time, was the structure that was to form the basis of the Internet. This approach was based on a simple and elegant digital model of a very decentralized network and is described in more detail below. Such a network is digital in nature and was therefore dependent on readily available computing power. Such power was becoming available in the 1970s and it was then that the University of California at Berkeley received a contract from the United States Department of Defense to develop a computer network that would: 1. Operate on a wide variety of computer hardware with differing communications media 2. Reconfigure itself if portions of the network failed The earlier proposed network of data packets being directed by routers was implemented under this contract in a network structure formulated as a series of protocols which are described under the general heading of Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP is described in more detail later. 2.2.5 TCP/IP STRUCTURE TCP/IP consists of a whole series of protocols, applications and services that together support the powerful capabilities of Internet technologies. Whereas the OSI RM has seven layers the TCP/IP can be thought of as consisting of five layers: The application layer containing such protocols and applications as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMPT), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Telnet. The transport layer contains such protocols as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The Internet layer contains such protocols as Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) The data link layer and The physical layer handle the hardware connections. A wide variety of hardware network connections are possible ranging from token ring to Ethernet and from twisted pair cables to fiber optic cables. As with the OSI RM, each message that is being transmitted must be passed down through the layers to the hardware, while the reverse happens on the receiving machine. Another way of looking at the TCP/IP set is to categorize it into upper layers (the application layer) midlayers (the transport and Internet layer) and into lower layers (the data link and physical layers). The upper layers handle the applications, while the lower layers handle the hardware connections. The mid-layers form the core of TCP/IP. Note that not all protocols, applications and services are used on all sessions, rather each can be used under particular scenarios. For example TCP/IP is often combined with Ethernet for a specific hardware implementation. Ethernet is a protocol for the data link and physical layers that uses carrier-sense multipleaccess with collision detection (CSMA-CD). It is simple to install and is available for a wide range of computer hardware. An arrangement such as TCP/IP with Ethernet (with twisted pair cables) therefore covers the mid and lower layers. Alternatively TCP/IP may connect to a token ring network where transmission is only allowed if the node has a token passed to it from another node on the network. In this case the data link and physical layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite are concerned with the interface to the token ring network. It should be noted that this modular approach allows for a wide variety of configurations to be possible. Ironically, the modular approach also allows for the use of Internet technologies that address the upper layers (such as WWW browsers) to use non-TCP/IP networks (Novell networks as an example). Only use the information provided in the prompt to answer the question. Use no external sources or prior knowledge. Use 150 words or less. Question: What are the differences between OSI RM and TCP/IP layers?	Only use the information provided in the prompt to answer the question. Use no external sources or prior knowledge. Use 150 words or less. Question: What are the differences between OSI RM and TCP/IP layers? EVIDENCE: 2.2.2 ISO MODEL The International Standards Organization (ISO), based in Geneva Switzerland, is composed of groups for various countries that set standards working towards the establishment of world-wide standards for communication and data exchange. One notable accomplishment has been the development of a reference model that contains specifications for a network architecture for connecting dissimilar computers, with a main goal being that of producing an open and non-proprietary method of data communication. This reference model, called the Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model (OSI RM), was developed in 1981 (?) and revised in 1984. The OSI RM uses 7 layers, each independent of each other, to allow computers to exchange data. To transfer a message from user A to user B, the data has to pass through the 7 layers on user's A machine, before being transmitted through the selected medium. At the receiving computer of user B, the data must then pass through the 7 layers again, this time in reverse sequence, before being received by user B. For data to be transferred, it must pass through all 7 layers on both computers. Each layer follows a relatively strict specification and this allows the differing layers to be produced and implemented by different concerns. Each layer can then interface with its neighboring layers even though they may have been developed by different groups. One way of viewing the activities of the layers is that as the original message passes down the layers towards the medium on the computer of user A, additional information, for both formatting or addressing information, is added to the beginning or end of the message. The additional information is added to ensure correct communication. At the other end (i.e. at user B) this information is gradually stripped off at the data passes through the 7 layers - this time in reverse order. The layers are arranged in order as follows: Layer 7, Application Layer. This layer defines network applications such as error recovery, flow control and network access. Note that user applications are not part of the layers. Layer 6, Presentation Layer. This layer determines the format used to exchange data in such aspects as data translation, encryption and protocol conversion. The data from user A is translated to a common syntax that can be understood by user B. In this way it specifies how applications can connect to the network and to user B. Layer 5, Session Layer. This layer controls the communication session between computers. It is responsible for establishing and removing communication sessions between computers. Additional address translations and security are also performed. This layer therefore instigates a data transfer session between user A and user B so that an extended data transfer can take place. Layer 4, Transport Layer. This layer is responsible for ensuring that data is delivered free of error and provides some flow control. This layer ensures that data is transferred as part of the session instigated by the Session Layer. Layer 3, Network Layer. This layer handles the delivery of data by determining the route for the information to follow. The data is divided into packets with addressing information attached. It also translates address from names into numbers. Intermediate addresses are also attached. Layer 2, Data Link Layer. This layer defines the network control mechanism and prepares the packets for transmission. Layer 1, Physical Layer. This layer is concerned with the transmission of binary data between stations and defines the connections. The connection definition includes such aspects as mechanical, electrical,, topology and bandwidth aspects. At the receiving end the process is reversed so that the binary data that is received is translated back into the original message for User B. Note that each layer communicates only with it's immediate neighbors. For example the Transport Layer only communicates with the Session Layer and with the Network Layer. Each network architecture can be defined by a set of protocols for each of the layers. This allows for a degree of simplification and modularity in design. In spite of an enormous amount of worked and effort having been expended on the ISO RM, very little of it is in use compared to TCP/IP (described in the following section). Perhaps one reason is that the OSI RM is Internet Technologies Overview Page 2-3 extremely complex and it takes a long time to implement all the functions. However a more likely reason is that TCP/IP is in widespread use and has preempted much of the work on implementing the OSI RM. 2.2.3 TCP/IP The Internet grew out of the Cold War in the 1960s as a response to the issue of making sure that computer networks could survive a nuclear weapons attack. The problem was that a nuclear war could destroy much of the military communications and computer networks and that military control would then be lost. An approach was therefore needed whereby the networks could operate even when substantive portions had been destroyed. A number of possible network structures were proposed, with most using analogue approaches with relatively sophisticated mechanisms for making sure that network connections were maintained. Such approaches were difficult to implement effectively since all possible scenarios of damage to the network had to be preprogrammed into the network control algorithms. This structure was unwieldy and it was difficult to make changes to the network. Also proposed, but not implemented at that time, was the structure that was to form the basis of the Internet. This approach was based on a simple and elegant digital model of a very decentralized network and is described in more detail below. Such a network is digital in nature and was therefore dependent on readily available computing power. Such power was becoming available in the 1970s and it was then that the University of California at Berkeley received a contract from the United States Department of Defense to develop a computer network that would: 1. Operate on a wide variety of computer hardware with differing communications media 2. Reconfigure itself if portions of the network failed The earlier proposed network of data packets being directed by routers was implemented under this contract in a network structure formulated as a series of protocols which are described under the general heading of Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP is described in more detail later. 2.2.5 TCP/IP STRUCTURE TCP/IP consists of a whole series of protocols, applications and services that together support the powerful capabilities of Internet technologies. Whereas the OSI RM has seven layers the TCP/IP can be thought of as consisting of five layers: The application layer containing such protocols and applications as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMPT), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Telnet. The transport layer contains such protocols as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The Internet layer contains such protocols as Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) The data link layer and The physical layer handle the hardware connections. A wide variety of hardware network connections are possible ranging from token ring to Ethernet and from twisted pair cables to fiber optic cables. As with the OSI RM, each message that is being transmitted must be passed down through the layers to the hardware, while the reverse happens on the receiving machine. Another way of looking at the TCP/IP set is to categorize it into upper layers (the application layer) midlayers (the transport and Internet layer) and into lower layers (the data link and physical layers). The upper layers handle the applications, while the lower layers handle the hardware connections. The mid-layers form the core of TCP/IP. Note that not all protocols, applications and services are used on all sessions, rather each can be used under particular scenarios. For example TCP/IP is often combined with Ethernet for a specific hardware implementation. Ethernet is a protocol for the data link and physical layers that uses carrier-sense multipleaccess with collision detection (CSMA-CD). It is simple to install and is available for a wide range of computer hardware. An arrangement such as TCP/IP with Ethernet (with twisted pair cables) therefore covers the mid and lower layers. Alternatively TCP/IP may connect to a token ring network where transmission is only allowed if the node has a token passed to it from another node on the network. In this case the data link and physical layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite are concerned with the interface to the token ring network. It should be noted that this modular approach allows for a wide variety of configurations to be possible. Ironically, the modular approach also allows for the use of Internet technologies that address the upper layers (such as WWW browsers) to use non-TCP/IP networks (Novell networks as an example). USER: Question: What are the differences between OSI RM and TCP/IP layers? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	35	11	1,463	null	188
If you cannot answer using the context alone, say "I cannot determine the answer to that due to lack of context".	How many earned media impressions did Billie get with their product marketing campaign?	Product Marketing Strategy An effective product marketing strategy can be the key to growing your brand, boosting revenue, and unlocking new opportunities. Focused on demonstrating the specific values and benefits of a product to your customer, a product marketing campaign can be extremely valuable in both B2B and B2C environments, particularly as customer-centric advertising grows more popular. Unfortunately, there are still countless people who don’t understand what product marketing actually means. Only around 5% of product marketers are convinced their role is fully understood, even among business leaders. Today, we’re going to be defining product marketing, exploring what it can do for your business, and providing top tips on how to use product marketing more effectively. Product marketing is the art and science of bringing a product to market. It involves various strategic marketing and sales tactics, as well as long-term lead nurturing, up-selling, and cross-selling techniques. A product marketing strategy is the exact plan a company uses to bring their product to their audience. Your strategy will usually include things like figuring out the positioning and messaging you want to link to your product, launching the product, and ensuring customers and salespeople understand what it can do. Strategies can also cover insights into how various teams (production, marketing, sales, and customer support) will work together to drive demand and usage of a product. While this might sound the same as conventional marketing, product marketing is slightly more focused. Part of the “7 P’s of marketing”, product marketing focuses specifically on product, while your other marketing campaigns might focus on people, prices, promotion, place, packaging, and positioning. Product Marketing Strategy Example Product marketing is focused on the steps people take to purchase your products, and how you can support people in adopting and using that product. Let’s take a look at a classic example. Apple is a household name in a highly competitive technology market. To stand out from the crowd, Apple ensures its products are beautifully well-designed, easy to use, and convenient. Apple’s product marketing strategy focuses specifically on the benefits it can deliver to users, rather than just listing the features you can get from each item. Apple’s language in virtually every product page and marketing campaign concentrates on telling consumers what they can do, and what they’ll be able to accomplish. Apple tells a narrative with its marketing content which helps the customer imagine the challenges they can overcome. For another example, look at Billie, a woman’s razor brand well known for the #ProjectBodyHair campaign. This started with a TV campaign that actually showed body hair in women’s razor ads – something which hadn’t been done before. The idea for this campaign came from the product team, who researched the market to find out customers didn’t like seeing ads where customers didn’t have body hair. Combine this with the rising demand from women to be portrayed realistically in the media, and Billie had an excellent product marketing campaign. In fact, it generated 3.3 billion earned media impressions across 23 countries. Why You Need a Product Marketing Strategy Product marketing strategies are all about understanding your audience’s needs, and positioning your product in a way that grabs attention. Developing the right product for your market and ensuring you present it in a way that captures audience attention is essential for growth. With a product marketing strategy, you can: Improve your understanding of your customer: Implementing a product marketing strategy requires companies to conduct in-depth research into their target audience. You learn what your customers need to see in your product to determine whether it’s valuable to them, and their lives. Understanding why customers gravitate toward your products will help you to create better buyer personas and more relevant campaigns. In other words, you’ll speak your customer’s language. Understand your competitors While you’re building your product marketing strategy, you’ll need to look at your wider market and determine how your product or service is different from other existing options. You can compare your strategy to those of your competitors, and get a better insight into what you’re going up against. With in-depth competitor research, you’ll be able to differentiate yourself more clearly in your target market and ensure you’re positioned appropriately in your chosen industry. After you’ve assessed your competition, ask yourself: How is my product suitable for today’s market? How is this product different from competing products? Can we differentiate our product even further (with extra features, pricing changes, etc)? Ensure your teams are on the same page When you know exactly what makes your product stand out and why customers want it, it’s much easier to give your teams a consistent view of their purpose, and your brand’s mission. With a strong product marketing strategy, you can align your product, sales, marketing, and service teams around a shared understanding of your company’s purpose. When everyone in your team has a better understanding of the purpose of the product you’re selling and why it’s so beneficial, they’ll be more likely to communicate this information correctly. Boost revenue and sales Ultimately, customers have endless options when it comes to where they can spend their money these days. The only way to ensure they come to you instead of the competition, is to position your product as the best possible option for their needs. Building a product marketing strategy that gives you an in-depth understanding of your customers will help you to generate more sales, through more personalized marketing. Remember, around 72% of customers say they expect businesses they buy from to understand them as individuals. How to Develop Your Own Product Marketing Strategy A good product marketing strategy should guide the positioning, promotion, and pricing of your product. With this plan, you should be able to take your product from the “development” stage, all the way through to launch with a clear vision. Here’s how you can get started. Step 1: Get to Know Your Product’s Target Audience A strong product marketing strategy begins with a deep knowledge of your target audience. You’ll need to define a specific target audience and create a buyer persona to help you understand the pain points, expectations, and requirements of that client. The more information you can include in your personas, the better. You’ll need to know where your target customer comes from, what kind of issues they’re facing, why they might want your product, and even how much they earn on a regular basis. The more data you have, the more you’ll be able to ensure all the aspects of your product marketing strategy are targeted to the right person. Step 2: Conduct market research After you’re done with your customer research, the next step is figuring out where your product is positioned in the context of the wider market. Look at the other products similar to yours that exist in the current market. What exactly can these products offer? Perform a full analysis of each item, thinking about: What your product can do better What your competitor’s product does well Whether people are happy with the product, or what their overall response is Answering these questions will help you to choose a position for yourself in your chosen market. Step 3: Determine your positioning and messaging With this knowledge of your target audience and your competition, you’ll be able to start investing in positioning and messaging strategies. Positioning involves thinking about where your product exists in the market in the context of other brands and solutions. For instance, is your product one of the cheapest on the market, or one of the most expensive? Do you offer the widest selection of features, or a specific focus on customer service your customers love? The positioning you discover will help you to determine what you need to emphasize in your messaging (such as excellent service, or low prices). Some of the questions you’ll need to answer when developing your positioning and messaging include: What makes this product unique? Why is this product better than our competitors? Why is our product ideal for our target audience? What will our audience get out of this product they can’t get elsewhere? Why should customers trust and invest in our product? Once you’ve answered these questions, you should be able to create an elevator pitch that describes everything someone would need to know about your product in an exciting, compact way. Step 4: Create your go-to-market strategy Now it’s time to think about how you’re going to bring your product to customers. dentify which personas you’re going to be targeting with your product, and how you’re going to be capturing their attention with your messaging strategy. Think about how you’re going to price your product, and what kind of methods you’re going to be using for selling. For instance, do you want to sell through distributors or direct to customers? You can also use this stage to consider the kind of marketing methods you’re going to use, like social media marketing, or content campaigns. At this stage, you can utilize a graphic design maker for compelling visual content across your marketing campaigns. As you choose marketing automation and sales strategies, also select KPIs you’ll want to measure as you progress to see whether your product marketing strategy is successful. Brief your sales and marketing leaders on your go-to-market strategy and ensure they have all the resources they need to do their job, such as advertising tools, product samples, brand guidelines, and go-to market strategy templates. Step 5: Launch, monitor, and optimize Finally, you’ll be ready to launch your product. There are two aspects to the “launch” for most companies. Internal launches involve introducing everyone in your team to your product’s main benefits and features, which you’ll need to do before anything else.	<text passage> Product Marketing Strategy An effective product marketing strategy can be the key to growing your brand, boosting revenue, and unlocking new opportunities. Focused on demonstrating the specific values and benefits of a product to your customer, a product marketing campaign can be extremely valuable in both B2B and B2C environments, particularly as customer-centric advertising grows more popular. Unfortunately, there are still countless people who don’t understand what product marketing actually means. Only around 5% of product marketers are convinced their role is fully understood, even among business leaders. Today, we’re going to be defining product marketing, exploring what it can do for your business, and providing top tips on how to use product marketing more effectively. Product marketing is the art and science of bringing a product to market. It involves various strategic marketing and sales tactics, as well as long-term lead nurturing, up-selling, and cross-selling techniques. A product marketing strategy is the exact plan a company uses to bring their product to their audience. Your strategy will usually include things like figuring out the positioning and messaging you want to link to your product, launching the product, and ensuring customers and salespeople understand what it can do. Strategies can also cover insights into how various teams (production, marketing, sales, and customer support) will work together to drive demand and usage of a product. While this might sound the same as conventional marketing, product marketing is slightly more focused. Part of the “7 P’s of marketing”, product marketing focuses specifically on product, while your other marketing campaigns might focus on people, prices, promotion, place, packaging, and positioning. Product Marketing Strategy Example Product marketing is focused on the steps people take to purchase your products, and how you can support people in adopting and using that product. Let’s take a look at a classic example. Apple is a household name in a highly competitive technology market. To stand out from the crowd, Apple ensures its products are beautifully well-designed, easy to use, and convenient. Apple’s product marketing strategy focuses specifically on the benefits it can deliver to users, rather than just listing the features you can get from each item. Apple’s language in virtually every product page and marketing campaign concentrates on telling consumers what they can do, and what they’ll be able to accomplish. Apple tells a narrative with its marketing content which helps the customer imagine the challenges they can overcome. For another example, look at Billie, a woman’s razor brand well known for the #ProjectBodyHair campaign. This started with a TV campaign that actually showed body hair in women’s razor ads – something which hadn’t been done before. The idea for this campaign came from the product team, who researched the market to find out customers didn’t like seeing ads where customers didn’t have body hair. Combine this with the rising demand from women to be portrayed realistically in the media, and Billie had an excellent product marketing campaign. In fact, it generated 3.3 billion earned media impressions across 23 countries. Why You Need a Product Marketing Strategy Product marketing strategies are all about understanding your audience’s needs, and positioning your product in a way that grabs attention. Developing the right product for your market and ensuring you present it in a way that captures audience attention is essential for growth. With a product marketing strategy, you can: Improve your understanding of your customer: Implementing a product marketing strategy requires companies to conduct in-depth research into their target audience. You learn what your customers need to see in your product to determine whether it’s valuable to them, and their lives. Understanding why customers gravitate toward your products will help you to create better buyer personas and more relevant campaigns. In other words, you’ll speak your customer’s language. Understand your competitors While you’re building your product marketing strategy, you’ll need to look at your wider market and determine how your product or service is different from other existing options. You can compare your strategy to those of your competitors, and get a better insight into what you’re going up against. With in-depth competitor research, you’ll be able to differentiate yourself more clearly in your target market and ensure you’re positioned appropriately in your chosen industry. After you’ve assessed your competition, ask yourself: How is my product suitable for today’s market? How is this product different from competing products? Can we differentiate our product even further (with extra features, pricing changes, etc)? Ensure your teams are on the same page When you know exactly what makes your product stand out and why customers want it, it’s much easier to give your teams a consistent view of their purpose, and your brand’s mission. With a strong product marketing strategy, you can align your product, sales, marketing, and service teams around a shared understanding of your company’s purpose. When everyone in your team has a better understanding of the purpose of the product you’re selling and why it’s so beneficial, they’ll be more likely to communicate this information correctly. Boost revenue and sales Ultimately, customers have endless options when it comes to where they can spend their money these days. The only way to ensure they come to you instead of the competition, is to position your product as the best possible option for their needs. Building a product marketing strategy that gives you an in-depth understanding of your customers will help you to generate more sales, through more personalized marketing. Remember, around 72% of customers say they expect businesses they buy from to understand them as individuals. How to Develop Your Own Product Marketing Strategy A good product marketing strategy should guide the positioning, promotion, and pricing of your product. With this plan, you should be able to take your product from the “development” stage, all the way through to launch with a clear vision. Here’s how you can get started. Step 1: Get to Know Your Product’s Target Audience A strong product marketing strategy begins with a deep knowledge of your target audience. You’ll need to define a specific target audience and create a buyer persona to help you understand the pain points, expectations, and requirements of that client. The more information you can include in your personas, the better. You’ll need to know where your target customer comes from, what kind of issues they’re facing, why they might want your product, and even how much they earn on a regular basis. The more data you have, the more you’ll be able to ensure all the aspects of your product marketing strategy are targeted to the right person. Step 2: Conduct market research After you’re done with your customer research, the next step is figuring out where your product is positioned in the context of the wider market. Look at the other products similar to yours that exist in the current market. What exactly can these products offer? Perform a full analysis of each item, thinking about: What your product can do better What your competitor’s product does well Whether people are happy with the product, or what their overall response is Answering these questions will help you to choose a position for yourself in your chosen market. Step 3: Determine your positioning and messaging With this knowledge of your target audience and your competition, you’ll be able to start investing in positioning and messaging strategies. Positioning involves thinking about where your product exists in the market in the context of other brands and solutions. For instance, is your product one of the cheapest on the market, or one of the most expensive? Do you offer the widest selection of features, or a specific focus on customer service your customers love? The positioning you discover will help you to determine what you need to emphasize in your messaging (such as excellent service, or low prices). Some of the questions you’ll need to answer when developing your positioning and messaging include: What makes this product unique? Why is this product better than our competitors? Why is our product ideal for our target audience? What will our audience get out of this product they can’t get elsewhere? Why should customers trust and invest in our product? Once you’ve answered these questions, you should be able to create an elevator pitch that describes everything someone would need to know about your product in an exciting, compact way. Step 4: Create your go-to-market strategy Now it’s time to think about how you’re going to bring your product to customers. dentify which personas you’re going to be targeting with your product, and how you’re going to be capturing their attention with your messaging strategy. Think about how you’re going to price your product, and what kind of methods you’re going to be using for selling. For instance, do you want to sell through distributors or direct to customers? You can also use this stage to consider the kind of marketing methods you’re going to use, like social media marketing, or content campaigns. At this stage, you can utilize a graphic design maker for compelling visual content across your marketing campaigns. As you choose marketing automation and sales strategies, also select KPIs you’ll want to measure as you progress to see whether your product marketing strategy is successful. Brief your sales and marketing leaders on your go-to-market strategy and ensure they have all the resources they need to do their job, such as advertising tools, product samples, brand guidelines, and go-to market strategy templates. Step 5: Launch, monitor, and optimize Finally, you’ll be ready to launch your product. There are two aspects to the “launch” for most companies. Internal launches involve introducing everyone in your team to your product’s main benefits and features, which you’ll need to do before anything else. ================ <instructions> If you cannot answer using the context alone, say "I cannot determine the answer to that due to lack of context". ================ <question> How many earned media impressions did Billie get with their product marketing campaign?	If you cannot answer using the context alone, say "I cannot determine the answer to that due to lack of context". EVIDENCE: Product Marketing Strategy An effective product marketing strategy can be the key to growing your brand, boosting revenue, and unlocking new opportunities. Focused on demonstrating the specific values and benefits of a product to your customer, a product marketing campaign can be extremely valuable in both B2B and B2C environments, particularly as customer-centric advertising grows more popular. Unfortunately, there are still countless people who don’t understand what product marketing actually means. Only around 5% of product marketers are convinced their role is fully understood, even among business leaders. Today, we’re going to be defining product marketing, exploring what it can do for your business, and providing top tips on how to use product marketing more effectively. Product marketing is the art and science of bringing a product to market. It involves various strategic marketing and sales tactics, as well as long-term lead nurturing, up-selling, and cross-selling techniques. A product marketing strategy is the exact plan a company uses to bring their product to their audience. Your strategy will usually include things like figuring out the positioning and messaging you want to link to your product, launching the product, and ensuring customers and salespeople understand what it can do. Strategies can also cover insights into how various teams (production, marketing, sales, and customer support) will work together to drive demand and usage of a product. While this might sound the same as conventional marketing, product marketing is slightly more focused. Part of the “7 P’s of marketing”, product marketing focuses specifically on product, while your other marketing campaigns might focus on people, prices, promotion, place, packaging, and positioning. Product Marketing Strategy Example Product marketing is focused on the steps people take to purchase your products, and how you can support people in adopting and using that product. Let’s take a look at a classic example. Apple is a household name in a highly competitive technology market. To stand out from the crowd, Apple ensures its products are beautifully well-designed, easy to use, and convenient. Apple’s product marketing strategy focuses specifically on the benefits it can deliver to users, rather than just listing the features you can get from each item. Apple’s language in virtually every product page and marketing campaign concentrates on telling consumers what they can do, and what they’ll be able to accomplish. Apple tells a narrative with its marketing content which helps the customer imagine the challenges they can overcome. For another example, look at Billie, a woman’s razor brand well known for the #ProjectBodyHair campaign. This started with a TV campaign that actually showed body hair in women’s razor ads – something which hadn’t been done before. The idea for this campaign came from the product team, who researched the market to find out customers didn’t like seeing ads where customers didn’t have body hair. Combine this with the rising demand from women to be portrayed realistically in the media, and Billie had an excellent product marketing campaign. In fact, it generated 3.3 billion earned media impressions across 23 countries. Why You Need a Product Marketing Strategy Product marketing strategies are all about understanding your audience’s needs, and positioning your product in a way that grabs attention. Developing the right product for your market and ensuring you present it in a way that captures audience attention is essential for growth. With a product marketing strategy, you can: Improve your understanding of your customer: Implementing a product marketing strategy requires companies to conduct in-depth research into their target audience. You learn what your customers need to see in your product to determine whether it’s valuable to them, and their lives. Understanding why customers gravitate toward your products will help you to create better buyer personas and more relevant campaigns. In other words, you’ll speak your customer’s language. Understand your competitors While you’re building your product marketing strategy, you’ll need to look at your wider market and determine how your product or service is different from other existing options. You can compare your strategy to those of your competitors, and get a better insight into what you’re going up against. With in-depth competitor research, you’ll be able to differentiate yourself more clearly in your target market and ensure you’re positioned appropriately in your chosen industry. After you’ve assessed your competition, ask yourself: How is my product suitable for today’s market? How is this product different from competing products? Can we differentiate our product even further (with extra features, pricing changes, etc)? Ensure your teams are on the same page When you know exactly what makes your product stand out and why customers want it, it’s much easier to give your teams a consistent view of their purpose, and your brand’s mission. With a strong product marketing strategy, you can align your product, sales, marketing, and service teams around a shared understanding of your company’s purpose. When everyone in your team has a better understanding of the purpose of the product you’re selling and why it’s so beneficial, they’ll be more likely to communicate this information correctly. Boost revenue and sales Ultimately, customers have endless options when it comes to where they can spend their money these days. The only way to ensure they come to you instead of the competition, is to position your product as the best possible option for their needs. Building a product marketing strategy that gives you an in-depth understanding of your customers will help you to generate more sales, through more personalized marketing. Remember, around 72% of customers say they expect businesses they buy from to understand them as individuals. How to Develop Your Own Product Marketing Strategy A good product marketing strategy should guide the positioning, promotion, and pricing of your product. With this plan, you should be able to take your product from the “development” stage, all the way through to launch with a clear vision. Here’s how you can get started. Step 1: Get to Know Your Product’s Target Audience A strong product marketing strategy begins with a deep knowledge of your target audience. You’ll need to define a specific target audience and create a buyer persona to help you understand the pain points, expectations, and requirements of that client. The more information you can include in your personas, the better. You’ll need to know where your target customer comes from, what kind of issues they’re facing, why they might want your product, and even how much they earn on a regular basis. The more data you have, the more you’ll be able to ensure all the aspects of your product marketing strategy are targeted to the right person. Step 2: Conduct market research After you’re done with your customer research, the next step is figuring out where your product is positioned in the context of the wider market. Look at the other products similar to yours that exist in the current market. What exactly can these products offer? Perform a full analysis of each item, thinking about: What your product can do better What your competitor’s product does well Whether people are happy with the product, or what their overall response is Answering these questions will help you to choose a position for yourself in your chosen market. Step 3: Determine your positioning and messaging With this knowledge of your target audience and your competition, you’ll be able to start investing in positioning and messaging strategies. Positioning involves thinking about where your product exists in the market in the context of other brands and solutions. For instance, is your product one of the cheapest on the market, or one of the most expensive? Do you offer the widest selection of features, or a specific focus on customer service your customers love? The positioning you discover will help you to determine what you need to emphasize in your messaging (such as excellent service, or low prices). Some of the questions you’ll need to answer when developing your positioning and messaging include: What makes this product unique? Why is this product better than our competitors? Why is our product ideal for our target audience? What will our audience get out of this product they can’t get elsewhere? Why should customers trust and invest in our product? Once you’ve answered these questions, you should be able to create an elevator pitch that describes everything someone would need to know about your product in an exciting, compact way. Step 4: Create your go-to-market strategy Now it’s time to think about how you’re going to bring your product to customers. dentify which personas you’re going to be targeting with your product, and how you’re going to be capturing their attention with your messaging strategy. Think about how you’re going to price your product, and what kind of methods you’re going to be using for selling. For instance, do you want to sell through distributors or direct to customers? You can also use this stage to consider the kind of marketing methods you’re going to use, like social media marketing, or content campaigns. At this stage, you can utilize a graphic design maker for compelling visual content across your marketing campaigns. As you choose marketing automation and sales strategies, also select KPIs you’ll want to measure as you progress to see whether your product marketing strategy is successful. Brief your sales and marketing leaders on your go-to-market strategy and ensure they have all the resources they need to do their job, such as advertising tools, product samples, brand guidelines, and go-to market strategy templates. Step 5: Launch, monitor, and optimize Finally, you’ll be ready to launch your product. There are two aspects to the “launch” for most companies. Internal launches involve introducing everyone in your team to your product’s main benefits and features, which you’ll need to do before anything else. USER: How many earned media impressions did Billie get with their product marketing campaign? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	21	13	1,625	null	403
<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document]	Over the past 50 the percentage of Americans suffering from obesity has increased dramatically. Is it our fault we're becoming fatter? What role does the quality of food and crops play? What role do additives, synthetic chemicals, hormones, and GMO crops play? Is the government doing enough to protect us? How do we avoid or lessen our exposure to toxic chemicals?	Chemicals in our food may be contributing to weight gain It’s no secret rates of overweight, obesity and other metabolic diseases are skyrocketing. And food is a big part of the problem, though not in the way you might think. It isn’t just how many calories we consume and burn. The nutritional value of food and how much it’s processed also play a role in how what we eat affects our weight. Another likely culprit behind weight gain is the harmful chemicals in what we consume. Some of these substances, called obesogens, can contribute to weight gain and lead to obesity, in turn raising a person’s risk of heart disease and other serious health problems. Scientists have found evidence of about 50 of these chemicals. They can be found in many consumer products, as well as in polluted air and water. But one of the most important ways we’re exposed is by consuming contaminated food. Harmful ingredients hiding in plain sight Studies show a link between highly processed foods – typically not very nutritious, with high levels of trans fat, sugar and sodium – and higher risk of metabolic diseases that, in turn, can lead to health problems, including heart disease, stroke and cancer, which are significant causes of preventable illness and death. Processed foods, from fast food to some “healthy” products like protein bars and vegetarian microwave meals, often have many artificial ingredients, such as sweeteners, flavor enhancers and preservatives, some of which are obesogens. Some obesogens occur naturally in food. One, fructose, accounts for about 40 percent of sweeteners we consume. But most obesogens in food are artificial chemicals, some added intentionally, particularly in highly processed food. Others contaminate food indirectly, through packaging, residual pesticides, or legacy environmental contamination from industrial chemicals, pesticides and heavy metals. Food additives MSG is a common flavor enhancer that shows obesogenic effects in animals. Artificial sweeteners – particularly aspartame, sucralose and saccharin – is another obesogen found in a wide range of low-calorie and diet food and beverage products. Research suggests some may be obesogenic and others, like most chemicals, haven’t been studied enough for us to know whether they are or not. The preservatives BHA and methyl and butyl paraben are likely obesogenic and can be found in everything from vegetable oils to processed meat and chewing gum to potato chips. Several emulsifiers are potential obesogens. Food contaminants BPA migrates from food packaging into food. PFOA is one of the most notorious types of the “forever chemicals” known as PFAS, used in nonstick cookware, cooking implements and food packaging like takeout containers. PCBs, once used in industrial materials like paint, varnish, plastic, pesticides and coolants, still make their way into some animal products, though they’ve been banned since 1979. Flame retardants – used to treat clothing, bedding, electronics and children’s products, among other items – get into our waterways and eventually our food. Many pesticides have obesogenic properties. Even banned pesticides enter the food supply, because they persist in land used for crops. Regulating or banning obesogens in food Our focus must shift from considering overweight and obesity the result of a personal, moral failing to treating it as a result of environmental exposures and inequitable access to healthy food. This change may already be starting: Some physicians are beginning to approach obesity in their clinical practices from this perspective and looking for ways to limit exposures as an approach to weight loss. But it’s up to the government to protect us from these chemicals: The FDA, Department of Defense and Environmental Protection Agency must ban or restrict the most pervasive and harmful food chemicals. To make sure we face less exposure to these harmful chemicals, lawmakers and regulators must: • Develop greater transparency in food labeling. • Issue stronger recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines, to address other food additives, in addition to natural and artificial sweeteners, sodium and saturated fat. • Provide more funding for programs improving accessibility and availability of healthier food options. • Look for new ways to address environmental injustices that promote racial and ethnic disparities in exposure to obesogens in food. In addition, the White House Conference on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health on September 28 will shine a light on obesogens, among other issues – a chance to meaningfully reduce our exposure to these chemicals. EWG is part of a coalition of organizations that called on President Joe Biden to implement numerous changes to improve Americans’ food, nutrition and health. Two changes would protect us from ongoing exposure to obesogens: • Closing the regulatory loophole that allows chemical companies to introduce new chemicals, some of them obesogens, into the supply chain without approval from the FDA. Many of these substances have never undergone a safety review by the FDA. • Requiring the FDA to identify and reassess food chemicals of concern, including obesogens, already in use. The FDA doesn’t have to routinely reassess the safety of these chemicals. So substances like PFAS, BPA and phthalates remain in use long after evidence emerges linking them to harm to our metabolism and other health risks. What you can do Many obesogens are, at best, tough to avoid. But you can limit your exposure to chemicals added to food intentionally, especially some artificial sweeteners, preservatives and added sugars, like high-fructose corn syrup. To reduce your exposure to harmful chemicals: • Find out about additive names and study the labels of foods you buy to learn what you’re consuming (and can avoid). • Eat lower on the food chain – fresh produce, beans and whole grains don’t contain food additives. • Choose organic fruit and vegetables, when you can, to lower your exposure to pesticides. Consult EWG’s Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce™ to see which are best to eat organic and which are OK to eat non-organic, if necessary. • Choose organic animal products – or eat less and find other protein sources instead. Antibiotics and hormones accumulate in non-organic animal products. • Avoid plastic and grease- and waterproof food packaging. (And eat less takeout – the packaging may contain PFAS or plastic additives.) • Use glass, ceramic or stainless steel instead of nonstick for cookware, and wood and stainless steel for cooking utensils. • Instead of plastic, use glass, ceramic, or stainless steel containers to store and microwave food. • For water on the go, use stainless steel bottles rather than plastic, which may leach phthalates and BPA. • Avoid plastic labeled with code 7, which indicates the presence of BPA, or 3, which indicates PVC. • Consult EWG’s Tap Water Database to see what’s in your water. Then see which filter is best for your own situation. Avoid bottled water – it may be no better than tap water, and the plastic leaches into the water.	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> Over the past 50 the percentage of Americans suffering from obesity has increased dramatically. Is it our fault we're becoming fatter? What role does the quality of food and crops play? What role do additives, synthetic chemicals, hormones, and GMO crops play? Is the government doing enough to protect us? How do we avoid or lessen our exposure to toxic chemicals? <TEXT> Chemicals in our food may be contributing to weight gain It’s no secret rates of overweight, obesity and other metabolic diseases are skyrocketing. And food is a big part of the problem, though not in the way you might think. It isn’t just how many calories we consume and burn. The nutritional value of food and how much it’s processed also play a role in how what we eat affects our weight. Another likely culprit behind weight gain is the harmful chemicals in what we consume. Some of these substances, called obesogens, can contribute to weight gain and lead to obesity, in turn raising a person’s risk of heart disease and other serious health problems. Scientists have found evidence of about 50 of these chemicals. They can be found in many consumer products, as well as in polluted air and water. But one of the most important ways we’re exposed is by consuming contaminated food. Harmful ingredients hiding in plain sight Studies show a link between highly processed foods – typically not very nutritious, with high levels of trans fat, sugar and sodium – and higher risk of metabolic diseases that, in turn, can lead to health problems, including heart disease, stroke and cancer, which are significant causes of preventable illness and death. Processed foods, from fast food to some “healthy” products like protein bars and vegetarian microwave meals, often have many artificial ingredients, such as sweeteners, flavor enhancers and preservatives, some of which are obesogens. Some obesogens occur naturally in food. One, fructose, accounts for about 40 percent of sweeteners we consume. But most obesogens in food are artificial chemicals, some added intentionally, particularly in highly processed food. Others contaminate food indirectly, through packaging, residual pesticides, or legacy environmental contamination from industrial chemicals, pesticides and heavy metals. Food additives MSG is a common flavor enhancer that shows obesogenic effects in animals. Artificial sweeteners – particularly aspartame, sucralose and saccharin – is another obesogen found in a wide range of low-calorie and diet food and beverage products. Research suggests some may be obesogenic and others, like most chemicals, haven’t been studied enough for us to know whether they are or not. The preservatives BHA and methyl and butyl paraben are likely obesogenic and can be found in everything from vegetable oils to processed meat and chewing gum to potato chips. Several emulsifiers are potential obesogens. Food contaminants BPA migrates from food packaging into food. PFOA is one of the most notorious types of the “forever chemicals” known as PFAS, used in nonstick cookware, cooking implements and food packaging like takeout containers. PCBs, once used in industrial materials like paint, varnish, plastic, pesticides and coolants, still make their way into some animal products, though they’ve been banned since 1979. Flame retardants – used to treat clothing, bedding, electronics and children’s products, among other items – get into our waterways and eventually our food. Many pesticides have obesogenic properties. Even banned pesticides enter the food supply, because they persist in land used for crops. Regulating or banning obesogens in food Our focus must shift from considering overweight and obesity the result of a personal, moral failing to treating it as a result of environmental exposures and inequitable access to healthy food. This change may already be starting: Some physicians are beginning to approach obesity in their clinical practices from this perspective and looking for ways to limit exposures as an approach to weight loss. But it’s up to the government to protect us from these chemicals: The FDA, Department of Defense and Environmental Protection Agency must ban or restrict the most pervasive and harmful food chemicals. To make sure we face less exposure to these harmful chemicals, lawmakers and regulators must: • Develop greater transparency in food labeling. • Issue stronger recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines, to address other food additives, in addition to natural and artificial sweeteners, sodium and saturated fat. • Provide more funding for programs improving accessibility and availability of healthier food options. • Look for new ways to address environmental injustices that promote racial and ethnic disparities in exposure to obesogens in food. In addition, the White House Conference on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health on September 28 will shine a light on obesogens, among other issues – a chance to meaningfully reduce our exposure to these chemicals. EWG is part of a coalition of organizations that called on President Joe Biden to implement numerous changes to improve Americans’ food, nutrition and health. Two changes would protect us from ongoing exposure to obesogens: • Closing the regulatory loophole that allows chemical companies to introduce new chemicals, some of them obesogens, into the supply chain without approval from the FDA. Many of these substances have never undergone a safety review by the FDA. • Requiring the FDA to identify and reassess food chemicals of concern, including obesogens, already in use. The FDA doesn’t have to routinely reassess the safety of these chemicals. So substances like PFAS, BPA and phthalates remain in use long after evidence emerges linking them to harm to our metabolism and other health risks. What you can do Many obesogens are, at best, tough to avoid. But you can limit your exposure to chemicals added to food intentionally, especially some artificial sweeteners, preservatives and added sugars, like high-fructose corn syrup. To reduce your exposure to harmful chemicals: • Find out about additive names and study the labels of foods you buy to learn what you’re consuming (and can avoid). • Eat lower on the food chain – fresh produce, beans and whole grains don’t contain food additives. • Choose organic fruit and vegetables, when you can, to lower your exposure to pesticides. Consult EWG’s Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce™ to see which are best to eat organic and which are OK to eat non-organic, if necessary. • Choose organic animal products – or eat less and find other protein sources instead. Antibiotics and hormones accumulate in non-organic animal products. • Avoid plastic and grease- and waterproof food packaging. (And eat less takeout – the packaging may contain PFAS or plastic additives.) • Use glass, ceramic or stainless steel instead of nonstick for cookware, and wood and stainless steel for cooking utensils. • Instead of plastic, use glass, ceramic, or stainless steel containers to store and microwave food. • For water on the go, use stainless steel bottles rather than plastic, which may leach phthalates and BPA. • Avoid plastic labeled with code 7, which indicates the presence of BPA, or 3, which indicates PVC. • Consult EWG’s Tap Water Database to see what’s in your water. Then see which filter is best for your own situation. Avoid bottled water – it may be no better than tap water, and the plastic leaches into the water. https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/2022/09/chemicals-our-food-may-be-contributing-weight-gain	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document] EVIDENCE: Chemicals in our food may be contributing to weight gain It’s no secret rates of overweight, obesity and other metabolic diseases are skyrocketing. And food is a big part of the problem, though not in the way you might think. It isn’t just how many calories we consume and burn. The nutritional value of food and how much it’s processed also play a role in how what we eat affects our weight. Another likely culprit behind weight gain is the harmful chemicals in what we consume. Some of these substances, called obesogens, can contribute to weight gain and lead to obesity, in turn raising a person’s risk of heart disease and other serious health problems. Scientists have found evidence of about 50 of these chemicals. They can be found in many consumer products, as well as in polluted air and water. But one of the most important ways we’re exposed is by consuming contaminated food. Harmful ingredients hiding in plain sight Studies show a link between highly processed foods – typically not very nutritious, with high levels of trans fat, sugar and sodium – and higher risk of metabolic diseases that, in turn, can lead to health problems, including heart disease, stroke and cancer, which are significant causes of preventable illness and death. Processed foods, from fast food to some “healthy” products like protein bars and vegetarian microwave meals, often have many artificial ingredients, such as sweeteners, flavor enhancers and preservatives, some of which are obesogens. Some obesogens occur naturally in food. One, fructose, accounts for about 40 percent of sweeteners we consume. But most obesogens in food are artificial chemicals, some added intentionally, particularly in highly processed food. Others contaminate food indirectly, through packaging, residual pesticides, or legacy environmental contamination from industrial chemicals, pesticides and heavy metals. Food additives MSG is a common flavor enhancer that shows obesogenic effects in animals. Artificial sweeteners – particularly aspartame, sucralose and saccharin – is another obesogen found in a wide range of low-calorie and diet food and beverage products. Research suggests some may be obesogenic and others, like most chemicals, haven’t been studied enough for us to know whether they are or not. The preservatives BHA and methyl and butyl paraben are likely obesogenic and can be found in everything from vegetable oils to processed meat and chewing gum to potato chips. Several emulsifiers are potential obesogens. Food contaminants BPA migrates from food packaging into food. PFOA is one of the most notorious types of the “forever chemicals” known as PFAS, used in nonstick cookware, cooking implements and food packaging like takeout containers. PCBs, once used in industrial materials like paint, varnish, plastic, pesticides and coolants, still make their way into some animal products, though they’ve been banned since 1979. Flame retardants – used to treat clothing, bedding, electronics and children’s products, among other items – get into our waterways and eventually our food. Many pesticides have obesogenic properties. Even banned pesticides enter the food supply, because they persist in land used for crops. Regulating or banning obesogens in food Our focus must shift from considering overweight and obesity the result of a personal, moral failing to treating it as a result of environmental exposures and inequitable access to healthy food. This change may already be starting: Some physicians are beginning to approach obesity in their clinical practices from this perspective and looking for ways to limit exposures as an approach to weight loss. But it’s up to the government to protect us from these chemicals: The FDA, Department of Defense and Environmental Protection Agency must ban or restrict the most pervasive and harmful food chemicals. To make sure we face less exposure to these harmful chemicals, lawmakers and regulators must: • Develop greater transparency in food labeling. • Issue stronger recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines, to address other food additives, in addition to natural and artificial sweeteners, sodium and saturated fat. • Provide more funding for programs improving accessibility and availability of healthier food options. • Look for new ways to address environmental injustices that promote racial and ethnic disparities in exposure to obesogens in food. In addition, the White House Conference on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health on September 28 will shine a light on obesogens, among other issues – a chance to meaningfully reduce our exposure to these chemicals. EWG is part of a coalition of organizations that called on President Joe Biden to implement numerous changes to improve Americans’ food, nutrition and health. Two changes would protect us from ongoing exposure to obesogens: • Closing the regulatory loophole that allows chemical companies to introduce new chemicals, some of them obesogens, into the supply chain without approval from the FDA. Many of these substances have never undergone a safety review by the FDA. • Requiring the FDA to identify and reassess food chemicals of concern, including obesogens, already in use. The FDA doesn’t have to routinely reassess the safety of these chemicals. So substances like PFAS, BPA and phthalates remain in use long after evidence emerges linking them to harm to our metabolism and other health risks. What you can do Many obesogens are, at best, tough to avoid. But you can limit your exposure to chemicals added to food intentionally, especially some artificial sweeteners, preservatives and added sugars, like high-fructose corn syrup. To reduce your exposure to harmful chemicals: • Find out about additive names and study the labels of foods you buy to learn what you’re consuming (and can avoid). • Eat lower on the food chain – fresh produce, beans and whole grains don’t contain food additives. • Choose organic fruit and vegetables, when you can, to lower your exposure to pesticides. Consult EWG’s Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce™ to see which are best to eat organic and which are OK to eat non-organic, if necessary. • Choose organic animal products – or eat less and find other protein sources instead. Antibiotics and hormones accumulate in non-organic animal products. • Avoid plastic and grease- and waterproof food packaging. (And eat less takeout – the packaging may contain PFAS or plastic additives.) • Use glass, ceramic or stainless steel instead of nonstick for cookware, and wood and stainless steel for cooking utensils. • Instead of plastic, use glass, ceramic, or stainless steel containers to store and microwave food. • For water on the go, use stainless steel bottles rather than plastic, which may leach phthalates and BPA. • Avoid plastic labeled with code 7, which indicates the presence of BPA, or 3, which indicates PVC. • Consult EWG’s Tap Water Database to see what’s in your water. Then see which filter is best for your own situation. Avoid bottled water – it may be no better than tap water, and the plastic leaches into the water. USER: Over the past 50 the percentage of Americans suffering from obesity has increased dramatically. Is it our fault we're becoming fatter? What role does the quality of food and crops play? What role do additives, synthetic chemicals, hormones, and GMO crops play? Is the government doing enough to protect us? How do we avoid or lessen our exposure to toxic chemicals? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	61	1,129	null	525
Draw your answer solely from the text provided, without the use of any prior knowledge or external sources. Limit your answer to 250 words. Use bullet points.	What were Montana's reasons for the attempted TikTok ban?	Montana’s TikTok legislation prompted substantial public commentary. According to the law’s preamble, SB 419 supports the “health and safety of Montanans” by preventing TikTok’s operation in the state and also expresses concerns about TikTok’s parent company being subject to control by the People’s Republic of China (PRC), gathering of user information, and “dangerous content.” (The broader policy issues related to the legislation are beyond the scope of this Sidebar.) TikTok and several of its users filed suit in federal district court following passage of the law. TikTok’s complaint asserted violations of several constitutional rights and provisions (the prohibition against bills of attainder, the Commerce Clause, the First Amendment, and the Supremacy Clause). Other challengers, comprising TikTok creators and users, made similar arguments. The court found the plaintiffs’ arguments compelling, concluding they likely would succeed on the merits. The court determined that the plaintiffs established irreparable harm to their business interests and granted the preliminary injunction, which prevented SB 419 from taking effect until the court’s final resolution of the case. Issues Presented to the Ninth Circuit on Appeal Attorneys for Montana unsuccessfully argued to the district court that the law represents a valid exercise of Montana’s police power, that it does not violate any of the claimed constitutional provisions, that federal law does not preempt the ban, and that the ban would have only an indirect, and thus permissible, effect on interstate commerce. Montana then appealed the district court’s order granting the preliminary injunction to the Ninth Circuit. In its opening brief, Montana asserts that SB 419 has a “common sense consumer protection purpose” and that the district court erred in concluding that TikTok and its users would win their constitutional arguments. Montana also argues that the district court erred in its application of the remaining preliminary injunction factors. A selection of Montana’s various arguments, ordered as they appear in the brief, follows: • Police Powers. Montana asserts that protecting consumers is an exercise of police power, under which states have significant discretion. • Data Access. Montana asserts that, based on news reports, the U.S. user data that TikTok collects likely is available to the PRC at will, underscoring that the Montana legislature enacted SB 419 to protect Montana consumers’ data privacy, not to impact the editorial control of the platform. • Burden Shifting. Montana asserts that the district court, in concluding that TikTok and its users would prevail on their constitutional claims, erroneously shifted the evidentiary burden for proving those claims to Montana.	Draw your answer solely from the text provided, without the use of any prior knowledge or external sources. Limit your answer to 250 words. Use bullet points. "Montana’s TikTok legislation prompted substantial public commentary. According to the law’s preamble, SB 419 supports the “health and safety of Montanans” by preventing TikTok’s operation in the state and also expresses concerns about TikTok’s parent company being subject to control by the People’s Republic of China (PRC), gathering of user information, and “dangerous content.” (The broader policy issues related to the legislation are beyond the scope of this Sidebar.) TikTok and several of its users filed suit in federal district court following passage of the law. TikTok’s complaint asserted violations of several constitutional rights and provisions (the prohibition against bills of attainder, the Commerce Clause, the First Amendment, and the Supremacy Clause). Other challengers, comprising TikTok creators and users, made similar arguments. The court found the plaintiffs’ arguments compelling, concluding they likely would succeed on the merits. The court determined that the plaintiffs established irreparable harm to their business interests and granted the preliminary injunction, which prevented SB 419 from taking effect until the court’s final resolution of the case. Issues Presented to the Ninth Circuit on Appeal Attorneys for Montana unsuccessfully argued to the district court that the law represents a valid exercise of Montana’s police power, that it does not violate any of the claimed constitutional provisions, that federal law does not preempt the ban, and that the ban would have only an indirect, and thus permissible, effect on interstate commerce. Montana then appealed the district court’s order granting the preliminary injunction to the Ninth Circuit. In its opening brief, Montana asserts that SB 419 has a “common sense consumer protection purpose” and that the district court erred in concluding that TikTok and its users would win their constitutional arguments. Montana also argues that the district court erred in its application of the remaining preliminary injunction factors. A selection of Montana’s various arguments, ordered as they appear in the brief, follows: • Police Powers. Montana asserts that protecting consumers is an exercise of police power, under which states have significant discretion. • Data Access. Montana asserts that, based on news reports, the U.S. user data that TikTok collects likely is available to the PRC at will, underscoring that the Montana legislature enacted SB 419 to protect Montana consumers’ data privacy, not to impact the editorial control of the platform. • Burden Shifting. Montana asserts that the district court, in concluding that TikTok and its users would prevail on their constitutional claims, erroneously shifted the evidentiary burden for proving those claims to Montana." What were Montana's reasons for the attempted TikTok ban?	Draw your answer solely from the text provided, without the use of any prior knowledge or external sources. Limit your answer to 250 words. Use bullet points. EVIDENCE: Montana’s TikTok legislation prompted substantial public commentary. According to the law’s preamble, SB 419 supports the “health and safety of Montanans” by preventing TikTok’s operation in the state and also expresses concerns about TikTok’s parent company being subject to control by the People’s Republic of China (PRC), gathering of user information, and “dangerous content.” (The broader policy issues related to the legislation are beyond the scope of this Sidebar.) TikTok and several of its users filed suit in federal district court following passage of the law. TikTok’s complaint asserted violations of several constitutional rights and provisions (the prohibition against bills of attainder, the Commerce Clause, the First Amendment, and the Supremacy Clause). Other challengers, comprising TikTok creators and users, made similar arguments. The court found the plaintiffs’ arguments compelling, concluding they likely would succeed on the merits. The court determined that the plaintiffs established irreparable harm to their business interests and granted the preliminary injunction, which prevented SB 419 from taking effect until the court’s final resolution of the case. Issues Presented to the Ninth Circuit on Appeal Attorneys for Montana unsuccessfully argued to the district court that the law represents a valid exercise of Montana’s police power, that it does not violate any of the claimed constitutional provisions, that federal law does not preempt the ban, and that the ban would have only an indirect, and thus permissible, effect on interstate commerce. Montana then appealed the district court’s order granting the preliminary injunction to the Ninth Circuit. In its opening brief, Montana asserts that SB 419 has a “common sense consumer protection purpose” and that the district court erred in concluding that TikTok and its users would win their constitutional arguments. Montana also argues that the district court erred in its application of the remaining preliminary injunction factors. A selection of Montana’s various arguments, ordered as they appear in the brief, follows: • Police Powers. Montana asserts that protecting consumers is an exercise of police power, under which states have significant discretion. • Data Access. Montana asserts that, based on news reports, the U.S. user data that TikTok collects likely is available to the PRC at will, underscoring that the Montana legislature enacted SB 419 to protect Montana consumers’ data privacy, not to impact the editorial control of the platform. • Burden Shifting. Montana asserts that the district court, in concluding that TikTok and its users would prevail on their constitutional claims, erroneously shifted the evidentiary burden for proving those claims to Montana. USER: What were Montana's reasons for the attempted TikTok ban? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	27	9	414	null	189
"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	I have been studying the jurisprudence of Hawaiian courts because I am really interested in their opinions. This case seems to be really relevant, as it was included in some casebooks. Please provide me with the case issue. Furthermore, explain why the portrait is hearsay, what was the portrait's finality, and then tell me why it was still admitted anyway. Do not use more than 250.	State v. Motta 659 P.2d 745 (1983) On April 29, 1980 at about 11:30 p.m., Wendy Iwashita, a cashier on duty at Anna Miller's Coffee House in Pearlridge, was robbed at gunpoint by a man who demanded that she give him all the money she had in her cash register. Iwashita complied and the robber fled with approximately $300.00 in cash. Iwashita gave a description of the robber to the police who arrived at the scene soon thereafter. On May 6, 1980, Iwashita met with Joe Aragon, an artist for the Honolulu Police Department, who drew a composite sketch of the robbery suspect based on Iwashita's description. On June 3, 1980, Iwashita picked appellant's photograph from a photographic array of about twenty-five to thirty pictures. On June 9, 1980, Iwashita positively identified appellant in a preliminary hearing. At trial, Iwashita confirmed her prior identifications and pointed out the appellant as the person who robbed her. Appellant presented an alibi defense at trial. Appellant testified that he was at a nightclub at the time of the robbery. Appellant called several other witnesses to describe his physical appearance on the date of the robbery and to corroborate his alibi. After considering the evidence presented, the jury found appellant guilty of the offense of robbery in the first degree. ... Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in admitting Aragon's composite sketch based on Iwashita's description of the robbery suspect. Appellant argues that the sketch was inadmissible hearsay under Haw.R.Evid. 802 which provides that "[h]earsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules, or by other rules prescribed by the Hawaii supreme court, or by statute." Rule 801(3) defines "hearsay" as "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted." Other courts have admitted composite sketches into evidence under various rationales. One view, expressed by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Moskowitz, 581 F.2d 14 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 871, 99 S. Ct. 204, 58 L. Ed. 2d 184 (1978), is that a police sketch is not even hearsay because it does not qualify as a statement which is defined in Fed.R.Evid. 801(a) as "(1) an oral or written assertion or (2) nonverbal conduct of a person, if it is intended by him as an assertion." Under this view, since the sketch did not constitute hearsay, it merely had to satisfy the authentication requirements of Fed.R.Evid. 901. 750 Another approach taken by some state courts is to view the police sketch as hearsay, but admissible under various common-law hearsay exceptions. The Pennsylvania Superior Court in Commonwealth v. Dugan, 252 Pa.Super. 377, 381 A.2d 967 (1977) took this approach and found that a sketch made by a friend of the victim was properly admitted under the "res gestae" exception to the hearsay rule since the sketch had been made shortly after the victim had seen the suspect. The Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Rogers, 81 Ill. 2d 571, 44 Ill.Dec. 254, 411 N.E.2d 223 (1980) held that the hearsay rule did not bar admission of a composite sketch used as extra-judicial identification evidence to corroborate a witness' in-court identification. A final alternative, which is available to those courts which have adopted rules similar to the Federal Rules of Evidence, is to allow the admission of composite sketches and other pretrial identifications under the prior identification exception to the general hearsay exclusionary rule under Fed.R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(C). ... After careful review of the various alternatives, we find that the better approach is to recognize a composite sketch as hearsay but nevertheless admissible under the hearsay exception for prior identifications if it complies with Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3) (which is identical in substance to Fed. R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C).[4] We recognize along with the majority of courts that a composite sketch is in fact hearsay. It has the same effect as if the victim had made a verbal description of the suspect's physical characteristics. Just because the sketch is in picture form does not change the fact that it is being offered as a statement made out of court to prove what the suspect looked like. See United States v. Moskowitz, 581 F.2d at 22 (Friendly, J., concurring); Commonwealth v. Dugan, 381 A.2d at 971 (Spaeth, J., concurring). Although a composite sketch is hearsay, it may still be admissible as a prior identification under Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3) if (1) the declarant testifies at trial and is subject to cross-examination concerning the subject matter of his statement and (2) the 751 statement is one of identification of a person made after perceiving him. In the instant action, the admission of the sketch met the requirements of Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3): the declarant, Wendy Iwashita, testified at trial and was available for cross-examination regarding the subject matter of her description, and the sketch was an identification of the robbery suspect made after Iwashita had seen him. Appellant contends that the composite sketch was admitted solely to corroborate Wendy Iwashita's in-court identification. Appellant consequently argues that since corroborating evidence is only admissible when offered to rebut testimony impeaching the witness and no such impeaching evidence was introduced, the sketch is inadmissible. Appellant misapprehends the nature of the prior identification exception to the hearsay rule. Unlike the common-law extrajudicial identification exception involved in People v. Rogers, supra, the prior identification exception under Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C) (and under Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3)) allows the admission of pretrial identifications, not merely as corroborative evidence, but also as substantive proof of identity. See Haw.R.Evid. 802.1 commentary ("The substantive use of prior identifications is allowed in Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C)"); 11 J. Moore, supra § 801.41[5] ("[S]tatutory construction requires that the same substantive effect be given to a prior statement that qualifies under (C) as a prior statement qualifying under (A) or (B) of the same paragraph"). See also Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 272, n. 3, 87 S. Ct. 1951, 1956, n. 3, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1178 (1967) ("The recent trend... is to admit the prior identification under the exception that admits as substantive evidence a prior communication by a witness who is available for cross-examination at trial"). Thus, as one commentator notes, Rule 801(d)(1)(C) operates independently of the impeachment process and therefore the statement is admissible as substantive evidence even though it is not a prior inconsistent statement for impeachment purposes as required in Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(A) nor a prior consistent statement for rehabilitation purposes as required in Rule 801(d)(1)(B). The primary reason for excluding hearsay is the danger that the declarant is not available and her credibility therefore cannot be assessed by the trier of fact. That danger was not present in this case where both Joe Aragon, the police artist who made the sketch, and Wendy Iwashita, the eyewitness who provided the description, testified at trial and were subject to cross-examination by the defense. See also State v. Naeole, 62 Haw., (testimony permitted with regard to photographic lineup where both the officer who conducted the lineup and the person making the identification were present at trial to testify about the prior identification and were subject to cross-examination. Given the fact that the jury was given the opportunity to judge the credibility of both the police artist and the eyewitness at trial, we find no reason to disturb the trial court's discretion in admitting the sketch into evidence.	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= State v. Motta 659 P.2d 745 (1983) On April 29, 1980 at about 11:30 p.m., Wendy Iwashita, a cashier on duty at Anna Miller's Coffee House in Pearlridge, was robbed at gunpoint by a man who demanded that she give him all the money she had in her cash register. Iwashita complied and the robber fled with approximately $300.00 in cash. Iwashita gave a description of the robber to the police who arrived at the scene soon thereafter. On May 6, 1980, Iwashita met with Joe Aragon, an artist for the Honolulu Police Department, who drew a composite sketch of the robbery suspect based on Iwashita's description. On June 3, 1980, Iwashita picked appellant's photograph from a photographic array of about twenty-five to thirty pictures. On June 9, 1980, Iwashita positively identified appellant in a preliminary hearing. At trial, Iwashita confirmed her prior identifications and pointed out the appellant as the person who robbed her. Appellant presented an alibi defense at trial. Appellant testified that he was at a nightclub at the time of the robbery. Appellant called several other witnesses to describe his physical appearance on the date of the robbery and to corroborate his alibi. After considering the evidence presented, the jury found appellant guilty of the offense of robbery in the first degree. ... Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in admitting Aragon's composite sketch based on Iwashita's description of the robbery suspect. Appellant argues that the sketch was inadmissible hearsay under Haw.R.Evid. 802 which provides that "[h]earsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules, or by other rules prescribed by the Hawaii supreme court, or by statute." Rule 801(3) defines "hearsay" as "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted." Other courts have admitted composite sketches into evidence under various rationales. One view, expressed by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Moskowitz, 581 F.2d 14 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 871, 99 S. Ct. 204, 58 L. Ed. 2d 184 (1978), is that a police sketch is not even hearsay because it does not qualify as a statement which is defined in Fed.R.Evid. 801(a) as "(1) an oral or written assertion or (2) nonverbal conduct of a person, if it is intended by him as an assertion." Under this view, since the sketch did not constitute hearsay, it merely had to satisfy the authentication requirements of Fed.R.Evid. 901. 750 Another approach taken by some state courts is to view the police sketch as hearsay, but admissible under various common-law hearsay exceptions. The Pennsylvania Superior Court in Commonwealth v. Dugan, 252 Pa.Super. 377, 381 A.2d 967 (1977) took this approach and found that a sketch made by a friend of the victim was properly admitted under the "res gestae" exception to the hearsay rule since the sketch had been made shortly after the victim had seen the suspect. The Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Rogers, 81 Ill. 2d 571, 44 Ill.Dec. 254, 411 N.E.2d 223 (1980) held that the hearsay rule did not bar admission of a composite sketch used as extra-judicial identification evidence to corroborate a witness' in-court identification. A final alternative, which is available to those courts which have adopted rules similar to the Federal Rules of Evidence, is to allow the admission of composite sketches and other pretrial identifications under the prior identification exception to the general hearsay exclusionary rule under Fed.R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(C). ... After careful review of the various alternatives, we find that the better approach is to recognize a composite sketch as hearsay but nevertheless admissible under the hearsay exception for prior identifications if it complies with Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3) (which is identical in substance to Fed. R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C).[4] We recognize along with the majority of courts that a composite sketch is in fact hearsay. It has the same effect as if the victim had made a verbal description of the suspect's physical characteristics. Just because the sketch is in picture form does not change the fact that it is being offered as a statement made out of court to prove what the suspect looked like. See United States v. Moskowitz, 581 F.2d at 22 (Friendly, J., concurring); Commonwealth v. Dugan, 381 A.2d at 971 (Spaeth, J., concurring). Although a composite sketch is hearsay, it may still be admissible as a prior identification under Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3) if (1) the declarant testifies at trial and is subject to cross-examination concerning the subject matter of his statement and (2) the 751 statement is one of identification of a person made after perceiving him. In the instant action, the admission of the sketch met the requirements of Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3): the declarant, Wendy Iwashita, testified at trial and was available for cross-examination regarding the subject matter of her description, and the sketch was an identification of the robbery suspect made after Iwashita had seen him. Appellant contends that the composite sketch was admitted solely to corroborate Wendy Iwashita's in-court identification. Appellant consequently argues that since corroborating evidence is only admissible when offered to rebut testimony impeaching the witness and no such impeaching evidence was introduced, the sketch is inadmissible. Appellant misapprehends the nature of the prior identification exception to the hearsay rule. Unlike the common-law extrajudicial identification exception involved in People v. Rogers, supra, the prior identification exception under Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C) (and under Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3)) allows the admission of pretrial identifications, not merely as corroborative evidence, but also as substantive proof of identity. See Haw.R.Evid. 802.1 commentary ("The substantive use of prior identifications is allowed in Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C)"); 11 J. Moore, supra § 801.41[5] ("[S]tatutory construction requires that the same substantive effect be given to a prior statement that qualifies under (C) as a prior statement qualifying under (A) or (B) of the same paragraph"). See also Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 272, n. 3, 87 S. Ct. 1951, 1956, n. 3, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1178 (1967) ("The recent trend... is to admit the prior identification under the exception that admits as substantive evidence a prior communication by a witness who is available for cross-examination at trial"). Thus, as one commentator notes, Rule 801(d)(1)(C) operates independently of the impeachment process and therefore the statement is admissible as substantive evidence even though it is not a prior inconsistent statement for impeachment purposes as required in Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(A) nor a prior consistent statement for rehabilitation purposes as required in Rule 801(d)(1)(B). The primary reason for excluding hearsay is the danger that the declarant is not available and her credibility therefore cannot be assessed by the trier of fact. That danger was not present in this case where both Joe Aragon, the police artist who made the sketch, and Wendy Iwashita, the eyewitness who provided the description, testified at trial and were subject to cross-examination by the defense. See also State v. Naeole, 62 Haw., (testimony permitted with regard to photographic lineup where both the officer who conducted the lineup and the person making the identification were present at trial to testify about the prior identification and were subject to cross-examination. Given the fact that the jury was given the opportunity to judge the credibility of both the police artist and the eyewitness at trial, we find no reason to disturb the trial court's discretion in admitting the sketch into evidence. https://law.justia.com/cases/hawaii/supreme-court/1983/8466-2.html ================ <QUESTION> ======= I have been studying the jurisprudence of Hawaiian courts because I am really interested in their opinions. This case seems to be really relevant, as it was included in some casebooks. Please provide me with the case issue. Furthermore, explain why the portrait is hearsay, what was the portrait's finality, and then tell me why it was still admitted anyway. Do not use more than 250. ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided." EVIDENCE: State v. Motta 659 P.2d 745 (1983) On April 29, 1980 at about 11:30 p.m., Wendy Iwashita, a cashier on duty at Anna Miller's Coffee House in Pearlridge, was robbed at gunpoint by a man who demanded that she give him all the money she had in her cash register. Iwashita complied and the robber fled with approximately $300.00 in cash. Iwashita gave a description of the robber to the police who arrived at the scene soon thereafter. On May 6, 1980, Iwashita met with Joe Aragon, an artist for the Honolulu Police Department, who drew a composite sketch of the robbery suspect based on Iwashita's description. On June 3, 1980, Iwashita picked appellant's photograph from a photographic array of about twenty-five to thirty pictures. On June 9, 1980, Iwashita positively identified appellant in a preliminary hearing. At trial, Iwashita confirmed her prior identifications and pointed out the appellant as the person who robbed her. Appellant presented an alibi defense at trial. Appellant testified that he was at a nightclub at the time of the robbery. Appellant called several other witnesses to describe his physical appearance on the date of the robbery and to corroborate his alibi. After considering the evidence presented, the jury found appellant guilty of the offense of robbery in the first degree. ... Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in admitting Aragon's composite sketch based on Iwashita's description of the robbery suspect. Appellant argues that the sketch was inadmissible hearsay under Haw.R.Evid. 802 which provides that "[h]earsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules, or by other rules prescribed by the Hawaii supreme court, or by statute." Rule 801(3) defines "hearsay" as "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted." Other courts have admitted composite sketches into evidence under various rationales. One view, expressed by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Moskowitz, 581 F.2d 14 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 871, 99 S. Ct. 204, 58 L. Ed. 2d 184 (1978), is that a police sketch is not even hearsay because it does not qualify as a statement which is defined in Fed.R.Evid. 801(a) as "(1) an oral or written assertion or (2) nonverbal conduct of a person, if it is intended by him as an assertion." Under this view, since the sketch did not constitute hearsay, it merely had to satisfy the authentication requirements of Fed.R.Evid. 901. 750 Another approach taken by some state courts is to view the police sketch as hearsay, but admissible under various common-law hearsay exceptions. The Pennsylvania Superior Court in Commonwealth v. Dugan, 252 Pa.Super. 377, 381 A.2d 967 (1977) took this approach and found that a sketch made by a friend of the victim was properly admitted under the "res gestae" exception to the hearsay rule since the sketch had been made shortly after the victim had seen the suspect. The Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Rogers, 81 Ill. 2d 571, 44 Ill.Dec. 254, 411 N.E.2d 223 (1980) held that the hearsay rule did not bar admission of a composite sketch used as extra-judicial identification evidence to corroborate a witness' in-court identification. A final alternative, which is available to those courts which have adopted rules similar to the Federal Rules of Evidence, is to allow the admission of composite sketches and other pretrial identifications under the prior identification exception to the general hearsay exclusionary rule under Fed.R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(C). ... After careful review of the various alternatives, we find that the better approach is to recognize a composite sketch as hearsay but nevertheless admissible under the hearsay exception for prior identifications if it complies with Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3) (which is identical in substance to Fed. R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C).[4] We recognize along with the majority of courts that a composite sketch is in fact hearsay. It has the same effect as if the victim had made a verbal description of the suspect's physical characteristics. Just because the sketch is in picture form does not change the fact that it is being offered as a statement made out of court to prove what the suspect looked like. See United States v. Moskowitz, 581 F.2d at 22 (Friendly, J., concurring); Commonwealth v. Dugan, 381 A.2d at 971 (Spaeth, J., concurring). Although a composite sketch is hearsay, it may still be admissible as a prior identification under Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3) if (1) the declarant testifies at trial and is subject to cross-examination concerning the subject matter of his statement and (2) the 751 statement is one of identification of a person made after perceiving him. In the instant action, the admission of the sketch met the requirements of Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3): the declarant, Wendy Iwashita, testified at trial and was available for cross-examination regarding the subject matter of her description, and the sketch was an identification of the robbery suspect made after Iwashita had seen him. Appellant contends that the composite sketch was admitted solely to corroborate Wendy Iwashita's in-court identification. Appellant consequently argues that since corroborating evidence is only admissible when offered to rebut testimony impeaching the witness and no such impeaching evidence was introduced, the sketch is inadmissible. Appellant misapprehends the nature of the prior identification exception to the hearsay rule. Unlike the common-law extrajudicial identification exception involved in People v. Rogers, supra, the prior identification exception under Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C) (and under Haw.R.Evid. 802.1(3)) allows the admission of pretrial identifications, not merely as corroborative evidence, but also as substantive proof of identity. See Haw.R.Evid. 802.1 commentary ("The substantive use of prior identifications is allowed in Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C)"); 11 J. Moore, supra § 801.41[5] ("[S]tatutory construction requires that the same substantive effect be given to a prior statement that qualifies under (C) as a prior statement qualifying under (A) or (B) of the same paragraph"). See also Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 272, n. 3, 87 S. Ct. 1951, 1956, n. 3, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1178 (1967) ("The recent trend... is to admit the prior identification under the exception that admits as substantive evidence a prior communication by a witness who is available for cross-examination at trial"). Thus, as one commentator notes, Rule 801(d)(1)(C) operates independently of the impeachment process and therefore the statement is admissible as substantive evidence even though it is not a prior inconsistent statement for impeachment purposes as required in Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(A) nor a prior consistent statement for rehabilitation purposes as required in Rule 801(d)(1)(B). The primary reason for excluding hearsay is the danger that the declarant is not available and her credibility therefore cannot be assessed by the trier of fact. That danger was not present in this case where both Joe Aragon, the police artist who made the sketch, and Wendy Iwashita, the eyewitness who provided the description, testified at trial and were subject to cross-examination by the defense. See also State v. Naeole, 62 Haw., (testimony permitted with regard to photographic lineup where both the officer who conducted the lineup and the person making the identification were present at trial to testify about the prior identification and were subject to cross-examination. Given the fact that the jury was given the opportunity to judge the credibility of both the police artist and the eyewitness at trial, we find no reason to disturb the trial court's discretion in admitting the sketch into evidence. USER: I have been studying the jurisprudence of Hawaiian courts because I am really interested in their opinions. This case seems to be really relevant, as it was included in some casebooks. Please provide me with the case issue. Furthermore, explain why the portrait is hearsay, what was the portrait's finality, and then tell me why it was still admitted anyway. Do not use more than 250. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	49	66	1,233	null	87
<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document]	Explain the specific new legal standard the Supreme Court established in Kennedy v. Bremerton for determining violations of the Establishment Clause, and detail how this new standard will affect future cases.	The Supreme Court on Monday ruled in favor of a high school football coach who lost his job because of his post-game prayers at the 50-yard line. By a vote of 6-3, the justices ruled that Joseph Kennedy’s conduct was protected by the First Amendment. The court rejected the public school district’s argument that allowing Kennedy’s prayers to continue would have violated the Constitution’s establishment clause, which bars the government from both establishing an official religion and preferring one religion over another. And it pushed back against the argument that students might have felt obligated to join Kennedy’s prayers, stressing that “learning how to tolerate speech or prayer of all kinds is ‘part of learning how to live in a pluralistic society,’ a trait of character essential to ‘a tolerant citizenry.’” The decision by Justice Neil Gorsuch was joined in full by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Amy Coney Barrett. Justice Brett Kavanaugh joined most of Gorsuch’s opinion. The three liberal justices dissented. It was the second major ruling on religion and schools in less than a week. On June 21, along the same 6-3 ideological lines, the court struck down a Maine law that banned the use of public funds for students to use at private schools that provide religious instruction. In 2015, Kennedy had been a part-time coach at Bremerton High School, a public school in Washington state, for seven years. During that time, he prayed at midfield after each game – first alone, but later with players and even some members of the opposing team joining him. When the school district learned about Kennedy’s prayers in September 2015, it expressed disapproval, and Kennedy briefly stopped his prayers. On Oct. 14, 2015, Kennedy notified the school district that he intended to resume his prayers at the next game. After a scene that the school district describes as chaotic, with spectators and reporters knocking down members of the band in an effort to join Kennedy at midfield, the school district told him that his prayers violated the district’s policy, and it offered him other options to pray – for example, after the crowd had left. But Kennedy continued to pray at the next two games, prompting the district to place him on administrative leave and, eventually, decline to renew his contract for the following season. Kennedy went to federal district court, where he argued that the school district’s actions had violated his rights under the free speech and free exercise clauses of the Constitution. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit ruled for the school district, but on Monday the justices reversed that ruling. In a 32-page decision, Gorsuch agreed that Kennedy had met his part of the test for showing that the decision not to renew his contract ran afoul of both clauses. For his free exercise claim, Gorsuch explained, there was no dispute that Kennedy’s desire to pray was sincere, and the district’s prohibition on prayer targeted Kennedy’s religious conduct, rather than applying a neutral rule. And for his free speech claim, Gorsuch continued, Kennedy’s prayers were not part of his duties as a coach. Rather, Gorsuch observed, Kennedy’s prayers occurred “during a period in which the District has acknowledged that its coaching staff was free to engage in all manner of private speech.” By contrast, Gorsuch wrote, the school district’s only real justification for its decision to fire Kennedy was that allowing the prayers to continue would have violated the establishment clause. But that argument, Gorsuch said, rested on a 1971 case, Lemon v. Kurtzman, that outlined a test for courts to use to determine whether a government law or practice violates the establishment clause. Under the Lemon test, the law or practice will pass constitutional muster if it has a secular purpose, its principal effect does not advance or inhibit religion, and it does not create an “excessive entanglement with religion.” Members of the court have long criticized Lemon, but Monday’s ruling expressly dismissed Lemon as having been “long ago abandoned.” Instead, Gorsuch continued, courts should determine whether a law or practice violates the establishment clause by looking at history and the understanding of the drafters of the Constitution – which the court of appeals failed to do. Gorsuch similarly rejected the school district’s argument that it could prohibit Kennedy’s post-game prayers so that students did not feel compelled to join him in praying. “There is no indication in the record,” Gorsuch noted, “that anyone expressed any coercion concerns to the District about the quiet, postgame prayers that Mr. Kennedy asked to continue and that led to his suspension.” Gorsuch distinguished Kennedy’s case from cases “in which this Court has found prayer involving public schools to be problematically coercive.” Unlike those earlier cases, Gorsuch reasoned, Kennedy’s prayers “were not publicly broadcast or recited to a captive audience,” and students “were not required or expected to participate.” The school district’s actions “rested on a mistaken view that it had a duty to ferret out and suppress religious observances even as it allows comparable secular speech,” Gorsuch concluded. “The Constitution neither mandates nor tolerates that kind of discrimination.” As they did last week in Carson, the court’s three liberal justices dissented. In an opinion that was joined by Justices Stephen Breyer and Elena Kagan, Justice Sonia Sotomayor complained that Gorsuch had “misconstrue[d] the facts” of the case, depicting Kennedy’s prayers as “private and quiet” when the prayers had actually caused “severe disruption to school events.” More broadly, Sotomayor continued, although Gorsuch had portrayed the case as whether and when Kennedy could pray privately, the key question in the case was in fact “whether a school district is required to allow one of its employees to incorporate a public, communicative display of the employee’s personal religious beliefs into a school event.” For Sotomayor, the answer was no. Particularly when it comes to schools, she explained, the government must remain neutral about religion, because of the important role that schools play and because children are especially susceptible to feeling compelled to join in prayer. Indeed, she noted, students did feel obligated to join Kennedy and, later, their teammates in prayer. Monday’s ruling, Sotomayor concluded, “weakens the backstop” that the establishment clause provided to protect religious freedom. “It elevates one individual’s interest in personal religious exercise,” she contended, “over society’s interest in protecting the separation between church and state, eroding the protections for religious liberty for all.” Kelly Shackelford, the president and CEO of First Liberty Institute, which represented Kennedy, hailed the decision as “a tremendous victory for all Americans.” Paul Clement, who argued in the Supreme Court on Kennedy’s behalf, added that “[a]fter seven long years, Coach Kennedy can finally return to the place he belongs – coaching football and quietly praying by himself after the game.” Rachel Laser, the president of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, which represented the school district, took a different view. She called the decision “the greatest loss of religious freedom in our country in generations” and she warned that Kennedy’s supporters would “try to expand this dangerous precedent – further undermining everyone’s right to live as ourselves and believe as we choose.”	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> Explain the specific new legal standard the Supreme Court established in Kennedy v. Bremerton for determining violations of the Establishment Clause, and detail how this new standard will affect future cases. <TEXT> The Supreme Court on Monday ruled in favor of a high school football coach who lost his job because of his post-game prayers at the 50-yard line. By a vote of 6-3, the justices ruled that Joseph Kennedy’s conduct was protected by the First Amendment. The court rejected the public school district’s argument that allowing Kennedy’s prayers to continue would have violated the Constitution’s establishment clause, which bars the government from both establishing an official religion and preferring one religion over another. And it pushed back against the argument that students might have felt obligated to join Kennedy’s prayers, stressing that “learning how to tolerate speech or prayer of all kinds is ‘part of learning how to live in a pluralistic society,’ a trait of character essential to ‘a tolerant citizenry.’” The decision by Justice Neil Gorsuch was joined in full by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Amy Coney Barrett. Justice Brett Kavanaugh joined most of Gorsuch’s opinion. The three liberal justices dissented. It was the second major ruling on religion and schools in less than a week. On June 21, along the same 6-3 ideological lines, the court struck down a Maine law that banned the use of public funds for students to use at private schools that provide religious instruction. In 2015, Kennedy had been a part-time coach at Bremerton High School, a public school in Washington state, for seven years. During that time, he prayed at midfield after each game – first alone, but later with players and even some members of the opposing team joining him. When the school district learned about Kennedy’s prayers in September 2015, it expressed disapproval, and Kennedy briefly stopped his prayers. On Oct. 14, 2015, Kennedy notified the school district that he intended to resume his prayers at the next game. After a scene that the school district describes as chaotic, with spectators and reporters knocking down members of the band in an effort to join Kennedy at midfield, the school district told him that his prayers violated the district’s policy, and it offered him other options to pray – for example, after the crowd had left. But Kennedy continued to pray at the next two games, prompting the district to place him on administrative leave and, eventually, decline to renew his contract for the following season. Kennedy went to federal district court, where he argued that the school district’s actions had violated his rights under the free speech and free exercise clauses of the Constitution. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit ruled for the school district, but on Monday the justices reversed that ruling. In a 32-page decision, Gorsuch agreed that Kennedy had met his part of the test for showing that the decision not to renew his contract ran afoul of both clauses. For his free exercise claim, Gorsuch explained, there was no dispute that Kennedy’s desire to pray was sincere, and the district’s prohibition on prayer targeted Kennedy’s religious conduct, rather than applying a neutral rule. And for his free speech claim, Gorsuch continued, Kennedy’s prayers were not part of his duties as a coach. Rather, Gorsuch observed, Kennedy’s prayers occurred “during a period in which the District has acknowledged that its coaching staff was free to engage in all manner of private speech.” By contrast, Gorsuch wrote, the school district’s only real justification for its decision to fire Kennedy was that allowing the prayers to continue would have violated the establishment clause. But that argument, Gorsuch said, rested on a 1971 case, Lemon v. Kurtzman, that outlined a test for courts to use to determine whether a government law or practice violates the establishment clause. Under the Lemon test, the law or practice will pass constitutional muster if it has a secular purpose, its principal effect does not advance or inhibit religion, and it does not create an “excessive entanglement with religion.” Members of the court have long criticized Lemon, but Monday’s ruling expressly dismissed Lemon as having been “long ago abandoned.” Instead, Gorsuch continued, courts should determine whether a law or practice violates the establishment clause by looking at history and the understanding of the drafters of the Constitution – which the court of appeals failed to do. Gorsuch similarly rejected the school district’s argument that it could prohibit Kennedy’s post-game prayers so that students did not feel compelled to join him in praying. “There is no indication in the record,” Gorsuch noted, “that anyone expressed any coercion concerns to the District about the quiet, postgame prayers that Mr. Kennedy asked to continue and that led to his suspension.” Gorsuch distinguished Kennedy’s case from cases “in which this Court has found prayer involving public schools to be problematically coercive.” Unlike those earlier cases, Gorsuch reasoned, Kennedy’s prayers “were not publicly broadcast or recited to a captive audience,” and students “were not required or expected to participate.” The school district’s actions “rested on a mistaken view that it had a duty to ferret out and suppress religious observances even as it allows comparable secular speech,” Gorsuch concluded. “The Constitution neither mandates nor tolerates that kind of discrimination.” As they did last week in Carson, the court’s three liberal justices dissented. In an opinion that was joined by Justices Stephen Breyer and Elena Kagan, Justice Sonia Sotomayor complained that Gorsuch had “misconstrue[d] the facts” of the case, depicting Kennedy’s prayers as “private and quiet” when the prayers had actually caused “severe disruption to school events.” More broadly, Sotomayor continued, although Gorsuch had portrayed the case as whether and when Kennedy could pray privately, the key question in the case was in fact “whether a school district is required to allow one of its employees to incorporate a public, communicative display of the employee’s personal religious beliefs into a school event.” For Sotomayor, the answer was no. Particularly when it comes to schools, she explained, the government must remain neutral about religion, because of the important role that schools play and because children are especially susceptible to feeling compelled to join in prayer. Indeed, she noted, students did feel obligated to join Kennedy and, later, their teammates in prayer. Monday’s ruling, Sotomayor concluded, “weakens the backstop” that the establishment clause provided to protect religious freedom. “It elevates one individual’s interest in personal religious exercise,” she contended, “over society’s interest in protecting the separation between church and state, eroding the protections for religious liberty for all.” Kelly Shackelford, the president and CEO of First Liberty Institute, which represented Kennedy, hailed the decision as “a tremendous victory for all Americans.” Paul Clement, who argued in the Supreme Court on Kennedy’s behalf, added that “[a]fter seven long years, Coach Kennedy can finally return to the place he belongs – coaching football and quietly praying by himself after the game.” Rachel Laser, the president of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, which represented the school district, took a different view. She called the decision “the greatest loss of religious freedom in our country in generations” and she warned that Kennedy’s supporters would “try to expand this dangerous precedent – further undermining everyone’s right to live as ourselves and believe as we choose.” https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/justices-side-with-high-school-football-coach-who-prayed-on-the-field-with-students/	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document] EVIDENCE: The Supreme Court on Monday ruled in favor of a high school football coach who lost his job because of his post-game prayers at the 50-yard line. By a vote of 6-3, the justices ruled that Joseph Kennedy’s conduct was protected by the First Amendment. The court rejected the public school district’s argument that allowing Kennedy’s prayers to continue would have violated the Constitution’s establishment clause, which bars the government from both establishing an official religion and preferring one religion over another. And it pushed back against the argument that students might have felt obligated to join Kennedy’s prayers, stressing that “learning how to tolerate speech or prayer of all kinds is ‘part of learning how to live in a pluralistic society,’ a trait of character essential to ‘a tolerant citizenry.’” The decision by Justice Neil Gorsuch was joined in full by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Amy Coney Barrett. Justice Brett Kavanaugh joined most of Gorsuch’s opinion. The three liberal justices dissented. It was the second major ruling on religion and schools in less than a week. On June 21, along the same 6-3 ideological lines, the court struck down a Maine law that banned the use of public funds for students to use at private schools that provide religious instruction. In 2015, Kennedy had been a part-time coach at Bremerton High School, a public school in Washington state, for seven years. During that time, he prayed at midfield after each game – first alone, but later with players and even some members of the opposing team joining him. When the school district learned about Kennedy’s prayers in September 2015, it expressed disapproval, and Kennedy briefly stopped his prayers. On Oct. 14, 2015, Kennedy notified the school district that he intended to resume his prayers at the next game. After a scene that the school district describes as chaotic, with spectators and reporters knocking down members of the band in an effort to join Kennedy at midfield, the school district told him that his prayers violated the district’s policy, and it offered him other options to pray – for example, after the crowd had left. But Kennedy continued to pray at the next two games, prompting the district to place him on administrative leave and, eventually, decline to renew his contract for the following season. Kennedy went to federal district court, where he argued that the school district’s actions had violated his rights under the free speech and free exercise clauses of the Constitution. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit ruled for the school district, but on Monday the justices reversed that ruling. In a 32-page decision, Gorsuch agreed that Kennedy had met his part of the test for showing that the decision not to renew his contract ran afoul of both clauses. For his free exercise claim, Gorsuch explained, there was no dispute that Kennedy’s desire to pray was sincere, and the district’s prohibition on prayer targeted Kennedy’s religious conduct, rather than applying a neutral rule. And for his free speech claim, Gorsuch continued, Kennedy’s prayers were not part of his duties as a coach. Rather, Gorsuch observed, Kennedy’s prayers occurred “during a period in which the District has acknowledged that its coaching staff was free to engage in all manner of private speech.” By contrast, Gorsuch wrote, the school district’s only real justification for its decision to fire Kennedy was that allowing the prayers to continue would have violated the establishment clause. But that argument, Gorsuch said, rested on a 1971 case, Lemon v. Kurtzman, that outlined a test for courts to use to determine whether a government law or practice violates the establishment clause. Under the Lemon test, the law or practice will pass constitutional muster if it has a secular purpose, its principal effect does not advance or inhibit religion, and it does not create an “excessive entanglement with religion.” Members of the court have long criticized Lemon, but Monday’s ruling expressly dismissed Lemon as having been “long ago abandoned.” Instead, Gorsuch continued, courts should determine whether a law or practice violates the establishment clause by looking at history and the understanding of the drafters of the Constitution – which the court of appeals failed to do. Gorsuch similarly rejected the school district’s argument that it could prohibit Kennedy’s post-game prayers so that students did not feel compelled to join him in praying. “There is no indication in the record,” Gorsuch noted, “that anyone expressed any coercion concerns to the District about the quiet, postgame prayers that Mr. Kennedy asked to continue and that led to his suspension.” Gorsuch distinguished Kennedy’s case from cases “in which this Court has found prayer involving public schools to be problematically coercive.” Unlike those earlier cases, Gorsuch reasoned, Kennedy’s prayers “were not publicly broadcast or recited to a captive audience,” and students “were not required or expected to participate.” The school district’s actions “rested on a mistaken view that it had a duty to ferret out and suppress religious observances even as it allows comparable secular speech,” Gorsuch concluded. “The Constitution neither mandates nor tolerates that kind of discrimination.” As they did last week in Carson, the court’s three liberal justices dissented. In an opinion that was joined by Justices Stephen Breyer and Elena Kagan, Justice Sonia Sotomayor complained that Gorsuch had “misconstrue[d] the facts” of the case, depicting Kennedy’s prayers as “private and quiet” when the prayers had actually caused “severe disruption to school events.” More broadly, Sotomayor continued, although Gorsuch had portrayed the case as whether and when Kennedy could pray privately, the key question in the case was in fact “whether a school district is required to allow one of its employees to incorporate a public, communicative display of the employee’s personal religious beliefs into a school event.” For Sotomayor, the answer was no. Particularly when it comes to schools, she explained, the government must remain neutral about religion, because of the important role that schools play and because children are especially susceptible to feeling compelled to join in prayer. Indeed, she noted, students did feel obligated to join Kennedy and, later, their teammates in prayer. Monday’s ruling, Sotomayor concluded, “weakens the backstop” that the establishment clause provided to protect religious freedom. “It elevates one individual’s interest in personal religious exercise,” she contended, “over society’s interest in protecting the separation between church and state, eroding the protections for religious liberty for all.” Kelly Shackelford, the president and CEO of First Liberty Institute, which represented Kennedy, hailed the decision as “a tremendous victory for all Americans.” Paul Clement, who argued in the Supreme Court on Kennedy’s behalf, added that “[a]fter seven long years, Coach Kennedy can finally return to the place he belongs – coaching football and quietly praying by himself after the game.” Rachel Laser, the president of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, which represented the school district, took a different view. She called the decision “the greatest loss of religious freedom in our country in generations” and she warned that Kennedy’s supporters would “try to expand this dangerous precedent – further undermining everyone’s right to live as ourselves and believe as we choose.” USER: Explain the specific new legal standard the Supreme Court established in Kennedy v. Bremerton for determining violations of the Establishment Clause, and detail how this new standard will affect future cases. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	31	1,200	null	732
Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document]	How are smart devices able to spy on people's browsing history, financial transactions, and even health issues? Some apps can bypass security by just tapping into the wifi. how does that work? What do you think about the fact that once a device is connected it can control all of the other devices without consent?	cepro.com New Research Uncovers Litany of Privacy/Security Issues in Consumer IoT Devices Zachary Comeau 5–6 minutes An international team of researchers has unveiled findings on the widespread security and privacy challenges posed by IoT devices in smart homes, delving into the intricacies of local network interactions between 93 different IoT devices and mobile apps. The paper, titled In the Room Where It Happens: Characterizing Local Communication and Threats in Smart Homes, reveals a litany of previously undisclosed security and privacy threats. The research team included researchers from the New York Tandon School of Engineering, Northeastern University, University of Madrid, University of Calgary, the International Computer Science Institute and IMDEA Networks. The research was presented last month at the ACM Internet Measurement Conference last month in Montreal. Researchers narrow in on the local network and how IoT devices can inadvertently compromise consumer privacy through the exposure of sensitive data within those local networks using standard protocols such as UPnP or mDNS. Researchers say this essentially allows nearly any company to learn what devices are in a home, when the user is home, and where the home is. According to the paper, these threats include the exposure of unique device names, UUIDs, and even household geolocation data, all of which can be harvested by companies involved in surveillance capitalism without user awareness. NYU Tandon, quoting PhD student and research co-author Vijay Prakash, says in a writeup that researchers found evidence of IoT devices inadvertently compromising consumer privacy by exposing at least one personally identifiable information, such as unique hardware addresses, UUID, or unique device names, in thousands of existing smart homes. That information can be pieced together to make a house very identifiable, researchers say. The devices included in the research include 93 consumer IP-based smart home devices, as well as their companion apps. Devices included in the study were smart doorbells, smart bulbs, smart thermostats, smart TVs, smart plugs, smart speakers, smart sensors and smart home hubs. Specifically, most of the devices tested are widely available online or in stores, including Amazon Echo devices, Google Nest products, Apple TVs, and more. These local network protocols can be employed as side-channels to access data that is supposedly protected by several mobile app permissions such as household locations, researchers say. Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, Associate Research Professor of IMDEA Networks and co-founder of AppCensus, says in a statement that side channels are a sneaky way of indirectly accessing sensitive data. “For example, Android app developers are supposed to request and obtain users’ consent to access data like geolocation,” Vallina-Rodriguez says. “However, we have shown that certain spyware apps and advertising companies do abuse local network protocols to silently access such sensitive information without any user awareness. All they have to do is kindly ask for it to other IoT devices deployed in the local network using standard protocols like UPnP.” In addition, Juan Tapiador, professor at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, says the study shows that local network protocols used by IoT devices are not sufficiently protected and expose sensitive information about the home and the homeowners’ use of the devices. “This information is being collected in an opaque way and makes it easier to create profiles of our habits or socioeconomic level,” Tapiador says. In other comments, Dr. Joel Reardon, PhD, associate professor of computer science at the University of Calgary, says the research shows the home network is not as secure as once thought. “If a new phone connects to a network, then all the apps on it can have direct access to everything else on that network,” Reardon says. “The spyware I found in apps with tens of millions of installs was in fact scanning networks and talking to routers.” The research follows multiple separate cybersecurity threats-related to IoT devices uncovered this month. Towards the middle of the month, the Electronic Frontier Foundation nonprofit put out a call to action for the FTC to block the sales of Android TV boxes potentially infected with botnet malware. Researchers around this time also published a report in FCC filings for the Cyber Trust Mark proceedings warning of ultrasonic commands that could potentially be used to activate and control voice assistants. If you enjoyed this article and want to receive more valuable industry content like this, click here to sign up for our digital newsletters!	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. How are smart devices able to spy on people's browsing history, financial transactions, and even health issues? Some apps can bypass security by just tapping into the wifi. how does that work? What do you think about the fact that once a device is connected it can control all of the other devices without consent? cepro.com New Research Uncovers Litany of Privacy/Security Issues in Consumer IoT Devices Zachary Comeau 5–6 minutes An international team of researchers has unveiled findings on the widespread security and privacy challenges posed by IoT devices in smart homes, delving into the intricacies of local network interactions between 93 different IoT devices and mobile apps. The paper, titled In the Room Where It Happens: Characterizing Local Communication and Threats in Smart Homes, reveals a litany of previously undisclosed security and privacy threats. The research team included researchers from the New York Tandon School of Engineering, Northeastern University, University of Madrid, University of Calgary, the International Computer Science Institute and IMDEA Networks. The research was presented last month at the ACM Internet Measurement Conference last month in Montreal. Researchers narrow in on the local network and how IoT devices can inadvertently compromise consumer privacy through the exposure of sensitive data within those local networks using standard protocols such as UPnP or mDNS. Researchers say this essentially allows nearly any company to learn what devices are in a home, when the user is home, and where the home is. According to the paper, these threats include the exposure of unique device names, UUIDs, and even household geolocation data, all of which can be harvested by companies involved in surveillance capitalism without user awareness. NYU Tandon, quoting PhD student and research co-author Vijay Prakash, says in a writeup that researchers found evidence of IoT devices inadvertently compromising consumer privacy by exposing at least one personally identifiable information, such as unique hardware addresses, UUID, or unique device names, in thousands of existing smart homes. That information can be pieced together to make a house very identifiable, researchers say. The devices included in the research include 93 consumer IP-based smart home devices, as well as their companion apps. Devices included in the study were smart doorbells, smart bulbs, smart thermostats, smart TVs, smart plugs, smart speakers, smart sensors and smart home hubs. Specifically, most of the devices tested are widely available online or in stores, including Amazon Echo devices, Google Nest products, Apple TVs, and more. These local network protocols can be employed as side-channels to access data that is supposedly protected by several mobile app permissions such as household locations, researchers say. Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, Associate Research Professor of IMDEA Networks and co-founder of AppCensus, says in a statement that side channels are a sneaky way of indirectly accessing sensitive data. “For example, Android app developers are supposed to request and obtain users’ consent to access data like geolocation,” Vallina-Rodriguez says. “However, we have shown that certain spyware apps and advertising companies do abuse local network protocols to silently access such sensitive information without any user awareness. All they have to do is kindly ask for it to other IoT devices deployed in the local network using standard protocols like UPnP.” In addition, Juan Tapiador, professor at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, says the study shows that local network protocols used by IoT devices are not sufficiently protected and expose sensitive information about the home and the homeowners’ use of the devices. “This information is being collected in an opaque way and makes it easier to create profiles of our habits or socioeconomic level,” Tapiador says. In other comments, Dr. Joel Reardon, PhD, associate professor of computer science at the University of Calgary, says the research shows the home network is not as secure as once thought. “If a new phone connects to a network, then all the apps on it can have direct access to everything else on that network,” Reardon says. “The spyware I found in apps with tens of millions of installs was in fact scanning networks and talking to routers.” The research follows multiple separate cybersecurity threats-related to IoT devices uncovered this month. Towards the middle of the month, the Electronic Frontier Foundation nonprofit put out a call to action for the FTC to block the sales of Android TV boxes potentially infected with botnet malware. Researchers around this time also published a report in FCC filings for the Cyber Trust Mark proceedings warning of ultrasonic commands that could potentially be used to activate and control voice assistants. If you enjoyed this article and want to receive more valuable industry content like this, click here to sign up for our digital newsletters! https://www.cepro.com/networking/new-research-uncovers-litany-of-privacy-security-issues-in-consumer-iot-devices/	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document] EVIDENCE: cepro.com New Research Uncovers Litany of Privacy/Security Issues in Consumer IoT Devices Zachary Comeau 5–6 minutes An international team of researchers has unveiled findings on the widespread security and privacy challenges posed by IoT devices in smart homes, delving into the intricacies of local network interactions between 93 different IoT devices and mobile apps. The paper, titled In the Room Where It Happens: Characterizing Local Communication and Threats in Smart Homes, reveals a litany of previously undisclosed security and privacy threats. The research team included researchers from the New York Tandon School of Engineering, Northeastern University, University of Madrid, University of Calgary, the International Computer Science Institute and IMDEA Networks. The research was presented last month at the ACM Internet Measurement Conference last month in Montreal. Researchers narrow in on the local network and how IoT devices can inadvertently compromise consumer privacy through the exposure of sensitive data within those local networks using standard protocols such as UPnP or mDNS. Researchers say this essentially allows nearly any company to learn what devices are in a home, when the user is home, and where the home is. According to the paper, these threats include the exposure of unique device names, UUIDs, and even household geolocation data, all of which can be harvested by companies involved in surveillance capitalism without user awareness. NYU Tandon, quoting PhD student and research co-author Vijay Prakash, says in a writeup that researchers found evidence of IoT devices inadvertently compromising consumer privacy by exposing at least one personally identifiable information, such as unique hardware addresses, UUID, or unique device names, in thousands of existing smart homes. That information can be pieced together to make a house very identifiable, researchers say. The devices included in the research include 93 consumer IP-based smart home devices, as well as their companion apps. Devices included in the study were smart doorbells, smart bulbs, smart thermostats, smart TVs, smart plugs, smart speakers, smart sensors and smart home hubs. Specifically, most of the devices tested are widely available online or in stores, including Amazon Echo devices, Google Nest products, Apple TVs, and more. These local network protocols can be employed as side-channels to access data that is supposedly protected by several mobile app permissions such as household locations, researchers say. Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, Associate Research Professor of IMDEA Networks and co-founder of AppCensus, says in a statement that side channels are a sneaky way of indirectly accessing sensitive data. “For example, Android app developers are supposed to request and obtain users’ consent to access data like geolocation,” Vallina-Rodriguez says. “However, we have shown that certain spyware apps and advertising companies do abuse local network protocols to silently access such sensitive information without any user awareness. All they have to do is kindly ask for it to other IoT devices deployed in the local network using standard protocols like UPnP.” In addition, Juan Tapiador, professor at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, says the study shows that local network protocols used by IoT devices are not sufficiently protected and expose sensitive information about the home and the homeowners’ use of the devices. “This information is being collected in an opaque way and makes it easier to create profiles of our habits or socioeconomic level,” Tapiador says. In other comments, Dr. Joel Reardon, PhD, associate professor of computer science at the University of Calgary, says the research shows the home network is not as secure as once thought. “If a new phone connects to a network, then all the apps on it can have direct access to everything else on that network,” Reardon says. “The spyware I found in apps with tens of millions of installs was in fact scanning networks and talking to routers.” The research follows multiple separate cybersecurity threats-related to IoT devices uncovered this month. Towards the middle of the month, the Electronic Frontier Foundation nonprofit put out a call to action for the FTC to block the sales of Android TV boxes potentially infected with botnet malware. Researchers around this time also published a report in FCC filings for the Cyber Trust Mark proceedings warning of ultrasonic commands that could potentially be used to activate and control voice assistants. If you enjoyed this article and want to receive more valuable industry content like this, click here to sign up for our digital newsletters! USER: How are smart devices able to spy on people's browsing history, financial transactions, and even health issues? Some apps can bypass security by just tapping into the wifi. how does that work? What do you think about the fact that once a device is connected it can control all of the other devices without consent? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	55	720	null	483
This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. Limit your response to 100 words. Do not use bullet points. Limit your answer to six sentences.	Summarize the five overarching principles of tax policy.	2.1 Overarching principles of tax policy In a context where many governments have to cope with less revenue, increasing expenditures and resulting fiscal constraints, raising revenue remains the most important function of taxes, which serve as the primary means for financing public goods such as maintenance of law and order and public infrastructure. Assuming a certain level of revenue that needs to be raised, which depends on the broader economic and fiscal policies of the country concerned, there are a number of broad tax policy considerations that have traditionally guided the development of taxation systems. These include neutrality, efficiency, certainty and simplicity, effectiveness and fairness, as well as flexibility. In the context of work leading up to the Report on the Taxation of Electronic Commerce (see Annex A for further detail), these overarching principles were the basis for the 1998 Ottawa Ministerial Conference, and are since then referred to as the Ottawa Taxation Framework Conditions. At the time, these principles were deemed appropriate for an evaluation of the taxation issues related to e-commerce. Although most of the new business models identified in Chapter 4 did not exist yet at the time, these principles, with modification, continue to be relevant in the digital economy, as discussed in Chapter 8. In addition to these well-recognised principles, equity is an important consideration for the design of tax policy. • Neutrality: Taxation should seek to be neutral and equitable between forms of business activities. A neutral tax will contribute to efficiency by ensuring that optimal allocation of the means of production is achieved. A distortion, and the corresponding deadweight loss, will occur when changes in price trigger different changes in supply and demand than would occur in the absence of tax. In this sense, neutrality also entails that the tax system raises revenue while minimising discrimination in favour of, or against, any particular economic choice. This implies that the same principles of taxation should apply to all forms of business, while addressing specific features that may otherwise undermine an equal and neutral application of those principles. • Efficiency: Compliance costs to business and administration costs for governments should be minimised as far as possible. • Certainty and simplicity: Tax rules should be clear and simple to understand, so that taxpayers know where they stand. A simple tax system makes it easier for individuals and businesses to understand their obligations and entitlements. As a result, businesses are more likely to make optimal decisions and respond to intended policy choices. Complexity also favours aggressive tax planning, which may trigger deadweight losses for the economy. ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014 2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION – 31 • Effectiveness and fairness: Taxation should produce the right amount of tax at the right time, while avoiding both double taxation and unintentional non-taxation. In addition, the potential for evasion and avoidance should be minimised. Prior discussions in the Technical Advisory Groups (TAGs) considered that if there is a class of taxpayers that are technically subject to a tax, but are never required to pay the tax due to inability to enforce it, then the taxpaying public may view the tax as unfair and ineffective. As a result, the practical enforceability of tax rules is an important consideration for policy makers. In addition, because it influences the collectability and the administerability of taxes, enforceability is crucial to ensure efficiency of the tax system. • Flexibility: Taxation systems should be flexible and dynamic enough to ensure they keep pace with technological and commercial developments. It is important that a tax system is dynamic and flexible enough to meet the current revenue needs of governments while adapting to changing needs on an ongoing basis. This means that the structural features of the system should be durable in a changing policy context, yet flexible and dynamic enough to allow governments to respond as required to keep pace with technological and commercial developments, taking into account that future developments will often be difficult to predict. Equity is also an important consideration within a tax policy framework. Equity has two main elements; horizontal equity and vertical equity. Horizontal equity suggests that taxpayers in similar circumstances should bear a similar tax burden. Vertical equity is a normative concept, whose definition can differ from one user to another. According to some, it suggests that taxpayers in better circumstances should bear a larger part of the tax burden as a proportion of their income. In practice, the interpretation of vertical equity depends on the extent to which countries want to diminish income variation and whether it should be applied to income earned in a specific period or to lifetime income. Equity is traditionally delivered through the design of the personal tax and transfer systems. Equity may also refer to inter-nation equity. As a theory, inter-nation equity is concerned with the allocation of national gain and loss in the international context and aims to ensure that each country receives an equitable share of tax revenues from cross-border transactions (OECD, 2001). The tax policy principle of inter-nation equity has been an important consideration in the debate on the division of taxing rights between source and residence countries. At the time of the Ottawa work on the taxation of electronic commerce, this important concern was recognised by stating that “any adaptation of the existing international taxation principles should be ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014 32 – 2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION structured to maintain fiscal sovereignty of countries, […] to achieve a fair sharing of the tax base from electronic commerce between countries…” (OECD, 2001: 228). Tax policy choices often reflect decisions by policy makers on the relative importance of each of these principles and will also reflect wider economic and social policy considerations outside the field of tax.	This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. Limit your response to 100 words. Do not use bullet points. Limit your answer to six sentences. Summarize the five overarching principles of tax policy. 2.1 Overarching principles of tax policy In a context where many governments have to cope with less revenue, increasing expenditures and resulting fiscal constraints, raising revenue remains the most important function of taxes, which serve as the primary means for financing public goods such as maintenance of law and order and public infrastructure. Assuming a certain level of revenue that needs to be raised, which depends on the broader economic and fiscal policies of the country concerned, there are a number of broad tax policy considerations that have traditionally guided the development of taxation systems. These include neutrality, efficiency, certainty and simplicity, effectiveness and fairness, as well as flexibility. In the context of work leading up to the Report on the Taxation of Electronic Commerce (see Annex A for further detail), these overarching principles were the basis for the 1998 Ottawa Ministerial Conference, and are since then referred to as the Ottawa Taxation Framework Conditions. At the time, these principles were deemed appropriate for an evaluation of the taxation issues related to e-commerce. Although most of the new business models identified in Chapter 4 did not exist yet at the time, these principles, with modification, continue to be relevant in the digital economy, as discussed in Chapter 8. In addition to these well-recognised principles, equity is an important consideration for the design of tax policy. • Neutrality: Taxation should seek to be neutral and equitable between forms of business activities. A neutral tax will contribute to efficiency by ensuring that optimal allocation of the means of production is achieved. A distortion, and the corresponding deadweight loss, will occur when changes in price trigger different changes in supply and demand than would occur in the absence of tax. In this sense, neutrality also entails that the tax system raises revenue while minimising discrimination in favour of, or against, any particular economic choice. This implies that the same principles of taxation should apply to all forms of business, while addressing specific features that may otherwise undermine an equal and neutral application of those principles. • Efficiency: Compliance costs to business and administration costs for governments should be minimised as far as possible. • Certainty and simplicity: Tax rules should be clear and simple to understand, so that taxpayers know where they stand. A simple tax system makes it easier for individuals and businesses to understand their obligations and entitlements. As a result, businesses are more likely to make optimal decisions and respond to intended policy choices. Complexity also favours aggressive tax planning, which may trigger deadweight losses for the economy. ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014 2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION – 31 • Effectiveness and fairness: Taxation should produce the right amount of tax at the right time, while avoiding both double taxation and unintentional non-taxation. In addition, the potential for evasion and avoidance should be minimised. Prior discussions in the Technical Advisory Groups (TAGs) considered that if there is a class of taxpayers that are technically subject to a tax, but are never required to pay the tax due to inability to enforce it, then the taxpaying public may view the tax as unfair and ineffective. As a result, the practical enforceability of tax rules is an important consideration for policy makers. In addition, because it influences the collectability and the administerability of taxes, enforceability is crucial to ensure efficiency of the tax system. • Flexibility: Taxation systems should be flexible and dynamic enough to ensure they keep pace with technological and commercial developments. It is important that a tax system is dynamic and flexible enough to meet the current revenue needs of governments while adapting to changing needs on an ongoing basis. This means that the structural features of the system should be durable in a changing policy context, yet flexible and dynamic enough to allow governments to respond as required to keep pace with technological and commercial developments, taking into account that future developments will often be difficult to predict. Equity is also an important consideration within a tax policy framework. Equity has two main elements; horizontal equity and vertical equity. Horizontal equity suggests that taxpayers in similar circumstances should bear a similar tax burden. Vertical equity is a normative concept, whose definition can differ from one user to another. According to some, it suggests that taxpayers in better circumstances should bear a larger part of the tax burden as a proportion of their income. In practice, the interpretation of vertical equity depends on the extent to which countries want to diminish income variation and whether it should be applied to income earned in a specific period or to lifetime income. Equity is traditionally delivered through the design of the personal tax and transfer systems. Equity may also refer to inter-nation equity. As a theory, inter-nation equity is concerned with the allocation of national gain and loss in the international context and aims to ensure that each country receives an equitable share of tax revenues from cross-border transactions (OECD, 2001). The tax policy principle of inter-nation equity has been an important consideration in the debate on the division of taxing rights between source and residence countries. At the time of the Ottawa work on the taxation of electronic commerce, this important concern was recognised by stating that “any adaptation of the existing international taxation principles should be ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014 32 – 2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION structured to maintain fiscal sovereignty of countries, […] to achieve a fair sharing of the tax base from electronic commerce between countries…” (OECD, 2001: 228). Tax policy choices often reflect decisions by policy makers on the relative importance of each of these principles and will also reflect wider economic and social policy considerations outside the field of tax.	This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. Limit your response to 100 words. Do not use bullet points. Limit your answer to six sentences. EVIDENCE: 2.1 Overarching principles of tax policy In a context where many governments have to cope with less revenue, increasing expenditures and resulting fiscal constraints, raising revenue remains the most important function of taxes, which serve as the primary means for financing public goods such as maintenance of law and order and public infrastructure. Assuming a certain level of revenue that needs to be raised, which depends on the broader economic and fiscal policies of the country concerned, there are a number of broad tax policy considerations that have traditionally guided the development of taxation systems. These include neutrality, efficiency, certainty and simplicity, effectiveness and fairness, as well as flexibility. In the context of work leading up to the Report on the Taxation of Electronic Commerce (see Annex A for further detail), these overarching principles were the basis for the 1998 Ottawa Ministerial Conference, and are since then referred to as the Ottawa Taxation Framework Conditions. At the time, these principles were deemed appropriate for an evaluation of the taxation issues related to e-commerce. Although most of the new business models identified in Chapter 4 did not exist yet at the time, these principles, with modification, continue to be relevant in the digital economy, as discussed in Chapter 8. In addition to these well-recognised principles, equity is an important consideration for the design of tax policy. • Neutrality: Taxation should seek to be neutral and equitable between forms of business activities. A neutral tax will contribute to efficiency by ensuring that optimal allocation of the means of production is achieved. A distortion, and the corresponding deadweight loss, will occur when changes in price trigger different changes in supply and demand than would occur in the absence of tax. In this sense, neutrality also entails that the tax system raises revenue while minimising discrimination in favour of, or against, any particular economic choice. This implies that the same principles of taxation should apply to all forms of business, while addressing specific features that may otherwise undermine an equal and neutral application of those principles. • Efficiency: Compliance costs to business and administration costs for governments should be minimised as far as possible. • Certainty and simplicity: Tax rules should be clear and simple to understand, so that taxpayers know where they stand. A simple tax system makes it easier for individuals and businesses to understand their obligations and entitlements. As a result, businesses are more likely to make optimal decisions and respond to intended policy choices. Complexity also favours aggressive tax planning, which may trigger deadweight losses for the economy. ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014 2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION – 31 • Effectiveness and fairness: Taxation should produce the right amount of tax at the right time, while avoiding both double taxation and unintentional non-taxation. In addition, the potential for evasion and avoidance should be minimised. Prior discussions in the Technical Advisory Groups (TAGs) considered that if there is a class of taxpayers that are technically subject to a tax, but are never required to pay the tax due to inability to enforce it, then the taxpaying public may view the tax as unfair and ineffective. As a result, the practical enforceability of tax rules is an important consideration for policy makers. In addition, because it influences the collectability and the administerability of taxes, enforceability is crucial to ensure efficiency of the tax system. • Flexibility: Taxation systems should be flexible and dynamic enough to ensure they keep pace with technological and commercial developments. It is important that a tax system is dynamic and flexible enough to meet the current revenue needs of governments while adapting to changing needs on an ongoing basis. This means that the structural features of the system should be durable in a changing policy context, yet flexible and dynamic enough to allow governments to respond as required to keep pace with technological and commercial developments, taking into account that future developments will often be difficult to predict. Equity is also an important consideration within a tax policy framework. Equity has two main elements; horizontal equity and vertical equity. Horizontal equity suggests that taxpayers in similar circumstances should bear a similar tax burden. Vertical equity is a normative concept, whose definition can differ from one user to another. According to some, it suggests that taxpayers in better circumstances should bear a larger part of the tax burden as a proportion of their income. In practice, the interpretation of vertical equity depends on the extent to which countries want to diminish income variation and whether it should be applied to income earned in a specific period or to lifetime income. Equity is traditionally delivered through the design of the personal tax and transfer systems. Equity may also refer to inter-nation equity. As a theory, inter-nation equity is concerned with the allocation of national gain and loss in the international context and aims to ensure that each country receives an equitable share of tax revenues from cross-border transactions (OECD, 2001). The tax policy principle of inter-nation equity has been an important consideration in the debate on the division of taxing rights between source and residence countries. At the time of the Ottawa work on the taxation of electronic commerce, this important concern was recognised by stating that “any adaptation of the existing international taxation principles should be ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014 32 – 2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION structured to maintain fiscal sovereignty of countries, […] to achieve a fair sharing of the tax base from electronic commerce between countries…” (OECD, 2001: 228). Tax policy choices often reflect decisions by policy makers on the relative importance of each of these principles and will also reflect wider economic and social policy considerations outside the field of tax. USER: Summarize the five overarching principles of tax policy. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	45	8	970	null	5
You must generate a response using only this provided document. Do not use any other outside source to support your claims. If you are unable to answer the request using the supporting document only, then you must respond with "please support more relevant documents so that I may answer your request accurately".	How does hormonal imbalance in women affect mood and what can be done to minimize these affects?	MOOD SWINGS IN WOMEN DUE TO HORMONE IMBALANCE A mood swing is defined as “an abrupt and apparently unaccountable change of mood.” Mood swings can be triggered by any number of events or situations, but in many cases, the root cause of a mood swing is a shift in hormone levels. One minute you are feeling elated and happy, but the next you are expressing anger and hostility. Mood swings are common in women who are experiencing hormonal fluctuations due to physiological events, such menstruation or menopause. Chronic mood swings can significantly affect a woman’s health and are often the result of a hormonal imbalance. The good news is that mood swings is another hormonal imbalance symptom that could be treated safely and effectively with hormone therapy. What Causes Mood Swings? Mood swings can be a side effect of lifestyle choices, life events or physiological changes, including: Stress It’s no secret that stress influences mood. Stress has a number of effects on the body— physical and psychological. Hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate mood can be affected by stress levels. Too much stress can cause cortisol levels to rise, leading to fatigue, poor sleep and appetite changes, further impacting changes in mood and behavior. Psychiatric Issues Mood disorders are not always related to a hormonal imbalance. In some cases, psychological disorders or mental health conditions may be to blame. ADHD (attention deficit hyperactive disorder), bipolar disorder, panic disorder and depression are just a few examples of psychological issues that may cause mood swings. PMS (premenstrual syndrome) For many women, uncomfortable symptoms can occur approximately one to two weeks before menstruation. This period of time is known as PMS, or premenstrual syndrome. Premenstrual mood swings are just one symptoms and may be influenced by other common symptoms, including bloating, fatigue, changes in appetite and depression. The cause of these symptoms is related to shifts in progesterone and estrogen levels, which rise and fall throughout the full menstrual cycle. PMDD (premenstrual dysmorphic disorder) PMDD, or premenstrual dysmorphic disorder, is a more severe form of PMS, affecting approximately 8 percent of premenopausal women. The symptoms of PMDD are similar to those experienced with PMS, but mood swings tend to be more extreme, along with other emotions, such irritability, sadness, and anxiety. The cause of PMDD is not well understood, but it is speculated that it is the effect of an abnormal response of the brain to hormonal shifts that occur before menstruation leading to a deficiency in the neurotransmitter, serotonin. Menopause Mood swings are one of the most common symptoms of menopause. During perimenopause, severe mood swings can occur due to hormonal shifts affecting estrogen and progesterone. The hormonal shifts are generally more extreme in the earlier phases of the transition into menopause. Other menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats, can cause undue stress, poor sleep and anxiety that can lead to mood swings as well. Thyroid Dysfunction Thyroid dysfunction can influence mood and cause mood swings. Hypothyroidism can be the result of low thyroid hormone and high cortisol levels. This can affect sleep, energy and appetite, all of which can impact mood. Hormonal Imbalance In general, out of balance hormones can affect mood. Estrogen and progesterone are well-known for their role in female physiology and fluctuate frequently throughout the female life cycle. However, other hormones may become imbalanced due to age or illness and cause mood swings. For example, low testosterone in women can impact energy, weight, and sex drive. High cortisol can lead to anxiety, sleeplessness, and weight gain. Any of these factors can cause mood swings simply due to the effects on a woman’`s lifestyle or overall health and wellbeing. How Mood Swings Affect Women&’s Health** Mood swings can damage relationships, interfere with work productivity and limit social interactions. This can negatively affect your mental health and become a source of stress—both of which can increase the risk of more serious disease. If your mood swings are more than occasional bouts of moodiness before your period or after a particularly bad day, it might be time to seek help. Identifying the root cause of your mood swings with the help of a qualified professional can you ensure you get the most effective treatment. Female Hormone Balance Therapy for Mood Swings Mood swings are not something any woman should ignore. If you are experiencing frequent mood swings, seek help from a qualified professional. If your mood swings are related to a hormonal imbalance, you are likely experiencing other symptoms or events in your lifecycle. For example, women who are perimenopausal will likely be experiencing hot flashes, foggy thinking or joint pain along with mood swings. If you have a thyroid disorder, you may notice that your mood swings are accompanied by feeling tired all the time, a change in appetite and an inability to regulate your body temperature. These are signs that your mood swings may be related to a hormonal imbalance. Advanced lab testing can help pinpoint which hormones are out of balance and may causing your mood swings and other symptoms. Following lab testing, you can meet with one of the expert physicians of the BodyLogicMD network for a one-on-one consultation. Each practitioner is highly trained and specializes in hormone health and balance. He/she will review your lab results, discuss your symptoms and medical history, as well as come to understand how your life has been affected by hormone imbalance. Your doctor will partner with you to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that will correct any hormone imbalance safely and effectively to help relieve you from the unwelcome symptoms, like mood swings. Your treatment plan may include bioidentical hormone replacement therapy to restore hormone balance, along with nutritional guidance, fitness recommendations, stressreduction techniques and pharmaceutical-grade supplements. Each element in your treatment plan will be designed to fit your lifestyle, while ensuring your medical needs are met and your wellness goals are achieved.	You must generate a response using only this provided document. Do not use any other outside source to support your claims. If you are unable to answer the request using the supporting document only, then you must respond with "please support more relevant documents so that I may answer your request accurately". How does hormonal imbalance in women affect mood and what can be done to minimize these affects? MOOD SWINGS IN WOMEN DUE TO HORMONE IMBALANCE A mood swing is defined as “an abrupt and apparently unaccountable change of mood.” Mood swings can be triggered by any number of events or situations, but in many cases, the root cause of a mood swing is a shift in hormone levels. One minute you are feeling elated and happy, but the next you are expressing anger and hostility. Mood swings are common in women who are experiencing hormonal fluctuations due to physiological events, such menstruation or menopause. Chronic mood swings can significantly affect a woman’s health and are often the result of a hormonal imbalance. The good news is that mood swings is another hormonal imbalance symptom that could be treated safely and effectively with hormone therapy. What Causes Mood Swings? Mood swings can be a side effect of lifestyle choices, life events or physiological changes, including: Stress It’s no secret that stress influences mood. Stress has a number of effects on the body— physical and psychological. Hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate mood can be affected by stress levels. Too much stress can cause cortisol levels to rise, leading to fatigue, poor sleep and appetite changes, further impacting changes in mood and behavior. Psychiatric Issues Mood disorders are not always related to a hormonal imbalance. In some cases, psychological disorders or mental health conditions may be to blame. ADHD (attention deficit hyperactive disorder), bipolar disorder, panic disorder and depression are just a few examples of psychological issues that may cause mood swings. PMS (premenstrual syndrome) For many women, uncomfortable symptoms can occur approximately one to two weeks before menstruation. This period of time is known as PMS, or premenstrual syndrome. Premenstrual mood swings are just one symptoms and may be influenced by other common symptoms, including bloating, fatigue, changes in appetite and depression. The cause of these symptoms is related to shifts in progesterone and estrogen levels, which rise and fall throughout the full menstrual cycle. PMDD (premenstrual dysmorphic disorder) PMDD, or premenstrual dysmorphic disorder, is a more severe form of PMS, affecting approximately 8 percent of premenopausal women. The symptoms of PMDD are similar to those experienced with PMS, but mood swings tend to be more extreme, along with other emotions, such irritability, sadness, and anxiety. The cause of PMDD is not well understood, but it is speculated that it is the effect of an abnormal response of the brain to hormonal shifts that occur before menstruation leading to a deficiency in the neurotransmitter, serotonin. Menopause Mood swings are one of the most common symptoms of menopause. During perimenopause, severe mood swings can occur due to hormonal shifts affecting estrogen and progesterone. The hormonal shifts are generally more extreme in the earlier phases of the transition into menopause. Other menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats, can cause undue stress, poor sleep and anxiety that can lead to mood swings as well. Thyroid Dysfunction Thyroid dysfunction can influence mood and cause mood swings. Hypothyroidism can be the result of low thyroid hormone and high cortisol levels. This can affect sleep, energy and appetite, all of which can impact mood. Hormonal Imbalance In general, out of balance hormones can affect mood. Estrogen and progesterone are well-known for their role in female physiology and fluctuate frequently throughout the female life cycle. However, other hormones may become imbalanced due to age or illness and cause mood swings. For example, low testosterone in women can impact energy, weight, and sex drive. High cortisol can lead to anxiety, sleeplessness, and weight gain. Any of these factors can cause mood swings simply due to the effects on a woman’`s lifestyle or overall health and wellbeing. How Mood Swings Affect Women&’s Health** Mood swings can damage relationships, interfere with work productivity and limit social interactions. This can negatively affect your mental health and become a source of stress—both of which can increase the risk of more serious disease. If your mood swings are more than occasional bouts of moodiness before your period or after a particularly bad day, it might be time to seek help. Identifying the root cause of your mood swings with the help of a qualified professional can you ensure you get the most effective treatment. Female Hormone Balance Therapy for Mood Swings Mood swings are not something any woman should ignore. If you are experiencing frequent mood swings, seek help from a qualified professional. If your mood swings are related to a hormonal imbalance, you are likely experiencing other symptoms or events in your lifecycle. For example, women who are perimenopausal will likely be experiencing hot flashes, foggy thinking or joint pain along with mood swings. If you have a thyroid disorder, you may notice that your mood swings are accompanied by feeling tired all the time, a change in appetite and an inability to regulate your body temperature. These are signs that your mood swings may be related to a hormonal imbalance. Advanced lab testing can help pinpoint which hormones are out of balance and may causing your mood swings and other symptoms. Following lab testing, you can meet with one of the expert physicians of the BodyLogicMD network for a one-on-one consultation. Each practitioner is highly trained and specializes in hormone health and balance. He/she will review your lab results, discuss your symptoms and medical history, as well as come to understand how your life has been affected by hormone imbalance. Your doctor will partner with you to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that will correct any hormone imbalance safely and effectively to help relieve you from the unwelcome symptoms, like mood swings. Your treatment plan may include bioidentical hormone replacement therapy to restore hormone balance, along with nutritional guidance, fitness recommendations, stressreduction techniques and pharmaceutical-grade supplements. Each element in your treatment plan will be designed to fit your lifestyle, while ensuring your medical needs are met and your wellness goals are achieved.	You must generate a response using only this provided document. Do not use any other outside source to support your claims. If you are unable to answer the request using the supporting document only, then you must respond with "please support more relevant documents so that I may answer your request accurately". EVIDENCE: MOOD SWINGS IN WOMEN DUE TO HORMONE IMBALANCE A mood swing is defined as “an abrupt and apparently unaccountable change of mood.” Mood swings can be triggered by any number of events or situations, but in many cases, the root cause of a mood swing is a shift in hormone levels. One minute you are feeling elated and happy, but the next you are expressing anger and hostility. Mood swings are common in women who are experiencing hormonal fluctuations due to physiological events, such menstruation or menopause. Chronic mood swings can significantly affect a woman’s health and are often the result of a hormonal imbalance. The good news is that mood swings is another hormonal imbalance symptom that could be treated safely and effectively with hormone therapy. What Causes Mood Swings? Mood swings can be a side effect of lifestyle choices, life events or physiological changes, including: Stress It’s no secret that stress influences mood. Stress has a number of effects on the body— physical and psychological. Hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate mood can be affected by stress levels. Too much stress can cause cortisol levels to rise, leading to fatigue, poor sleep and appetite changes, further impacting changes in mood and behavior. Psychiatric Issues Mood disorders are not always related to a hormonal imbalance. In some cases, psychological disorders or mental health conditions may be to blame. ADHD (attention deficit hyperactive disorder), bipolar disorder, panic disorder and depression are just a few examples of psychological issues that may cause mood swings. PMS (premenstrual syndrome) For many women, uncomfortable symptoms can occur approximately one to two weeks before menstruation. This period of time is known as PMS, or premenstrual syndrome. Premenstrual mood swings are just one symptoms and may be influenced by other common symptoms, including bloating, fatigue, changes in appetite and depression. The cause of these symptoms is related to shifts in progesterone and estrogen levels, which rise and fall throughout the full menstrual cycle. PMDD (premenstrual dysmorphic disorder) PMDD, or premenstrual dysmorphic disorder, is a more severe form of PMS, affecting approximately 8 percent of premenopausal women. The symptoms of PMDD are similar to those experienced with PMS, but mood swings tend to be more extreme, along with other emotions, such irritability, sadness, and anxiety. The cause of PMDD is not well understood, but it is speculated that it is the effect of an abnormal response of the brain to hormonal shifts that occur before menstruation leading to a deficiency in the neurotransmitter, serotonin. Menopause Mood swings are one of the most common symptoms of menopause. During perimenopause, severe mood swings can occur due to hormonal shifts affecting estrogen and progesterone. The hormonal shifts are generally more extreme in the earlier phases of the transition into menopause. Other menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats, can cause undue stress, poor sleep and anxiety that can lead to mood swings as well. Thyroid Dysfunction Thyroid dysfunction can influence mood and cause mood swings. Hypothyroidism can be the result of low thyroid hormone and high cortisol levels. This can affect sleep, energy and appetite, all of which can impact mood. Hormonal Imbalance In general, out of balance hormones can affect mood. Estrogen and progesterone are well-known for their role in female physiology and fluctuate frequently throughout the female life cycle. However, other hormones may become imbalanced due to age or illness and cause mood swings. For example, low testosterone in women can impact energy, weight, and sex drive. High cortisol can lead to anxiety, sleeplessness, and weight gain. Any of these factors can cause mood swings simply due to the effects on a woman’`s lifestyle or overall health and wellbeing. How Mood Swings Affect Women&’s Health** Mood swings can damage relationships, interfere with work productivity and limit social interactions. This can negatively affect your mental health and become a source of stress—both of which can increase the risk of more serious disease. If your mood swings are more than occasional bouts of moodiness before your period or after a particularly bad day, it might be time to seek help. Identifying the root cause of your mood swings with the help of a qualified professional can you ensure you get the most effective treatment. Female Hormone Balance Therapy for Mood Swings Mood swings are not something any woman should ignore. If you are experiencing frequent mood swings, seek help from a qualified professional. If your mood swings are related to a hormonal imbalance, you are likely experiencing other symptoms or events in your lifecycle. For example, women who are perimenopausal will likely be experiencing hot flashes, foggy thinking or joint pain along with mood swings. If you have a thyroid disorder, you may notice that your mood swings are accompanied by feeling tired all the time, a change in appetite and an inability to regulate your body temperature. These are signs that your mood swings may be related to a hormonal imbalance. Advanced lab testing can help pinpoint which hormones are out of balance and may causing your mood swings and other symptoms. Following lab testing, you can meet with one of the expert physicians of the BodyLogicMD network for a one-on-one consultation. Each practitioner is highly trained and specializes in hormone health and balance. He/she will review your lab results, discuss your symptoms and medical history, as well as come to understand how your life has been affected by hormone imbalance. Your doctor will partner with you to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that will correct any hormone imbalance safely and effectively to help relieve you from the unwelcome symptoms, like mood swings. Your treatment plan may include bioidentical hormone replacement therapy to restore hormone balance, along with nutritional guidance, fitness recommendations, stressreduction techniques and pharmaceutical-grade supplements. Each element in your treatment plan will be designed to fit your lifestyle, while ensuring your medical needs are met and your wellness goals are achieved. USER: How does hormonal imbalance in women affect mood and what can be done to minimize these affects? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	52	17	985	null	597
Using only this document provide the answer in a single sentence. It should be between 15 to 30 words.	Are there treatments for EDS?	Ehlers-Danlos syndromes Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of rare inherited conditions that affect connective tissue. Connective tissues provide support in skin, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, internal organs and bones. Symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) There are several types of EDS that may share some symptoms. These include: an increased range of joint movement (joint hypermobility) stretchy skin fragile skin that breaks or bruises easily EDS can affect people in different ways. For some, the condition is relatively mild, while for others their symptoms can be disabling. The different types of EDS are caused by faults in certain genes that make connective tissue weaker. Depending on the type of EDS, the faulty gene may have been inherited from 1 parent or both parents. Sometimes the faulty gene is not inherited, but occurs in the person for the first time. Some of the rare, severe types can be life threatening. Main types of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) There are 13 types of EDS, most of which are rare. Hypermobile EDS (hEDS) is the most common type. Other types of EDS include classical EDS, vascular EDS and kyphoscoliotic EDS. The EDS Support UK website has more information about the different types of EDS Hypermobile EDS People with hEDS may have: joint hypermobility loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily joint pain and clicking joints extreme tiredness (fatigue) skin that bruises easily digestive problems, such as heartburn and constipation dizziness and an increased heart rate after standing up problems with internal organs, such as mitral valve problems or organ prolapse problems with bladder control (urinary incontinence) Currently, there are no tests to confirm whether someone has hEDS. The diagnosis is made based on a person's medical history and a physical examination. Classical EDS Classical EDS (cEDS) is less common than hypermobile EDS and tends to affect the skin more. People with cEDS may have: joint hypermobility loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily stretchy skin fragile skin that can split easily, especially over the forehead, knees, shins and elbows smooth, velvety skin that bruises easily wounds that are slow to heal and leave wide scars hernias and organ prolapse Vascular EDS Vascular EDS (vEDS) is a rare type of EDS and is often considered to be the most serious. It affects the blood vessels and internal organs, which can cause them to split open and lead to life-threatening bleeding. People with vEDS may have: skin that bruises very easily thin skin with visible small blood vessels, particularly on the upper chest and legs fragile blood vessels that can bulge or tear, resulting in serious internal bleeding a risk of organ problems, such as the bowel tearing, the womb tearing (in late pregnancy) and partial collapse of the lung hypermobile fingers and toes, unusual facial features (such as a thin nose and lips, large eyes and small earlobes), varicose veins and delayed wound healing Kyphoscoliotic EDS Kyphoscoliotic EDS (kEDS) is rare. People with kEDS may have: curvature of the spine – this starts in early childhood and often gets worse in the teenage years joint hypermobility loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily weak muscle tone from childhood (hypotonia) – this may cause a delay in sitting and walking, or difficulty walking if symptoms get worse fragile eyes that can easily be damaged soft, velvety skin that is stretchy, bruises easily and scars Hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) Some people have problems caused by hypermobility, but do not have any of the specific EDS conditions. They may be diagnosed with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD), which is treated in the same way as hEDS. Getting medical advice See a GP if you have several troublesome symptoms of EDS. You do not usually need to worry if you only have a few symptoms and they're not causing any problems. Joint hypermobility, for example, is relatively common, affecting around 1 in 30 people. It's unlikely to be caused by EDS if you do not have any other symptoms. The GP may refer you to a joint specialist (rheumatologist) if you have problems with your joints and they suspect EDS. If there's a possibility you may have 1 of the rare types of EDS, the GP can refer you to your local genetics service for an assessment. The genetics specialist will ask about your medical history, family history, assess your symptoms and may carry out a genetic blood test to confirm the diagnosis. If further investigation is needed, your hospital doctor can refer you to a specialist EDS diagnostic service based in Sheffield or London – see the Annabelle's Challenge website for more information. Treatment for Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) There's no specific treatment for EDS, but it's possible to manage many of the symptoms with support and advice. People with EDS may also benefit from support from a number of different healthcare professionals. For example: a physiotherapist can teach you exercises to help strengthen your joints, avoid injuries and manage pain an occupational therapist can help you manage daily activities and give advice on equipment that may help you counselling and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) may be useful if you're struggling to cope with long-term pain for certain types of EDS, regular scans carried out in hospital can detect problems with internal organs genetic counselling can help you learn more about the cause of your condition, how it's inherited, and what the chances are of passing it on to your children Your GP or consultant can refer you to these services. Information: Self-refer for treatment If you have Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, you might be able to refer yourself directly to services for help with your condition without seeing a GP. To find out if there are any services in your area: ask the reception staff at your GP surgery check your GP surgery's website contact your integrated care board (ICB) – find your local ICB search online for NHS treatment for Ehlers-Danlos syndromes near you Living with Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) It's important to be careful about activities that put a lot of strain on your joints or put you at risk of injury. But it's also important not to be overprotective and avoid living an otherwise normal life. Advice will depend on which type of EDS you have and how it affects you: you may be advised to avoid some activities entirely, such as heavy lifting and contact sports for some activities you may need to wear appropriate protection and be taught how to reduce the strain on your joints lower-risk activities, such as swimming or pilates, may be recommended to help you stay fit and healthy if fatigue is a problem, you can be taught ways to conserve your energy and pace your activities How Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are inherited EDS can be inherited, but it happen by chance in someone without a family history of the condition. The 2 main ways EDS is inherited are: autosomal dominant inheritance (hypermobile, classical and vascular EDS) – the faulty gene that causes EDS is passed on by 1 parent and there's a 1 in 2 chance of each of their children developing the condition autosomal recessive inheritance (kyphoscoliotic EDS) – the faulty gene is inherited from both parents and there's a 1 in 4 chance of each of their children developing the condition A person with EDS can only pass on the same type of EDS to their children. For example, the children of someone with hypermobile EDS cannot inherit vascular EDS. The severity of the condition can vary within the same family. More information The following websites provide more information, advice and support for people with EDS and their families: Ehlers-Danlos Support UK – you can also call their free helpline on 0800 907 8518 or find local support groups Hypermobility Syndromes Association (HMSA) – you can also call their helpline on 0333 011 6388 or find local support groups Information about you If you have EDS, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Diseases Registration Service. This helps scientists look for better ways to prevent and treat this condition. You can opt out of the register at any time. Page last reviewed: 04 October 2022 Next review due: 04 October 2025	question: Are there treatments for EDS? ---------- context: Ehlers-Danlos syndromes Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of rare inherited conditions that affect connective tissue. Connective tissues provide support in skin, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, internal organs and bones. Symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) There are several types of EDS that may share some symptoms. These include: an increased range of joint movement (joint hypermobility) stretchy skin fragile skin that breaks or bruises easily EDS can affect people in different ways. For some, the condition is relatively mild, while for others their symptoms can be disabling. The different types of EDS are caused by faults in certain genes that make connective tissue weaker. Depending on the type of EDS, the faulty gene may have been inherited from 1 parent or both parents. Sometimes the faulty gene is not inherited, but occurs in the person for the first time. Some of the rare, severe types can be life threatening. Main types of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) There are 13 types of EDS, most of which are rare. Hypermobile EDS (hEDS) is the most common type. Other types of EDS include classical EDS, vascular EDS and kyphoscoliotic EDS. The EDS Support UK website has more information about the different types of EDS Hypermobile EDS People with hEDS may have: joint hypermobility loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily joint pain and clicking joints extreme tiredness (fatigue) skin that bruises easily digestive problems, such as heartburn and constipation dizziness and an increased heart rate after standing up problems with internal organs, such as mitral valve problems or organ prolapse problems with bladder control (urinary incontinence) Currently, there are no tests to confirm whether someone has hEDS. The diagnosis is made based on a person's medical history and a physical examination. Classical EDS Classical EDS (cEDS) is less common than hypermobile EDS and tends to affect the skin more. People with cEDS may have: joint hypermobility loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily stretchy skin fragile skin that can split easily, especially over the forehead, knees, shins and elbows smooth, velvety skin that bruises easily wounds that are slow to heal and leave wide scars hernias and organ prolapse Vascular EDS Vascular EDS (vEDS) is a rare type of EDS and is often considered to be the most serious. It affects the blood vessels and internal organs, which can cause them to split open and lead to life-threatening bleeding. People with vEDS may have: skin that bruises very easily thin skin with visible small blood vessels, particularly on the upper chest and legs fragile blood vessels that can bulge or tear, resulting in serious internal bleeding a risk of organ problems, such as the bowel tearing, the womb tearing (in late pregnancy) and partial collapse of the lung hypermobile fingers and toes, unusual facial features (such as a thin nose and lips, large eyes and small earlobes), varicose veins and delayed wound healing Kyphoscoliotic EDS Kyphoscoliotic EDS (kEDS) is rare. People with kEDS may have: curvature of the spine – this starts in early childhood and often gets worse in the teenage years joint hypermobility loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily weak muscle tone from childhood (hypotonia) – this may cause a delay in sitting and walking, or difficulty walking if symptoms get worse fragile eyes that can easily be damaged soft, velvety skin that is stretchy, bruises easily and scars Hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) Some people have problems caused by hypermobility, but do not have any of the specific EDS conditions. They may be diagnosed with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD), which is treated in the same way as hEDS. Getting medical advice See a GP if you have several troublesome symptoms of EDS. You do not usually need to worry if you only have a few symptoms and they're not causing any problems. Joint hypermobility, for example, is relatively common, affecting around 1 in 30 people. It's unlikely to be caused by EDS if you do not have any other symptoms. The GP may refer you to a joint specialist (rheumatologist) if you have problems with your joints and they suspect EDS. If there's a possibility you may have 1 of the rare types of EDS, the GP can refer you to your local genetics service for an assessment. The genetics specialist will ask about your medical history, family history, assess your symptoms and may carry out a genetic blood test to confirm the diagnosis. If further investigation is needed, your hospital doctor can refer you to a specialist EDS diagnostic service based in Sheffield or London – see the Annabelle's Challenge website for more information. Treatment for Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) There's no specific treatment for EDS, but it's possible to manage many of the symptoms with support and advice. People with EDS may also benefit from support from a number of different healthcare professionals. For example: a physiotherapist can teach you exercises to help strengthen your joints, avoid injuries and manage pain an occupational therapist can help you manage daily activities and give advice on equipment that may help you counselling and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) may be useful if you're struggling to cope with long-term pain for certain types of EDS, regular scans carried out in hospital can detect problems with internal organs genetic counselling can help you learn more about the cause of your condition, how it's inherited, and what the chances are of passing it on to your children Your GP or consultant can refer you to these services. Information: Self-refer for treatment If you have Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, you might be able to refer yourself directly to services for help with your condition without seeing a GP. To find out if there are any services in your area: ask the reception staff at your GP surgery check your GP surgery's website contact your integrated care board (ICB) – find your local ICB search online for NHS treatment for Ehlers-Danlos syndromes near you Living with Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) It's important to be careful about activities that put a lot of strain on your joints or put you at risk of injury. But it's also important not to be overprotective and avoid living an otherwise normal life. Advice will depend on which type of EDS you have and how it affects you: you may be advised to avoid some activities entirely, such as heavy lifting and contact sports for some activities you may need to wear appropriate protection and be taught how to reduce the strain on your joints lower-risk activities, such as swimming or pilates, may be recommended to help you stay fit and healthy if fatigue is a problem, you can be taught ways to conserve your energy and pace your activities How Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are inherited EDS can be inherited, but it happen by chance in someone without a family history of the condition. The 2 main ways EDS is inherited are: autosomal dominant inheritance (hypermobile, classical and vascular EDS) – the faulty gene that causes EDS is passed on by 1 parent and there's a 1 in 2 chance of each of their children developing the condition autosomal recessive inheritance (kyphoscoliotic EDS) – the faulty gene is inherited from both parents and there's a 1 in 4 chance of each of their children developing the condition A person with EDS can only pass on the same type of EDS to their children. For example, the children of someone with hypermobile EDS cannot inherit vascular EDS. The severity of the condition can vary within the same family. More information The following websites provide more information, advice and support for people with EDS and their families: Ehlers-Danlos Support UK – you can also call their free helpline on 0800 907 8518 or find local support groups Hypermobility Syndromes Association (HMSA) – you can also call their helpline on 0333 011 6388 or find local support groups Information about you If you have EDS, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Diseases Registration Service. This helps scientists look for better ways to prevent and treat this condition. You can opt out of the register at any time. Page last reviewed: 04 October 2022 Next review due: 04 October 2025 ---------- instructions: Using only this document provide the answer in a single sentence. It should be between 15 to 30 words.	Using only this document provide the answer in a single sentence. It should be between 15 to 30 words. EVIDENCE: Ehlers-Danlos syndromes Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of rare inherited conditions that affect connective tissue. Connective tissues provide support in skin, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, internal organs and bones. Symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) There are several types of EDS that may share some symptoms. These include: an increased range of joint movement (joint hypermobility) stretchy skin fragile skin that breaks or bruises easily EDS can affect people in different ways. For some, the condition is relatively mild, while for others their symptoms can be disabling. The different types of EDS are caused by faults in certain genes that make connective tissue weaker. Depending on the type of EDS, the faulty gene may have been inherited from 1 parent or both parents. Sometimes the faulty gene is not inherited, but occurs in the person for the first time. Some of the rare, severe types can be life threatening. Main types of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) There are 13 types of EDS, most of which are rare. Hypermobile EDS (hEDS) is the most common type. Other types of EDS include classical EDS, vascular EDS and kyphoscoliotic EDS. The EDS Support UK website has more information about the different types of EDS Hypermobile EDS People with hEDS may have: joint hypermobility loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily joint pain and clicking joints extreme tiredness (fatigue) skin that bruises easily digestive problems, such as heartburn and constipation dizziness and an increased heart rate after standing up problems with internal organs, such as mitral valve problems or organ prolapse problems with bladder control (urinary incontinence) Currently, there are no tests to confirm whether someone has hEDS. The diagnosis is made based on a person's medical history and a physical examination. Classical EDS Classical EDS (cEDS) is less common than hypermobile EDS and tends to affect the skin more. People with cEDS may have: joint hypermobility loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily stretchy skin fragile skin that can split easily, especially over the forehead, knees, shins and elbows smooth, velvety skin that bruises easily wounds that are slow to heal and leave wide scars hernias and organ prolapse Vascular EDS Vascular EDS (vEDS) is a rare type of EDS and is often considered to be the most serious. It affects the blood vessels and internal organs, which can cause them to split open and lead to life-threatening bleeding. People with vEDS may have: skin that bruises very easily thin skin with visible small blood vessels, particularly on the upper chest and legs fragile blood vessels that can bulge or tear, resulting in serious internal bleeding a risk of organ problems, such as the bowel tearing, the womb tearing (in late pregnancy) and partial collapse of the lung hypermobile fingers and toes, unusual facial features (such as a thin nose and lips, large eyes and small earlobes), varicose veins and delayed wound healing Kyphoscoliotic EDS Kyphoscoliotic EDS (kEDS) is rare. People with kEDS may have: curvature of the spine – this starts in early childhood and often gets worse in the teenage years joint hypermobility loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily weak muscle tone from childhood (hypotonia) – this may cause a delay in sitting and walking, or difficulty walking if symptoms get worse fragile eyes that can easily be damaged soft, velvety skin that is stretchy, bruises easily and scars Hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) Some people have problems caused by hypermobility, but do not have any of the specific EDS conditions. They may be diagnosed with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD), which is treated in the same way as hEDS. Getting medical advice See a GP if you have several troublesome symptoms of EDS. You do not usually need to worry if you only have a few symptoms and they're not causing any problems. Joint hypermobility, for example, is relatively common, affecting around 1 in 30 people. It's unlikely to be caused by EDS if you do not have any other symptoms. The GP may refer you to a joint specialist (rheumatologist) if you have problems with your joints and they suspect EDS. If there's a possibility you may have 1 of the rare types of EDS, the GP can refer you to your local genetics service for an assessment. The genetics specialist will ask about your medical history, family history, assess your symptoms and may carry out a genetic blood test to confirm the diagnosis. If further investigation is needed, your hospital doctor can refer you to a specialist EDS diagnostic service based in Sheffield or London – see the Annabelle's Challenge website for more information. Treatment for Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) There's no specific treatment for EDS, but it's possible to manage many of the symptoms with support and advice. People with EDS may also benefit from support from a number of different healthcare professionals. For example: a physiotherapist can teach you exercises to help strengthen your joints, avoid injuries and manage pain an occupational therapist can help you manage daily activities and give advice on equipment that may help you counselling and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) may be useful if you're struggling to cope with long-term pain for certain types of EDS, regular scans carried out in hospital can detect problems with internal organs genetic counselling can help you learn more about the cause of your condition, how it's inherited, and what the chances are of passing it on to your children Your GP or consultant can refer you to these services. Information: Self-refer for treatment If you have Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, you might be able to refer yourself directly to services for help with your condition without seeing a GP. To find out if there are any services in your area: ask the reception staff at your GP surgery check your GP surgery's website contact your integrated care board (ICB) – find your local ICB search online for NHS treatment for Ehlers-Danlos syndromes near you Living with Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) It's important to be careful about activities that put a lot of strain on your joints or put you at risk of injury. But it's also important not to be overprotective and avoid living an otherwise normal life. Advice will depend on which type of EDS you have and how it affects you: you may be advised to avoid some activities entirely, such as heavy lifting and contact sports for some activities you may need to wear appropriate protection and be taught how to reduce the strain on your joints lower-risk activities, such as swimming or pilates, may be recommended to help you stay fit and healthy if fatigue is a problem, you can be taught ways to conserve your energy and pace your activities How Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are inherited EDS can be inherited, but it happen by chance in someone without a family history of the condition. The 2 main ways EDS is inherited are: autosomal dominant inheritance (hypermobile, classical and vascular EDS) – the faulty gene that causes EDS is passed on by 1 parent and there's a 1 in 2 chance of each of their children developing the condition autosomal recessive inheritance (kyphoscoliotic EDS) – the faulty gene is inherited from both parents and there's a 1 in 4 chance of each of their children developing the condition A person with EDS can only pass on the same type of EDS to their children. For example, the children of someone with hypermobile EDS cannot inherit vascular EDS. The severity of the condition can vary within the same family. More information The following websites provide more information, advice and support for people with EDS and their families: Ehlers-Danlos Support UK – you can also call their free helpline on 0800 907 8518 or find local support groups Hypermobility Syndromes Association (HMSA) – you can also call their helpline on 0333 011 6388 or find local support groups Information about you If you have EDS, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Diseases Registration Service. This helps scientists look for better ways to prevent and treat this condition. You can opt out of the register at any time. Page last reviewed: 04 October 2022 Next review due: 04 October 2025 USER: Are there treatments for EDS? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	19	5	1,367	null	699
"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	I'm pursuing a Masters in Public Health. For class tomorrow, I am leading a discussion on the state of medical knowledge about Long COVID. Based on this article, please write a summary of the challenges associated with describing and studying Long COVID.	Introduction More than 4 years after the COVID-19 pandemic began, millions of people continue to suffer long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Yet, despite thousands of academic papers (including 170 systematic reviews) mentioning “long COVID”, “post-acute (sequelae of) COVID-19”, “chronic COVID-19”, or “post-COVID-19 condition” in their titles or abstracts, many clinicians remain unsure of how to evaluate and manage individuals with post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID). Reasons for this uncertainty include conflicting definitions; the existence of multiple putative pathophysiological mechanisms; the lack of a single, agreed upon and accessible biomarker that could be used for diagnosis, monitoring, and research; and changes in the natural history of this condition over time caused by (for example) viral evolution, vaccination, and novel therapeutics. All of these reasons are reflected in the sheer volume of research already published and the pace at which new papers are appearing. There are signs that virological, immunological, and other basic science research appears to be close to producing clinically relevant breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment to augment current clinical practice, which is based largely on a rehabilitation therapy model of alleviating symptoms and optimising functional performance. Particularly in the early months of the pandemic, many people living with long COVID were undiagnosed, disbelieved, inadequately assessed, or inappropriately treated, an experience some individuals described as “medical gaslighting”. The dearth of clinical knowledge and scarcity of services at that crucial time helps explain the rapid emergence of online communities, which fulfilled important roles in mutual support, information provision, activism, and research. In this interdisciplinary Review, we had three goals. First, to make sense of the extensive research literature on long COVID, including literature on epidemiology, basic science, lived experience, and clinical trials of therapy. Second, to bring this state-of-the-science summary into dialogue with current approaches and dilemmas in clinical practice. And third, to acknowledge and respond to the call “for patients’ ongoing contributions to be recognised and used to combat the suffering of multitudes”. Definitions The persisting sequelae and longer-term complications of COVID-19 were named long COVID by patients on May 20, 2020; the term was widely taken up and used by people living with these sequelae. The term long COVID, defined somewhat vaguely, was later formally adopted by public health bodies in the USA, although WHO uses the term post-COVID condition and the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence prefers ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome. These terms are defined in table 1. None of them requires a positive laboratory or lateral flow test. The absence of consensus on a name or definition partly reflects prevailing confusion about underlying disease processes and natural history. Research would benefit from greater consensus on definitions, and ideally, such definitions should reflect pathological mechanisms. However, different definitions might be appropriate for different non-research purposes (eg, clinical care and monitoring, service planning, peer support, and activism). Symptoms of long COVID and their impact Manifestations of long COVID are heterogeneous, multisystemic (the condition can affect any and all organ systems), and can change over time. But patterns that are both diagnostically and prognostically important can usually be discerned through a careful history-taking process (panel 1). Many but not all people with long COVID have pre-existing conditions (including asthma, allergies, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, musculoskeletal pain, diabetes, poor mental health, insomnia, headaches, chronic fatigue, and frailty), which can exacerbate—and be exacerbated by—long COVID. When comorbidities are present, management requires a personalised approach that takes both long COVID guidance and other relevant factors (eg, patient priorities, practicalities, and the need to avoid investigation fatigue and polypharmacy) into account. There are many parallels between long COVID and other known or suspected infection-associated chronic syndromes (also known as post-acute infection syndromes), including the sequelae of other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), West Nile virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Given these examples, the increased morbidity and mortality from organ damage in COVID-19 will possibly continue for years (in West Nile Virus, for example, all-cause mortality was significantly elevated for at least 8 years after infection). Long COVID—one disease or many? Initial advancements in our understanding of long COVID involved detailed analyses of patient-reported symptoms from surveys and electronic health records. These studies, most of which were undertaken by clinicians and did not include metabolic profiling, generated various long COVID phenotypes on the basis of symptom clusters (see examples in table 2, which are listed by sample size). Clinical phenotyping studies applied different methods to different samples and—unsurprisingly—therefore produced different cluster patterns (or no clusters at all). In all studies, there was considerable overlap between clusters, which is consistent with (but does not prove) the hypothesis that long COVID is, broadly speaking, “a single, multisystemic multifaceted post-viral disease rather than different pathologically-independent subsyndromes”. However, an alternative hypothesis is that multiple discrete pathological processes do exist but produce overlapping phenotypes (eg, fatigue might have more than one pathological pathway), as we discuss in panel 2.	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= Introduction More than 4 years after the COVID-19 pandemic began, millions of people continue to suffer long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Yet, despite thousands of academic papers (including 170 systematic reviews) mentioning “long COVID”, “post-acute (sequelae of) COVID-19”, “chronic COVID-19”, or “post-COVID-19 condition” in their titles or abstracts, many clinicians remain unsure of how to evaluate and manage individuals with post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID). Reasons for this uncertainty include conflicting definitions; the existence of multiple putative pathophysiological mechanisms; the lack of a single, agreed upon and accessible biomarker that could be used for diagnosis, monitoring, and research; and changes in the natural history of this condition over time caused by (for example) viral evolution, vaccination, and novel therapeutics. All of these reasons are reflected in the sheer volume of research already published and the pace at which new papers are appearing. There are signs that virological, immunological, and other basic science research appears to be close to producing clinically relevant breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment to augment current clinical practice, which is based largely on a rehabilitation therapy model of alleviating symptoms and optimising functional performance. Particularly in the early months of the pandemic, many people living with long COVID were undiagnosed, disbelieved, inadequately assessed, or inappropriately treated, an experience some individuals described as “medical gaslighting”. The dearth of clinical knowledge and scarcity of services at that crucial time helps explain the rapid emergence of online communities, which fulfilled important roles in mutual support, information provision, activism, and research. In this interdisciplinary Review, we had three goals. First, to make sense of the extensive research literature on long COVID, including literature on epidemiology, basic science, lived experience, and clinical trials of therapy. Second, to bring this state-of-the-science summary into dialogue with current approaches and dilemmas in clinical practice. And third, to acknowledge and respond to the call “for patients’ ongoing contributions to be recognised and used to combat the suffering of multitudes”. Definitions The persisting sequelae and longer-term complications of COVID-19 were named long COVID by patients on May 20, 2020; the term was widely taken up and used by people living with these sequelae. The term long COVID, defined somewhat vaguely, was later formally adopted by public health bodies in the USA, although WHO uses the term post-COVID condition and the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence prefers ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome. These terms are defined in table 1. None of them requires a positive laboratory or lateral flow test. The absence of consensus on a name or definition partly reflects prevailing confusion about underlying disease processes and natural history. Research would benefit from greater consensus on definitions, and ideally, such definitions should reflect pathological mechanisms. However, different definitions might be appropriate for different non-research purposes (eg, clinical care and monitoring, service planning, peer support, and activism). Symptoms of long COVID and their impact Manifestations of long COVID are heterogeneous, multisystemic (the condition can affect any and all organ systems), and can change over time. But patterns that are both diagnostically and prognostically important can usually be discerned through a careful history-taking process (panel 1). Many but not all people with long COVID have pre-existing conditions (including asthma, allergies, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, musculoskeletal pain, diabetes, poor mental health, insomnia, headaches, chronic fatigue, and frailty), which can exacerbate—and be exacerbated by—long COVID. When comorbidities are present, management requires a personalised approach that takes both long COVID guidance and other relevant factors (eg, patient priorities, practicalities, and the need to avoid investigation fatigue and polypharmacy) into account. There are many parallels between long COVID and other known or suspected infection-associated chronic syndromes (also known as post-acute infection syndromes), including the sequelae of other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), West Nile virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Given these examples, the increased morbidity and mortality from organ damage in COVID-19 will possibly continue for years (in West Nile Virus, for example, all-cause mortality was significantly elevated for at least 8 years after infection). Long COVID—one disease or many? Initial advancements in our understanding of long COVID involved detailed analyses of patient-reported symptoms from surveys and electronic health records. These studies, most of which were undertaken by clinicians and did not include metabolic profiling, generated various long COVID phenotypes on the basis of symptom clusters (see examples in table 2, which are listed by sample size). Clinical phenotyping studies applied different methods to different samples and—unsurprisingly—therefore produced different cluster patterns (or no clusters at all). In all studies, there was considerable overlap between clusters, which is consistent with (but does not prove) the hypothesis that long COVID is, broadly speaking, “a single, multisystemic multifaceted post-viral disease rather than different pathologically-independent subsyndromes”. However, an alternative hypothesis is that multiple discrete pathological processes do exist but produce overlapping phenotypes (eg, fatigue might have more than one pathological pathway), as we discuss in panel 2. http://ciar.org/h/PIIS014067362401136X.pdf ================ <QUESTION> ======= I'm pursuing a Masters in Public Health. For class tomorrow, I am leading a discussion on the state of medical knowledge about Long COVID. Based on this article, please write a summary of the challenges associated with describing and studying Long COVID. ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided." EVIDENCE: Introduction More than 4 years after the COVID-19 pandemic began, millions of people continue to suffer long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Yet, despite thousands of academic papers (including 170 systematic reviews) mentioning “long COVID”, “post-acute (sequelae of) COVID-19”, “chronic COVID-19”, or “post-COVID-19 condition” in their titles or abstracts, many clinicians remain unsure of how to evaluate and manage individuals with post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID). Reasons for this uncertainty include conflicting definitions; the existence of multiple putative pathophysiological mechanisms; the lack of a single, agreed upon and accessible biomarker that could be used for diagnosis, monitoring, and research; and changes in the natural history of this condition over time caused by (for example) viral evolution, vaccination, and novel therapeutics. All of these reasons are reflected in the sheer volume of research already published and the pace at which new papers are appearing. There are signs that virological, immunological, and other basic science research appears to be close to producing clinically relevant breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment to augment current clinical practice, which is based largely on a rehabilitation therapy model of alleviating symptoms and optimising functional performance. Particularly in the early months of the pandemic, many people living with long COVID were undiagnosed, disbelieved, inadequately assessed, or inappropriately treated, an experience some individuals described as “medical gaslighting”. The dearth of clinical knowledge and scarcity of services at that crucial time helps explain the rapid emergence of online communities, which fulfilled important roles in mutual support, information provision, activism, and research. In this interdisciplinary Review, we had three goals. First, to make sense of the extensive research literature on long COVID, including literature on epidemiology, basic science, lived experience, and clinical trials of therapy. Second, to bring this state-of-the-science summary into dialogue with current approaches and dilemmas in clinical practice. And third, to acknowledge and respond to the call “for patients’ ongoing contributions to be recognised and used to combat the suffering of multitudes”. Definitions The persisting sequelae and longer-term complications of COVID-19 were named long COVID by patients on May 20, 2020; the term was widely taken up and used by people living with these sequelae. The term long COVID, defined somewhat vaguely, was later formally adopted by public health bodies in the USA, although WHO uses the term post-COVID condition and the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence prefers ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome. These terms are defined in table 1. None of them requires a positive laboratory or lateral flow test. The absence of consensus on a name or definition partly reflects prevailing confusion about underlying disease processes and natural history. Research would benefit from greater consensus on definitions, and ideally, such definitions should reflect pathological mechanisms. However, different definitions might be appropriate for different non-research purposes (eg, clinical care and monitoring, service planning, peer support, and activism). Symptoms of long COVID and their impact Manifestations of long COVID are heterogeneous, multisystemic (the condition can affect any and all organ systems), and can change over time. But patterns that are both diagnostically and prognostically important can usually be discerned through a careful history-taking process (panel 1). Many but not all people with long COVID have pre-existing conditions (including asthma, allergies, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, musculoskeletal pain, diabetes, poor mental health, insomnia, headaches, chronic fatigue, and frailty), which can exacerbate—and be exacerbated by—long COVID. When comorbidities are present, management requires a personalised approach that takes both long COVID guidance and other relevant factors (eg, patient priorities, practicalities, and the need to avoid investigation fatigue and polypharmacy) into account. There are many parallels between long COVID and other known or suspected infection-associated chronic syndromes (also known as post-acute infection syndromes), including the sequelae of other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), West Nile virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Given these examples, the increased morbidity and mortality from organ damage in COVID-19 will possibly continue for years (in West Nile Virus, for example, all-cause mortality was significantly elevated for at least 8 years after infection). Long COVID—one disease or many? Initial advancements in our understanding of long COVID involved detailed analyses of patient-reported symptoms from surveys and electronic health records. These studies, most of which were undertaken by clinicians and did not include metabolic profiling, generated various long COVID phenotypes on the basis of symptom clusters (see examples in table 2, which are listed by sample size). Clinical phenotyping studies applied different methods to different samples and—unsurprisingly—therefore produced different cluster patterns (or no clusters at all). In all studies, there was considerable overlap between clusters, which is consistent with (but does not prove) the hypothesis that long COVID is, broadly speaking, “a single, multisystemic multifaceted post-viral disease rather than different pathologically-independent subsyndromes”. However, an alternative hypothesis is that multiple discrete pathological processes do exist but produce overlapping phenotypes (eg, fatigue might have more than one pathological pathway), as we discuss in panel 2. USER: I'm pursuing a Masters in Public Health. For class tomorrow, I am leading a discussion on the state of medical knowledge about Long COVID. Based on this article, please write a summary of the challenges associated with describing and studying Long COVID. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	49	42	819	null	819
You can only respond using information in the context block.	Provide a summary of changes to top tax rates and exemption amounts for estate taxes over time.	Early History of U.S. Taxes on Transfers Taxes on the transfer of assets have existed throughout history, dating back to ancient Egypt. In the United States, they were used prior to the modern estate and gift tax in 1916 to finance wars and similar emergencies.8 The first was enacted in 1797 to expand the Navy, given strained relationships with France. At that time, a documentary stamp tax on the inventories of deceased persons, the receipt of inheritances from an estate (except those to a wife, children, or grandchildren), and the probates and letters of administration of estates was imposed. These taxes were fixed amounts, although they were larger for larger inheritances and small inheritances were exempt. These taxes were repealed in 1802. In 1862, during the Civil War, an inheritance tax was imposed. Unlike the current estate tax, the tax was imposed on the beneficiaries, but unlike the stamp tax, it was a percentage of the inheritance. The tax was also imposed on gifts during the lifetime. The rate depended on the family relationships of the beneficiaries, and spouses and small inheritances were exempt. This tax was repealed in 1870. The 1894 income tax was not a transfer tax, but it included inheritances and gifts in income. It was short-lived after being found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company. In 1898, an estate tax was enacted to finance the Spanish-American War. Rates were graduated depending on degree of kinship and size, bequests to spouses were exempt, and there was an overall exemption that excluded small estates. It was repealed in 1902. The Modern Estate and Gift Tax Lawmakers enacted the direct ancestor of the current estate tax in 1916. It contained exemptions that excluded small estates, and rates were graduated based on the size of the estate. Over time, rates were increased, but the basic form of the tax remained. The top rate was 10% in 1916 with a $50,000 exemption, and it was increased to 25% in 1917, with the first $50,000 taxed at 2%. At the end of World War I in 1918, rates were reduced on smaller estates and charitable deductions were allowed. The top rate was increased to 40% in 1924, and a credit for state taxes was allowed for up to 25% of estate tax liability. The top rate was reduced to 20% from 1926 to 1931, increased to 40% in 1932, and eventually rose as high as 77% from 1941 to 1976. A separate gift tax was enacted in 1924 with the same rates and exemptions, and an annual exclusion per donee of $500. The tax was repealed in 1926, then reenacted in 1932 with a $5,000 annual exclusion per donee. In 1942, changes addressed the difference in treatment in community property states, where each spouse owned half the assets and only the half owned by the decedent was subject to tax. In other states where couples could own assets jointly, exclusions were allowed only if the surviving spouse contributed to the assets. The 1942 act treated assets in community property states the same as in other states. In 1948, this rule was changed to allow a deduction for property transferred to a spouse whether by the will or by law. The 1942 act made other changes in rates and exemptions and instituted a $3,000 annual gift exclusion per donee. The Tax Reform Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-455) created the modern unified estate and gift tax with a unified credit and graduated rates applied to all transfers. The 1976 act also instituted carryover basis for inherited assets, but that provision resulted in considerable controversy and was repealed retroactively in 1980. The exemption was increased from $60,000 to $120,000, and the top rate was lowered to 70%. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act of 2001 (EGTRRA; P.L. 107-16) provided for a gradual reduction in the estate tax. The law applied a unified exemption for both lifetime gifts and the estate of $675,000 prior to these changes. Under EGTRRA, the estate tax exemption rose from $675,000 in 2001 to $3.5 million in 2009, and the top tax rate fell from 55% to 45%. Although combined estate and gift tax rates are graduated, the exemption is effectively in the form of a credit that eliminates tax due at lower rates, resulting in a flat rate on taxable assets under 2009 law. The gift tax exemption was, however, restricted to $1 million. For 2010, EGTRRA scheduled the elimination of the estate tax, although it retained the gift tax and its $1 million exemption. EGTRRA also provided for a carryover of basis for assets inherited at death in 2010, so that, in contrast with prior law, heirs who sold assets would have to pay tax on gains accrued during the decedent’s lifetime. This provision had a $1.3 million exemption for gain (plus $3 million for a spouse). As with other provisions of EGTRRA, the estate tax revisions were to expire in 2011, returning the tax provisions to their pre-EGTRRA levels. The exemption would have reverted to $1 million (a value that had already been scheduled for pre-EGTRRA law) and the rate to 55% (with some graduated rates). The carryover basis provision effective in 2010 would have been eliminated (so that heirs would not be taxed on gain accumulated during the decedent’s life when they inherited assets). During debate on the estate tax, most agreed that the 2010 provisions would not be continued and, indeed, could be repealed retroactively. President Obama proposed a permanent extension of the 2009 rules (a $3.5 million exemption and a 45% tax rate), and the House provided for that permanent extension on December 3, 2009 (H.R. 4154). The Senate Democratic leadership indicated a plan to retroactively reinstate the 2009 rules for 2010 and beyond. Senate Minority Leader McConnell proposed an alternative of a 35% tax rate and a $5 million exemption.9 A similar proposal for a $5 million exemption and a 35% rate, which also included the ability of the surviving spouse to inherit any unused exemption of the decedent, is often referred to as Lincoln-Kyl (named after two Senators who sponsored it). Other proposals began with the $3.5 million exemption and 45% rate and would have phased in the $5 million exemption and 55% rate. Some Members of Congress argued for permanent estate tax repeal.10 At the end of 2010, P.L. 111-312 enacted a temporary two-year extension of the estate and gift tax, with a $5 million unified exemption, a 35% rate, and inheritance of unused spousal exemptions. For 2010, estates could elect to be taxed under the estate tax or under the carryover rules. These provisions provided for estate tax rules through 2012, after which the provisions would have reverted to the pre-EGTRRA rules ($1 million exemption, 55% top rate) absent legislation. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-240) established the permanent exemption ($5.25 million, indexed for inflation?) and rate (40%) described above. The 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97) doubled the exemption for the years 2018 through 2025. The House had proposed doubling the exemption through 2024 and then repealing the estate tax and lowering the gift tax rates to 35%. One issue that arises with the expiration of the increased exemptions is the treatment of gifts that had been transferred with exemptions higher than the exemptions that the law would revert to.	You can only respond using information in the context block. Provide a summary of changes to top tax rates and exemption amounts for estate taxes over time. Early History of U.S. Taxes on Transfers Taxes on the transfer of assets have existed throughout history, dating back to ancient Egypt. In the United States, they were used prior to the modern estate and gift tax in 1916 to finance wars and similar emergencies.8 The first was enacted in 1797 to expand the Navy, given strained relationships with France. At that time, a documentary stamp tax on the inventories of deceased persons, the receipt of inheritances from an estate (except those to a wife, children, or grandchildren), and the probates and letters of administration of estates was imposed. These taxes were fixed amounts, although they were larger for larger inheritances and small inheritances were exempt. These taxes were repealed in 1802. In 1862, during the Civil War, an inheritance tax was imposed. Unlike the current estate tax, the tax was imposed on the beneficiaries, but unlike the stamp tax, it was a percentage of the inheritance. The tax was also imposed on gifts during the lifetime. The rate depended on the family relationships of the beneficiaries, and spouses and small inheritances were exempt. This tax was repealed in 1870. The 1894 income tax was not a transfer tax, but it included inheritances and gifts in income. It was short-lived after being found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company. In 1898, an estate tax was enacted to finance the Spanish-American War. Rates were graduated depending on degree of kinship and size, bequests to spouses were exempt, and there was an overall exemption that excluded small estates. It was repealed in 1902. The Modern Estate and Gift Tax Lawmakers enacted the direct ancestor of the current estate tax in 1916. It contained exemptions that excluded small estates, and rates were graduated based on the size of the estate. Over time, rates were increased, but the basic form of the tax remained. The top rate was 10% in 1916 with a $50,000 exemption, and it was increased to 25% in 1917, with the first $50,000 taxed at 2%. At the end of World War I in 1918, rates were reduced on smaller estates and charitable deductions were allowed. The top rate was increased to 40% in 1924, and a credit for state taxes was allowed for up to 25% of estate tax liability. The top rate was reduced to 20% from 1926 to 1931, increased to 40% in 1932, and eventually rose as high as 77% from 1941 to 1976. A separate gift tax was enacted in 1924 with the same rates and exemptions, and an annual exclusion per donee of $500. The tax was repealed in 1926, then reenacted in 1932 with a $5,000 annual exclusion per donee. In 1942, changes addressed the difference in treatment in community property states, where each spouse owned half the assets and only the half owned by the decedent was subject to tax. In other states where couples could own assets jointly, exclusions were allowed only if the surviving spouse contributed to the assets. The 1942 act treated assets in community property states the same as in other states. In 1948, this rule was changed to allow a deduction for property transferred to a spouse whether by the will or by law. The 1942 act made other changes in rates and exemptions and instituted a $3,000 annual gift exclusion per donee. The Tax Reform Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-455) created the modern unified estate and gift tax with a unified credit and graduated rates applied to all transfers. The 1976 act also instituted carryover basis for inherited assets, but that provision resulted in considerable controversy and was repealed retroactively in 1980. The exemption was increased from $60,000 to $120,000, and the top rate was lowered to 70%. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act of 2001 (EGTRRA; P.L. 107-16) provided for a gradual reduction in the estate tax. The law applied a unified exemption for both lifetime gifts and the estate of $675,000 prior to these changes. Under EGTRRA, the estate tax exemption rose from $675,000 in 2001 to $3.5 million in 2009, and the top tax rate fell from 55% to 45%. Although combined estate and gift tax rates are graduated, the exemption is effectively in the form of a credit that eliminates tax due at lower rates, resulting in a flat rate on taxable assets under 2009 law. The gift tax exemption was, however, restricted to $1 million. For 2010, EGTRRA scheduled the elimination of the estate tax, although it retained the gift tax and its $1 million exemption. EGTRRA also provided for a carryover of basis for assets inherited at death in 2010, so that, in contrast with prior law, heirs who sold assets would have to pay tax on gains accrued during the decedent’s lifetime. This provision had a $1.3 million exemption for gain (plus $3 million for a spouse). As with other provisions of EGTRRA, the estate tax revisions were to expire in 2011, returning the tax provisions to their pre-EGTRRA levels. The exemption would have reverted to $1 million (a value that had already been scheduled for pre-EGTRRA law) and the rate to 55% (with some graduated rates). The carryover basis provision effective in 2010 would have been eliminated (so that heirs would not be taxed on gain accumulated during the decedent’s life when they inherited assets). During debate on the estate tax, most agreed that the 2010 provisions would not be continued and, indeed, could be repealed retroactively. President Obama proposed a permanent extension of the 2009 rules (a $3.5 million exemption and a 45% tax rate), and the House provided for that permanent extension on December 3, 2009 (H.R. 4154). The Senate Democratic leadership indicated a plan to retroactively reinstate the 2009 rules for 2010 and beyond. Senate Minority Leader McConnell proposed an alternative of a 35% tax rate and a $5 million exemption.9 A similar proposal for a $5 million exemption and a 35% rate, which also included the ability of the surviving spouse to inherit any unused exemption of the decedent, is often referred to as Lincoln-Kyl (named after two Senators who sponsored it). Other proposals began with the $3.5 million exemption and 45% rate and would have phased in the $5 million exemption and 55% rate. Some Members of Congress argued for permanent estate tax repeal.10 At the end of 2010, P.L. 111-312 enacted a temporary two-year extension of the estate and gift tax, with a $5 million unified exemption, a 35% rate, and inheritance of unused spousal exemptions. For 2010, estates could elect to be taxed under the estate tax or under the carryover rules. These provisions provided for estate tax rules through 2012, after which the provisions would have reverted to the pre-EGTRRA rules ($1 million exemption, 55% top rate) absent legislation. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-240) established the permanent exemption ($5.25 million, indexed for inflation?) and rate (40%) described above. The 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97) doubled the exemption for the years 2018 through 2025. The House had proposed doubling the exemption through 2024 and then repealing the estate tax and lowering the gift tax rates to 35%. One issue that arises with the expiration of the increased exemptions is the treatment of gifts that had been transferred with exemptions higher than the exemptions that the law would revert to.	You can only respond using information in the context block. EVIDENCE: Early History of U.S. Taxes on Transfers Taxes on the transfer of assets have existed throughout history, dating back to ancient Egypt. In the United States, they were used prior to the modern estate and gift tax in 1916 to finance wars and similar emergencies.8 The first was enacted in 1797 to expand the Navy, given strained relationships with France. At that time, a documentary stamp tax on the inventories of deceased persons, the receipt of inheritances from an estate (except those to a wife, children, or grandchildren), and the probates and letters of administration of estates was imposed. These taxes were fixed amounts, although they were larger for larger inheritances and small inheritances were exempt. These taxes were repealed in 1802. In 1862, during the Civil War, an inheritance tax was imposed. Unlike the current estate tax, the tax was imposed on the beneficiaries, but unlike the stamp tax, it was a percentage of the inheritance. The tax was also imposed on gifts during the lifetime. The rate depended on the family relationships of the beneficiaries, and spouses and small inheritances were exempt. This tax was repealed in 1870. The 1894 income tax was not a transfer tax, but it included inheritances and gifts in income. It was short-lived after being found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company. In 1898, an estate tax was enacted to finance the Spanish-American War. Rates were graduated depending on degree of kinship and size, bequests to spouses were exempt, and there was an overall exemption that excluded small estates. It was repealed in 1902. The Modern Estate and Gift Tax Lawmakers enacted the direct ancestor of the current estate tax in 1916. It contained exemptions that excluded small estates, and rates were graduated based on the size of the estate. Over time, rates were increased, but the basic form of the tax remained. The top rate was 10% in 1916 with a $50,000 exemption, and it was increased to 25% in 1917, with the first $50,000 taxed at 2%. At the end of World War I in 1918, rates were reduced on smaller estates and charitable deductions were allowed. The top rate was increased to 40% in 1924, and a credit for state taxes was allowed for up to 25% of estate tax liability. The top rate was reduced to 20% from 1926 to 1931, increased to 40% in 1932, and eventually rose as high as 77% from 1941 to 1976. A separate gift tax was enacted in 1924 with the same rates and exemptions, and an annual exclusion per donee of $500. The tax was repealed in 1926, then reenacted in 1932 with a $5,000 annual exclusion per donee. In 1942, changes addressed the difference in treatment in community property states, where each spouse owned half the assets and only the half owned by the decedent was subject to tax. In other states where couples could own assets jointly, exclusions were allowed only if the surviving spouse contributed to the assets. The 1942 act treated assets in community property states the same as in other states. In 1948, this rule was changed to allow a deduction for property transferred to a spouse whether by the will or by law. The 1942 act made other changes in rates and exemptions and instituted a $3,000 annual gift exclusion per donee. The Tax Reform Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-455) created the modern unified estate and gift tax with a unified credit and graduated rates applied to all transfers. The 1976 act also instituted carryover basis for inherited assets, but that provision resulted in considerable controversy and was repealed retroactively in 1980. The exemption was increased from $60,000 to $120,000, and the top rate was lowered to 70%. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act of 2001 (EGTRRA; P.L. 107-16) provided for a gradual reduction in the estate tax. The law applied a unified exemption for both lifetime gifts and the estate of $675,000 prior to these changes. Under EGTRRA, the estate tax exemption rose from $675,000 in 2001 to $3.5 million in 2009, and the top tax rate fell from 55% to 45%. Although combined estate and gift tax rates are graduated, the exemption is effectively in the form of a credit that eliminates tax due at lower rates, resulting in a flat rate on taxable assets under 2009 law. The gift tax exemption was, however, restricted to $1 million. For 2010, EGTRRA scheduled the elimination of the estate tax, although it retained the gift tax and its $1 million exemption. EGTRRA also provided for a carryover of basis for assets inherited at death in 2010, so that, in contrast with prior law, heirs who sold assets would have to pay tax on gains accrued during the decedent’s lifetime. This provision had a $1.3 million exemption for gain (plus $3 million for a spouse). As with other provisions of EGTRRA, the estate tax revisions were to expire in 2011, returning the tax provisions to their pre-EGTRRA levels. The exemption would have reverted to $1 million (a value that had already been scheduled for pre-EGTRRA law) and the rate to 55% (with some graduated rates). The carryover basis provision effective in 2010 would have been eliminated (so that heirs would not be taxed on gain accumulated during the decedent’s life when they inherited assets). During debate on the estate tax, most agreed that the 2010 provisions would not be continued and, indeed, could be repealed retroactively. President Obama proposed a permanent extension of the 2009 rules (a $3.5 million exemption and a 45% tax rate), and the House provided for that permanent extension on December 3, 2009 (H.R. 4154). The Senate Democratic leadership indicated a plan to retroactively reinstate the 2009 rules for 2010 and beyond. Senate Minority Leader McConnell proposed an alternative of a 35% tax rate and a $5 million exemption.9 A similar proposal for a $5 million exemption and a 35% rate, which also included the ability of the surviving spouse to inherit any unused exemption of the decedent, is often referred to as Lincoln-Kyl (named after two Senators who sponsored it). Other proposals began with the $3.5 million exemption and 45% rate and would have phased in the $5 million exemption and 55% rate. Some Members of Congress argued for permanent estate tax repeal.10 At the end of 2010, P.L. 111-312 enacted a temporary two-year extension of the estate and gift tax, with a $5 million unified exemption, a 35% rate, and inheritance of unused spousal exemptions. For 2010, estates could elect to be taxed under the estate tax or under the carryover rules. These provisions provided for estate tax rules through 2012, after which the provisions would have reverted to the pre-EGTRRA rules ($1 million exemption, 55% top rate) absent legislation. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-240) established the permanent exemption ($5.25 million, indexed for inflation?) and rate (40%) described above. The 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97) doubled the exemption for the years 2018 through 2025. The House had proposed doubling the exemption through 2024 and then repealing the estate tax and lowering the gift tax rates to 35%. One issue that arises with the expiration of the increased exemptions is the treatment of gifts that had been transferred with exemptions higher than the exemptions that the law would revert to. USER: Provide a summary of changes to top tax rates and exemption amounts for estate taxes over time. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	10	17	1,230	null	442
{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document]	In what ways does the implementation of Zero-Trust architecture transform an organization's cybersecurity strategy, specifically with regard to tackling the obstacles presented by antiquated technologies, societal opposition, and the requirement for expandability? Talk about how the fundamental elements of Zero-Trust, such network segmentation, device security, and identity verification, improve security resilience while taking into account how difficult it is to apply this paradigm in contemporary digital contexts.	Globally, today’s organizations are increasingly vulnerable to a wide array of cybersecurity threats. These range from sophisticated phishing schemes to aggressive ransomware attacks, underscoring the urgent need for more effective security frameworks. Among the most promising of these frameworks is Zero-Trust Architecture (ZTA), a cybersecurity strategy that fundamentally abandons the traditional assumption that everything inside an organization’s network should be trusted. Instead, Zero-Trust operates on a foundational principle of “never trust, always verify,” applying strict access controls and continuous verification to every access request, regardless of origin. This approach challenges the conventional perimeter-centric model of security, which relies on defending the boundary between ‘safe’ internal networks and ‘unsafe’ external ones. In the Zero-Trust model, trust is neither location-dependent nor static; it is contingent on dynamic, context-based policies that evaluate each request for network access on its own merits, incorporating user identity, device security posture, and other behavioral analytics. The importance of Zero-Trust Architecture in modern cybersecurity cannot be overstated. As digital transformation accelerates and organizations adopt cloud technologies and mobile workforces, the traditional security perimeter has dissolved, creating new vulnerabilities and attack surfaces. Zero-Trust addresses these challenges by securing an environment where users, devices, applications, and data are distributed globally, thus necessitating robust mechanisms for protecting data not just at the perimeter, but at every point of digital interaction. By verifying all entities and enforcing strict access controls, Zero-Trust helps prevent unauthorized access and contains lateral movement within the network, significantly enhancing the organization’s overall security posture and resilience against cyber threats. Core Components of Zero-Trust Architecture Zero-Trust Architecture dismantles the old network security model that relies on a secure perimeter and instead uses several core components that enforce its strict security protocols. These components work in unison to ensure that security is maintained not just at the edges, but throughout the network by continuously verifying and limiting access. Identity Verification: At the heart of Zero-Trust is robust identity and access management (IAM), which ensures that only verified users and devices can access network resources. IAM systems utilize advanced authentication methods, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), to verify identities reliably before granting access. Device Security: Each device attempting to access the network must be secured and compliant with the organization’s security policies. Zero-Trust frameworks often employ device security enforcement mechanisms like endpoint security solutions, which assess devices for compliance before allowing connection to the network. Network Segmentation: This involves dividing the network into smaller, manageable segments, each with its own strict access controls. Network segmentation limits the potential damage in case of a breach by isolating segments from one another, thereby preventing an attacker from moving laterally across the network. Least Privilege Access: This principle ensures that users and devices are granted the minimum level of access necessary to perform their functions. Access rights are strictly controlled and regularly reviewed to ensure they are appropriate, reducing the risk of insider threats and data breaches. Real-Time Threat Detection and Response: Zero-Trust architectures utilize advanced monitoring tools to detect and respond to threats in real-time. These systems analyze network traffic and user behavior to identify suspicious activities, enabling immediate response to potential security incidents. Implementation Strategy Implementing Zero-Trust Architecture requires a strategic approach that encompasses assessing existing infrastructures, designing appropriate security frameworks, and integrating advanced technologies. This section outlines a clear path for organizations to follow, ensuring a comprehensive and secure transition to a Zero-Trust environment. Assessing Current Security Posture and Infrastructure: Begin by conducting a thorough audit of your current security measures and network architecture. This assessment should identify vulnerabilities, outdated systems, and areas lacking sufficient protection, providing a baseline for the Zero-Trust implementation. Identifying Sensitive Data and Systems: Determine which data and systems are critical to the organization’s operations and require higher levels of security. This step involves mapping out data flows and understanding where sensitive information resides and how it is accessed. Designing a Zero-Trust Network Architecture: Based on the assessments, design a network architecture that incorporates Zero-Trust principles such as micro-segmentation and least privilege. This design should ensure that security is enforceable and effective at every layer of the network. Deploying Zero-Trust Policies and Controls: Implement policies that enforce strict identity verification, device compliance, and access controls based on the least privilege principle. These policies should be dynamically applied and capable of adapting to changes in the threat landscape and organizational needs. Continuous Evaluation and Adaptation of Security Measures: Zero-Trust is not a set-and-forget solution; it requires ongoing evaluation and adaptation. Regularly review and update security policies, controls, and system configurations to keep up with evolving security threats and technological advances. Challenges in Adopting Zero-Trust Architecture Adopting Zero-Trust Architecture presents several challenges that organizations must navigate to ensure a successful transition. One of the primary hurdles is cultural resistance within the organization. Zero-Trust necessitates a shift from the traditional security mindset, which can be substantial as it changes fundamental aspects of how employees access systems and data. Employees and management alike may be wary of the increased security measures, viewing them as obstacles to productivity rather than enhancements to security. Overcoming this cultural barrier requires thorough training and clear communication to demonstrate the benefits and necessity of a Zero-Trust approach, emphasizing its role in safeguarding both personal and organizational data. Another significant challenge is the complexity and cost associated with implementing a Zero-Trust model, particularly when integrating with legacy systems. Many organizations operate on outdated infrastructure that is not readily compatible with Zero-Trust principles, making the transition technically challenging and financially demanding. Upgrading these systems or finding workarounds often involves substantial time and resource investment. Additionally, scalability can pose difficulties as organizations grow and their network environments become more complex. Ensuring that the Zero-Trust architecture can scale effectively without compromising security or performance requires continuous adaptation and possibly significant changes to the network and security infrastructure. These challenges demand a committed, strategic approach to ensure that the security architecture can evolve in tandem with the organization. Zero-Trust Architecture stands as a transformative approach in the realm of cybersecurity, shifting the traditional security paradigm to effectively combat the increasing frequency and sophistication of cyber threats. By fundamentally rejecting the notion of inherent trust within the network, ZTA introduces a rigorous framework of continuous verification and strict access controls that adapt to the complexities of modern digital environments. Implementing this architecture involves a comprehensive redesign of security systems—from identity verification and device security to network segmentation and real-time threat detection. Despite its challenges, the strategic adoption of Zero-Trust principles significantly strengthens an organization’s defense mechanisms. It not only prevents unauthorized access but also minimizes the impact of potential breaches, thereby enhancing overall security resilience. Thus, as organizations continue to evolve and expand their digital footprints, embracing Zero-Trust Architecture becomes crucial for maintaining robust and dynamic cybersecurity defenses in an increasingly vulnerable global landscape.	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== In what ways does the implementation of Zero-Trust architecture transform an organization's cybersecurity strategy, specifically with regard to tackling the obstacles presented by antiquated technologies, societal opposition, and the requirement for expandability? Talk about how the fundamental elements of Zero-Trust, such network segmentation, device security, and identity verification, improve security resilience while taking into account how difficult it is to apply this paradigm in contemporary digital contexts. {passage 0} ========== Globally, today’s organizations are increasingly vulnerable to a wide array of cybersecurity threats. These range from sophisticated phishing schemes to aggressive ransomware attacks, underscoring the urgent need for more effective security frameworks. Among the most promising of these frameworks is Zero-Trust Architecture (ZTA), a cybersecurity strategy that fundamentally abandons the traditional assumption that everything inside an organization’s network should be trusted. Instead, Zero-Trust operates on a foundational principle of “never trust, always verify,” applying strict access controls and continuous verification to every access request, regardless of origin. This approach challenges the conventional perimeter-centric model of security, which relies on defending the boundary between ‘safe’ internal networks and ‘unsafe’ external ones. In the Zero-Trust model, trust is neither location-dependent nor static; it is contingent on dynamic, context-based policies that evaluate each request for network access on its own merits, incorporating user identity, device security posture, and other behavioral analytics. The importance of Zero-Trust Architecture in modern cybersecurity cannot be overstated. As digital transformation accelerates and organizations adopt cloud technologies and mobile workforces, the traditional security perimeter has dissolved, creating new vulnerabilities and attack surfaces. Zero-Trust addresses these challenges by securing an environment where users, devices, applications, and data are distributed globally, thus necessitating robust mechanisms for protecting data not just at the perimeter, but at every point of digital interaction. By verifying all entities and enforcing strict access controls, Zero-Trust helps prevent unauthorized access and contains lateral movement within the network, significantly enhancing the organization’s overall security posture and resilience against cyber threats. Core Components of Zero-Trust Architecture Zero-Trust Architecture dismantles the old network security model that relies on a secure perimeter and instead uses several core components that enforce its strict security protocols. These components work in unison to ensure that security is maintained not just at the edges, but throughout the network by continuously verifying and limiting access. Identity Verification: At the heart of Zero-Trust is robust identity and access management (IAM), which ensures that only verified users and devices can access network resources. IAM systems utilize advanced authentication methods, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), to verify identities reliably before granting access. Device Security: Each device attempting to access the network must be secured and compliant with the organization’s security policies. Zero-Trust frameworks often employ device security enforcement mechanisms like endpoint security solutions, which assess devices for compliance before allowing connection to the network. Network Segmentation: This involves dividing the network into smaller, manageable segments, each with its own strict access controls. Network segmentation limits the potential damage in case of a breach by isolating segments from one another, thereby preventing an attacker from moving laterally across the network. Least Privilege Access: This principle ensures that users and devices are granted the minimum level of access necessary to perform their functions. Access rights are strictly controlled and regularly reviewed to ensure they are appropriate, reducing the risk of insider threats and data breaches. Real-Time Threat Detection and Response: Zero-Trust architectures utilize advanced monitoring tools to detect and respond to threats in real-time. These systems analyze network traffic and user behavior to identify suspicious activities, enabling immediate response to potential security incidents. Implementation Strategy Implementing Zero-Trust Architecture requires a strategic approach that encompasses assessing existing infrastructures, designing appropriate security frameworks, and integrating advanced technologies. This section outlines a clear path for organizations to follow, ensuring a comprehensive and secure transition to a Zero-Trust environment. Assessing Current Security Posture and Infrastructure: Begin by conducting a thorough audit of your current security measures and network architecture. This assessment should identify vulnerabilities, outdated systems, and areas lacking sufficient protection, providing a baseline for the Zero-Trust implementation. Identifying Sensitive Data and Systems: Determine which data and systems are critical to the organization’s operations and require higher levels of security. This step involves mapping out data flows and understanding where sensitive information resides and how it is accessed. Designing a Zero-Trust Network Architecture: Based on the assessments, design a network architecture that incorporates Zero-Trust principles such as micro-segmentation and least privilege. This design should ensure that security is enforceable and effective at every layer of the network. Deploying Zero-Trust Policies and Controls: Implement policies that enforce strict identity verification, device compliance, and access controls based on the least privilege principle. These policies should be dynamically applied and capable of adapting to changes in the threat landscape and organizational needs. Continuous Evaluation and Adaptation of Security Measures: Zero-Trust is not a set-and-forget solution; it requires ongoing evaluation and adaptation. Regularly review and update security policies, controls, and system configurations to keep up with evolving security threats and technological advances. Challenges in Adopting Zero-Trust Architecture Adopting Zero-Trust Architecture presents several challenges that organizations must navigate to ensure a successful transition. One of the primary hurdles is cultural resistance within the organization. Zero-Trust necessitates a shift from the traditional security mindset, which can be substantial as it changes fundamental aspects of how employees access systems and data. Employees and management alike may be wary of the increased security measures, viewing them as obstacles to productivity rather than enhancements to security. Overcoming this cultural barrier requires thorough training and clear communication to demonstrate the benefits and necessity of a Zero-Trust approach, emphasizing its role in safeguarding both personal and organizational data. Another significant challenge is the complexity and cost associated with implementing a Zero-Trust model, particularly when integrating with legacy systems. Many organizations operate on outdated infrastructure that is not readily compatible with Zero-Trust principles, making the transition technically challenging and financially demanding. Upgrading these systems or finding workarounds often involves substantial time and resource investment. Additionally, scalability can pose difficulties as organizations grow and their network environments become more complex. Ensuring that the Zero-Trust architecture can scale effectively without compromising security or performance requires continuous adaptation and possibly significant changes to the network and security infrastructure. These challenges demand a committed, strategic approach to ensure that the security architecture can evolve in tandem with the organization. Zero-Trust Architecture stands as a transformative approach in the realm of cybersecurity, shifting the traditional security paradigm to effectively combat the increasing frequency and sophistication of cyber threats. By fundamentally rejecting the notion of inherent trust within the network, ZTA introduces a rigorous framework of continuous verification and strict access controls that adapt to the complexities of modern digital environments. Implementing this architecture involves a comprehensive redesign of security systems—from identity verification and device security to network segmentation and real-time threat detection. Despite its challenges, the strategic adoption of Zero-Trust principles significantly strengthens an organization’s defense mechanisms. It not only prevents unauthorized access but also minimizes the impact of potential breaches, thereby enhancing overall security resilience. Thus, as organizations continue to evolve and expand their digital footprints, embracing Zero-Trust Architecture becomes crucial for maintaining robust and dynamic cybersecurity defenses in an increasingly vulnerable global landscape. https://agileblue.com/zero-trust-architecture-implementation-and-challenges/	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document] EVIDENCE: Globally, today’s organizations are increasingly vulnerable to a wide array of cybersecurity threats. These range from sophisticated phishing schemes to aggressive ransomware attacks, underscoring the urgent need for more effective security frameworks. Among the most promising of these frameworks is Zero-Trust Architecture (ZTA), a cybersecurity strategy that fundamentally abandons the traditional assumption that everything inside an organization’s network should be trusted. Instead, Zero-Trust operates on a foundational principle of “never trust, always verify,” applying strict access controls and continuous verification to every access request, regardless of origin. This approach challenges the conventional perimeter-centric model of security, which relies on defending the boundary between ‘safe’ internal networks and ‘unsafe’ external ones. In the Zero-Trust model, trust is neither location-dependent nor static; it is contingent on dynamic, context-based policies that evaluate each request for network access on its own merits, incorporating user identity, device security posture, and other behavioral analytics. The importance of Zero-Trust Architecture in modern cybersecurity cannot be overstated. As digital transformation accelerates and organizations adopt cloud technologies and mobile workforces, the traditional security perimeter has dissolved, creating new vulnerabilities and attack surfaces. Zero-Trust addresses these challenges by securing an environment where users, devices, applications, and data are distributed globally, thus necessitating robust mechanisms for protecting data not just at the perimeter, but at every point of digital interaction. By verifying all entities and enforcing strict access controls, Zero-Trust helps prevent unauthorized access and contains lateral movement within the network, significantly enhancing the organization’s overall security posture and resilience against cyber threats. Core Components of Zero-Trust Architecture Zero-Trust Architecture dismantles the old network security model that relies on a secure perimeter and instead uses several core components that enforce its strict security protocols. These components work in unison to ensure that security is maintained not just at the edges, but throughout the network by continuously verifying and limiting access. Identity Verification: At the heart of Zero-Trust is robust identity and access management (IAM), which ensures that only verified users and devices can access network resources. IAM systems utilize advanced authentication methods, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), to verify identities reliably before granting access. Device Security: Each device attempting to access the network must be secured and compliant with the organization’s security policies. Zero-Trust frameworks often employ device security enforcement mechanisms like endpoint security solutions, which assess devices for compliance before allowing connection to the network. Network Segmentation: This involves dividing the network into smaller, manageable segments, each with its own strict access controls. Network segmentation limits the potential damage in case of a breach by isolating segments from one another, thereby preventing an attacker from moving laterally across the network. Least Privilege Access: This principle ensures that users and devices are granted the minimum level of access necessary to perform their functions. Access rights are strictly controlled and regularly reviewed to ensure they are appropriate, reducing the risk of insider threats and data breaches. Real-Time Threat Detection and Response: Zero-Trust architectures utilize advanced monitoring tools to detect and respond to threats in real-time. These systems analyze network traffic and user behavior to identify suspicious activities, enabling immediate response to potential security incidents. Implementation Strategy Implementing Zero-Trust Architecture requires a strategic approach that encompasses assessing existing infrastructures, designing appropriate security frameworks, and integrating advanced technologies. This section outlines a clear path for organizations to follow, ensuring a comprehensive and secure transition to a Zero-Trust environment. Assessing Current Security Posture and Infrastructure: Begin by conducting a thorough audit of your current security measures and network architecture. This assessment should identify vulnerabilities, outdated systems, and areas lacking sufficient protection, providing a baseline for the Zero-Trust implementation. Identifying Sensitive Data and Systems: Determine which data and systems are critical to the organization’s operations and require higher levels of security. This step involves mapping out data flows and understanding where sensitive information resides and how it is accessed. Designing a Zero-Trust Network Architecture: Based on the assessments, design a network architecture that incorporates Zero-Trust principles such as micro-segmentation and least privilege. This design should ensure that security is enforceable and effective at every layer of the network. Deploying Zero-Trust Policies and Controls: Implement policies that enforce strict identity verification, device compliance, and access controls based on the least privilege principle. These policies should be dynamically applied and capable of adapting to changes in the threat landscape and organizational needs. Continuous Evaluation and Adaptation of Security Measures: Zero-Trust is not a set-and-forget solution; it requires ongoing evaluation and adaptation. Regularly review and update security policies, controls, and system configurations to keep up with evolving security threats and technological advances. Challenges in Adopting Zero-Trust Architecture Adopting Zero-Trust Architecture presents several challenges that organizations must navigate to ensure a successful transition. One of the primary hurdles is cultural resistance within the organization. Zero-Trust necessitates a shift from the traditional security mindset, which can be substantial as it changes fundamental aspects of how employees access systems and data. Employees and management alike may be wary of the increased security measures, viewing them as obstacles to productivity rather than enhancements to security. Overcoming this cultural barrier requires thorough training and clear communication to demonstrate the benefits and necessity of a Zero-Trust approach, emphasizing its role in safeguarding both personal and organizational data. Another significant challenge is the complexity and cost associated with implementing a Zero-Trust model, particularly when integrating with legacy systems. Many organizations operate on outdated infrastructure that is not readily compatible with Zero-Trust principles, making the transition technically challenging and financially demanding. Upgrading these systems or finding workarounds often involves substantial time and resource investment. Additionally, scalability can pose difficulties as organizations grow and their network environments become more complex. Ensuring that the Zero-Trust architecture can scale effectively without compromising security or performance requires continuous adaptation and possibly significant changes to the network and security infrastructure. These challenges demand a committed, strategic approach to ensure that the security architecture can evolve in tandem with the organization. Zero-Trust Architecture stands as a transformative approach in the realm of cybersecurity, shifting the traditional security paradigm to effectively combat the increasing frequency and sophistication of cyber threats. By fundamentally rejecting the notion of inherent trust within the network, ZTA introduces a rigorous framework of continuous verification and strict access controls that adapt to the complexities of modern digital environments. Implementing this architecture involves a comprehensive redesign of security systems—from identity verification and device security to network segmentation and real-time threat detection. Despite its challenges, the strategic adoption of Zero-Trust principles significantly strengthens an organization’s defense mechanisms. It not only prevents unauthorized access but also minimizes the impact of potential breaches, thereby enhancing overall security resilience. Thus, as organizations continue to evolve and expand their digital footprints, embracing Zero-Trust Architecture becomes crucial for maintaining robust and dynamic cybersecurity defenses in an increasingly vulnerable global landscape. USER: In what ways does the implementation of Zero-Trust architecture transform an organization's cybersecurity strategy, specifically with regard to tackling the obstacles presented by antiquated technologies, societal opposition, and the requirement for expandability? Talk about how the fundamental elements of Zero-Trust, such network segmentation, device security, and identity verification, improve security resilience while taking into account how difficult it is to apply this paradigm in contemporary digital contexts. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	26	67	1,133	null	766
Do not exceed 300 words. Do not provide response in table form or JSON. Please provide response based on the information that has been provided.	How much has ValueAct collected in fees from Disney since 2014?	Disney paid shareholder ValueAct millions in fees as part of a prior relationship ValueAct managed more than $355 million in Disney pension funds prior to backing the company in a proxy fight with Nelson Peltz's Trian Partners, a rival activist said. Blackwells raised questions about Disney's relationship with Mason Morfit's ValueAct, suggesting that the company has heralded Morfit's support but not been fully transparent about ValueAct's financial benefit from the company. ValueAct has collected a cumulative $95 million in fees from Disney since 2014, Blackwells said. Activist investor Blackwells said Monday that Disney's board had not disclosed that shareholder ValueAct Capital had a financial relationship with the entertainment company, raising questions about the board's information sharing amid a multi-party proxy fight. Mason Morfit and his $12 billion investment firm ValueAct were heralded as "constructive" shareholders by Disney CEO Bob Iger in January, when the company secured ValueAct's backing ahead of an expected proxy fight with Nelson Peltz's Trian Partners. Blackwells Capital, which previously voiced support for Iger and Disney management, said ValueAct had been managing more than $350 million in Disney pension funds in a relationship dating from 2013 to at least 2022. ValueAct was not managing Disney pension assets by the time it built a stake in the company in 2023, a person familiar with the matter told CNBC. Disney had fully withdrawn its investment in the $12 billion investment firm by that time, and ValueAct was not managing money for Disney when the investment firm signed an information sharing agreement with the company in January, the person said. Still, the prior relationship is likely to muddy the waters given Disney has held up Morfit's support in its proxy filings. Blackwells, which has nominated its own slate of directors in a long-shot bid, said that Disney allowed its shareholders to believe that Morfit's fund "provided its independent and unqualified support of the Board independently." Blackwells highlighted 2022 filings from the Department of Labor that showed ValueAct was managing some $355 million in Disney pension funds. It said filings for 2023 and 2024 were not available. Blackwells has estimated that Disney paid a cumulative $95 million in fees to ValueAct from 2014 to 2022. Disney and Trian have been in the throes of a proxy fight since October, with the fight intensifying as Disney's annual shareholder meeting nears. Trian says Disney's board has been too connected to Iger, who ousted his hand-picked replacement Bob Chapek to return as CEO with the board's blessing. When Peltz began to re-amass a stake, Disney's share price had fallen dramatically from 2021 highs to trade at levels not seen since 2014. Disney has repeatedly voiced its support for Iger and has highlighted that its directors have experience overseeing successful succession planning. Disney has suggested that Trian bears ill will towards the company after the investment firm was fired as a pension fund manager. In proxy filings, Disney has also said that the company is executing on a plan to invest in its experiences and streaming businesses. It has also touted ValueAct and Morfit's support in presentations and securities filings. "Can this Board believe that shareholders are able to evaluate the significance of ValueAct's endorsement without a full understanding of the relationship?" Blackwells asked. Representatives for Disney and Blackwells did not respond to requests for comment. A spokesperson for Trian declined to comment.	<Text> ======= Disney paid shareholder ValueAct millions in fees as part of a prior relationship ValueAct managed more than $355 million in Disney pension funds prior to backing the company in a proxy fight with Nelson Peltz's Trian Partners, a rival activist said. Blackwells raised questions about Disney's relationship with Mason Morfit's ValueAct, suggesting that the company has heralded Morfit's support but not been fully transparent about ValueAct's financial benefit from the company. ValueAct has collected a cumulative $95 million in fees from Disney since 2014, Blackwells said. Activist investor Blackwells said Monday that Disney's board had not disclosed that shareholder ValueAct Capital had a financial relationship with the entertainment company, raising questions about the board's information sharing amid a multi-party proxy fight. Mason Morfit and his $12 billion investment firm ValueAct were heralded as "constructive" shareholders by Disney CEO Bob Iger in January, when the company secured ValueAct's backing ahead of an expected proxy fight with Nelson Peltz's Trian Partners. Blackwells Capital, which previously voiced support for Iger and Disney management, said ValueAct had been managing more than $350 million in Disney pension funds in a relationship dating from 2013 to at least 2022. ValueAct was not managing Disney pension assets by the time it built a stake in the company in 2023, a person familiar with the matter told CNBC. Disney had fully withdrawn its investment in the $12 billion investment firm by that time, and ValueAct was not managing money for Disney when the investment firm signed an information sharing agreement with the company in January, the person said. Still, the prior relationship is likely to muddy the waters given Disney has held up Morfit's support in its proxy filings. Blackwells, which has nominated its own slate of directors in a long-shot bid, said that Disney allowed its shareholders to believe that Morfit's fund "provided its independent and unqualified support of the Board independently." Blackwells highlighted 2022 filings from the Department of Labor that showed ValueAct was managing some $355 million in Disney pension funds. It said filings for 2023 and 2024 were not available. Blackwells has estimated that Disney paid a cumulative $95 million in fees to ValueAct from 2014 to 2022. Disney and Trian have been in the throes of a proxy fight since October, with the fight intensifying as Disney's annual shareholder meeting nears. Trian says Disney's board has been too connected to Iger, who ousted his hand-picked replacement Bob Chapek to return as CEO with the board's blessing. When Peltz began to re-amass a stake, Disney's share price had fallen dramatically from 2021 highs to trade at levels not seen since 2014. Disney has repeatedly voiced its support for Iger and has highlighted that its directors have experience overseeing successful succession planning. Disney has suggested that Trian bears ill will towards the company after the investment firm was fired as a pension fund manager. In proxy filings, Disney has also said that the company is executing on a plan to invest in its experiences and streaming businesses. It has also touted ValueAct and Morfit's support in presentations and securities filings. "Can this Board believe that shareholders are able to evaluate the significance of ValueAct's endorsement without a full understanding of the relationship?" Blackwells asked. Representatives for Disney and Blackwells did not respond to requests for comment. A spokesperson for Trian declined to comment. ---------------- <Question> ======= How much has ValueAct collected in fees from Disney since 2014? ---------------- <Task Instruction> ======= Do not exceed 300 words. Do not provide response in table form or JSON. Please provide response based on the information that has been provided.	Do not exceed 300 words. Do not provide response in table form or JSON. Please provide response based on the information that has been provided. EVIDENCE: Disney paid shareholder ValueAct millions in fees as part of a prior relationship ValueAct managed more than $355 million in Disney pension funds prior to backing the company in a proxy fight with Nelson Peltz's Trian Partners, a rival activist said. Blackwells raised questions about Disney's relationship with Mason Morfit's ValueAct, suggesting that the company has heralded Morfit's support but not been fully transparent about ValueAct's financial benefit from the company. ValueAct has collected a cumulative $95 million in fees from Disney since 2014, Blackwells said. Activist investor Blackwells said Monday that Disney's board had not disclosed that shareholder ValueAct Capital had a financial relationship with the entertainment company, raising questions about the board's information sharing amid a multi-party proxy fight. Mason Morfit and his $12 billion investment firm ValueAct were heralded as "constructive" shareholders by Disney CEO Bob Iger in January, when the company secured ValueAct's backing ahead of an expected proxy fight with Nelson Peltz's Trian Partners. Blackwells Capital, which previously voiced support for Iger and Disney management, said ValueAct had been managing more than $350 million in Disney pension funds in a relationship dating from 2013 to at least 2022. ValueAct was not managing Disney pension assets by the time it built a stake in the company in 2023, a person familiar with the matter told CNBC. Disney had fully withdrawn its investment in the $12 billion investment firm by that time, and ValueAct was not managing money for Disney when the investment firm signed an information sharing agreement with the company in January, the person said. Still, the prior relationship is likely to muddy the waters given Disney has held up Morfit's support in its proxy filings. Blackwells, which has nominated its own slate of directors in a long-shot bid, said that Disney allowed its shareholders to believe that Morfit's fund "provided its independent and unqualified support of the Board independently." Blackwells highlighted 2022 filings from the Department of Labor that showed ValueAct was managing some $355 million in Disney pension funds. It said filings for 2023 and 2024 were not available. Blackwells has estimated that Disney paid a cumulative $95 million in fees to ValueAct from 2014 to 2022. Disney and Trian have been in the throes of a proxy fight since October, with the fight intensifying as Disney's annual shareholder meeting nears. Trian says Disney's board has been too connected to Iger, who ousted his hand-picked replacement Bob Chapek to return as CEO with the board's blessing. When Peltz began to re-amass a stake, Disney's share price had fallen dramatically from 2021 highs to trade at levels not seen since 2014. Disney has repeatedly voiced its support for Iger and has highlighted that its directors have experience overseeing successful succession planning. Disney has suggested that Trian bears ill will towards the company after the investment firm was fired as a pension fund manager. In proxy filings, Disney has also said that the company is executing on a plan to invest in its experiences and streaming businesses. It has also touted ValueAct and Morfit's support in presentations and securities filings. "Can this Board believe that shareholders are able to evaluate the significance of ValueAct's endorsement without a full understanding of the relationship?" Blackwells asked. Representatives for Disney and Blackwells did not respond to requests for comment. A spokesperson for Trian declined to comment. USER: How much has ValueAct collected in fees from Disney since 2014? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	25	11	558	null	385
Give me your answer as a full sentence. Answer the question only using the context provided in the document.	According to this transcript, what was ipad revenue in the December quarter?	Tim Cook Thank you. Suhasini. Good afternoon, everyone, and thanks for joining the call. Today, Apple is reporting revenue of $119.6 billion for the December quarter, up 2% from a year ago despite having one less week in the quarter. EPS was $2.18, up 16% from a year ago and an all-time record. We achieved revenue records across more than two dozen countries and regions including all-time records in Europe and rest of Asia-Pacific. We also continue to see strong double-digit growth in many emerging markets with all-time records in Malaysia, Mexico, The Philippines, Poland, and Turkey, as well as December quarter records in India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Chile. In Services, we set an all-time revenue record with paid subscriptions growing double-digits year-over-year. And I'm pleased to announce today that we have set a new record for our installed base, which has now surpassed 2.2 billion active devices. We are announcing these results on the eve of what is sure to be a historic day as we enter the era of spatial computing. Starting tomorrow, Apple Vision Pro, the most advanced personal electronics device ever, will be available in Apple stores for customers in the U.S. with expansion to other countries later this year. Apple Vision Pro is a revolutionary device built on decades of Apple innovation and it's years ahead of anything else. Apple Vision Pro has a groundbreaking new input system and thousands of innovations, and it will unlock incredible experiences for users and developers that are simply not possible on any other device. There is already so much excitement behind this product from reviewers, customers, and developers. They are praising everything from the incredible experience of watching a movie on a 100-foot screen to remarkable new machine learning capabilities like hand tracking and room mapping. We can't wait for people to experience the magic for themselves. Moments like these are what we live for at Apple. They're why we do what we do. They're why we're so unflinchingly dedicated to groundbreaking innovation and why we're so focused on pushing technology to its limits as we work to enrich the lives of our users. As we look ahead, we will continue to invest in these and other technologies that will shape the future. That includes artificial intelligence where we continue to spend a tremendous amount of time and effort, and we're excited to share the details of our ongoing work in that space later this year. Now, let's turn to the results for the December quarter, beginning with iPhone. We are proud to report that revenue came in at $69.7 billion, 6% higher than a year ago. The iPhone 15 lineup has earned glowing reviews and been embraced by customers. The iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus feature a gorgeous new design with color-infused back glass and contoured edges, Dynamic Island, A16 Bionic, and a new 48 megapixel camera system. And the iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max set the gold standard for smartphones with a beautiful and lighter titanium design, industry-leading performance with A17 Pro and our most advanced camera system with the equivalent of seven pro lenses and the ability to record spatial video. Features like Emergency SoS and roadside assistance via satellite bring peace of mind to users when they travel, and I'm grateful for every note I've received about their lifesaving impact. Turning to Mac. Revenue came in at $7.8 billion, up 1% year-over-year, driven by the strength of our latest M3-powered MacBook Pro models in spite of having one less week of sales. Just last week, we got to wish Mac a happy 40th birthday. When it was introduced 40 years ago, Mac changed everything, and through the years, it has done so again and again. Recently, we have been on a tremendous pace of innovation. Since the introduction of Apple silicon in 2020, we've been proud to offer our users unmatched performance and power along with a remarkable Neural Engine for artificial intelligence and machine learning. This past fall, we had an amazing launch of the latest generation of Apple silicon for Mac, M3, M3 Pro, and M3 Max. These chips break new ground in power and performance empowering users to do more than they ever could before, whether they're making a musical masterpiece using the latest features in Logic Pro, or beating their high score in a graphics intensive game. A favorite amongst students, business owners, artists, and video editors, our MacBook Pro lineup is the world's best pro notebook family. And iMac, the world's most capable and best-selling all-in one, is now faster than ever, thanks to M3. In iPad, revenue for the December quarter was $7 billion, down 25% year-over-year due to a difficult compare with the launch of the M2 iPad Pro and the 10th generation iPad during the December quarter last year and one less week of sales. iPad remains the most versatile, capable, and elegant tablet on the market today. It continues to be the go-to-device for students, creators, and more with customers loving iPad's incredible combination of portability and performance. Powerful apps like Final Cut Pro and Logic Pro for iPad allow video and music creators to unleash their creativity in new ways that are only possible on iPad. iPad continues to push the boundaries of what's possible on a tablet. In Wearables, Home and Accessories, revenue came in at $12 billion, down 11% from a year ago due to a difficult compare with the launch timing of several products in this category and the impact of the 14th week last year. Across our latest Apple Watch lineup, we're enabling and encouraging our users to live a healthier day, while making Apple Watch even more intuitive to use. The new double tap gesture on Apple Watch Series 9 and Apple Watch Ultra 2 make it easier to answer calls, play and pause music or take a photo with iPhone. I've been deeply moved by the many touching stories about how features like a regular rhythm notification and fall detection helped Apple Watch users when they needed it most. And for the first time ever, users can choose a carbon-neutral option of any new Apple Watch. Meanwhile, our AirPods lineup continue to be a holiday favorite. In Services, we set an all-time revenue record of $23.1 billion and an 11% year-over-year increase. Because we had one less week this quarter, this growth represents an acceleration from the September quarter, and we achieved all-time revenue records across advertising, cloud services, payment services and video, as well as December quarter records in App Store and AppleCare. Across our services, we're constantly growing our offerings to give users even more to love. With the redesigned Apple TV app, we've made it easier for subscribers to enjoy all their favorite shows, movies and sports, including Apple TV+ hits like Masters of the Air, Monarch, and Slow Horses. We're proud to be a part of Martin Scorsese's Killers of the Flower Moon, a film that has moved audiences and earned more than 200 accolades including Best Film of the Year from the New York Film Critics Circle, nine BAFTA nominations, a Golden Globe win, and 10 Oscar nominations, including Best Picture. Across all Apple TV+ productions, we've now earned 2050 award nominations and 450 wins since we've introduced the service. We're also excited to have a new season of Major League Soccer kicking off this month. We're looking forward to seeing Lionel Messi return to the field and to following all of our favorite teams in what is sure to be an incredible season. And we're counting down to the Apple Music Super Bowl halftime show, featuring Usher. Turning to Retail. In recent months, we opened three stores, including our 100th store in Asia-Pacific. Throughout the holidays, our team members pulled out all the stops to help customers find the perfect gift. And I know our U.S. team members are especially excited to begin demoing Apple Vision Pro for our customers tomorrow. At Apple, we live and breathe innovation. We are driven to pioneer new technology that can enrich our customers' lives, and we're just as intentional about showing up with our values and being a force for good in the world. February is Black History Month, and to honor it, we've launched our new Black Unity Collection, which includes the Black Unity Sport Loop band. This year's designs reflect a lasting commitment to working toward a more equitable world. We also continue to do a central work through our Racial Equity and Justice Initiative, and we're proud to continue providing grants to organizations that are making a real impact in the world. In recent months, we've also taken significant strides in our environmental work. We're partnering with suppliers to bring more clean energy online for Apple production. We're using more recycled materials than ever before and more energy-efficient transportation than ever before. And each day, we are taking more and more steps toward becoming 100% carbon-neutral across all of our products by 2030. Apple is a company that has never shied away from big challenges. That's because we are grounded by a deep sense of purpose and guided by core belief in the transformative power of innovation. And so, we are optimistic about the future, confident in the long-term, and as excited as we've ever been to deliver for our users like only Apple can. With that, I'll turn it over to Luca.	{Query} ======= According to this transcript, what was ipad revenue in the December quarter? ---------- {Task} ======= Give me your answer as a full sentence. Answer the question only using the context provided in the document. ---------- {Text} ======= Tim Cook Thank you. Suhasini. Good afternoon, everyone, and thanks for joining the call. Today, Apple is reporting revenue of $119.6 billion for the December quarter, up 2% from a year ago despite having one less week in the quarter. EPS was $2.18, up 16% from a year ago and an all-time record. We achieved revenue records across more than two dozen countries and regions including all-time records in Europe and rest of Asia-Pacific. We also continue to see strong double-digit growth in many emerging markets with all-time records in Malaysia, Mexico, The Philippines, Poland, and Turkey, as well as December quarter records in India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Chile. In Services, we set an all-time revenue record with paid subscriptions growing double-digits year-over-year. And I'm pleased to announce today that we have set a new record for our installed base, which has now surpassed 2.2 billion active devices. We are announcing these results on the eve of what is sure to be a historic day as we enter the era of spatial computing. Starting tomorrow, Apple Vision Pro, the most advanced personal electronics device ever, will be available in Apple stores for customers in the U.S. with expansion to other countries later this year. Apple Vision Pro is a revolutionary device built on decades of Apple innovation and it's years ahead of anything else. Apple Vision Pro has a groundbreaking new input system and thousands of innovations, and it will unlock incredible experiences for users and developers that are simply not possible on any other device. There is already so much excitement behind this product from reviewers, customers, and developers. They are praising everything from the incredible experience of watching a movie on a 100-foot screen to remarkable new machine learning capabilities like hand tracking and room mapping. We can't wait for people to experience the magic for themselves. Moments like these are what we live for at Apple. They're why we do what we do. They're why we're so unflinchingly dedicated to groundbreaking innovation and why we're so focused on pushing technology to its limits as we work to enrich the lives of our users. As we look ahead, we will continue to invest in these and other technologies that will shape the future. That includes artificial intelligence where we continue to spend a tremendous amount of time and effort, and we're excited to share the details of our ongoing work in that space later this year. Now, let's turn to the results for the December quarter, beginning with iPhone. We are proud to report that revenue came in at $69.7 billion, 6% higher than a year ago. The iPhone 15 lineup has earned glowing reviews and been embraced by customers. The iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus feature a gorgeous new design with color-infused back glass and contoured edges, Dynamic Island, A16 Bionic, and a new 48 megapixel camera system. And the iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max set the gold standard for smartphones with a beautiful and lighter titanium design, industry-leading performance with A17 Pro and our most advanced camera system with the equivalent of seven pro lenses and the ability to record spatial video. Features like Emergency SoS and roadside assistance via satellite bring peace of mind to users when they travel, and I'm grateful for every note I've received about their lifesaving impact. Turning to Mac. Revenue came in at $7.8 billion, up 1% year-over-year, driven by the strength of our latest M3-powered MacBook Pro models in spite of having one less week of sales. Just last week, we got to wish Mac a happy 40th birthday. When it was introduced 40 years ago, Mac changed everything, and through the years, it has done so again and again. Recently, we have been on a tremendous pace of innovation. Since the introduction of Apple silicon in 2020, we've been proud to offer our users unmatched performance and power along with a remarkable Neural Engine for artificial intelligence and machine learning. This past fall, we had an amazing launch of the latest generation of Apple silicon for Mac, M3, M3 Pro, and M3 Max. These chips break new ground in power and performance empowering users to do more than they ever could before, whether they're making a musical masterpiece using the latest features in Logic Pro, or beating their high score in a graphics intensive game. A favorite amongst students, business owners, artists, and video editors, our MacBook Pro lineup is the world's best pro notebook family. And iMac, the world's most capable and best-selling all-in one, is now faster than ever, thanks to M3. In iPad, revenue for the December quarter was $7 billion, down 25% year-over-year due to a difficult compare with the launch of the M2 iPad Pro and the 10th generation iPad during the December quarter last year and one less week of sales. iPad remains the most versatile, capable, and elegant tablet on the market today. It continues to be the go-to-device for students, creators, and more with customers loving iPad's incredible combination of portability and performance. Powerful apps like Final Cut Pro and Logic Pro for iPad allow video and music creators to unleash their creativity in new ways that are only possible on iPad. iPad continues to push the boundaries of what's possible on a tablet. In Wearables, Home and Accessories, revenue came in at $12 billion, down 11% from a year ago due to a difficult compare with the launch timing of several products in this category and the impact of the 14th week last year. Across our latest Apple Watch lineup, we're enabling and encouraging our users to live a healthier day, while making Apple Watch even more intuitive to use. The new double tap gesture on Apple Watch Series 9 and Apple Watch Ultra 2 make it easier to answer calls, play and pause music or take a photo with iPhone. I've been deeply moved by the many touching stories about how features like a regular rhythm notification and fall detection helped Apple Watch users when they needed it most. And for the first time ever, users can choose a carbon-neutral option of any new Apple Watch. Meanwhile, our AirPods lineup continue to be a holiday favorite. In Services, we set an all-time revenue record of $23.1 billion and an 11% year-over-year increase. Because we had one less week this quarter, this growth represents an acceleration from the September quarter, and we achieved all-time revenue records across advertising, cloud services, payment services and video, as well as December quarter records in App Store and AppleCare. Across our services, we're constantly growing our offerings to give users even more to love. With the redesigned Apple TV app, we've made it easier for subscribers to enjoy all their favorite shows, movies and sports, including Apple TV+ hits like Masters of the Air, Monarch, and Slow Horses. We're proud to be a part of Martin Scorsese's Killers of the Flower Moon, a film that has moved audiences and earned more than 200 accolades including Best Film of the Year from the New York Film Critics Circle, nine BAFTA nominations, a Golden Globe win, and 10 Oscar nominations, including Best Picture. Across all Apple TV+ productions, we've now earned 2050 award nominations and 450 wins since we've introduced the service. We're also excited to have a new season of Major League Soccer kicking off this month. We're looking forward to seeing Lionel Messi return to the field and to following all of our favorite teams in what is sure to be an incredible season. And we're counting down to the Apple Music Super Bowl halftime show, featuring Usher. Turning to Retail. In recent months, we opened three stores, including our 100th store in Asia-Pacific. Throughout the holidays, our team members pulled out all the stops to help customers find the perfect gift. And I know our U.S. team members are especially excited to begin demoing Apple Vision Pro for our customers tomorrow. At Apple, we live and breathe innovation. We are driven to pioneer new technology that can enrich our customers' lives, and we're just as intentional about showing up with our values and being a force for good in the world. February is Black History Month, and to honor it, we've launched our new Black Unity Collection, which includes the Black Unity Sport Loop band. This year's designs reflect a lasting commitment to working toward a more equitable world. We also continue to do a central work through our Racial Equity and Justice Initiative, and we're proud to continue providing grants to organizations that are making a real impact in the world. In recent months, we've also taken significant strides in our environmental work. We're partnering with suppliers to bring more clean energy online for Apple production. We're using more recycled materials than ever before and more energy-efficient transportation than ever before. And each day, we are taking more and more steps toward becoming 100% carbon-neutral across all of our products by 2030. Apple is a company that has never shied away from big challenges. That's because we are grounded by a deep sense of purpose and guided by core belief in the transformative power of innovation. And so, we are optimistic about the future, confident in the long-term, and as excited as we've ever been to deliver for our users like only Apple can. With that, I'll turn it over to Luca.	Give me your answer as a full sentence. Answer the question only using the context provided in the document. EVIDENCE: Tim Cook Thank you. Suhasini. Good afternoon, everyone, and thanks for joining the call. Today, Apple is reporting revenue of $119.6 billion for the December quarter, up 2% from a year ago despite having one less week in the quarter. EPS was $2.18, up 16% from a year ago and an all-time record. We achieved revenue records across more than two dozen countries and regions including all-time records in Europe and rest of Asia-Pacific. We also continue to see strong double-digit growth in many emerging markets with all-time records in Malaysia, Mexico, The Philippines, Poland, and Turkey, as well as December quarter records in India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Chile. In Services, we set an all-time revenue record with paid subscriptions growing double-digits year-over-year. And I'm pleased to announce today that we have set a new record for our installed base, which has now surpassed 2.2 billion active devices. We are announcing these results on the eve of what is sure to be a historic day as we enter the era of spatial computing. Starting tomorrow, Apple Vision Pro, the most advanced personal electronics device ever, will be available in Apple stores for customers in the U.S. with expansion to other countries later this year. Apple Vision Pro is a revolutionary device built on decades of Apple innovation and it's years ahead of anything else. Apple Vision Pro has a groundbreaking new input system and thousands of innovations, and it will unlock incredible experiences for users and developers that are simply not possible on any other device. There is already so much excitement behind this product from reviewers, customers, and developers. They are praising everything from the incredible experience of watching a movie on a 100-foot screen to remarkable new machine learning capabilities like hand tracking and room mapping. We can't wait for people to experience the magic for themselves. Moments like these are what we live for at Apple. They're why we do what we do. They're why we're so unflinchingly dedicated to groundbreaking innovation and why we're so focused on pushing technology to its limits as we work to enrich the lives of our users. As we look ahead, we will continue to invest in these and other technologies that will shape the future. That includes artificial intelligence where we continue to spend a tremendous amount of time and effort, and we're excited to share the details of our ongoing work in that space later this year. Now, let's turn to the results for the December quarter, beginning with iPhone. We are proud to report that revenue came in at $69.7 billion, 6% higher than a year ago. The iPhone 15 lineup has earned glowing reviews and been embraced by customers. The iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus feature a gorgeous new design with color-infused back glass and contoured edges, Dynamic Island, A16 Bionic, and a new 48 megapixel camera system. And the iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max set the gold standard for smartphones with a beautiful and lighter titanium design, industry-leading performance with A17 Pro and our most advanced camera system with the equivalent of seven pro lenses and the ability to record spatial video. Features like Emergency SoS and roadside assistance via satellite bring peace of mind to users when they travel, and I'm grateful for every note I've received about their lifesaving impact. Turning to Mac. Revenue came in at $7.8 billion, up 1% year-over-year, driven by the strength of our latest M3-powered MacBook Pro models in spite of having one less week of sales. Just last week, we got to wish Mac a happy 40th birthday. When it was introduced 40 years ago, Mac changed everything, and through the years, it has done so again and again. Recently, we have been on a tremendous pace of innovation. Since the introduction of Apple silicon in 2020, we've been proud to offer our users unmatched performance and power along with a remarkable Neural Engine for artificial intelligence and machine learning. This past fall, we had an amazing launch of the latest generation of Apple silicon for Mac, M3, M3 Pro, and M3 Max. These chips break new ground in power and performance empowering users to do more than they ever could before, whether they're making a musical masterpiece using the latest features in Logic Pro, or beating their high score in a graphics intensive game. A favorite amongst students, business owners, artists, and video editors, our MacBook Pro lineup is the world's best pro notebook family. And iMac, the world's most capable and best-selling all-in one, is now faster than ever, thanks to M3. In iPad, revenue for the December quarter was $7 billion, down 25% year-over-year due to a difficult compare with the launch of the M2 iPad Pro and the 10th generation iPad during the December quarter last year and one less week of sales. iPad remains the most versatile, capable, and elegant tablet on the market today. It continues to be the go-to-device for students, creators, and more with customers loving iPad's incredible combination of portability and performance. Powerful apps like Final Cut Pro and Logic Pro for iPad allow video and music creators to unleash their creativity in new ways that are only possible on iPad. iPad continues to push the boundaries of what's possible on a tablet. In Wearables, Home and Accessories, revenue came in at $12 billion, down 11% from a year ago due to a difficult compare with the launch timing of several products in this category and the impact of the 14th week last year. Across our latest Apple Watch lineup, we're enabling and encouraging our users to live a healthier day, while making Apple Watch even more intuitive to use. The new double tap gesture on Apple Watch Series 9 and Apple Watch Ultra 2 make it easier to answer calls, play and pause music or take a photo with iPhone. I've been deeply moved by the many touching stories about how features like a regular rhythm notification and fall detection helped Apple Watch users when they needed it most. And for the first time ever, users can choose a carbon-neutral option of any new Apple Watch. Meanwhile, our AirPods lineup continue to be a holiday favorite. In Services, we set an all-time revenue record of $23.1 billion and an 11% year-over-year increase. Because we had one less week this quarter, this growth represents an acceleration from the September quarter, and we achieved all-time revenue records across advertising, cloud services, payment services and video, as well as December quarter records in App Store and AppleCare. Across our services, we're constantly growing our offerings to give users even more to love. With the redesigned Apple TV app, we've made it easier for subscribers to enjoy all their favorite shows, movies and sports, including Apple TV+ hits like Masters of the Air, Monarch, and Slow Horses. We're proud to be a part of Martin Scorsese's Killers of the Flower Moon, a film that has moved audiences and earned more than 200 accolades including Best Film of the Year from the New York Film Critics Circle, nine BAFTA nominations, a Golden Globe win, and 10 Oscar nominations, including Best Picture. Across all Apple TV+ productions, we've now earned 2050 award nominations and 450 wins since we've introduced the service. We're also excited to have a new season of Major League Soccer kicking off this month. We're looking forward to seeing Lionel Messi return to the field and to following all of our favorite teams in what is sure to be an incredible season. And we're counting down to the Apple Music Super Bowl halftime show, featuring Usher. Turning to Retail. In recent months, we opened three stores, including our 100th store in Asia-Pacific. Throughout the holidays, our team members pulled out all the stops to help customers find the perfect gift. And I know our U.S. team members are especially excited to begin demoing Apple Vision Pro for our customers tomorrow. At Apple, we live and breathe innovation. We are driven to pioneer new technology that can enrich our customers' lives, and we're just as intentional about showing up with our values and being a force for good in the world. February is Black History Month, and to honor it, we've launched our new Black Unity Collection, which includes the Black Unity Sport Loop band. This year's designs reflect a lasting commitment to working toward a more equitable world. We also continue to do a central work through our Racial Equity and Justice Initiative, and we're proud to continue providing grants to organizations that are making a real impact in the world. In recent months, we've also taken significant strides in our environmental work. We're partnering with suppliers to bring more clean energy online for Apple production. We're using more recycled materials than ever before and more energy-efficient transportation than ever before. And each day, we are taking more and more steps toward becoming 100% carbon-neutral across all of our products by 2030. Apple is a company that has never shied away from big challenges. That's because we are grounded by a deep sense of purpose and guided by core belief in the transformative power of innovation. And so, we are optimistic about the future, confident in the long-term, and as excited as we've ever been to deliver for our users like only Apple can. With that, I'll turn it over to Luca. USER: According to this transcript, what was ipad revenue in the December quarter? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	19	12	1,576	null	332
Only use the provided context block below for your answer. Do not use outside sources.	How do these three differ from each other?	-Hybrid Electric Vehicles HEVs are powered by an internal combus- tion engine or other propulsion source that runs on conventional or alternative fuel and an electric motor that uses energy stored in a battery. The extra power provided by the electric motor allows for a smaller engine, resulting in better fuel economy without sacrificing performance. HEVs combine the benefits of high fuel economy and low emissions with the power and range of conventional vehicles. HEVs do not require a plug to charge the battery; instead, they charge using regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine. They capture energy normally lost during braking by using the electric motor as a generator, storing the captured energy in the battery. The energy from the battery provides extra power during acceleration and auxiliary power when idling. -Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles PHEVs are powered by conventional fuels and by electrical energy stored in a battery. Using electricity from the grid to charge the battery some of the time costs less and reduces petroleum consumption compared with conventional vehicles. PHEVs can also reduce emissions, depending on the electricity source. PHEVs have an internal combustion engine or other propulsion source and an electric motor, which uses energy stored in a battery. PHEVs have larger battery packs than HEVs, making it possible to drive using only electric power (about 10 to 40 miles in current models). This is commonly referred to as the all-electric range of the vehicle. PHEV batteries can be charged several ways: by an outside electric power source, by the internal combustion engine, or through regenerative braking. If a PHEV is never plugged in to charge, its fuel economy will be about the same as that of a similarly sized HEV. If the vehicle is fully charged and then driven a shorter distance than its all-electric range, it is possible to use electric power only. -All-Electric Vehicles EVs use a battery to store the electrical energy that powers the motor. EV batter- ies are charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source. Although electricity production may contribute to air pollution, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers EVs to be zero-emission vehicles because their motors produce no exhaust or emissions. Since EVs use no other fuel, they help reduce petroleum consumption. Currently available EVs have a shorter range per charge than most conventional vehicles have per tank of gas. EV manu- facturers typically target a minimum range of 100 miles. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration, 100 miles is sufficient for more than 90% of all house- hold vehicle trips in the United States. Light-duty HEV, PHEV, and EV models are currently available from a number of auto manufacturers, with additional models expected to be released in com- ing years. There are also a variety of medium- and heavy-duty options avail- able. For up-to-date information on available vehicle models, refer to the Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center’s (AFDC) Electric Vehicle Availability page (www.afdc.energy.gov/ afdc/vehicles/electric_availability.html) and FuelEconomy.gov.	Only use the provided context block below for your answer. Do not use outside sources. How do these three differ from each other? [-Hybrid Electric Vehicles HEVs are powered by an internal combus- tion engine or other propulsion source that runs on conventional or alternative fuel and an electric motor that uses energy stored in a battery. The extra power provided by the electric motor allows for a smaller engine, resulting in better fuel economy without sacrificing performance. HEVs combine the benefits of high fuel economy and low emissions with the power and range of conventional vehicles. HEVs do not require a plug to charge the battery; instead, they charge using regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine. They capture energy normally lost during braking by using the electric motor as a generator, storing the captured energy in the battery. The energy from the battery provides extra power during acceleration and auxiliary power when idling. -Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles PHEVs are powered by conventional fuels and by electrical energy stored in a battery. Using electricity from the grid to charge the battery some of the time costs less and reduces petroleum consumption compared with conventional vehicles. PHEVs can also reduce emissions, depending on the electricity source. PHEVs have an internal combustion engine or other propulsion source and an electric motor, which uses energy stored in a battery. PHEVs have larger battery packs than HEVs, making it possible to drive using only electric power (about 10 to 40 miles in current models). This is commonly referred to as the all-electric range of the vehicle. PHEV batteries can be charged several ways: by an outside electric power source, by the internal combustion engine, or through regenerative braking. If a PHEV is never plugged in to charge, its fuel economy will be about the same as that of a similarly sized HEV. If the vehicle is fully charged and then driven a shorter distance than its all-electric range, it is possible to use electric power only. -All-Electric Vehicles EVs use a battery to store the electrical energy that powers the motor. EV batter- ies are charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source. Although electricity production may contribute to air pollution, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers EVs to be zero-emission vehicles because their motors produce no exhaust or emissions. Since EVs use no other fuel, they help reduce petroleum consumption. Currently available EVs have a shorter range per charge than most conventional vehicles have per tank of gas. EV manu- facturers typically target a minimum range of 100 miles. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration, 100 miles is sufficient for more than 90% of all house- hold vehicle trips in the United States. Light-duty HEV, PHEV, and EV models are currently available from a number of auto manufacturers, with additional models expected to be released in com- ing years. There are also a variety of medium- and heavy-duty options avail- able. For up-to-date information on available vehicle models, refer to the Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center’s (AFDC) Electric Vehicle Availability page (www.afdc.energy.gov/ afdc/vehicles/electric_availability.html) and FuelEconomy.gov.]	Only use the provided context block below for your answer. Do not use outside sources. EVIDENCE: -Hybrid Electric Vehicles HEVs are powered by an internal combus- tion engine or other propulsion source that runs on conventional or alternative fuel and an electric motor that uses energy stored in a battery. The extra power provided by the electric motor allows for a smaller engine, resulting in better fuel economy without sacrificing performance. HEVs combine the benefits of high fuel economy and low emissions with the power and range of conventional vehicles. HEVs do not require a plug to charge the battery; instead, they charge using regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine. They capture energy normally lost during braking by using the electric motor as a generator, storing the captured energy in the battery. The energy from the battery provides extra power during acceleration and auxiliary power when idling. -Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles PHEVs are powered by conventional fuels and by electrical energy stored in a battery. Using electricity from the grid to charge the battery some of the time costs less and reduces petroleum consumption compared with conventional vehicles. PHEVs can also reduce emissions, depending on the electricity source. PHEVs have an internal combustion engine or other propulsion source and an electric motor, which uses energy stored in a battery. PHEVs have larger battery packs than HEVs, making it possible to drive using only electric power (about 10 to 40 miles in current models). This is commonly referred to as the all-electric range of the vehicle. PHEV batteries can be charged several ways: by an outside electric power source, by the internal combustion engine, or through regenerative braking. If a PHEV is never plugged in to charge, its fuel economy will be about the same as that of a similarly sized HEV. If the vehicle is fully charged and then driven a shorter distance than its all-electric range, it is possible to use electric power only. -All-Electric Vehicles EVs use a battery to store the electrical energy that powers the motor. EV batter- ies are charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source. Although electricity production may contribute to air pollution, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers EVs to be zero-emission vehicles because their motors produce no exhaust or emissions. Since EVs use no other fuel, they help reduce petroleum consumption. Currently available EVs have a shorter range per charge than most conventional vehicles have per tank of gas. EV manu- facturers typically target a minimum range of 100 miles. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration, 100 miles is sufficient for more than 90% of all house- hold vehicle trips in the United States. Light-duty HEV, PHEV, and EV models are currently available from a number of auto manufacturers, with additional models expected to be released in com- ing years. There are also a variety of medium- and heavy-duty options avail- able. For up-to-date information on available vehicle models, refer to the Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center’s (AFDC) Electric Vehicle Availability page (www.afdc.energy.gov/ afdc/vehicles/electric_availability.html) and FuelEconomy.gov. USER: How do these three differ from each other? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	15	8	499	null	359
Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document]	My daughter has just been tested and we have learned she has a severe allergy to tree nuts. I'm freaking out. We have been given an epipen and using it scares me too. How and where do I inject it? Are there certain places it would be harmful? What are the signs of anaphylaxis? Also, what are the potential side effects of an EpiPen?	What is EpiPen? EpiPen and Epipen Jr are used to treat life-threatening allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, and other allergens, and also treat exercise-induced anaphylaxis. EpiPen Auto-Injectors reduce wheezing and improve low blood pressure, hives, severe low blood pressure, and other symptoms of an allergic reaction. EpiPen contains epinephrine from a class of medications called sympathomimetic agents which works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and tightening the blood vessels. Epinephrine is also called adrenaline. EpiPen Auto-Injectors are hand-held devices that automatically inject a measured dose of medicine. EpiPen Auto-Injectors make it easier to give epinephrine in an emergency when anaphylaxis occurs. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and can happen within minutes and, if untreated, can lead to death. Each EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector can be used only 1 time (single-use). What is anaphylaxis? Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and other allergens. Sometimes the cause of anaphylaxis is unknown. EpiPen and Epi-pen Jr Auto-Injectors reduce wheezing and improve low blood pressure, hives, severe low blood pressure, and other symptoms of an allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis can happen within minutes and, left untreated, can lead to death Symptoms of anaphylaxis may include: trouble breathing wheezing hoarseness (changes in the way your voice sounds) hives (raised reddened rash that may itch) severe itching swelling of your face, lips, mouth, or tongue skin rash, redness, or swelling fast heartbeat weak pulse feeling very anxious confusion stomach pain losing control of urine or bowel movements (incontinence) diarrhea or stomach cramps dizziness, fainting, or “passing out” (unconsciousness). Anaphylaxis is treated with epinephrine injections such as Epipen, but you must seek emergency medical treatment right away, even if you have used the EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector. Seek emergency medical attention even after you use EpiPen to treat a severe allergic reaction. You will need to receive further treatment and observation. Before using EpiPen a second time, tell your doctor if your first injection caused a serious side effect such as increased breathing difficulty, or dangerously high blood pressure (severe headache, blurred vision, buzzing in your ears, anxiety, confusion, chest pain, shortness of breath, uneven heartbeats, seizure). It is recommended that patients at risk of anaphylaxis carry 2 auto-injectors in case the first auto-injector is activated before the dose can be given, or you need a second dose. You may not know when anaphylaxis will happen. Talk to your healthcare provider if you need more auto-injectors to keep at work, school, or other locations. Make sure your family members, caregivers, and others where you keep your EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injectors and they know how to use it before you need it. You may be unable to speak in an allergic emergency. A “trainer pen” is available to teach and practice giving an injection. The trainer pen contains no medicine and no needle. The EpiPen Auto-Injector device is a disposable single-use system. An Auto-Injector can only be used one time. You may need to use a second EpiPen auto-injector if symptoms continue or come back while you wait for emergency help or if the first auto-injector is activated before the dose can be given. Do not remove the safety cap until you are ready to use the Auto-Injector. Never put your fingers over the injector tip after the safety cap has been removed. Do not give this medicine to a child without medical advice. EpiPen is injected into the skin or muscle of your outer thigh. In an emergency, this injection can be given through your clothing. Do not inject into a vein or into the buttocks, fingers, toes, hands or feet. To use an EpiPen Auto-Injector: Form a fist around the Auto-Injector with the orange end pointing down. Pull the blue safety top straight up and away from the auto-injector. Place the orange tip against the fleshy portion of the outer thigh. You may give the injection directly through your clothing. Do not put your thumb over the end of the unit. Hold the leg firmly when giving this injection to a child or infant. Push the Auto-Injector firmly against the outer thigh and hold the EpiPen or Epi-pen Jr auto-injector down firmly on the middle of the outer thigh (upper leg) for at least 3 full seconds. If you do not hold it in place long enough, the EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector might not have time to deliver the correct dose of medicine. Remove the Auto-Injector from the thigh. The EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector has been activated when the blue safety top is removed and a “pop” is heard, the orange needle end of the auto-injector is extended, or the medicine viewing window is blocked. Carefully re-insert the used device needle-first into the carrying tube. Re-cap the tube and take it with you to the emergency room so that anyone who treats you will know how much epinephrine you have received. If you accidentally inject yourself while giving EpiPen to another person you must seek medical attention. Accidental injection into fingers, hands or feet may cause a loss of blood flow to these areas. If an accidental injection happens, go immediately to the nearest emergency room. Use an Auto-Injector only once, then throw away in a puncture-proof container (ask your pharmacist where you can get one and how to dispose of it). Keep this container out of the reach of children and pets. Your medicine may also come with a "trainer pen." The trainer pen contains no medicine and no needle. It is only for non-emergency use to practice giving yourself an injection. Dosing information Usual Epipen dose patients over 30kg (66 lbs): EpiPen 0.3 mg. Usual Epipen dose patients 15 to 30 kg (33 lbs to 66 lbs): EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg. Inject intramuscularly or subcutaneously into the outer thigh, through clothing if necessary. Each device is a single-dose injection. Epipen is available as: EpiPen Auto-Injector 0.3 mg (0.3 mg/0.3 mL) single-dose pre-filled auto-injector EpiPen Jr Auto-Injector: 0.15 mg (0.15 mg/0.3 mL) single-dose pre-filled auto-injectorkilograms). To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: heart disease or high blood pressure; asthma; Parkinson's disease; depression or mental illness; a thyroid disorder; or diabetes. Pregnancy and breastfeeding Having an allergic reaction while pregnant or nursing could harm both mother and baby. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may include numbness or weakness, severe headache, blurred vision, pounding in your neck or ears, sweating, chills, chest pain, fast or slow heartbeats, severe shortness of breath, or cough with foamy mucus. What should I avoid while using EpiPen? Do not inject EpiPen into a vein or into the muscles of your buttocks, or it may not work as well. Inject it only into the fleshy outer portion of the thigh. EpiPen side effects Before using EpiPen, tell your doctor if any past use has caused an allergic reaction to get worse. Call your doctor at once if you notice pain, swelling, warmth, redness, or other signs of infection around the area where you gave an injection. Common EpiPen side effects may include: breathing problems; fast, irregular, or pounding heartbeats; pale skin, sweating; nausea and vomiting; dizziness; weakness or tremors; headache; or feeling restless, fearful, nervous, anxious, or excited. This is not a complete list of side effects, and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. My daughter has just been tested and we have learned she has a severe allergy to tree nuts. I'm freaking out. We have been given an epipen and using it scares me too. How and where do I inject it? Are there certain places it would be harmful? What are the signs of anaphylaxis? Also, what are the potential side effects of an EpiPen? What is EpiPen? EpiPen and Epipen Jr are used to treat life-threatening allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, and other allergens, and also treat exercise-induced anaphylaxis. EpiPen Auto-Injectors reduce wheezing and improve low blood pressure, hives, severe low blood pressure, and other symptoms of an allergic reaction. EpiPen contains epinephrine from a class of medications called sympathomimetic agents which works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and tightening the blood vessels. Epinephrine is also called adrenaline. EpiPen Auto-Injectors are hand-held devices that automatically inject a measured dose of medicine. EpiPen Auto-Injectors make it easier to give epinephrine in an emergency when anaphylaxis occurs. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and can happen within minutes and, if untreated, can lead to death. Each EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector can be used only 1 time (single-use). What is anaphylaxis? Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and other allergens. Sometimes the cause of anaphylaxis is unknown. EpiPen and Epi-pen Jr Auto-Injectors reduce wheezing and improve low blood pressure, hives, severe low blood pressure, and other symptoms of an allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis can happen within minutes and, left untreated, can lead to death Symptoms of anaphylaxis may include: trouble breathing wheezing hoarseness (changes in the way your voice sounds) hives (raised reddened rash that may itch) severe itching swelling of your face, lips, mouth, or tongue skin rash, redness, or swelling fast heartbeat weak pulse feeling very anxious confusion stomach pain losing control of urine or bowel movements (incontinence) diarrhea or stomach cramps dizziness, fainting, or “passing out” (unconsciousness). Anaphylaxis is treated with epinephrine injections such as Epipen, but you must seek emergency medical treatment right away, even if you have used the EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector. Seek emergency medical attention even after you use EpiPen to treat a severe allergic reaction. You will need to receive further treatment and observation. Before using EpiPen a second time, tell your doctor if your first injection caused a serious side effect such as increased breathing difficulty, or dangerously high blood pressure (severe headache, blurred vision, buzzing in your ears, anxiety, confusion, chest pain, shortness of breath, uneven heartbeats, seizure). It is recommended that patients at risk of anaphylaxis carry 2 auto-injectors in case the first auto-injector is activated before the dose can be given, or you need a second dose. You may not know when anaphylaxis will happen. Talk to your healthcare provider if you need more auto-injectors to keep at work, school, or other locations. Make sure your family members, caregivers, and others where you keep your EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injectors and they know how to use it before you need it. You may be unable to speak in an allergic emergency. A “trainer pen” is available to teach and practice giving an injection. The trainer pen contains no medicine and no needle. The EpiPen Auto-Injector device is a disposable single-use system. An Auto-Injector can only be used one time. You may need to use a second EpiPen auto-injector if symptoms continue or come back while you wait for emergency help or if the first auto-injector is activated before the dose can be given. Do not remove the safety cap until you are ready to use the Auto-Injector. Never put your fingers over the injector tip after the safety cap has been removed. Do not give this medicine to a child without medical advice. EpiPen is injected into the skin or muscle of your outer thigh. In an emergency, this injection can be given through your clothing. Do not inject into a vein or into the buttocks, fingers, toes, hands or feet. To use an EpiPen Auto-Injector: Form a fist around the Auto-Injector with the orange end pointing down. Pull the blue safety top straight up and away from the auto-injector. Place the orange tip against the fleshy portion of the outer thigh. You may give the injection directly through your clothing. Do not put your thumb over the end of the unit. Hold the leg firmly when giving this injection to a child or infant. Push the Auto-Injector firmly against the outer thigh and hold the EpiPen or Epi-pen Jr auto-injector down firmly on the middle of the outer thigh (upper leg) for at least 3 full seconds. If you do not hold it in place long enough, the EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector might not have time to deliver the correct dose of medicine. Remove the Auto-Injector from the thigh. The EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector has been activated when the blue safety top is removed and a “pop” is heard, the orange needle end of the auto-injector is extended, or the medicine viewing window is blocked. Carefully re-insert the used device needle-first into the carrying tube. Re-cap the tube and take it with you to the emergency room so that anyone who treats you will know how much epinephrine you have received. If you accidentally inject yourself while giving EpiPen to another person you must seek medical attention. Accidental injection into fingers, hands or feet may cause a loss of blood flow to these areas. If an accidental injection happens, go immediately to the nearest emergency room. Use an Auto-Injector only once, then throw away in a puncture-proof container (ask your pharmacist where you can get one and how to dispose of it). Keep this container out of the reach of children and pets. Your medicine may also come with a "trainer pen." The trainer pen contains no medicine and no needle. It is only for non-emergency use to practice giving yourself an injection. Dosing information Usual Epipen dose patients over 30kg (66 lbs): EpiPen 0.3 mg. Usual Epipen dose patients 15 to 30 kg (33 lbs to 66 lbs): EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg. Inject intramuscularly or subcutaneously into the outer thigh, through clothing if necessary. Each device is a single-dose injection. Epipen is available as: EpiPen Auto-Injector 0.3 mg (0.3 mg/0.3 mL) single-dose pre-filled auto-injector EpiPen Jr Auto-Injector: 0.15 mg (0.15 mg/0.3 mL) single-dose pre-filled auto-injectorkilograms). To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: heart disease or high blood pressure; asthma; Parkinson's disease; depression or mental illness; a thyroid disorder; or diabetes. Pregnancy and breastfeeding Having an allergic reaction while pregnant or nursing could harm both mother and baby. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may include numbness or weakness, severe headache, blurred vision, pounding in your neck or ears, sweating, chills, chest pain, fast or slow heartbeats, severe shortness of breath, or cough with foamy mucus. What should I avoid while using EpiPen? Do not inject EpiPen into a vein or into the muscles of your buttocks, or it may not work as well. Inject it only into the fleshy outer portion of the thigh. EpiPen side effects Before using EpiPen, tell your doctor if any past use has caused an allergic reaction to get worse. Call your doctor at once if you notice pain, swelling, warmth, redness, or other signs of infection around the area where you gave an injection. Common EpiPen side effects may include: breathing problems; fast, irregular, or pounding heartbeats; pale skin, sweating; nausea and vomiting; dizziness; weakness or tremors; headache; or feeling restless, fearful, nervous, anxious, or excited. This is not a complete list of side effects, and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. https://www.drugs.com/epipen-auto-injector.html	Answer the question based solely on the information provided in the passage. Do not use any external knowledge or resources. [user request] [context document] EVIDENCE: What is EpiPen? EpiPen and Epipen Jr are used to treat life-threatening allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, and other allergens, and also treat exercise-induced anaphylaxis. EpiPen Auto-Injectors reduce wheezing and improve low blood pressure, hives, severe low blood pressure, and other symptoms of an allergic reaction. EpiPen contains epinephrine from a class of medications called sympathomimetic agents which works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and tightening the blood vessels. Epinephrine is also called adrenaline. EpiPen Auto-Injectors are hand-held devices that automatically inject a measured dose of medicine. EpiPen Auto-Injectors make it easier to give epinephrine in an emergency when anaphylaxis occurs. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and can happen within minutes and, if untreated, can lead to death. Each EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector can be used only 1 time (single-use). What is anaphylaxis? Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and other allergens. Sometimes the cause of anaphylaxis is unknown. EpiPen and Epi-pen Jr Auto-Injectors reduce wheezing and improve low blood pressure, hives, severe low blood pressure, and other symptoms of an allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis can happen within minutes and, left untreated, can lead to death Symptoms of anaphylaxis may include: trouble breathing wheezing hoarseness (changes in the way your voice sounds) hives (raised reddened rash that may itch) severe itching swelling of your face, lips, mouth, or tongue skin rash, redness, or swelling fast heartbeat weak pulse feeling very anxious confusion stomach pain losing control of urine or bowel movements (incontinence) diarrhea or stomach cramps dizziness, fainting, or “passing out” (unconsciousness). Anaphylaxis is treated with epinephrine injections such as Epipen, but you must seek emergency medical treatment right away, even if you have used the EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector. Seek emergency medical attention even after you use EpiPen to treat a severe allergic reaction. You will need to receive further treatment and observation. Before using EpiPen a second time, tell your doctor if your first injection caused a serious side effect such as increased breathing difficulty, or dangerously high blood pressure (severe headache, blurred vision, buzzing in your ears, anxiety, confusion, chest pain, shortness of breath, uneven heartbeats, seizure). It is recommended that patients at risk of anaphylaxis carry 2 auto-injectors in case the first auto-injector is activated before the dose can be given, or you need a second dose. You may not know when anaphylaxis will happen. Talk to your healthcare provider if you need more auto-injectors to keep at work, school, or other locations. Make sure your family members, caregivers, and others where you keep your EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injectors and they know how to use it before you need it. You may be unable to speak in an allergic emergency. A “trainer pen” is available to teach and practice giving an injection. The trainer pen contains no medicine and no needle. The EpiPen Auto-Injector device is a disposable single-use system. An Auto-Injector can only be used one time. You may need to use a second EpiPen auto-injector if symptoms continue or come back while you wait for emergency help or if the first auto-injector is activated before the dose can be given. Do not remove the safety cap until you are ready to use the Auto-Injector. Never put your fingers over the injector tip after the safety cap has been removed. Do not give this medicine to a child without medical advice. EpiPen is injected into the skin or muscle of your outer thigh. In an emergency, this injection can be given through your clothing. Do not inject into a vein or into the buttocks, fingers, toes, hands or feet. To use an EpiPen Auto-Injector: Form a fist around the Auto-Injector with the orange end pointing down. Pull the blue safety top straight up and away from the auto-injector. Place the orange tip against the fleshy portion of the outer thigh. You may give the injection directly through your clothing. Do not put your thumb over the end of the unit. Hold the leg firmly when giving this injection to a child or infant. Push the Auto-Injector firmly against the outer thigh and hold the EpiPen or Epi-pen Jr auto-injector down firmly on the middle of the outer thigh (upper leg) for at least 3 full seconds. If you do not hold it in place long enough, the EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector might not have time to deliver the correct dose of medicine. Remove the Auto-Injector from the thigh. The EpiPen or EpiPen Jr auto-injector has been activated when the blue safety top is removed and a “pop” is heard, the orange needle end of the auto-injector is extended, or the medicine viewing window is blocked. Carefully re-insert the used device needle-first into the carrying tube. Re-cap the tube and take it with you to the emergency room so that anyone who treats you will know how much epinephrine you have received. If you accidentally inject yourself while giving EpiPen to another person you must seek medical attention. Accidental injection into fingers, hands or feet may cause a loss of blood flow to these areas. If an accidental injection happens, go immediately to the nearest emergency room. Use an Auto-Injector only once, then throw away in a puncture-proof container (ask your pharmacist where you can get one and how to dispose of it). Keep this container out of the reach of children and pets. Your medicine may also come with a "trainer pen." The trainer pen contains no medicine and no needle. It is only for non-emergency use to practice giving yourself an injection. Dosing information Usual Epipen dose patients over 30kg (66 lbs): EpiPen 0.3 mg. Usual Epipen dose patients 15 to 30 kg (33 lbs to 66 lbs): EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg. Inject intramuscularly or subcutaneously into the outer thigh, through clothing if necessary. Each device is a single-dose injection. Epipen is available as: EpiPen Auto-Injector 0.3 mg (0.3 mg/0.3 mL) single-dose pre-filled auto-injector EpiPen Jr Auto-Injector: 0.15 mg (0.15 mg/0.3 mL) single-dose pre-filled auto-injectorkilograms). To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: heart disease or high blood pressure; asthma; Parkinson's disease; depression or mental illness; a thyroid disorder; or diabetes. Pregnancy and breastfeeding Having an allergic reaction while pregnant or nursing could harm both mother and baby. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may include numbness or weakness, severe headache, blurred vision, pounding in your neck or ears, sweating, chills, chest pain, fast or slow heartbeats, severe shortness of breath, or cough with foamy mucus. What should I avoid while using EpiPen? Do not inject EpiPen into a vein or into the muscles of your buttocks, or it may not work as well. Inject it only into the fleshy outer portion of the thigh. EpiPen side effects Before using EpiPen, tell your doctor if any past use has caused an allergic reaction to get worse. Call your doctor at once if you notice pain, swelling, warmth, redness, or other signs of infection around the area where you gave an injection. Common EpiPen side effects may include: breathing problems; fast, irregular, or pounding heartbeats; pale skin, sweating; nausea and vomiting; dizziness; weakness or tremors; headache; or feeling restless, fearful, nervous, anxious, or excited. This is not a complete list of side effects, and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. USER: My daughter has just been tested and we have learned she has a severe allergy to tree nuts. I'm freaking out. We have been given an epipen and using it scares me too. How and where do I inject it? Are there certain places it would be harmful? What are the signs of anaphylaxis? Also, what are the potential side effects of an EpiPen? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	24	64	1,261	null	590
[question] [user request] ===================== [text] [context document] ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources.	Are the GDPR, CCPA, and Japan's PIPL effective in shaping global data protection legislation? Support your answer. Explore the ways that these laws have affected business operations and provide examples of other territories that have followed same approach.	In the age of digital connectivity, the protection of personal data has become a paramount concern, prompting the evolution of comprehensive global data privacy laws (Quach et al., 2022). As we traverse the intricate landscape of these regulations, it's essential to delve into key frameworks that have shaped the way organizations handle user information. This section takes you on a journey through the evolution of global data privacy laws, highlighting three pivotal regulations viz the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and various other regional legislations. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) implemented by the European Union in May 2018, stands as a watershed moment in the realm of data protection. Built on the principles of transparency, fairness, and accountability, the regulation brings forth a comprehensive framework for safeguarding the privacy rights of individuals (Bennett and Raab, 2020). A key principle of GDPR is transparency. Organizations must be clear about how they process personal data. Secondly, Data collection must have a specific, legitimate purpose. Thirdly, is data minimization. Organization should collect only the data necessary for the intended purpose. And users have the right to control and access their personal information. The Impact on Businesses and Users are here presented. The GDPR has significantly enhanced user control over personal data. Its stringent requirements have forced businesses worldwide to reassess and fortify their data protection measures. The regulation also introduces severe penalties for non-compliance, emphasizing the urgency for organizations to prioritize data privacy. The GDPR's influence extends far beyond the borders of the European Union. It has become a benchmark for data protection laws globally, inspiring similar legislation and shaping discussions on user rights and corporate responsibilities (Rustad and Koenig, 2019). The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is aimed at empowering Consumers in the Golden State. Enacted in January 2020, the CCPA heralds a new era of consumer-centric data protection in the United States. Originating in California, this legislation has spurred conversations about the need for federal privacy laws and has influenced other states to explore or enact similar measures (Chander et al., 2020). The key Provisions of CCPA include right to know, right to delete, opt-out rights, and non-discriminiation. Consumers can inquire about the data collected about them. Consumers can request the deletion of their personal information. Consumers can opt-out of the sale of their personal information. Consumers exercising their privacy rights cannot be discriminated against. The CCPA has catalyzed a shift in the way businesses handle personal data, while empowering consumers, it has presented compliance challenges for organizations, requiring them to reevaluate data processing practices and ensure adherence to the stipulated rights (Chander et al., 2021). Beyond California, the CCPA has acted as a catalyst for discussions about federal privacy legislation in the United States. Policymakers are grappling with the need for a unified approach to protect the privacy rights of citizens across the nation. The Other Regional Legislations are here discussed. The evolution of data privacy laws is not confined to Europe and North America; it extends to every corner of the globe, various regions have enacted or are in the process of enacting comprehensive data protection laws to address the challenges posed by the digital age (Rustad and Koenig, 2019.). The Asia-Pacific which include China and Japan. In China, the Personal Data Protection Law regulates the processing of personal data. And in Japan, the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) strengthens protections for personal information. For Latin America, the Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD) governs the use of personal data in Brazil. The Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) governs the lawful processing of personal information in South Africa, in the United Arab Emirates various Emirates are implementing data protection laws (Gottardo, 2023). Diverse approaches to data protection reflect unique cultural, legal, and economic considerations, and a global mosaic of legislations shapes a complex, interconnected framework for data privacy (Comandè and Schneider, 2022). The evolution of global data privacy laws underscores the urgency of adapting legal frameworks to the rapidly changing digital landscape. From the GDPR's pioneering role in Europe to the CCPA's influence in the United States and diverse legislations across regions, the world is awakening to the importance of safeguarding individual privacy rights (Souza et al., 2021). As we move forward, it's crucial for businesses, policymakers, and users alike to stay informed about these evolving regulations. The global conversation on data privacy is far from over, and it's a collective responsibility to ensure that our digital future is one where innovation thrives alongside the protection of individual privacy Comparative Analysis of Global Frameworks In the intricate tapestry of global data privacy laws, a comparative analysis becomes crucial to discern the diverse approaches adopted by different regions (Shukla et al., 2023). As the digital era propels us forward, understanding how various frameworks align or diverge is paramount. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1058–1070 1061 The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) serves as the cornerstone of data protection in Europe. Its principles of transparency, purpose limitation, and individual rights have set a gold standard, emphasizing user control and organizational accountability. The GDPR provides a harmonized framework across the European Union, promoting consistency and a single set of rules for businesses operating within its jurisdiction (Prasad and Perez, 2020, Adebukola et al., 2022). With potential fines reaching up to 4% of global annual turnover, the GDPR instills a strong deterrent against non-compliance. The GDPR's comprehensive nature can pose challenges for businesses navigating intricate compliance requirements, ensuring compliance across borders can be challenging, especially for multinational corporations (Chander et al., 2021). The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) emerged as a trailblazer in U.S. data privacy legislation. Enacted in the state of California, it grants consumers unprecedented control over their personal information. The CCPA focuses on empowering consumers with the right to know, delete, and opt-out, fostering a culture of transparency. The CCPA has sparked discussions about the need for comprehensive federal privacy legislation in the United States. Like the GDPR, CCPA compliance can be intricate, requiring businesses to adapt their data practices, while influencing other states, the lack of a federal law may lead to varying privacy standards across the country (Chander et al., 2021, Okunade et al., 2023). The Asia-Pacific region reflects a diverse landscape of data protection laws. China's Personal Data Protection Law and Japan's Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) exemplify the region's commitment to adapting to the digital age (Raposo and Du, 2023). Asian countries are actively modernizing their data protection laws to address contemporary challenges. Regulations in the region are increasingly focused on empowering individuals with control over their personal data (Janssen et al., 2020). Diverse cultural norms and legal traditions contribute to varying interpretations and implementations of data protection laws. The rapid pace of technological advancements requires continuous adaptation, which can pose challenges for regulatory frameworks.	[question] Are the GDPR, CCPA, and Japan's PIPL effective in shaping global data protection legislation? Support your answer. Explore the ways that these laws have affected business operations and provide examples of other territories that have followed same approach. ===================== [text] In the age of digital connectivity, the protection of personal data has become a paramount concern, prompting the evolution of comprehensive global data privacy laws (Quach et al., 2022). As we traverse the intricate landscape of these regulations, it's essential to delve into key frameworks that have shaped the way organizations handle user information. This section takes you on a journey through the evolution of global data privacy laws, highlighting three pivotal regulations viz the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and various other regional legislations. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) implemented by the European Union in May 2018, stands as a watershed moment in the realm of data protection. Built on the principles of transparency, fairness, and accountability, the regulation brings forth a comprehensive framework for safeguarding the privacy rights of individuals (Bennett and Raab, 2020). A key principle of GDPR is transparency. Organizations must be clear about how they process personal data. Secondly, Data collection must have a specific, legitimate purpose. Thirdly, is data minimization. Organization should collect only the data necessary for the intended purpose. And users have the right to control and access their personal information. The Impact on Businesses and Users are here presented. The GDPR has significantly enhanced user control over personal data. Its stringent requirements have forced businesses worldwide to reassess and fortify their data protection measures. The regulation also introduces severe penalties for non-compliance, emphasizing the urgency for organizations to prioritize data privacy. The GDPR's influence extends far beyond the borders of the European Union. It has become a benchmark for data protection laws globally, inspiring similar legislation and shaping discussions on user rights and corporate responsibilities (Rustad and Koenig, 2019). The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is aimed at empowering Consumers in the Golden State. Enacted in January 2020, the CCPA heralds a new era of consumer-centric data protection in the United States. Originating in California, this legislation has spurred conversations about the need for federal privacy laws and has influenced other states to explore or enact similar measures (Chander et al., 2020). The key Provisions of CCPA include right to know, right to delete, opt-out rights, and non-discriminiation. Consumers can inquire about the data collected about them. Consumers can request the deletion of their personal information. Consumers can opt-out of the sale of their personal information. Consumers exercising their privacy rights cannot be discriminated against. The CCPA has catalyzed a shift in the way businesses handle personal data, while empowering consumers, it has presented compliance challenges for organizations, requiring them to reevaluate data processing practices and ensure adherence to the stipulated rights (Chander et al., 2021). Beyond California, the CCPA has acted as a catalyst for discussions about federal privacy legislation in the United States. Policymakers are grappling with the need for a unified approach to protect the privacy rights of citizens across the nation. The Other Regional Legislations are here discussed. The evolution of data privacy laws is not confined to Europe and North America; it extends to every corner of the globe, various regions have enacted or are in the process of enacting comprehensive data protection laws to address the challenges posed by the digital age (Rustad and Koenig, 2019.). The Asia-Pacific which include China and Japan. In China, the Personal Data Protection Law regulates the processing of personal data. And in Japan, the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) strengthens protections for personal information. For Latin America, the Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD) governs the use of personal data in Brazil. The Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) governs the lawful processing of personal information in South Africa, in the United Arab Emirates various Emirates are implementing data protection laws (Gottardo, 2023). Diverse approaches to data protection reflect unique cultural, legal, and economic considerations, and a global mosaic of legislations shapes a complex, interconnected framework for data privacy (Comandè and Schneider, 2022). The evolution of global data privacy laws underscores the urgency of adapting legal frameworks to the rapidly changing digital landscape. From the GDPR's pioneering role in Europe to the CCPA's influence in the United States and diverse legislations across regions, the world is awakening to the importance of safeguarding individual privacy rights (Souza et al., 2021). As we move forward, it's crucial for businesses, policymakers, and users alike to stay informed about these evolving regulations. The global conversation on data privacy is far from over, and it's a collective responsibility to ensure that our digital future is one where innovation thrives alongside the protection of individual privacy Comparative Analysis of Global Frameworks In the intricate tapestry of global data privacy laws, a comparative analysis becomes crucial to discern the diverse approaches adopted by different regions (Shukla et al., 2023). As the digital era propels us forward, understanding how various frameworks align or diverge is paramount. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1058–1070 1061 The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) serves as the cornerstone of data protection in Europe. Its principles of transparency, purpose limitation, and individual rights have set a gold standard, emphasizing user control and organizational accountability. The GDPR provides a harmonized framework across the European Union, promoting consistency and a single set of rules for businesses operating within its jurisdiction (Prasad and Perez, 2020, Adebukola et al., 2022). With potential fines reaching up to 4% of global annual turnover, the GDPR instills a strong deterrent against non-compliance. The GDPR's comprehensive nature can pose challenges for businesses navigating intricate compliance requirements, ensuring compliance across borders can be challenging, especially for multinational corporations (Chander et al., 2021). The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) emerged as a trailblazer in U.S. data privacy legislation. Enacted in the state of California, it grants consumers unprecedented control over their personal information. The CCPA focuses on empowering consumers with the right to know, delete, and opt-out, fostering a culture of transparency. The CCPA has sparked discussions about the need for comprehensive federal privacy legislation in the United States. Like the GDPR, CCPA compliance can be intricate, requiring businesses to adapt their data practices, while influencing other states, the lack of a federal law may lead to varying privacy standards across the country (Chander et al., 2021, Okunade et al., 2023). The Asia-Pacific region reflects a diverse landscape of data protection laws. China's Personal Data Protection Law and Japan's Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) exemplify the region's commitment to adapting to the digital age (Raposo and Du, 2023). Asian countries are actively modernizing their data protection laws to address contemporary challenges. Regulations in the region are increasingly focused on empowering individuals with control over their personal data (Janssen et al., 2020). Diverse cultural norms and legal traditions contribute to varying interpretations and implementations of data protection laws. The rapid pace of technological advancements requires continuous adaptation, which can pose challenges for regulatory frameworks. https://wjarr.com/sites/default/files/WJARR-2024-0369.pdf ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources.	[question] [user request] ===================== [text] [context document] ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources. EVIDENCE: In the age of digital connectivity, the protection of personal data has become a paramount concern, prompting the evolution of comprehensive global data privacy laws (Quach et al., 2022). As we traverse the intricate landscape of these regulations, it's essential to delve into key frameworks that have shaped the way organizations handle user information. This section takes you on a journey through the evolution of global data privacy laws, highlighting three pivotal regulations viz the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and various other regional legislations. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) implemented by the European Union in May 2018, stands as a watershed moment in the realm of data protection. Built on the principles of transparency, fairness, and accountability, the regulation brings forth a comprehensive framework for safeguarding the privacy rights of individuals (Bennett and Raab, 2020). A key principle of GDPR is transparency. Organizations must be clear about how they process personal data. Secondly, Data collection must have a specific, legitimate purpose. Thirdly, is data minimization. Organization should collect only the data necessary for the intended purpose. And users have the right to control and access their personal information. The Impact on Businesses and Users are here presented. The GDPR has significantly enhanced user control over personal data. Its stringent requirements have forced businesses worldwide to reassess and fortify their data protection measures. The regulation also introduces severe penalties for non-compliance, emphasizing the urgency for organizations to prioritize data privacy. The GDPR's influence extends far beyond the borders of the European Union. It has become a benchmark for data protection laws globally, inspiring similar legislation and shaping discussions on user rights and corporate responsibilities (Rustad and Koenig, 2019). The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is aimed at empowering Consumers in the Golden State. Enacted in January 2020, the CCPA heralds a new era of consumer-centric data protection in the United States. Originating in California, this legislation has spurred conversations about the need for federal privacy laws and has influenced other states to explore or enact similar measures (Chander et al., 2020). The key Provisions of CCPA include right to know, right to delete, opt-out rights, and non-discriminiation. Consumers can inquire about the data collected about them. Consumers can request the deletion of their personal information. Consumers can opt-out of the sale of their personal information. Consumers exercising their privacy rights cannot be discriminated against. The CCPA has catalyzed a shift in the way businesses handle personal data, while empowering consumers, it has presented compliance challenges for organizations, requiring them to reevaluate data processing practices and ensure adherence to the stipulated rights (Chander et al., 2021). Beyond California, the CCPA has acted as a catalyst for discussions about federal privacy legislation in the United States. Policymakers are grappling with the need for a unified approach to protect the privacy rights of citizens across the nation. The Other Regional Legislations are here discussed. The evolution of data privacy laws is not confined to Europe and North America; it extends to every corner of the globe, various regions have enacted or are in the process of enacting comprehensive data protection laws to address the challenges posed by the digital age (Rustad and Koenig, 2019.). The Asia-Pacific which include China and Japan. In China, the Personal Data Protection Law regulates the processing of personal data. And in Japan, the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) strengthens protections for personal information. For Latin America, the Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD) governs the use of personal data in Brazil. The Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) governs the lawful processing of personal information in South Africa, in the United Arab Emirates various Emirates are implementing data protection laws (Gottardo, 2023). Diverse approaches to data protection reflect unique cultural, legal, and economic considerations, and a global mosaic of legislations shapes a complex, interconnected framework for data privacy (Comandè and Schneider, 2022). The evolution of global data privacy laws underscores the urgency of adapting legal frameworks to the rapidly changing digital landscape. From the GDPR's pioneering role in Europe to the CCPA's influence in the United States and diverse legislations across regions, the world is awakening to the importance of safeguarding individual privacy rights (Souza et al., 2021). As we move forward, it's crucial for businesses, policymakers, and users alike to stay informed about these evolving regulations. The global conversation on data privacy is far from over, and it's a collective responsibility to ensure that our digital future is one where innovation thrives alongside the protection of individual privacy Comparative Analysis of Global Frameworks In the intricate tapestry of global data privacy laws, a comparative analysis becomes crucial to discern the diverse approaches adopted by different regions (Shukla et al., 2023). As the digital era propels us forward, understanding how various frameworks align or diverge is paramount. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1058–1070 1061 The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) serves as the cornerstone of data protection in Europe. Its principles of transparency, purpose limitation, and individual rights have set a gold standard, emphasizing user control and organizational accountability. The GDPR provides a harmonized framework across the European Union, promoting consistency and a single set of rules for businesses operating within its jurisdiction (Prasad and Perez, 2020, Adebukola et al., 2022). With potential fines reaching up to 4% of global annual turnover, the GDPR instills a strong deterrent against non-compliance. The GDPR's comprehensive nature can pose challenges for businesses navigating intricate compliance requirements, ensuring compliance across borders can be challenging, especially for multinational corporations (Chander et al., 2021). The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) emerged as a trailblazer in U.S. data privacy legislation. Enacted in the state of California, it grants consumers unprecedented control over their personal information. The CCPA focuses on empowering consumers with the right to know, delete, and opt-out, fostering a culture of transparency. The CCPA has sparked discussions about the need for comprehensive federal privacy legislation in the United States. Like the GDPR, CCPA compliance can be intricate, requiring businesses to adapt their data practices, while influencing other states, the lack of a federal law may lead to varying privacy standards across the country (Chander et al., 2021, Okunade et al., 2023). The Asia-Pacific region reflects a diverse landscape of data protection laws. China's Personal Data Protection Law and Japan's Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) exemplify the region's commitment to adapting to the digital age (Raposo and Du, 2023). Asian countries are actively modernizing their data protection laws to address contemporary challenges. Regulations in the region are increasingly focused on empowering individuals with control over their personal data (Janssen et al., 2020). Diverse cultural norms and legal traditions contribute to varying interpretations and implementations of data protection laws. The rapid pace of technological advancements requires continuous adaptation, which can pose challenges for regulatory frameworks. USER: Are the GDPR, CCPA, and Japan's PIPL effective in shaping global data protection legislation? Support your answer. Explore the ways that these laws have affected business operations and provide examples of other territories that have followed same approach. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	28	38	1,142	null	504
Only use information in the context block to answer the question. Your answer should be understandable to individuals with a general, but not advanced, knowledge of computer science. Keep your answer to 250 words or less.	What are the differences between serverless computing and the microservice software style?	Cloud computing provides the ability of computation services via the Internet. According to the NIST definition [156], traditional cloud computing has three service categories: “Infrastructure as a Service” (IaaS), “Platform as a Service” (PaaS), and “Software as a Service” (SaaS). Specifically, IaaS allows software developers to configure and use computation, storage, and network resources. For example, AWS provides the computation service like Elastic Compute Cloud (AWS EC2) [6] and the storage service like Simple Storage Service (AWS S3) [7]. However, IaaS does not hide the operation complexity of the application; thus, developers are still responsible for resource provisioning, runtime configuration, application code management, etc. SaaS allows software developers to directly use the cloud provider’s applications, such as Gmail [30] and Docs [29] provided by Google. SaaS completely hides the underlying operation complexity, but use cases are limited. Moreover, developers completely lose control of the application. PaaS allows software developers to develop, run, and manage applications using the execution environment supported by the cloud provider. For example, Google provides the App Engine [27], while Azure offers App Service [16]. PaaS compromises the operation complexity between IaaS and SaaS, but software developers still are responsible for and manage some underlying tasks. To ease the cloud management burden on software developers, cloud providers presented a new paradigm, i.e., serverless computing. Serverless computing is similar to PaaS; differently, it almost hides all complex underlying management tasks for developers, i.e., “server-less”, and it also allows developers to control their applications. Serverless computing-related applications (a.k.a., serverless applications) follow the microservice software style, which decomposes the application into a subset of independent tasks. However, the differences between serverless applications and microservice-based applications are as follows. First, the serverless application’s unit (a.k.a., serverless function) is a smaller granularity than the unit of the microservice-based application. Second, microservice-based applications still make developers face the additional effort of underlying tasks like scalability, fault tolerance, and load balancing. Third, serverless functions adopt the event-driven pattern while microservices are usually responsive to their interfaces. In addition, serverless computing is more suitable for short-lived and bursty applications because its platforms provide high and automatic scalability, while microservices are suited for long-running and stable applications. Serverless computing is an emerging and potential cloud computing paradigm, and its significant advantage is to free software developers from the burden of complex and error-prone server management tasks. Serverless computing provides “Backend as a Service” (BaaS) and “Function as a Service” (FaaS) [120], as shown in Fig. 2. Specifically, BaaS represents tailor-made cloud services provided by cloud providers, e.g., cloud storage and notification services. These services can service FaaS optionally to simplify the backend functionality development for software developers. FaaS represents that software developers can write stateless, event-driven serverless functions, making them focus on the logic of serverless applications. Generally, FaaS is the core of serverless computing, allowing developers to develop and control their applications. To better understand serverless computing, we introduce its key characteristics as follows. • Functionality and no operations (NoOps): In serverless platforms, software developers can select their most appropriate and familiar languages (e.g., Python, JavaScript, and Java) to write the function-level code snippet to create serverless applications. Moreover, serverless platforms provide user-friendly integrated development environments (IDEs). For the deployment of serverless applications, software developers only need to upload their application code to the serverless platform without complex environment configuration. In addition, BaaS is the equivalent of off-the-shelf backend functionality. Its related services can be directly applied in the application by developers to replace similar backend functionalities. Therefore, developers do not have to redevelop these functionalities and deal with server configurations. Auto-scaling: Serverless platforms can automatically scale function instances horizontally and vertically according to the application workload dynamics. Horizontal scaling is to launch (i.e., scale-in) new function instances or recycle (i.e., scale-out) running ones, while vertical scaling is to add (i.e., scale-up) or remove (i.e., scale-down) the amount of computation and other resources from running function instances. After completing requests, the corresponding function instances and allocated resources will retain in memory for a short time to prepare to be reused by subsequent requests of the same function. If there are no subsequent requests, these instances and resources will be automatically recycled by the serverless platform, i.e., scaling to zero. However, scaling to zero makes incoming new requests face the cold start problem, which takes a long time to prepare required runtime environments from scratch. • Utilization-based billing: In serverless computing, software developers charge for the actually allocated or consumed resources of the serverless application in the fine-granular execution unit. For example, AWS Lambda’s pricing is related to the allocated memory, and Azure Functions considers the consumed memory. On the other hand, serverless functions are event-driven; thus, they will not run without being triggered, and developers do not pay any cost. This feature eliminates the concern of paying for idle resources. In summary, the billing pattern of serverless computing is relatively reasonable and inexpensive compared with traditional cloud computing, which requires always renting and paying resources in memory on standby. Separation of computation and storage: Serverless computing adopts the separation way of computation and storage, i.e., separately scaling and independently provisioning and pricing. Generally, computation refers to stateless serverless functions, while storage represents cloud storage services provided by cloud providers to store data from the serverless function. This separation way can ensure the auto-scaling ability of the serverless platform for bursty workloads. • Additional limitations: Cloud providers set some additional limitations for serverless functions to keep the vital auto-scaling feature of serverless platforms. Generally, these limitations contain function execution timeout, deployment package size, local disk size, memory allocation maximum, etc. Moreover, different serverless platforms have different demands regarding these additional limitations. The above key characteristics show the unique advantages of serverless computing. In addition, some features and limitations will also essentially influence the development of cloud-based applications.	Question: What are the differences between serverless computing and the microservice software style? System Prompt: Only use information in the context block to answer the question. Your answer should be understandable to individuals with a general, but not advanced, knowledge of computer science. Keep your answer to 250 words or less. Context Block: Cloud computing provides the ability of computation services via the Internet. According to the NIST definition [156], traditional cloud computing has three service categories: “Infrastructure as a Service” (IaaS), “Platform as a Service” (PaaS), and “Software as a Service” (SaaS). Specifically, IaaS allows software developers to configure and use computation, storage, and network resources. For example, AWS provides the computation service like Elastic Compute Cloud (AWS EC2) [6] and the storage service like Simple Storage Service (AWS S3) [7]. However, IaaS does not hide the operation complexity of the application; thus, developers are still responsible for resource provisioning, runtime configuration, application code management, etc. SaaS allows software developers to directly use the cloud provider’s applications, such as Gmail [30] and Docs [29] provided by Google. SaaS completely hides the underlying operation complexity, but use cases are limited. Moreover, developers completely lose control of the application. PaaS allows software developers to develop, run, and manage applications using the execution environment supported by the cloud provider. For example, Google provides the App Engine [27], while Azure offers App Service [16]. PaaS compromises the operation complexity between IaaS and SaaS, but software developers still are responsible for and manage some underlying tasks. To ease the cloud management burden on software developers, cloud providers presented a new paradigm, i.e., serverless computing. Serverless computing is similar to PaaS; differently, it almost hides all complex underlying management tasks for developers, i.e., “server-less”, and it also allows developers to control their applications. Serverless computing-related applications (a.k.a., serverless applications) follow the microservice software style, which decomposes the application into a subset of independent tasks. However, the differences between serverless applications and microservice-based applications are as follows. First, the serverless application’s unit (a.k.a., serverless function) is a smaller granularity than the unit of the microservice-based application. Second, microservice-based applications still make developers face the additional effort of underlying tasks like scalability, fault tolerance, and load balancing. Third, serverless functions adopt the event-driven pattern while microservices are usually responsive to their interfaces. In addition, serverless computing is more suitable for short-lived and bursty applications because its platforms provide high and automatic scalability, while microservices are suited for long-running and stable applications. Serverless computing is an emerging and potential cloud computing paradigm, and its significant advantage is to free software developers from the burden of complex and error-prone server management tasks. Serverless computing provides “Backend as a Service” (BaaS) and “Function as a Service” (FaaS) [120], as shown in Fig. 2. Specifically, BaaS represents tailor-made cloud services provided by cloud providers, e.g., cloud storage and notification services. These services can service FaaS optionally to simplify the backend functionality development for software developers. FaaS represents that software developers can write stateless, event-driven serverless functions, making them focus on the logic of serverless applications. Generally, FaaS is the core of serverless computing, allowing developers to develop and control their applications. To better understand serverless computing, we introduce its key characteristics as follows. • Functionality and no operations (NoOps): In serverless platforms, software developers can select their most appropriate and familiar languages (e.g., Python, JavaScript, and Java) to write the function-level code snippet to create serverless applications. Moreover, serverless platforms provide user-friendly integrated development environments (IDEs). For the deployment of serverless applications, software developers only need to upload their application code to the serverless platform without complex environment configuration. In addition, BaaS is the equivalent of off-the-shelf backend functionality. Its related services can be directly applied in the application by developers to replace similar backend functionalities. Therefore, developers do not have to redevelop these functionalities and deal with server configurations. Auto-scaling: Serverless platforms can automatically scale function instances horizontally and vertically according to the application workload dynamics. Horizontal scaling is to launch (i.e., scale-in) new function instances or recycle (i.e., scale-out) running ones, while vertical scaling is to add (i.e., scale-up) or remove (i.e., scale-down) the amount of computation and other resources from running function instances. After completing requests, the corresponding function instances and allocated resources will retain in memory for a short time to prepare to be reused by subsequent requests of the same function. If there are no subsequent requests, these instances and resources will be automatically recycled by the serverless platform, i.e., scaling to zero. However, scaling to zero makes incoming new requests face the cold start problem, which takes a long time to prepare required runtime environments from scratch. • Utilization-based billing: In serverless computing, software developers charge for the actually allocated or consumed resources of the serverless application in the fine-granular execution unit. For example, AWS Lambda’s pricing is related to the allocated memory, and Azure Functions considers the consumed memory. On the other hand, serverless functions are event-driven; thus, they will not run without being triggered, and developers do not pay any cost. This feature eliminates the concern of paying for idle resources. In summary, the billing pattern of serverless computing is relatively reasonable and inexpensive compared with traditional cloud computing, which requires always renting and paying resources in memory on standby. Separation of computation and storage: Serverless computing adopts the separation way of computation and storage, i.e., separately scaling and independently provisioning and pricing. Generally, computation refers to stateless serverless functions, while storage represents cloud storage services provided by cloud providers to store data from the serverless function. This separation way can ensure the auto-scaling ability of the serverless platform for bursty workloads. • Additional limitations: Cloud providers set some additional limitations for serverless functions to keep the vital auto-scaling feature of serverless platforms. Generally, these limitations contain function execution timeout, deployment package size, local disk size, memory allocation maximum, etc. Moreover, different serverless platforms have different demands regarding these additional limitations. The above key characteristics show the unique advantages of serverless computing. In addition, some features and limitations will also essentially influence the development of cloud-based applications.	Only use information in the context block to answer the question. Your answer should be understandable to individuals with a general, but not advanced, knowledge of computer science. Keep your answer to 250 words or less. EVIDENCE: Cloud computing provides the ability of computation services via the Internet. According to the NIST definition [156], traditional cloud computing has three service categories: “Infrastructure as a Service” (IaaS), “Platform as a Service” (PaaS), and “Software as a Service” (SaaS). Specifically, IaaS allows software developers to configure and use computation, storage, and network resources. For example, AWS provides the computation service like Elastic Compute Cloud (AWS EC2) [6] and the storage service like Simple Storage Service (AWS S3) [7]. However, IaaS does not hide the operation complexity of the application; thus, developers are still responsible for resource provisioning, runtime configuration, application code management, etc. SaaS allows software developers to directly use the cloud provider’s applications, such as Gmail [30] and Docs [29] provided by Google. SaaS completely hides the underlying operation complexity, but use cases are limited. Moreover, developers completely lose control of the application. PaaS allows software developers to develop, run, and manage applications using the execution environment supported by the cloud provider. For example, Google provides the App Engine [27], while Azure offers App Service [16]. PaaS compromises the operation complexity between IaaS and SaaS, but software developers still are responsible for and manage some underlying tasks. To ease the cloud management burden on software developers, cloud providers presented a new paradigm, i.e., serverless computing. Serverless computing is similar to PaaS; differently, it almost hides all complex underlying management tasks for developers, i.e., “server-less”, and it also allows developers to control their applications. Serverless computing-related applications (a.k.a., serverless applications) follow the microservice software style, which decomposes the application into a subset of independent tasks. However, the differences between serverless applications and microservice-based applications are as follows. First, the serverless application’s unit (a.k.a., serverless function) is a smaller granularity than the unit of the microservice-based application. Second, microservice-based applications still make developers face the additional effort of underlying tasks like scalability, fault tolerance, and load balancing. Third, serverless functions adopt the event-driven pattern while microservices are usually responsive to their interfaces. In addition, serverless computing is more suitable for short-lived and bursty applications because its platforms provide high and automatic scalability, while microservices are suited for long-running and stable applications. Serverless computing is an emerging and potential cloud computing paradigm, and its significant advantage is to free software developers from the burden of complex and error-prone server management tasks. Serverless computing provides “Backend as a Service” (BaaS) and “Function as a Service” (FaaS) [120], as shown in Fig. 2. Specifically, BaaS represents tailor-made cloud services provided by cloud providers, e.g., cloud storage and notification services. These services can service FaaS optionally to simplify the backend functionality development for software developers. FaaS represents that software developers can write stateless, event-driven serverless functions, making them focus on the logic of serverless applications. Generally, FaaS is the core of serverless computing, allowing developers to develop and control their applications. To better understand serverless computing, we introduce its key characteristics as follows. • Functionality and no operations (NoOps): In serverless platforms, software developers can select their most appropriate and familiar languages (e.g., Python, JavaScript, and Java) to write the function-level code snippet to create serverless applications. Moreover, serverless platforms provide user-friendly integrated development environments (IDEs). For the deployment of serverless applications, software developers only need to upload their application code to the serverless platform without complex environment configuration. In addition, BaaS is the equivalent of off-the-shelf backend functionality. Its related services can be directly applied in the application by developers to replace similar backend functionalities. Therefore, developers do not have to redevelop these functionalities and deal with server configurations. Auto-scaling: Serverless platforms can automatically scale function instances horizontally and vertically according to the application workload dynamics. Horizontal scaling is to launch (i.e., scale-in) new function instances or recycle (i.e., scale-out) running ones, while vertical scaling is to add (i.e., scale-up) or remove (i.e., scale-down) the amount of computation and other resources from running function instances. After completing requests, the corresponding function instances and allocated resources will retain in memory for a short time to prepare to be reused by subsequent requests of the same function. If there are no subsequent requests, these instances and resources will be automatically recycled by the serverless platform, i.e., scaling to zero. However, scaling to zero makes incoming new requests face the cold start problem, which takes a long time to prepare required runtime environments from scratch. • Utilization-based billing: In serverless computing, software developers charge for the actually allocated or consumed resources of the serverless application in the fine-granular execution unit. For example, AWS Lambda’s pricing is related to the allocated memory, and Azure Functions considers the consumed memory. On the other hand, serverless functions are event-driven; thus, they will not run without being triggered, and developers do not pay any cost. This feature eliminates the concern of paying for idle resources. In summary, the billing pattern of serverless computing is relatively reasonable and inexpensive compared with traditional cloud computing, which requires always renting and paying resources in memory on standby. Separation of computation and storage: Serverless computing adopts the separation way of computation and storage, i.e., separately scaling and independently provisioning and pricing. Generally, computation refers to stateless serverless functions, while storage represents cloud storage services provided by cloud providers to store data from the serverless function. This separation way can ensure the auto-scaling ability of the serverless platform for bursty workloads. • Additional limitations: Cloud providers set some additional limitations for serverless functions to keep the vital auto-scaling feature of serverless platforms. Generally, these limitations contain function execution timeout, deployment package size, local disk size, memory allocation maximum, etc. Moreover, different serverless platforms have different demands regarding these additional limitations. The above key characteristics show the unique advantages of serverless computing. In addition, some features and limitations will also essentially influence the development of cloud-based applications. USER: What are the differences between serverless computing and the microservice software style? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	36	12	971	null	827
Refer only to the provided context document when answering the question.	According to the text above, can the client use GEM's training materials for their own employees?	GREEN ENERGY MONEY Training Services Agreement PLEASE READ THIS TRAINING SERVICES AGREEMENT BEFORE PURCHASING OR USING THE SERVICES. BY USING OR PURCHASING THE SERVICES, CUSTOMER SIGNIFIES ITS ASSENT TO THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU ARE ACTING ON BEHALF OF AN ENTITY, THEN YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT ON BEHALF OF THAT ENTITY. IF CUSTOMER DOES NOT ACCEPT THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, THEN YOU MUST NOT ENGAGE WITH USE OF THE SERVICES. This Training Services Agreement is between Green Energy Money, Inc. a Texas corporation, located at 1110 Ranch Road 620 South, Suite D Austin, TX 78734(“GEM”), and Affiliates, and the user of GEM’s services that accepts the terms of this Agreement (“Customer”). The effective date of this Agreement ('Effective Date') is the date that Customer signs this agreement. Capitalized terms have the meaning set forth in Section 8. 1. Services. Customer may purchase training services (the "Services") under this Agreement from GEM by signing this agreement, prior to, or the day of the training. Services are only for Customer’s internal use and Customer may not use the Services to supply any consulting, support or training services to any third party. 2. Fees. Customer shall pay fees ("Fees") set forth under section 9 below. 3. Nondisclosure. For purposes of this Agreement, the party disclosing Confidential Information is the “Discloser,” and the party receiving Confidential Information is the “Recipient.” Confidential Information means all information concerning the parties’ business including, but not limited to, all tangible, intangible, visual, electronic, present, or future information such as: (a) trade secrets; (b) financial information, including pricing; (c) technical information, including research, development, procedures, algorithms, data, designs, and know-how; (d) business information, including operations, planning, marketing interests, and products; and (e) the terms of any agreement between GEM and the Customer and the discussions, negotiations and proposals related to that agreement. Confidential Information disclosed to the other party must be clearly identified. Recipient will only have a duty to protect Confidential Information if it is disclosed in a manner in which the Discloser reasonably communicated, or the Recipient should reasonably have understood under the circumstances, that the disclosure should be treated as confidential, whether or not the specific designation "confidential" or any similar designation is used. The Recipient does not have an obligation to protect Confidential Information that is: (a) in the public domain through no fault of the Recipient; (b) within the legitimate possession of the Recipient, with no confidentiality obligations to a third party; (c) lawfully received from a third party having rights in the information without restriction, and without notice of any restriction against its further disclosure; (d) independently developed by the Recipient without breaching this Agreement or by parties who have not had, either directly or indirectly, access to or knowledge of the Confidential Information; or (e) disclosed with the prior written consent of the Discloser. A party may disclose Confidential Information when compelled to do so by law if it provides reasonable prior notice to the other party. Upon Discloser’s written request, Recipient will promptly return all Confidential Information and copies, or notify Discloser in writing that it has destroyed all such materials. The Recipient may use Residuals (as defined below) for any purpose, including use in the acquisition, development, manufacture, promotion, sale, or maintenance of products and services; provided that this right to Residuals do not represent a license under any intellectual property and/or proprietary rights of Discloser. “Residuals” means information that is retained in the unaided memories of Recipient’s employees, agents, or contractors as permitted herein, who have had access to the Discloser’s Confidential Information. Memory is unaided if the employee or contractor has not intentionally memorized the Confidential Information for the purpose of retaining and subsequently using or disclosing it. 4. Intellectual Property. 4.1 GEM training courses and training materials (“Materials”) and all worldwide intellectual property rights therein, as the same may be amended and/or extended, including the copyright, and patented proprietary methods, are wholly owned solely by GEM, who shall retain all right, title and interest in and to all Materials. Customer shall be entitled to keep and use all Materials provided by GEM to Customer, but without any other license to exercise any of the intellectual property rightstherein, all of which are hereby strictly reserved to GEM. In particular and without limitation, Materials may not be copied electronically or otherwise whether or not for archive purposes, modified including translated, re-distributed, disclosed to third parties, lent, hired out, made available to the public, sold, offered for sale, shared, or transferred in any other way. The use of any Materials will be limited to use by the specific personsto whom the Services are provided. All GEM trademarks, trade names, logos and notices present on the Materials shall be preserved and not defaced, modified or obliterated. Customer shall not use any GEM trademarks without GEM’s express written authorization. 4.2 Customer acknowledges that as part of performing the Services, GEM personnel may utilize proprietary software, methodologies, tools, specifications, drawings, sketches, models, samples, records, documentation, works of authorship or creative works, ideas, knowledge, data or other materials which have been originated or developed by the personnel of GEM or its affiliates or by third parties under contract to GEM to develop same, or which have been purchased by, or licensed to, GEM (collectively, “GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property”). GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property includes, but is not limited to, any new or improved methodologies or tools developed by GEM during the course of any project under this Agreement. Customer agrees that GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property is the sole property of GEM (or its licensor) and that GEM (or its licensor) will at all times retain sole and exclusive title to and ownership thereof. Except as expressly provided above, nothing contained in this Agreement or otherwise will be construed to grant to Customer any right, title, license or other interest in, to or under any GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property. 5. Warranty and Disclaimer. 2 Training Agreement www.greenenergy-money.com (877) GEM-3011 Financial Solutions to Value a Sustainable Future 5.1 GEM warrants that the Services shall be performed in a workmanlike manner consistent with industry standards reasonably applicable to the performance ofsuch Services. If Customer believesthere has been a breach of this warranty, Customer must notify GEM in writing promptly following delivery of the Services stating in reasonable detail the nature of the alleged breach. If there has been a breach of this warranty, then GEM’s sole obligation, and Customer’s exclusive remedy, shall be for GEM to correct or re-perform, at no additional charge, any affected Services to cause them to comply with this warranty. 5.2 EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 5.1 ABOVE, THE SERVICES AND ANY MATERIALS FURNISHED OR PROVIDED TO CUSTOMER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT, ARE PROVIDED TO CUSTOMER “AS-IS” WITHOUT ANY WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, INTEGRATION, NON-INFRINGEMENT, TITLE, PERFORMANCE, AND ACCURACY AND ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES ARISING FROM STATUTE, COURSE OF DEALING, COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, OR USAGE OF TRADE. WITHOUT LIMITING THE GENERALITY OF THE FOREGOING DISCLAIMER, NEITHER THE SERVICES NOR ANY MATERIALS FURNISHED TO CUSTOMER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED, MANUFACTURED OR INTENDED FOR USE IN THE PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONTROL, OR DIRECT OPERATION OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES, AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION, CONTROL OR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, WEAPONS SYSTEMS, OR DIRECT LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS. 6. Limitation of Liability. IN NO EVENT WILL GEM BE LIABLE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT FOR ANY INDIRECT, RELIANCE, PUNITIVE, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND AND HOWEVER CAUSED. IN NO EVENT WILL GEM’S CUMULATIVE LIABILITY FOR ANY CLAIM ARISING IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE AMOUNT OF THE TOTAL FEES PAID TO GEM UNDER THIS AGREEMENT BY CUSTOMER DURING THE TWELVE (12) MONTHS PRECEDING ANY SUCH CLAIM. THE PROVISIONS OF SECTIONS 5 AND 6 ALLOCATE RISKS UNDER THIS AGREEMENT BETWEEN CUSTOMER AND GEM. GEM’S FEES FOR THE SERVICES REFLECT THIS ALLOCATION OF RISKS AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. 7. Term and Termination. 7.1 The term (the “Term”) of this Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and shall continue until the Services have been delivered. 7.2 If Customer provides written notice of its intent to cancel the Servicesto GEM at least 72 hours prior to the scheduled date of the Services, Customer may elect to receive a full refund or to reschedule the Services If GEM cancels the Services, Customer may choose to receive a full refund or to reschedule the Services. 7.3 Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 shall survive the expiration or termination of this Agreement. 8. General. 8.1 This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Texas. For all disputes arising out of this Agreement, the parties consent to the jurisdiction of the courts serving Travis County, Texas. 8.3 Unless otherwise specified in this Agreement, all notices shall be in writing and shall be mailed (via registered or certified mail, return receipt requested), delivered by a nationally recognized express courier 3 Training Agreement www.greenenergy-money.com (877) GEM-3011 Financial Solutions to Value a Sustainable Future service with the ability to track shipments, or personally delivered to the other party at the address set forth above for GEM and at registration for Customer. All notices shall be effective upon receipt. 8.4 This Agreement is the parties’ entire agreement relating to its subject and supersedes any prior or contemporaneous agreements on that subject. All amendments to this Agreement must be in writing, executed by both parties and expressly state that they are amending this Agreement. 8.5 Failure to enforce any provision of this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver thereof. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the waiving party. If a party waives any right, power, or remedy, the waiver shall not waive any successive or other right, power, or remedy the party may have under this Agreement. If any provision is found to be unenforceable, it and any related provisions shall be interpreted to best accomplish the unenforceable provision’s essential purpose. 8.6 Neither party shall be liable for failures or delays in performance due to causes beyond its reasonable control, including, but not limited to, any act of God, fire, earthquake, flood, storm, natural disaster, accident, pandemic, labor unrest, civil disobedience, act of terrorism or act of government; however, the inability to meet financial obligations is expressly excluded. Both parties hereto agree to use their best efforts to minimize the effects of such failures or delays.	Query: According to the text above, can the client use GEM's training materials for their own employees? ---------- Task Instruction: Refer only to the provided context document when answering the question. ---------- Document: GREEN ENERGY MONEY Training Services Agreement PLEASE READ THIS TRAINING SERVICES AGREEMENT BEFORE PURCHASING OR USING THE SERVICES. BY USING OR PURCHASING THE SERVICES, CUSTOMER SIGNIFIES ITS ASSENT TO THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU ARE ACTING ON BEHALF OF AN ENTITY, THEN YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT ON BEHALF OF THAT ENTITY. IF CUSTOMER DOES NOT ACCEPT THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, THEN YOU MUST NOT ENGAGE WITH USE OF THE SERVICES. This Training Services Agreement is between Green Energy Money, Inc. a Texas corporation, located at 1110 Ranch Road 620 South, Suite D Austin, TX 78734(“GEM”), and Affiliates, and the user of GEM’s services that accepts the terms of this Agreement (“Customer”). The effective date of this Agreement ('Effective Date') is the date that Customer signs this agreement. Capitalized terms have the meaning set forth in Section 8. 1. Services. Customer may purchase training services (the "Services") under this Agreement from GEM by signing this agreement, prior to, or the day of the training. Services are only for Customer’s internal use and Customer may not use the Services to supply any consulting, support or training services to any third party. 2. Fees. Customer shall pay fees ("Fees") set forth under section 9 below. 3. Nondisclosure. For purposes of this Agreement, the party disclosing Confidential Information is the “Discloser,” and the party receiving Confidential Information is the “Recipient.” Confidential Information means all information concerning the parties’ business including, but not limited to, all tangible, intangible, visual, electronic, present, or future information such as: (a) trade secrets; (b) financial information, including pricing; (c) technical information, including research, development, procedures, algorithms, data, designs, and know-how; (d) business information, including operations, planning, marketing interests, and products; and (e) the terms of any agreement between GEM and the Customer and the discussions, negotiations and proposals related to that agreement. Confidential Information disclosed to the other party must be clearly identified. Recipient will only have a duty to protect Confidential Information if it is disclosed in a manner in which the Discloser reasonably communicated, or the Recipient should reasonably have understood under the circumstances, that the disclosure should be treated as confidential, whether or not the specific designation "confidential" or any similar designation is used. The Recipient does not have an obligation to protect Confidential Information that is: (a) in the public domain through no fault of the Recipient; (b) within the legitimate possession of the Recipient, with no confidentiality obligations to a third party; (c) lawfully received from a third party having rights in the information without restriction, and without notice of any restriction against its further disclosure; (d) independently developed by the Recipient without breaching this Agreement or by parties who have not had, either directly or indirectly, access to or knowledge of the Confidential Information; or (e) disclosed with the prior written consent of the Discloser. A party may disclose Confidential Information when compelled to do so by law if it provides reasonable prior notice to the other party. Upon Discloser’s written request, Recipient will promptly return all Confidential Information and copies, or notify Discloser in writing that it has destroyed all such materials. The Recipient may use Residuals (as defined below) for any purpose, including use in the acquisition, development, manufacture, promotion, sale, or maintenance of products and services; provided that this right to Residuals do not represent a license under any intellectual property and/or proprietary rights of Discloser. “Residuals” means information that is retained in the unaided memories of Recipient’s employees, agents, or contractors as permitted herein, who have had access to the Discloser’s Confidential Information. Memory is unaided if the employee or contractor has not intentionally memorized the Confidential Information for the purpose of retaining and subsequently using or disclosing it. 4. Intellectual Property. 4.1 GEM training courses and training materials (“Materials”) and all worldwide intellectual property rights therein, as the same may be amended and/or extended, including the copyright, and patented proprietary methods, are wholly owned solely by GEM, who shall retain all right, title and interest in and to all Materials. Customer shall be entitled to keep and use all Materials provided by GEM to Customer, but without any other license to exercise any of the intellectual property rightstherein, all of which are hereby strictly reserved to GEM. In particular and without limitation, Materials may not be copied electronically or otherwise whether or not for archive purposes, modified including translated, re-distributed, disclosed to third parties, lent, hired out, made available to the public, sold, offered for sale, shared, or transferred in any other way. The use of any Materials will be limited to use by the specific personsto whom the Services are provided. All GEM trademarks, trade names, logos and notices present on the Materials shall be preserved and not defaced, modified or obliterated. Customer shall not use any GEM trademarks without GEM’s express written authorization. 4.2 Customer acknowledges that as part of performing the Services, GEM personnel may utilize proprietary software, methodologies, tools, specifications, drawings, sketches, models, samples, records, documentation, works of authorship or creative works, ideas, knowledge, data or other materials which have been originated or developed by the personnel of GEM or its affiliates or by third parties under contract to GEM to develop same, or which have been purchased by, or licensed to, GEM (collectively, “GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property”). GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property includes, but is not limited to, any new or improved methodologies or tools developed by GEM during the course of any project under this Agreement. Customer agrees that GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property is the sole property of GEM (or its licensor) and that GEM (or its licensor) will at all times retain sole and exclusive title to and ownership thereof. Except as expressly provided above, nothing contained in this Agreement or otherwise will be construed to grant to Customer any right, title, license or other interest in, to or under any GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property. 5. Warranty and Disclaimer. 2 Training Agreement www.greenenergy-money.com (877) GEM-3011 Financial Solutions to Value a Sustainable Future 5.1 GEM warrants that the Services shall be performed in a workmanlike manner consistent with industry standards reasonably applicable to the performance ofsuch Services. If Customer believesthere has been a breach of this warranty, Customer must notify GEM in writing promptly following delivery of the Services stating in reasonable detail the nature of the alleged breach. If there has been a breach of this warranty, then GEM’s sole obligation, and Customer’s exclusive remedy, shall be for GEM to correct or re-perform, at no additional charge, any affected Services to cause them to comply with this warranty. 5.2 EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 5.1 ABOVE, THE SERVICES AND ANY MATERIALS FURNISHED OR PROVIDED TO CUSTOMER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT, ARE PROVIDED TO CUSTOMER “AS-IS” WITHOUT ANY WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, INTEGRATION, NON-INFRINGEMENT, TITLE, PERFORMANCE, AND ACCURACY AND ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES ARISING FROM STATUTE, COURSE OF DEALING, COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, OR USAGE OF TRADE. WITHOUT LIMITING THE GENERALITY OF THE FOREGOING DISCLAIMER, NEITHER THE SERVICES NOR ANY MATERIALS FURNISHED TO CUSTOMER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED, MANUFACTURED OR INTENDED FOR USE IN THE PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONTROL, OR DIRECT OPERATION OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES, AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION, CONTROL OR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, WEAPONS SYSTEMS, OR DIRECT LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS. 6. Limitation of Liability. IN NO EVENT WILL GEM BE LIABLE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT FOR ANY INDIRECT, RELIANCE, PUNITIVE, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND AND HOWEVER CAUSED. IN NO EVENT WILL GEM’S CUMULATIVE LIABILITY FOR ANY CLAIM ARISING IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE AMOUNT OF THE TOTAL FEES PAID TO GEM UNDER THIS AGREEMENT BY CUSTOMER DURING THE TWELVE (12) MONTHS PRECEDING ANY SUCH CLAIM. THE PROVISIONS OF SECTIONS 5 AND 6 ALLOCATE RISKS UNDER THIS AGREEMENT BETWEEN CUSTOMER AND GEM. GEM’S FEES FOR THE SERVICES REFLECT THIS ALLOCATION OF RISKS AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. 7. Term and Termination. 7.1 The term (the “Term”) of this Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and shall continue until the Services have been delivered. 7.2 If Customer provides written notice of its intent to cancel the Servicesto GEM at least 72 hours prior to the scheduled date of the Services, Customer may elect to receive a full refund or to reschedule the Services If GEM cancels the Services, Customer may choose to receive a full refund or to reschedule the Services. 7.3 Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 shall survive the expiration or termination of this Agreement. 8. General. 8.1 This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Texas. For all disputes arising out of this Agreement, the parties consent to the jurisdiction of the courts serving Travis County, Texas. 8.3 Unless otherwise specified in this Agreement, all notices shall be in writing and shall be mailed (via registered or certified mail, return receipt requested), delivered by a nationally recognized express courier 3 Training Agreement www.greenenergy-money.com (877) GEM-3011 Financial Solutions to Value a Sustainable Future service with the ability to track shipments, or personally delivered to the other party at the address set forth above for GEM and at registration for Customer. All notices shall be effective upon receipt. 8.4 This Agreement is the parties’ entire agreement relating to its subject and supersedes any prior or contemporaneous agreements on that subject. All amendments to this Agreement must be in writing, executed by both parties and expressly state that they are amending this Agreement. 8.5 Failure to enforce any provision of this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver thereof. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the waiving party. If a party waives any right, power, or remedy, the waiver shall not waive any successive or other right, power, or remedy the party may have under this Agreement. If any provision is found to be unenforceable, it and any related provisions shall be interpreted to best accomplish the unenforceable provision’s essential purpose. 8.6 Neither party shall be liable for failures or delays in performance due to causes beyond its reasonable control, including, but not limited to, any act of God, fire, earthquake, flood, storm, natural disaster, accident, pandemic, labor unrest, civil disobedience, act of terrorism or act of government; however, the inability to meet financial obligations is expressly excluded. Both parties hereto agree to use their best efforts to minimize the effects of such failures or delays.	Refer only to the provided context document when answering the question. EVIDENCE: GREEN ENERGY MONEY Training Services Agreement PLEASE READ THIS TRAINING SERVICES AGREEMENT BEFORE PURCHASING OR USING THE SERVICES. BY USING OR PURCHASING THE SERVICES, CUSTOMER SIGNIFIES ITS ASSENT TO THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU ARE ACTING ON BEHALF OF AN ENTITY, THEN YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT ON BEHALF OF THAT ENTITY. IF CUSTOMER DOES NOT ACCEPT THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, THEN YOU MUST NOT ENGAGE WITH USE OF THE SERVICES. This Training Services Agreement is between Green Energy Money, Inc. a Texas corporation, located at 1110 Ranch Road 620 South, Suite D Austin, TX 78734(“GEM”), and Affiliates, and the user of GEM’s services that accepts the terms of this Agreement (“Customer”). The effective date of this Agreement ('Effective Date') is the date that Customer signs this agreement. Capitalized terms have the meaning set forth in Section 8. 1. Services. Customer may purchase training services (the "Services") under this Agreement from GEM by signing this agreement, prior to, or the day of the training. Services are only for Customer’s internal use and Customer may not use the Services to supply any consulting, support or training services to any third party. 2. Fees. Customer shall pay fees ("Fees") set forth under section 9 below. 3. Nondisclosure. For purposes of this Agreement, the party disclosing Confidential Information is the “Discloser,” and the party receiving Confidential Information is the “Recipient.” Confidential Information means all information concerning the parties’ business including, but not limited to, all tangible, intangible, visual, electronic, present, or future information such as: (a) trade secrets; (b) financial information, including pricing; (c) technical information, including research, development, procedures, algorithms, data, designs, and know-how; (d) business information, including operations, planning, marketing interests, and products; and (e) the terms of any agreement between GEM and the Customer and the discussions, negotiations and proposals related to that agreement. Confidential Information disclosed to the other party must be clearly identified. Recipient will only have a duty to protect Confidential Information if it is disclosed in a manner in which the Discloser reasonably communicated, or the Recipient should reasonably have understood under the circumstances, that the disclosure should be treated as confidential, whether or not the specific designation "confidential" or any similar designation is used. The Recipient does not have an obligation to protect Confidential Information that is: (a) in the public domain through no fault of the Recipient; (b) within the legitimate possession of the Recipient, with no confidentiality obligations to a third party; (c) lawfully received from a third party having rights in the information without restriction, and without notice of any restriction against its further disclosure; (d) independently developed by the Recipient without breaching this Agreement or by parties who have not had, either directly or indirectly, access to or knowledge of the Confidential Information; or (e) disclosed with the prior written consent of the Discloser. A party may disclose Confidential Information when compelled to do so by law if it provides reasonable prior notice to the other party. Upon Discloser’s written request, Recipient will promptly return all Confidential Information and copies, or notify Discloser in writing that it has destroyed all such materials. The Recipient may use Residuals (as defined below) for any purpose, including use in the acquisition, development, manufacture, promotion, sale, or maintenance of products and services; provided that this right to Residuals do not represent a license under any intellectual property and/or proprietary rights of Discloser. “Residuals” means information that is retained in the unaided memories of Recipient’s employees, agents, or contractors as permitted herein, who have had access to the Discloser’s Confidential Information. Memory is unaided if the employee or contractor has not intentionally memorized the Confidential Information for the purpose of retaining and subsequently using or disclosing it. 4. Intellectual Property. 4.1 GEM training courses and training materials (“Materials”) and all worldwide intellectual property rights therein, as the same may be amended and/or extended, including the copyright, and patented proprietary methods, are wholly owned solely by GEM, who shall retain all right, title and interest in and to all Materials. Customer shall be entitled to keep and use all Materials provided by GEM to Customer, but without any other license to exercise any of the intellectual property rightstherein, all of which are hereby strictly reserved to GEM. In particular and without limitation, Materials may not be copied electronically or otherwise whether or not for archive purposes, modified including translated, re-distributed, disclosed to third parties, lent, hired out, made available to the public, sold, offered for sale, shared, or transferred in any other way. The use of any Materials will be limited to use by the specific personsto whom the Services are provided. All GEM trademarks, trade names, logos and notices present on the Materials shall be preserved and not defaced, modified or obliterated. Customer shall not use any GEM trademarks without GEM’s express written authorization. 4.2 Customer acknowledges that as part of performing the Services, GEM personnel may utilize proprietary software, methodologies, tools, specifications, drawings, sketches, models, samples, records, documentation, works of authorship or creative works, ideas, knowledge, data or other materials which have been originated or developed by the personnel of GEM or its affiliates or by third parties under contract to GEM to develop same, or which have been purchased by, or licensed to, GEM (collectively, “GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property”). GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property includes, but is not limited to, any new or improved methodologies or tools developed by GEM during the course of any project under this Agreement. Customer agrees that GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property is the sole property of GEM (or its licensor) and that GEM (or its licensor) will at all times retain sole and exclusive title to and ownership thereof. Except as expressly provided above, nothing contained in this Agreement or otherwise will be construed to grant to Customer any right, title, license or other interest in, to or under any GEM Proprietary Intellectual Property. 5. Warranty and Disclaimer. 2 Training Agreement www.greenenergy-money.com (877) GEM-3011 Financial Solutions to Value a Sustainable Future 5.1 GEM warrants that the Services shall be performed in a workmanlike manner consistent with industry standards reasonably applicable to the performance ofsuch Services. If Customer believesthere has been a breach of this warranty, Customer must notify GEM in writing promptly following delivery of the Services stating in reasonable detail the nature of the alleged breach. If there has been a breach of this warranty, then GEM’s sole obligation, and Customer’s exclusive remedy, shall be for GEM to correct or re-perform, at no additional charge, any affected Services to cause them to comply with this warranty. 5.2 EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 5.1 ABOVE, THE SERVICES AND ANY MATERIALS FURNISHED OR PROVIDED TO CUSTOMER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT, ARE PROVIDED TO CUSTOMER “AS-IS” WITHOUT ANY WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, INTEGRATION, NON-INFRINGEMENT, TITLE, PERFORMANCE, AND ACCURACY AND ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES ARISING FROM STATUTE, COURSE OF DEALING, COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, OR USAGE OF TRADE. WITHOUT LIMITING THE GENERALITY OF THE FOREGOING DISCLAIMER, NEITHER THE SERVICES NOR ANY MATERIALS FURNISHED TO CUSTOMER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED, MANUFACTURED OR INTENDED FOR USE IN THE PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONTROL, OR DIRECT OPERATION OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES, AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION, CONTROL OR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, WEAPONS SYSTEMS, OR DIRECT LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS. 6. Limitation of Liability. IN NO EVENT WILL GEM BE LIABLE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT FOR ANY INDIRECT, RELIANCE, PUNITIVE, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND AND HOWEVER CAUSED. IN NO EVENT WILL GEM’S CUMULATIVE LIABILITY FOR ANY CLAIM ARISING IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE AMOUNT OF THE TOTAL FEES PAID TO GEM UNDER THIS AGREEMENT BY CUSTOMER DURING THE TWELVE (12) MONTHS PRECEDING ANY SUCH CLAIM. THE PROVISIONS OF SECTIONS 5 AND 6 ALLOCATE RISKS UNDER THIS AGREEMENT BETWEEN CUSTOMER AND GEM. GEM’S FEES FOR THE SERVICES REFLECT THIS ALLOCATION OF RISKS AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. 7. Term and Termination. 7.1 The term (the “Term”) of this Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and shall continue until the Services have been delivered. 7.2 If Customer provides written notice of its intent to cancel the Servicesto GEM at least 72 hours prior to the scheduled date of the Services, Customer may elect to receive a full refund or to reschedule the Services If GEM cancels the Services, Customer may choose to receive a full refund or to reschedule the Services. 7.3 Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 shall survive the expiration or termination of this Agreement. 8. General. 8.1 This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Texas. For all disputes arising out of this Agreement, the parties consent to the jurisdiction of the courts serving Travis County, Texas. 8.3 Unless otherwise specified in this Agreement, all notices shall be in writing and shall be mailed (via registered or certified mail, return receipt requested), delivered by a nationally recognized express courier 3 Training Agreement www.greenenergy-money.com (877) GEM-3011 Financial Solutions to Value a Sustainable Future service with the ability to track shipments, or personally delivered to the other party at the address set forth above for GEM and at registration for Customer. All notices shall be effective upon receipt. 8.4 This Agreement is the parties’ entire agreement relating to its subject and supersedes any prior or contemporaneous agreements on that subject. All amendments to this Agreement must be in writing, executed by both parties and expressly state that they are amending this Agreement. 8.5 Failure to enforce any provision of this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver thereof. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the waiving party. If a party waives any right, power, or remedy, the waiver shall not waive any successive or other right, power, or remedy the party may have under this Agreement. If any provision is found to be unenforceable, it and any related provisions shall be interpreted to best accomplish the unenforceable provision’s essential purpose. 8.6 Neither party shall be liable for failures or delays in performance due to causes beyond its reasonable control, including, but not limited to, any act of God, fire, earthquake, flood, storm, natural disaster, accident, pandemic, labor unrest, civil disobedience, act of terrorism or act of government; however, the inability to meet financial obligations is expressly excluded. Both parties hereto agree to use their best efforts to minimize the effects of such failures or delays. USER: According to the text above, can the client use GEM's training materials for their own employees? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	11	16	1,753	null	375
[question] [user request] ===================== [text] [context document] ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources.	Give me a bullet point list of all the categories of personal information that can be legally collected in the state of California. Then, in 200 words or less, explain why this information is taken and why it is sometimes sold.	NOTICE AT COLLECTION We may collect the following categories of personal information (as defined in the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and the California Customer Records statute), including sensitive personal information (as defined in the CCPA): Identifiers, such as name, email address, username and password, postal address, telephone number, signature, government-issued identifier, license plate number, IP address, and other similar identifiers. Characteristics of protected classifications and demographic information, such as gender, age, race, disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military/veteran status, marital status, national origin, and medical information. Commercial information, including information about your interests and consuming history or tendencies, such as products or services considered; transaction information when you request information, contact Guest Services, or purchase, return, request or exchange a product or service, including payment card information or other financial information; information provided in response to surveys or other research conducted on our behalf; and information you provide in public forums. Internet or other electronic network activity information, including information regarding your interactions with us online and information we obtain from third parties about use of our applications on third-party platforms or devices. Geolocation data, including precise or approximate location information provided by a mobile device or other device or product interacting with or detected by our sites, applications, or physical properties, where we are permitted by law to process this information. Audio, electronic, visual, or similar information, including telephone call recordings, other voice recordings, and still or video images captured by cameras or readers on or around our physical properties. Inferences based on the above. We collect this information so that we can best serve you, including to fulfill your requests and to share offers or information that we think you may be interested in. As further described in the “Use of Your Information by The Walt Disney Family of Companies” section in our Privacy Policy, we generally collect and use the above-listed categories of personal information to provide and manage our sites, applications, products, and services, and for other business or commercial purposes, such as advertising, marketing, and to improve our products and services. Certain data collection on our sites and applications by third parties for purposes of interest-based advertising and social media tools may be a “sale” or “sharing” under California privacy law. As defined by California law, we “sold” or “shared” certain data elements within the following categories of personal information: identifiers, demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, approximate geolocation, and inferences drawn from the above. If you would like to opt out of the sale or sharing of your personal information, you may click the “Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information” link in our website footers or in our application settings. Please note that your opt-out choice is specific to the digital property and to the device and browser you are using. You may additionally choose to provide the information requested in this opt-out form, which may enable us to take action on your opt-out request more broadly than for a specific digital property. We retain each category of personal information that we collect for as long as necessary to fulfill the purposes described in our Privacy Policy, including to satisfy legal or reporting requirements. What this means in practice will vary for different types of information, but the criteria assessed in the data retention analysis take into account ongoing business or legal needs for the information, for example in relation to tax, health and safety, and potential or actual disputes or investigations. More information, including a description of your legal rights, can be found in the “California Privacy Rights” section below. ADDITIONAL PRIVACY MANDATORY DISCLOSURES We also make the following disclosures for purposes of compliance with California privacy law: We collected the following categories of personal information in the last 12 months: identifiers, characteristics of protected classifications and demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, geolocation data, audio, electronic, visual or similar information, and inferences drawn from the above. The sources of personal information from whom we collected are: directly from our guests, third-party sites or platforms that you link with your registration account, analytics tools, social networks, advertising networks, and third-party services that update or supplement information we hold about you. The business or commercial purposes of collecting personal information are as summarized in our “Notice at Collection” section, and as described in more detail in our Privacy Policy under “Use of Your Information by The Walt Disney Family of Companies.” We disclosed certain data elements within the following categories of personal information for a business purpose in the last 12 months: identifiers, characteristics of protected classifications and demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, geolocation data, audio, electronic, visual or similar information, and inferences drawn from the above. We disclosed each category to business partners, service providers, government entities, and other third parties as described in the “Sharing Your Personal Information with Other Entities” section of the Privacy Policy. As defined by applicable law, we “sold” or “shared” certain data elements within the following categories of personal information in the last 12 months: identifiers, demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, approximate geolocation, and inferences drawn from the above. We “sold” or “shared” each category to or with entities who provide advertising, marketing, or audience measurement; other online third-party branded tools or functionality (such as maps or video players); and social networks. The business or commercial purposes of “selling” or “sharing” personal information is to assist us with advertising, marketing, audience measurement, and other functionality on our digital properties. We do not “sell” or “share” the personal information of known minors under 16 years of age. We do not use or disclose sensitive personal information for purposes other than those specified in Section 7027(m) of the CCPA regulations.	[question] Give me a bullet point list of all the categories of personal information that can be legally collected in the state of California. Then, in 200 words or less, explain why this information is taken and why it is sometimes sold. ===================== [text] NOTICE AT COLLECTION We may collect the following categories of personal information (as defined in the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and the California Customer Records statute), including sensitive personal information (as defined in the CCPA): Identifiers, such as name, email address, username and password, postal address, telephone number, signature, government-issued identifier, license plate number, IP address, and other similar identifiers. Characteristics of protected classifications and demographic information, such as gender, age, race, disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military/veteran status, marital status, national origin, and medical information. Commercial information, including information about your interests and consuming history or tendencies, such as products or services considered; transaction information when you request information, contact Guest Services, or purchase, return, request or exchange a product or service, including payment card information or other financial information; information provided in response to surveys or other research conducted on our behalf; and information you provide in public forums. Internet or other electronic network activity information, including information regarding your interactions with us online and information we obtain from third parties about use of our applications on third-party platforms or devices. Geolocation data, including precise or approximate location information provided by a mobile device or other device or product interacting with or detected by our sites, applications, or physical properties, where we are permitted by law to process this information. Audio, electronic, visual, or similar information, including telephone call recordings, other voice recordings, and still or video images captured by cameras or readers on or around our physical properties. Inferences based on the above. We collect this information so that we can best serve you, including to fulfill your requests and to share offers or information that we think you may be interested in. As further described in the “Use of Your Information by The Walt Disney Family of Companies” section in our Privacy Policy, we generally collect and use the above-listed categories of personal information to provide and manage our sites, applications, products, and services, and for other business or commercial purposes, such as advertising, marketing, and to improve our products and services. Certain data collection on our sites and applications by third parties for purposes of interest-based advertising and social media tools may be a “sale” or “sharing” under California privacy law. As defined by California law, we “sold” or “shared” certain data elements within the following categories of personal information: identifiers, demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, approximate geolocation, and inferences drawn from the above. If you would like to opt out of the sale or sharing of your personal information, you may click the “Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information” link in our website footers or in our application settings. Please note that your opt-out choice is specific to the digital property and to the device and browser you are using. You may additionally choose to provide the information requested in this opt-out form, which may enable us to take action on your opt-out request more broadly than for a specific digital property. We retain each category of personal information that we collect for as long as necessary to fulfill the purposes described in our Privacy Policy, including to satisfy legal or reporting requirements. What this means in practice will vary for different types of information, but the criteria assessed in the data retention analysis take into account ongoing business or legal needs for the information, for example in relation to tax, health and safety, and potential or actual disputes or investigations. More information, including a description of your legal rights, can be found in the “California Privacy Rights” section below. ADDITIONAL PRIVACY MANDATORY DISCLOSURES We also make the following disclosures for purposes of compliance with California privacy law: We collected the following categories of personal information in the last 12 months: identifiers, characteristics of protected classifications and demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, geolocation data, audio, electronic, visual or similar information, and inferences drawn from the above. The sources of personal information from whom we collected are: directly from our guests, third-party sites or platforms that you link with your registration account, analytics tools, social networks, advertising networks, and third-party services that update or supplement information we hold about you. The business or commercial purposes of collecting personal information are as summarized in our “Notice at Collection” section, and as described in more detail in our Privacy Policy under “Use of Your Information by The Walt Disney Family of Companies.” We disclosed certain data elements within the following categories of personal information for a business purpose in the last 12 months: identifiers, characteristics of protected classifications and demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, geolocation data, audio, electronic, visual or similar information, and inferences drawn from the above. We disclosed each category to business partners, service providers, government entities, and other third parties as described in the “Sharing Your Personal Information with Other Entities” section of the Privacy Policy. As defined by applicable law, we “sold” or “shared” certain data elements within the following categories of personal information in the last 12 months: identifiers, demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, approximate geolocation, and inferences drawn from the above. We “sold” or “shared” each category to or with entities who provide advertising, marketing, or audience measurement; other online third-party branded tools or functionality (such as maps or video players); and social networks. The business or commercial purposes of “selling” or “sharing” personal information is to assist us with advertising, marketing, audience measurement, and other functionality on our digital properties. We do not “sell” or “share” the personal information of known minors under 16 years of age. We do not use or disclose sensitive personal information for purposes other than those specified in Section 7027(m) of the CCPA regulations. https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/your-us-state-privacy-rights/ ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources.	[question] [user request] ===================== [text] [context document] ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources. EVIDENCE: NOTICE AT COLLECTION We may collect the following categories of personal information (as defined in the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and the California Customer Records statute), including sensitive personal information (as defined in the CCPA): Identifiers, such as name, email address, username and password, postal address, telephone number, signature, government-issued identifier, license plate number, IP address, and other similar identifiers. Characteristics of protected classifications and demographic information, such as gender, age, race, disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military/veteran status, marital status, national origin, and medical information. Commercial information, including information about your interests and consuming history or tendencies, such as products or services considered; transaction information when you request information, contact Guest Services, or purchase, return, request or exchange a product or service, including payment card information or other financial information; information provided in response to surveys or other research conducted on our behalf; and information you provide in public forums. Internet or other electronic network activity information, including information regarding your interactions with us online and information we obtain from third parties about use of our applications on third-party platforms or devices. Geolocation data, including precise or approximate location information provided by a mobile device or other device or product interacting with or detected by our sites, applications, or physical properties, where we are permitted by law to process this information. Audio, electronic, visual, or similar information, including telephone call recordings, other voice recordings, and still or video images captured by cameras or readers on or around our physical properties. Inferences based on the above. We collect this information so that we can best serve you, including to fulfill your requests and to share offers or information that we think you may be interested in. As further described in the “Use of Your Information by The Walt Disney Family of Companies” section in our Privacy Policy, we generally collect and use the above-listed categories of personal information to provide and manage our sites, applications, products, and services, and for other business or commercial purposes, such as advertising, marketing, and to improve our products and services. Certain data collection on our sites and applications by third parties for purposes of interest-based advertising and social media tools may be a “sale” or “sharing” under California privacy law. As defined by California law, we “sold” or “shared” certain data elements within the following categories of personal information: identifiers, demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, approximate geolocation, and inferences drawn from the above. If you would like to opt out of the sale or sharing of your personal information, you may click the “Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information” link in our website footers or in our application settings. Please note that your opt-out choice is specific to the digital property and to the device and browser you are using. You may additionally choose to provide the information requested in this opt-out form, which may enable us to take action on your opt-out request more broadly than for a specific digital property. We retain each category of personal information that we collect for as long as necessary to fulfill the purposes described in our Privacy Policy, including to satisfy legal or reporting requirements. What this means in practice will vary for different types of information, but the criteria assessed in the data retention analysis take into account ongoing business or legal needs for the information, for example in relation to tax, health and safety, and potential or actual disputes or investigations. More information, including a description of your legal rights, can be found in the “California Privacy Rights” section below. ADDITIONAL PRIVACY MANDATORY DISCLOSURES We also make the following disclosures for purposes of compliance with California privacy law: We collected the following categories of personal information in the last 12 months: identifiers, characteristics of protected classifications and demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, geolocation data, audio, electronic, visual or similar information, and inferences drawn from the above. The sources of personal information from whom we collected are: directly from our guests, third-party sites or platforms that you link with your registration account, analytics tools, social networks, advertising networks, and third-party services that update or supplement information we hold about you. The business or commercial purposes of collecting personal information are as summarized in our “Notice at Collection” section, and as described in more detail in our Privacy Policy under “Use of Your Information by The Walt Disney Family of Companies.” We disclosed certain data elements within the following categories of personal information for a business purpose in the last 12 months: identifiers, characteristics of protected classifications and demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, geolocation data, audio, electronic, visual or similar information, and inferences drawn from the above. We disclosed each category to business partners, service providers, government entities, and other third parties as described in the “Sharing Your Personal Information with Other Entities” section of the Privacy Policy. As defined by applicable law, we “sold” or “shared” certain data elements within the following categories of personal information in the last 12 months: identifiers, demographic information, commercial information, Internet or other electronic network activity information, approximate geolocation, and inferences drawn from the above. We “sold” or “shared” each category to or with entities who provide advertising, marketing, or audience measurement; other online third-party branded tools or functionality (such as maps or video players); and social networks. The business or commercial purposes of “selling” or “sharing” personal information is to assist us with advertising, marketing, audience measurement, and other functionality on our digital properties. We do not “sell” or “share” the personal information of known minors under 16 years of age. We do not use or disclose sensitive personal information for purposes other than those specified in Section 7027(m) of the CCPA regulations. USER: Give me a bullet point list of all the categories of personal information that can be legally collected in the state of California. Then, in 200 words or less, explain why this information is taken and why it is sometimes sold. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	28	41	977	null	114
You can only respond using the information in the context block. You will focus on explaining programming concepts while avoiding the use of specific code lines.	What is the difference between a method and a function?	Strings Are Immutable To wrap this section up, let’s discuss an important property of string objects. Strings are immutable, which means that you can’t change them once you’ve created them. For instance, see what happens when you try to assign a new letter to one particular character of a string: >>> word = "goal" >>> word[0] = "f" Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in <module> word[0] = "f" TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment Python throws a TypeError and tells you that str objects don’t support item assignment. If you want to alter a string, then you must create an entirely new string. To change the string "goal" to the string "foal", you can use a string slice to concatenate the letter "f" with everything but the first letter of the word "goal": >>> word = "goal" >>> word = "f" + word[1:] >>> word 'foal' First, you assign the string "goal" to the variable word. Then you concatenate the slice word[1:], which is the string "oal", with the letter "f" to get the string "foal". If you’re getting a different result here, then make sure you’re including the colon character (:) as part of the string slice. 4.3 Manipulate Strings With Methods Strings come bundled with special functions called string methods that you can use to work with and manipulate strings. There are numerous string methods available, but we’ll focus on some of the most commonly used ones. In this section, you’ll learn how to: • Convert a string to uppercase or lowercase • Remove whitespace from a string • Determine if a string begins or ends with certain characters Let’s go! Converting String Case To convert a string to all lowercase letters, you use the string’s .lower() method. This is done by tacking .lower() onto the end of the string itself: >>> "Jean-Luc Picard".lower() 'jean-luc picard' The dot (.) tells Python that what follows is the name of a method— the lower() method in this case. Note We’ll refer to string methods with a dot (.) at the beginning of their names. For example, .lower() is written with a leading dot instead of as lower(). This makes it easier to differentiate functions that are string methods from built-in functions like print() and type(). String methods don’t just work on string literals. You can also use .lower() on a string assigned to a variable: >>> name = "Jean-Luc Picard" >>> name.lower() 'jean-luc picard' The opposite of .lower() is .upper(), which converts every character in a string to uppercase: >>> name.upper() 'JEAN-LUC PICARD' Compare the .upper() and .lower() string methods to the len() function you saw in the last section. Aside from the different results of these functions, the important distinction here is how they’re used. len() is a stand-alone function. If you want to determine the length of the name string, then you call the len() function directly: >>> len(name) 15 On the other hand, .upper() and .lower() must be used in conjunction with a string. They do not exist independently. String Methods and Immutability Recall from the previous section that strings are immutable—they can’t be changed once they’ve been created. Most string methods that alter a string, like .upper() and .lower(), actually return copies of the original string with the appropriate modifications. If you aren’t careful, this can introduce subtle bugs into your program. Try this out in IDLE’s interactive window: >>> name = "Picard" >>> name.upper() 'PICARD' >>> name 'Picard' When you call name.upper(), nothing about name actually changes. If you need to keep the result, then you need to assign it to a variable: >>> name = "Picard" >>> name = name.upper() >>> name 'PICARD' name.upper() returns a new string "PICARD", which is reassigned to the name variable. This overrides the original string "Picard" that you first assigned to name.	system instruction: [You can only respond using the information in the context block. You will focus on explaining programming concepts while avoiding the use of specific code lines.] question: [What is the difference between a method and a function?] context block: [Strings Are Immutable To wrap this section up, let’s discuss an important property of string objects. Strings are immutable, which means that you can’t change them once you’ve created them. For instance, see what happens when you try to assign a new letter to one particular character of a string: >>> word = "goal" >>> word[0] = "f" Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in <module> word[0] = "f" TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment Python throws a TypeError and tells you that str objects don’t support item assignment. If you want to alter a string, then you must create an entirely new string. To change the string "goal" to the string "foal", you can use a string slice to concatenate the letter "f" with everything but the first letter of the word "goal": >>> word = "goal" >>> word = "f" + word[1:] >>> word 'foal' First, you assign the string "goal" to the variable word. Then you concatenate the slice word[1:], which is the string "oal", with the letter "f" to get the string "foal". If you’re getting a different result here, then make sure you’re including the colon character (:) as part of the string slice. 4.3 Manipulate Strings With Methods Strings come bundled with special functions called string methods that you can use to work with and manipulate strings. There are numerous string methods available, but we’ll focus on some of the most commonly used ones. In this section, you’ll learn how to: • Convert a string to uppercase or lowercase • Remove whitespace from a string • Determine if a string begins or ends with certain characters Let’s go! Converting String Case To convert a string to all lowercase letters, you use the string’s .lower() method. This is done by tacking .lower() onto the end of the string itself: >>> "Jean-Luc Picard".lower() 'jean-luc picard' The dot (.) tells Python that what follows is the name of a method— the lower() method in this case. Note We’ll refer to string methods with a dot (.) at the beginning of their names. For example, .lower() is written with a leading dot instead of as lower(). This makes it easier to differentiate functions that are string methods from built-in functions like print() and type(). String methods don’t just work on string literals. You can also use .lower() on a string assigned to a variable: >>> name = "Jean-Luc Picard" >>> name.lower() 'jean-luc picard' The opposite of .lower() is .upper(), which converts every character in a string to uppercase: >>> name.upper() 'JEAN-LUC PICARD' Compare the .upper() and .lower() string methods to the len() function you saw in the last section. Aside from the different results of these functions, the important distinction here is how they’re used. len() is a stand-alone function. If you want to determine the length of the name string, then you call the len() function directly: >>> len(name) 15 On the other hand, .upper() and .lower() must be used in conjunction with a string. They do not exist independently. String Methods and Immutability Recall from the previous section that strings are immutable—they can’t be changed once they’ve been created. Most string methods that alter a string, like .upper() and .lower(), actually return copies of the original string with the appropriate modifications. If you aren’t careful, this can introduce subtle bugs into your program. Try this out in IDLE’s interactive window: >>> name = "Picard" >>> name.upper() 'PICARD' >>> name 'Picard' When you call name.upper(), nothing about name actually changes. If you need to keep the result, then you need to assign it to a variable: >>> name = "Picard" >>> name = name.upper() >>> name 'PICARD' name.upper() returns a new string "PICARD", which is reassigned to the name variable. This overrides the original string "Picard" that you first assigned to name.]	You can only respond using the information in the context block. You will focus on explaining programming concepts while avoiding the use of specific code lines. EVIDENCE: Strings Are Immutable To wrap this section up, let’s discuss an important property of string objects. Strings are immutable, which means that you can’t change them once you’ve created them. For instance, see what happens when you try to assign a new letter to one particular character of a string: >>> word = "goal" >>> word[0] = "f" Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in <module> word[0] = "f" TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment Python throws a TypeError and tells you that str objects don’t support item assignment. If you want to alter a string, then you must create an entirely new string. To change the string "goal" to the string "foal", you can use a string slice to concatenate the letter "f" with everything but the first letter of the word "goal": >>> word = "goal" >>> word = "f" + word[1:] >>> word 'foal' First, you assign the string "goal" to the variable word. Then you concatenate the slice word[1:], which is the string "oal", with the letter "f" to get the string "foal". If you’re getting a different result here, then make sure you’re including the colon character (:) as part of the string slice. 4.3 Manipulate Strings With Methods Strings come bundled with special functions called string methods that you can use to work with and manipulate strings. There are numerous string methods available, but we’ll focus on some of the most commonly used ones. In this section, you’ll learn how to: • Convert a string to uppercase or lowercase • Remove whitespace from a string • Determine if a string begins or ends with certain characters Let’s go! Converting String Case To convert a string to all lowercase letters, you use the string’s .lower() method. This is done by tacking .lower() onto the end of the string itself: >>> "Jean-Luc Picard".lower() 'jean-luc picard' The dot (.) tells Python that what follows is the name of a method— the lower() method in this case. Note We’ll refer to string methods with a dot (.) at the beginning of their names. For example, .lower() is written with a leading dot instead of as lower(). This makes it easier to differentiate functions that are string methods from built-in functions like print() and type(). String methods don’t just work on string literals. You can also use .lower() on a string assigned to a variable: >>> name = "Jean-Luc Picard" >>> name.lower() 'jean-luc picard' The opposite of .lower() is .upper(), which converts every character in a string to uppercase: >>> name.upper() 'JEAN-LUC PICARD' Compare the .upper() and .lower() string methods to the len() function you saw in the last section. Aside from the different results of these functions, the important distinction here is how they’re used. len() is a stand-alone function. If you want to determine the length of the name string, then you call the len() function directly: >>> len(name) 15 On the other hand, .upper() and .lower() must be used in conjunction with a string. They do not exist independently. String Methods and Immutability Recall from the previous section that strings are immutable—they can’t be changed once they’ve been created. Most string methods that alter a string, like .upper() and .lower(), actually return copies of the original string with the appropriate modifications. If you aren’t careful, this can introduce subtle bugs into your program. Try this out in IDLE’s interactive window: >>> name = "Picard" >>> name.upper() 'PICARD' >>> name 'Picard' When you call name.upper(), nothing about name actually changes. If you need to keep the result, then you need to assign it to a variable: >>> name = "Picard" >>> name = name.upper() >>> name 'PICARD' name.upper() returns a new string "PICARD", which is reassigned to the name variable. This overrides the original string "Picard" that you first assigned to name. USER: What is the difference between a method and a function? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	26	10	640	null	170
<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document]	I am a first-year medical resident. I recently treated a patient with a stroke, and it was my first time treating this condition. I am trying to become more familiarized with it, because the patient's family had a lot of questions, like if they were at risk of having one too, and what they could have done to prevent it from happening. I didn't really know how to answer some of those questions and felt bad about it afterward. Can you give me summarized information about strokes so I know how to deal with it next time?	Symptoms If you or someone you're with may be having a stroke, pay attention to the time the symptoms began. Some treatments are most effective when given soon after a stroke begins. Symptoms of stroke include: Trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying. A person having a stroke may be confused, slur words or may not be able to understand speech. Numbness, weakness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg. This often affects just one side of the body. The person can try to raise both arms over the head. If one arm begins to fall, it may be a sign of a stroke. Also, one side of the mouth may droop when trying to smile. Problems seeing in one or both eyes. The person may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes. Or the person may see double. Headache. A sudden, severe headache may be a symptom of a stroke. Vomiting, dizziness and a change in consciousness may occur with the headache. Trouble walking. Someone having a stroke may stumble or lose balance or coordination. When to see a doctor Seek immediate medical attention if you notice any symptoms of a stroke, even if they seem to come and go or they disappear completely. Think "FAST" and do the following: Face. Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop? Arms. Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward? Or is one arm unable to rise? Speech. Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is the person's speech slurred or different from usual? Time. If you see any of these signs, call 911 or emergency medical help right away. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Don't wait to see if symptoms stop. Every minute counts. The longer a stroke goes untreated, the greater the potential for brain damage and disability. If you're with someone you suspect is having a stroke, watch the person carefully while waiting for emergency assistance. Causes There are two main causes of stroke. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. Some people may have only a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). A TIA doesn't cause lasting symptoms. Ischemic stroke This is the most common type of stroke. It happens when the brain's blood vessels become narrowed or blocked. This causes reduced blood flow, known as ischemia. Blocked or narrowed blood vessels can be caused by fatty deposits that build up in blood vessels. Or they can be caused by blood clots or other debris that travel through the bloodstream, most often from the heart. An ischemic stroke occurs when fatty deposits, blood clots or other debris become lodged in the blood vessels in the brain. Some early research shows that COVID-19 infection may increase the risk of ischemic stroke, but more study is needed. Hemorrhagic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures. Bleeding inside the brain, known as a brain hemorrhage, can result from many conditions that affect the blood vessels. Factors related to hemorrhagic stroke include: High blood pressure that's not under control. Overtreatment with blood thinners, also known as anticoagulants. Bulges at weak spots in the blood vessel walls, known as aneurysms. Head trauma, such as from a car accident. Protein deposits in blood vessel walls that lead to weakness in the vessel wall. This is known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ischemic stroke that leads to a brain hemorrhage. A less common cause of bleeding in the brain is the rupture of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). An AVM is an irregular tangle of thin-walled blood vessels. Transient ischemic attack A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. But a TIA doesn't cause permanent damage. A TIA is caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of the brain. The decrease may last as little as five minutes. A transient ischemic attack is sometimes known as a ministroke. A TIA occurs when a blood clot or fatty deposit reduces or blocks blood flow to part of the nervous system. Seek emergency care even if you think you've had a TIA. It's not possible to tell if you're having a stroke or TIA based only on the symptoms. If you've had a TIA, it means you may have a partially blocked or narrowed artery leading to the brain. Having a TIA increases your risk of having a stroke later. Risk factors Many factors can increase the risk of stroke. Potentially treatable stroke risk factors include: Lifestyle risk factors Being overweight or obese. Physical inactivity. Heavy or binge drinking. Use of illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine. Medical risk factors High blood pressure. Cigarette smoking or secondhand smoke exposure. High cholesterol. Diabetes. Obstructive sleep apnea. Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, heart defects, heart infection or irregular heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation. Personal or family history of stroke, heart attack or transient ischemic attack. COVID-19 infection. Other factors associated with a higher risk of stroke include: Age — People age 55 or older have a higher risk of stroke than do younger people. Race or ethnicity — African American and Hispanic people have a higher risk of stroke than do people of other races or ethnicities. Sex — Men have a higher risk of stroke than do women. Women are usually older when they have strokes, and they're more likely to die of strokes than are men. Hormones — Taking birth control pills or hormone therapies that include estrogen can increase risk. Complications A stroke can sometimes cause temporary or permanent disabilities. Complications depend on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part is affected. Complications may include: Loss of muscle movement, known as paralysis. You may become paralyzed on one side of the body. Or you may lose control of certain muscles, such as those on one side of the face or one arm. Trouble talking or swallowing. A stroke might affect the muscles in the mouth and throat. This can make it hard to talk clearly, swallow or eat. You also may have trouble with language, including speaking or understanding speech, reading or writing. Memory loss or trouble thinking. Many people who have had strokes experience some memory loss. Others may have trouble thinking, reasoning, making judgments and understanding concepts. Emotional symptoms. People who have had strokes may have more trouble controlling their emotions. Or they may develop depression. Pain. Pain, numbness or other feelings may occur in the parts of the body affected by stroke. If a stroke causes you to lose feeling in the left arm, you may develop a tingling sensation in that arm. Changes in behavior and self-care. People who have had strokes may become more withdrawn. They also may need help with grooming and daily chores.	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> I am a first-year medical resident. I recently treated a patient with a stroke, and it was my first time treating this condition. I am trying to become more familiarized with it, because the patient's family had a lot of questions, like if they were at risk of having one too, and what they could have done to prevent it from happening. I didn't really know how to answer some of those questions and felt bad about it afterward. Can you give me summarized information about strokes so I know how to deal with it next time? <TEXT> Symptoms If you or someone you're with may be having a stroke, pay attention to the time the symptoms began. Some treatments are most effective when given soon after a stroke begins. Symptoms of stroke include: Trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying. A person having a stroke may be confused, slur words or may not be able to understand speech. Numbness, weakness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg. This often affects just one side of the body. The person can try to raise both arms over the head. If one arm begins to fall, it may be a sign of a stroke. Also, one side of the mouth may droop when trying to smile. Problems seeing in one or both eyes. The person may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes. Or the person may see double. Headache. A sudden, severe headache may be a symptom of a stroke. Vomiting, dizziness and a change in consciousness may occur with the headache. Trouble walking. Someone having a stroke may stumble or lose balance or coordination. When to see a doctor Seek immediate medical attention if you notice any symptoms of a stroke, even if they seem to come and go or they disappear completely. Think "FAST" and do the following: Face. Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop? Arms. Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward? Or is one arm unable to rise? Speech. Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is the person's speech slurred or different from usual? Time. If you see any of these signs, call 911 or emergency medical help right away. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Don't wait to see if symptoms stop. Every minute counts. The longer a stroke goes untreated, the greater the potential for brain damage and disability. If you're with someone you suspect is having a stroke, watch the person carefully while waiting for emergency assistance. Causes There are two main causes of stroke. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. Some people may have only a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). A TIA doesn't cause lasting symptoms. Ischemic stroke This is the most common type of stroke. It happens when the brain's blood vessels become narrowed or blocked. This causes reduced blood flow, known as ischemia. Blocked or narrowed blood vessels can be caused by fatty deposits that build up in blood vessels. Or they can be caused by blood clots or other debris that travel through the bloodstream, most often from the heart. An ischemic stroke occurs when fatty deposits, blood clots or other debris become lodged in the blood vessels in the brain. Some early research shows that COVID-19 infection may increase the risk of ischemic stroke, but more study is needed. Hemorrhagic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures. Bleeding inside the brain, known as a brain hemorrhage, can result from many conditions that affect the blood vessels. Factors related to hemorrhagic stroke include: High blood pressure that's not under control. Overtreatment with blood thinners, also known as anticoagulants. Bulges at weak spots in the blood vessel walls, known as aneurysms. Head trauma, such as from a car accident. Protein deposits in blood vessel walls that lead to weakness in the vessel wall. This is known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ischemic stroke that leads to a brain hemorrhage. A less common cause of bleeding in the brain is the rupture of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). An AVM is an irregular tangle of thin-walled blood vessels. Transient ischemic attack A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. But a TIA doesn't cause permanent damage. A TIA is caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of the brain. The decrease may last as little as five minutes. A transient ischemic attack is sometimes known as a ministroke. A TIA occurs when a blood clot or fatty deposit reduces or blocks blood flow to part of the nervous system. Seek emergency care even if you think you've had a TIA. It's not possible to tell if you're having a stroke or TIA based only on the symptoms. If you've had a TIA, it means you may have a partially blocked or narrowed artery leading to the brain. Having a TIA increases your risk of having a stroke later. Risk factors Many factors can increase the risk of stroke. Potentially treatable stroke risk factors include: Lifestyle risk factors Being overweight or obese. Physical inactivity. Heavy or binge drinking. Use of illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine. Medical risk factors High blood pressure. Cigarette smoking or secondhand smoke exposure. High cholesterol. Diabetes. Obstructive sleep apnea. Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, heart defects, heart infection or irregular heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation. Personal or family history of stroke, heart attack or transient ischemic attack. COVID-19 infection. Other factors associated with a higher risk of stroke include: Age — People age 55 or older have a higher risk of stroke than do younger people. Race or ethnicity — African American and Hispanic people have a higher risk of stroke than do people of other races or ethnicities. Sex — Men have a higher risk of stroke than do women. Women are usually older when they have strokes, and they're more likely to die of strokes than are men. Hormones — Taking birth control pills or hormone therapies that include estrogen can increase risk. Complications A stroke can sometimes cause temporary or permanent disabilities. Complications depend on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part is affected. Complications may include: Loss of muscle movement, known as paralysis. You may become paralyzed on one side of the body. Or you may lose control of certain muscles, such as those on one side of the face or one arm. Trouble talking or swallowing. A stroke might affect the muscles in the mouth and throat. This can make it hard to talk clearly, swallow or eat. You also may have trouble with language, including speaking or understanding speech, reading or writing. Memory loss or trouble thinking. Many people who have had strokes experience some memory loss. Others may have trouble thinking, reasoning, making judgments and understanding concepts. Emotional symptoms. People who have had strokes may have more trouble controlling their emotions. Or they may develop depression. Pain. Pain, numbness or other feelings may occur in the parts of the body affected by stroke. If a stroke causes you to lose feeling in the left arm, you may develop a tingling sensation in that arm. Changes in behavior and self-care. People who have had strokes may become more withdrawn. They also may need help with grooming and daily chores. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document] EVIDENCE: Symptoms If you or someone you're with may be having a stroke, pay attention to the time the symptoms began. Some treatments are most effective when given soon after a stroke begins. Symptoms of stroke include: Trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying. A person having a stroke may be confused, slur words or may not be able to understand speech. Numbness, weakness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg. This often affects just one side of the body. The person can try to raise both arms over the head. If one arm begins to fall, it may be a sign of a stroke. Also, one side of the mouth may droop when trying to smile. Problems seeing in one or both eyes. The person may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes. Or the person may see double. Headache. A sudden, severe headache may be a symptom of a stroke. Vomiting, dizziness and a change in consciousness may occur with the headache. Trouble walking. Someone having a stroke may stumble or lose balance or coordination. When to see a doctor Seek immediate medical attention if you notice any symptoms of a stroke, even if they seem to come and go or they disappear completely. Think "FAST" and do the following: Face. Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop? Arms. Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward? Or is one arm unable to rise? Speech. Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is the person's speech slurred or different from usual? Time. If you see any of these signs, call 911 or emergency medical help right away. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Don't wait to see if symptoms stop. Every minute counts. The longer a stroke goes untreated, the greater the potential for brain damage and disability. If you're with someone you suspect is having a stroke, watch the person carefully while waiting for emergency assistance. Causes There are two main causes of stroke. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. Some people may have only a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). A TIA doesn't cause lasting symptoms. Ischemic stroke This is the most common type of stroke. It happens when the brain's blood vessels become narrowed or blocked. This causes reduced blood flow, known as ischemia. Blocked or narrowed blood vessels can be caused by fatty deposits that build up in blood vessels. Or they can be caused by blood clots or other debris that travel through the bloodstream, most often from the heart. An ischemic stroke occurs when fatty deposits, blood clots or other debris become lodged in the blood vessels in the brain. Some early research shows that COVID-19 infection may increase the risk of ischemic stroke, but more study is needed. Hemorrhagic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures. Bleeding inside the brain, known as a brain hemorrhage, can result from many conditions that affect the blood vessels. Factors related to hemorrhagic stroke include: High blood pressure that's not under control. Overtreatment with blood thinners, also known as anticoagulants. Bulges at weak spots in the blood vessel walls, known as aneurysms. Head trauma, such as from a car accident. Protein deposits in blood vessel walls that lead to weakness in the vessel wall. This is known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ischemic stroke that leads to a brain hemorrhage. A less common cause of bleeding in the brain is the rupture of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). An AVM is an irregular tangle of thin-walled blood vessels. Transient ischemic attack A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. But a TIA doesn't cause permanent damage. A TIA is caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of the brain. The decrease may last as little as five minutes. A transient ischemic attack is sometimes known as a ministroke. A TIA occurs when a blood clot or fatty deposit reduces or blocks blood flow to part of the nervous system. Seek emergency care even if you think you've had a TIA. It's not possible to tell if you're having a stroke or TIA based only on the symptoms. If you've had a TIA, it means you may have a partially blocked or narrowed artery leading to the brain. Having a TIA increases your risk of having a stroke later. Risk factors Many factors can increase the risk of stroke. Potentially treatable stroke risk factors include: Lifestyle risk factors Being overweight or obese. Physical inactivity. Heavy or binge drinking. Use of illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine. Medical risk factors High blood pressure. Cigarette smoking or secondhand smoke exposure. High cholesterol. Diabetes. Obstructive sleep apnea. Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, heart defects, heart infection or irregular heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation. Personal or family history of stroke, heart attack or transient ischemic attack. COVID-19 infection. Other factors associated with a higher risk of stroke include: Age — People age 55 or older have a higher risk of stroke than do younger people. Race or ethnicity — African American and Hispanic people have a higher risk of stroke than do people of other races or ethnicities. Sex — Men have a higher risk of stroke than do women. Women are usually older when they have strokes, and they're more likely to die of strokes than are men. Hormones — Taking birth control pills or hormone therapies that include estrogen can increase risk. Complications A stroke can sometimes cause temporary or permanent disabilities. Complications depend on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part is affected. Complications may include: Loss of muscle movement, known as paralysis. You may become paralyzed on one side of the body. Or you may lose control of certain muscles, such as those on one side of the face or one arm. Trouble talking or swallowing. A stroke might affect the muscles in the mouth and throat. This can make it hard to talk clearly, swallow or eat. You also may have trouble with language, including speaking or understanding speech, reading or writing. Memory loss or trouble thinking. Many people who have had strokes experience some memory loss. Others may have trouble thinking, reasoning, making judgments and understanding concepts. Emotional symptoms. People who have had strokes may have more trouble controlling their emotions. Or they may develop depression. Pain. Pain, numbness or other feelings may occur in the parts of the body affected by stroke. If a stroke causes you to lose feeling in the left arm, you may develop a tingling sensation in that arm. Changes in behavior and self-care. People who have had strokes may become more withdrawn. They also may need help with grooming and daily chores. USER: I am a first-year medical resident. I recently treated a patient with a stroke, and it was my first time treating this condition. I am trying to become more familiarized with it, because the patient's family had a lot of questions, like if they were at risk of having one too, and what they could have done to prevent it from happening. I didn't really know how to answer some of those questions and felt bad about it afterward. Can you give me summarized information about strokes so I know how to deal with it next time? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	97	1,175	null	123
Respond using only the information provided in the context. Do not use any other information or knowledge.	What are some potential consequences of the federal prohibition of marijuana regarding money?	Notwithstanding the foregoing state laws, any activity involving marijuana that is not authorized under the CSA remains a federal crime anywhere in the United States, including in states that have purported to legalize medical or recreational marijuana. The Supreme Court has held that state laws authorizing medical marijuana use do not affect the CSA’s restrictions. Thus, when states “legalize” a federally controlled substance such as marijuana, the sole result is that the substance is no longer controlled under state law. As discussed in another Legal Sidebar, moving marijuana from Schedule I to Schedule III, without other legal changes, would have some impact on marijuana users and businesses but would not bring the state-legal medical or recreational marijuana industry into compliance with federal controlled substances law. Activities that violate the CSA may give rise to federal criminal prosecution. As a practical matter, however, DEA and DOJ lack the resources to prosecute all violations of the CSA. DOJ guidance memoranda from the Obama Administration broadly affirmed federal authority to prosecute such activities but also indicated that DOJ would generally not prioritize prosecution of activities involving medical marijuana that complied with state law. Under the Trump Administration, DOJ rescinded that guidance, instead reaffirming the authority of federal prosecutors to exercise prosecutorial discretion to target federal marijuana offenses “in accordance with all applicable laws, regulations, and appropriations.” DOJ has not issued formal guidance on marijuana policy during the Biden Administration, but Attorney General Merrick Garland has indicated that the agency will not prioritize prosecuting individuals for personal use of marijuana. Notwithstanding the changes in guidance, data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission indicate that the number of federal marijuana trafficking prosecutions decreased every year between FY2018 and FY2022.The reference to appropriations in the DOJ guidance is significant, because in each budget cycle since FY2015, Congress has passed an appropriations rider barring DOJ from using taxpayer funds to prevent states from “implementing their own laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana.” The appropriations rider thus prohibits federal prosecution of state-legal activities involving medical marijuana. However, it poses no bar to prosecution of activities involving recreational marijuana. Moreover, the rider does not remove criminal liability; it merely prevents enforcement of the CSA in certain circumstances. As the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has explained, if Congress repealed the appropriations rider, DOJ would be able to prosecute violations of the CSA that occurred while the rider was in effect, subject to the applicable statute of limitations. Even absent criminal prosecution or conviction, individuals and organizations engaged in marijuanarelated activities in violation of the CSA—including participants in the state-legal cannabis industry— may face collateral consequences arising from the federal prohibition of marijuana. Other federal laws impose legal consequences based on criminal activity, including violations of the CSA. For example, a financial institution handling income from an illegal marijuana business may violate federal anti-money laundering laws. The presence of income from a marijuana-related business may also prevent a bankruptcy court from confirming a bankruptcy plan (though courts have split on the issue). Likewise, marijuana businesses may be ineligible for certain federal tax deductions. (This restriction applies only to activities involving substances in Schedule I or II, so moving marijuana to Schedule III would allow marijuana businesses to deduct business expenses on federal tax filings.)For individuals, participation in the state-legal marijuana industry may have adverse immigration consequences. Violations of the CSA may also affect individuals’ ability to receive certain federal government benefits. In addition, federal law prohibits gun ownership and possession by any person who is an “unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance,” with no exception for users of state-legal medical marijuana.	What are some potential consequences of the federal prohibition of marijuana regarding money? Respond using only the information provided in the context. Do not use any other information or knowledge. Notwithstanding the foregoing state laws, any activity involving marijuana that is not authorized under the CSA remains a federal crime anywhere in the United States, including in states that have purported to legalize medical or recreational marijuana. The Supreme Court has held that state laws authorizing medical marijuana use do not affect the CSA’s restrictions. Thus, when states “legalize” a federally controlled substance such as marijuana, the sole result is that the substance is no longer controlled under state law. As discussed in another Legal Sidebar, moving marijuana from Schedule I to Schedule III, without other legal changes, would have some impact on marijuana users and businesses but would not bring the state-legal medical or recreational marijuana industry into compliance with federal controlled substances law. Activities that violate the CSA may give rise to federal criminal prosecution. As a practical matter, however, DEA and DOJ lack the resources to prosecute all violations of the CSA. DOJ guidance memoranda from the Obama Administration broadly affirmed federal authority to prosecute such activities but also indicated that DOJ would generally not prioritize prosecution of activities involving medical marijuana that complied with state law. Under the Trump Administration, DOJ rescinded that guidance, instead reaffirming the authority of federal prosecutors to exercise prosecutorial discretion to target federal marijuana offenses “in accordance with all applicable laws, regulations, and appropriations.” DOJ has not issued formal guidance on marijuana policy during the Biden Administration, but Attorney General Merrick Garland has indicated that the agency will not prioritize prosecuting individuals for personal use of marijuana. Notwithstanding the changes in guidance, data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission indicate that the number of federal marijuana trafficking prosecutions decreased every year between FY2018 and FY2022.The reference to appropriations in the DOJ guidance is significant, because in each budget cycle since FY2015, Congress has passed an appropriations rider barring DOJ from using taxpayer funds to prevent states from “implementing their own laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana.” The appropriations rider thus prohibits federal prosecution of state-legal activities involving medical marijuana. However, it poses no bar to prosecution of activities involving recreational marijuana. Moreover, the rider does not remove criminal liability; it merely prevents enforcement of the CSA in certain circumstances. As the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has explained, if Congress repealed the appropriations rider, DOJ would be able to prosecute violations of the CSA that occurred while the rider was in effect, subject to the applicable statute of limitations. Even absent criminal prosecution or conviction, individuals and organizations engaged in marijuanarelated activities in violation of the CSA—including participants in the state-legal cannabis industry— may face collateral consequences arising from the federal prohibition of marijuana. Other federal laws impose legal consequences based on criminal activity, including violations of the CSA. For example, a financial institution handling income from an illegal marijuana business may violate federal anti-money laundering laws. The presence of income from a marijuana-related business may also prevent a bankruptcy court from confirming a bankruptcy plan (though courts have split on the issue). Likewise, marijuana businesses may be ineligible for certain federal tax deductions. (This restriction applies only to activities involving substances in Schedule I or II, so moving marijuana to Schedule III would allow marijuana businesses to deduct business expenses on federal tax filings.)For individuals, participation in the state-legal marijuana industry may have adverse immigration consequences. Violations of the CSA may also affect individuals’ ability to receive certain federal government benefits. In addition, federal law prohibits gun ownership and possession by any person who is an “unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance,” with no exception for users of state-legal medical marijuana.	Respond using only the information provided in the context. Do not use any other information or knowledge. EVIDENCE: Notwithstanding the foregoing state laws, any activity involving marijuana that is not authorized under the CSA remains a federal crime anywhere in the United States, including in states that have purported to legalize medical or recreational marijuana. The Supreme Court has held that state laws authorizing medical marijuana use do not affect the CSA’s restrictions. Thus, when states “legalize” a federally controlled substance such as marijuana, the sole result is that the substance is no longer controlled under state law. As discussed in another Legal Sidebar, moving marijuana from Schedule I to Schedule III, without other legal changes, would have some impact on marijuana users and businesses but would not bring the state-legal medical or recreational marijuana industry into compliance with federal controlled substances law. Activities that violate the CSA may give rise to federal criminal prosecution. As a practical matter, however, DEA and DOJ lack the resources to prosecute all violations of the CSA. DOJ guidance memoranda from the Obama Administration broadly affirmed federal authority to prosecute such activities but also indicated that DOJ would generally not prioritize prosecution of activities involving medical marijuana that complied with state law. Under the Trump Administration, DOJ rescinded that guidance, instead reaffirming the authority of federal prosecutors to exercise prosecutorial discretion to target federal marijuana offenses “in accordance with all applicable laws, regulations, and appropriations.” DOJ has not issued formal guidance on marijuana policy during the Biden Administration, but Attorney General Merrick Garland has indicated that the agency will not prioritize prosecuting individuals for personal use of marijuana. Notwithstanding the changes in guidance, data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission indicate that the number of federal marijuana trafficking prosecutions decreased every year between FY2018 and FY2022.The reference to appropriations in the DOJ guidance is significant, because in each budget cycle since FY2015, Congress has passed an appropriations rider barring DOJ from using taxpayer funds to prevent states from “implementing their own laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana.” The appropriations rider thus prohibits federal prosecution of state-legal activities involving medical marijuana. However, it poses no bar to prosecution of activities involving recreational marijuana. Moreover, the rider does not remove criminal liability; it merely prevents enforcement of the CSA in certain circumstances. As the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has explained, if Congress repealed the appropriations rider, DOJ would be able to prosecute violations of the CSA that occurred while the rider was in effect, subject to the applicable statute of limitations. Even absent criminal prosecution or conviction, individuals and organizations engaged in marijuanarelated activities in violation of the CSA—including participants in the state-legal cannabis industry— may face collateral consequences arising from the federal prohibition of marijuana. Other federal laws impose legal consequences based on criminal activity, including violations of the CSA. For example, a financial institution handling income from an illegal marijuana business may violate federal anti-money laundering laws. The presence of income from a marijuana-related business may also prevent a bankruptcy court from confirming a bankruptcy plan (though courts have split on the issue). Likewise, marijuana businesses may be ineligible for certain federal tax deductions. (This restriction applies only to activities involving substances in Schedule I or II, so moving marijuana to Schedule III would allow marijuana businesses to deduct business expenses on federal tax filings.)For individuals, participation in the state-legal marijuana industry may have adverse immigration consequences. Violations of the CSA may also affect individuals’ ability to receive certain federal government benefits. In addition, federal law prohibits gun ownership and possession by any person who is an “unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance,” with no exception for users of state-legal medical marijuana. USER: What are some potential consequences of the federal prohibition of marijuana regarding money? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	17	13	612	null	301
You can only respond to the prompt using the information in the context block and no other sources.	Write a summary of all of the benefits and concerns of artificial intelligence development and use.	In recent years, the Administration and Congress have been increasingly engaged in supporting artificial intelligence R&D and working to address policy concerns arising from AI development and use. Congressional activities focused on AI increased substantially in the 116th and 117th Congresses, including multiple committee hearings in the House and Senate, the introduction of numerous AI-focused bills, and the passage of AI provisions in legislation. Enacted legislation has included the National AI Initiative Act of 2020 within the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (P.L. 116-283); the AI in Government Act of 2020 within the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260); and provisions focused on AI activities at NSF, DOE, and NIST within P.L. 117-167, the CHIPS and Science Act. AI holds potential benefits and opportunities, such as through augmenting human decisionmaking and optimizing performance for complex tasks. It also presents challenges and pitfalls, such as through perpetuating or amplifying bias and failing in unexpected ways. The ready availability in 2022 of software (i.e., ChatGPT) that can intelligently (1) respond to questions, and (2) draft prose documents may represent a sentinel event in popular use of AI. There are several broad concerns related to AI, spanning multiple sectors, that could be considered in the 118th Congress. These include Congressional Research Service 45 Science and Technology Issues for the 118th Congress • the impact of AI and AI-driven automation on the workforce, including potential job losses and the need for worker retraining; • the challenges of educating students in AI, from teaching foundational concepts at the K-12 level to supporting doctoral-level training to meet increasing demand for AI expertise; • the balance of federal and private sector funding for AI; • whether and how to increase access to public datasets to train AI systems for use in the public and private sectors; • the development of standards and testing protocols and algorithmic auditing capabilities for AI systems; • the need for and effectiveness of federal and international coordination efforts in AI, as well as concerns over international competition in AI R&D and deployment; and • the incorporation of ethics, privacy, security, transparency, and accountability considerations in AI systems, including such applications as facial recognition technologies. There are additional national security concerns about the potential use of AI technologies that Congress could address, such as the potential for “deep fakes” to influence elections and erode public trust, the balance of human and automated decisionmaking in military operations, and concerns about the dissemination of U.S.-developed AI technologies and federally funded AI research results to potential competitors or adversaries.	You can only respond to the prompt using the information in the context block and no other sources. Write a summary of all of the benefits and concerns of artificial intelligence development and use. In recent years, the Administration and Congress have been increasingly engaged in supporting artificial intelligence R&D and working to address policy concerns arising from AI development and use. Congressional activities focused on AI increased substantially in the 116th and 117th Congresses, including multiple committee hearings in the House and Senate, the introduction of numerous AI-focused bills, and the passage of AI provisions in legislation. Enacted legislation has included the National AI Initiative Act of 2020 within the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (P.L. 116-283); the AI in Government Act of 2020 within the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260); and provisions focused on AI activities at NSF, DOE, and NIST within P.L. 117-167, the CHIPS and Science Act. AI holds potential benefits and opportunities, such as through augmenting human decisionmaking and optimizing performance for complex tasks. It also presents challenges and pitfalls, such as through perpetuating or amplifying bias and failing in unexpected ways. The ready availability in 2022 of software (i.e., ChatGPT) that can intelligently (1) respond to questions, and (2) draft prose documents may represent a sentinel event in popular use of AI. There are several broad concerns related to AI, spanning multiple sectors, that could be considered in the 118th Congress. These include Congressional Research Service 45 Science and Technology Issues for the 118th Congress • the impact of AI and AI-driven automation on the workforce, including potential job losses and the need for worker retraining; • the challenges of educating students in AI, from teaching foundational concepts at the K-12 level to supporting doctoral-level training to meet increasing demand for AI expertise; • the balance of federal and private sector funding for AI; • whether and how to increase access to public datasets to train AI systems for use in the public and private sectors; • the development of standards and testing protocols and algorithmic auditing capabilities for AI systems; • the need for and effectiveness of federal and international coordination efforts in AI, as well as concerns over international competition in AI R&D and deployment; and • the incorporation of ethics, privacy, security, transparency, and accountability considerations in AI systems, including such applications as facial recognition technologies. There are additional national security concerns about the potential use of AI technologies that Congress could address, such as the potential for “deep fakes” to influence elections and erode public trust, the balance of human and automated decisionmaking in military operations, and concerns about the dissemination of U.S.-developed AI technologies and federally funded AI research results to potential competitors or adversaries.	You can only respond to the prompt using the information in the context block and no other sources. EVIDENCE: In recent years, the Administration and Congress have been increasingly engaged in supporting artificial intelligence R&D and working to address policy concerns arising from AI development and use. Congressional activities focused on AI increased substantially in the 116th and 117th Congresses, including multiple committee hearings in the House and Senate, the introduction of numerous AI-focused bills, and the passage of AI provisions in legislation. Enacted legislation has included the National AI Initiative Act of 2020 within the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (P.L. 116-283); the AI in Government Act of 2020 within the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260); and provisions focused on AI activities at NSF, DOE, and NIST within P.L. 117-167, the CHIPS and Science Act. AI holds potential benefits and opportunities, such as through augmenting human decisionmaking and optimizing performance for complex tasks. It also presents challenges and pitfalls, such as through perpetuating or amplifying bias and failing in unexpected ways. The ready availability in 2022 of software (i.e., ChatGPT) that can intelligently (1) respond to questions, and (2) draft prose documents may represent a sentinel event in popular use of AI. There are several broad concerns related to AI, spanning multiple sectors, that could be considered in the 118th Congress. These include Congressional Research Service 45 Science and Technology Issues for the 118th Congress • the impact of AI and AI-driven automation on the workforce, including potential job losses and the need for worker retraining; • the challenges of educating students in AI, from teaching foundational concepts at the K-12 level to supporting doctoral-level training to meet increasing demand for AI expertise; • the balance of federal and private sector funding for AI; • whether and how to increase access to public datasets to train AI systems for use in the public and private sectors; • the development of standards and testing protocols and algorithmic auditing capabilities for AI systems; • the need for and effectiveness of federal and international coordination efforts in AI, as well as concerns over international competition in AI R&D and deployment; and • the incorporation of ethics, privacy, security, transparency, and accountability considerations in AI systems, including such applications as facial recognition technologies. There are additional national security concerns about the potential use of AI technologies that Congress could address, such as the potential for “deep fakes” to influence elections and erode public trust, the balance of human and automated decisionmaking in military operations, and concerns about the dissemination of U.S.-developed AI technologies and federally funded AI research results to potential competitors or adversaries. USER: Write a summary of all of the benefits and concerns of artificial intelligence development and use. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	18	16	430	null	615
You may only respond using the context block provided.	Is the United States currently in a recession?	There is no theoretical reason why the criteria used in the Sahm rule is associated with a recession—it is an observed historical relationship for a small sample and may not always hold going forward. Sahm herself has indicated that despite her rule getting triggered, she does not believe that the United States is currently in a recession, although she believes that the risk of recession has increased. The primary indicators used by the NBER are not currently consistent with a recession, and several remain strong. For example, real gross domestic product has been positive since the third quarter of 2022 and grew by 1.4% and 2.8% in the first and second quarters of 2024, with real personal consumption expenditures up 1.5% and 2.3% over the same period. Real personal income less transfers grew in May and June 2024 and were up 1.8% over the year in June. Thus far, the only indications of a weakening economy are coming from the labor market, and even there, indicators are inconsistent. Although there has been a 0.9 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate and nonfarm payroll employment growth has slowed, employment growth remained positive, which is inconsistent with a recession. (Recessions typically feature falling employment within the first three months.) Employment as measured by a different survey has shown some decreases, but the NBER does not track this measure as closely. The unemployment rate could be rising for reasons associated with a weakening economy (e.g., workers losing their jobs) or for neutral reasons (e.g., new entrants to the labor force). Data on the reasons for unemployment suggest that the unemployment rate has risen at least partly because the economy has weakened. Almost two-thirds of the increase in unemployment in the past year has come from people who have lost their jobs (mostly via temporary layoffs or jobs ending), whereas around one-third has come from people entering or reentering the labor force. On the other hand, the rise in unemployment has not coincided with a rise in layoffs and discharges—which are still lower than during the expansion that preceded the pandemic—as would be expected if the economy were entering a recession. Additionally, many economists assessed that the unemployment rate was unsustainably low for over two years. Some cooling in the labor market could indicate a rise to a more sustainable rate. Now the key question is whether it will continue to rise. Unemployment remains low by historical standards, and if it does not rise much further, a recession can be avoided.	Using only the context block provided is the United States in a recession?	You may only respond using the context block provided. EVIDENCE: There is no theoretical reason why the criteria used in the Sahm rule is associated with a recession—it is an observed historical relationship for a small sample and may not always hold going forward. Sahm herself has indicated that despite her rule getting triggered, she does not believe that the United States is currently in a recession, although she believes that the risk of recession has increased. The primary indicators used by the NBER are not currently consistent with a recession, and several remain strong. For example, real gross domestic product has been positive since the third quarter of 2022 and grew by 1.4% and 2.8% in the first and second quarters of 2024, with real personal consumption expenditures up 1.5% and 2.3% over the same period. Real personal income less transfers grew in May and June 2024 and were up 1.8% over the year in June. Thus far, the only indications of a weakening economy are coming from the labor market, and even there, indicators are inconsistent. Although there has been a 0.9 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate and nonfarm payroll employment growth has slowed, employment growth remained positive, which is inconsistent with a recession. (Recessions typically feature falling employment within the first three months.) Employment as measured by a different survey has shown some decreases, but the NBER does not track this measure as closely. The unemployment rate could be rising for reasons associated with a weakening economy (e.g., workers losing their jobs) or for neutral reasons (e.g., new entrants to the labor force). Data on the reasons for unemployment suggest that the unemployment rate has risen at least partly because the economy has weakened. Almost two-thirds of the increase in unemployment in the past year has come from people who have lost their jobs (mostly via temporary layoffs or jobs ending), whereas around one-third has come from people entering or reentering the labor force. On the other hand, the rise in unemployment has not coincided with a rise in layoffs and discharges—which are still lower than during the expansion that preceded the pandemic—as would be expected if the economy were entering a recession. Additionally, many economists assessed that the unemployment rate was unsustainably low for over two years. Some cooling in the labor market could indicate a rise to a more sustainable rate. Now the key question is whether it will continue to rise. Unemployment remains low by historical standards, and if it does not rise much further, a recession can be avoided. USER: Is the United States currently in a recession? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	9	8	418	null	602
Respond only based on the information provided in the prompt. You cannot use any external resources or prior knowledge to answer questions. Format your response using markdown where appropriate.	Create a list of the key information about where New Zealanders are currently spending money on gambling	A new Strategy to Prevent and Minimise Gambling Harm The Government has set a clear direction for mental health and addiction in New Zealand with a priority focus on: • increasing access to mental health and addiction support • growing the mental health and addiction workforce • strengthening the focus on the prevention of and early intervention • improving the effectiveness of mental health and addiction support. This direction, supported by available data, research and evidence of what works, has driven the development of this new draft Strategy to Prevent and Minimise Gambling Harm 2025/26 to 2027/28 (the Strategy). This document seeks your comment on the proposed direction and content of the draft Strategy. It provides the full proposed Strategy for public consultation, and includes: • the problem definition and needs assessment, which informs the proposed Strategy as required under the Gambling Act 2003 (the Act)1 • the strategic plan, including the strategic framework that sets out the goal, outcomes, priorities and actions for the Strategy • the service plan for the three years from 2025/26 to 2027/28, including the amount of funding required for the Ministry of Health \| Manatū Hauora (the Ministry) and Health New Zealand \| Te Whatu Ora (Health New Zealand) to deliver the gambling harm prevention and minimisation activities described in the Strategy • the problem gambling levy rates and weighting options per sector for the next three years. Problem definition: Gambling harm is wide-reaching and services are under pressure to respond to a changing gambling environment About one in five people in New Zealand experience harm as a result of their own or someone else’s gambling. Harm is not experienced evenly across our communities, and Māori, Pacific, Asian and young people are at greater risk. Department of Internal Affairs data show that in 2022/23, New Zealanders lost $2.76 billion gambling on the four regulated gambling sectors (Lotto New Zealand, TAB NZ, casinos and non-casino gambling machines or class 4 gambling). Most money spent on gambling comes from the relatively small number of people (around 11% of adults in 2020) who play electronic gaming machines (“pokies”). For the first time in 2022/23, New Zealanders lost over $1 billion on these machines, which are disproportionately located in higher deprivation areas. In addition, online gambling, which has the potential to cause significant harm, is expanding into New Zealand. The unregulated offshore online gambling market has grown significantly in recent years, with higher participation, higher spend, and greater harm being reported by New Zealanders. The Government has agreed to regulate online casinos through a licensing system, which will be designed to minimise harm, support tax collection, and provide consumer protections to New Zealanders. This regime is expected to come into effect in 2026. Whether an individual experiences harm from their own or someone else’s gambling, and how this harm is experienced at a whānau and community level, results from many factors. This includes the wider determinants of health and wellbeing and the nature of the gambling environment. The Gambling Act 2003 and associated regulations, as administered by the Dept of Internal Affairs, set the framework for legal gambling in New Zealand. The Act requires a needs assessment be undertaken to inform each iteration of the Strategy. The 2024 needs assessment highlights a changing environment and gambling 2 harm services under pressure . Key findings include: • Gambling activity has remained relatively constant in New Zealand, with data indicating that most adults engage in gambling at some stage in their lives. • While there has been a reduction in the number of pokies the distribution and availability of these machines remains disproportionately high in areas of high- deprivation. Expenditure on pokies has continued to increase. • Online gambling, particularly with unregulated providers based overseas, continues to grow. This is revealing inconsistencies with the current levy funding regime and service provisions. • The gambling harm minimisation sector is under pressure and has found the health reforms challenging. It seeks stronger government leadership and coordination.	Respond only based on the information provided in the prompt. You cannot use any external resources or prior knowledge to answer questions. Format your response using markdown where appropriate. Create a list of the key information about where New Zealanders are currently spending money on gambling A new Strategy to Prevent and Minimise Gambling Harm The Government has set a clear direction for mental health and addiction in New Zealand with a priority focus on: • increasing access to mental health and addiction support • growing the mental health and addiction workforce • strengthening the focus on the prevention of and early intervention • improving the effectiveness of mental health and addiction support. This direction, supported by available data, research and evidence of what works, has driven the development of this new draft Strategy to Prevent and Minimise Gambling Harm 2025/26 to 2027/28 (the Strategy). This document seeks your comment on the proposed direction and content of the draft Strategy. It provides the full proposed Strategy for public consultation, and includes: • the problem definition and needs assessment, which informs the proposed Strategy as required under the Gambling Act 2003 (the Act)1 • the strategic plan, including the strategic framework that sets out the goal, outcomes, priorities and actions for the Strategy • the service plan for the three years from 2025/26 to 2027/28, including the amount of funding required for the Ministry of Health \| Manatū Hauora (the Ministry) and Health New Zealand \| Te Whatu Ora (Health New Zealand) to deliver the gambling harm prevention and minimisation activities described in the Strategy • the problem gambling levy rates and weighting options per sector for the next three years. Problem definition: Gambling harm is wide-reaching and services are under pressure to respond to a changing gambling environment About one in five people in New Zealand experience harm as a result of their own or someone else’s gambling. Harm is not experienced evenly across our communities, and Māori, Pacific, Asian and young people are at greater risk. Department of Internal Affairs data show that in 2022/23, New Zealanders lost $2.76 billion gambling on the four regulated gambling sectors (Lotto New Zealand, TAB NZ, casinos and non-casino gambling machines or class 4 gambling). Most money spent on gambling comes from the relatively small number of people (around 11% of adults in 2020) who play electronic gaming machines (“pokies”). For the first time in 2022/23, New Zealanders lost over $1 billion on these machines, which are disproportionately located in higher deprivation areas. In addition, online gambling, which has the potential to cause significant harm, is expanding into New Zealand. The unregulated offshore online gambling market has grown significantly in recent years, with higher participation, higher spend, and greater harm being reported by New Zealanders. The Government has agreed to regulate online casinos through a licensing system, which will be designed to minimise harm, support tax collection, and provide consumer protections to New Zealanders. This regime is expected to come into effect in 2026. Whether an individual experiences harm from their own or someone else’s gambling, and how this harm is experienced at a whānau and community level, results from many factors. This includes the wider determinants of health and wellbeing and the nature of the gambling environment. The Gambling Act 2003 and associated regulations, as administered by the Dept of Internal Affairs, set the framework for legal gambling in New Zealand. The Act requires a needs assessment be undertaken to inform each iteration of the Strategy. The 2024 needs assessment highlights a changing environment and gambling 2 harm services under pressure . Key findings include: • Gambling activity has remained relatively constant in New Zealand, with data indicating that most adults engage in gambling at some stage in their lives. • While there has been a reduction in the number of pokies the distribution and availability of these machines remains disproportionately high in areas of high- deprivation. Expenditure on pokies has continued to increase. • Online gambling, particularly with unregulated providers based overseas, continues to grow. This is revealing inconsistencies with the current levy funding regime and service provisions. • The gambling harm minimisation sector is under pressure and has found the health reforms challenging. It seeks stronger government leadership and coordination.	Respond only based on the information provided in the prompt. You cannot use any external resources or prior knowledge to answer questions. Format your response using markdown where appropriate. EVIDENCE: A new Strategy to Prevent and Minimise Gambling Harm The Government has set a clear direction for mental health and addiction in New Zealand with a priority focus on: • increasing access to mental health and addiction support • growing the mental health and addiction workforce • strengthening the focus on the prevention of and early intervention • improving the effectiveness of mental health and addiction support. This direction, supported by available data, research and evidence of what works, has driven the development of this new draft Strategy to Prevent and Minimise Gambling Harm 2025/26 to 2027/28 (the Strategy). This document seeks your comment on the proposed direction and content of the draft Strategy. It provides the full proposed Strategy for public consultation, and includes: • the problem definition and needs assessment, which informs the proposed Strategy as required under the Gambling Act 2003 (the Act)1 • the strategic plan, including the strategic framework that sets out the goal, outcomes, priorities and actions for the Strategy • the service plan for the three years from 2025/26 to 2027/28, including the amount of funding required for the Ministry of Health \| Manatū Hauora (the Ministry) and Health New Zealand \| Te Whatu Ora (Health New Zealand) to deliver the gambling harm prevention and minimisation activities described in the Strategy • the problem gambling levy rates and weighting options per sector for the next three years. Problem definition: Gambling harm is wide-reaching and services are under pressure to respond to a changing gambling environment About one in five people in New Zealand experience harm as a result of their own or someone else’s gambling. Harm is not experienced evenly across our communities, and Māori, Pacific, Asian and young people are at greater risk. Department of Internal Affairs data show that in 2022/23, New Zealanders lost $2.76 billion gambling on the four regulated gambling sectors (Lotto New Zealand, TAB NZ, casinos and non-casino gambling machines or class 4 gambling). Most money spent on gambling comes from the relatively small number of people (around 11% of adults in 2020) who play electronic gaming machines (“pokies”). For the first time in 2022/23, New Zealanders lost over $1 billion on these machines, which are disproportionately located in higher deprivation areas. In addition, online gambling, which has the potential to cause significant harm, is expanding into New Zealand. The unregulated offshore online gambling market has grown significantly in recent years, with higher participation, higher spend, and greater harm being reported by New Zealanders. The Government has agreed to regulate online casinos through a licensing system, which will be designed to minimise harm, support tax collection, and provide consumer protections to New Zealanders. This regime is expected to come into effect in 2026. Whether an individual experiences harm from their own or someone else’s gambling, and how this harm is experienced at a whānau and community level, results from many factors. This includes the wider determinants of health and wellbeing and the nature of the gambling environment. The Gambling Act 2003 and associated regulations, as administered by the Dept of Internal Affairs, set the framework for legal gambling in New Zealand. The Act requires a needs assessment be undertaken to inform each iteration of the Strategy. The 2024 needs assessment highlights a changing environment and gambling 2 harm services under pressure . Key findings include: • Gambling activity has remained relatively constant in New Zealand, with data indicating that most adults engage in gambling at some stage in their lives. • While there has been a reduction in the number of pokies the distribution and availability of these machines remains disproportionately high in areas of high- deprivation. Expenditure on pokies has continued to increase. • Online gambling, particularly with unregulated providers based overseas, continues to grow. This is revealing inconsistencies with the current levy funding regime and service provisions. • The gambling harm minimisation sector is under pressure and has found the health reforms challenging. It seeks stronger government leadership and coordination. USER: Create a list of the key information about where New Zealanders are currently spending money on gambling Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	29	17	664	null	711
Answer the question based on the below text only. Do not use any external resources or previous knowledge. Give your answer as bullet points with a maximum of two sentences per bullet point.	According to the document, summarize the comments by Avishai Abrahami.	Wix Reports Second Quarter 2024 Results Accelerated bookings growth, driven by key product initiatives, and FCF margin expansion in Q2 builds momentum for 2H ● Meaningful bookings growth acceleration with total bookings of $458.4 million, up 15% y/y, as a result of strong Wix Studio uptake, benefits from growing AI capabilities and commerce platform expansion as well as positive response to the price increase implemented earlier this year ○ Bookings growth accelerated across both Self Creators and Partners ○ Continue to expect bookings growth acceleration to 16% y/y in 2H at the high end of full year guidance range ● Total revenue of $435.7 million exceeded expectations, up 12% y/y, driven by strong Partners growth of 29% y/y ● Record take rate of 1.68%, driven by transaction revenue growth of 21% y/y as we added a new payment partner to Wix Payments ● Continued margin expansion with Q2 FCF 1 margin of 27%, driven by additional operating leverage ○ High end of increased full year FCF 1 outlook positions us to achieve the Rule of 40 milestone this year, one full year ahead of plan NEW YORK, August 7, 2024 -- Wix.com Ltd. (Nasdaq: WIX), the leading SaaS website builder platform globally, 2 today reported financial results for the second quarter of 2024. In addition, the Company provided its outlook for the third quarter and an updated outlook for full year 2024. Please visit the Wix Investor Relations website at https://investors.wix.com/ to view the Q2'24 Shareholder Update and other materials. “Excellent Q2 results capped off a strong first half of 2024, fueled by successful execution of our strategic initiatives, solid business fundamentals and continued product innovation,” said Avishai Abrahami, Wix Co-founder and CEO. “We made incredible strides towards our key growth pillars and drove significant bookings growth acceleration this quarter. First, Wix Studio continued to outperform expectations, as Studio subscription purchases accelerated, retention remained strong and the number of Studio accounts purchasing multiple subscriptions ramped. We also continued to execute against our AI strategy with the release of 17 AI business assistants so far this year. These assistants are improving the user creation experience while minimizing the amount of support resources required from us. With dozens more still slated to launch this year, AI assistants will soon be everywhere on our platform and in nearly every product. Finally, expansion of our commerce platform with the addition of a new Wix Payments partner resulted in record take rate of 1.68% in Q2. We expect these product initiatives to increasingly become more meaningful drivers of growth in the years to come.” “Strong execution of our key growth initiatives and solid business fundamentals drove incredible growth momentum and additional margin expansion this quarter,” added Lior Shemesh, CFO at Wix. “Year-over-year bookings growth accelerated to 15% in Q2 from 10% in Q1 as a result of our growth initiatives as well as the price increase implemented earlier this year. Notably, this growth was underpinned by bookings growth acceleration across both Self Creators and Partners businesses. These key product initiatives paired with solid user behavior are expected to drive continued bookings growth acceleration to 16% in 2H at the high end of our expectations. In addition, we delivered further margin expansion this quarter as our stable cost base drove operating leverage, resulting in Q2 FCF margin of 27%. With continued operating leverage expected for the full year, we are increasing our full year FCF outlook. We are now positioned to achieve the Rule of 40 milestone this year at the high end of our guidance range, one year ahead of our three-year plan.” Q2 2024 Financial Results ● Total revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $435.7 million, up 12% y/y ○ Creative Subscriptions revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $312.1 million, up 9% y/y ○ Creative Subscriptions ARR increased to $1.28 billion as of the end of the quarter, up 10% y/y ● Business Solutions revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $123.6 million, up 20% y/y ○ Transaction revenue 3 was $53.9 million, up 21% y/y ● Partners revenue 4 in the second quarter of 2024 was $148.4 million, up 29% y/y ● Total bookings in the second quarter of 2024 were $458.4 million, up 15% y/y ○ Creative Subscriptions bookings in the second quarter of 2024 were $329.0 million, up 12% y/y ○ Business Solutions bookings in the second quarter of 2024 were $129.4 million, up 24% y/y ● Total gross margin on a GAAP basis in the second quarter of 2024 was 67% ○ Creative Subscriptions gross margin on a GAAP basis was 83% ○ Business Solutions gross margin on a GAAP basis was 28% ● Total non-GAAP gross margin in the second quarter of 2024 was 68% ○ Creative Subscriptions gross margin on a non-GAAP basis was 84% ○ Business Solutions gross margin on a non-GAAP basis was 30% ● GAAP net income in the second quarter of 2024 was $39.5 million, or $0.71 per basic share and $0.68 per diluted share ● Non-GAAP net income in the second quarter of 2024 was $99.6 million, or $1.80 per basic share and $1.67 per diluted share ● Net cash provided by operating activities for the second quarter of 2024 was $120.0 million, while capital expenditures totaled $7.2 million, leading to free cash flow of $112.8 million ● Excluding capital expenditures and other expenses associated with the build out of our new corporate headquarters, free cash flow for the second quarter of 2024 would have been $117.8 million, or 27% of revenue ● Completed $225 million of share repurchases, marking over $1 billion of share repurchases executed since 2021 ● Total employee count at the end of Q2’24 was 5,242, flat q/q ____________________ 1 Free cash flow excluding expenses associated with the buildout of our new corporate headquarters. 2 Based on the number of active live sites as reported by key competitors' figures, independent third-party-data and internal data as of Q1 2024. 3 Transaction revenue is a portion of Business Solutions revenue, and we define transaction revenue as all revenue generated through transaction facilitation, primarily from Wix Payments, as well as Wix POS, shipping solutions and multi-channel commerce and gift card solutions. 4 Partners revenue is defined as revenue generated through agencies and freelancers that build sites or applications for other users (“Agencies”) as well as revenue generated through B2B partnerships, such as LegalZoom or Vistaprint (“Resellers”). We identify Agencies using multiple criteria, including but not limited to, the number of sites built, participation in the Wix Partner Program and/or the Wix Marketplace or Wix products used (incl. Wix Studio). Partners revenue includes revenue from both the Creative Subscriptions and Business Solutions businesses. In Q1 2024, the definition was slightly revised to exclude revenue generated from agreements with enterprise users that, by their nature, are more suitable to be categorized under revenue generated by Self Creators. Such revision had an immaterial impact on prior period amounts. Financial Outlook Our guidance for the second half of the year reflects the momentum built up in the first six months, particularly from the strong traction of our key product initiatives and solid business fundamentals. We are updating our full year bookings outlook to $1,802 - $1,822 million, or 13-14% y/y growth, compared to previous guidance of $1,796 - $1,826 million, or 12-14% y/y growth. This outlook reflects the continued expectation that y/y bookings growth will accelerate to 16% in 2H at the high end of our guidance range, as a result of accelerating growth across both Self Creators and Partners. Acceleration is expected to be driven by continued Wix Studio outperformance, benefits from our AI products and our expanded commerce platform, as well as strong user uptake of the price increase implemented earlier this year. Bookings acceleration in 2024 is expected to translate into y/y revenue growth acceleration in 2025. We are also updating our full year revenue outlook to $1,747 - $1,761 million, or 12-13% y/y, compared to $1,738 - $1,761 million, or 11-13% y/y growth, previously. We expect total revenue growth in Q3’24 of $440 - $445 million, or 12-13% y/y growth.	Answer the question based on the below text only. Do not use any external resources or previous knowledge. Give your answer as bullet points with a maximum of two sentences per bullet point. According to the document, summarize the comments by Avishai Abrahami. Wix Reports Second Quarter 2024 Results Accelerated bookings growth, driven by key product initiatives, and FCF margin expansion in Q2 builds momentum for 2H ● Meaningful bookings growth acceleration with total bookings of $458.4 million, up 15% y/y, as a result of strong Wix Studio uptake, benefits from growing AI capabilities and commerce platform expansion as well as positive response to the price increase implemented earlier this year ○ Bookings growth accelerated across both Self Creators and Partners ○ Continue to expect bookings growth acceleration to 16% y/y in 2H at the high end of full year guidance range ● Total revenue of $435.7 million exceeded expectations, up 12% y/y, driven by strong Partners growth of 29% y/y ● Record take rate of 1.68%, driven by transaction revenue growth of 21% y/y as we added a new payment partner to Wix Payments ● Continued margin expansion with Q2 FCF 1 margin of 27%, driven by additional operating leverage ○ High end of increased full year FCF 1 outlook positions us to achieve the Rule of 40 milestone this year, one full year ahead of plan NEW YORK, August 7, 2024 -- Wix.com Ltd. (Nasdaq: WIX), the leading SaaS website builder platform globally, 2 today reported financial results for the second quarter of 2024. In addition, the Company provided its outlook for the third quarter and an updated outlook for full year 2024. Please visit the Wix Investor Relations website at https://investors.wix.com/ to view the Q2'24 Shareholder Update and other materials. “Excellent Q2 results capped off a strong first half of 2024, fueled by successful execution of our strategic initiatives, solid business fundamentals and continued product innovation,” said Avishai Abrahami, Wix Co-founder and CEO. “We made incredible strides towards our key growth pillars and drove significant bookings growth acceleration this quarter. First, Wix Studio continued to outperform expectations, as Studio subscription purchases accelerated, retention remained strong and the number of Studio accounts purchasing multiple subscriptions ramped. We also continued to execute against our AI strategy with the release of 17 AI business assistants so far this year. These assistants are improving the user creation experience while minimizing the amount of support resources required from us. With dozens more still slated to launch this year, AI assistants will soon be everywhere on our platform and in nearly every product. Finally, expansion of our commerce platform with the addition of a new Wix Payments partner resulted in record take rate of 1.68% in Q2. We expect these product initiatives to increasingly become more meaningful drivers of growth in the years to come.” “Strong execution of our key growth initiatives and solid business fundamentals drove incredible growth momentum and additional margin expansion this quarter,” added Lior Shemesh, CFO at Wix. “Year-over-year bookings growth accelerated to 15% in Q2 from 10% in Q1 as a result of our growth initiatives as well as the price increase implemented earlier this year. Notably, this growth was underpinned by bookings growth acceleration across both Self Creators and Partners businesses. These key product initiatives paired with solid user behavior are expected to drive continued bookings growth acceleration to 16% in 2H at the high end of our expectations. In addition, we delivered further margin expansion this quarter as our stable cost base drove operating leverage, resulting in Q2 FCF margin of 27%. With continued operating leverage expected for the full year, we are increasing our full year FCF outlook. We are now positioned to achieve the Rule of 40 milestone this year at the high end of our guidance range, one year ahead of our three-year plan.” Q2 2024 Financial Results ● Total revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $435.7 million, up 12% y/y ○ Creative Subscriptions revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $312.1 million, up 9% y/y ○ Creative Subscriptions ARR increased to $1.28 billion as of the end of the quarter, up 10% y/y ● Business Solutions revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $123.6 million, up 20% y/y ○ Transaction revenue 3 was $53.9 million, up 21% y/y ● Partners revenue 4 in the second quarter of 2024 was $148.4 million, up 29% y/y ● Total bookings in the second quarter of 2024 were $458.4 million, up 15% y/y ○ Creative Subscriptions bookings in the second quarter of 2024 were $329.0 million, up 12% y/y ○ Business Solutions bookings in the second quarter of 2024 were $129.4 million, up 24% y/y ● Total gross margin on a GAAP basis in the second quarter of 2024 was 67% ○ Creative Subscriptions gross margin on a GAAP basis was 83% ○ Business Solutions gross margin on a GAAP basis was 28% ● Total non-GAAP gross margin in the second quarter of 2024 was 68% ○ Creative Subscriptions gross margin on a non-GAAP basis was 84% ○ Business Solutions gross margin on a non-GAAP basis was 30% ● GAAP net income in the second quarter of 2024 was $39.5 million, or $0.71 per basic share and $0.68 per diluted share ● Non-GAAP net income in the second quarter of 2024 was $99.6 million, or $1.80 per basic share and $1.67 per diluted share ● Net cash provided by operating activities for the second quarter of 2024 was $120.0 million, while capital expenditures totaled $7.2 million, leading to free cash flow of $112.8 million ● Excluding capital expenditures and other expenses associated with the build out of our new corporate headquarters, free cash flow for the second quarter of 2024 would have been $117.8 million, or 27% of revenue ● Completed $225 million of share repurchases, marking over $1 billion of share repurchases executed since 2021 ● Total employee count at the end of Q2’24 was 5,242, flat q/q ____________________ 1 Free cash flow excluding expenses associated with the buildout of our new corporate headquarters. 2 Based on the number of active live sites as reported by key competitors' figures, independent third-party-data and internal data as of Q1 2024. 3 Transaction revenue is a portion of Business Solutions revenue, and we define transaction revenue as all revenue generated through transaction facilitation, primarily from Wix Payments, as well as Wix POS, shipping solutions and multi-channel commerce and gift card solutions. 4 Partners revenue is defined as revenue generated through agencies and freelancers that build sites or applications for other users (“Agencies”) as well as revenue generated through B2B partnerships, such as LegalZoom or Vistaprint (“Resellers”). We identify Agencies using multiple criteria, including but not limited to, the number of sites built, participation in the Wix Partner Program and/or the Wix Marketplace or Wix products used (incl. Wix Studio). Partners revenue includes revenue from both the Creative Subscriptions and Business Solutions businesses. In Q1 2024, the definition was slightly revised to exclude revenue generated from agreements with enterprise users that, by their nature, are more suitable to be categorized under revenue generated by Self Creators. Such revision had an immaterial impact on prior period amounts. Financial Outlook Our guidance for the second half of the year reflects the momentum built up in the first six months, particularly from the strong traction of our key product initiatives and solid business fundamentals. We are updating our full year bookings outlook to $1,802 - $1,822 million, or 13-14% y/y growth, compared to previous guidance of $1,796 - $1,826 million, or 12-14% y/y growth. This outlook reflects the continued expectation that y/y bookings growth will accelerate to 16% in 2H at the high end of our guidance range, as a result of accelerating growth across both Self Creators and Partners. Acceleration is expected to be driven by continued Wix Studio outperformance, benefits from our AI products and our expanded commerce platform, as well as strong user uptake of the price increase implemented earlier this year. Bookings acceleration in 2024 is expected to translate into y/y revenue growth acceleration in 2025. We are also updating our full year revenue outlook to $1,747 - $1,761 million, or 12-13% y/y, compared to $1,738 - $1,761 million, or 11-13% y/y growth, previously. We expect total revenue growth in Q3’24 of $440 - $445 million, or 12-13% y/y growth.	Answer the question based on the below text only. Do not use any external resources or previous knowledge. Give your answer as bullet points with a maximum of two sentences per bullet point. EVIDENCE: Wix Reports Second Quarter 2024 Results Accelerated bookings growth, driven by key product initiatives, and FCF margin expansion in Q2 builds momentum for 2H ● Meaningful bookings growth acceleration with total bookings of $458.4 million, up 15% y/y, as a result of strong Wix Studio uptake, benefits from growing AI capabilities and commerce platform expansion as well as positive response to the price increase implemented earlier this year ○ Bookings growth accelerated across both Self Creators and Partners ○ Continue to expect bookings growth acceleration to 16% y/y in 2H at the high end of full year guidance range ● Total revenue of $435.7 million exceeded expectations, up 12% y/y, driven by strong Partners growth of 29% y/y ● Record take rate of 1.68%, driven by transaction revenue growth of 21% y/y as we added a new payment partner to Wix Payments ● Continued margin expansion with Q2 FCF 1 margin of 27%, driven by additional operating leverage ○ High end of increased full year FCF 1 outlook positions us to achieve the Rule of 40 milestone this year, one full year ahead of plan NEW YORK, August 7, 2024 -- Wix.com Ltd. (Nasdaq: WIX), the leading SaaS website builder platform globally, 2 today reported financial results for the second quarter of 2024. In addition, the Company provided its outlook for the third quarter and an updated outlook for full year 2024. Please visit the Wix Investor Relations website at https://investors.wix.com/ to view the Q2'24 Shareholder Update and other materials. “Excellent Q2 results capped off a strong first half of 2024, fueled by successful execution of our strategic initiatives, solid business fundamentals and continued product innovation,” said Avishai Abrahami, Wix Co-founder and CEO. “We made incredible strides towards our key growth pillars and drove significant bookings growth acceleration this quarter. First, Wix Studio continued to outperform expectations, as Studio subscription purchases accelerated, retention remained strong and the number of Studio accounts purchasing multiple subscriptions ramped. We also continued to execute against our AI strategy with the release of 17 AI business assistants so far this year. These assistants are improving the user creation experience while minimizing the amount of support resources required from us. With dozens more still slated to launch this year, AI assistants will soon be everywhere on our platform and in nearly every product. Finally, expansion of our commerce platform with the addition of a new Wix Payments partner resulted in record take rate of 1.68% in Q2. We expect these product initiatives to increasingly become more meaningful drivers of growth in the years to come.” “Strong execution of our key growth initiatives and solid business fundamentals drove incredible growth momentum and additional margin expansion this quarter,” added Lior Shemesh, CFO at Wix. “Year-over-year bookings growth accelerated to 15% in Q2 from 10% in Q1 as a result of our growth initiatives as well as the price increase implemented earlier this year. Notably, this growth was underpinned by bookings growth acceleration across both Self Creators and Partners businesses. These key product initiatives paired with solid user behavior are expected to drive continued bookings growth acceleration to 16% in 2H at the high end of our expectations. In addition, we delivered further margin expansion this quarter as our stable cost base drove operating leverage, resulting in Q2 FCF margin of 27%. With continued operating leverage expected for the full year, we are increasing our full year FCF outlook. We are now positioned to achieve the Rule of 40 milestone this year at the high end of our guidance range, one year ahead of our three-year plan.” Q2 2024 Financial Results ● Total revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $435.7 million, up 12% y/y ○ Creative Subscriptions revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $312.1 million, up 9% y/y ○ Creative Subscriptions ARR increased to $1.28 billion as of the end of the quarter, up 10% y/y ● Business Solutions revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $123.6 million, up 20% y/y ○ Transaction revenue 3 was $53.9 million, up 21% y/y ● Partners revenue 4 in the second quarter of 2024 was $148.4 million, up 29% y/y ● Total bookings in the second quarter of 2024 were $458.4 million, up 15% y/y ○ Creative Subscriptions bookings in the second quarter of 2024 were $329.0 million, up 12% y/y ○ Business Solutions bookings in the second quarter of 2024 were $129.4 million, up 24% y/y ● Total gross margin on a GAAP basis in the second quarter of 2024 was 67% ○ Creative Subscriptions gross margin on a GAAP basis was 83% ○ Business Solutions gross margin on a GAAP basis was 28% ● Total non-GAAP gross margin in the second quarter of 2024 was 68% ○ Creative Subscriptions gross margin on a non-GAAP basis was 84% ○ Business Solutions gross margin on a non-GAAP basis was 30% ● GAAP net income in the second quarter of 2024 was $39.5 million, or $0.71 per basic share and $0.68 per diluted share ● Non-GAAP net income in the second quarter of 2024 was $99.6 million, or $1.80 per basic share and $1.67 per diluted share ● Net cash provided by operating activities for the second quarter of 2024 was $120.0 million, while capital expenditures totaled $7.2 million, leading to free cash flow of $112.8 million ● Excluding capital expenditures and other expenses associated with the build out of our new corporate headquarters, free cash flow for the second quarter of 2024 would have been $117.8 million, or 27% of revenue ● Completed $225 million of share repurchases, marking over $1 billion of share repurchases executed since 2021 ● Total employee count at the end of Q2’24 was 5,242, flat q/q ____________________ 1 Free cash flow excluding expenses associated with the buildout of our new corporate headquarters. 2 Based on the number of active live sites as reported by key competitors' figures, independent third-party-data and internal data as of Q1 2024. 3 Transaction revenue is a portion of Business Solutions revenue, and we define transaction revenue as all revenue generated through transaction facilitation, primarily from Wix Payments, as well as Wix POS, shipping solutions and multi-channel commerce and gift card solutions. 4 Partners revenue is defined as revenue generated through agencies and freelancers that build sites or applications for other users (“Agencies”) as well as revenue generated through B2B partnerships, such as LegalZoom or Vistaprint (“Resellers”). We identify Agencies using multiple criteria, including but not limited to, the number of sites built, participation in the Wix Partner Program and/or the Wix Marketplace or Wix products used (incl. Wix Studio). Partners revenue includes revenue from both the Creative Subscriptions and Business Solutions businesses. In Q1 2024, the definition was slightly revised to exclude revenue generated from agreements with enterprise users that, by their nature, are more suitable to be categorized under revenue generated by Self Creators. Such revision had an immaterial impact on prior period amounts. Financial Outlook Our guidance for the second half of the year reflects the momentum built up in the first six months, particularly from the strong traction of our key product initiatives and solid business fundamentals. We are updating our full year bookings outlook to $1,802 - $1,822 million, or 13-14% y/y growth, compared to previous guidance of $1,796 - $1,826 million, or 12-14% y/y growth. This outlook reflects the continued expectation that y/y bookings growth will accelerate to 16% in 2H at the high end of our guidance range, as a result of accelerating growth across both Self Creators and Partners. Acceleration is expected to be driven by continued Wix Studio outperformance, benefits from our AI products and our expanded commerce platform, as well as strong user uptake of the price increase implemented earlier this year. Bookings acceleration in 2024 is expected to translate into y/y revenue growth acceleration in 2025. We are also updating our full year revenue outlook to $1,747 - $1,761 million, or 12-13% y/y, compared to $1,738 - $1,761 million, or 11-13% y/y growth, previously. We expect total revenue growth in Q3’24 of $440 - $445 million, or 12-13% y/y growth. USER: According to the document, summarize the comments by Avishai Abrahami. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	true	33	10	1,353	null	789
Only use the provided text in the prompt to answer questions. Do not use external knowledge.	How does hypermobile EDS compare to classic EDS?	Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of disorders that affect connective tissues supporting the skin, bones, blood vessels, and many other organs and tissues. Defects in connective tissues cause the signs and symptoms of these conditions, which range from mildly loose joints to life-threatening complications. The various forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have been classified in several different ways. Originally, 11 forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome were named using Roman numerals to indicate the types (type I, type II, and so on). In 1997, researchers proposed a simpler classification (the Villefranche nomenclature) that reduced the number of types to six and gave them descriptive names based on their major features. In 2017, the classification was updated to include rare forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that were identified more recently. The 2017 classification describes 13 types of Ehlers- Danlos syndrome. An unusually large range of joint movement (hypermobility) occurs in most forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and it is a hallmark feature of the hypermobile type. Infants and children with hypermobility often have weak muscle tone (hypotonia), which can delay the development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking. The loose joints are unstable and prone to dislocation and chronic pain. In the arthrochalasia type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, infants have hypermobility and dislocations of both hips at birth. Many people with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes have soft, velvety skin that is highly stretchy (elastic) and fragile. Affected individuals tend to bruise easily, and some types of the condition also cause abnormal scarring. People with the classical form of Ehlers- Danlos syndrome experience wounds that split open with little bleeding and leave scars that widen over time to create characteristic "cigarette paper" scars. The dermatosparaxis type of the disorder is characterized by loose skin that sags and wrinkles, and extra (redundant) folds of skin may be present. Bleeding problems are common in the vascular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and are caused by unpredictable tearing (rupture) of blood vessels and organs. These complications can lead to easy bruising, internal bleeding, a hole in the wall of the intestine (intestinal perforation), or stroke. During pregnancy, women with vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may experience rupture of the uterus. Additional forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that involve rupture of the blood vessels include the kyphoscoliotic, classical, and classical-like types. Other types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have additional signs and symptoms. The cardiac-valvular type causes severe problems with the valves that control the movement of blood through the heart. People with the kyphoscoliotic type experience severe curvature of the spine that worsens over time and can interfere with breathing by restricting lung expansion. A type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome called brittle cornea syndrome is characterized by thinness of the clear covering of the eye (the cornea) and other eye abnormalities. The spondylodysplastic type features short stature and skeletal abnormalities such as abnormally curved (bowed) limbs. Abnormalities of muscles, including hypotonia and permanently bent joints (contractures), are among the characteristic signs of the musculocontractural and myopathic forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The periodontal type causes abnormalities of the teeth and gums. Frequency The combined prevalence of all types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome appears to be at least 1 in 5,000 individuals worldwide. The hypermobile and classical forms are most common; the hypermobile type may affect as many as 1 in 5,000 to 20,000 people, while the classical type probably occurs in 1 in 20,000 to 40,000 people. Other forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are rare, often with only a few cases or affected families described in the medical literature.Variants (also known as mutations) in at least 20 genes have been found to cause the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Variants in the COL5A1 or COL5A2 gene, or rarely in the COL1A1 gene, can cause the classical type. Variants in the TNXB gene cause the classical-like type and have been reported in a very small percentage of cases of the hypermobile type (although in most people with this type, the cause is unknown). The cardiac-valvular type and some cases of the arthrochalasia type are caused by COL1A2 gene variants; variants in the COL1A1 gene have also been found in people with the arthrochalasia type. Most cases of the vascular type result from variants in the COL3A1 gene, although rarely this type is caused by certain COL1A1 gene variants. The dermatosparaxis type is caused by variants in the ADAMTS2 gene. PLOD1 or FKBP14 gene variants result in the kyphoscoliotic type. Other rare forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome result from variants in other genes. Some of the genes associated with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, including COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, and COL5A2, provide instructions for making pieces of several different types of collagen. These pieces assemble to form mature collagen molecules that give structure and strength to connective tissues throughout the body. Other genes, including ADAMTS2, FKBP14, PLOD1, and TNXB, provide instructions for making proteins that process, fold, or interact with collagen. Variants in any of these genes disrupt the production or processing of collagen, preventing these molecules from being assembled properly. These changes weaken connective tissues in the skin, bones, and other parts of the body, resulting in the characteristic features of the Ehlers- Danlos syndromes.	system instruction: [Only use the provided text in the prompt to answer questions. Do not use external knowledge.] question: [How does hypermobile EDS compare to classic EDS?] context block: [Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of disorders that affect connective tissues supporting the skin, bones, blood vessels, and many other organs and tissues. Defects in connective tissues cause the signs and symptoms of these conditions, which range from mildly loose joints to life-threatening complications. The various forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have been classified in several different ways. Originally, 11 forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome were named using Roman numerals to indicate the types (type I, type II, and so on). In 1997, researchers proposed a simpler classification (the Villefranche nomenclature) that reduced the number of types to six and gave them descriptive names based on their major features. In 2017, the classification was updated to include rare forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that were identified more recently. The 2017 classification describes 13 types of Ehlers- Danlos syndrome. An unusually large range of joint movement (hypermobility) occurs in most forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and it is a hallmark feature of the hypermobile type. Infants and children with hypermobility often have weak muscle tone (hypotonia), which can delay the development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking. The loose joints are unstable and prone to dislocation and chronic pain. In the arthrochalasia type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, infants have hypermobility and dislocations of both hips at birth. Many people with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes have soft, velvety skin that is highly stretchy (elastic) and fragile. Affected individuals tend to bruise easily, and some types of the condition also cause abnormal scarring. People with the classical form of Ehlers- Danlos syndrome experience wounds that split open with little bleeding and leave scars that widen over time to create characteristic "cigarette paper" scars. The dermatosparaxis type of the disorder is characterized by loose skin that sags and wrinkles, and extra (redundant) folds of skin may be present. Bleeding problems are common in the vascular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and are caused by unpredictable tearing (rupture) of blood vessels and organs. These complications can lead to easy bruising, internal bleeding, a hole in the wall of the intestine (intestinal perforation), or stroke. During pregnancy, women with vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may experience rupture of the uterus. Additional forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that involve rupture of the blood vessels include the kyphoscoliotic, classical, and classical-like types. Other types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have additional signs and symptoms. The cardiac-valvular type causes severe problems with the valves that control the movement of blood through the heart. People with the kyphoscoliotic type experience severe curvature of the spine that worsens over time and can interfere with breathing by restricting lung expansion. A type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome called brittle cornea syndrome is characterized by thinness of the clear covering of the eye (the cornea) and other eye abnormalities. The spondylodysplastic type features short stature and skeletal abnormalities such as abnormally curved (bowed) limbs. Abnormalities of muscles, including hypotonia and permanently bent joints (contractures), are among the characteristic signs of the musculocontractural and myopathic forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The periodontal type causes abnormalities of the teeth and gums. Frequency The combined prevalence of all types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome appears to be at least 1 in 5,000 individuals worldwide. The hypermobile and classical forms are most common; the hypermobile type may affect as many as 1 in 5,000 to 20,000 people, while the classical type probably occurs in 1 in 20,000 to 40,000 people. Other forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are rare, often with only a few cases or affected families described in the medical literature.Variants (also known as mutations) in at least 20 genes have been found to cause the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Variants in the COL5A1 or COL5A2 gene, or rarely in the COL1A1 gene, can cause the classical type. Variants in the TNXB gene cause the classical-like type and have been reported in a very small percentage of cases of the hypermobile type (although in most people with this type, the cause is unknown). The cardiac-valvular type and some cases of the arthrochalasia type are caused by COL1A2 gene variants; variants in the COL1A1 gene have also been found in people with the arthrochalasia type. Most cases of the vascular type result from variants in the COL3A1 gene, although rarely this type is caused by certain COL1A1 gene variants. The dermatosparaxis type is caused by variants in the ADAMTS2 gene. PLOD1 or FKBP14 gene variants result in the kyphoscoliotic type. Other rare forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome result from variants in other genes. Some of the genes associated with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, including COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, and COL5A2, provide instructions for making pieces of several different types of collagen. These pieces assemble to form mature collagen molecules that give structure and strength to connective tissues throughout the body. Other genes, including ADAMTS2, FKBP14, PLOD1, and TNXB, provide instructions for making proteins that process, fold, or interact with collagen. Variants in any of these genes disrupt the production or processing of collagen, preventing these molecules from being assembled properly. These changes weaken connective tissues in the skin, bones, and other parts of the body, resulting in the characteristic features of the Ehlers- Danlos syndromes.]	Only use the provided text in the prompt to answer questions. Do not use external knowledge. EVIDENCE: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of disorders that affect connective tissues supporting the skin, bones, blood vessels, and many other organs and tissues. Defects in connective tissues cause the signs and symptoms of these conditions, which range from mildly loose joints to life-threatening complications. The various forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have been classified in several different ways. Originally, 11 forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome were named using Roman numerals to indicate the types (type I, type II, and so on). In 1997, researchers proposed a simpler classification (the Villefranche nomenclature) that reduced the number of types to six and gave them descriptive names based on their major features. In 2017, the classification was updated to include rare forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that were identified more recently. The 2017 classification describes 13 types of Ehlers- Danlos syndrome. An unusually large range of joint movement (hypermobility) occurs in most forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and it is a hallmark feature of the hypermobile type. Infants and children with hypermobility often have weak muscle tone (hypotonia), which can delay the development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking. The loose joints are unstable and prone to dislocation and chronic pain. In the arthrochalasia type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, infants have hypermobility and dislocations of both hips at birth. Many people with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes have soft, velvety skin that is highly stretchy (elastic) and fragile. Affected individuals tend to bruise easily, and some types of the condition also cause abnormal scarring. People with the classical form of Ehlers- Danlos syndrome experience wounds that split open with little bleeding and leave scars that widen over time to create characteristic "cigarette paper" scars. The dermatosparaxis type of the disorder is characterized by loose skin that sags and wrinkles, and extra (redundant) folds of skin may be present. Bleeding problems are common in the vascular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and are caused by unpredictable tearing (rupture) of blood vessels and organs. These complications can lead to easy bruising, internal bleeding, a hole in the wall of the intestine (intestinal perforation), or stroke. During pregnancy, women with vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may experience rupture of the uterus. Additional forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that involve rupture of the blood vessels include the kyphoscoliotic, classical, and classical-like types. Other types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have additional signs and symptoms. The cardiac-valvular type causes severe problems with the valves that control the movement of blood through the heart. People with the kyphoscoliotic type experience severe curvature of the spine that worsens over time and can interfere with breathing by restricting lung expansion. A type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome called brittle cornea syndrome is characterized by thinness of the clear covering of the eye (the cornea) and other eye abnormalities. The spondylodysplastic type features short stature and skeletal abnormalities such as abnormally curved (bowed) limbs. Abnormalities of muscles, including hypotonia and permanently bent joints (contractures), are among the characteristic signs of the musculocontractural and myopathic forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The periodontal type causes abnormalities of the teeth and gums. Frequency The combined prevalence of all types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome appears to be at least 1 in 5,000 individuals worldwide. The hypermobile and classical forms are most common; the hypermobile type may affect as many as 1 in 5,000 to 20,000 people, while the classical type probably occurs in 1 in 20,000 to 40,000 people. Other forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are rare, often with only a few cases or affected families described in the medical literature.Variants (also known as mutations) in at least 20 genes have been found to cause the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Variants in the COL5A1 or COL5A2 gene, or rarely in the COL1A1 gene, can cause the classical type. Variants in the TNXB gene cause the classical-like type and have been reported in a very small percentage of cases of the hypermobile type (although in most people with this type, the cause is unknown). The cardiac-valvular type and some cases of the arthrochalasia type are caused by COL1A2 gene variants; variants in the COL1A1 gene have also been found in people with the arthrochalasia type. Most cases of the vascular type result from variants in the COL3A1 gene, although rarely this type is caused by certain COL1A1 gene variants. The dermatosparaxis type is caused by variants in the ADAMTS2 gene. PLOD1 or FKBP14 gene variants result in the kyphoscoliotic type. Other rare forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome result from variants in other genes. Some of the genes associated with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, including COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, and COL5A2, provide instructions for making pieces of several different types of collagen. These pieces assemble to form mature collagen molecules that give structure and strength to connective tissues throughout the body. Other genes, including ADAMTS2, FKBP14, PLOD1, and TNXB, provide instructions for making proteins that process, fold, or interact with collagen. Variants in any of these genes disrupt the production or processing of collagen, preventing these molecules from being assembled properly. These changes weaken connective tissues in the skin, bones, and other parts of the body, resulting in the characteristic features of the Ehlers- Danlos syndromes. USER: How does hypermobile EDS compare to classic EDS? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	16	8	849	null	508
The response should be accurate and concise, with little added conversational elements or tone. If you cannot provide the answer to the request based on the context given, make sure to simply state, "The information is not available at this time."	If a pimple is ready to be popped, should I go ahead and pop it?	Although rare, popping acne in the "danger triangle"—previously known as the "triangle of death"— may cause an infection of the face or head. The "danger triangle" consists of the area from the corners of your mouth to the bridge of your nose.1 An infection of that area can lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST), or a rare blood clot in your cavernous sinuses. A blood clot in your cavernous sinuses can delay blood flow from your brain.2 Due to the risk of life-threatening infection, you may wonder if and how it's OK to pop pimples on your face. According to dermatologists, here's what you need to know about the "danger triangle" and when (if at all) you can pop pimples on your face safely. popping pimple on the the triangle of death (the nose) ZORANM / GETTY IMAGES What Is the 'Triangle of Death'? The "triangle of death" is an old term for what many experts now call the "danger triangle."1 Visualizing the region on your face may take a bit of imagination. "The area of the face connecting the nose to the corners of the mouth is thought to be a particularly dangerous area of the face because of their close connection to the brain," Joshua Zeichner, MD, an associate professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, told Health. The best way to see the triangle is to form one with your fingers—connecting the tips of your thumbs, then the tips of your pointer fingers. On your face, the top of your triangle is on the bridge of your nose. The base starts at either corner of your mouth and extends across the bottom of your upper lip. Acne Face Mapping: How to Determine the Cause of Your Breakouts Risks of Popping Pimples in the ‘Danger Triangle' The phrase "danger triangle" might sound slightly extreme when talking about pimple popping. Still, practicing care near that area of your face is critical. Picking at or scratching pimples on that area is not wise since it can allow bacteria to enter and cause infection. In general, the American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD) does not advise that you pop your pimples. You may push the contents of the pimple deeper into the skin, leading to complications like permanent scarring and more painful and noticeable acne.3 Infection Popping a pimple in the "danger triangle" runs the risk of a potentially life-threatening infection. As a result, CST may develop, in which a blood clot forms in your cavernous sinuses and blocks blood flow from your brain.2 "The cavernous sinus is the name of a large vein that drains blood to the brain, creating a connection from our outside to our inside," said Dr. Zeichner. In other words, the infection in a pimple on your nose has a somewhat clear path to your brain. For that reason, "any infection in that area is a little bit higher risk," Alok Vij, MD, a dermatologist at the Cleveland Clinic, told Health. "In the event that you pick a pimple, and an infection develops, the worst-case scenario is that the infection spreads from the skin through this sinus," explained Dr. Zeichner. CST is a dangerous disorder, but recognizing the symptoms right away minimizes the risk of death and complications. CST symptoms include:2 Fever Headache Paralysis of the muscles that control eye movements Swelling around the eyes More Noticeable and Painful Acne Frequently touching your face increases the risk of more acne.4 When you pop pimples, bacteria, dead skin cells, and oil push further into your skin. As a result, more swelling and redness occur, making acne appear more noticeable and painful.5 Scarring Another reason to keep your hands off the "danger triangle" is that you may cause scarring in the area, added Dr. Vij. In general, popping pimples may cause scabs to form.6 As the skin heals, you may notice scarring or dark spots on your face. Those dark spots, or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, may fade over long periods. Some dark spots take as long as 12 months to return to your natural skin color, while others may be permanent.4 How Do You Treat Pimples? Keeping your hands away from your face is essential to get rid of acne in the "danger triangle." Instead of popping pimples in that area, try practicing general self-care tips for treating acne. Acne Medicines You can treat your acne with over-the-counter medicines, such as:7 Adapalene Azelaic acid Benzoyl peroxide Glycolic acid Salicylic acid Sulfur Products with those ingredients help eliminate bacteria, dry oil, or peel the top layer of your skin. By doing so, those products may cause some redness. You may avoid irritating your skin by using a pea-sized amount of product every other or third day. Ensure you use a water-based face moisturizer to prevent dryness and peeling.7 Avoid Foods That Worsen Acne Experts do not conclusively know what foods cause or worsen acne. Still, you may find that some foods, like dairy, high-fat foods, or sweet treats (aka sugar) trigger your acne. Try limiting or cutting out any foods that may cause your acne to flare.7 Daily Skincare Routine A daily skincare routine is essential to treating and preventing acne. For example, try incorporating the following into your routine:7 Clean your face with a gentle, non-drying cleanser to remove dirt and makeup. Repeat once or twice daily and after exercise. Do not use rubbing alcohol or toner on the skin. Those products can dry the skin out. Keep long hair out of your face when you sleep by pulling it back. Only use products that are "non-comedogenic," meaning they do not clog your pores. Shampoo your hair when it's oily. Is There a Way to Safely Pop Pimples? Treating acne may be easier said than done. Sometimes, flattening a pimple on your chin is all too rewarding. While popping your pimples is not advised, there are a few ways to make the process less high-risk. First, stay away from pimples in the "danger triangle" region. Anytime you reach for acne on your nose, remember the risk of infection. In contrast, consider the timing if you are determined to pop a pimple on other regions, like your chin. "If you are going to pop your pimples, do not do it right before bed when you are tired. Think of it like a sterile surgical procedure," said Dr. Zeichner. Before popping, thoroughly wash your hands, said Dr. Vij. Ensure the spaces underneath your fingernails are clean since bacteria are good at hiding there. Better yet, cut your nails before popping a pimple, added Dr. Zeichner. Next, clean the skin on your face. Apply a warm compress to your face before you begin the picking process, noted Dr. Vij. Do not pick the top of a zit off with your nails. Instead, "apply even, downward pressure around the pimples," said Dr. Zeichner. It would help if you did this with one of two instruments: a cotton swab or the soft part of your fingertip. Of the utmost importance is realizing when to stop: "If the blockage does not come out easily, abort the mission," noted Dr. Zeichner. Then, remember to practice after-care. "After picking, apply a topical antibiotic ointment like bacitracin to any open skin." When To See a Healthcare Provider At-home treatments can help get rid of and prevent acne. Still, some people may have more stubborn acne than others. Consult a dermatologist if you notice:7 At-home treatments do not get rid of or prevent acne within several months Cysts Emotional distress or social anxiety about acne Redness around pimples Scars form as acne clears Worsening acne What Is Stress Acne—And How Do You Get Rid of It? A Quick Review Popping your pimples anywhere on your face is not advised, especially in the area on your face known as the "danger triangle." You risk an infection that could travel to your brain and bloodstream if you pop a pimple in that region. While popping pimples is tempting, it is not worth the risk of complications. Instead, avoid touching your face, try at-home treatments, or consult a dermatologist if your acne is not clearing up.	The response should be accurate and concise, with little added conversational elements or tone. If you cannot provide the answer to the request based on the context given, make sure to simply state, "The information is not available at this time." If a pimple is ready to be popped, should I go ahead and pop it? Although rare, popping acne in the "danger triangle"—previously known as the "triangle of death"— may cause an infection of the face or head. The "danger triangle" consists of the area from the corners of your mouth to the bridge of your nose.1 An infection of that area can lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST), or a rare blood clot in your cavernous sinuses. A blood clot in your cavernous sinuses can delay blood flow from your brain.2 Due to the risk of life-threatening infection, you may wonder if and how it's OK to pop pimples on your face. According to dermatologists, here's what you need to know about the "danger triangle" and when (if at all) you can pop pimples on your face safely. popping pimple on the the triangle of death (the nose) ZORANM / GETTY IMAGES What Is the 'Triangle of Death'? The "triangle of death" is an old term for what many experts now call the "danger triangle."1 Visualizing the region on your face may take a bit of imagination. "The area of the face connecting the nose to the corners of the mouth is thought to be a particularly dangerous area of the face because of their close connection to the brain," Joshua Zeichner, MD, an associate professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, told Health. The best way to see the triangle is to form one with your fingers—connecting the tips of your thumbs, then the tips of your pointer fingers. On your face, the top of your triangle is on the bridge of your nose. The base starts at either corner of your mouth and extends across the bottom of your upper lip. Acne Face Mapping: How to Determine the Cause of Your Breakouts Risks of Popping Pimples in the ‘Danger Triangle' The phrase "danger triangle" might sound slightly extreme when talking about pimple popping. Still, practicing care near that area of your face is critical. Picking at or scratching pimples on that area is not wise since it can allow bacteria to enter and cause infection. In general, the American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD) does not advise that you pop your pimples. You may push the contents of the pimple deeper into the skin, leading to complications like permanent scarring and more painful and noticeable acne.3 Infection Popping a pimple in the "danger triangle" runs the risk of a potentially life-threatening infection. As a result, CST may develop, in which a blood clot forms in your cavernous sinuses and blocks blood flow from your brain.2 "The cavernous sinus is the name of a large vein that drains blood to the brain, creating a connection from our outside to our inside," said Dr. Zeichner. In other words, the infection in a pimple on your nose has a somewhat clear path to your brain. For that reason, "any infection in that area is a little bit higher risk," Alok Vij, MD, a dermatologist at the Cleveland Clinic, told Health. "In the event that you pick a pimple, and an infection develops, the worst-case scenario is that the infection spreads from the skin through this sinus," explained Dr. Zeichner. CST is a dangerous disorder, but recognizing the symptoms right away minimizes the risk of death and complications. CST symptoms include:2 Fever Headache Paralysis of the muscles that control eye movements Swelling around the eyes More Noticeable and Painful Acne Frequently touching your face increases the risk of more acne.4 When you pop pimples, bacteria, dead skin cells, and oil push further into your skin. As a result, more swelling and redness occur, making acne appear more noticeable and painful.5 Scarring Another reason to keep your hands off the "danger triangle" is that you may cause scarring in the area, added Dr. Vij. In general, popping pimples may cause scabs to form.6 As the skin heals, you may notice scarring or dark spots on your face. Those dark spots, or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, may fade over long periods. Some dark spots take as long as 12 months to return to your natural skin color, while others may be permanent.4 How Do You Treat Pimples? Keeping your hands away from your face is essential to get rid of acne in the "danger triangle." Instead of popping pimples in that area, try practicing general self-care tips for treating acne. Acne Medicines You can treat your acne with over-the-counter medicines, such as:7 Adapalene Azelaic acid Benzoyl peroxide Glycolic acid Salicylic acid Sulfur Products with those ingredients help eliminate bacteria, dry oil, or peel the top layer of your skin. By doing so, those products may cause some redness. You may avoid irritating your skin by using a pea-sized amount of product every other or third day. Ensure you use a water-based face moisturizer to prevent dryness and peeling.7 Avoid Foods That Worsen Acne Experts do not conclusively know what foods cause or worsen acne. Still, you may find that some foods, like dairy, high-fat foods, or sweet treats (aka sugar) trigger your acne. Try limiting or cutting out any foods that may cause your acne to flare.7 Daily Skincare Routine A daily skincare routine is essential to treating and preventing acne. For example, try incorporating the following into your routine:7 Clean your face with a gentle, non-drying cleanser to remove dirt and makeup. Repeat once or twice daily and after exercise. Do not use rubbing alcohol or toner on the skin. Those products can dry the skin out. Keep long hair out of your face when you sleep by pulling it back. Only use products that are "non-comedogenic," meaning they do not clog your pores. Shampoo your hair when it's oily. Is There a Way to Safely Pop Pimples? Treating acne may be easier said than done. Sometimes, flattening a pimple on your chin is all too rewarding. While popping your pimples is not advised, there are a few ways to make the process less high-risk. First, stay away from pimples in the "danger triangle" region. Anytime you reach for acne on your nose, remember the risk of infection. In contrast, consider the timing if you are determined to pop a pimple on other regions, like your chin. "If you are going to pop your pimples, do not do it right before bed when you are tired. Think of it like a sterile surgical procedure," said Dr. Zeichner. Before popping, thoroughly wash your hands, said Dr. Vij. Ensure the spaces underneath your fingernails are clean since bacteria are good at hiding there. Better yet, cut your nails before popping a pimple, added Dr. Zeichner. Next, clean the skin on your face. Apply a warm compress to your face before you begin the picking process, noted Dr. Vij. Do not pick the top of a zit off with your nails. Instead, "apply even, downward pressure around the pimples," said Dr. Zeichner. It would help if you did this with one of two instruments: a cotton swab or the soft part of your fingertip. Of the utmost importance is realizing when to stop: "If the blockage does not come out easily, abort the mission," noted Dr. Zeichner. Then, remember to practice after-care. "After picking, apply a topical antibiotic ointment like bacitracin to any open skin." When To See a Healthcare Provider At-home treatments can help get rid of and prevent acne. Still, some people may have more stubborn acne than others. Consult a dermatologist if you notice:7 At-home treatments do not get rid of or prevent acne within several months Cysts Emotional distress or social anxiety about acne Redness around pimples Scars form as acne clears Worsening acne What Is Stress Acne—And How Do You Get Rid of It? A Quick Review Popping your pimples anywhere on your face is not advised, especially in the area on your face known as the "danger triangle." You risk an infection that could travel to your brain and bloodstream if you pop a pimple in that region. While popping pimples is tempting, it is not worth the risk of complications. Instead, avoid touching your face, try at-home treatments, or consult a dermatologist if your acne is not clearing up.	The response should be accurate and concise, with little added conversational elements or tone. If you cannot provide the answer to the request based on the context given, make sure to simply state, "The information is not available at this time." EVIDENCE: Although rare, popping acne in the "danger triangle"—previously known as the "triangle of death"— may cause an infection of the face or head. The "danger triangle" consists of the area from the corners of your mouth to the bridge of your nose.1 An infection of that area can lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST), or a rare blood clot in your cavernous sinuses. A blood clot in your cavernous sinuses can delay blood flow from your brain.2 Due to the risk of life-threatening infection, you may wonder if and how it's OK to pop pimples on your face. According to dermatologists, here's what you need to know about the "danger triangle" and when (if at all) you can pop pimples on your face safely. popping pimple on the the triangle of death (the nose) ZORANM / GETTY IMAGES What Is the 'Triangle of Death'? The "triangle of death" is an old term for what many experts now call the "danger triangle."1 Visualizing the region on your face may take a bit of imagination. "The area of the face connecting the nose to the corners of the mouth is thought to be a particularly dangerous area of the face because of their close connection to the brain," Joshua Zeichner, MD, an associate professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, told Health. The best way to see the triangle is to form one with your fingers—connecting the tips of your thumbs, then the tips of your pointer fingers. On your face, the top of your triangle is on the bridge of your nose. The base starts at either corner of your mouth and extends across the bottom of your upper lip. Acne Face Mapping: How to Determine the Cause of Your Breakouts Risks of Popping Pimples in the ‘Danger Triangle' The phrase "danger triangle" might sound slightly extreme when talking about pimple popping. Still, practicing care near that area of your face is critical. Picking at or scratching pimples on that area is not wise since it can allow bacteria to enter and cause infection. In general, the American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD) does not advise that you pop your pimples. You may push the contents of the pimple deeper into the skin, leading to complications like permanent scarring and more painful and noticeable acne.3 Infection Popping a pimple in the "danger triangle" runs the risk of a potentially life-threatening infection. As a result, CST may develop, in which a blood clot forms in your cavernous sinuses and blocks blood flow from your brain.2 "The cavernous sinus is the name of a large vein that drains blood to the brain, creating a connection from our outside to our inside," said Dr. Zeichner. In other words, the infection in a pimple on your nose has a somewhat clear path to your brain. For that reason, "any infection in that area is a little bit higher risk," Alok Vij, MD, a dermatologist at the Cleveland Clinic, told Health. "In the event that you pick a pimple, and an infection develops, the worst-case scenario is that the infection spreads from the skin through this sinus," explained Dr. Zeichner. CST is a dangerous disorder, but recognizing the symptoms right away minimizes the risk of death and complications. CST symptoms include:2 Fever Headache Paralysis of the muscles that control eye movements Swelling around the eyes More Noticeable and Painful Acne Frequently touching your face increases the risk of more acne.4 When you pop pimples, bacteria, dead skin cells, and oil push further into your skin. As a result, more swelling and redness occur, making acne appear more noticeable and painful.5 Scarring Another reason to keep your hands off the "danger triangle" is that you may cause scarring in the area, added Dr. Vij. In general, popping pimples may cause scabs to form.6 As the skin heals, you may notice scarring or dark spots on your face. Those dark spots, or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, may fade over long periods. Some dark spots take as long as 12 months to return to your natural skin color, while others may be permanent.4 How Do You Treat Pimples? Keeping your hands away from your face is essential to get rid of acne in the "danger triangle." Instead of popping pimples in that area, try practicing general self-care tips for treating acne. Acne Medicines You can treat your acne with over-the-counter medicines, such as:7 Adapalene Azelaic acid Benzoyl peroxide Glycolic acid Salicylic acid Sulfur Products with those ingredients help eliminate bacteria, dry oil, or peel the top layer of your skin. By doing so, those products may cause some redness. You may avoid irritating your skin by using a pea-sized amount of product every other or third day. Ensure you use a water-based face moisturizer to prevent dryness and peeling.7 Avoid Foods That Worsen Acne Experts do not conclusively know what foods cause or worsen acne. Still, you may find that some foods, like dairy, high-fat foods, or sweet treats (aka sugar) trigger your acne. Try limiting or cutting out any foods that may cause your acne to flare.7 Daily Skincare Routine A daily skincare routine is essential to treating and preventing acne. For example, try incorporating the following into your routine:7 Clean your face with a gentle, non-drying cleanser to remove dirt and makeup. Repeat once or twice daily and after exercise. Do not use rubbing alcohol or toner on the skin. Those products can dry the skin out. Keep long hair out of your face when you sleep by pulling it back. Only use products that are "non-comedogenic," meaning they do not clog your pores. Shampoo your hair when it's oily. Is There a Way to Safely Pop Pimples? Treating acne may be easier said than done. Sometimes, flattening a pimple on your chin is all too rewarding. While popping your pimples is not advised, there are a few ways to make the process less high-risk. First, stay away from pimples in the "danger triangle" region. Anytime you reach for acne on your nose, remember the risk of infection. In contrast, consider the timing if you are determined to pop a pimple on other regions, like your chin. "If you are going to pop your pimples, do not do it right before bed when you are tired. Think of it like a sterile surgical procedure," said Dr. Zeichner. Before popping, thoroughly wash your hands, said Dr. Vij. Ensure the spaces underneath your fingernails are clean since bacteria are good at hiding there. Better yet, cut your nails before popping a pimple, added Dr. Zeichner. Next, clean the skin on your face. Apply a warm compress to your face before you begin the picking process, noted Dr. Vij. Do not pick the top of a zit off with your nails. Instead, "apply even, downward pressure around the pimples," said Dr. Zeichner. It would help if you did this with one of two instruments: a cotton swab or the soft part of your fingertip. Of the utmost importance is realizing when to stop: "If the blockage does not come out easily, abort the mission," noted Dr. Zeichner. Then, remember to practice after-care. "After picking, apply a topical antibiotic ointment like bacitracin to any open skin." When To See a Healthcare Provider At-home treatments can help get rid of and prevent acne. Still, some people may have more stubborn acne than others. Consult a dermatologist if you notice:7 At-home treatments do not get rid of or prevent acne within several months Cysts Emotional distress or social anxiety about acne Redness around pimples Scars form as acne clears Worsening acne What Is Stress Acne—And How Do You Get Rid of It? A Quick Review Popping your pimples anywhere on your face is not advised, especially in the area on your face known as the "danger triangle." You risk an infection that could travel to your brain and bloodstream if you pop a pimple in that region. While popping pimples is tempting, it is not worth the risk of complications. Instead, avoid touching your face, try at-home treatments, or consult a dermatologist if your acne is not clearing up. USER: If a pimple is ready to be popped, should I go ahead and pop it? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	41	15	1,357	null	718
Simplify the language used so it's easier to understand. Only pull information from the provided document.	What are the pros and cons mentioned in this reviews?	Dependable Mic I do sound for small bands and these mics are very dependable and sound great. The work for vocals and instruments. A good buy. by Aj from Salinas, Ca on November 29, 2023 Music background: Dj/Live Sound Best Dynamic Mic ever This mix is amazing. It will always be a classic. Still putting it through its paces but it sounds great. by VenoMUZIK from Columbus, OH on August 10, 2023 Music background: Singer/songwriter, composer, producer Great sounding mic for the money Have been impressed with the pickup and sound quality of these mics compared to some of the other mics I use by Lee Yoritomo from Montgomery Village, MD on February 16, 2024 Shure SM 58 Microphone.. No matter what type of venue you do you're SM 58 microphone is always ready to go no batteries to change out and it's always spot on! by Sweetwater Customer from Alaska on February 6, 2024 Shure SM 58 Microphone.. No matter what type of venue you do you're SM 58 microphone is always ready to go no batteries to change out and it's always spot on! by Sweetwater Customer from Kenai, Alaska on February 6, 2024 Twenty years ago I quickly acquired a Realistic microphone to use when I served as the disc jockey at wedding receptions and class reunions. When it recently rolled off the table at an event and broke into a few pieces I wanted to order a replacement. I purchased the Shure SM 58 Handheld Dynamic Vocal Microphone (based on a co-worker's recommendation). When a microphone was needed at a recent festival I gave it the first testing. It was much lower and less powerful than my previous "cheaper" microphone (which had been purchased at a local Radio Shack affiliate). I am currently involved with testing it at my workplace to see if it is truly defective or needs some sort of power boost to effectively broadcast voices loud enough through my gear. parts not interchangeable By daniel graves from California on May 10, 2017 Music Background: performer Many reviews will tell you that the sms58S is just the sm58 with a switch added. But when trying to exchange the microphone element between the two, I discovered that the parts are not interchangeable. The thread count is different on the collar and different on the mike head, with different rubber gaskets, the diameter of the mike elements are different, and wiring colors are different. Possibly this is a difference in year of manufacture, One mike is a year old, the other unknown but at least 5yrs old (these mikes have been around since the 60's, so who knows). One other difference is that the SMS58 is more insulated,and less prone to noise from handling the mike (or did they just make the the housing quieter in the older models? Shure SM58 By Timothy Connelly from Pacifin North West on December 22, 2023 Music Background: Garage band, Open Mic, Gigs The mic works well, however I wish it had a on/off switch' On another matter, I was hoping to review the purchase of my JBL EONONE 1 Perhaps it is my age (72), but I find it very confusing in regards to the operation of the unit. I realize Sweetwater is not the manufacturer of the JBL EONONE, however it would be great if Sweetwater could produce an owners manual that a senior citizen could understand. I have managed to program 2 out of 5 channels. I have not solved all of the special affects including reverb, chorus and delay, Maybe for a younger consumer who is better educated in the "tech" world , this is not a problem. I can promise you for this consumer, it is more than frustrating. Sincerely Timothy Connelly	Simplify the language used so it's easier to understand. Only pull information from the provided document. What are the pros and cons mentioned in this reviews? Dependable Mic I do sound for small bands and these mics are very dependable and sound great. The work for vocals and instruments. A good buy. by Aj from Salinas, Ca on November 29, 2023 Music background: Dj/Live Sound Best Dynamic Mic ever This mix is amazing. It will always be a classic. Still putting it through its paces but it sounds great. by VenoMUZIK from Columbus, OH on August 10, 2023 Music background: Singer/songwriter, composer, producer Great sounding mic for the money Have been impressed with the pickup and sound quality of these mics compared to some of the other mics I use by Lee Yoritomo from Montgomery Village, MD on February 16, 2024 Shure SM 58 Microphone.. No matter what type of venue you do you're SM 58 microphone is always ready to go no batteries to change out and it's always spot on! by Sweetwater Customer from Alaska on February 6, 2024 Shure SM 58 Microphone.. No matter what type of venue you do you're SM 58 microphone is always ready to go no batteries to change out and it's always spot on! by Sweetwater Customer from Kenai, Alaska on February 6, 2024 Twenty years ago I quickly acquired a Realistic microphone to use when I served as the disc jockey at wedding receptions and class reunions. When it recently rolled off the table at an event and broke into a few pieces I wanted to order a replacement. I purchased the Shure SM 58 Handheld Dynamic Vocal Microphone (based on a co-worker's recommendation). When a microphone was needed at a recent festival I gave it the first testing. It was much lower and less powerful than my previous "cheaper" microphone (which had been purchased at a local Radio Shack affiliate). I am currently involved with testing it at my workplace to see if it is truly defective or needs some sort of power boost to effectively broadcast voices loud enough through my gear. parts not interchangeable By daniel graves from California on May 10, 2017 Music Background: performer Many reviews will tell you that the sms58S is just the sm58 with a switch added. But when trying to exchange the microphone element between the two, I discovered that the parts are not interchangeable. The thread count is different on the collar and different on the mike head, with different rubber gaskets, the diameter of the mike elements are different, and wiring colors are different. Possibly this is a difference in year of manufacture, One mike is a year old, the other unknown but at least 5yrs old (these mikes have been around since the 60's, so who knows). One other difference is that the SMS58 is more insulated,and less prone to noise from handling the mike (or did they just make the the housing quieter in the older models? Shure SM58 By Timothy Connelly from Pacifin North West on December 22, 2023 Music Background: Garage band, Open Mic, Gigs The mic works well, however I wish it had a on/off switch' On another matter, I was hoping to review the purchase of my JBL EONONE 1 Perhaps it is my age (72), but I find it very confusing in regards to the operation of the unit. I realize Sweetwater is not the manufacturer of the JBL EONONE, however it would be great if Sweetwater could produce an owners manual that a senior citizen could understand. I have managed to program 2 out of 5 channels. I have not solved all of the special affects including reverb, chorus and delay, Maybe for a younger consumer who is better educated in the "tech" world , this is not a problem. I can promise you for this consumer, it is more than frustrating. Sincerely Timothy Connelly	Simplify the language used so it's easier to understand. Only pull information from the provided document. EVIDENCE: Dependable Mic I do sound for small bands and these mics are very dependable and sound great. The work for vocals and instruments. A good buy. by Aj from Salinas, Ca on November 29, 2023 Music background: Dj/Live Sound Best Dynamic Mic ever This mix is amazing. It will always be a classic. Still putting it through its paces but it sounds great. by VenoMUZIK from Columbus, OH on August 10, 2023 Music background: Singer/songwriter, composer, producer Great sounding mic for the money Have been impressed with the pickup and sound quality of these mics compared to some of the other mics I use by Lee Yoritomo from Montgomery Village, MD on February 16, 2024 Shure SM 58 Microphone.. No matter what type of venue you do you're SM 58 microphone is always ready to go no batteries to change out and it's always spot on! by Sweetwater Customer from Alaska on February 6, 2024 Shure SM 58 Microphone.. No matter what type of venue you do you're SM 58 microphone is always ready to go no batteries to change out and it's always spot on! by Sweetwater Customer from Kenai, Alaska on February 6, 2024 Twenty years ago I quickly acquired a Realistic microphone to use when I served as the disc jockey at wedding receptions and class reunions. When it recently rolled off the table at an event and broke into a few pieces I wanted to order a replacement. I purchased the Shure SM 58 Handheld Dynamic Vocal Microphone (based on a co-worker's recommendation). When a microphone was needed at a recent festival I gave it the first testing. It was much lower and less powerful than my previous "cheaper" microphone (which had been purchased at a local Radio Shack affiliate). I am currently involved with testing it at my workplace to see if it is truly defective or needs some sort of power boost to effectively broadcast voices loud enough through my gear. parts not interchangeable By daniel graves from California on May 10, 2017 Music Background: performer Many reviews will tell you that the sms58S is just the sm58 with a switch added. But when trying to exchange the microphone element between the two, I discovered that the parts are not interchangeable. The thread count is different on the collar and different on the mike head, with different rubber gaskets, the diameter of the mike elements are different, and wiring colors are different. Possibly this is a difference in year of manufacture, One mike is a year old, the other unknown but at least 5yrs old (these mikes have been around since the 60's, so who knows). One other difference is that the SMS58 is more insulated,and less prone to noise from handling the mike (or did they just make the the housing quieter in the older models? Shure SM58 By Timothy Connelly from Pacifin North West on December 22, 2023 Music Background: Garage band, Open Mic, Gigs The mic works well, however I wish it had a on/off switch' On another matter, I was hoping to review the purchase of my JBL EONONE 1 Perhaps it is my age (72), but I find it very confusing in regards to the operation of the unit. I realize Sweetwater is not the manufacturer of the JBL EONONE, however it would be great if Sweetwater could produce an owners manual that a senior citizen could understand. I have managed to program 2 out of 5 channels. I have not solved all of the special affects including reverb, chorus and delay, Maybe for a younger consumer who is better educated in the "tech" world , this is not a problem. I can promise you for this consumer, it is more than frustrating. Sincerely Timothy Connelly USER: What are the pros and cons mentioned in this reviews? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	16	10	627	null	599
Only refer to the attached document in providing your response.	How can credit unions attract younger millennial clients?	FORBES > MONEY 3 Ways Credit Unions Can Attract More Millennial Members Crissi Cole \| Forbes Councils Member Forbes Finance Council COUNCIL POST \| Membership (Fee-Based) Feb 28, 2024, 07:00am EST Crissi Cole is the CEO and founder of Penny Finance, an online financial mentorship community for women. GETTY Where did you open your first bank account? For me, it was with a credit union. I still remember how proud I felt, strolling through the glass doors of Washington Trust in Rhode Island to deposit hard-earned tips from a summer job. That first check turned into a lifelong relationship, and years later, I took out my first mortgage with that same credit union. Yet, for others around my age, this isn’t always the case. Wooed by compelling adverts and household names, I noticed that many of my friends housed their assets at traditional financial institutions. In fact, only 14% of Americans ages 25-34 are members of credit unions. This is surprising when you consider credit unions’ advantages. For example, did you know that credit unions are actually member-owned nonprofits? According to Bankrate, this structure enables credit unions to charge lower interest rates on loans and higher yields on savings products. That’s why you may have noticed competitive rates on a mortgage at your local credit union, or better yields on share certificates or savings accounts. Between 2022 and 2045, baby boomers are projected to hand down $72.6 trillion in assets to their heirs, including Generation X and millennials. So, it’s more important than ever for credit unions to appeal to millennials. How can credit unions attract and retain more millennial members during the great wealth transfer? As a fintech founder, a millennial and a credit union member, here are three practical solutions that credit unions can implement today. Offer a competitive high-yield savings account. What’s a popular piece of financial advice I see millennials passing on to their friends right now? Open a high-yield savings account, like, yesterday. One of the only upsides to high interest rates is the HYSA, and millennials are taking note. As a credit union, one way to attract millennial members—and to keep existing members from moving their money out of your MORE FROM FORBES ADVISOR Best High-Yield Savings Accounts Of 2024 By Kevin Payne Contributor Best 5% Interest Savings Accounts of 2024 By Cassidy Horton Contributor ecosystem—is to offer a high-yield savings account with competitive rates. If your credit union can’t offer a HYSA right now, there are strategic alternatives. For example, in 2022, Farmers Insurance Group Federal Credit Union raised the rate of its online savings account, eliminating its tiers and minimum balance requirement, while keeping the rate on its money market accounts static. Tackle issues millennials care about. Millennials hold 47% of student loan debt in the U.S. Speaking from personal experience, this debt weighs down heavily on us, limiting our upward mobility and delaying experiences considered “rites of passage” for previous generations, such as home ownership. Credit unions can offer support to millennial members through loan refinancing for better rates, but there’s the opportunity to go further. Giving members the tools to figure out their debt payoff plan—in the form of online learning, planning and calculators—can provide them the support they need to get out of debt and, one day, into investing. Provide next-gen financial planning. Only one-sixth of credit unions in the U.S. offer financial planning services, yet 85% of millennials and Gen Z seek some form of behavioral coaching about their finances. For credit unions, it’s challenging to scale an army of advisors to serve this need. Plus, millennials often don’t meet the asset minimum needed to hire an advisor. That’s why it’s time to meet millennials where they are: online. Offering digital, nontraditional financial planning to your millennial members is a way to be at the forefront of money management. And if your credit union does happen to offer wealth management, offering digital planning solutions isn’t a conflict of interest; it’s an on- ramp. Helping your members become financially healthy today means they’re more likely to have investable assets tomorrow, and if you have the data infrastructure in place, you’ll be able to reroute them in your ecosystem. The information provided here is not investment, tax or financial advice. You should consult with a licensed professional for advice concerning your specific situation. Forbes Finance Council is an invitation-only organization for executives in successful accounting, financial planning and wealth management firms. Do I qualify? Follow me on Twitter or LinkedIn. Check out my website. Crissi Cole Crissi Cole is the CEO and founder of Penny Finance, an online nancial mentorship community for women. Read Crissi Cole's full... Read More ADVERTISEMENT Editorial Standards Reprints & Permissions	Only refer to the attached document in providing your response. How can credit unions attract younger millennial clients? FORBES > MONEY 3 Ways Credit Unions Can Attract More Millennial Members Crissi Cole \| Forbes Councils Member Forbes Finance Council COUNCIL POST \| Membership (Fee-Based) Feb 28, 2024, 07:00am EST Crissi Cole is the CEO and founder of Penny Finance, an online financial mentorship community for women. GETTY Where did you open your first bank account? For me, it was with a credit union. I still remember how proud I felt, strolling through the glass doors of Washington Trust in Rhode Island to deposit hard-earned tips from a summer job. That first check turned into a lifelong relationship, and years later, I took out my first mortgage with that same credit union. Yet, for others around my age, this isn’t always the case. Wooed by compelling adverts and household names, I noticed that many of my friends housed their assets at traditional financial institutions. In fact, only 14% of Americans ages 25-34 are members of credit unions. This is surprising when you consider credit unions’ advantages. For example, did you know that credit unions are actually member-owned nonprofits? According to Bankrate, this structure enables credit unions to charge lower interest rates on loans and higher yields on savings products. That’s why you may have noticed competitive rates on a mortgage at your local credit union, or better yields on share certificates or savings accounts. Between 2022 and 2045, baby boomers are projected to hand down $72.6 trillion in assets to their heirs, including Generation X and millennials. So, it’s more important than ever for credit unions to appeal to millennials. How can credit unions attract and retain more millennial members during the great wealth transfer? As a fintech founder, a millennial and a credit union member, here are three practical solutions that credit unions can implement today. Offer a competitive high-yield savings account. What’s a popular piece of financial advice I see millennials passing on to their friends right now? Open a high-yield savings account, like, yesterday. One of the only upsides to high interest rates is the HYSA, and millennials are taking note. As a credit union, one way to attract millennial members—and to keep existing members from moving their money out of your MORE FROM FORBES ADVISOR Best High-Yield Savings Accounts Of 2024 By Kevin Payne Contributor Best 5% Interest Savings Accounts of 2024 By Cassidy Horton Contributor ecosystem—is to offer a high-yield savings account with competitive rates. If your credit union can’t offer a HYSA right now, there are strategic alternatives. For example, in 2022, Farmers Insurance Group Federal Credit Union raised the rate of its online savings account, eliminating its tiers and minimum balance requirement, while keeping the rate on its money market accounts static. Tackle issues millennials care about. Millennials hold 47% of student loan debt in the U.S. Speaking from personal experience, this debt weighs down heavily on us, limiting our upward mobility and delaying experiences considered “rites of passage” for previous generations, such as home ownership. Credit unions can offer support to millennial members through loan refinancing for better rates, but there’s the opportunity to go further. Giving members the tools to figure out their debt payoff plan—in the form of online learning, planning and calculators—can provide them the support they need to get out of debt and, one day, into investing. Provide next-gen financial planning. Only one-sixth of credit unions in the U.S. offer financial planning services, yet 85% of millennials and Gen Z seek some form of behavioral coaching about their finances. For credit unions, it’s challenging to scale an army of advisors to serve this need. Plus, millennials often don’t meet the asset minimum needed to hire an advisor. That’s why it’s time to meet millennials where they are: online. Offering digital, nontraditional financial planning to your millennial members is a way to be at the forefront of money management. And if your credit union does happen to offer wealth management, offering digital planning solutions isn’t a conflict of interest; it’s an on- ramp. Helping your members become financially healthy today means they’re more likely to have investable assets tomorrow, and if you have the data infrastructure in place, you’ll be able to reroute them in your ecosystem. The information provided here is not investment, tax or financial advice. You should consult with a licensed professional for advice concerning your specific situation. Forbes Finance Council is an invitation-only organization for executives in successful accounting, financial planning and wealth management firms. Do I qualify? Follow me on Twitter or LinkedIn. Check out my website. Crissi Cole Crissi Cole is the CEO and founder of Penny Finance, an online nancial mentorship community for women. Read Crissi Cole's full... Read More ADVERTISEMENT Editorial Standards Reprints & Permissions	Only refer to the attached document in providing your response. EVIDENCE: FORBES > MONEY 3 Ways Credit Unions Can Attract More Millennial Members Crissi Cole \| Forbes Councils Member Forbes Finance Council COUNCIL POST \| Membership (Fee-Based) Feb 28, 2024, 07:00am EST Crissi Cole is the CEO and founder of Penny Finance, an online financial mentorship community for women. GETTY Where did you open your first bank account? For me, it was with a credit union. I still remember how proud I felt, strolling through the glass doors of Washington Trust in Rhode Island to deposit hard-earned tips from a summer job. That first check turned into a lifelong relationship, and years later, I took out my first mortgage with that same credit union. Yet, for others around my age, this isn’t always the case. Wooed by compelling adverts and household names, I noticed that many of my friends housed their assets at traditional financial institutions. In fact, only 14% of Americans ages 25-34 are members of credit unions. This is surprising when you consider credit unions’ advantages. For example, did you know that credit unions are actually member-owned nonprofits? According to Bankrate, this structure enables credit unions to charge lower interest rates on loans and higher yields on savings products. That’s why you may have noticed competitive rates on a mortgage at your local credit union, or better yields on share certificates or savings accounts. Between 2022 and 2045, baby boomers are projected to hand down $72.6 trillion in assets to their heirs, including Generation X and millennials. So, it’s more important than ever for credit unions to appeal to millennials. How can credit unions attract and retain more millennial members during the great wealth transfer? As a fintech founder, a millennial and a credit union member, here are three practical solutions that credit unions can implement today. Offer a competitive high-yield savings account. What’s a popular piece of financial advice I see millennials passing on to their friends right now? Open a high-yield savings account, like, yesterday. One of the only upsides to high interest rates is the HYSA, and millennials are taking note. As a credit union, one way to attract millennial members—and to keep existing members from moving their money out of your MORE FROM FORBES ADVISOR Best High-Yield Savings Accounts Of 2024 By Kevin Payne Contributor Best 5% Interest Savings Accounts of 2024 By Cassidy Horton Contributor ecosystem—is to offer a high-yield savings account with competitive rates. If your credit union can’t offer a HYSA right now, there are strategic alternatives. For example, in 2022, Farmers Insurance Group Federal Credit Union raised the rate of its online savings account, eliminating its tiers and minimum balance requirement, while keeping the rate on its money market accounts static. Tackle issues millennials care about. Millennials hold 47% of student loan debt in the U.S. Speaking from personal experience, this debt weighs down heavily on us, limiting our upward mobility and delaying experiences considered “rites of passage” for previous generations, such as home ownership. Credit unions can offer support to millennial members through loan refinancing for better rates, but there’s the opportunity to go further. Giving members the tools to figure out their debt payoff plan—in the form of online learning, planning and calculators—can provide them the support they need to get out of debt and, one day, into investing. Provide next-gen financial planning. Only one-sixth of credit unions in the U.S. offer financial planning services, yet 85% of millennials and Gen Z seek some form of behavioral coaching about their finances. For credit unions, it’s challenging to scale an army of advisors to serve this need. Plus, millennials often don’t meet the asset minimum needed to hire an advisor. That’s why it’s time to meet millennials where they are: online. Offering digital, nontraditional financial planning to your millennial members is a way to be at the forefront of money management. And if your credit union does happen to offer wealth management, offering digital planning solutions isn’t a conflict of interest; it’s an on- ramp. Helping your members become financially healthy today means they’re more likely to have investable assets tomorrow, and if you have the data infrastructure in place, you’ll be able to reroute them in your ecosystem. The information provided here is not investment, tax or financial advice. You should consult with a licensed professional for advice concerning your specific situation. Forbes Finance Council is an invitation-only organization for executives in successful accounting, financial planning and wealth management firms. Do I qualify? Follow me on Twitter or LinkedIn. Check out my website. Crissi Cole Crissi Cole is the CEO and founder of Penny Finance, an online nancial mentorship community for women. Read Crissi Cole's full... Read More ADVERTISEMENT Editorial Standards Reprints & Permissions USER: How can credit unions attract younger millennial clients? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	10	8	785	null	221
[question] [user request] ===================== [text] [context document] ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources.	What are the core differences between fundamental analysis and technical analysis, in what they measure and how they are used? Include criticisms or downsides of each analysis to explain the differences in practice.	What Is Fundamental Analysis? Fundamental analysis is used in finance to evaluate the intrinsic value—the real worth—of a security, sector, or economy. It's used when scrutinizing income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements for a company's stock. Fundamental analysis is generally for those looking for long-term value. As such, those performing this kind of analysis are trying to calculate how much the company will make in the future against its present net value. A stock trading below the company's intrinsic value is seen as promising, while the opposite is true for those priced below it. The outcome of the analysis can lead to buying, holding, or selling a security. The Main Tools of Fundamental Analysis This approach seeks to uncover the intrinsic value of a security, such as a stock or currency, using these main tools: Financial statements: These include a company's income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, which provide an economic snapshot and help assess its profitability, liquidity, and solvency. Analysts use these to determine financial ratios, multiples, and other mathematical representations of a firm's financial health. Economic indicators: Macroeconomic indicators like gross domestic product growth, inflation, and unemployment rates are used to understand the economic environment in which a company operates. These indicators can affect consumer behavior and, therefore, a company's performance. Interest rates: Central bank interest rates can significantly affect an investment's value. Higher interest rates generally lead to lower stock prices, while lower rates boost stock prices. News and events: Company news, such as earnings reports, new contracts, and regulatory changes, affect stock prices. Qualitative information: This includes details about management quality, industry cycles, competitive advantage, and other nonquantifiable factors that affect a company's stock. 1 Investors use these tools to see whether a security is undervalued or overvalued. Criticisms of Fundamental Analysis Here are some of the main criticisms of fundamental analysis: Time-consuming: Fundamental analysis requires extensive research and data collection, which can be very time-intensive. Subjectivity: As with technical analysis, different analysts may interpret the same data differently, leading to the claim that the results end up subjective. Information lag: Financial reports and economic data are often released with a delay, potentially making the analysis outdated. Difficulty quantifying qualitative factors: Aspects like management quality or brand value are hard to objectively measure. Assumption of market efficiency: Fundamental analysis very often assumes that markets are efficient. Hence, long-term value (the prices on the stock market) will eventually match the stock's underlying reality or intrinsic value. However, the long-term may never come, and in the meantime, what's the best approach to obtain the gains from price changes? Long-term focus: It may not be as useful for short-term trading decisions. Overlooking market sentiment: Fundamental analysis may not adequately account for investor psychology and market trends. It may miss important price trends and patterns that technical analysis might catch. Vulnerability to unexpected events: Sudden geopolitical or economic events can quickly render fundamental analysis irrelevant. 2 These criticisms highlight why some investors prefer technical analysis or combine both approaches. What Is Technical Analysis? Technical analysis evaluates financial assets, such as stocks, currencies, or commodities, by reviewing the historical price and volume data. Unlike fundamental analysis, which focuses on the intrinsic value of an asset, technical analysis examines the volume and price of shares over time. 2 Simplifying more than a little, where those using fundamental analysis portray themselves as the sober-minded investigators uncovering real value in the economy, those who use technical analysis start from the perspective that markets are inefficient and price patterns and trends in market data can be exploited for potential profit. Fundamental and technical analyses are the major schools of thought for approaching the markets. The Main Tools of Technical Analysis Here are the tools most often used in technical analyses: Technical analysis indicators: These are mathematical calculations based on price, volume, or open interest to predict future prices. The indicators are generally based on momentum or mean reversion. Volume analysis: This studies the number of shares, lots, or contracts traded in a security or market during a certain period. Relative strength: This metric compares the performance of an asset to a benchmark to gauge its momentum. 2 Chart pattern analysis: The study of price movements in a market pinpoints patterns that can suggest future activity. 3 Candlestick pattern analysis: This kind of financial chart used for price movements could indicate investor sentiment, market trends, or reversals of those trends. 4 Example candlestick pattern A candlestick pattern on charts consists of rectangular "bodies" that show the opening and closing prices, with thin vertical lines called "wicks" or "shadows" extending above and below to indicate the high and low prices for the period. The body is typically colored differently (often green/white for up moves and red/black for down moves) to quickly convey whether the price closed higher or lower than it opened during that time frame. Investopedia / Sabrina Jiang Support and resistance: These are horizontal lines drawn on a price chart to indicate where a security's price will be unlikely to move beyond. 5 Trend analysis: This is interpreting past and present moves in the market to predict future asset prices. Historical prices and trading volume are the most often used. 6 Each element allows investors to analyze a share or market's behavior. Criticisms of Technical Analysis Trying to predict stock prices based on past trading data has long been a topic of heated discussion, with many academics and professional investors being skeptical about its effectiveness. Imagine trying to predict tomorrow's weather just by looking at past weather patterns. That's somewhat akin to what technical analysts do with stock prices. Skepticism of the Efficiency of Markets One of the main criticisms of technical analysis is that it goes against the efficient market hypothesis. 7 This economic theory suggests that stock prices already reflect all available information, making it impossible to consistently beat the market using any predefined strategy. Critics argue that even if technical analysis really worked, everyone would use it, and its advantages would quickly disappear. However, proponents of technical analysis counter that markets aren't always perfectly efficient, and that there's value in analyzing price trends and trading patterns. Supposed Non-Objectivity of Technical Analysis Another point of contention is the often subjective nature of technical analysis. Much like seeing shapes in clouds, different analysts might interpret the same chart patterns differently, leading to inconsistent predictions. Moreover, with so much financial data available today, there's a risk of "overfitting," or finding patterns that seem meaningful but are actually just coincidences --similar to how you might flip a coin 10 times, get heads each time, and mistakenly conclude the coin is rigged. This has led to concerns about data mining, where patterns that seem to have worked in the past have no real predictive power for the future. Despite these criticisms, technical analysis remains popular among many traders and investors. Some argue that technical analysis may appear to work in some cases due to a self-fulfilling prophecy: if enough traders follow the same technical signals, their collective actions could actually move the market in the predicted direction, at least in the short term. Others point out that technical analysis can be a useful tool for understanding market psychology and sentiment. By studying price movements and trading volumes, analysts might gain insights into the emotions driving buying and selling pressure, which can be valuable for identifying resistance and support levels, and timing entry and exit points in trades.	[question] What are the core differences between fundamental analysis and technical analysis, in what they measure and how they are used? Include criticisms or downsides of each analysis to explain the differences in practice. ===================== [text] What Is Fundamental Analysis? Fundamental analysis is used in finance to evaluate the intrinsic value—the real worth—of a security, sector, or economy. It's used when scrutinizing income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements for a company's stock. Fundamental analysis is generally for those looking for long-term value. As such, those performing this kind of analysis are trying to calculate how much the company will make in the future against its present net value. A stock trading below the company's intrinsic value is seen as promising, while the opposite is true for those priced below it. The outcome of the analysis can lead to buying, holding, or selling a security. The Main Tools of Fundamental Analysis This approach seeks to uncover the intrinsic value of a security, such as a stock or currency, using these main tools: Financial statements: These include a company's income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, which provide an economic snapshot and help assess its profitability, liquidity, and solvency. Analysts use these to determine financial ratios, multiples, and other mathematical representations of a firm's financial health. Economic indicators: Macroeconomic indicators like gross domestic product growth, inflation, and unemployment rates are used to understand the economic environment in which a company operates. These indicators can affect consumer behavior and, therefore, a company's performance. Interest rates: Central bank interest rates can significantly affect an investment's value. Higher interest rates generally lead to lower stock prices, while lower rates boost stock prices. News and events: Company news, such as earnings reports, new contracts, and regulatory changes, affect stock prices. Qualitative information: This includes details about management quality, industry cycles, competitive advantage, and other nonquantifiable factors that affect a company's stock. 1 Investors use these tools to see whether a security is undervalued or overvalued. Criticisms of Fundamental Analysis Here are some of the main criticisms of fundamental analysis: Time-consuming: Fundamental analysis requires extensive research and data collection, which can be very time-intensive. Subjectivity: As with technical analysis, different analysts may interpret the same data differently, leading to the claim that the results end up subjective. Information lag: Financial reports and economic data are often released with a delay, potentially making the analysis outdated. Difficulty quantifying qualitative factors: Aspects like management quality or brand value are hard to objectively measure. Assumption of market efficiency: Fundamental analysis very often assumes that markets are efficient. Hence, long-term value (the prices on the stock market) will eventually match the stock's underlying reality or intrinsic value. However, the long-term may never come, and in the meantime, what's the best approach to obtain the gains from price changes? Long-term focus: It may not be as useful for short-term trading decisions. Overlooking market sentiment: Fundamental analysis may not adequately account for investor psychology and market trends. It may miss important price trends and patterns that technical analysis might catch. Vulnerability to unexpected events: Sudden geopolitical or economic events can quickly render fundamental analysis irrelevant. 2 These criticisms highlight why some investors prefer technical analysis or combine both approaches. What Is Technical Analysis? Technical analysis evaluates financial assets, such as stocks, currencies, or commodities, by reviewing the historical price and volume data. Unlike fundamental analysis, which focuses on the intrinsic value of an asset, technical analysis examines the volume and price of shares over time. 2 Simplifying more than a little, where those using fundamental analysis portray themselves as the sober-minded investigators uncovering real value in the economy, those who use technical analysis start from the perspective that markets are inefficient and price patterns and trends in market data can be exploited for potential profit. Fundamental and technical analyses are the major schools of thought for approaching the markets. The Main Tools of Technical Analysis Here are the tools most often used in technical analyses: Technical analysis indicators: These are mathematical calculations based on price, volume, or open interest to predict future prices. The indicators are generally based on momentum or mean reversion. Volume analysis: This studies the number of shares, lots, or contracts traded in a security or market during a certain period. Relative strength: This metric compares the performance of an asset to a benchmark to gauge its momentum. 2 Chart pattern analysis: The study of price movements in a market pinpoints patterns that can suggest future activity. 3 Candlestick pattern analysis: This kind of financial chart used for price movements could indicate investor sentiment, market trends, or reversals of those trends. 4 Example candlestick pattern A candlestick pattern on charts consists of rectangular "bodies" that show the opening and closing prices, with thin vertical lines called "wicks" or "shadows" extending above and below to indicate the high and low prices for the period. The body is typically colored differently (often green/white for up moves and red/black for down moves) to quickly convey whether the price closed higher or lower than it opened during that time frame. Investopedia / Sabrina Jiang Support and resistance: These are horizontal lines drawn on a price chart to indicate where a security's price will be unlikely to move beyond. 5 Trend analysis: This is interpreting past and present moves in the market to predict future asset prices. Historical prices and trading volume are the most often used. 6 Each element allows investors to analyze a share or market's behavior. Criticisms of Technical Analysis Trying to predict stock prices based on past trading data has long been a topic of heated discussion, with many academics and professional investors being skeptical about its effectiveness. Imagine trying to predict tomorrow's weather just by looking at past weather patterns. That's somewhat akin to what technical analysts do with stock prices. Skepticism of the Efficiency of Markets One of the main criticisms of technical analysis is that it goes against the efficient market hypothesis. 7 This economic theory suggests that stock prices already reflect all available information, making it impossible to consistently beat the market using any predefined strategy. Critics argue that even if technical analysis really worked, everyone would use it, and its advantages would quickly disappear. However, proponents of technical analysis counter that markets aren't always perfectly efficient, and that there's value in analyzing price trends and trading patterns. Supposed Non-Objectivity of Technical Analysis Another point of contention is the often subjective nature of technical analysis. Much like seeing shapes in clouds, different analysts might interpret the same chart patterns differently, leading to inconsistent predictions. Moreover, with so much financial data available today, there's a risk of "overfitting," or finding patterns that seem meaningful but are actually just coincidences --similar to how you might flip a coin 10 times, get heads each time, and mistakenly conclude the coin is rigged. This has led to concerns about data mining, where patterns that seem to have worked in the past have no real predictive power for the future. Despite these criticisms, technical analysis remains popular among many traders and investors. Some argue that technical analysis may appear to work in some cases due to a self-fulfilling prophecy: if enough traders follow the same technical signals, their collective actions could actually move the market in the predicted direction, at least in the short term. Others point out that technical analysis can be a useful tool for understanding market psychology and sentiment. By studying price movements and trading volumes, analysts might gain insights into the emotions driving buying and selling pressure, which can be valuable for identifying resistance and support levels, and timing entry and exit points in trades. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/difference-between-fundamental-and-technical-analysis/ ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources.	[question] [user request] ===================== [text] [context document] ===================== [instruction] Answer the question using only the information provided in the context. Do not rely on external knowledge or sources. EVIDENCE: What Is Fundamental Analysis? Fundamental analysis is used in finance to evaluate the intrinsic value—the real worth—of a security, sector, or economy. It's used when scrutinizing income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements for a company's stock. Fundamental analysis is generally for those looking for long-term value. As such, those performing this kind of analysis are trying to calculate how much the company will make in the future against its present net value. A stock trading below the company's intrinsic value is seen as promising, while the opposite is true for those priced below it. The outcome of the analysis can lead to buying, holding, or selling a security. The Main Tools of Fundamental Analysis This approach seeks to uncover the intrinsic value of a security, such as a stock or currency, using these main tools: Financial statements: These include a company's income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, which provide an economic snapshot and help assess its profitability, liquidity, and solvency. Analysts use these to determine financial ratios, multiples, and other mathematical representations of a firm's financial health. Economic indicators: Macroeconomic indicators like gross domestic product growth, inflation, and unemployment rates are used to understand the economic environment in which a company operates. These indicators can affect consumer behavior and, therefore, a company's performance. Interest rates: Central bank interest rates can significantly affect an investment's value. Higher interest rates generally lead to lower stock prices, while lower rates boost stock prices. News and events: Company news, such as earnings reports, new contracts, and regulatory changes, affect stock prices. Qualitative information: This includes details about management quality, industry cycles, competitive advantage, and other nonquantifiable factors that affect a company's stock. 1 Investors use these tools to see whether a security is undervalued or overvalued. Criticisms of Fundamental Analysis Here are some of the main criticisms of fundamental analysis: Time-consuming: Fundamental analysis requires extensive research and data collection, which can be very time-intensive. Subjectivity: As with technical analysis, different analysts may interpret the same data differently, leading to the claim that the results end up subjective. Information lag: Financial reports and economic data are often released with a delay, potentially making the analysis outdated. Difficulty quantifying qualitative factors: Aspects like management quality or brand value are hard to objectively measure. Assumption of market efficiency: Fundamental analysis very often assumes that markets are efficient. Hence, long-term value (the prices on the stock market) will eventually match the stock's underlying reality or intrinsic value. However, the long-term may never come, and in the meantime, what's the best approach to obtain the gains from price changes? Long-term focus: It may not be as useful for short-term trading decisions. Overlooking market sentiment: Fundamental analysis may not adequately account for investor psychology and market trends. It may miss important price trends and patterns that technical analysis might catch. Vulnerability to unexpected events: Sudden geopolitical or economic events can quickly render fundamental analysis irrelevant. 2 These criticisms highlight why some investors prefer technical analysis or combine both approaches. What Is Technical Analysis? Technical analysis evaluates financial assets, such as stocks, currencies, or commodities, by reviewing the historical price and volume data. Unlike fundamental analysis, which focuses on the intrinsic value of an asset, technical analysis examines the volume and price of shares over time. 2 Simplifying more than a little, where those using fundamental analysis portray themselves as the sober-minded investigators uncovering real value in the economy, those who use technical analysis start from the perspective that markets are inefficient and price patterns and trends in market data can be exploited for potential profit. Fundamental and technical analyses are the major schools of thought for approaching the markets. The Main Tools of Technical Analysis Here are the tools most often used in technical analyses: Technical analysis indicators: These are mathematical calculations based on price, volume, or open interest to predict future prices. The indicators are generally based on momentum or mean reversion. Volume analysis: This studies the number of shares, lots, or contracts traded in a security or market during a certain period. Relative strength: This metric compares the performance of an asset to a benchmark to gauge its momentum. 2 Chart pattern analysis: The study of price movements in a market pinpoints patterns that can suggest future activity. 3 Candlestick pattern analysis: This kind of financial chart used for price movements could indicate investor sentiment, market trends, or reversals of those trends. 4 Example candlestick pattern A candlestick pattern on charts consists of rectangular "bodies" that show the opening and closing prices, with thin vertical lines called "wicks" or "shadows" extending above and below to indicate the high and low prices for the period. The body is typically colored differently (often green/white for up moves and red/black for down moves) to quickly convey whether the price closed higher or lower than it opened during that time frame. Investopedia / Sabrina Jiang Support and resistance: These are horizontal lines drawn on a price chart to indicate where a security's price will be unlikely to move beyond. 5 Trend analysis: This is interpreting past and present moves in the market to predict future asset prices. Historical prices and trading volume are the most often used. 6 Each element allows investors to analyze a share or market's behavior. Criticisms of Technical Analysis Trying to predict stock prices based on past trading data has long been a topic of heated discussion, with many academics and professional investors being skeptical about its effectiveness. Imagine trying to predict tomorrow's weather just by looking at past weather patterns. That's somewhat akin to what technical analysts do with stock prices. Skepticism of the Efficiency of Markets One of the main criticisms of technical analysis is that it goes against the efficient market hypothesis. 7 This economic theory suggests that stock prices already reflect all available information, making it impossible to consistently beat the market using any predefined strategy. Critics argue that even if technical analysis really worked, everyone would use it, and its advantages would quickly disappear. However, proponents of technical analysis counter that markets aren't always perfectly efficient, and that there's value in analyzing price trends and trading patterns. Supposed Non-Objectivity of Technical Analysis Another point of contention is the often subjective nature of technical analysis. Much like seeing shapes in clouds, different analysts might interpret the same chart patterns differently, leading to inconsistent predictions. Moreover, with so much financial data available today, there's a risk of "overfitting," or finding patterns that seem meaningful but are actually just coincidences --similar to how you might flip a coin 10 times, get heads each time, and mistakenly conclude the coin is rigged. This has led to concerns about data mining, where patterns that seem to have worked in the past have no real predictive power for the future. Despite these criticisms, technical analysis remains popular among many traders and investors. Some argue that technical analysis may appear to work in some cases due to a self-fulfilling prophecy: if enough traders follow the same technical signals, their collective actions could actually move the market in the predicted direction, at least in the short term. Others point out that technical analysis can be a useful tool for understanding market psychology and sentiment. By studying price movements and trading volumes, analysts might gain insights into the emotions driving buying and selling pressure, which can be valuable for identifying resistance and support levels, and timing entry and exit points in trades. USER: What are the core differences between fundamental analysis and technical analysis, in what they measure and how they are used? Include criticisms or downsides of each analysis to explain the differences in practice. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	28	33	1,244	null	654
"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	What companies are mentioned in the following, and why are they important? Also, how much did each stock increase from last week? Explain the relevance of the Federal Reserve to the economy.	NEW YORK (AP) — U.S. stocks climbed Monday to claw back some of the losses from their worst week in nearly a year and a half. The S&P 500 rallied 1.2%, though it didn’t recoup all of its drop from Friday, let alone from the rest of the four-day losing streak that it broke. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 484 points, or 1.2%, and the Nasdaq composite gained 1.2%. Boeing climbed 3.4% after reaching a tentative deal with its largest union on a new contract that, if ratified, will avoid a strike that threatened to shut down aircraft production by the end of the week. Boeing said 33,000 workers represented by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers would get pay raises of 25% over the four-year contract. Nvidia and other Big Tech companies also returned to their long-held position of leading the market, at least briefly. Nvidia climbed 3.5% and was the strongest force pushing the S&P 500 upward. That cut into its 13.9% tumble last week, as questions continued about whether its stock price went too high in investors’ frenzy around artificial intelligence, even if Nvidia has continued to top analysts’ expectations for growth. After likewise climbing a bit in the morning, Treasury yields later pared their gains. That followed sharp swings in the bond market last week, when a highly anticipated update on the U.S. job market came in weak enough to worsen worries about the slowing U.S. economy. The Federal Reserve has been intentionally pressing the brakes on the economy through high interest rates in order to stifle high inflation. It’s about to start lowering rates later this month, which would ease the pressure on the economy, as it turns its focus toward protecting the job market and avoiding a recession. The question on Wall Street is if the Fed’s shift in focus will prove to be too late. Cuts to interest rates give stock prices a boost, but if an economic downturn does hit, it could more than offset such a benefit by dragging down profits for companies. That’s what happened in 2007, for example, when the Great Recession wrecked the global economy and financial markets. “Today, the absence of glaring household or corporate balance sheet vulnerabilities means Fed easing should be enough to prevent recession, and should provide investors some optimism for the future of the market,” suggests Seema Shah, chief global strategist at Principal Asset Management. On Wall Street, Palantir Technologies jumped 14.1% in its first trading after S&P Dow Jones Indices said it would add the company to its widely followed S&P 500 index. Dell Technologies rose 3.8% after likewise getting a notice of promotion to the index, though and Erie Indemnity lost an early gain to slip 0.6%. Apple’s stock was virutally flat after the company unveiled its latest iPhone model, the 16. It’s the first model to be tailored specifically for artificial intelligence, with expected improvements to its often dim-witted virtual assistant, Siri. Trading in Big Lots was halted after the discount retailer filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and said it plans to sell its assets and ongoing business operations to private equity firm Nexus Capital Management. All told, the S&P 500 rose 62.63 points to 5,471.05. The Dow gained 484.18 to 40,829.59, and the Nasdaq composite gained 193.77 to 16,884.60. In the bond market, the 10-year Treasury yield edged down to 3.71% from 3.72% late Friday. This upcoming week will feature the latest monthly updates on inflation at the consumer and wholesale levels. Such reports used to be the most anticipated economic data of each month, but market watchers say they’re now taking the back seat to updates on the job market because of the worries about a possible recession. Of course, if the reports show an unexpected spike higher in inflation, that could put the Federal Reserve in its worst-case scenario. Lower interest rates could help boost the economy, but they could also give inflation more fuel. In stock markets abroad, indexes rose in much of Europe after falling in Asia. Japan’s Nikkei 225 slipped 0.5% after the country’s economic growth for the second quarter was revised below expectations. Chinese stocks racked up losses after worse-than-expected inflation data disappointed investors. Indexes fell 1.4% in Hong Kong and 1.1% in Shanghai.	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= NEW YORK (AP) — U.S. stocks climbed Monday to claw back some of the losses from their worst week in nearly a year and a half. The S&P 500 rallied 1.2%, though it didn’t recoup all of its drop from Friday, let alone from the rest of the four-day losing streak that it broke. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 484 points, or 1.2%, and the Nasdaq composite gained 1.2%. Boeing climbed 3.4% after reaching a tentative deal with its largest union on a new contract that, if ratified, will avoid a strike that threatened to shut down aircraft production by the end of the week. Boeing said 33,000 workers represented by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers would get pay raises of 25% over the four-year contract. Nvidia and other Big Tech companies also returned to their long-held position of leading the market, at least briefly. Nvidia climbed 3.5% and was the strongest force pushing the S&P 500 upward. That cut into its 13.9% tumble last week, as questions continued about whether its stock price went too high in investors’ frenzy around artificial intelligence, even if Nvidia has continued to top analysts’ expectations for growth. After likewise climbing a bit in the morning, Treasury yields later pared their gains. That followed sharp swings in the bond market last week, when a highly anticipated update on the U.S. job market came in weak enough to worsen worries about the slowing U.S. economy. The Federal Reserve has been intentionally pressing the brakes on the economy through high interest rates in order to stifle high inflation. It’s about to start lowering rates later this month, which would ease the pressure on the economy, as it turns its focus toward protecting the job market and avoiding a recession. The question on Wall Street is if the Fed’s shift in focus will prove to be too late. Cuts to interest rates give stock prices a boost, but if an economic downturn does hit, it could more than offset such a benefit by dragging down profits for companies. That’s what happened in 2007, for example, when the Great Recession wrecked the global economy and financial markets. “Today, the absence of glaring household or corporate balance sheet vulnerabilities means Fed easing should be enough to prevent recession, and should provide investors some optimism for the future of the market,” suggests Seema Shah, chief global strategist at Principal Asset Management. On Wall Street, Palantir Technologies jumped 14.1% in its first trading after S&P Dow Jones Indices said it would add the company to its widely followed S&P 500 index. Dell Technologies rose 3.8% after likewise getting a notice of promotion to the index, though and Erie Indemnity lost an early gain to slip 0.6%. Apple’s stock was virutally flat after the company unveiled its latest iPhone model, the 16. It’s the first model to be tailored specifically for artificial intelligence, with expected improvements to its often dim-witted virtual assistant, Siri. Trading in Big Lots was halted after the discount retailer filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and said it plans to sell its assets and ongoing business operations to private equity firm Nexus Capital Management. All told, the S&P 500 rose 62.63 points to 5,471.05. The Dow gained 484.18 to 40,829.59, and the Nasdaq composite gained 193.77 to 16,884.60. In the bond market, the 10-year Treasury yield edged down to 3.71% from 3.72% late Friday. This upcoming week will feature the latest monthly updates on inflation at the consumer and wholesale levels. Such reports used to be the most anticipated economic data of each month, but market watchers say they’re now taking the back seat to updates on the job market because of the worries about a possible recession. Of course, if the reports show an unexpected spike higher in inflation, that could put the Federal Reserve in its worst-case scenario. Lower interest rates could help boost the economy, but they could also give inflation more fuel. In stock markets abroad, indexes rose in much of Europe after falling in Asia. Japan’s Nikkei 225 slipped 0.5% after the country’s economic growth for the second quarter was revised below expectations. Chinese stocks racked up losses after worse-than-expected inflation data disappointed investors. Indexes fell 1.4% in Hong Kong and 1.1% in Shanghai. https://apnews.com/article/stock-markets-fed-inflation-recession-jobs-32f3ec68b11f87b2194e04c2a29f537c ================ <QUESTION> ======= What companies are mentioned in the following, and why are they important? Also, how much did each stock increase from last week? Explain the relevance of the Federal Reserve to the economy. ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided."	"================ <TEXT PASSAGE> ======= [context document] ================ <QUESTION> ======= [user request] ================ <TASK> ======= You are an expert in question answering. Your task is to reply to a query or question, based only on the information provided by the user. It should only use information in the article provided." EVIDENCE: NEW YORK (AP) — U.S. stocks climbed Monday to claw back some of the losses from their worst week in nearly a year and a half. The S&P 500 rallied 1.2%, though it didn’t recoup all of its drop from Friday, let alone from the rest of the four-day losing streak that it broke. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 484 points, or 1.2%, and the Nasdaq composite gained 1.2%. Boeing climbed 3.4% after reaching a tentative deal with its largest union on a new contract that, if ratified, will avoid a strike that threatened to shut down aircraft production by the end of the week. Boeing said 33,000 workers represented by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers would get pay raises of 25% over the four-year contract. Nvidia and other Big Tech companies also returned to their long-held position of leading the market, at least briefly. Nvidia climbed 3.5% and was the strongest force pushing the S&P 500 upward. That cut into its 13.9% tumble last week, as questions continued about whether its stock price went too high in investors’ frenzy around artificial intelligence, even if Nvidia has continued to top analysts’ expectations for growth. After likewise climbing a bit in the morning, Treasury yields later pared their gains. That followed sharp swings in the bond market last week, when a highly anticipated update on the U.S. job market came in weak enough to worsen worries about the slowing U.S. economy. The Federal Reserve has been intentionally pressing the brakes on the economy through high interest rates in order to stifle high inflation. It’s about to start lowering rates later this month, which would ease the pressure on the economy, as it turns its focus toward protecting the job market and avoiding a recession. The question on Wall Street is if the Fed’s shift in focus will prove to be too late. Cuts to interest rates give stock prices a boost, but if an economic downturn does hit, it could more than offset such a benefit by dragging down profits for companies. That’s what happened in 2007, for example, when the Great Recession wrecked the global economy and financial markets. “Today, the absence of glaring household or corporate balance sheet vulnerabilities means Fed easing should be enough to prevent recession, and should provide investors some optimism for the future of the market,” suggests Seema Shah, chief global strategist at Principal Asset Management. On Wall Street, Palantir Technologies jumped 14.1% in its first trading after S&P Dow Jones Indices said it would add the company to its widely followed S&P 500 index. Dell Technologies rose 3.8% after likewise getting a notice of promotion to the index, though and Erie Indemnity lost an early gain to slip 0.6%. Apple’s stock was virutally flat after the company unveiled its latest iPhone model, the 16. It’s the first model to be tailored specifically for artificial intelligence, with expected improvements to its often dim-witted virtual assistant, Siri. Trading in Big Lots was halted after the discount retailer filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and said it plans to sell its assets and ongoing business operations to private equity firm Nexus Capital Management. All told, the S&P 500 rose 62.63 points to 5,471.05. The Dow gained 484.18 to 40,829.59, and the Nasdaq composite gained 193.77 to 16,884.60. In the bond market, the 10-year Treasury yield edged down to 3.71% from 3.72% late Friday. This upcoming week will feature the latest monthly updates on inflation at the consumer and wholesale levels. Such reports used to be the most anticipated economic data of each month, but market watchers say they’re now taking the back seat to updates on the job market because of the worries about a possible recession. Of course, if the reports show an unexpected spike higher in inflation, that could put the Federal Reserve in its worst-case scenario. Lower interest rates could help boost the economy, but they could also give inflation more fuel. In stock markets abroad, indexes rose in much of Europe after falling in Asia. Japan’s Nikkei 225 slipped 0.5% after the country’s economic growth for the second quarter was revised below expectations. Chinese stocks racked up losses after worse-than-expected inflation data disappointed investors. Indexes fell 1.4% in Hong Kong and 1.1% in Shanghai. USER: What companies are mentioned in the following, and why are they important? Also, how much did each stock increase from last week? Explain the relevance of the Federal Reserve to the economy. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	49	32	715	null	111
Answer the question using only the provided text. No external sources or prior knowledge is allowed.	What are all the positive and negative aspects of drone usage mentioned in the text?	A Cautionary Tale of Drone (Mis)use Military-grade drones were a restricted technology until local government agencies saw drones’ potential for search-and-rescue missions and private companies wanted to use drones for labor-intensive tasks, such as inspecting pipelines, delivering goods to remote areas, and spraying pesticides on farms. 22 The exploitation of drones for commercial profit soon created a civilian drone industry wherein the United States alone currently contains some 727,000 commercial drones and 1.69 million recreational small drones, with the numbers forecast to continue growing.23 The drone industry’s growth has taken place in the last few years, as the Federal Aviation Administration, concerned more with air safety than terrorist ambitions, did not issue the first commercial drone permit until 2006, lifting some of the restrictions on flying consumer drones for recreational and business purposes. Even then, the authorities were aware that , as Don Rassler has documented, four terrorist groups—the Japanese Aum Shinrikyo, the Colombia-based Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, the Pakistan-based Lashkar-eTaiba, and the Haqqani network—were already exploring the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for terrorist attacks. The Lashkar-e-Taiba case involved a network of US residents who directly acquired sensitive technology from US companies in 2002 to enhance the performance of unmanned airplanes. Lashkar-e-Taiba intended to ship the technologies, which US companies could sell to domestic customers—mainly universities and the US government—without due diligence, for the group’s military use in Kashmir. Several other terrorist groups also had their own drone programs, adapting Iranian models or reverse engineering stolen military drones—initially, for surveillance and the collection of tactical intelligence, external communications, and the smuggling of materiel into denied areas, and then, for use as weapons.24 Perhaps more interesting are the creative uses of drones individuals with no terrorist intent have found but that may cause harm, nonetheless. In December 2008, an American hobbyist successfully attached a pistol with a digital-camera gunsight to a minicopter and remotely fired the pistol. The hobbyist filmed his stunt and posted the footage online. The video did not attract much media attention, but almost seven years later, another American, a teenager, “upped the ante and the shock value” by mounting a homemade flamethrower to a small commercial drone he had modified and displaying the accuracy of the weapon in an online video.25 Violent actors easily could have replicated both stunts to stage terrorist attacks. Even after the hobbyists’ stunts, several influential studies considered terrorists’ use of drones a “niche threat” because few terrorist groups had successfully deployed drones in any meaningful way.26 When the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria began weaponizing civilian drones and filming its attacks for propaganda purposes in 2016, several terrorism experts warned violent extremists could one day use drones as remote-controlled missiles to deliver unconventional weapons, such as deadly nerve agents.27 Meanwhile, the general consensus remained that though drones might complicate conflicts, drones’ broader impact would be limited, given their small payloads, short flight times, and susceptibility to disruption. Additionally, although technological advancements might make civilian drones more capable, “the tools to counter, disable or defeat [drones] will be more capable too,” as will regulatory changes to restrict airspace access and increase export controls to prevent terrorists from acquiring certain technologies.28 Today, many governments require registrations for consumer drones that are heavier than seven kilograms. In addition, most governments have banned consumer drones from flying in cities, near sensitive installations, and over iconic events and other large gatherings, except with special permits. Since those with malevolent intentions usually do not apply for permits, jamming devices have also proliferated, as have geofencing technologies for disabling drones that are approaching designated no-fly zones. Nonetheless, the Houthis’ recent success in disrupting the Red Sea shipping route will likely inspire copycats. The Strait of Malacca, for instance, is another global trade route with several choke points. Any threat to shipping in this narrow channel bordered by Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand will severely impact economies in East Asia and cause ripple effects throughout the rest of the world. Weaponized drones will be a game changer for Southeast Asian terrorist groups. During the siege of Marawi City, Philippines, in June 2017, pro–Islamic State of Iraq and Syria militants reportedly used consumer-grade quadcopter drones to track, evade, and coordinate attacks on Philippine soldiers, inspiring the Philippine military to use similar drones. 29 But regional authorities apparently judged the drone use in Marawi City to be an outlier, a tactic imported by foreign fighters. The prevailing assessment is Southeast Asian terrorist groups like Jemaah Islamiyah and the various pro–Islamic State of Iraq and Syria offshoots in Indonesia and Malaysia will not expend their limited resources on drones when the supply of suicide bombers is seemingly unlimited. The use of drones for terrorist attacks is nevertheless a growing concern in Southeast Asia. Recent developments indicate Indonesian terrorists are hoping to acquire drone-warfare capability. In May 2023, the Indonesian counterterrorism unit Densus 88 obtained intelligence that Indonesian nationals whom the unit suspected of being affiliated with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula were undergoing training to fly drones in Yemen. Individuals affiliated with pro–Islamic State of Iraq and Syria militant factions were also sharing tutorials on how to make “drone bombs” with members of their private social-media chat groups.	System instruction: Answer the question using only the provided text. No external sources or prior knowledge is allowed. User question: What are all the positive and negative aspects of drone usage mentioned in the text? Context block: A Cautionary Tale of Drone (Mis)use Military-grade drones were a restricted technology until local government agencies saw drones’ potential for search-and-rescue missions and private companies wanted to use drones for labor-intensive tasks, such as inspecting pipelines, delivering goods to remote areas, and spraying pesticides on farms. 22 The exploitation of drones for commercial profit soon created a civilian drone industry wherein the United States alone currently contains some 727,000 commercial drones and 1.69 million recreational small drones, with the numbers forecast to continue growing.23 The drone industry’s growth has taken place in the last few years, as the Federal Aviation Administration, concerned more with air safety than terrorist ambitions, did not issue the first commercial drone permit until 2006, lifting some of the restrictions on flying consumer drones for recreational and business purposes. Even then, the authorities were aware that , as Don Rassler has documented, four terrorist groups—the Japanese Aum Shinrikyo, the Colombia-based Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, the Pakistan-based Lashkar-eTaiba, and the Haqqani network—were already exploring the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for terrorist attacks. The Lashkar-e-Taiba case involved a network of US residents who directly acquired sensitive technology from US companies in 2002 to enhance the performance of unmanned airplanes. Lashkar-e-Taiba intended to ship the technologies, which US companies could sell to domestic customers—mainly universities and the US government—without due diligence, for the group’s military use in Kashmir. Several other terrorist groups also had their own drone programs, adapting Iranian models or reverse engineering stolen military drones—initially, for surveillance and the collection of tactical intelligence, external communications, and the smuggling of materiel into denied areas, and then, for use as weapons.24 Perhaps more interesting are the creative uses of drones individuals with no terrorist intent have found but that may cause harm, nonetheless. In December 2008, an American hobbyist successfully attached a pistol with a digital-camera gunsight to a minicopter and remotely fired the pistol. The hobbyist filmed his stunt and posted the footage online. The video did not attract much media attention, but almost seven years later, another American, a teenager, “upped the ante and the shock value” by mounting a homemade flamethrower to a small commercial drone he had modified and displaying the accuracy of the weapon in an online video.25 Violent actors easily could have replicated both stunts to stage terrorist attacks. Even after the hobbyists’ stunts, several influential studies considered terrorists’ use of drones a “niche threat” because few terrorist groups had successfully deployed drones in any meaningful way.26 When the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria began weaponizing civilian drones and filming its attacks for propaganda purposes in 2016, several terrorism experts warned violent extremists could one day use drones as remote-controlled missiles to deliver unconventional weapons, such as deadly nerve agents.27 Meanwhile, the general consensus remained that though drones might complicate conflicts, drones’ broader impact would be limited, given their small payloads, short flight times, and susceptibility to disruption. Additionally, although technological advancements might make civilian drones more capable, “the tools to counter, disable or defeat [drones] will be more capable too,” as will regulatory changes to restrict airspace access and increase export controls to prevent terrorists from acquiring certain technologies.28 Today, many governments require registrations for consumer drones that are heavier than seven kilograms. In addition, most governments have banned consumer drones from flying in cities, near sensitive installations, and over iconic events and other large gatherings, except with special permits. Since those with malevolent intentions usually do not apply for permits, jamming devices have also proliferated, as have geofencing technologies for disabling drones that are approaching designated no-fly zones. Nonetheless, the Houthis’ recent success in disrupting the Red Sea shipping route will likely inspire copycats. The Strait of Malacca, for instance, is another global trade route with several choke points. Any threat to shipping in this narrow channel bordered by Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand will severely impact economies in East Asia and cause ripple effects throughout the rest of the world. Weaponized drones will be a game changer for Southeast Asian terrorist groups. During the siege of Marawi City, Philippines, in June 2017, pro–Islamic State of Iraq and Syria militants reportedly used consumer-grade quadcopter drones to track, evade, and coordinate attacks on Philippine soldiers, inspiring the Philippine military to use similar drones. 29 But regional authorities apparently judged the drone use in Marawi City to be an outlier, a tactic imported by foreign fighters. The prevailing assessment is Southeast Asian terrorist groups like Jemaah Islamiyah and the various pro–Islamic State of Iraq and Syria offshoots in Indonesia and Malaysia will not expend their limited resources on drones when the supply of suicide bombers is seemingly unlimited. The use of drones for terrorist attacks is nevertheless a growing concern in Southeast Asia. Recent developments indicate Indonesian terrorists are hoping to acquire drone-warfare capability. In May 2023, the Indonesian counterterrorism unit Densus 88 obtained intelligence that Indonesian nationals whom the unit suspected of being affiliated with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula were undergoing training to fly drones in Yemen. Individuals affiliated with pro–Islamic State of Iraq and Syria militant factions were also sharing tutorials on how to make “drone bombs” with members of their private social-media chat groups.	Answer the question using only the provided text. No external sources or prior knowledge is allowed. EVIDENCE: A Cautionary Tale of Drone (Mis)use Military-grade drones were a restricted technology until local government agencies saw drones’ potential for search-and-rescue missions and private companies wanted to use drones for labor-intensive tasks, such as inspecting pipelines, delivering goods to remote areas, and spraying pesticides on farms. 22 The exploitation of drones for commercial profit soon created a civilian drone industry wherein the United States alone currently contains some 727,000 commercial drones and 1.69 million recreational small drones, with the numbers forecast to continue growing.23 The drone industry’s growth has taken place in the last few years, as the Federal Aviation Administration, concerned more with air safety than terrorist ambitions, did not issue the first commercial drone permit until 2006, lifting some of the restrictions on flying consumer drones for recreational and business purposes. Even then, the authorities were aware that , as Don Rassler has documented, four terrorist groups—the Japanese Aum Shinrikyo, the Colombia-based Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, the Pakistan-based Lashkar-eTaiba, and the Haqqani network—were already exploring the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for terrorist attacks. The Lashkar-e-Taiba case involved a network of US residents who directly acquired sensitive technology from US companies in 2002 to enhance the performance of unmanned airplanes. Lashkar-e-Taiba intended to ship the technologies, which US companies could sell to domestic customers—mainly universities and the US government—without due diligence, for the group’s military use in Kashmir. Several other terrorist groups also had their own drone programs, adapting Iranian models or reverse engineering stolen military drones—initially, for surveillance and the collection of tactical intelligence, external communications, and the smuggling of materiel into denied areas, and then, for use as weapons.24 Perhaps more interesting are the creative uses of drones individuals with no terrorist intent have found but that may cause harm, nonetheless. In December 2008, an American hobbyist successfully attached a pistol with a digital-camera gunsight to a minicopter and remotely fired the pistol. The hobbyist filmed his stunt and posted the footage online. The video did not attract much media attention, but almost seven years later, another American, a teenager, “upped the ante and the shock value” by mounting a homemade flamethrower to a small commercial drone he had modified and displaying the accuracy of the weapon in an online video.25 Violent actors easily could have replicated both stunts to stage terrorist attacks. Even after the hobbyists’ stunts, several influential studies considered terrorists’ use of drones a “niche threat” because few terrorist groups had successfully deployed drones in any meaningful way.26 When the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria began weaponizing civilian drones and filming its attacks for propaganda purposes in 2016, several terrorism experts warned violent extremists could one day use drones as remote-controlled missiles to deliver unconventional weapons, such as deadly nerve agents.27 Meanwhile, the general consensus remained that though drones might complicate conflicts, drones’ broader impact would be limited, given their small payloads, short flight times, and susceptibility to disruption. Additionally, although technological advancements might make civilian drones more capable, “the tools to counter, disable or defeat [drones] will be more capable too,” as will regulatory changes to restrict airspace access and increase export controls to prevent terrorists from acquiring certain technologies.28 Today, many governments require registrations for consumer drones that are heavier than seven kilograms. In addition, most governments have banned consumer drones from flying in cities, near sensitive installations, and over iconic events and other large gatherings, except with special permits. Since those with malevolent intentions usually do not apply for permits, jamming devices have also proliferated, as have geofencing technologies for disabling drones that are approaching designated no-fly zones. Nonetheless, the Houthis’ recent success in disrupting the Red Sea shipping route will likely inspire copycats. The Strait of Malacca, for instance, is another global trade route with several choke points. Any threat to shipping in this narrow channel bordered by Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand will severely impact economies in East Asia and cause ripple effects throughout the rest of the world. Weaponized drones will be a game changer for Southeast Asian terrorist groups. During the siege of Marawi City, Philippines, in June 2017, pro–Islamic State of Iraq and Syria militants reportedly used consumer-grade quadcopter drones to track, evade, and coordinate attacks on Philippine soldiers, inspiring the Philippine military to use similar drones. 29 But regional authorities apparently judged the drone use in Marawi City to be an outlier, a tactic imported by foreign fighters. The prevailing assessment is Southeast Asian terrorist groups like Jemaah Islamiyah and the various pro–Islamic State of Iraq and Syria offshoots in Indonesia and Malaysia will not expend their limited resources on drones when the supply of suicide bombers is seemingly unlimited. The use of drones for terrorist attacks is nevertheless a growing concern in Southeast Asia. Recent developments indicate Indonesian terrorists are hoping to acquire drone-warfare capability. In May 2023, the Indonesian counterterrorism unit Densus 88 obtained intelligence that Indonesian nationals whom the unit suspected of being affiliated with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula were undergoing training to fly drones in Yemen. Individuals affiliated with pro–Islamic State of Iraq and Syria militant factions were also sharing tutorials on how to make “drone bombs” with members of their private social-media chat groups. USER: What are all the positive and negative aspects of drone usage mentioned in the text? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	16	15	868	null	475
System Instruction: Use only the following information labeled "Context". Do not use any other source of information other than what is provided below.	Question: According to the Judgement of Myers v. United States is the President legally allowed to remove executive officers of the United States whom he has appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate from office?	Context: The State Supreme Court’s inclusion of vote counts based on these variant standards exemplifies concerns with the remedial processes that were under way … In addition to these difficulties the actual process by which the votes were to be counted under the Florida Supreme Court’s decision raises further concerns. That order did not specify who would recount the ballots. The county can- vassing boards were forced to pull together ad hoc teams of judges from various Circuits who had no previous training in handling and interpreting ballots. Furthermore, while others were permitted to observe, they were prohibited from objecting during the recount. The recount process, in its features here described, is inconsistent with the minimum procedures necessary to protect the fundamental right of each voter in the special instance of a statewide recount under the authority of a single state judicial officer. Our consideration is limited to the present circumstances, for the problem of equal protection in election processes generally presents many complexities. The question before the Court is not whether local entities, in the exercise of their expertise, may develop different sys- tems for implementing elections. Instead, we are presented with a situation where a state court with the power to assure uniformity has ordered a statewide recount with minimal procedural safeguards. When a court orders a statewide rem- edy, there must be at least some assurance that the rudimentary requirements of equal treatment and fundamental fair- ness are satisfied … Upon due consideration of the difficulties identified to this point, it is obvious that the recount cannot be conducted in compliance with the requirements of equal protection and due process without substantial additional work. It would require not only the adoption (after opportunity for argument) of adequate statewide standards for determining what is a legal vote, and practicable procedures to implement them, but also orderly judicial review of any disputed matters that might arise. In addition, the Secretary has advised that the recount of only a portion of the ballots requires that the vote tabulation equipment be used to screen out undervotes, a function for which the machines were not designed. If a recount of overvotes were also required, perhaps even a second screening would be necessary. Use of the equipment for this purpose, and any new software developed for it, would have to be evaluated for accuracy by the Secretary … Because it is evident that any recount seeking to meet the December 12 date will be unconstitutional for the reasons we have discussed, we reverse the judgment of the Supreme Court of Florida ordering a recount to proceed … None are more conscious of the vital limits on judicial authority than are the Members of this Court, and none stand more in admiration of the Constitution’s design to leave the selection of the President to the people, through their leg- islatures, and to the political sphere. When contending parties invoke the process of the courts, however, it becomes our unsought responsibility to resolve the federal and constitutional issues the judicial system has been forced to confront. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Florida is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not incon- sistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. STRUCTURE OF THE PRESIDENCY \| 60 Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § 61 \| STRUCTURE OF THE PRESIDENCY Appointment and Removal Powers Myers v. United States 272 U.S. 52 (1926) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 6-3 Majority: Taft, joined by Van Devanter, Sutherland, Butler, Sanford, Stone Dissent: Holmes Dissent: McReynolds Dissent: Brandeis MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TAFT delivered the opinion of the Court. This case presents the question whether, under the Constitution, the President has the exclusive power of removing exec- utive officers of the United States whom he has appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Myers … was, on July 21, 1917, appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to be a postmaster of the first class at Portland, Oregon, for a term of four years. On January 20, 1920, Myers’ resignation was demanded. He refused the demand. On February 2, 1920, he was removed from office by order of the Postmaster Gen- eral, acting by direction of the President. February 10th, Myers sent a petition to the President and another to the Sen- ate Committee on Post Offices, asking to be heard if any charges were filed. He protested to the Department against his removal, and continued to do so until the end of his term. He pursued no other occupation, and drew compensation for no other service during the interval. On April 21, 1921, he brought this suit in the Court of Claims for his salary from the date of his removal, which, as claimed by supplemental petition filed after July 21, 1921, the end of his term, amounted to $8,838.71 … [By the law] under which Myers was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate as a first-class postmaster, it is provided that “Postmasters of the first, second and third classes shall be appointed and may be removed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and shall hold their offices for four years unless sooner removed or suspended accord- ing to law.” The Senate did not consent to the President’s removal of Myers during his term. If this statute, in its requirement that his term should be four years unless sooner removed by the President by and with the consent of the Senate, is valid, the appellant, Myers’ administratrix, is entitled to recover his unpaid salary for his full term, and the judgment of the Court of Claims must be reversed. The Government maintains that the requirement is invalid for the reason that, under Article APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 62 II of the Constitution the President’s power of removal of executive officers appointed by him with the advice and con- sent of the Senate is full and complete without consent of the Senate … We are therefore confronted by the constitutional question, and cannot avoid it … The question where the power of removal of executive officers appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate was vested was presented early in the first session of the First Congress. There is no express pro- vision respecting removals in the Constitution, except as Section 4 of Article II … provides for removal from office by impeachment … It was pointed out in this great debate [constitutional convention] that the power of removal, though equally essential to the executive power is different in its nature from that of appointment. Madison, 1 Annals of Congress, 497 et seq.; Cly- mer, 1 Annals, 489; Sedgwick, 1 Annals, 522; Ames, 1 Annals, 541, 542; Hartley, 1 Annals, 481. A veto by the Senate-a part of the legislative branch of the government-upon removals is a much greater limitation upon the executive branch, and a much more serious blending of the legislative with the executive, than a rejection of a proposed appointment. It is not to be implied. The rejection of a nominee of the President for a particular office does not greatly embarrass him in the conscientious discharge of his high duties in the selection of those who are to aid him, because the President usually has an ample field from which to select for office, according to his preference, competent and capable men. The Senate has full power to reject newly proposed appointees whenever the President shall remove the incumbents. Such a check enables the Senate to prevent the filling of offices with bad or incompetent men, or with those against whom there is ten- able objection. The power to prevent the removal of an officer who has served under the President is different from the authority to con- sent to or reject his appointment. When a nomination is made, it may be presumed that the Senate is, or may become, as well advised as to the fitness of the nominee as the President, but in the nature of things the defects in ability or intel- ligence or loyalty in the administration of the laws of one who has served as an officer under the President are facts as to which the President, or his trusted subordinates, must be better informed than the Senate, and the power to remove him may therefor be regarded as confined for very sound and practical reasons, to the governmental authority which has administrative control. The power of removal is incident to the power of appointment, not to the power of advising and consenting to appointment, and when the grant of the executive power is enforced by the express mandate to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, it emphasizes the necessity for including within the executive power as conferred the exclusive power of removal. … The vesting of the executive power in the President was essentially a grant of the power to execute the laws. But the Pres- ident, alone and unaided, could not execute the laws. He must execute them by the assistance of subordinates. This view has since been repeatedly affirmed by this Court. Wilcox v. Jackson (1839) … It was urged that the natural meaning of the term “executive power” granted the President included the appointment and removal of executive subordinates. If such appointments and removals were not an exercise of the executive power, what were they? They certainly were not the exercise of legislative or judicial power in government as usually understood … It is true that the remedy for the evil of political executive removals of inferior offices is with Congress by a simple expedi- ent, but it includes a change of the power of appointment from the President with the consent of the Senate. Congress 63 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS must determine first that the office is inferior, and second that it is willing that the office shall be filled by appoint- ment by some other authority than the President with the consent of the Senate. That the latter may be an important consideration is manifest, and is the subject of comment by this Court in its opinion in the case of Shurtleff v. United States, (1903), where this Court said: “To take away this power of removal in relation to an inferior office created by statute, although that statute provided for an appointment thereto by the President and confirmation by the Senate, would require very clear and explicit language. It should not be held to be taken away by mere inference or implication … ” [P]ostmasters were all by law appointed by the Postmaster General. This was because Congress … so provided. But there- after, Congress required certain classes of them to be, as they now are, appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. This is an indication that Congress deemed appointment by the President with the consent of the Senate essential to the public welfare, and, until it is willing to vest their appointment in the head of the Department, they will be subject to removal by the President alone, and any legislation to the contrary must fall as in conflict with the Consti- tution. Summing up, then, the facts as to acquiescence by all branches of the Government in the legislative decision of 1789, as to executive officers, whether superior or inferior, we find that from 1789 until 1863, a period of 74 years, there was no act of Congress, no executive act, and no decision of this Court at variance with the declaration of the First Congress, but there was, as we have seen, clear, affirmative recognition of it by each branch of the Government. Article II grants to the President … the general administrative control of those executing the laws, including the power of appointment and removal of executive officers … the President’s power of removal is further established as an incident to his specifically enumerated function of appointment by and with the advice of the Senate, but that such incident does not, by implication, extend to removals the Senate’s power of checking appointments, and … to hold otherwise would make it impossible for the President, in case of political or other differences with the Senate or Congress, to take care that the laws be faithfully executed … While this Court has studiously avoided deciding the issue until it was presented in such a way that it could not be avoided, in the references it has made to the history of the question, and in the presumptions it has indulged in favor of a statutory construction not inconsistent with the legislative decision of 1789, it has indicated a trend of view that we should not and cannot ignore. When, on the merits, we find our conclusion strongly favoring the view which prevailed in the First Congress, we have no hesitation in holding that conclusion to be correct, and it therefore follows that the Tenure of Office Act of 1867, insofar as it attempted to prevent the President from removing executive officer who had been appointed by him by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, was invalid, and that subsequent legislation of the same effect was equally so. For the reasons given, we must therefore hold that the provision of the law of 1876, by which the unrestricted power of removal of first class postmasters is denied to the President, is in violation of the Constitution, and invalid. This leads to an affirmance of the judgment of the Court of Claims. Judgment affirmed. APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 64 Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § Humphrey’s Executor v. United States 295 U.S. 602 (1935) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 9-0 Majority: Sutherland, joined by Hughes, Van Devanter, McReynolds, Brandeis, Butler, Stone, Roberts, and Cardozo Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court. Plaintiff brought suit in the Court of Claims against the United States to recover a sum of money alleged to be due the deceased for salary as a Federal Trade Commissioner from October 8, 1933, when the President undertook to remove him from office, to the time of his death on February 14, 1934. The court below has certified to this court two questions … in respect of the power of the President to make the removal. The material facts which give rise to the questions are as follows: William E. Humphrey, the decedent, on December 10, 1931, was nominated by President Hoover to succeed himself as a member of the Federal Trade Commission, and was confirmed by the United States Senate. He was duly commissioned for a term of seven years, expiring September 25, 1938; and, after taking the required oath of office, entered upon his duties. On July 25, 1933, President Roosevelt addressed a letter to the commissioner asking for his resignation, on the ground ‘that the aims and purposes of the Administration with respect to the work of the Commission can be carried out most effectively with personnel of my own selection,’ but disclaiming any reflection upon the commissioner personally or upon his services. The commissioner replied, asking time to consult his friends. After some further correspondence upon the subject, the President on August 31, 1933, wrote the commissioner expressing the hope that the resignation would be forthcoming, and saying: ‘You will, I know, realize that I do not feel that your mind and my mind go along together on either the policies or the administering of the Federal Trade Commission, and, frankly, I think it is best for the people of this country that I should have a full confidence.’ The commissioner declined to resign; and on October 7, 1933, the President wrote him: ‘Effective as of this date you are hereby removed from the office of Commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission.’ Humphrey never acquiesced in this action, but continued thereafter to insist that he was still a member of the commis- sion, entitled to perform its duties and receive the compensation provided by law at the rate of $10,000 per annum. Upon these and other facts set forth in the certificate, which we deem it unnecessary to recite, the following questions are certi- fied: 1. Do the provisions of section 1 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, stating that ‘any commissioner may be removed by the President for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office’, restrict or limit the power of 65 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS the President to remove a commissioner except upon one or more of the causes named? If the foregoing question is answered in the affirmative, then— 2. If the power of the President to remove a commissioner is restricted or limited as shown by the foregoing inter- rogatory and the answer made thereto, is such a restriction or limitation valid under the Constitution of the United States?’ The Federal Trade Commission Act … creates a commission of five members to be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and section 1 provides: ‘Not more than three of the commissioners shall be members of the same political party. … ‘ [The Act] in part provides that: ‘Unfair methods of competition in commerce are declared unlawful. The commission is empowered and directed to prevent persons, partnerships, or corporations, except banks, and com- mon carriers subject to the Acts to regulate commerce, from using unfair methods of competition in commerce … ‘ First. The question first to be considered is whether, by the provisions of section 1 … the President’s power is limited to removal for the specific causes enumerated therein. The negative contention of the government is based principally upon the decision of this court in Shurtleff v. United States, (1903) … The situation here presented is plainly and wholly different. The statute fixes a term of office, in accordance with many precedents … The words of the act are definite and unambiguous. … The fixing of a definite term subject to removal for cause, unless there be some countervailing provision or circum- stance indicating the contrary, which here we are unable to find, is enough to establish the legislative intent that the term is not to be curtailed in the absence of such cause. But if the intention of Congress that no removal should be made dur- ing the specified term except for one or more of the enumerated causes were not clear upon the face of the statute, as we think it is, it would be made clear by a consideration of the character of the commission and the legislative history which accompanied and preceded the passage of the act. The commission is to be nonpartisan; and it must, from the very nature of its duties, act with entire impartiality. It is charged with the enforcement of no policy except the policy of the law. Its duties are neither political nor executive, but predominantly quasi judicial and quasi legislative. Like the Interstate Commerce Commission, its members are called upon to exercise the trained judgment of a body of experts ‘appointed by law and informed by experience’ … The legislative reports in both houses of Congress clearly reflect the view that a fixed term was necessary to the effective and fair administration of the law … [T]he language of the act, the legislative reports, and the general purposes of the legislation as reflected by the debates, all combine to demonstrate the congressional intent to create a body of experts who shall gain experience by length of service; a body which shall be independent of executive authority, except in its selection, and free to exercise its judgment APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 66 without the leave or hindrance of any other official … To the accomplishment of these purposes, it is clear that Congress was of opinion that length and certainty of tenure would vitally contribute. And to hold that, nevertheless, the members of the commission continue in office at the mere will of the President, might be to thwart, in large measure, the very ends which Congress sought to realize by definitely fixing the term of office. … Second. To support its contention that the removal provision … is an unconstitutional interference with the executive power of the President, the government’s chief reliance is Myers v. United States (1926) … [T]he narrow point actually decided was only that the President had power to remove a postmaster of the first class, without the advice and consent of the Senate as required by act of Congress. In the course of the opinion of the court, expressions occur which tend to sustain the government’s contention, but these are beyond the point involved and, therefore, do not come within the rule of stare decisis … The office of a postmaster is so essentially unlike the office now involved that the decision in the Myers case cannot be accepted as controlling our decision here. A postmaster is an executive officer restricted to the performance of executive functions. He is charged with no duty at all related to either the legislative or judicial power. The actual decision in the Myers case finds support in the theory that such an officer is merely one of the units in the executive department and, hence, inherently subject to the exclusive and illimitable power of removal by the Chief Executive, whose subordinate and aid he is. Putting aside dicta, which may be followed if sufficiently persuasive but which are not controlling, the nec- essary reach of the decision goes far enough to include all purely executive officers. It goes no farther; much less does it include an officer who occupies no place in the executive department and who exercises no part of the executive power vested by the Constitution in the President. The Federal Trade Commission is an administrative body created by Congress to carry into effect legislative policies embodied in the statute in accordance with the legislative standard therein prescribed, and to perform other specified duties as a legislative or as a judicial aid. Such a body cannot in any proper sense be characterized as an arm or an eye of the executive. Its duties are performed without executive leave and, in the contemplation of the statute, must be free from executive control. In administering the provisions of the statute in respect of ‘unfair methods of competition,’ that is to say, in filling in and administering the details embodied by that general standard, the commission acts in part quasi leg- islatively and in part quasi judicially … To the extent that it exercises any executive function, as distinguished from execu- tive power in the constitutional sense, it does so in the discharge and effectuation of its quasi legislative or quasi judicial powers, or as an agency of the legislative or judicial departments of the government … If Congress is without authority to prescribe causes for removal of members of the trade commission and limit executive power of removal accordingly, that power at once becomes practically all-inclusive in respect of civil officers with the exception of the judiciary provided for by the Constitution … We are thus confronted with the serious question whether not only the members of these quasi legislative and quasi judicial bodies, but the judges of the legislative Court of Claims, exercising judicial power … con- tinue in office only at the pleasure of the President. We think it plain under the Constitution that illimitable power of removal is not possessed by the President in respect of officers of the character of those just named. The authority of Congress, in creating quasi legislative or quasi judicial agencies, to require them to act in discharge of their duties independently of executive control cannot well be doubted. CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court. This case presents us with a challenge to the independent counsel provisions of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 … We hold today that these provisions of the Act do not violate the Appointments Clause of the Constitution, Art. II, § 2, cl. 2, or the limitations of Article III, nor do they impermissibly interfere with the President’s authority under Article II in violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers. Briefly stated, Title VI of the Ethics in Government Act … allows for the appointment of an “independent counsel” to investigate and, if appropriate, prosecute certain high-ranking Government officials for violations of federal criminal laws … The Act requires the Attorney General, upon receipt of information that he determines is “sufficient to constitute grounds to investigate whether any person [covered by the Act] may have violated any Federal criminal law,” to conduct a preliminary investigation of the matter … If … the Attorney General has determined that there are “reasonable grounds to believe that further investigation or prosecution is warranted,” then he “shall apply to the division of the court for the appointment of an independent counsel … ” With respect to all matters within the independent counsel’s jurisdiction, the Act grants the counsel “full power and independent authority to exercise all investigative and prosecutorial functions and powers of the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, and any other officer or employee of the Department of Justice … ” The functions of the inde- pendent counsel include conducting grand jury proceedings and other investigations, participating in civil and criminal court proceedings and litigation, and appealing any decision in any case in which the counsel participates in an official capacity … the counsel’s powers include “initiating and conducting prosecutions in any court of competent jurisdiction, framing and signing indictments, filing informations, and handling all aspects of any case, in the name of the United States … ” … An independent counsel has “full authority to dismiss matters within [his or her] prosecutorial jurisdiction without conducting an investigation or at any subsequent time before prosecution, if to do so would be consistent” with Department of Justice policy … Two statutory provisions govern the length of an independent counsel’s tenure in office. The first defines the procedure for removing an independent counsel. Section 596(a)(1) provides: “An independent counsel appointed under this chapter may be removed from office, other than by impeachment and conviction, only by the personal action of the Attorney General … ” If an independent counsel is removed pursuant to this section, the Attorney General is required to submit a report to both the Special Division and the Judiciary Committees of the Senate and the House “specifying the facts found and the ultimate grounds for such removal.” § 596(a)(2). Under the current version of the Act, an independent counsel can obtain judicial review of the Attorney General’s action by filing a civil action in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia … The reviewing court is authorized to grant reinstatement or “other appropriate relief.” § 596(a)(3) … The other provision governing the tenure of the independent counsel defines the procedures for “terminating” the coun- sel’s office. Under § 596(b)(1), the office of an independent counsel terminates when he or she notifies the Attorney Gen- eral that he or she has completed or substantially completed any investigations or prosecutions undertaken pursuant to the Act … 69 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS Finally, the Act provides for congressional oversight of the activities of independent counsel … On April 23, 1986, the Special Division appointed James C. McKay as independent counsel to investigate “whether the testimony of … Olson and his revision of such testimony on March 10, 1983, violated either 18 U. S. C. § 1505 or § 1001, or any other provision of federal law … ” McKay later resigned as independent counsel, and on May 29, 1986, the Division appointed appellant Morrison as his replacement, with the same jurisdiction … [I]n May and June 1987, appellant caused a grand jury to issue and serve … on appellees. All three appellees moved to quash the subpoenas, claiming, among other things, that the independent counsel provisions of the Act were unconsti- tutional and that appellant accordingly had no authority to proceed … The initial question is, accordingly, whether appellant is an “inferior” or a “principal” officer … If she is the latter, as the Court of Appeals concluded, then the Act is in violation of the Appointments Clause. The line between “inferior” and “principal” officers is one that is far from clear, and the Framers provided little guidance into where it should be drawn … [I]n our view appellant clearly falls on the “inferior officer” side of that line. Several factors lead to this conclusion. First, appellant is subject to removal by a higher Executive Branch official. Although appellant may not be “subordinate” to the Attorney General (and the President) insofar as she possesses a degree of independent discretion to exercise the powers delegated to her under the Act, the fact that she can be removed by the Attorney General indicates that she is to some degree “inferior” in rank and authority. Second, appellant is empowered by the Act to perform only certain, limited duties … Admittedly, the Act delegates to appellant “full power and independent authority to exercise all investigative and prosecutorial functions and powers of the Department of Justice,” § 594(a), but this grant of authority does not include any authority to formulate policy for the Government or the Executive Branch, nor does it give appellant any administrative duties outside of those necessary to operate her office. The Act specifically provides that in policy matters appellant is to comply to the extent possible with the policies of the Department … Third, appellant’s office is limited in jurisdiction. Not only is the Act itself restricted in applicability to certain federal officials suspected of certain serious federal crimes, but an independent counsel can only act within the scope of the juris- diction that has been granted by the Special Division pursuant to a request by the Attorney General. Finally, appellant’s office is limited in tenure. There is concededly no time limit on the appointment of a particular counsel. Nonetheless, the office of independent counsel is “temporary” in the sense that an independent counsel is appointed essentially to accomplish a single task, and when that task is over the office is terminated, either by the counsel herself or by action of the Special Division. Unlike other prosecutors, appellant has no ongoing responsibilities that extend beyond the accom- plishment of the mission that she was appointed for and authorized by the Special Division to undertake. In our view, these factors relating to the “ideas of tenure, duration … and duties” of the independent counsel, Germaine, are sufficient to establish that appellant is an “inferior” officer in the constitutional sense. This conclusion is consistent with our few previous decisions that considered the question whether a particular Govern- ment official is a “principal” or an “inferior” officer … APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 70 Appellees argue that even if appellant is an “inferior” officer, the Clause does not empower Congress to place the power to appoint such an officer outside the Executive Branch. They contend that the Clause does not contemplate congres- sional authorization of “interbranch appointments,” in which an officer of one branch is appointed by officers of another branch. The relevant language of the Appointments Clause is worth repeating. It reads: ” … but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.” On its face, the language of this “excepting clause” admits of no limitation on interbranch appointments. Indeed, the inclusion of “as they think proper” seems clearly to give Congress significant discretion to determine whether it is “proper” to vest the appointment of, for example, executive officials in the “courts of Law … ” We also note that the history of the Clause provides no support for appellees’ position … We do not mean to say that Congress’ power to provide for interbranch appointments of “inferior officers” is unlimited. In addition to separation-of-powers concerns, which would arise if such provisions for appointment had the potential to impair the constitutional functions assigned to one of the branches, Ex parte Siebold (1879) itself suggested that Con- gress’ decision to vest the appointment power in the courts would be improper if there was some “incongruity” between the functions normally performed by the courts and the performance of their duty to appoint … In this case, however, we do not think it impermissible for Congress to vest the power to appoint independent counsel in a specially created federal court … We now turn to consider whether the Act is invalid under the constitutional principle of separation of powers. Two related issues must be addressed: The first is whether the provision of the Act restricting the Attorney General’s power to remove the independent counsel to only those instances in which he can show “good cause,” taken by itself, impermis- sibly interferes with the President’s exercise of his constitutionally appointed functions. The second is whether, taken as a whole, the Act violates the separation of powers by reducing the President’s ability to control the prosecutorial powers wielded by the independent counsel. Unlike both Bowsher and Myers, this case does not involve an attempt by Congress itself to gain a role in the removal of executive officials other than its established powers of impeachment and conviction. The Act instead puts the removal power squarely in the hands of the Executive Branch; an independent counsel may be removed from office, “only by the personal action of the Attorney General, and only for good cause.” § 596(a)(1) … There is no requirement of congres- sional approval of the Attorney General’s removal decision, though the decision is subject to judicial review. § 596(a)(3). In our view, the removal provisions of the Act make this case more analogous to Humphrey’s Executor v. United States, (1935), and Wiener v. United States, (1958), than to Myers or Bowsher … Appellees contend that Humphrey’s Executor and Wiener are distinguishable from this case because they did not involve officials who performed a “core executive function.” They argue that our decision in Humphrey’s Executor rests on a distinction between “purely executive” officials and officials who exercise “quasi-legislative” and “quasi-judicial” powers. In their view, when a “purely executive” official is involved, the governing precedent is Myers, not Humphrey’s Executor. And, under Myers, the President must have absolute discretion to discharge “purely” executive officials at will … We undoubtedly did rely on the terms “quasi-legislative” and “quasi-judicial” to distinguish the officials involved in Humphrey’s Executor and Wiener from those in Myers, but our present considered view is that the determination of whether the Constitution allows Congress to impose a “good cause”-type restriction on the President’s power to remove 71 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS an official cannot be made to turn on whether or not that official is classified as “purely executive … ” The analysis con- tained in our removal cases is designed not to define rigid categories of those officials who may or may not be removed at will by the President … but to ensure that Congress does not interfere with the President’s exercise of the “execu- tive power” and his constitutionally appointed duty to “take care that the laws be faithfully executed” under Article II. Myers was undoubtedly correct in its holding, and in its broader suggestion that there are some “purely executive” officials who must be removable by the President at will if he is to be able to accomplish his constitutional role … But as the Court noted in Wiener: “The assumption was short-lived that the Myers case recognized the President’s inherent constitutional power to remove officials no matter what the relation of the executive to the discharge of their duties and no matter what restrictions Con- gress may have imposed regarding the nature of their tenure … ” [T]he real question is whether the removal restrictions are of such a nature that they impede the President’s ability to perform his constitutional duty, and the functions of the officials in question must be analyzed in that light. Considering for the moment the “good cause” removal provision in isolation from the other parts of the Act at issue in this case, we cannot say that the imposition of a “good cause” standard for removal by itself unduly trammels on executive authority. There is no real dispute that the functions performed by the independent counsel are “executive” in the sense that they are law enforcement functions that typically have been undertaken by officials within the Executive Branch. As we noted above, however, the independent counsel is an inferior officer under the Appointments Clause … we simply do not see how the President’s need to control the exercise of that discretion is so central to the functioning of the Executive Branch as to require as a matter of constitutional law that the counsel be terminable at will by the President … Nor do we think that the “good cause” removal provision at issue here impermissibly burdens the President’s power to control or supervise the independent counsel, as an executive official, in the execution of his or her duties under the Act. This is not a case in which the power to remove an executive official has been completely stripped from the President, thus providing no means for the President to ensure the “faithful execution” of the laws. Rather, because the indepen- dent counsel may be terminated for “good cause,” the Executive, through the Attorney General, retains ample authority to assure that the counsel is competently performing his or her statutory responsibilities in a manner that comports with the provisions of the Act … Here, as with the provision of the Act conferring the appointment authority of the indepen- dent counsel on the special court, the congressional determination to limit the removal power of the Attorney General was essential, in the view of Congress, to establish the necessary independence of the office. We do not think that this limitation as it presently stands sufficiently deprives the President of control over the independent counsel to interfere impermissibly with his constitutional obligation to ensure the faithful execution of the laws … The final question to be addressed is whether the Act, taken as a whole, violates the principle of separation of powers by unduly interfering with the role of the Executive Branch. Time and again we have reaffirmed the importance in our con- stitutional scheme of the separation of governmental powers into the three coordinate branches … We have not hesitated to invalidate provisions of law which violate this principle. On the other hand, we have never held that the Constitution requires that the three branches of Government “operate with absolute independence … ” In the often-quoted words of Justice Jackson: APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 72 “While the Constitution diffuses power the better to secure liberty, it also contemplates that practice will integrate the dispersed powers into a workable government. It enjoins upon its branches separateness but interdependence, autonomy but reciprocity.” Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, (1952) (concurring opinion). We observe first that this case does not involve an attempt by Congress to increase its own powers at the expense of the Executive Branch … Indeed, with the exception of the power of impeachment — which applies to all officers of the United States — Congress retained for itself no powers of control or supervision over an independent counsel. The Act does empower certain Members of Congress to request the Attorney General to apply for the appointment of an inde- pendent counsel, but the Attorney General has no duty to comply with the request, although he must respond within a certain time limit. § 592(g). Other than that, Congress’ role under the Act is limited to receiving reports or other informa- tion and oversight of the independent counsel’s activities, § 595(a), functions that we have recognized generally as being incidental to the legislative function of Congress … Similarly, we do not think that the Act works any judicial usurpation of properly executive functions. As should be apparent from our discussion of the Appointments Clause above, the power to appoint inferior officers such as indepen- dent counsel is not in itself an “executive” function in the constitutional sense, at least when Congress has exercised its power to vest the appointment of an inferior office in the “courts of Law.” … In addition, once the court has appointed a counsel and defined his or her jurisdiction, it has no power to supervise or control the activities of the counsel. … [T]he various powers delegated by the statute to the Division are not supervisory or administrative, nor are they functions that the Constitution requires be performed by officials within the Executive Branch. The Act does give a federal court the power to review the Attorney General’s decision to remove an independent counsel, but in our view this is a function that is well within the traditional power of the Judiciary. Finally, we do not think that the Act “impermissibly undermine[s]” the powers of the Executive Branch … or “disrupts the proper balance between the coordinate branches [by] prevent[ing] the Executive Branch from accomplishing its con- stitutionally assigned functions … ” It is undeniable that the Act reduces the amount of control or supervision that the Attorney General and, through him, the President exercises over the investigation and prosecution of a certain class of alleged criminal activity … The Act … gives the Executive a degree of control over the power to initiate an investigation by the independent counsel. In addition, the jurisdiction of the independent counsel is defined with reference to the facts submitted by the Attorney General, and once a counsel is appointed, the Act requires that the counsel abide by Justice Department policy unless it is not “possible” to do so. Notwithstanding the fact that the counsel is to some degree “inde- pendent” and free from executive supervision to a greater extent than other federal prosecutors, in our view these features of the Act give the Executive Branch sufficient control over the independent counsel to ensure that the President is able to perform his constitutionally assigned duties. In sum, we conclude today that it does not violate the Appointments Clause for Congress to vest the appointment of independent counsel in the Special Division; that the powers exercised by the Special Division under the Act do not vio- late Article III; and that the Act does not violate the separation-of-powers principle by impermissibly interfering with the functions of the Executive Branch. The decision of the Court of Appeals is therefore Reversed. JUSTICE KENNEDY took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. 73 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS Original excerpt in Lawrence Lessig, Constitutional Law: Separation of Powers, Federalism, and Fourteenth Amendment, published by H2O. Further excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA. § NLRB v. Canning 573 U.S. 513 (2014) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 9-0 Majority: Breyer, joined by Kennedy, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan Concurrence: Scalia (in judgment), joined by Roberts, Thomas, and Alito Note: A pro forma session is defined as “From the Latin, meaning ‘as a matter of form,’ a pro forma session is a brief meeting of the Senate, often only a few minutes in duration.” https://www.senate.gov/general/Features/Ses- sions.htm#:~:text=Pro%20Forma%20Session%3A%20From%20the,following%20the%20November%20gen- eral%20elections. Visit https://www.c-span.org/video/?526638-1/senate-pro-forma-session to see the c-span to view a pro forma session. Justice Breyer delivered the opinion of the Court. Ordinarily the President must obtain “the Advice and Consent of the Senate” before appointing an “Office[r] of the United States.” U. S. Const., Art. II, §2, cl. 2. But the Recess Appointments Clause creates an exception. It gives the Pres- ident alone the power “to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commis- sions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.” Art. II, §2, cl. 3. We here consider three questions about the application of this Clause. The first concerns the scope of the words “recess of the Senate.” Does that phrase refer only to an inter-session recess (i.e., a break between formal sessions of Congress), or does it also include an intra-session recess, such as a summer recess in the midst of a session? We conclude that the Clause applies to both kinds of recess. The second question concerns the scope of the words “vacancies that may happen.” Does that phrase refer only to vacan- cies that first come into existence during a recess, or does it also include vacancies that arise prior to a recess but continue to exist during the recess? We conclude that the Clause applies to both kinds of vacancy. The third question concerns calculation of the length of a “recess.” The President made the appointments here at issue on January 4, 2012. At that time the Senate was in recess pursuant to a December 17, 2011, resolution providing for a series of brief recesses punctuated by “pro forma session[s],” with “no business … transacted,” every Tuesday and Friday through January 20, 2012 … In calculating the length of a recess are we to ignore the pro forma sessions, thereby treating the series of brief recesses as a single, month-long recess? We conclude that we cannot ignore these pro forma sessions. APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 74 Our answer to the third question means that, when the appointments before us took place, the Senate was in the midst of a 3-day recess. Three days is too short a time to bring a recess within the scope of the Clause. Thus we conclude that the President lacked the power to make the recess appointments here at issue. The case before us arises out of a labor dispute. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) found that a Pepsi-Cola distributor, Noel Canning, had unlawfully refused to reduce to writing and execute a collective-bargaining agreement with a labor union. The Board ordered the distributor to execute the agreement and to make employees whole for any losses … The Pepsi-Cola distributor subsequently asked the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to set the Board’s order aside. It claimed that three of the five Board members had been invalidly appointed, leaving the Board with- out the three lawfully appointed members necessary for it to act … The three members in question were Sharon Block, Richard Griffin, and Terence Flynn. In 2011 the President had nom- inated each of them to the Board. As of January 2012, Flynn’s nomination had been pending in the Senate awaiting confirmation for approximately a year. The nominations of each of the other two had been pending for a few weeks. On January 4, 2012, the President, invoking the Recess Appointments Clause, appointed all three to the Board. The distributor argued that the Recess Appointments Clause did not authorize those appointments. It pointed out that on December 17, 2011, the Senate, by unanimous consent, had adopted a resolution providing that it would take a series of brief recesses beginning the following day … Pursuant to that resolution, the Senate held pro forma sessions every Tuesday and Friday until it returned for ordinary business on January 23, 2012 … The President’s January 4 appoint- ments were made between the January 3 and January 6 pro forma sessions. In the distributor’s view, each pro forma session terminated the immediately preceding recess. Accordingly, the appointments were made during a 3-day adjourn- ment, which is not long enough to trigger the Recess Appointments Clause. The Court of Appeals agreed that the appointments fell outside the scope of the Clause. But the court set forth different reasons … Since the second session of the 112th Congress began on January 3, 2012, the day before the President’s appointments, those appointments occurred during an intra-session recess, and the appointments consequently fell out- side the scope of the Clause … We asked the parties to address not only the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of the Clause but also the distributor’s initial argument, namely, “[w]hether the President’s recess-appointment power may be exercised when the Senate is con- vening every three days in pro forma sessions … ” … [T]he Recess Appointments Clause reflects the tension between, on the one hand, the President’s continuous need for “the assistance of subordinates,” Myers v. United States, (1926), and, on the other, the Senate’s practice, particularly dur- ing the Republic’s early years, of meeting for a single brief session each year … We seek to interpret the Clause as granting the President the power to make appointments during a recess but not offering the President the authority routinely to avoid the need for Senate confirmation. 75 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS Second, in interpreting the Clause, we put significant weight upon historical practice. For one thing, the interpretive questions before us concern the allocation of power between two elected branches of Government. Long ago Chief Jus- tice Marshall wrote that “a doubtful question, one on which human reason may pause, and the human judgment be suspended, in the decision of which the great principles of liberty are not concerned, but the respective powers of those who are equally the representa- tives of the people, are to be adjusted; if not put at rest by the practice of the government, ought to receive a considerable impression from that practice.” McCulloch v. Maryland, (1819) … The first question concerns the scope of the phrase “the recess of the Senate … ” The Constitution provides for congres- sional elections every two years. And the 2-year life of each elected Congress typically consists of two formal 1-year ses- sions, each separated from the next by an “inter-session recess … ” The Senate or the House of Representatives announces an inter-session recess by approving a resolution stating that it will “adjourn sine die,” i.e., without specifying a date to return (in which case Congress will reconvene when the next formal session is scheduled to begin). The Senate and the House also take breaks in the midst of a session. The Senate or the House announces any such “intra- session recess” by adopting a resolution stating that it will “adjourn” to a fixed date, a few days or weeks or even months later. All agree that the phrase “the recess of the Senate” covers inter-session recesses. The question is whether it includes intra-session recesses as well. In our view, the phrase “the recess” includes an intra-session recess of substantial length … History … shows only that Congress generally took long breaks between sessions, while taking no significant intra-session breaks at all (five times it took a break of a week or so at Christmas) … In 1867 and 1868, Congress for the first time took substantial, nonholiday intra-session breaks, and President Andrew Johnson made dozens of recess appointments. The Federal Court of Claims upheld one of those specific appointments, writing “[w]e have no doubt that a vacancy occur- ring while the Senate was thus temporarily adjourned” during the “first session of the Fortieth Congress” was “legally filled by appointment of the President alone.” Gould v. United States, (1884) … … [R]estricting the Clause to inter-session recesses would frustrate its purpose. It would make the President’s recess- appointment power dependent on a formalistic distinction of Senate procedure. Moreover, the President has consis- tently and frequently interpreted the word “recess” to apply to intra-session recesses, and has acted on that interpretation. The Senate as a body has done nothing to deny the validity of this practice for at least three-quarters of a century … [A] 3-day recess would be too short … The Adjournments Clause reflects the fact that a 3-day break is not a significant interruption of legislative business. As the Solicitor General says, it is constitutionally de minimis. A Senate recess that is so short that it does not require the consent of the House is not long enough to trigger the President’s recess-appoint- ment power. In sum, we conclude that the phrase “the recess” applies to both intra-session and inter-session recesses. If a Senate recess is so short that it does not require the consent of the House, it is too short to trigger the Recess Appointments Clause. See Art. I, §5, cl. 4. And a recess lasting less than 10 days is presumptively too short as well. Applying this standard, we find that the pro forma sessions were sessions for purposes of the Clause. First, the Senate said it was in session. The Journal of the Senate and the Congressional Record indicate that the Senate convened for a series of twice-weekly “sessions” from December 20 through January 20 … Second, the Senate’s rules make clear that during its pro forma sessions, despite its resolution that it would conduct no business, the Senate retained the power to conduct business. During any pro forma session, the Senate could have con- ducted business simply by passing a unanimous consent agreement … It is consequently unsurprising that the Senate has enacted legislation during pro forma sessions even when it has said that no business will be transacted. Indeed, the Senate passed a bill by unanimous consent during the second pro forma session after its December 17 adjournment … The Recess Appointments Clause responds to a structural difference between the Executive and Legislative Branches: The Executive Branch is perpetually in operation, while the Legislature only acts in intervals separated by recesses. The purpose of the Clause is to allow the Executive to continue operating while the Senate is unavailable. We believe that the Clause’s text, standing alone, is ambiguous. It does not resolve whether the President may make appointments during intra-session recesses, or whether he may fill pre-recess vacancies. But the broader reading better serves the Clause’s struc- tural function. Moreover, that broader reading is reinforced by centuries of history, which we are hesitant to disturb. We thus hold that the Constitution empowers the President to fill any existing vacancy during any recess—intra-session or inter-session—of sufficient length. Given our answer to the last question before us, we conclude that the Recess Appointments Clause does not give the President the constitutional authority to make the appointments here at issue. Because the Court of Appeals reached the same ultimate conclusion (though for reasons we reject), its judgment is affirmed. It is so ordered. Justice Scalia, with whom The Chief Justice, Justice Thomas, and Justice Alito join, concurring in the judgment. Except where the Constitution or a valid federal law provides otherwise, all “Officers of the United States” must be appointed by the President “by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate.” U. S. Const., Art. II, §2, cl. 2. That general rule is subject to an exception: “The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.” Id., §2, cl. 3. This case requires us to decide whether the Recess Appointments Clause authorized three appointments made by President Obama to the National Labor Relations Board in January 2012 without the Senate’s consent. To prevent the President’s recess-appointment power from nullifying the Senate’s role in the appointment process, the Constitution cabins that power in two significant ways. First, it may be exercised only in “the Recess of the Senate,” that is, the intermission between two formal legislative sessions. Second, it may be used to fill only those vacancies that “hap- pen during the Recess,” that is, offices that become vacant during that intermission. Both conditions are clear from the Constitution’s text and struc ture, and both were well understood at the founding. The Court of Appeals correctly held that the appointments here at issue are invalid because they did not meet either condition … The Court’s decision transforms the recess-appointment power from a tool carefully designed to fill a narrow and specific need into a weapon to be wielded by future Presidents against future Senates. To reach that result, the majority casts aside APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 78 the plain, original meaning of the constitutional text in deference to late-arising historical practices that are ambiguous at best. The majority’s insistence on deferring to the Executive’s untenably broad interpretation of the power is in clear conflict with our precedent and forebodes a diminution of this Court’s role in controversies involving the separation of powers and the structure of government. I concur in the judgment only … The first question presented is whether “the Recess of the Senate,” during which the President’s recess-appointment power is active, is (a) the period between two of the Senate’s formal sessions, or (b) any break in the Senate’s proceedings. I would hold that “the Recess” is the gap between sessions and that the appointments at issue here are invalid because they undisputedly were made during the Senate’s session. The Court’s contrary conclusion—that “the Recess” includes “breaks in the midst of a session,” ante, at 9—is inconsistent with the Constitution’s text and structure, and it requires judicial fabrication of vague, unadministrable limits on the recess-appointment power (thus defined) that overstep the judicial role. And although the majority relies heavily on “historical practice,” no practice worthy of our deference sup- ports the majority’s conclusion on this issue … What does all this amount to? In short: Intra-session recess appointments were virtually unheard of for the first 130 years of the Republic, were deemed unconstitutional by the first Attorney General to address them, were not openly defended by the Executive until 1921, were not made in significant numbers until after World War II, and have been repeatedly criticized as unconstitutional by Senators of both parties. It is astonishing for the majority to assert that this history lends “strong support,” ante, at 11, to its interpretation of the Recess Appointments Clause. The second question presented is whether vacancies that “happen during the Recess of the Senate,” which the President is empowered to fill with recess appointments, are (a) vacancies that arise during the recess, or (b) all vacancies that exist during the recess, regardless of when they arose. I would hold that the recess-appointment power is limited to vacancies that arise during the recess in which they are filled, and I would hold that the appointments at issue here—which undisputedly filled pre-recess vacancies—are invalid for that reason as well as for the reason that they were made during the session. The Court’s contrary conclusion is inconsistent with the Constitution’s text and structure, and it further undermines the balance the Framers struck between Presidential and Senatorial power. Historical practice also fails to support the majority’s conclusion on this issue … In sum: Washington’s and Adams’ Attorneys General read the Constitution to restrict recess appointments to vacancies arising during the recess, and there is no evidence that any of the first four Presidents consciously departed from that reading. The contrary reading was first defended by an executive official in 1823, was vehemently rejected by the Senate in 1863, was vigorously resisted by legislation in place from 1863 until 1940, and is arguably inconsistent with legislation in place from 1940 to the present. The Solicitor General has identified only about 100 appointments that have ever been made under the broader reading, and while it seems likely that a good deal more have been made in the last few decades, there is good reason to doubt that many were made before 1940 (since the appointees could not have been compensated). I can conceive of no sane constitutional theory under which this evidence of “historical practice”—which is actually evi- dence of a long-simmering inter-branch conflict—would require us to defer to the views of the Executive Branch … What the majority needs to sustain its judgment is an ambiguous text and a clear historical practice. What it has is a clear text and an at-best-ambiguous historical practice … 79 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS The real tragedy of today’s decision is not simply the abolition of the Constitution’s limits on the recess-appointment power and the substitution of a novel framework invented by this Court. It is the damage done to our separation-of- powers jurisprudence more generally. It is not every day that we encounter a proper case or controversy requiring inter- pretation of the Constitution’s structural provisions. Most of the time, the interpretation of those provisions is left to the political branches—which, in deciding how much respect to afford the constitutional text, often take their cues from this Court. We should therefore take every opportunity to affirm the primacy of the Constitution’s enduring principles over the politics of the moment. Our failure to do so today will resonate well beyond the particular dispute at hand. Sad, but true: The Court’s embrace of the adverse-possession theory of executive power (a characterization the majority resists but does not refute) will be cited in diverse contexts, including those presently unimagined, and will have the effect of aggrandizing the Presidency beyond its constitutional bounds and undermining respect for the separation of powers. I concur in the judgment only. Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § Lucia v. SEC 585 U.S. ___ (2018) Decision: Reversed and remanded Vote: 7-2 Majority: Kagan, joined by Roberts, Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch Concurrence: Thomas, joined by Gorsuch Concur/dissent: Breyer, joined by Ginsburg, and Sotomayor (Part III only) Dissent: Sotomayor, joined by Ginsburg Justice Kagan delivered the opinion of the Court. The Appointments Clause of the Constitution lays out the permissible methods of appointing “Officers of the United States,” a class of government officials distinct from mere employees … This case requires us to decide whether adminis- trative law judges (ALJs) of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC or Commission) qualify as such “Officers.” In keeping with Freytag v. Commissioner, (1991), we hold that they do … The SEC has statutory authority to enforce the nation’s securities laws. One way it can do so is by instituting an admin- istrative proceeding against an alleged wrongdoer. By law, the Commission may itself preside over such a proceeding … But the Commission also may, and typically does, delegate that task to an ALJ … The SEC currently has five ALJs. Other staff members, rather than the Commission proper, selected them all … APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 80 An ALJ assigned to hear an SEC enforcement action has extensive powers—the “authority to do all things necessary and appropriate to discharge his or her duties” and ensure a “fair and orderly” adversarial proceeding … As that list suggests, an SEC ALJ exercises authority “comparable to” that of a federal district judge conducting a bench trial. Butz v. Economou, (1978) … This case began when the SEC instituted an administrative proceeding against petitioner Raymond Lucia and his invest- ment company. Lucia marketed a retirement savings strategy called “Buckets of Money.” In the SEC’s view, Lucia used misleading slideshow presentations to deceive prospective clients. The SEC charged Lucia under the Investment Advis- ers Act, and assigned ALJ Cameron Elliot to adjudicate the case. After nine days of testimony and argument, Judge Elliot issued an initial decision concluding that Lucia had violated the Act and imposing sanctions, including civil penalties of $300,000 and a lifetime bar from the investment industry … On appeal to the SEC, Lucia argued that the administrative proceeding was invalid because Judge Elliot had not been constitutionally appointed. According to Lucia, the Commission’s ALJs are “Officers of the United States” and thus subject to the Appointments Clause … [T]he Commission had left the task of appointing ALJs, including Judge Elliot, to SEC staff members … As a result, Lucia contended, Judge Elliot lacked constitutional authority to do his job … The sole question here is whether the Commission’s ALJs are “Officers of the United States” or simply employees of the Federal Government. The Appointments Clause prescribes the exclusive means of appointing “Officers.” Only the Pres- ident, a court of law, or a head of department can do so. Two decisions set out this Court’s basic framework for distinguishing between officers and employees. Germaine v. US (1879) held that “civil surgeons” (doctors hired to perform various physical exams) were mere employees because their duties were “occasional or temporary” rather than “continuing and permanent … ” Stressing “ideas of tenure [and] dura- tion,” the Court there made clear that an individual must occupy a “continuing” position established by law to qualify as an officer. Buckley v. Valeo (1976) then set out another requirement, central to this case. It determined that members of a federal commission were officers only after finding that they “exercis[ed] significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States … ” The inquiry thus focused on the extent of power an individual wields in carrying out his assigned functions. Both the amicus and the Government urge us to elaborate on Buckley’s “significant authority” test, but another of our precedents makes that project unnecessary … [I]n Freytag v. Commissioner, (1991), we applied the unadorned “signifi- cant authority” test to adjudicative officials who are near-carbon copies of the Commission’s ALJs. As we now explain, our analysis there (sans any more detailed legal criteria) necessarily decides this case. The officials at issue in Freytag were the “special trial judges” (STJs) of the United States Tax Court. The authority of those judges depended on the significance of the tax dispute before them. In “comparatively narrow and minor matters,” they could both hear and definitively resolve a case for the Tax Court … In more major matters, they could preside over the hearing, but could not issue the final decision; instead, they were to “prepare proposed findings and an opinion” for a regular Tax Court judge to consider … 81 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS This Court held that the Tax Court’s STJs are officers, not mere employees. Citing Germaine, the Court first found that STJs hold a continuing office established by law … They serve on an ongoing, rather than a “temporary [or] episodic[,] basis”; and their “duties, salary, and means of appointment” are all specified in the Tax Code. For all the reasons we have given, and all those Freytag gave before, the Commission’s ALJs are “Officers of the United States,” subject to the Appointments Clause … This Court has held that “one who makes a timely challenge to the con- stitutional validity of the appointment of an officer who adjudicates his case” is entitled to relief. Ryder v. United States, (1995). Lucia made just such a timely challenge: He contested the validity of Judge Elliot’s appointment before the Com- mission, and continued pressing that claim in the Court of Appeals and this Court. So what relief follows? This Court has also held that the “appropriate” remedy for an adjudication tainted with an appointments violation is a new “hearing before a properly appointed” official … And we add today one thing more. That official cannot be Judge Elliot, even if he has by now received (or receives sometime in the future) a constitutional appointment. Judge Elliot has already both heard Lucia’s case and issued an initial decision on the merits. He cannot be expected to consider the matter as though he had not adjudicated it before. To cure the constitutional error, another ALJ (or the Commission itself) must hold the new hearing to which Lucia is entitled. We accordingly reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. Note: In June of 2020, Lucia entered a settlement with the SEC which banned Lucia from the securities industry, though he could reapply for admittance, and included a fine of $25,000.00. (see https://www.investmentnews.com/sec-ray-lucia- settle-lawsuit-194238, last accessed on April 27, 2023.) § APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 82 Executive Privilege United States v. Nixon 418 U.S. 683 (1974) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 8-0 Majority: Burger, joined by Douglas, Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall, Blackmun, and Powell MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER delivered the opinion of the Court. This litigation presents for review the denial of a motion … to quash a third-party subpoena duces tecum issued … pur- suant to Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 17 (c). The subpoena directed the President to produce certain tape recordings and doc- uments relating to his conversations with aides and advisers … On March 1, 1974, a grand jury of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia returned an indictment charging seven named individuals with various offenses, including conspiracy to defraud the United States and to obstruct justice. Although he was not designated as such in the indictment, the grand jury named the President, among others, as an unindicted coconspirator … [W]e turn to the claim that the subpoena should be quashed because it demands “confidential conversations between a President and his close advisors that it would be inconsistent with the public interest to produce … ” The first contention is a broad claim that the separation of powers doctrine precludes judicial review of a President’s claim of privilege. The second contention is that if he does not prevail on the claim of absolute privilege, the court should hold as a matter of constitutional law that the privilege prevails over the subpoena duces tecum. In the performance of assigned constitutional duties each branch of the Government must initially interpret the Consti- tution, and the interpretation of its powers by any branch is due great respect from the others. The President’s counsel, as we have noted, reads the Constitution as providing an absolute privilege of confidentiality for all Presidential commu- nications. Many decisions of this Court, however, have unequivocally reaffirmed the holding of Marbury v. Madison, (1803), that “[i]t is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is … ” Since this Court has consistently exercised the power to construe and delineate claims arising under express powers, it must follow that the Court has authority to interpret claims with respect to powers alleged to derive from enumerated powers … Our system of government “requires that federal courts on occasion interpret the Constitution in a manner at variance with the construction given the document by another branch.” Powell v. McCormack, (1969) … And in Baker v. Carr (1961), the Court stated: 83 \| EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE “Deciding whether a matter has in any measure been committed by the Constitution to another branch of government, or whether the action of that branch exceeds whatever authority has been committed, is itself a delicate exercise in con- stitutional interpretation, and is a responsibility of this Court as ultimate interpreter of the Constitution.” Notwithstanding the deference each branch must accord the others, the “judicial Power of the United States” vested in the federal courts by Art. III, § 1, of the Constitution can no more be shared with the Executive Branch than the Chief Executive, for example, can share with the Judiciary the veto power, or the Congress share with the Judiciary the power to override a Presidential veto. Any other conclusion would be contrary to the basic concept of separation of powers and the checks and balances that flow from the scheme of a tripartite government … We therefore reaffirm that it is the province and duty of this Court “to say what the law is” with respect to the claim of privilege presented in this case. In support of his claim of absolute privilege, the President’s counsel urges two grounds, one of which is common to all governments and one of which is peculiar to our system of separation of powers. The first ground is the valid need for protection of communications between high Government officials and those who advise and assist them in the perfor- mance of their manifold duties; the importance of this confidentiality is too plain to require further discussion … The second ground asserted by the President’s counsel in support of the claim of absolute privilege rests on the doctrine of separation of powers. Here it is argued that the independence of the Executive Branch within its own sphere … insu- lates a President from a judicial subpoena in an ongoing criminal prosecution, and thereby protects confidential Presi- dential communications. However, neither the doctrine of separation of powers, nor the need for confidentiality of high-level communications, without more, can sustain an absolute, unqualified Presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all cir- cumstances. The President’s need for complete candor and objectivity from advisers calls for great deference from the courts … [W]e find it difficult to accept the argument that even the very important interest in confidentiality of Presi- dential communications is significantly diminished by production of such material for in camera inspection with all the protection that a district court will be obliged to provide. The impediment that an absolute, unqualified privilege would place in the way of the primary constitutional duty of the Judicial Branch to do justice in criminal prosecutions would plainly conflict with the function of the courts under Art. III. In designing the structure of our Government and dividing and allocating the sovereign power among three co-equal branches, the Framers of the Constitution sought to provide a comprehensive system, but the separate powers were not intended to operate with absolute independence … To read the Art. II powers of the President as providing an absolute privilege as against a subpoena essential to enforce- ment of criminal statutes on no more than a generalized claim of the public interest in confidentiality of nonmilitary and nondiplomatic discussions would upset the constitutional balance of “a workable government” and gravely impair the role of the courts under Art. III. Since we conclude that the legitimate needs of the judicial process may outweigh Presidential privilege, it is necessary to resolve those competing interests in a manner that preserves the essential functions of each branch. The right and indeed the duty to resolve that question does not free the Judiciary from according high respect to the representations made on behalf of the President … EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE \| 84 When he signed the Act into law, President George W. Bush issued a statement declaring his position that § 214 would, “if construed as mandatory rather than advisory, impermissibly interfere with the President’s constitutional authority to formulate the position of the United States, speak for the Nation in international affairs, and determine the terms on which recognition is given to foreign states … ” The President concluded, “U.S. policy regarding Jerusalem has not changed … ” In considering claims of Presidential power this Court refers to Justice Jackson’s familiar tripartite framework from Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, (1952) (concurring opinion) … [W]hen “the President takes measures incompatible with the expressed or implied will of Congress … he can rely only upon his own constitutional powers minus any constitutional powers of Congress over the matter.” To succeed in this third category, the President’s asserted power must be both “exclusive” and “conclusive” on the issue … In this case the Secretary contends that § 214(d) infringes on the President’s exclusive recognition power by “requiring the President to contradict his recognition position regarding Jerusalem in official communications with foreign sover- eigns.” In so doing the Secretary acknowledges the President’s power is “at its lowest ebb … ” Because the President’s refusal to implement § 214(d) falls into Justice Jackson’s third category, his claim must be “scrutinized with caution,” and he may rely solely on powers the Constitution grants to him alone … Recognition is a “formal acknowledgment” that a particular “entity possesses the qualifications for statehood” or “that a particular regime is the effective government of a state … ” Recognition is often effected by an express “written or oral declaration … ” It may also be implied—for example, by concluding a bilateral treaty or by sending or receiving diplo- matic agents … Despite the importance of the recognition power in foreign relations, the Constitution does not use the term “recogni- tion,” either in Article II or elsewhere. The Secretary asserts that the President exercises the recognition power based on the Reception Clause, which directs that the President “shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers.” Art. II, § 3. As Zivotofsky notes, the Reception Clause received little attention at the Constitutional Convention … At the time of the founding, however, prominent international scholars suggested that receiving an ambassador was tan- tamount to recognizing the sovereignty of the sending state … It is a logical and proper inference, then, that a Clause directing the President alone to receive ambassadors would be understood to acknowledge his power to recognize other nations … The inference that the President exercises the recognition power is further supported by his additional Article II powers. It is for the President, “by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,” to “make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur.” Art. II, § 2, cl. 2. In addition, “he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors” as well as “other public Ministers and Consuls.” As a matter of constitutional structure, these additional powers give the President control over recognition decisions. At international law, recognition may be effected by different means, but each means is dependent upon Presidential power. In addition to receiving an ambassador, recognition may occur on “the conclusion of a bilateral treaty,” or the “formal initiation of diplomatic relations,” including the dispatch of an ambassador … The Constitution thus assigns the President means to effect recognition on his own initiative. Congress, by contrast, has no constitutional power that PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 146 would enable it to initiate diplomatic relations with a foreign nation. Because these specific Clauses confer the recogni- tion power on the President, the Court need not consider whether or to what extent the Vesting Clause, which provides that the “executive Power” shall be vested in the President, provides further support for the President’s action here. Art. II, § 1, cl. 1. The text and structure of the Constitution grant the President the power to recognize foreign nations and governments. The question then becomes whether that power is exclusive. The various ways in which the President may unilaterally effect recognition—and the lack of any similar power vested in Congress—suggest that it is. So, too, do functional con- siderations. Put simply, the Nation must have a single policy regarding which governments are legitimate in the eyes of the United States and which are not. Foreign countries need to know, before entering into diplomatic relations or com- merce with the United States, whether their ambassadors will be received; whether their officials will be immune from suit in federal court; and whether they may initiate lawsuits here to vindicate their rights. These assurances cannot be equivocal … It remains true, of course, that many decisions affecting foreign relations—including decisions that may determine the course of our relations with recognized countries—require congressional action. Congress may “regulate Commerce with foreign Nations,” “establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,” “define and punish Piracies and Felonies commit- ted on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations,” “declare War,” “grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal,” and “make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces … ” Although the President alone effects the formal act of recognition, Congress’ powers, and its central role in making laws, give it substantial authority regarding many of the policy determinations that precede and follow the act of recognition itself. If Congress disagrees with the President’s recognition policy, there may be consequences. Formal recognition may seem a hollow act if it is not accompanied by the dispatch of an ambassador, the easing of trade restrictions, and the con- clusion of treaties. And those decisions require action by the Senate or the whole Congress. In practice, then, the President’s recognition determination is just one part of a political process that may require Con- gress to make laws. The President’s exclusive recognition power encompasses the authority to acknowledge, in a formal sense, the legitimacy of other states and governments, including their territorial bounds. Albeit limited, the exclusive recognition power is essential to the conduct of Presidential duties. The formal act of recognition is an executive power that Congress may not qualify. If the President is to be effective in negotiations over a formal recognition determination, it must be evident to his counterparts abroad that he speaks for the Nation on that precise question … Here, history is not all on one side, but on balance it provides strong support for the conclusion that the recognition power is the President’s alone. As Zivotofsky argues, certain historical incidents can be interpreted to support the posi- tion that recognition is a shared power. But the weight of historical evidence supports the opposite view, which is that the formal determination of recognition is a power to be exercised only by the President … As the power to recognize foreign states resides in the President alone, the question becomes whether § 214(d) infringes on the Executive’s consistent decision to withhold recognition with respect to Jerusalem … Section 214(d) requires that, in a passport or consular report of birth abroad, “the Secretary shall, upon the request of the citizen or the citizen’s legal guardian, record the place of birth as Israel” for a “United States citizen born in the city 147 \| PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS of Jerusalem.” That is, § 214(d) requires the President, through the Secretary, to identify citizens born in Jerusalem who so request as being born in Israel. But according to the President, those citizens were not born in Israel. As a matter of United States policy, neither Israel nor any other country is acknowledged as having sovereignty over Jerusalem. In this way, § 214(d) “directly contradicts” the “carefully calibrated and longstanding Executive branch policy of neutrality toward Jerusalem.” If the power over recognition is to mean anything, it must mean that the President not only makes the initial, formal recognition determination but also that he may maintain that determination in his and his agent’s statements. This con- clusion is a matter of both common sense and necessity. If Congress could command the President to state a recognition position inconsistent with his own, Congress could override the President’s recognition determination … Although the statement required by § 214(d) would not itself constitute a formal act of recognition, it is a mandate that the Executive contradict his prior recognition determination in an official document issued by the Secretary of State … As a result, it is unconstitutional. This is all the more clear in light of the longstanding treatment of a passport’s place- of-birth section as an official executive statement implicating recognition … The Secretary’s position on this point has been consistent: He will not place information in the place-of-birth section of a passport that contradicts the President’s recognition policy … If a citizen objects to the country listed as sovereign over his place of birth, then the Secretary will accommodate him by listing the city or town of birth rather than the country … But the Secretary will not list a sovereign that contradicts the President’s recognition policy in a passport. Thus, the Secretary will not list “Israel” in a passport as the country containing Jerusalem … From the face of § 214, from the legislative history, and from its reception, it is clear that Congress wanted to express its displeasure with the President’s policy by, among other things, commanding the Executive to contradict his own, earlier stated position on Jerusalem. This Congress may not do. It is true, as Zivotofsky notes, that Congress has substantial authority over passports … The Court does not question the power of Congress to enact passport legislation of wide scope … The problem with § 214(d), however, lies in how Congress exercised its authority over passports. It was an improper act for Congress to “aggrandiz[e] its power at the expense of another branch” by requiring the President to contradict an ear- lier recognition determination in an official document issued by the Executive Branch. Freytag v. Commissioner, (1991). To allow Congress to control the President’s communication in the context of a formal recognition determination is to allow Congress to exercise that exclusive power itself. As a result, the statute is unconstitutional … In holding § 214(d) invalid the Court does not question the substantial powers of Congress over foreign affairs in general or passports in particular. This case is confined solely to the exclusive power of the President to control recognition deter- minations, including formal statements by the Executive Branch acknowledging the legitimacy of a state or government and its territorial bounds. Congress cannot command the President to contradict an earlier recognition determination in the issuance of passports. The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit is Affirmed. PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 148 Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf Justice Scalia, with whom The Chief Justice and Justice Alito join, dissenting. Before this country declared independence, the law of England entrusted the King with the exclusive care of his king- dom’s foreign affairs. The royal prerogative included the “sole power of sending ambassadors to foreign states, and receiv- ing them at home,” the sole authority to “make treaties, leagues, and alliances with foreign states and princes,” “the sole prerogative of making war and peace,” and the “sole power of raising and regulating fleets and armies.” W. Blackstone, Commentaries. The People of the United States had other ideas when they organized our Government. They considered a sound structure of balanced powers essential to the preservation of just government, and international relations formed no exception to that principle. The People therefore adopted a Constitution that divides responsibility for the Nation’s foreign concerns between the legislative and executive departments. The Constitution gave the President the “executive Power,” authority to send and responsibility to receive ambassadors, power to make treaties, and command of the Army and Navy—though they qual- ified some of these powers by requiring consent of the Senate. Art. II, §§1–3. At the same time, they gave Congress pow- ers over war, foreign commerce, naturalization, and more. Art. I, §8. “Fully eleven of the powers that Article I, §8 grants Congress deal in some way with foreign affairs.” L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law, §5–18, p. 965. This case arises out of a dispute between the Executive and Legislative Branches about whether the United States should treat Jerusalem as a part of Israel. The Constitution contemplates that the political branches will make policy about the territorial claims of foreign nations the same way they make policy about other international matters: The President will exercise his powers on the basis of his views, Congress its powers on the basis of its views. That is just what has happened here. The political branches of our Government agree on the real-world fact that Israel controls the city of Jerusalem … They disagree, however, about how official documents should record the birthplace of an American citizen born in Jerusalem. The Executive does not accept any state’s claim to sovereignty over Jerusalem, and it maintains that the birthplace des- ignation “Israel” would clash with this stance of neutrality. But the National Legislature has enacted a statute that pro- vides: “For purposes of the registration of birth, certification of nationality, or issuance of a passport of a United States citizen born in the city of Jerusalem, the Secretary [of State] shall, upon the request of the citizen or the citizen’s legal guardian, record the place of birth as Israel.” Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003, §214(d). Menachem Zivotofsky’s parents seek enforcement of this statutory right in the issuance of their son’s passport and consular report of birth abroad … Before turning to Presidential power under Article II, I think it well to establish the statute’s basis in congressional power under Article I. Congress’s power to “establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,” Art. I, §8, cl. 4, enables it to grant American citizenship to someone born abroad. United States v. Wong Kim Ark., (1898). The naturalization power also enables Congress to furnish the people it makes citizens with papers verifying their citizenship—say a consular report of birth abroad (which certifies citizenship of an American born outside the United States) or a passport (which certifies cit- izenship for purposes of international travel). As the Necessary and Proper Clause confirms, every congressional power 149 \| PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS “carries with it all those incidental powers which are necessary to its complete and effectual execution.” Cohens v. Vir- ginia, (1821). Even on a miserly understanding of Congress’s incidental authority, Congress may make grants of citizen- ship “effectual” by providing for the issuance of certificates authenticating them. One would think that if Congress may grant Zivotofsky a passport and a birth report, it may also require these papers to record his birthplace as “Israel.” … No doubt congressional discretion in executing legislative powers has its limits; Congress’s chosen approach must be not only “necessary” to carrying its powers into execution, but also “proper.” Congress thus may not transcend boundaries upon legislative authority stated or implied elsewhere in the Constitution. But as we shall see, §214(d) does not transgress any such restriction. The Court frames this case as a debate about recognition. Recognition is a sovereign’s official acceptance of a status under international law … To know all this is to realize at once that §214(d) has nothing to do with recognition. Section 214(d) does not require the Secretary to make a formal declaration about Israel’s sovereignty over Jerusalem. And nobody suggests that international custom infers acceptance of sovereignty from the birthplace designation on a passport or birth report, as it does from bilateral treaties or exchanges of ambassadors. Recognition would preclude the United States (as a matter of international law) from later contesting Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem. But making a notation in a passport or birth report does not encumber the Republic with any international obligations. It leaves the Nation free (so far as international law is con- cerned) to change its mind in the future. That would be true even if the statute required all passports to list “Israel.” But in fact it requires only those passports to list “Israel” for which the citizen (or his guardian) requests “Israel”; all the rest, under the Secretary’s policy, list “Jerusalem.” It is utterly impossible for this deference to private requests to constitute an act that unequivocally manifests an intention to grant recognition. … The best indication that §214(d) does not concern recognition comes from the State Department’s policies concerning Taiwan. According to the Solicitor General, the United States “acknowledges the Chinese position” that Taiwan is a part of China, but “does not take a position” of its own on that issue. Brief for Respondent 51–52. Even so, the State Depart- ment has for a long time recorded the birthplace of a citizen born in Taiwan as “China.” It indeed insisted on doing so until Congress passed a law (on which §214(d) was modeled) giving citizens the option to have their birthplaces recorded as “Taiwan.” The Solicitor General explains that the designation “China” “involves a geographic description, not an asser- tion that Taiwan is … part of sovereign China.” Brief for Respondent 51–52. Quite so. Section 214(d) likewise calls for nothing beyond a “geographic description”; it does not require the Executive even to assert, never mind formally recog- nize, that Jerusalem is a part of sovereign Israel … Even if the Constitution gives the President sole power to extend recognition, it does not give him sole power to make all decisions relating to foreign disputes over sovereignty. To the contrary, a fair reading of Article I allows Congress to decide for itself how its laws should handle these controversies … PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 150 The Constitution likewise does not give the President exclusive power to determine which claims to statehood and terri- tory “are legitimate in the eyes of the United States,” ante, at 11. Congress may express its own views about these matters by declaring war, restricting trade, denying foreign aid, and much else besides … No consistent or coherent theory supports the Court’s decision … International disputes about statehood and territory are neither rare nor obscure. Leading foreign debates during the 19th century concerned how the United States should respond to revolutions in Latin America, Texas, Mexico, Hawaii, Cuba. During the 20th century, attitudes toward Communist governments in Russia and China became conspicuous subjects of agitation. Disagreements about Taiwan, Kashmir, and Crimea remain prominent today. A President empow- ered to decide all questions relating to these matters, immune from laws embodying congressional disagreement with his position, would have un- controlled mastery of a vast share of the Nation’s foreign affairs. That is not the chief magistrate under which the American People agreed to live when they adopted the national charter. They believed that “[t]he accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, … may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.” The Federalist No. 47, p. 301 (Madison). For this reason, they did not entrust either the President or Congress with sole power to adopt uncontradictable policies about any subject—foreign- sovereignty disputes included. They instead gave each political department its own powers, and with that the freedom to contradict the other’s policies. Under the Constitution they approved, Congress may require Zivotofsky’s passport and birth report to record his birthplace as Israel, even if that requirement clashes with the President’s preference for neutral- ity about the status of Jerusalem. I dissent. Excerpted by Rorie Solberg § Trump v. Hawaii 585 U.S. ___ (2018) Decision: Reversed and remanded Vote: 5-4 Majority: Roberts, joined by Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch Concurrence: Kennedy Concurrence: Thomas Dissent: Breyer, joined by Kagan Dissent: Sotomayor, joined by Ginsburg Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court. 151 \| PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, foreign nationals seeking entry into the United States undergo a vetting process to ensure that they satisfy the numerous requirements for admission. The Act also vests the President with authority to restrict the entry of aliens when- ever he finds that their entry “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.” 8 U. S. C. §1182(f). Relying on that delegation, the President concluded that it was necessary to impose entry restrictions on nationals of countries that do not share adequate information for an informed entry determination, or that otherwise present national security risks. Presidential Proclamation No. 9645 (Proclamation). The plaintiffs in this litigation, respondents here, challenged the application of those entry restrictions to certain aliens abroad. We now decide whether the President had authority under the Act to issue the Proclamation, and whether the entry policy vio- lates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment … DHS collected and evaluated data regarding all foreign governments. §1(d). It identified 16 countries as having deficient information-sharing practices and presenting national security concerns, and another 31 countries as “at risk” of similarly failing to meet the baseline. §1(e). The State Department then undertook diplomatic efforts over a 50-day period to encourage all foreign governments to improve their practices. §1(f ). As a result of that effort, numerous countries pro- vided DHS with travel document exemplars and agreed to share information on known or suspected terrorists. Following the 50-day period, the Acting Secretary of Homeland Security concluded that eight countries—Chad, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Syria, Venezuela, and Yemen—remained deficient in terms of their risk profile and willingness to provide requested information. The Acting Secretary recommended that the President impose entry restrictions on certain nationals from all of those countries except Iraq … Plaintiffs challenged the Proclamation—except as applied to North Korea and Venezuela—on several grounds. As rele- vant here, they argued that the Proclamation contravenes provisions in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) … Plaintiffs further claimed that the Proclamation violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, because it was motivated not by concerns pertaining to national security but by animus toward Islam … The INA establishes numerous grounds on which an alien abroad may be inadmissible to the United States and ineligible for a visa … Congress has also delegated to the President authority to suspend or restrict the entry of aliens in certain cir- cumstances. The principal source of that authority, §1182(f ), enables the President to “suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens” whenever he “finds” that their entry “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.” Plaintiffs argue that the Proclamation is not a valid exercise of the President’s authority under the INA. In their view, §1182(f ) confers only a residual power to temporarily halt the entry of a discrete group of aliens engaged in harmful conduct. They also assert that the Proclamation violates another provision of the INA— 8 U. S. C. §1152(a)(1)(A)—because it discriminates on the basis of nationality in the issuance of immigrant visas … §1182(f ) exudes deference to the President in every clause. It entrusts to the President the decisions whether and when to suspend entry … whose entry to suspend … for how long … and on what conditions … It is therefore unsurprising that we have previously observed that §1182(f ) vests the President with “ample power” to impose entry restrictions in addition to those elsewhere enumerated in the INA … The Proclamation falls well within this comprehensive delegation. The sole prerequisite set forth in §1182(f ) is that the President “find[ ]” that the entry of the covered aliens “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.” PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 152 The President has undoubtedly fulfilled that requirement here … The Proclamation therefore “craft[ed] … country-spe- cific restrictions that would be most likely to encourage cooperation given each country’s distinct circumstances,” while securing the Nation “until such time as improvements occur.” Plaintiffs … argue, as an initial matter, that the Proclamation fails to provide a persuasive rationale for why nationality alone renders the covered foreign nationals a security risk. And they further discount the President’s stated concern about deficient vetting because the Proclamation allows many aliens from the designated countries to enter on nonimmigrant visas. Such arguments are grounded on the premise that §1182(f ) not only requires the President to make a finding that entry “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States,” but also to explain that finding with sufficient detail to enable judicial review. That premise is questionable. But even assuming that some form of review is appropriate, plaintiffs’ attacks on the sufficiency of the President’s findings cannot be sustained. The 12-page Proclamation—which thoroughly describes the process, agency evaluations, and recommendations underlying the President’s chosen restric- tions—is more detailed than any prior order a President has issued under §1182(f ) … Like its predecessors, the Proclamation makes clear that its “conditional restrictions” will remain in force only so long as necessary to “address” the identified “inadequacies and risks” within the covered nations … To that end, the Procla- mation establishes an ongoing process to engage covered nations and assess every 180 days whether the entry restrictions should be modified or terminated. §§4(a), (b). Indeed, after the initial review period, the President determined that Chad had made sufficient improvements to its identity-management protocols, and he accordingly lifted the entry suspension on its nationals … In short, the language of §1182(f ) is clear, and the Proclamation does not exceed any textual limit on the President’s authority … Plaintiffs’ structural argument starts with the premise that §1182(f ) does not give the President authority to counter- mand Congress’s considered policy judgments. The President, they say, may supplement the INA, but he cannot sup- plant it … We may assume that §1182(f ) does not allow the President to expressly override particular provisions of the INA. But plaintiffs have not identified any conflict between the statute and the Proclamation that would implicitly bar the Presi- dent from addressing deficiencies in the Nation’s vetting system … Plaintiffs suggest that the entry restrictions are unnecessary because consular officers can simply deny visas in individual cases when an alien fails to carry his burden of proving admissibility—for example, by failing to produce certified records regarding his criminal history. But that misses the point: A critical finding of the Proclamation is that the failure of certain countries to provide reliable information prevents the Government from accurately determining whether an alien is inadmissible or poses a threat. Proclamation §1(h). Unless consular officers are expected to apply categorical rules and deny entry from those countries across the board, fraudulent or unreliable documentation may thwart their review in individual cases. And at any rate, the INA certainly does not require that systemic problems such as the lack of reliable States, and of compounding the American people into one common mass. Of consequence, when they act, they act in their States. But the measures they adopt do not, on that account, cease to be the measures of the people themselves, or become the measures of the State governments … The assent of the States in their sovereign capacity is implied in calling a convention, and thus submitting that instrument to the people. But the people were at perfect liberty to accept or reject it, and their act was final. It required not the affir- mance, and could not be negatived, by the State Governments. The Constitution, when thus adopted, was of complete obligation, and bound the State sovereignties … From these conventions, the Constitution derives its whole authority. The government proceeds directly from the peo- ple; is ‘ordained and established,’ in the name of the people; and is declared to be ordained, ‘in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and to their posterity.’ The assent of the states, in their sovereign capacity, is implied, in calling a convention, and thus submitting that instrument to the people. But the people were at perfect liberty to accept or reject it; and their act was final. It required not the affirmance, and could not be negatived, by the state governments. The constitution, when thus adopted, was of complete obligation, and bound the state sovereignties … This government is acknowledged by all, to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the powers granted to it, would seem too apparent, to have required to be enforced by all those arguments, which its enlight- ened friends, while it was depending before the people, found it necessary to urge; that principle is now universally admitted. But the question respecting the extent of the powers actually granted, is perpetually arising, and will probably continue to arise, so long as our system shall exist … [T]he government of the Union, though limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action. This would seem to result, necessarily, from its nature. It is the government of all; its powers are delegated by all; it represents all, and acts for all. Though any one state may be willing to control its operations, no state is willing to allow others to control them. The nation, on those subjects on which it can act, must necessarily bind its component parts. But this question is not left to mere reason: the people have, in express terms, decided it … Among the enumerated powers, we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation. But there is no phrase in the instrument which, like the articles of confederation, excludes incidental or implied powers; and which requires that everything granted shall be expressly and minutely described … A constitution, to contain an accurate detail of all the subdivisions of which its great powers will admit, and of all the means by which they may be carried into exe- cution, would partake of the prolixity of a legal code, and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind. It would, probably, never be understood by the public. Its nature, therefore, requires, that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects, be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves. That this idea was entertained by the framers of the American constitution, is not only to be inferred from the nature of the instrument, but from the language. Why else were some of the limitations, found in the 9th section of the 1st article, introduced? It is also, in some degree, warranted, by their having omitted to use any restric- tive term which might prevent its receiving a fair and just interpretation … 161 \| SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word ‘bank’ or ‘incorporation,’ we find the great powers, to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies. The sword and the purse, all the external relations, and no inconsiderable portion of the industry of the nation, are intrusted to its government. It is not denied, that the powers given to the government imply the ordinary means of execution. That, for example, of raising revenue, and applying it to national purposes, is admitted to imply the power of conveying money from place to place, as the exigencies of the nation may require, and of employing the usual means of conveyance. But it is denied, that the government … may … erect a corporation. On what foundation does this argument rest? On this alone: the power of creating a corporation, is one appertaining to sovereignty, and is not expressly conferred on congress. This is true. But all legislative powers appertain to sovereignty. The original power of giving the law on any subject whatever, is a sovereign power … if the government of the Union is restrained from creating a corporation … on the single reason that the creation of a corporation is an act of sovereignty … there would be some difficulty in sustaining the authority of congress to pass other laws for the accomplishment of the same objects. The government which has a right to do an act, and has imposed on it, the duty of performing that act, must, according to the dictates of reason, be allowed to select the means … those who contend that it may not … take upon themselves the burden of establishing that exception … In America, the powers of sovereignty are divided between the government of the Union, and those of the states. They are each sovereign, with respect to the objects committed to it, and neither sovereign, with respect to the objects commit- ted to the other … Some state constitutions were formed before, some since that of the United States. We cannot believe, that their relation to each other is in any degree dependent upon this circumstance. Their respective powers must, we think, be precisely the same, as if they had been formed at the same time … To [Congress’] enumeration of powers is added, that of making ‘all laws which shall be necessary and proper, for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution, in the government of the United States, or in any department thereof.’ The counsel for the state of Maryland have urged various arguments, to prove that this clause, though, in terms, a grant of power, is not so, in effect; but is really restrictive of the general right, which might otherwise be implied, of selecting means for executing the enumerated powers. In support of this proposition, they have found it necessary to contend, that this clause was inserted for the purpose of conferring on congress the power of mak- ing laws. That, without it, doubts might be entertained, whether congress could exercise its powers in the form of legis- lation … Could it be necessary to say, that a legislature should exercise legislative powers, in the shape of legislation? After allowing each house to prescribe its own course of proceeding, after describing the manner in which a bill should become a law, would it have entered into the mind of a single member of the convention, that an express power to make laws was neces- sary, to enable the legislature to make them? That a legislature, endowed with legislative powers, can legislate, is a propo- sition too self-evident to have been questioned … But the argument which most conclusively demonstrates the error of the construction contended for by the counsel for the state of Maryland, is founded on the intention of the convention, as manifested in the whole clause. To waste time and argument in proving that, without it, congress might carry its powers into execution, would be not much less idle, than to hold a lighted taper to the sun. As little can it be required to prove, that in the absence of this clause, congress SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS \| 162 would have some choice of means … This clause, as construed by the state of Maryland, would abridge, and almost anni- hilate, this useful and necessary right of the legislature to select its means. That this could not be intended, is, we should think, had it not been already controverted, too apparent for controversy. We think so for the following reasons: 1st. The clause is placed among the powers of Congress, not among the limitations on those powers. 2d. Its terms purport to enlarge, not to diminish, the powers vested in the Government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted. No reason has been or can be assigned for thus concealing an intention to narrow the discretion of the National Legislature under words which purport to enlarge it. The framers of the Con- stitution wished its adoption, and well knew that it would be endangered by its strength, not by its weakness. Had they been capable of using language which would convey to the eye one idea and, after deep reflection, impress on the mind another, they would rather have disguised the grant of power than its limitation. If, then, their intention had been, by this clause, to restrain the free use of means which might otherwise have been implied, that intention would have been inserted in another place, and would have been expressed in terms resembling these. “In carrying into execution the fore- going powers, and all others,” &c., “no laws shall be passed but such as are necessary and proper.” Had the intention been to make this clause restrictive, it would unquestionably have been so in form, as well as in effect. The result of the most careful and attentive consideration bestowed upon this clause is that, if it does not enlarge, it can- not be construed to restrain, the powers of Congress, or to impair the right of the legislature to exercise its best judgment in the selection of measures to carry into execution the Constitutional powers of the Government. If no other motive for its insertion can be suggested, a sufficient one is found in the desire to remove all doubts respecting the right to legislate on that vast mass of incidental powers which must be involved in the Constitution if that instrument be not a splendid bauble. We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to per- form the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are Constitutional … After the most deliberate consideration, it is the unanimous and decided opinion of this Court that the act to incorporate the Bank of the United States is a law made in pursuance of the Constitution, and is a part of the supreme law of the land. The branches, proceeding from the same stock and being conducive to the complete accomplishment of the object, are equally constitutional … It being the opinion of the Court that the act incorporating the bank is constitutional, and that the power of establishing a branch in the State of Maryland might be properly exercised by the bank itself, we proceed to inquire: 163 \| SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS 2. Whether the State of Maryland may, without violating the Constitution, tax that branch? [See McCulloch v. Maryland in the Federalism chapter.] Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § Chae Chan Ping v. United States 130 U.S. 581 (1889) Decision: Affirmed Vote: Unanimous Majority: Field,, joined by Fuller, Miller, Bradley, Harlan, Gray, Blatchford, and Lamar MR. JUSTICE FIELD delivered the opinion of the Court. The appeal involves a consideration of the validity of the Act of Congress of October 1, 1888, prohibiting Chinese labor- ers from entering the United States who had departed before its passage, having a certificate issued under the act of 1882 as amended by the act of 1884, granting them permission to return. The validity of the act is assailed as being in effect an expulsion from the country of Chinese laborers, in violation of existing treaties between the United States and the government of China, and of rights vested in them under the laws of Congress … British subjects in China were often subjected not only to the violence of mobs, but to insults and outrages from local authorities of the country, which led to retaliatory measures for the punishment of the aggressors. To such an extent were these measures carried and such resistance offered to them that in 1856, the two countries were in open war … England requested of the President the concurrence and active cooperation of the United States … [A]s the rights of citizens of the United States might be seriously affected by the results of existing hostilities, and commercial intercourse between the United States and China be disturbed, it was deemed advisable to send to China a minister plenipotentiary to repre- sent our government and watch our interests there. Accordingly, Mr. William B. Reed, of Philadelphia, was appointed such minister, and instructed, while abstaining from any direct interference, to aid by peaceful cooperation the objects the allied forces were seeking to accomplish … Through him a new treaty was negotiated with the Chinese government. It was concluded in June, 1858, and ratified in August of the following year … [A]dditional articles to the treaty of 1858 were agreed upon which gave expression to the general desire that the two nations and their peoples should be drawn closer together. The new articles, eight in number, were agreed to on the 28th of July, 1868, and ratifications of them were exchanged at Pekin in November of the following year … “ARTICLE VI. Citizens of the United States visiting or residing in China shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, or exemptions in respect to travel or residence as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation, and reciprocally, Chinese subjects visiting or residing in the United shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS \| 164 and exemptions in respect to travel or residence as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation. But nothing herein contained shall be held to confer naturalization upon citizens of the United States in China, nor upon the subjects of China in the United States … ” The discovery of gold in California in 1848, as is well known, was followed by a large immigration thither from all parts of the world, attracted not only by the hope of gain from the mines, but from the great prices paid for all kinds of labor. The news of the discovery penetrated China, and laborers came from there in great numbers, a few with their own means, but by far the greater number under contract with employers for whose benefit they worked. These laborers readily secured employment … They were generally industrious and frugal. Not being accompanied by families except in rare instances, their expenses were small and they were content with the simplest fare, such as would not suffice for our laborers and artisans. The competition between them and our people was for this reason altogether in their favor, and the consequent irritation, proportionately deep and bitter, was followed, in many cases, by open conflicts, to the great disturbance of the public peace. The differences of race added greatly to the difficulties of the situation … As they grew in numbers each year, the people of the coast saw, or believed they saw, in the facility of immigration and in the crowded millions of China, where popu- lation presses upon the means of subsistence, great danger that at no distant day that portion of our country would be overrun by them unless prompt action was taken to restrict their immigration. The people there accordingly petitioned earnestly for protective legislation … So urgent and constant were the prayers for relief against existing and anticipated evils, both from the public authorities of the Pacific coast and from private individuals that Congress was impelled to act on the subject. Many persons, how- ever, both in and out of Congress, were of opinion that so long as the treaty remained unmodified, legislation restricting immigration would be a breach of faith with China. A statute was accordingly passed appropriating money to send com- missioners to China to act with our minister there in negotiating and concluding by treaty a settlement of such matters of interest between the two governments as might be confided to them …	System Instruction: Use only the following information labeled "Context". Do not use any other source of information other than what is provided below. Question: According to the Judgement of Myers v. United States is the President legally allowed to remove executive officers of the United States whom he has appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate from office? Context: The State Supreme Court’s inclusion of vote counts based on these variant standards exemplifies concerns with the remedial processes that were under way … In addition to these difficulties the actual process by which the votes were to be counted under the Florida Supreme Court’s decision raises further concerns. That order did not specify who would recount the ballots. The county can- vassing boards were forced to pull together ad hoc teams of judges from various Circuits who had no previous training in handling and interpreting ballots. Furthermore, while others were permitted to observe, they were prohibited from objecting during the recount. The recount process, in its features here described, is inconsistent with the minimum procedures necessary to protect the fundamental right of each voter in the special instance of a statewide recount under the authority of a single state judicial officer. Our consideration is limited to the present circumstances, for the problem of equal protection in election processes generally presents many complexities. The question before the Court is not whether local entities, in the exercise of their expertise, may develop different sys- tems for implementing elections. Instead, we are presented with a situation where a state court with the power to assure uniformity has ordered a statewide recount with minimal procedural safeguards. When a court orders a statewide rem- edy, there must be at least some assurance that the rudimentary requirements of equal treatment and fundamental fair- ness are satisfied … Upon due consideration of the difficulties identified to this point, it is obvious that the recount cannot be conducted in compliance with the requirements of equal protection and due process without substantial additional work. It would require not only the adoption (after opportunity for argument) of adequate statewide standards for determining what is a legal vote, and practicable procedures to implement them, but also orderly judicial review of any disputed matters that might arise. In addition, the Secretary has advised that the recount of only a portion of the ballots requires that the vote tabulation equipment be used to screen out undervotes, a function for which the machines were not designed. If a recount of overvotes were also required, perhaps even a second screening would be necessary. Use of the equipment for this purpose, and any new software developed for it, would have to be evaluated for accuracy by the Secretary … Because it is evident that any recount seeking to meet the December 12 date will be unconstitutional for the reasons we have discussed, we reverse the judgment of the Supreme Court of Florida ordering a recount to proceed … None are more conscious of the vital limits on judicial authority than are the Members of this Court, and none stand more in admiration of the Constitution’s design to leave the selection of the President to the people, through their leg- islatures, and to the political sphere. When contending parties invoke the process of the courts, however, it becomes our unsought responsibility to resolve the federal and constitutional issues the judicial system has been forced to confront. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Florida is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not incon- sistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. STRUCTURE OF THE PRESIDENCY \| 60 Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § 61 \| STRUCTURE OF THE PRESIDENCY Appointment and Removal Powers Myers v. United States 272 U.S. 52 (1926) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 6-3 Majority: Taft, joined by Van Devanter, Sutherland, Butler, Sanford, Stone Dissent: Holmes Dissent: McReynolds Dissent: Brandeis MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TAFT delivered the opinion of the Court. This case presents the question whether, under the Constitution, the President has the exclusive power of removing exec- utive officers of the United States whom he has appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Myers … was, on July 21, 1917, appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to be a postmaster of the first class at Portland, Oregon, for a term of four years. On January 20, 1920, Myers’ resignation was demanded. He refused the demand. On February 2, 1920, he was removed from office by order of the Postmaster Gen- eral, acting by direction of the President. February 10th, Myers sent a petition to the President and another to the Sen- ate Committee on Post Offices, asking to be heard if any charges were filed. He protested to the Department against his removal, and continued to do so until the end of his term. He pursued no other occupation, and drew compensation for no other service during the interval. On April 21, 1921, he brought this suit in the Court of Claims for his salary from the date of his removal, which, as claimed by supplemental petition filed after July 21, 1921, the end of his term, amounted to $8,838.71 … [By the law] under which Myers was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate as a first-class postmaster, it is provided that “Postmasters of the first, second and third classes shall be appointed and may be removed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and shall hold their offices for four years unless sooner removed or suspended accord- ing to law.” The Senate did not consent to the President’s removal of Myers during his term. If this statute, in its requirement that his term should be four years unless sooner removed by the President by and with the consent of the Senate, is valid, the appellant, Myers’ administratrix, is entitled to recover his unpaid salary for his full term, and the judgment of the Court of Claims must be reversed. The Government maintains that the requirement is invalid for the reason that, under Article APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 62 II of the Constitution the President’s power of removal of executive officers appointed by him with the advice and con- sent of the Senate is full and complete without consent of the Senate … We are therefore confronted by the constitutional question, and cannot avoid it … The question where the power of removal of executive officers appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate was vested was presented early in the first session of the First Congress. There is no express pro- vision respecting removals in the Constitution, except as Section 4 of Article II … provides for removal from office by impeachment … It was pointed out in this great debate [constitutional convention] that the power of removal, though equally essential to the executive power is different in its nature from that of appointment. Madison, 1 Annals of Congress, 497 et seq.; Cly- mer, 1 Annals, 489; Sedgwick, 1 Annals, 522; Ames, 1 Annals, 541, 542; Hartley, 1 Annals, 481. A veto by the Senate-a part of the legislative branch of the government-upon removals is a much greater limitation upon the executive branch, and a much more serious blending of the legislative with the executive, than a rejection of a proposed appointment. It is not to be implied. The rejection of a nominee of the President for a particular office does not greatly embarrass him in the conscientious discharge of his high duties in the selection of those who are to aid him, because the President usually has an ample field from which to select for office, according to his preference, competent and capable men. The Senate has full power to reject newly proposed appointees whenever the President shall remove the incumbents. Such a check enables the Senate to prevent the filling of offices with bad or incompetent men, or with those against whom there is ten- able objection. The power to prevent the removal of an officer who has served under the President is different from the authority to con- sent to or reject his appointment. When a nomination is made, it may be presumed that the Senate is, or may become, as well advised as to the fitness of the nominee as the President, but in the nature of things the defects in ability or intel- ligence or loyalty in the administration of the laws of one who has served as an officer under the President are facts as to which the President, or his trusted subordinates, must be better informed than the Senate, and the power to remove him may therefor be regarded as confined for very sound and practical reasons, to the governmental authority which has administrative control. The power of removal is incident to the power of appointment, not to the power of advising and consenting to appointment, and when the grant of the executive power is enforced by the express mandate to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, it emphasizes the necessity for including within the executive power as conferred the exclusive power of removal. … The vesting of the executive power in the President was essentially a grant of the power to execute the laws. But the Pres- ident, alone and unaided, could not execute the laws. He must execute them by the assistance of subordinates. This view has since been repeatedly affirmed by this Court. Wilcox v. Jackson (1839) … It was urged that the natural meaning of the term “executive power” granted the President included the appointment and removal of executive subordinates. If such appointments and removals were not an exercise of the executive power, what were they? They certainly were not the exercise of legislative or judicial power in government as usually understood … It is true that the remedy for the evil of political executive removals of inferior offices is with Congress by a simple expedi- ent, but it includes a change of the power of appointment from the President with the consent of the Senate. Congress 63 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS must determine first that the office is inferior, and second that it is willing that the office shall be filled by appoint- ment by some other authority than the President with the consent of the Senate. That the latter may be an important consideration is manifest, and is the subject of comment by this Court in its opinion in the case of Shurtleff v. United States, (1903), where this Court said: “To take away this power of removal in relation to an inferior office created by statute, although that statute provided for an appointment thereto by the President and confirmation by the Senate, would require very clear and explicit language. It should not be held to be taken away by mere inference or implication … ” [P]ostmasters were all by law appointed by the Postmaster General. This was because Congress … so provided. But there- after, Congress required certain classes of them to be, as they now are, appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. This is an indication that Congress deemed appointment by the President with the consent of the Senate essential to the public welfare, and, until it is willing to vest their appointment in the head of the Department, they will be subject to removal by the President alone, and any legislation to the contrary must fall as in conflict with the Consti- tution. Summing up, then, the facts as to acquiescence by all branches of the Government in the legislative decision of 1789, as to executive officers, whether superior or inferior, we find that from 1789 until 1863, a period of 74 years, there was no act of Congress, no executive act, and no decision of this Court at variance with the declaration of the First Congress, but there was, as we have seen, clear, affirmative recognition of it by each branch of the Government. Article II grants to the President … the general administrative control of those executing the laws, including the power of appointment and removal of executive officers … the President’s power of removal is further established as an incident to his specifically enumerated function of appointment by and with the advice of the Senate, but that such incident does not, by implication, extend to removals the Senate’s power of checking appointments, and … to hold otherwise would make it impossible for the President, in case of political or other differences with the Senate or Congress, to take care that the laws be faithfully executed … While this Court has studiously avoided deciding the issue until it was presented in such a way that it could not be avoided, in the references it has made to the history of the question, and in the presumptions it has indulged in favor of a statutory construction not inconsistent with the legislative decision of 1789, it has indicated a trend of view that we should not and cannot ignore. When, on the merits, we find our conclusion strongly favoring the view which prevailed in the First Congress, we have no hesitation in holding that conclusion to be correct, and it therefore follows that the Tenure of Office Act of 1867, insofar as it attempted to prevent the President from removing executive officer who had been appointed by him by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, was invalid, and that subsequent legislation of the same effect was equally so. For the reasons given, we must therefore hold that the provision of the law of 1876, by which the unrestricted power of removal of first class postmasters is denied to the President, is in violation of the Constitution, and invalid. This leads to an affirmance of the judgment of the Court of Claims. Judgment affirmed. APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 64 Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § Humphrey’s Executor v. United States 295 U.S. 602 (1935) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 9-0 Majority: Sutherland, joined by Hughes, Van Devanter, McReynolds, Brandeis, Butler, Stone, Roberts, and Cardozo Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court. Plaintiff brought suit in the Court of Claims against the United States to recover a sum of money alleged to be due the deceased for salary as a Federal Trade Commissioner from October 8, 1933, when the President undertook to remove him from office, to the time of his death on February 14, 1934. The court below has certified to this court two questions … in respect of the power of the President to make the removal. The material facts which give rise to the questions are as follows: William E. Humphrey, the decedent, on December 10, 1931, was nominated by President Hoover to succeed himself as a member of the Federal Trade Commission, and was confirmed by the United States Senate. He was duly commissioned for a term of seven years, expiring September 25, 1938; and, after taking the required oath of office, entered upon his duties. On July 25, 1933, President Roosevelt addressed a letter to the commissioner asking for his resignation, on the ground ‘that the aims and purposes of the Administration with respect to the work of the Commission can be carried out most effectively with personnel of my own selection,’ but disclaiming any reflection upon the commissioner personally or upon his services. The commissioner replied, asking time to consult his friends. After some further correspondence upon the subject, the President on August 31, 1933, wrote the commissioner expressing the hope that the resignation would be forthcoming, and saying: ‘You will, I know, realize that I do not feel that your mind and my mind go along together on either the policies or the administering of the Federal Trade Commission, and, frankly, I think it is best for the people of this country that I should have a full confidence.’ The commissioner declined to resign; and on October 7, 1933, the President wrote him: ‘Effective as of this date you are hereby removed from the office of Commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission.’ Humphrey never acquiesced in this action, but continued thereafter to insist that he was still a member of the commis- sion, entitled to perform its duties and receive the compensation provided by law at the rate of $10,000 per annum. Upon these and other facts set forth in the certificate, which we deem it unnecessary to recite, the following questions are certi- fied: 1. Do the provisions of section 1 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, stating that ‘any commissioner may be removed by the President for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office’, restrict or limit the power of 65 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS the President to remove a commissioner except upon one or more of the causes named? If the foregoing question is answered in the affirmative, then— 2. If the power of the President to remove a commissioner is restricted or limited as shown by the foregoing inter- rogatory and the answer made thereto, is such a restriction or limitation valid under the Constitution of the United States?’ The Federal Trade Commission Act … creates a commission of five members to be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and section 1 provides: ‘Not more than three of the commissioners shall be members of the same political party. … ‘ [The Act] in part provides that: ‘Unfair methods of competition in commerce are declared unlawful. The commission is empowered and directed to prevent persons, partnerships, or corporations, except banks, and com- mon carriers subject to the Acts to regulate commerce, from using unfair methods of competition in commerce … ‘ First. The question first to be considered is whether, by the provisions of section 1 … the President’s power is limited to removal for the specific causes enumerated therein. The negative contention of the government is based principally upon the decision of this court in Shurtleff v. United States, (1903) … The situation here presented is plainly and wholly different. The statute fixes a term of office, in accordance with many precedents … The words of the act are definite and unambiguous. … The fixing of a definite term subject to removal for cause, unless there be some countervailing provision or circum- stance indicating the contrary, which here we are unable to find, is enough to establish the legislative intent that the term is not to be curtailed in the absence of such cause. But if the intention of Congress that no removal should be made dur- ing the specified term except for one or more of the enumerated causes were not clear upon the face of the statute, as we think it is, it would be made clear by a consideration of the character of the commission and the legislative history which accompanied and preceded the passage of the act. The commission is to be nonpartisan; and it must, from the very nature of its duties, act with entire impartiality. It is charged with the enforcement of no policy except the policy of the law. Its duties are neither political nor executive, but predominantly quasi judicial and quasi legislative. Like the Interstate Commerce Commission, its members are called upon to exercise the trained judgment of a body of experts ‘appointed by law and informed by experience’ … The legislative reports in both houses of Congress clearly reflect the view that a fixed term was necessary to the effective and fair administration of the law … [T]he language of the act, the legislative reports, and the general purposes of the legislation as reflected by the debates, all combine to demonstrate the congressional intent to create a body of experts who shall gain experience by length of service; a body which shall be independent of executive authority, except in its selection, and free to exercise its judgment APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 66 without the leave or hindrance of any other official … To the accomplishment of these purposes, it is clear that Congress was of opinion that length and certainty of tenure would vitally contribute. And to hold that, nevertheless, the members of the commission continue in office at the mere will of the President, might be to thwart, in large measure, the very ends which Congress sought to realize by definitely fixing the term of office. … Second. To support its contention that the removal provision … is an unconstitutional interference with the executive power of the President, the government’s chief reliance is Myers v. United States (1926) … [T]he narrow point actually decided was only that the President had power to remove a postmaster of the first class, without the advice and consent of the Senate as required by act of Congress. In the course of the opinion of the court, expressions occur which tend to sustain the government’s contention, but these are beyond the point involved and, therefore, do not come within the rule of stare decisis … The office of a postmaster is so essentially unlike the office now involved that the decision in the Myers case cannot be accepted as controlling our decision here. A postmaster is an executive officer restricted to the performance of executive functions. He is charged with no duty at all related to either the legislative or judicial power. The actual decision in the Myers case finds support in the theory that such an officer is merely one of the units in the executive department and, hence, inherently subject to the exclusive and illimitable power of removal by the Chief Executive, whose subordinate and aid he is. Putting aside dicta, which may be followed if sufficiently persuasive but which are not controlling, the nec- essary reach of the decision goes far enough to include all purely executive officers. It goes no farther; much less does it include an officer who occupies no place in the executive department and who exercises no part of the executive power vested by the Constitution in the President. The Federal Trade Commission is an administrative body created by Congress to carry into effect legislative policies embodied in the statute in accordance with the legislative standard therein prescribed, and to perform other specified duties as a legislative or as a judicial aid. Such a body cannot in any proper sense be characterized as an arm or an eye of the executive. Its duties are performed without executive leave and, in the contemplation of the statute, must be free from executive control. In administering the provisions of the statute in respect of ‘unfair methods of competition,’ that is to say, in filling in and administering the details embodied by that general standard, the commission acts in part quasi leg- islatively and in part quasi judicially … To the extent that it exercises any executive function, as distinguished from execu- tive power in the constitutional sense, it does so in the discharge and effectuation of its quasi legislative or quasi judicial powers, or as an agency of the legislative or judicial departments of the government … If Congress is without authority to prescribe causes for removal of members of the trade commission and limit executive power of removal accordingly, that power at once becomes practically all-inclusive in respect of civil officers with the exception of the judiciary provided for by the Constitution … We are thus confronted with the serious question whether not only the members of these quasi legislative and quasi judicial bodies, but the judges of the legislative Court of Claims, exercising judicial power … con- tinue in office only at the pleasure of the President. We think it plain under the Constitution that illimitable power of removal is not possessed by the President in respect of officers of the character of those just named. The authority of Congress, in creating quasi legislative or quasi judicial agencies, to require them to act in discharge of their duties independently of executive control cannot well be doubted. CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court. This case presents us with a challenge to the independent counsel provisions of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 … We hold today that these provisions of the Act do not violate the Appointments Clause of the Constitution, Art. II, § 2, cl. 2, or the limitations of Article III, nor do they impermissibly interfere with the President’s authority under Article II in violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers. Briefly stated, Title VI of the Ethics in Government Act … allows for the appointment of an “independent counsel” to investigate and, if appropriate, prosecute certain high-ranking Government officials for violations of federal criminal laws … The Act requires the Attorney General, upon receipt of information that he determines is “sufficient to constitute grounds to investigate whether any person [covered by the Act] may have violated any Federal criminal law,” to conduct a preliminary investigation of the matter … If … the Attorney General has determined that there are “reasonable grounds to believe that further investigation or prosecution is warranted,” then he “shall apply to the division of the court for the appointment of an independent counsel … ” With respect to all matters within the independent counsel’s jurisdiction, the Act grants the counsel “full power and independent authority to exercise all investigative and prosecutorial functions and powers of the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, and any other officer or employee of the Department of Justice … ” The functions of the inde- pendent counsel include conducting grand jury proceedings and other investigations, participating in civil and criminal court proceedings and litigation, and appealing any decision in any case in which the counsel participates in an official capacity … the counsel’s powers include “initiating and conducting prosecutions in any court of competent jurisdiction, framing and signing indictments, filing informations, and handling all aspects of any case, in the name of the United States … ” … An independent counsel has “full authority to dismiss matters within [his or her] prosecutorial jurisdiction without conducting an investigation or at any subsequent time before prosecution, if to do so would be consistent” with Department of Justice policy … Two statutory provisions govern the length of an independent counsel’s tenure in office. The first defines the procedure for removing an independent counsel. Section 596(a)(1) provides: “An independent counsel appointed under this chapter may be removed from office, other than by impeachment and conviction, only by the personal action of the Attorney General … ” If an independent counsel is removed pursuant to this section, the Attorney General is required to submit a report to both the Special Division and the Judiciary Committees of the Senate and the House “specifying the facts found and the ultimate grounds for such removal.” § 596(a)(2). Under the current version of the Act, an independent counsel can obtain judicial review of the Attorney General’s action by filing a civil action in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia … The reviewing court is authorized to grant reinstatement or “other appropriate relief.” § 596(a)(3) … The other provision governing the tenure of the independent counsel defines the procedures for “terminating” the coun- sel’s office. Under § 596(b)(1), the office of an independent counsel terminates when he or she notifies the Attorney Gen- eral that he or she has completed or substantially completed any investigations or prosecutions undertaken pursuant to the Act … 69 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS Finally, the Act provides for congressional oversight of the activities of independent counsel … On April 23, 1986, the Special Division appointed James C. McKay as independent counsel to investigate “whether the testimony of … Olson and his revision of such testimony on March 10, 1983, violated either 18 U. S. C. § 1505 or § 1001, or any other provision of federal law … ” McKay later resigned as independent counsel, and on May 29, 1986, the Division appointed appellant Morrison as his replacement, with the same jurisdiction … [I]n May and June 1987, appellant caused a grand jury to issue and serve … on appellees. All three appellees moved to quash the subpoenas, claiming, among other things, that the independent counsel provisions of the Act were unconsti- tutional and that appellant accordingly had no authority to proceed … The initial question is, accordingly, whether appellant is an “inferior” or a “principal” officer … If she is the latter, as the Court of Appeals concluded, then the Act is in violation of the Appointments Clause. The line between “inferior” and “principal” officers is one that is far from clear, and the Framers provided little guidance into where it should be drawn … [I]n our view appellant clearly falls on the “inferior officer” side of that line. Several factors lead to this conclusion. First, appellant is subject to removal by a higher Executive Branch official. Although appellant may not be “subordinate” to the Attorney General (and the President) insofar as she possesses a degree of independent discretion to exercise the powers delegated to her under the Act, the fact that she can be removed by the Attorney General indicates that she is to some degree “inferior” in rank and authority. Second, appellant is empowered by the Act to perform only certain, limited duties … Admittedly, the Act delegates to appellant “full power and independent authority to exercise all investigative and prosecutorial functions and powers of the Department of Justice,” § 594(a), but this grant of authority does not include any authority to formulate policy for the Government or the Executive Branch, nor does it give appellant any administrative duties outside of those necessary to operate her office. The Act specifically provides that in policy matters appellant is to comply to the extent possible with the policies of the Department … Third, appellant’s office is limited in jurisdiction. Not only is the Act itself restricted in applicability to certain federal officials suspected of certain serious federal crimes, but an independent counsel can only act within the scope of the juris- diction that has been granted by the Special Division pursuant to a request by the Attorney General. Finally, appellant’s office is limited in tenure. There is concededly no time limit on the appointment of a particular counsel. Nonetheless, the office of independent counsel is “temporary” in the sense that an independent counsel is appointed essentially to accomplish a single task, and when that task is over the office is terminated, either by the counsel herself or by action of the Special Division. Unlike other prosecutors, appellant has no ongoing responsibilities that extend beyond the accom- plishment of the mission that she was appointed for and authorized by the Special Division to undertake. In our view, these factors relating to the “ideas of tenure, duration … and duties” of the independent counsel, Germaine, are sufficient to establish that appellant is an “inferior” officer in the constitutional sense. This conclusion is consistent with our few previous decisions that considered the question whether a particular Govern- ment official is a “principal” or an “inferior” officer … APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 70 Appellees argue that even if appellant is an “inferior” officer, the Clause does not empower Congress to place the power to appoint such an officer outside the Executive Branch. They contend that the Clause does not contemplate congres- sional authorization of “interbranch appointments,” in which an officer of one branch is appointed by officers of another branch. The relevant language of the Appointments Clause is worth repeating. It reads: ” … but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.” On its face, the language of this “excepting clause” admits of no limitation on interbranch appointments. Indeed, the inclusion of “as they think proper” seems clearly to give Congress significant discretion to determine whether it is “proper” to vest the appointment of, for example, executive officials in the “courts of Law … ” We also note that the history of the Clause provides no support for appellees’ position … We do not mean to say that Congress’ power to provide for interbranch appointments of “inferior officers” is unlimited. In addition to separation-of-powers concerns, which would arise if such provisions for appointment had the potential to impair the constitutional functions assigned to one of the branches, Ex parte Siebold (1879) itself suggested that Con- gress’ decision to vest the appointment power in the courts would be improper if there was some “incongruity” between the functions normally performed by the courts and the performance of their duty to appoint … In this case, however, we do not think it impermissible for Congress to vest the power to appoint independent counsel in a specially created federal court … We now turn to consider whether the Act is invalid under the constitutional principle of separation of powers. Two related issues must be addressed: The first is whether the provision of the Act restricting the Attorney General’s power to remove the independent counsel to only those instances in which he can show “good cause,” taken by itself, impermis- sibly interferes with the President’s exercise of his constitutionally appointed functions. The second is whether, taken as a whole, the Act violates the separation of powers by reducing the President’s ability to control the prosecutorial powers wielded by the independent counsel. Unlike both Bowsher and Myers, this case does not involve an attempt by Congress itself to gain a role in the removal of executive officials other than its established powers of impeachment and conviction. The Act instead puts the removal power squarely in the hands of the Executive Branch; an independent counsel may be removed from office, “only by the personal action of the Attorney General, and only for good cause.” § 596(a)(1) … There is no requirement of congres- sional approval of the Attorney General’s removal decision, though the decision is subject to judicial review. § 596(a)(3). In our view, the removal provisions of the Act make this case more analogous to Humphrey’s Executor v. United States, (1935), and Wiener v. United States, (1958), than to Myers or Bowsher … Appellees contend that Humphrey’s Executor and Wiener are distinguishable from this case because they did not involve officials who performed a “core executive function.” They argue that our decision in Humphrey’s Executor rests on a distinction between “purely executive” officials and officials who exercise “quasi-legislative” and “quasi-judicial” powers. In their view, when a “purely executive” official is involved, the governing precedent is Myers, not Humphrey’s Executor. And, under Myers, the President must have absolute discretion to discharge “purely” executive officials at will … We undoubtedly did rely on the terms “quasi-legislative” and “quasi-judicial” to distinguish the officials involved in Humphrey’s Executor and Wiener from those in Myers, but our present considered view is that the determination of whether the Constitution allows Congress to impose a “good cause”-type restriction on the President’s power to remove 71 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS an official cannot be made to turn on whether or not that official is classified as “purely executive … ” The analysis con- tained in our removal cases is designed not to define rigid categories of those officials who may or may not be removed at will by the President … but to ensure that Congress does not interfere with the President’s exercise of the “execu- tive power” and his constitutionally appointed duty to “take care that the laws be faithfully executed” under Article II. Myers was undoubtedly correct in its holding, and in its broader suggestion that there are some “purely executive” officials who must be removable by the President at will if he is to be able to accomplish his constitutional role … But as the Court noted in Wiener: “The assumption was short-lived that the Myers case recognized the President’s inherent constitutional power to remove officials no matter what the relation of the executive to the discharge of their duties and no matter what restrictions Con- gress may have imposed regarding the nature of their tenure … ” [T]he real question is whether the removal restrictions are of such a nature that they impede the President’s ability to perform his constitutional duty, and the functions of the officials in question must be analyzed in that light. Considering for the moment the “good cause” removal provision in isolation from the other parts of the Act at issue in this case, we cannot say that the imposition of a “good cause” standard for removal by itself unduly trammels on executive authority. There is no real dispute that the functions performed by the independent counsel are “executive” in the sense that they are law enforcement functions that typically have been undertaken by officials within the Executive Branch. As we noted above, however, the independent counsel is an inferior officer under the Appointments Clause … we simply do not see how the President’s need to control the exercise of that discretion is so central to the functioning of the Executive Branch as to require as a matter of constitutional law that the counsel be terminable at will by the President … Nor do we think that the “good cause” removal provision at issue here impermissibly burdens the President’s power to control or supervise the independent counsel, as an executive official, in the execution of his or her duties under the Act. This is not a case in which the power to remove an executive official has been completely stripped from the President, thus providing no means for the President to ensure the “faithful execution” of the laws. Rather, because the indepen- dent counsel may be terminated for “good cause,” the Executive, through the Attorney General, retains ample authority to assure that the counsel is competently performing his or her statutory responsibilities in a manner that comports with the provisions of the Act … Here, as with the provision of the Act conferring the appointment authority of the indepen- dent counsel on the special court, the congressional determination to limit the removal power of the Attorney General was essential, in the view of Congress, to establish the necessary independence of the office. We do not think that this limitation as it presently stands sufficiently deprives the President of control over the independent counsel to interfere impermissibly with his constitutional obligation to ensure the faithful execution of the laws … The final question to be addressed is whether the Act, taken as a whole, violates the principle of separation of powers by unduly interfering with the role of the Executive Branch. Time and again we have reaffirmed the importance in our con- stitutional scheme of the separation of governmental powers into the three coordinate branches … We have not hesitated to invalidate provisions of law which violate this principle. On the other hand, we have never held that the Constitution requires that the three branches of Government “operate with absolute independence … ” In the often-quoted words of Justice Jackson: APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 72 “While the Constitution diffuses power the better to secure liberty, it also contemplates that practice will integrate the dispersed powers into a workable government. It enjoins upon its branches separateness but interdependence, autonomy but reciprocity.” Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, (1952) (concurring opinion). We observe first that this case does not involve an attempt by Congress to increase its own powers at the expense of the Executive Branch … Indeed, with the exception of the power of impeachment — which applies to all officers of the United States — Congress retained for itself no powers of control or supervision over an independent counsel. The Act does empower certain Members of Congress to request the Attorney General to apply for the appointment of an inde- pendent counsel, but the Attorney General has no duty to comply with the request, although he must respond within a certain time limit. § 592(g). Other than that, Congress’ role under the Act is limited to receiving reports or other informa- tion and oversight of the independent counsel’s activities, § 595(a), functions that we have recognized generally as being incidental to the legislative function of Congress … Similarly, we do not think that the Act works any judicial usurpation of properly executive functions. As should be apparent from our discussion of the Appointments Clause above, the power to appoint inferior officers such as indepen- dent counsel is not in itself an “executive” function in the constitutional sense, at least when Congress has exercised its power to vest the appointment of an inferior office in the “courts of Law.” … In addition, once the court has appointed a counsel and defined his or her jurisdiction, it has no power to supervise or control the activities of the counsel. … [T]he various powers delegated by the statute to the Division are not supervisory or administrative, nor are they functions that the Constitution requires be performed by officials within the Executive Branch. The Act does give a federal court the power to review the Attorney General’s decision to remove an independent counsel, but in our view this is a function that is well within the traditional power of the Judiciary. Finally, we do not think that the Act “impermissibly undermine[s]” the powers of the Executive Branch … or “disrupts the proper balance between the coordinate branches [by] prevent[ing] the Executive Branch from accomplishing its con- stitutionally assigned functions … ” It is undeniable that the Act reduces the amount of control or supervision that the Attorney General and, through him, the President exercises over the investigation and prosecution of a certain class of alleged criminal activity … The Act … gives the Executive a degree of control over the power to initiate an investigation by the independent counsel. In addition, the jurisdiction of the independent counsel is defined with reference to the facts submitted by the Attorney General, and once a counsel is appointed, the Act requires that the counsel abide by Justice Department policy unless it is not “possible” to do so. Notwithstanding the fact that the counsel is to some degree “inde- pendent” and free from executive supervision to a greater extent than other federal prosecutors, in our view these features of the Act give the Executive Branch sufficient control over the independent counsel to ensure that the President is able to perform his constitutionally assigned duties. In sum, we conclude today that it does not violate the Appointments Clause for Congress to vest the appointment of independent counsel in the Special Division; that the powers exercised by the Special Division under the Act do not vio- late Article III; and that the Act does not violate the separation-of-powers principle by impermissibly interfering with the functions of the Executive Branch. The decision of the Court of Appeals is therefore Reversed. JUSTICE KENNEDY took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. 73 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS Original excerpt in Lawrence Lessig, Constitutional Law: Separation of Powers, Federalism, and Fourteenth Amendment, published by H2O. Further excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA. § NLRB v. Canning 573 U.S. 513 (2014) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 9-0 Majority: Breyer, joined by Kennedy, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan Concurrence: Scalia (in judgment), joined by Roberts, Thomas, and Alito Note: A pro forma session is defined as “From the Latin, meaning ‘as a matter of form,’ a pro forma session is a brief meeting of the Senate, often only a few minutes in duration.” https://www.senate.gov/general/Features/Ses- sions.htm#:~:text=Pro%20Forma%20Session%3A%20From%20the,following%20the%20November%20gen- eral%20elections. Visit https://www.c-span.org/video/?526638-1/senate-pro-forma-session to see the c-span to view a pro forma session. Justice Breyer delivered the opinion of the Court. Ordinarily the President must obtain “the Advice and Consent of the Senate” before appointing an “Office[r] of the United States.” U. S. Const., Art. II, §2, cl. 2. But the Recess Appointments Clause creates an exception. It gives the Pres- ident alone the power “to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commis- sions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.” Art. II, §2, cl. 3. We here consider three questions about the application of this Clause. The first concerns the scope of the words “recess of the Senate.” Does that phrase refer only to an inter-session recess (i.e., a break between formal sessions of Congress), or does it also include an intra-session recess, such as a summer recess in the midst of a session? We conclude that the Clause applies to both kinds of recess. The second question concerns the scope of the words “vacancies that may happen.” Does that phrase refer only to vacan- cies that first come into existence during a recess, or does it also include vacancies that arise prior to a recess but continue to exist during the recess? We conclude that the Clause applies to both kinds of vacancy. The third question concerns calculation of the length of a “recess.” The President made the appointments here at issue on January 4, 2012. At that time the Senate was in recess pursuant to a December 17, 2011, resolution providing for a series of brief recesses punctuated by “pro forma session[s],” with “no business … transacted,” every Tuesday and Friday through January 20, 2012 … In calculating the length of a recess are we to ignore the pro forma sessions, thereby treating the series of brief recesses as a single, month-long recess? We conclude that we cannot ignore these pro forma sessions. APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 74 Our answer to the third question means that, when the appointments before us took place, the Senate was in the midst of a 3-day recess. Three days is too short a time to bring a recess within the scope of the Clause. Thus we conclude that the President lacked the power to make the recess appointments here at issue. The case before us arises out of a labor dispute. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) found that a Pepsi-Cola distributor, Noel Canning, had unlawfully refused to reduce to writing and execute a collective-bargaining agreement with a labor union. The Board ordered the distributor to execute the agreement and to make employees whole for any losses … The Pepsi-Cola distributor subsequently asked the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to set the Board’s order aside. It claimed that three of the five Board members had been invalidly appointed, leaving the Board with- out the three lawfully appointed members necessary for it to act … The three members in question were Sharon Block, Richard Griffin, and Terence Flynn. In 2011 the President had nom- inated each of them to the Board. As of January 2012, Flynn’s nomination had been pending in the Senate awaiting confirmation for approximately a year. The nominations of each of the other two had been pending for a few weeks. On January 4, 2012, the President, invoking the Recess Appointments Clause, appointed all three to the Board. The distributor argued that the Recess Appointments Clause did not authorize those appointments. It pointed out that on December 17, 2011, the Senate, by unanimous consent, had adopted a resolution providing that it would take a series of brief recesses beginning the following day … Pursuant to that resolution, the Senate held pro forma sessions every Tuesday and Friday until it returned for ordinary business on January 23, 2012 … The President’s January 4 appoint- ments were made between the January 3 and January 6 pro forma sessions. In the distributor’s view, each pro forma session terminated the immediately preceding recess. Accordingly, the appointments were made during a 3-day adjourn- ment, which is not long enough to trigger the Recess Appointments Clause. The Court of Appeals agreed that the appointments fell outside the scope of the Clause. But the court set forth different reasons … Since the second session of the 112th Congress began on January 3, 2012, the day before the President’s appointments, those appointments occurred during an intra-session recess, and the appointments consequently fell out- side the scope of the Clause … We asked the parties to address not only the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of the Clause but also the distributor’s initial argument, namely, “[w]hether the President’s recess-appointment power may be exercised when the Senate is con- vening every three days in pro forma sessions … ” … [T]he Recess Appointments Clause reflects the tension between, on the one hand, the President’s continuous need for “the assistance of subordinates,” Myers v. United States, (1926), and, on the other, the Senate’s practice, particularly dur- ing the Republic’s early years, of meeting for a single brief session each year … We seek to interpret the Clause as granting the President the power to make appointments during a recess but not offering the President the authority routinely to avoid the need for Senate confirmation. 75 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS Second, in interpreting the Clause, we put significant weight upon historical practice. For one thing, the interpretive questions before us concern the allocation of power between two elected branches of Government. Long ago Chief Jus- tice Marshall wrote that “a doubtful question, one on which human reason may pause, and the human judgment be suspended, in the decision of which the great principles of liberty are not concerned, but the respective powers of those who are equally the representa- tives of the people, are to be adjusted; if not put at rest by the practice of the government, ought to receive a considerable impression from that practice.” McCulloch v. Maryland, (1819) … The first question concerns the scope of the phrase “the recess of the Senate … ” The Constitution provides for congres- sional elections every two years. And the 2-year life of each elected Congress typically consists of two formal 1-year ses- sions, each separated from the next by an “inter-session recess … ” The Senate or the House of Representatives announces an inter-session recess by approving a resolution stating that it will “adjourn sine die,” i.e., without specifying a date to return (in which case Congress will reconvene when the next formal session is scheduled to begin). The Senate and the House also take breaks in the midst of a session. The Senate or the House announces any such “intra- session recess” by adopting a resolution stating that it will “adjourn” to a fixed date, a few days or weeks or even months later. All agree that the phrase “the recess of the Senate” covers inter-session recesses. The question is whether it includes intra-session recesses as well. In our view, the phrase “the recess” includes an intra-session recess of substantial length … History … shows only that Congress generally took long breaks between sessions, while taking no significant intra-session breaks at all (five times it took a break of a week or so at Christmas) … In 1867 and 1868, Congress for the first time took substantial, nonholiday intra-session breaks, and President Andrew Johnson made dozens of recess appointments. The Federal Court of Claims upheld one of those specific appointments, writing “[w]e have no doubt that a vacancy occur- ring while the Senate was thus temporarily adjourned” during the “first session of the Fortieth Congress” was “legally filled by appointment of the President alone.” Gould v. United States, (1884) … … [R]estricting the Clause to inter-session recesses would frustrate its purpose. It would make the President’s recess- appointment power dependent on a formalistic distinction of Senate procedure. Moreover, the President has consis- tently and frequently interpreted the word “recess” to apply to intra-session recesses, and has acted on that interpretation. The Senate as a body has done nothing to deny the validity of this practice for at least three-quarters of a century … [A] 3-day recess would be too short … The Adjournments Clause reflects the fact that a 3-day break is not a significant interruption of legislative business. As the Solicitor General says, it is constitutionally de minimis. A Senate recess that is so short that it does not require the consent of the House is not long enough to trigger the President’s recess-appoint- ment power. In sum, we conclude that the phrase “the recess” applies to both intra-session and inter-session recesses. If a Senate recess is so short that it does not require the consent of the House, it is too short to trigger the Recess Appointments Clause. See Art. I, §5, cl. 4. And a recess lasting less than 10 days is presumptively too short as well. Applying this standard, we find that the pro forma sessions were sessions for purposes of the Clause. First, the Senate said it was in session. The Journal of the Senate and the Congressional Record indicate that the Senate convened for a series of twice-weekly “sessions” from December 20 through January 20 … Second, the Senate’s rules make clear that during its pro forma sessions, despite its resolution that it would conduct no business, the Senate retained the power to conduct business. During any pro forma session, the Senate could have con- ducted business simply by passing a unanimous consent agreement … It is consequently unsurprising that the Senate has enacted legislation during pro forma sessions even when it has said that no business will be transacted. Indeed, the Senate passed a bill by unanimous consent during the second pro forma session after its December 17 adjournment … The Recess Appointments Clause responds to a structural difference between the Executive and Legislative Branches: The Executive Branch is perpetually in operation, while the Legislature only acts in intervals separated by recesses. The purpose of the Clause is to allow the Executive to continue operating while the Senate is unavailable. We believe that the Clause’s text, standing alone, is ambiguous. It does not resolve whether the President may make appointments during intra-session recesses, or whether he may fill pre-recess vacancies. But the broader reading better serves the Clause’s struc- tural function. Moreover, that broader reading is reinforced by centuries of history, which we are hesitant to disturb. We thus hold that the Constitution empowers the President to fill any existing vacancy during any recess—intra-session or inter-session—of sufficient length. Given our answer to the last question before us, we conclude that the Recess Appointments Clause does not give the President the constitutional authority to make the appointments here at issue. Because the Court of Appeals reached the same ultimate conclusion (though for reasons we reject), its judgment is affirmed. It is so ordered. Justice Scalia, with whom The Chief Justice, Justice Thomas, and Justice Alito join, concurring in the judgment. Except where the Constitution or a valid federal law provides otherwise, all “Officers of the United States” must be appointed by the President “by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate.” U. S. Const., Art. II, §2, cl. 2. That general rule is subject to an exception: “The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.” Id., §2, cl. 3. This case requires us to decide whether the Recess Appointments Clause authorized three appointments made by President Obama to the National Labor Relations Board in January 2012 without the Senate’s consent. To prevent the President’s recess-appointment power from nullifying the Senate’s role in the appointment process, the Constitution cabins that power in two significant ways. First, it may be exercised only in “the Recess of the Senate,” that is, the intermission between two formal legislative sessions. Second, it may be used to fill only those vacancies that “hap- pen during the Recess,” that is, offices that become vacant during that intermission. Both conditions are clear from the Constitution’s text and struc ture, and both were well understood at the founding. The Court of Appeals correctly held that the appointments here at issue are invalid because they did not meet either condition … The Court’s decision transforms the recess-appointment power from a tool carefully designed to fill a narrow and specific need into a weapon to be wielded by future Presidents against future Senates. To reach that result, the majority casts aside APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 78 the plain, original meaning of the constitutional text in deference to late-arising historical practices that are ambiguous at best. The majority’s insistence on deferring to the Executive’s untenably broad interpretation of the power is in clear conflict with our precedent and forebodes a diminution of this Court’s role in controversies involving the separation of powers and the structure of government. I concur in the judgment only … The first question presented is whether “the Recess of the Senate,” during which the President’s recess-appointment power is active, is (a) the period between two of the Senate’s formal sessions, or (b) any break in the Senate’s proceedings. I would hold that “the Recess” is the gap between sessions and that the appointments at issue here are invalid because they undisputedly were made during the Senate’s session. The Court’s contrary conclusion—that “the Recess” includes “breaks in the midst of a session,” ante, at 9—is inconsistent with the Constitution’s text and structure, and it requires judicial fabrication of vague, unadministrable limits on the recess-appointment power (thus defined) that overstep the judicial role. And although the majority relies heavily on “historical practice,” no practice worthy of our deference sup- ports the majority’s conclusion on this issue … What does all this amount to? In short: Intra-session recess appointments were virtually unheard of for the first 130 years of the Republic, were deemed unconstitutional by the first Attorney General to address them, were not openly defended by the Executive until 1921, were not made in significant numbers until after World War II, and have been repeatedly criticized as unconstitutional by Senators of both parties. It is astonishing for the majority to assert that this history lends “strong support,” ante, at 11, to its interpretation of the Recess Appointments Clause. The second question presented is whether vacancies that “happen during the Recess of the Senate,” which the President is empowered to fill with recess appointments, are (a) vacancies that arise during the recess, or (b) all vacancies that exist during the recess, regardless of when they arose. I would hold that the recess-appointment power is limited to vacancies that arise during the recess in which they are filled, and I would hold that the appointments at issue here—which undisputedly filled pre-recess vacancies—are invalid for that reason as well as for the reason that they were made during the session. The Court’s contrary conclusion is inconsistent with the Constitution’s text and structure, and it further undermines the balance the Framers struck between Presidential and Senatorial power. Historical practice also fails to support the majority’s conclusion on this issue … In sum: Washington’s and Adams’ Attorneys General read the Constitution to restrict recess appointments to vacancies arising during the recess, and there is no evidence that any of the first four Presidents consciously departed from that reading. The contrary reading was first defended by an executive official in 1823, was vehemently rejected by the Senate in 1863, was vigorously resisted by legislation in place from 1863 until 1940, and is arguably inconsistent with legislation in place from 1940 to the present. The Solicitor General has identified only about 100 appointments that have ever been made under the broader reading, and while it seems likely that a good deal more have been made in the last few decades, there is good reason to doubt that many were made before 1940 (since the appointees could not have been compensated). I can conceive of no sane constitutional theory under which this evidence of “historical practice”—which is actually evi- dence of a long-simmering inter-branch conflict—would require us to defer to the views of the Executive Branch … What the majority needs to sustain its judgment is an ambiguous text and a clear historical practice. What it has is a clear text and an at-best-ambiguous historical practice … 79 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS The real tragedy of today’s decision is not simply the abolition of the Constitution’s limits on the recess-appointment power and the substitution of a novel framework invented by this Court. It is the damage done to our separation-of- powers jurisprudence more generally. It is not every day that we encounter a proper case or controversy requiring inter- pretation of the Constitution’s structural provisions. Most of the time, the interpretation of those provisions is left to the political branches—which, in deciding how much respect to afford the constitutional text, often take their cues from this Court. We should therefore take every opportunity to affirm the primacy of the Constitution’s enduring principles over the politics of the moment. Our failure to do so today will resonate well beyond the particular dispute at hand. Sad, but true: The Court’s embrace of the adverse-possession theory of executive power (a characterization the majority resists but does not refute) will be cited in diverse contexts, including those presently unimagined, and will have the effect of aggrandizing the Presidency beyond its constitutional bounds and undermining respect for the separation of powers. I concur in the judgment only. Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § Lucia v. SEC 585 U.S. ___ (2018) Decision: Reversed and remanded Vote: 7-2 Majority: Kagan, joined by Roberts, Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch Concurrence: Thomas, joined by Gorsuch Concur/dissent: Breyer, joined by Ginsburg, and Sotomayor (Part III only) Dissent: Sotomayor, joined by Ginsburg Justice Kagan delivered the opinion of the Court. The Appointments Clause of the Constitution lays out the permissible methods of appointing “Officers of the United States,” a class of government officials distinct from mere employees … This case requires us to decide whether adminis- trative law judges (ALJs) of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC or Commission) qualify as such “Officers.” In keeping with Freytag v. Commissioner, (1991), we hold that they do … The SEC has statutory authority to enforce the nation’s securities laws. One way it can do so is by instituting an admin- istrative proceeding against an alleged wrongdoer. By law, the Commission may itself preside over such a proceeding … But the Commission also may, and typically does, delegate that task to an ALJ … The SEC currently has five ALJs. Other staff members, rather than the Commission proper, selected them all … APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 80 An ALJ assigned to hear an SEC enforcement action has extensive powers—the “authority to do all things necessary and appropriate to discharge his or her duties” and ensure a “fair and orderly” adversarial proceeding … As that list suggests, an SEC ALJ exercises authority “comparable to” that of a federal district judge conducting a bench trial. Butz v. Economou, (1978) … This case began when the SEC instituted an administrative proceeding against petitioner Raymond Lucia and his invest- ment company. Lucia marketed a retirement savings strategy called “Buckets of Money.” In the SEC’s view, Lucia used misleading slideshow presentations to deceive prospective clients. The SEC charged Lucia under the Investment Advis- ers Act, and assigned ALJ Cameron Elliot to adjudicate the case. After nine days of testimony and argument, Judge Elliot issued an initial decision concluding that Lucia had violated the Act and imposing sanctions, including civil penalties of $300,000 and a lifetime bar from the investment industry … On appeal to the SEC, Lucia argued that the administrative proceeding was invalid because Judge Elliot had not been constitutionally appointed. According to Lucia, the Commission’s ALJs are “Officers of the United States” and thus subject to the Appointments Clause … [T]he Commission had left the task of appointing ALJs, including Judge Elliot, to SEC staff members … As a result, Lucia contended, Judge Elliot lacked constitutional authority to do his job … The sole question here is whether the Commission’s ALJs are “Officers of the United States” or simply employees of the Federal Government. The Appointments Clause prescribes the exclusive means of appointing “Officers.” Only the Pres- ident, a court of law, or a head of department can do so. Two decisions set out this Court’s basic framework for distinguishing between officers and employees. Germaine v. US (1879) held that “civil surgeons” (doctors hired to perform various physical exams) were mere employees because their duties were “occasional or temporary” rather than “continuing and permanent … ” Stressing “ideas of tenure [and] dura- tion,” the Court there made clear that an individual must occupy a “continuing” position established by law to qualify as an officer. Buckley v. Valeo (1976) then set out another requirement, central to this case. It determined that members of a federal commission were officers only after finding that they “exercis[ed] significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States … ” The inquiry thus focused on the extent of power an individual wields in carrying out his assigned functions. Both the amicus and the Government urge us to elaborate on Buckley’s “significant authority” test, but another of our precedents makes that project unnecessary … [I]n Freytag v. Commissioner, (1991), we applied the unadorned “signifi- cant authority” test to adjudicative officials who are near-carbon copies of the Commission’s ALJs. As we now explain, our analysis there (sans any more detailed legal criteria) necessarily decides this case. The officials at issue in Freytag were the “special trial judges” (STJs) of the United States Tax Court. The authority of those judges depended on the significance of the tax dispute before them. In “comparatively narrow and minor matters,” they could both hear and definitively resolve a case for the Tax Court … In more major matters, they could preside over the hearing, but could not issue the final decision; instead, they were to “prepare proposed findings and an opinion” for a regular Tax Court judge to consider … 81 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS This Court held that the Tax Court’s STJs are officers, not mere employees. Citing Germaine, the Court first found that STJs hold a continuing office established by law … They serve on an ongoing, rather than a “temporary [or] episodic[,] basis”; and their “duties, salary, and means of appointment” are all specified in the Tax Code. For all the reasons we have given, and all those Freytag gave before, the Commission’s ALJs are “Officers of the United States,” subject to the Appointments Clause … This Court has held that “one who makes a timely challenge to the con- stitutional validity of the appointment of an officer who adjudicates his case” is entitled to relief. Ryder v. United States, (1995). Lucia made just such a timely challenge: He contested the validity of Judge Elliot’s appointment before the Com- mission, and continued pressing that claim in the Court of Appeals and this Court. So what relief follows? This Court has also held that the “appropriate” remedy for an adjudication tainted with an appointments violation is a new “hearing before a properly appointed” official … And we add today one thing more. That official cannot be Judge Elliot, even if he has by now received (or receives sometime in the future) a constitutional appointment. Judge Elliot has already both heard Lucia’s case and issued an initial decision on the merits. He cannot be expected to consider the matter as though he had not adjudicated it before. To cure the constitutional error, another ALJ (or the Commission itself) must hold the new hearing to which Lucia is entitled. We accordingly reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. Note: In June of 2020, Lucia entered a settlement with the SEC which banned Lucia from the securities industry, though he could reapply for admittance, and included a fine of $25,000.00. (see https://www.investmentnews.com/sec-ray-lucia- settle-lawsuit-194238, last accessed on April 27, 2023.) § APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 82 Executive Privilege United States v. Nixon 418 U.S. 683 (1974) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 8-0 Majority: Burger, joined by Douglas, Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall, Blackmun, and Powell MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER delivered the opinion of the Court. This litigation presents for review the denial of a motion … to quash a third-party subpoena duces tecum issued … pur- suant to Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 17 (c). The subpoena directed the President to produce certain tape recordings and doc- uments relating to his conversations with aides and advisers … On March 1, 1974, a grand jury of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia returned an indictment charging seven named individuals with various offenses, including conspiracy to defraud the United States and to obstruct justice. Although he was not designated as such in the indictment, the grand jury named the President, among others, as an unindicted coconspirator … [W]e turn to the claim that the subpoena should be quashed because it demands “confidential conversations between a President and his close advisors that it would be inconsistent with the public interest to produce … ” The first contention is a broad claim that the separation of powers doctrine precludes judicial review of a President’s claim of privilege. The second contention is that if he does not prevail on the claim of absolute privilege, the court should hold as a matter of constitutional law that the privilege prevails over the subpoena duces tecum. In the performance of assigned constitutional duties each branch of the Government must initially interpret the Consti- tution, and the interpretation of its powers by any branch is due great respect from the others. The President’s counsel, as we have noted, reads the Constitution as providing an absolute privilege of confidentiality for all Presidential commu- nications. Many decisions of this Court, however, have unequivocally reaffirmed the holding of Marbury v. Madison, (1803), that “[i]t is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is … ” Since this Court has consistently exercised the power to construe and delineate claims arising under express powers, it must follow that the Court has authority to interpret claims with respect to powers alleged to derive from enumerated powers … Our system of government “requires that federal courts on occasion interpret the Constitution in a manner at variance with the construction given the document by another branch.” Powell v. McCormack, (1969) … And in Baker v. Carr (1961), the Court stated: 83 \| EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE “Deciding whether a matter has in any measure been committed by the Constitution to another branch of government, or whether the action of that branch exceeds whatever authority has been committed, is itself a delicate exercise in con- stitutional interpretation, and is a responsibility of this Court as ultimate interpreter of the Constitution.” Notwithstanding the deference each branch must accord the others, the “judicial Power of the United States” vested in the federal courts by Art. III, § 1, of the Constitution can no more be shared with the Executive Branch than the Chief Executive, for example, can share with the Judiciary the veto power, or the Congress share with the Judiciary the power to override a Presidential veto. Any other conclusion would be contrary to the basic concept of separation of powers and the checks and balances that flow from the scheme of a tripartite government … We therefore reaffirm that it is the province and duty of this Court “to say what the law is” with respect to the claim of privilege presented in this case. In support of his claim of absolute privilege, the President’s counsel urges two grounds, one of which is common to all governments and one of which is peculiar to our system of separation of powers. The first ground is the valid need for protection of communications between high Government officials and those who advise and assist them in the perfor- mance of their manifold duties; the importance of this confidentiality is too plain to require further discussion … The second ground asserted by the President’s counsel in support of the claim of absolute privilege rests on the doctrine of separation of powers. Here it is argued that the independence of the Executive Branch within its own sphere … insu- lates a President from a judicial subpoena in an ongoing criminal prosecution, and thereby protects confidential Presi- dential communications. However, neither the doctrine of separation of powers, nor the need for confidentiality of high-level communications, without more, can sustain an absolute, unqualified Presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all cir- cumstances. The President’s need for complete candor and objectivity from advisers calls for great deference from the courts … [W]e find it difficult to accept the argument that even the very important interest in confidentiality of Presi- dential communications is significantly diminished by production of such material for in camera inspection with all the protection that a district court will be obliged to provide. The impediment that an absolute, unqualified privilege would place in the way of the primary constitutional duty of the Judicial Branch to do justice in criminal prosecutions would plainly conflict with the function of the courts under Art. III. In designing the structure of our Government and dividing and allocating the sovereign power among three co-equal branches, the Framers of the Constitution sought to provide a comprehensive system, but the separate powers were not intended to operate with absolute independence … To read the Art. II powers of the President as providing an absolute privilege as against a subpoena essential to enforce- ment of criminal statutes on no more than a generalized claim of the public interest in confidentiality of nonmilitary and nondiplomatic discussions would upset the constitutional balance of “a workable government” and gravely impair the role of the courts under Art. III. Since we conclude that the legitimate needs of the judicial process may outweigh Presidential privilege, it is necessary to resolve those competing interests in a manner that preserves the essential functions of each branch. The right and indeed the duty to resolve that question does not free the Judiciary from according high respect to the representations made on behalf of the President … EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE \| 84 When he signed the Act into law, President George W. Bush issued a statement declaring his position that § 214 would, “if construed as mandatory rather than advisory, impermissibly interfere with the President’s constitutional authority to formulate the position of the United States, speak for the Nation in international affairs, and determine the terms on which recognition is given to foreign states … ” The President concluded, “U.S. policy regarding Jerusalem has not changed … ” In considering claims of Presidential power this Court refers to Justice Jackson’s familiar tripartite framework from Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, (1952) (concurring opinion) … [W]hen “the President takes measures incompatible with the expressed or implied will of Congress … he can rely only upon his own constitutional powers minus any constitutional powers of Congress over the matter.” To succeed in this third category, the President’s asserted power must be both “exclusive” and “conclusive” on the issue … In this case the Secretary contends that § 214(d) infringes on the President’s exclusive recognition power by “requiring the President to contradict his recognition position regarding Jerusalem in official communications with foreign sover- eigns.” In so doing the Secretary acknowledges the President’s power is “at its lowest ebb … ” Because the President’s refusal to implement § 214(d) falls into Justice Jackson’s third category, his claim must be “scrutinized with caution,” and he may rely solely on powers the Constitution grants to him alone … Recognition is a “formal acknowledgment” that a particular “entity possesses the qualifications for statehood” or “that a particular regime is the effective government of a state … ” Recognition is often effected by an express “written or oral declaration … ” It may also be implied—for example, by concluding a bilateral treaty or by sending or receiving diplo- matic agents … Despite the importance of the recognition power in foreign relations, the Constitution does not use the term “recogni- tion,” either in Article II or elsewhere. The Secretary asserts that the President exercises the recognition power based on the Reception Clause, which directs that the President “shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers.” Art. II, § 3. As Zivotofsky notes, the Reception Clause received little attention at the Constitutional Convention … At the time of the founding, however, prominent international scholars suggested that receiving an ambassador was tan- tamount to recognizing the sovereignty of the sending state … It is a logical and proper inference, then, that a Clause directing the President alone to receive ambassadors would be understood to acknowledge his power to recognize other nations … The inference that the President exercises the recognition power is further supported by his additional Article II powers. It is for the President, “by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,” to “make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur.” Art. II, § 2, cl. 2. In addition, “he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors” as well as “other public Ministers and Consuls.” As a matter of constitutional structure, these additional powers give the President control over recognition decisions. At international law, recognition may be effected by different means, but each means is dependent upon Presidential power. In addition to receiving an ambassador, recognition may occur on “the conclusion of a bilateral treaty,” or the “formal initiation of diplomatic relations,” including the dispatch of an ambassador … The Constitution thus assigns the President means to effect recognition on his own initiative. Congress, by contrast, has no constitutional power that PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 146 would enable it to initiate diplomatic relations with a foreign nation. Because these specific Clauses confer the recogni- tion power on the President, the Court need not consider whether or to what extent the Vesting Clause, which provides that the “executive Power” shall be vested in the President, provides further support for the President’s action here. Art. II, § 1, cl. 1. The text and structure of the Constitution grant the President the power to recognize foreign nations and governments. The question then becomes whether that power is exclusive. The various ways in which the President may unilaterally effect recognition—and the lack of any similar power vested in Congress—suggest that it is. So, too, do functional con- siderations. Put simply, the Nation must have a single policy regarding which governments are legitimate in the eyes of the United States and which are not. Foreign countries need to know, before entering into diplomatic relations or com- merce with the United States, whether their ambassadors will be received; whether their officials will be immune from suit in federal court; and whether they may initiate lawsuits here to vindicate their rights. These assurances cannot be equivocal … It remains true, of course, that many decisions affecting foreign relations—including decisions that may determine the course of our relations with recognized countries—require congressional action. Congress may “regulate Commerce with foreign Nations,” “establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,” “define and punish Piracies and Felonies commit- ted on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations,” “declare War,” “grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal,” and “make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces … ” Although the President alone effects the formal act of recognition, Congress’ powers, and its central role in making laws, give it substantial authority regarding many of the policy determinations that precede and follow the act of recognition itself. If Congress disagrees with the President’s recognition policy, there may be consequences. Formal recognition may seem a hollow act if it is not accompanied by the dispatch of an ambassador, the easing of trade restrictions, and the con- clusion of treaties. And those decisions require action by the Senate or the whole Congress. In practice, then, the President’s recognition determination is just one part of a political process that may require Con- gress to make laws. The President’s exclusive recognition power encompasses the authority to acknowledge, in a formal sense, the legitimacy of other states and governments, including their territorial bounds. Albeit limited, the exclusive recognition power is essential to the conduct of Presidential duties. The formal act of recognition is an executive power that Congress may not qualify. If the President is to be effective in negotiations over a formal recognition determination, it must be evident to his counterparts abroad that he speaks for the Nation on that precise question … Here, history is not all on one side, but on balance it provides strong support for the conclusion that the recognition power is the President’s alone. As Zivotofsky argues, certain historical incidents can be interpreted to support the posi- tion that recognition is a shared power. But the weight of historical evidence supports the opposite view, which is that the formal determination of recognition is a power to be exercised only by the President … As the power to recognize foreign states resides in the President alone, the question becomes whether § 214(d) infringes on the Executive’s consistent decision to withhold recognition with respect to Jerusalem … Section 214(d) requires that, in a passport or consular report of birth abroad, “the Secretary shall, upon the request of the citizen or the citizen’s legal guardian, record the place of birth as Israel” for a “United States citizen born in the city 147 \| PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS of Jerusalem.” That is, § 214(d) requires the President, through the Secretary, to identify citizens born in Jerusalem who so request as being born in Israel. But according to the President, those citizens were not born in Israel. As a matter of United States policy, neither Israel nor any other country is acknowledged as having sovereignty over Jerusalem. In this way, § 214(d) “directly contradicts” the “carefully calibrated and longstanding Executive branch policy of neutrality toward Jerusalem.” If the power over recognition is to mean anything, it must mean that the President not only makes the initial, formal recognition determination but also that he may maintain that determination in his and his agent’s statements. This con- clusion is a matter of both common sense and necessity. If Congress could command the President to state a recognition position inconsistent with his own, Congress could override the President’s recognition determination … Although the statement required by § 214(d) would not itself constitute a formal act of recognition, it is a mandate that the Executive contradict his prior recognition determination in an official document issued by the Secretary of State … As a result, it is unconstitutional. This is all the more clear in light of the longstanding treatment of a passport’s place- of-birth section as an official executive statement implicating recognition … The Secretary’s position on this point has been consistent: He will not place information in the place-of-birth section of a passport that contradicts the President’s recognition policy … If a citizen objects to the country listed as sovereign over his place of birth, then the Secretary will accommodate him by listing the city or town of birth rather than the country … But the Secretary will not list a sovereign that contradicts the President’s recognition policy in a passport. Thus, the Secretary will not list “Israel” in a passport as the country containing Jerusalem … From the face of § 214, from the legislative history, and from its reception, it is clear that Congress wanted to express its displeasure with the President’s policy by, among other things, commanding the Executive to contradict his own, earlier stated position on Jerusalem. This Congress may not do. It is true, as Zivotofsky notes, that Congress has substantial authority over passports … The Court does not question the power of Congress to enact passport legislation of wide scope … The problem with § 214(d), however, lies in how Congress exercised its authority over passports. It was an improper act for Congress to “aggrandiz[e] its power at the expense of another branch” by requiring the President to contradict an ear- lier recognition determination in an official document issued by the Executive Branch. Freytag v. Commissioner, (1991). To allow Congress to control the President’s communication in the context of a formal recognition determination is to allow Congress to exercise that exclusive power itself. As a result, the statute is unconstitutional … In holding § 214(d) invalid the Court does not question the substantial powers of Congress over foreign affairs in general or passports in particular. This case is confined solely to the exclusive power of the President to control recognition deter- minations, including formal statements by the Executive Branch acknowledging the legitimacy of a state or government and its territorial bounds. Congress cannot command the President to contradict an earlier recognition determination in the issuance of passports. The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit is Affirmed. PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 148 Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf Justice Scalia, with whom The Chief Justice and Justice Alito join, dissenting. Before this country declared independence, the law of England entrusted the King with the exclusive care of his king- dom’s foreign affairs. The royal prerogative included the “sole power of sending ambassadors to foreign states, and receiv- ing them at home,” the sole authority to “make treaties, leagues, and alliances with foreign states and princes,” “the sole prerogative of making war and peace,” and the “sole power of raising and regulating fleets and armies.” W. Blackstone, Commentaries. The People of the United States had other ideas when they organized our Government. They considered a sound structure of balanced powers essential to the preservation of just government, and international relations formed no exception to that principle. The People therefore adopted a Constitution that divides responsibility for the Nation’s foreign concerns between the legislative and executive departments. The Constitution gave the President the “executive Power,” authority to send and responsibility to receive ambassadors, power to make treaties, and command of the Army and Navy—though they qual- ified some of these powers by requiring consent of the Senate. Art. II, §§1–3. At the same time, they gave Congress pow- ers over war, foreign commerce, naturalization, and more. Art. I, §8. “Fully eleven of the powers that Article I, §8 grants Congress deal in some way with foreign affairs.” L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law, §5–18, p. 965. This case arises out of a dispute between the Executive and Legislative Branches about whether the United States should treat Jerusalem as a part of Israel. The Constitution contemplates that the political branches will make policy about the territorial claims of foreign nations the same way they make policy about other international matters: The President will exercise his powers on the basis of his views, Congress its powers on the basis of its views. That is just what has happened here. The political branches of our Government agree on the real-world fact that Israel controls the city of Jerusalem … They disagree, however, about how official documents should record the birthplace of an American citizen born in Jerusalem. The Executive does not accept any state’s claim to sovereignty over Jerusalem, and it maintains that the birthplace des- ignation “Israel” would clash with this stance of neutrality. But the National Legislature has enacted a statute that pro- vides: “For purposes of the registration of birth, certification of nationality, or issuance of a passport of a United States citizen born in the city of Jerusalem, the Secretary [of State] shall, upon the request of the citizen or the citizen’s legal guardian, record the place of birth as Israel.” Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003, §214(d). Menachem Zivotofsky’s parents seek enforcement of this statutory right in the issuance of their son’s passport and consular report of birth abroad … Before turning to Presidential power under Article II, I think it well to establish the statute’s basis in congressional power under Article I. Congress’s power to “establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,” Art. I, §8, cl. 4, enables it to grant American citizenship to someone born abroad. United States v. Wong Kim Ark., (1898). The naturalization power also enables Congress to furnish the people it makes citizens with papers verifying their citizenship—say a consular report of birth abroad (which certifies citizenship of an American born outside the United States) or a passport (which certifies cit- izenship for purposes of international travel). As the Necessary and Proper Clause confirms, every congressional power 149 \| PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS “carries with it all those incidental powers which are necessary to its complete and effectual execution.” Cohens v. Vir- ginia, (1821). Even on a miserly understanding of Congress’s incidental authority, Congress may make grants of citizen- ship “effectual” by providing for the issuance of certificates authenticating them. One would think that if Congress may grant Zivotofsky a passport and a birth report, it may also require these papers to record his birthplace as “Israel.” … No doubt congressional discretion in executing legislative powers has its limits; Congress’s chosen approach must be not only “necessary” to carrying its powers into execution, but also “proper.” Congress thus may not transcend boundaries upon legislative authority stated or implied elsewhere in the Constitution. But as we shall see, §214(d) does not transgress any such restriction. The Court frames this case as a debate about recognition. Recognition is a sovereign’s official acceptance of a status under international law … To know all this is to realize at once that §214(d) has nothing to do with recognition. Section 214(d) does not require the Secretary to make a formal declaration about Israel’s sovereignty over Jerusalem. And nobody suggests that international custom infers acceptance of sovereignty from the birthplace designation on a passport or birth report, as it does from bilateral treaties or exchanges of ambassadors. Recognition would preclude the United States (as a matter of international law) from later contesting Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem. But making a notation in a passport or birth report does not encumber the Republic with any international obligations. It leaves the Nation free (so far as international law is con- cerned) to change its mind in the future. That would be true even if the statute required all passports to list “Israel.” But in fact it requires only those passports to list “Israel” for which the citizen (or his guardian) requests “Israel”; all the rest, under the Secretary’s policy, list “Jerusalem.” It is utterly impossible for this deference to private requests to constitute an act that unequivocally manifests an intention to grant recognition. … The best indication that §214(d) does not concern recognition comes from the State Department’s policies concerning Taiwan. According to the Solicitor General, the United States “acknowledges the Chinese position” that Taiwan is a part of China, but “does not take a position” of its own on that issue. Brief for Respondent 51–52. Even so, the State Depart- ment has for a long time recorded the birthplace of a citizen born in Taiwan as “China.” It indeed insisted on doing so until Congress passed a law (on which §214(d) was modeled) giving citizens the option to have their birthplaces recorded as “Taiwan.” The Solicitor General explains that the designation “China” “involves a geographic description, not an asser- tion that Taiwan is … part of sovereign China.” Brief for Respondent 51–52. Quite so. Section 214(d) likewise calls for nothing beyond a “geographic description”; it does not require the Executive even to assert, never mind formally recog- nize, that Jerusalem is a part of sovereign Israel … Even if the Constitution gives the President sole power to extend recognition, it does not give him sole power to make all decisions relating to foreign disputes over sovereignty. To the contrary, a fair reading of Article I allows Congress to decide for itself how its laws should handle these controversies … PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 150 The Constitution likewise does not give the President exclusive power to determine which claims to statehood and terri- tory “are legitimate in the eyes of the United States,” ante, at 11. Congress may express its own views about these matters by declaring war, restricting trade, denying foreign aid, and much else besides … No consistent or coherent theory supports the Court’s decision … International disputes about statehood and territory are neither rare nor obscure. Leading foreign debates during the 19th century concerned how the United States should respond to revolutions in Latin America, Texas, Mexico, Hawaii, Cuba. During the 20th century, attitudes toward Communist governments in Russia and China became conspicuous subjects of agitation. Disagreements about Taiwan, Kashmir, and Crimea remain prominent today. A President empow- ered to decide all questions relating to these matters, immune from laws embodying congressional disagreement with his position, would have un- controlled mastery of a vast share of the Nation’s foreign affairs. That is not the chief magistrate under which the American People agreed to live when they adopted the national charter. They believed that “[t]he accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, … may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.” The Federalist No. 47, p. 301 (Madison). For this reason, they did not entrust either the President or Congress with sole power to adopt uncontradictable policies about any subject—foreign- sovereignty disputes included. They instead gave each political department its own powers, and with that the freedom to contradict the other’s policies. Under the Constitution they approved, Congress may require Zivotofsky’s passport and birth report to record his birthplace as Israel, even if that requirement clashes with the President’s preference for neutral- ity about the status of Jerusalem. I dissent. Excerpted by Rorie Solberg § Trump v. Hawaii 585 U.S. ___ (2018) Decision: Reversed and remanded Vote: 5-4 Majority: Roberts, joined by Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch Concurrence: Kennedy Concurrence: Thomas Dissent: Breyer, joined by Kagan Dissent: Sotomayor, joined by Ginsburg Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court. 151 \| PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, foreign nationals seeking entry into the United States undergo a vetting process to ensure that they satisfy the numerous requirements for admission. The Act also vests the President with authority to restrict the entry of aliens when- ever he finds that their entry “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.” 8 U. S. C. §1182(f). Relying on that delegation, the President concluded that it was necessary to impose entry restrictions on nationals of countries that do not share adequate information for an informed entry determination, or that otherwise present national security risks. Presidential Proclamation No. 9645 (Proclamation). The plaintiffs in this litigation, respondents here, challenged the application of those entry restrictions to certain aliens abroad. We now decide whether the President had authority under the Act to issue the Proclamation, and whether the entry policy vio- lates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment … DHS collected and evaluated data regarding all foreign governments. §1(d). It identified 16 countries as having deficient information-sharing practices and presenting national security concerns, and another 31 countries as “at risk” of similarly failing to meet the baseline. §1(e). The State Department then undertook diplomatic efforts over a 50-day period to encourage all foreign governments to improve their practices. §1(f ). As a result of that effort, numerous countries pro- vided DHS with travel document exemplars and agreed to share information on known or suspected terrorists. Following the 50-day period, the Acting Secretary of Homeland Security concluded that eight countries—Chad, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Syria, Venezuela, and Yemen—remained deficient in terms of their risk profile and willingness to provide requested information. The Acting Secretary recommended that the President impose entry restrictions on certain nationals from all of those countries except Iraq … Plaintiffs challenged the Proclamation—except as applied to North Korea and Venezuela—on several grounds. As rele- vant here, they argued that the Proclamation contravenes provisions in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) … Plaintiffs further claimed that the Proclamation violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, because it was motivated not by concerns pertaining to national security but by animus toward Islam … The INA establishes numerous grounds on which an alien abroad may be inadmissible to the United States and ineligible for a visa … Congress has also delegated to the President authority to suspend or restrict the entry of aliens in certain cir- cumstances. The principal source of that authority, §1182(f ), enables the President to “suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens” whenever he “finds” that their entry “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.” Plaintiffs argue that the Proclamation is not a valid exercise of the President’s authority under the INA. In their view, §1182(f ) confers only a residual power to temporarily halt the entry of a discrete group of aliens engaged in harmful conduct. They also assert that the Proclamation violates another provision of the INA— 8 U. S. C. §1152(a)(1)(A)—because it discriminates on the basis of nationality in the issuance of immigrant visas … §1182(f ) exudes deference to the President in every clause. It entrusts to the President the decisions whether and when to suspend entry … whose entry to suspend … for how long … and on what conditions … It is therefore unsurprising that we have previously observed that §1182(f ) vests the President with “ample power” to impose entry restrictions in addition to those elsewhere enumerated in the INA … The Proclamation falls well within this comprehensive delegation. The sole prerequisite set forth in §1182(f ) is that the President “find[ ]” that the entry of the covered aliens “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.” PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 152 The President has undoubtedly fulfilled that requirement here … The Proclamation therefore “craft[ed] … country-spe- cific restrictions that would be most likely to encourage cooperation given each country’s distinct circumstances,” while securing the Nation “until such time as improvements occur.” Plaintiffs … argue, as an initial matter, that the Proclamation fails to provide a persuasive rationale for why nationality alone renders the covered foreign nationals a security risk. And they further discount the President’s stated concern about deficient vetting because the Proclamation allows many aliens from the designated countries to enter on nonimmigrant visas. Such arguments are grounded on the premise that §1182(f ) not only requires the President to make a finding that entry “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States,” but also to explain that finding with sufficient detail to enable judicial review. That premise is questionable. But even assuming that some form of review is appropriate, plaintiffs’ attacks on the sufficiency of the President’s findings cannot be sustained. The 12-page Proclamation—which thoroughly describes the process, agency evaluations, and recommendations underlying the President’s chosen restric- tions—is more detailed than any prior order a President has issued under §1182(f ) … Like its predecessors, the Proclamation makes clear that its “conditional restrictions” will remain in force only so long as necessary to “address” the identified “inadequacies and risks” within the covered nations … To that end, the Procla- mation establishes an ongoing process to engage covered nations and assess every 180 days whether the entry restrictions should be modified or terminated. §§4(a), (b). Indeed, after the initial review period, the President determined that Chad had made sufficient improvements to its identity-management protocols, and he accordingly lifted the entry suspension on its nationals … In short, the language of §1182(f ) is clear, and the Proclamation does not exceed any textual limit on the President’s authority … Plaintiffs’ structural argument starts with the premise that §1182(f ) does not give the President authority to counter- mand Congress’s considered policy judgments. The President, they say, may supplement the INA, but he cannot sup- plant it … We may assume that §1182(f ) does not allow the President to expressly override particular provisions of the INA. But plaintiffs have not identified any conflict between the statute and the Proclamation that would implicitly bar the Presi- dent from addressing deficiencies in the Nation’s vetting system … Plaintiffs suggest that the entry restrictions are unnecessary because consular officers can simply deny visas in individual cases when an alien fails to carry his burden of proving admissibility—for example, by failing to produce certified records regarding his criminal history. But that misses the point: A critical finding of the Proclamation is that the failure of certain countries to provide reliable information prevents the Government from accurately determining whether an alien is inadmissible or poses a threat. Proclamation §1(h). Unless consular officers are expected to apply categorical rules and deny entry from those countries across the board, fraudulent or unreliable documentation may thwart their review in individual cases. And at any rate, the INA certainly does not require that systemic problems such as the lack of reliable States, and of compounding the American people into one common mass. Of consequence, when they act, they act in their States. But the measures they adopt do not, on that account, cease to be the measures of the people themselves, or become the measures of the State governments … The assent of the States in their sovereign capacity is implied in calling a convention, and thus submitting that instrument to the people. But the people were at perfect liberty to accept or reject it, and their act was final. It required not the affir- mance, and could not be negatived, by the State Governments. The Constitution, when thus adopted, was of complete obligation, and bound the State sovereignties … From these conventions, the Constitution derives its whole authority. The government proceeds directly from the peo- ple; is ‘ordained and established,’ in the name of the people; and is declared to be ordained, ‘in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and to their posterity.’ The assent of the states, in their sovereign capacity, is implied, in calling a convention, and thus submitting that instrument to the people. But the people were at perfect liberty to accept or reject it; and their act was final. It required not the affirmance, and could not be negatived, by the state governments. The constitution, when thus adopted, was of complete obligation, and bound the state sovereignties … This government is acknowledged by all, to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the powers granted to it, would seem too apparent, to have required to be enforced by all those arguments, which its enlight- ened friends, while it was depending before the people, found it necessary to urge; that principle is now universally admitted. But the question respecting the extent of the powers actually granted, is perpetually arising, and will probably continue to arise, so long as our system shall exist … [T]he government of the Union, though limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action. This would seem to result, necessarily, from its nature. It is the government of all; its powers are delegated by all; it represents all, and acts for all. Though any one state may be willing to control its operations, no state is willing to allow others to control them. The nation, on those subjects on which it can act, must necessarily bind its component parts. But this question is not left to mere reason: the people have, in express terms, decided it … Among the enumerated powers, we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation. But there is no phrase in the instrument which, like the articles of confederation, excludes incidental or implied powers; and which requires that everything granted shall be expressly and minutely described … A constitution, to contain an accurate detail of all the subdivisions of which its great powers will admit, and of all the means by which they may be carried into exe- cution, would partake of the prolixity of a legal code, and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind. It would, probably, never be understood by the public. Its nature, therefore, requires, that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects, be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves. That this idea was entertained by the framers of the American constitution, is not only to be inferred from the nature of the instrument, but from the language. Why else were some of the limitations, found in the 9th section of the 1st article, introduced? It is also, in some degree, warranted, by their having omitted to use any restric- tive term which might prevent its receiving a fair and just interpretation … 161 \| SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word ‘bank’ or ‘incorporation,’ we find the great powers, to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies. The sword and the purse, all the external relations, and no inconsiderable portion of the industry of the nation, are intrusted to its government. It is not denied, that the powers given to the government imply the ordinary means of execution. That, for example, of raising revenue, and applying it to national purposes, is admitted to imply the power of conveying money from place to place, as the exigencies of the nation may require, and of employing the usual means of conveyance. But it is denied, that the government … may … erect a corporation. On what foundation does this argument rest? On this alone: the power of creating a corporation, is one appertaining to sovereignty, and is not expressly conferred on congress. This is true. But all legislative powers appertain to sovereignty. The original power of giving the law on any subject whatever, is a sovereign power … if the government of the Union is restrained from creating a corporation … on the single reason that the creation of a corporation is an act of sovereignty … there would be some difficulty in sustaining the authority of congress to pass other laws for the accomplishment of the same objects. The government which has a right to do an act, and has imposed on it, the duty of performing that act, must, according to the dictates of reason, be allowed to select the means … those who contend that it may not … take upon themselves the burden of establishing that exception … In America, the powers of sovereignty are divided between the government of the Union, and those of the states. They are each sovereign, with respect to the objects committed to it, and neither sovereign, with respect to the objects commit- ted to the other … Some state constitutions were formed before, some since that of the United States. We cannot believe, that their relation to each other is in any degree dependent upon this circumstance. Their respective powers must, we think, be precisely the same, as if they had been formed at the same time … To [Congress’] enumeration of powers is added, that of making ‘all laws which shall be necessary and proper, for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution, in the government of the United States, or in any department thereof.’ The counsel for the state of Maryland have urged various arguments, to prove that this clause, though, in terms, a grant of power, is not so, in effect; but is really restrictive of the general right, which might otherwise be implied, of selecting means for executing the enumerated powers. In support of this proposition, they have found it necessary to contend, that this clause was inserted for the purpose of conferring on congress the power of mak- ing laws. That, without it, doubts might be entertained, whether congress could exercise its powers in the form of legis- lation … Could it be necessary to say, that a legislature should exercise legislative powers, in the shape of legislation? After allowing each house to prescribe its own course of proceeding, after describing the manner in which a bill should become a law, would it have entered into the mind of a single member of the convention, that an express power to make laws was neces- sary, to enable the legislature to make them? That a legislature, endowed with legislative powers, can legislate, is a propo- sition too self-evident to have been questioned … But the argument which most conclusively demonstrates the error of the construction contended for by the counsel for the state of Maryland, is founded on the intention of the convention, as manifested in the whole clause. To waste time and argument in proving that, without it, congress might carry its powers into execution, would be not much less idle, than to hold a lighted taper to the sun. As little can it be required to prove, that in the absence of this clause, congress SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS \| 162 would have some choice of means … This clause, as construed by the state of Maryland, would abridge, and almost anni- hilate, this useful and necessary right of the legislature to select its means. That this could not be intended, is, we should think, had it not been already controverted, too apparent for controversy. We think so for the following reasons: 1st. The clause is placed among the powers of Congress, not among the limitations on those powers. 2d. Its terms purport to enlarge, not to diminish, the powers vested in the Government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted. No reason has been or can be assigned for thus concealing an intention to narrow the discretion of the National Legislature under words which purport to enlarge it. The framers of the Con- stitution wished its adoption, and well knew that it would be endangered by its strength, not by its weakness. Had they been capable of using language which would convey to the eye one idea and, after deep reflection, impress on the mind another, they would rather have disguised the grant of power than its limitation. If, then, their intention had been, by this clause, to restrain the free use of means which might otherwise have been implied, that intention would have been inserted in another place, and would have been expressed in terms resembling these. “In carrying into execution the fore- going powers, and all others,” &c., “no laws shall be passed but such as are necessary and proper.” Had the intention been to make this clause restrictive, it would unquestionably have been so in form, as well as in effect. The result of the most careful and attentive consideration bestowed upon this clause is that, if it does not enlarge, it can- not be construed to restrain, the powers of Congress, or to impair the right of the legislature to exercise its best judgment in the selection of measures to carry into execution the Constitutional powers of the Government. If no other motive for its insertion can be suggested, a sufficient one is found in the desire to remove all doubts respecting the right to legislate on that vast mass of incidental powers which must be involved in the Constitution if that instrument be not a splendid bauble. We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to per- form the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are Constitutional … After the most deliberate consideration, it is the unanimous and decided opinion of this Court that the act to incorporate the Bank of the United States is a law made in pursuance of the Constitution, and is a part of the supreme law of the land. The branches, proceeding from the same stock and being conducive to the complete accomplishment of the object, are equally constitutional … It being the opinion of the Court that the act incorporating the bank is constitutional, and that the power of establishing a branch in the State of Maryland might be properly exercised by the bank itself, we proceed to inquire: 163 \| SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS 2. Whether the State of Maryland may, without violating the Constitution, tax that branch? [See McCulloch v. Maryland in the Federalism chapter.] Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § Chae Chan Ping v. United States 130 U.S. 581 (1889) Decision: Affirmed Vote: Unanimous Majority: Field,, joined by Fuller, Miller, Bradley, Harlan, Gray, Blatchford, and Lamar MR. JUSTICE FIELD delivered the opinion of the Court. The appeal involves a consideration of the validity of the Act of Congress of October 1, 1888, prohibiting Chinese labor- ers from entering the United States who had departed before its passage, having a certificate issued under the act of 1882 as amended by the act of 1884, granting them permission to return. The validity of the act is assailed as being in effect an expulsion from the country of Chinese laborers, in violation of existing treaties between the United States and the government of China, and of rights vested in them under the laws of Congress … British subjects in China were often subjected not only to the violence of mobs, but to insults and outrages from local authorities of the country, which led to retaliatory measures for the punishment of the aggressors. To such an extent were these measures carried and such resistance offered to them that in 1856, the two countries were in open war … England requested of the President the concurrence and active cooperation of the United States … [A]s the rights of citizens of the United States might be seriously affected by the results of existing hostilities, and commercial intercourse between the United States and China be disturbed, it was deemed advisable to send to China a minister plenipotentiary to repre- sent our government and watch our interests there. Accordingly, Mr. William B. Reed, of Philadelphia, was appointed such minister, and instructed, while abstaining from any direct interference, to aid by peaceful cooperation the objects the allied forces were seeking to accomplish … Through him a new treaty was negotiated with the Chinese government. It was concluded in June, 1858, and ratified in August of the following year … [A]dditional articles to the treaty of 1858 were agreed upon which gave expression to the general desire that the two nations and their peoples should be drawn closer together. The new articles, eight in number, were agreed to on the 28th of July, 1868, and ratifications of them were exchanged at Pekin in November of the following year … “ARTICLE VI. Citizens of the United States visiting or residing in China shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, or exemptions in respect to travel or residence as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation, and reciprocally, Chinese subjects visiting or residing in the United shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS \| 164 and exemptions in respect to travel or residence as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation. But nothing herein contained shall be held to confer naturalization upon citizens of the United States in China, nor upon the subjects of China in the United States … ” The discovery of gold in California in 1848, as is well known, was followed by a large immigration thither from all parts of the world, attracted not only by the hope of gain from the mines, but from the great prices paid for all kinds of labor. The news of the discovery penetrated China, and laborers came from there in great numbers, a few with their own means, but by far the greater number under contract with employers for whose benefit they worked. These laborers readily secured employment … They were generally industrious and frugal. Not being accompanied by families except in rare instances, their expenses were small and they were content with the simplest fare, such as would not suffice for our laborers and artisans. The competition between them and our people was for this reason altogether in their favor, and the consequent irritation, proportionately deep and bitter, was followed, in many cases, by open conflicts, to the great disturbance of the public peace. The differences of race added greatly to the difficulties of the situation … As they grew in numbers each year, the people of the coast saw, or believed they saw, in the facility of immigration and in the crowded millions of China, where popu- lation presses upon the means of subsistence, great danger that at no distant day that portion of our country would be overrun by them unless prompt action was taken to restrict their immigration. The people there accordingly petitioned earnestly for protective legislation … So urgent and constant were the prayers for relief against existing and anticipated evils, both from the public authorities of the Pacific coast and from private individuals that Congress was impelled to act on the subject. Many persons, how- ever, both in and out of Congress, were of opinion that so long as the treaty remained unmodified, legislation restricting immigration would be a breach of faith with China. A statute was accordingly passed appropriating money to send com- missioners to China to act with our minister there in negotiating and concluding by treaty a settlement of such matters of interest between the two governments as might be confided to them …	System Instruction: Use only the following information labeled "Context". Do not use any other source of information other than what is provided below. EVIDENCE: Context: The State Supreme Court’s inclusion of vote counts based on these variant standards exemplifies concerns with the remedial processes that were under way … In addition to these difficulties the actual process by which the votes were to be counted under the Florida Supreme Court’s decision raises further concerns. That order did not specify who would recount the ballots. The county can- vassing boards were forced to pull together ad hoc teams of judges from various Circuits who had no previous training in handling and interpreting ballots. Furthermore, while others were permitted to observe, they were prohibited from objecting during the recount. The recount process, in its features here described, is inconsistent with the minimum procedures necessary to protect the fundamental right of each voter in the special instance of a statewide recount under the authority of a single state judicial officer. Our consideration is limited to the present circumstances, for the problem of equal protection in election processes generally presents many complexities. The question before the Court is not whether local entities, in the exercise of their expertise, may develop different sys- tems for implementing elections. Instead, we are presented with a situation where a state court with the power to assure uniformity has ordered a statewide recount with minimal procedural safeguards. When a court orders a statewide rem- edy, there must be at least some assurance that the rudimentary requirements of equal treatment and fundamental fair- ness are satisfied … Upon due consideration of the difficulties identified to this point, it is obvious that the recount cannot be conducted in compliance with the requirements of equal protection and due process without substantial additional work. It would require not only the adoption (after opportunity for argument) of adequate statewide standards for determining what is a legal vote, and practicable procedures to implement them, but also orderly judicial review of any disputed matters that might arise. In addition, the Secretary has advised that the recount of only a portion of the ballots requires that the vote tabulation equipment be used to screen out undervotes, a function for which the machines were not designed. If a recount of overvotes were also required, perhaps even a second screening would be necessary. Use of the equipment for this purpose, and any new software developed for it, would have to be evaluated for accuracy by the Secretary … Because it is evident that any recount seeking to meet the December 12 date will be unconstitutional for the reasons we have discussed, we reverse the judgment of the Supreme Court of Florida ordering a recount to proceed … None are more conscious of the vital limits on judicial authority than are the Members of this Court, and none stand more in admiration of the Constitution’s design to leave the selection of the President to the people, through their leg- islatures, and to the political sphere. When contending parties invoke the process of the courts, however, it becomes our unsought responsibility to resolve the federal and constitutional issues the judicial system has been forced to confront. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Florida is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not incon- sistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. STRUCTURE OF THE PRESIDENCY \| 60 Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § 61 \| STRUCTURE OF THE PRESIDENCY Appointment and Removal Powers Myers v. United States 272 U.S. 52 (1926) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 6-3 Majority: Taft, joined by Van Devanter, Sutherland, Butler, Sanford, Stone Dissent: Holmes Dissent: McReynolds Dissent: Brandeis MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TAFT delivered the opinion of the Court. This case presents the question whether, under the Constitution, the President has the exclusive power of removing exec- utive officers of the United States whom he has appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Myers … was, on July 21, 1917, appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to be a postmaster of the first class at Portland, Oregon, for a term of four years. On January 20, 1920, Myers’ resignation was demanded. He refused the demand. On February 2, 1920, he was removed from office by order of the Postmaster Gen- eral, acting by direction of the President. February 10th, Myers sent a petition to the President and another to the Sen- ate Committee on Post Offices, asking to be heard if any charges were filed. He protested to the Department against his removal, and continued to do so until the end of his term. He pursued no other occupation, and drew compensation for no other service during the interval. On April 21, 1921, he brought this suit in the Court of Claims for his salary from the date of his removal, which, as claimed by supplemental petition filed after July 21, 1921, the end of his term, amounted to $8,838.71 … [By the law] under which Myers was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate as a first-class postmaster, it is provided that “Postmasters of the first, second and third classes shall be appointed and may be removed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and shall hold their offices for four years unless sooner removed or suspended accord- ing to law.” The Senate did not consent to the President’s removal of Myers during his term. If this statute, in its requirement that his term should be four years unless sooner removed by the President by and with the consent of the Senate, is valid, the appellant, Myers’ administratrix, is entitled to recover his unpaid salary for his full term, and the judgment of the Court of Claims must be reversed. The Government maintains that the requirement is invalid for the reason that, under Article APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 62 II of the Constitution the President’s power of removal of executive officers appointed by him with the advice and con- sent of the Senate is full and complete without consent of the Senate … We are therefore confronted by the constitutional question, and cannot avoid it … The question where the power of removal of executive officers appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate was vested was presented early in the first session of the First Congress. There is no express pro- vision respecting removals in the Constitution, except as Section 4 of Article II … provides for removal from office by impeachment … It was pointed out in this great debate [constitutional convention] that the power of removal, though equally essential to the executive power is different in its nature from that of appointment. Madison, 1 Annals of Congress, 497 et seq.; Cly- mer, 1 Annals, 489; Sedgwick, 1 Annals, 522; Ames, 1 Annals, 541, 542; Hartley, 1 Annals, 481. A veto by the Senate-a part of the legislative branch of the government-upon removals is a much greater limitation upon the executive branch, and a much more serious blending of the legislative with the executive, than a rejection of a proposed appointment. It is not to be implied. The rejection of a nominee of the President for a particular office does not greatly embarrass him in the conscientious discharge of his high duties in the selection of those who are to aid him, because the President usually has an ample field from which to select for office, according to his preference, competent and capable men. The Senate has full power to reject newly proposed appointees whenever the President shall remove the incumbents. Such a check enables the Senate to prevent the filling of offices with bad or incompetent men, or with those against whom there is ten- able objection. The power to prevent the removal of an officer who has served under the President is different from the authority to con- sent to or reject his appointment. When a nomination is made, it may be presumed that the Senate is, or may become, as well advised as to the fitness of the nominee as the President, but in the nature of things the defects in ability or intel- ligence or loyalty in the administration of the laws of one who has served as an officer under the President are facts as to which the President, or his trusted subordinates, must be better informed than the Senate, and the power to remove him may therefor be regarded as confined for very sound and practical reasons, to the governmental authority which has administrative control. The power of removal is incident to the power of appointment, not to the power of advising and consenting to appointment, and when the grant of the executive power is enforced by the express mandate to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, it emphasizes the necessity for including within the executive power as conferred the exclusive power of removal. … The vesting of the executive power in the President was essentially a grant of the power to execute the laws. But the Pres- ident, alone and unaided, could not execute the laws. He must execute them by the assistance of subordinates. This view has since been repeatedly affirmed by this Court. Wilcox v. Jackson (1839) … It was urged that the natural meaning of the term “executive power” granted the President included the appointment and removal of executive subordinates. If such appointments and removals were not an exercise of the executive power, what were they? They certainly were not the exercise of legislative or judicial power in government as usually understood … It is true that the remedy for the evil of political executive removals of inferior offices is with Congress by a simple expedi- ent, but it includes a change of the power of appointment from the President with the consent of the Senate. Congress 63 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS must determine first that the office is inferior, and second that it is willing that the office shall be filled by appoint- ment by some other authority than the President with the consent of the Senate. That the latter may be an important consideration is manifest, and is the subject of comment by this Court in its opinion in the case of Shurtleff v. United States, (1903), where this Court said: “To take away this power of removal in relation to an inferior office created by statute, although that statute provided for an appointment thereto by the President and confirmation by the Senate, would require very clear and explicit language. It should not be held to be taken away by mere inference or implication … ” [P]ostmasters were all by law appointed by the Postmaster General. This was because Congress … so provided. But there- after, Congress required certain classes of them to be, as they now are, appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. This is an indication that Congress deemed appointment by the President with the consent of the Senate essential to the public welfare, and, until it is willing to vest their appointment in the head of the Department, they will be subject to removal by the President alone, and any legislation to the contrary must fall as in conflict with the Consti- tution. Summing up, then, the facts as to acquiescence by all branches of the Government in the legislative decision of 1789, as to executive officers, whether superior or inferior, we find that from 1789 until 1863, a period of 74 years, there was no act of Congress, no executive act, and no decision of this Court at variance with the declaration of the First Congress, but there was, as we have seen, clear, affirmative recognition of it by each branch of the Government. Article II grants to the President … the general administrative control of those executing the laws, including the power of appointment and removal of executive officers … the President’s power of removal is further established as an incident to his specifically enumerated function of appointment by and with the advice of the Senate, but that such incident does not, by implication, extend to removals the Senate’s power of checking appointments, and … to hold otherwise would make it impossible for the President, in case of political or other differences with the Senate or Congress, to take care that the laws be faithfully executed … While this Court has studiously avoided deciding the issue until it was presented in such a way that it could not be avoided, in the references it has made to the history of the question, and in the presumptions it has indulged in favor of a statutory construction not inconsistent with the legislative decision of 1789, it has indicated a trend of view that we should not and cannot ignore. When, on the merits, we find our conclusion strongly favoring the view which prevailed in the First Congress, we have no hesitation in holding that conclusion to be correct, and it therefore follows that the Tenure of Office Act of 1867, insofar as it attempted to prevent the President from removing executive officer who had been appointed by him by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, was invalid, and that subsequent legislation of the same effect was equally so. For the reasons given, we must therefore hold that the provision of the law of 1876, by which the unrestricted power of removal of first class postmasters is denied to the President, is in violation of the Constitution, and invalid. This leads to an affirmance of the judgment of the Court of Claims. Judgment affirmed. APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 64 Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § Humphrey’s Executor v. United States 295 U.S. 602 (1935) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 9-0 Majority: Sutherland, joined by Hughes, Van Devanter, McReynolds, Brandeis, Butler, Stone, Roberts, and Cardozo Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court. Plaintiff brought suit in the Court of Claims against the United States to recover a sum of money alleged to be due the deceased for salary as a Federal Trade Commissioner from October 8, 1933, when the President undertook to remove him from office, to the time of his death on February 14, 1934. The court below has certified to this court two questions … in respect of the power of the President to make the removal. The material facts which give rise to the questions are as follows: William E. Humphrey, the decedent, on December 10, 1931, was nominated by President Hoover to succeed himself as a member of the Federal Trade Commission, and was confirmed by the United States Senate. He was duly commissioned for a term of seven years, expiring September 25, 1938; and, after taking the required oath of office, entered upon his duties. On July 25, 1933, President Roosevelt addressed a letter to the commissioner asking for his resignation, on the ground ‘that the aims and purposes of the Administration with respect to the work of the Commission can be carried out most effectively with personnel of my own selection,’ but disclaiming any reflection upon the commissioner personally or upon his services. The commissioner replied, asking time to consult his friends. After some further correspondence upon the subject, the President on August 31, 1933, wrote the commissioner expressing the hope that the resignation would be forthcoming, and saying: ‘You will, I know, realize that I do not feel that your mind and my mind go along together on either the policies or the administering of the Federal Trade Commission, and, frankly, I think it is best for the people of this country that I should have a full confidence.’ The commissioner declined to resign; and on October 7, 1933, the President wrote him: ‘Effective as of this date you are hereby removed from the office of Commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission.’ Humphrey never acquiesced in this action, but continued thereafter to insist that he was still a member of the commis- sion, entitled to perform its duties and receive the compensation provided by law at the rate of $10,000 per annum. Upon these and other facts set forth in the certificate, which we deem it unnecessary to recite, the following questions are certi- fied: 1. Do the provisions of section 1 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, stating that ‘any commissioner may be removed by the President for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office’, restrict or limit the power of 65 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS the President to remove a commissioner except upon one or more of the causes named? If the foregoing question is answered in the affirmative, then— 2. If the power of the President to remove a commissioner is restricted or limited as shown by the foregoing inter- rogatory and the answer made thereto, is such a restriction or limitation valid under the Constitution of the United States?’ The Federal Trade Commission Act … creates a commission of five members to be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and section 1 provides: ‘Not more than three of the commissioners shall be members of the same political party. … ‘ [The Act] in part provides that: ‘Unfair methods of competition in commerce are declared unlawful. The commission is empowered and directed to prevent persons, partnerships, or corporations, except banks, and com- mon carriers subject to the Acts to regulate commerce, from using unfair methods of competition in commerce … ‘ First. The question first to be considered is whether, by the provisions of section 1 … the President’s power is limited to removal for the specific causes enumerated therein. The negative contention of the government is based principally upon the decision of this court in Shurtleff v. United States, (1903) … The situation here presented is plainly and wholly different. The statute fixes a term of office, in accordance with many precedents … The words of the act are definite and unambiguous. … The fixing of a definite term subject to removal for cause, unless there be some countervailing provision or circum- stance indicating the contrary, which here we are unable to find, is enough to establish the legislative intent that the term is not to be curtailed in the absence of such cause. But if the intention of Congress that no removal should be made dur- ing the specified term except for one or more of the enumerated causes were not clear upon the face of the statute, as we think it is, it would be made clear by a consideration of the character of the commission and the legislative history which accompanied and preceded the passage of the act. The commission is to be nonpartisan; and it must, from the very nature of its duties, act with entire impartiality. It is charged with the enforcement of no policy except the policy of the law. Its duties are neither political nor executive, but predominantly quasi judicial and quasi legislative. Like the Interstate Commerce Commission, its members are called upon to exercise the trained judgment of a body of experts ‘appointed by law and informed by experience’ … The legislative reports in both houses of Congress clearly reflect the view that a fixed term was necessary to the effective and fair administration of the law … [T]he language of the act, the legislative reports, and the general purposes of the legislation as reflected by the debates, all combine to demonstrate the congressional intent to create a body of experts who shall gain experience by length of service; a body which shall be independent of executive authority, except in its selection, and free to exercise its judgment APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 66 without the leave or hindrance of any other official … To the accomplishment of these purposes, it is clear that Congress was of opinion that length and certainty of tenure would vitally contribute. And to hold that, nevertheless, the members of the commission continue in office at the mere will of the President, might be to thwart, in large measure, the very ends which Congress sought to realize by definitely fixing the term of office. … Second. To support its contention that the removal provision … is an unconstitutional interference with the executive power of the President, the government’s chief reliance is Myers v. United States (1926) … [T]he narrow point actually decided was only that the President had power to remove a postmaster of the first class, without the advice and consent of the Senate as required by act of Congress. In the course of the opinion of the court, expressions occur which tend to sustain the government’s contention, but these are beyond the point involved and, therefore, do not come within the rule of stare decisis … The office of a postmaster is so essentially unlike the office now involved that the decision in the Myers case cannot be accepted as controlling our decision here. A postmaster is an executive officer restricted to the performance of executive functions. He is charged with no duty at all related to either the legislative or judicial power. The actual decision in the Myers case finds support in the theory that such an officer is merely one of the units in the executive department and, hence, inherently subject to the exclusive and illimitable power of removal by the Chief Executive, whose subordinate and aid he is. Putting aside dicta, which may be followed if sufficiently persuasive but which are not controlling, the nec- essary reach of the decision goes far enough to include all purely executive officers. It goes no farther; much less does it include an officer who occupies no place in the executive department and who exercises no part of the executive power vested by the Constitution in the President. The Federal Trade Commission is an administrative body created by Congress to carry into effect legislative policies embodied in the statute in accordance with the legislative standard therein prescribed, and to perform other specified duties as a legislative or as a judicial aid. Such a body cannot in any proper sense be characterized as an arm or an eye of the executive. Its duties are performed without executive leave and, in the contemplation of the statute, must be free from executive control. In administering the provisions of the statute in respect of ‘unfair methods of competition,’ that is to say, in filling in and administering the details embodied by that general standard, the commission acts in part quasi leg- islatively and in part quasi judicially … To the extent that it exercises any executive function, as distinguished from execu- tive power in the constitutional sense, it does so in the discharge and effectuation of its quasi legislative or quasi judicial powers, or as an agency of the legislative or judicial departments of the government … If Congress is without authority to prescribe causes for removal of members of the trade commission and limit executive power of removal accordingly, that power at once becomes practically all-inclusive in respect of civil officers with the exception of the judiciary provided for by the Constitution … We are thus confronted with the serious question whether not only the members of these quasi legislative and quasi judicial bodies, but the judges of the legislative Court of Claims, exercising judicial power … con- tinue in office only at the pleasure of the President. We think it plain under the Constitution that illimitable power of removal is not possessed by the President in respect of officers of the character of those just named. The authority of Congress, in creating quasi legislative or quasi judicial agencies, to require them to act in discharge of their duties independently of executive control cannot well be doubted. CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court. This case presents us with a challenge to the independent counsel provisions of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 … We hold today that these provisions of the Act do not violate the Appointments Clause of the Constitution, Art. II, § 2, cl. 2, or the limitations of Article III, nor do they impermissibly interfere with the President’s authority under Article II in violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers. Briefly stated, Title VI of the Ethics in Government Act … allows for the appointment of an “independent counsel” to investigate and, if appropriate, prosecute certain high-ranking Government officials for violations of federal criminal laws … The Act requires the Attorney General, upon receipt of information that he determines is “sufficient to constitute grounds to investigate whether any person [covered by the Act] may have violated any Federal criminal law,” to conduct a preliminary investigation of the matter … If … the Attorney General has determined that there are “reasonable grounds to believe that further investigation or prosecution is warranted,” then he “shall apply to the division of the court for the appointment of an independent counsel … ” With respect to all matters within the independent counsel’s jurisdiction, the Act grants the counsel “full power and independent authority to exercise all investigative and prosecutorial functions and powers of the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, and any other officer or employee of the Department of Justice … ” The functions of the inde- pendent counsel include conducting grand jury proceedings and other investigations, participating in civil and criminal court proceedings and litigation, and appealing any decision in any case in which the counsel participates in an official capacity … the counsel’s powers include “initiating and conducting prosecutions in any court of competent jurisdiction, framing and signing indictments, filing informations, and handling all aspects of any case, in the name of the United States … ” … An independent counsel has “full authority to dismiss matters within [his or her] prosecutorial jurisdiction without conducting an investigation or at any subsequent time before prosecution, if to do so would be consistent” with Department of Justice policy … Two statutory provisions govern the length of an independent counsel’s tenure in office. The first defines the procedure for removing an independent counsel. Section 596(a)(1) provides: “An independent counsel appointed under this chapter may be removed from office, other than by impeachment and conviction, only by the personal action of the Attorney General … ” If an independent counsel is removed pursuant to this section, the Attorney General is required to submit a report to both the Special Division and the Judiciary Committees of the Senate and the House “specifying the facts found and the ultimate grounds for such removal.” § 596(a)(2). Under the current version of the Act, an independent counsel can obtain judicial review of the Attorney General’s action by filing a civil action in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia … The reviewing court is authorized to grant reinstatement or “other appropriate relief.” § 596(a)(3) … The other provision governing the tenure of the independent counsel defines the procedures for “terminating” the coun- sel’s office. Under § 596(b)(1), the office of an independent counsel terminates when he or she notifies the Attorney Gen- eral that he or she has completed or substantially completed any investigations or prosecutions undertaken pursuant to the Act … 69 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS Finally, the Act provides for congressional oversight of the activities of independent counsel … On April 23, 1986, the Special Division appointed James C. McKay as independent counsel to investigate “whether the testimony of … Olson and his revision of such testimony on March 10, 1983, violated either 18 U. S. C. § 1505 or § 1001, or any other provision of federal law … ” McKay later resigned as independent counsel, and on May 29, 1986, the Division appointed appellant Morrison as his replacement, with the same jurisdiction … [I]n May and June 1987, appellant caused a grand jury to issue and serve … on appellees. All three appellees moved to quash the subpoenas, claiming, among other things, that the independent counsel provisions of the Act were unconsti- tutional and that appellant accordingly had no authority to proceed … The initial question is, accordingly, whether appellant is an “inferior” or a “principal” officer … If she is the latter, as the Court of Appeals concluded, then the Act is in violation of the Appointments Clause. The line between “inferior” and “principal” officers is one that is far from clear, and the Framers provided little guidance into where it should be drawn … [I]n our view appellant clearly falls on the “inferior officer” side of that line. Several factors lead to this conclusion. First, appellant is subject to removal by a higher Executive Branch official. Although appellant may not be “subordinate” to the Attorney General (and the President) insofar as she possesses a degree of independent discretion to exercise the powers delegated to her under the Act, the fact that she can be removed by the Attorney General indicates that she is to some degree “inferior” in rank and authority. Second, appellant is empowered by the Act to perform only certain, limited duties … Admittedly, the Act delegates to appellant “full power and independent authority to exercise all investigative and prosecutorial functions and powers of the Department of Justice,” § 594(a), but this grant of authority does not include any authority to formulate policy for the Government or the Executive Branch, nor does it give appellant any administrative duties outside of those necessary to operate her office. The Act specifically provides that in policy matters appellant is to comply to the extent possible with the policies of the Department … Third, appellant’s office is limited in jurisdiction. Not only is the Act itself restricted in applicability to certain federal officials suspected of certain serious federal crimes, but an independent counsel can only act within the scope of the juris- diction that has been granted by the Special Division pursuant to a request by the Attorney General. Finally, appellant’s office is limited in tenure. There is concededly no time limit on the appointment of a particular counsel. Nonetheless, the office of independent counsel is “temporary” in the sense that an independent counsel is appointed essentially to accomplish a single task, and when that task is over the office is terminated, either by the counsel herself or by action of the Special Division. Unlike other prosecutors, appellant has no ongoing responsibilities that extend beyond the accom- plishment of the mission that she was appointed for and authorized by the Special Division to undertake. In our view, these factors relating to the “ideas of tenure, duration … and duties” of the independent counsel, Germaine, are sufficient to establish that appellant is an “inferior” officer in the constitutional sense. This conclusion is consistent with our few previous decisions that considered the question whether a particular Govern- ment official is a “principal” or an “inferior” officer … APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 70 Appellees argue that even if appellant is an “inferior” officer, the Clause does not empower Congress to place the power to appoint such an officer outside the Executive Branch. They contend that the Clause does not contemplate congres- sional authorization of “interbranch appointments,” in which an officer of one branch is appointed by officers of another branch. The relevant language of the Appointments Clause is worth repeating. It reads: ” … but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.” On its face, the language of this “excepting clause” admits of no limitation on interbranch appointments. Indeed, the inclusion of “as they think proper” seems clearly to give Congress significant discretion to determine whether it is “proper” to vest the appointment of, for example, executive officials in the “courts of Law … ” We also note that the history of the Clause provides no support for appellees’ position … We do not mean to say that Congress’ power to provide for interbranch appointments of “inferior officers” is unlimited. In addition to separation-of-powers concerns, which would arise if such provisions for appointment had the potential to impair the constitutional functions assigned to one of the branches, Ex parte Siebold (1879) itself suggested that Con- gress’ decision to vest the appointment power in the courts would be improper if there was some “incongruity” between the functions normally performed by the courts and the performance of their duty to appoint … In this case, however, we do not think it impermissible for Congress to vest the power to appoint independent counsel in a specially created federal court … We now turn to consider whether the Act is invalid under the constitutional principle of separation of powers. Two related issues must be addressed: The first is whether the provision of the Act restricting the Attorney General’s power to remove the independent counsel to only those instances in which he can show “good cause,” taken by itself, impermis- sibly interferes with the President’s exercise of his constitutionally appointed functions. The second is whether, taken as a whole, the Act violates the separation of powers by reducing the President’s ability to control the prosecutorial powers wielded by the independent counsel. Unlike both Bowsher and Myers, this case does not involve an attempt by Congress itself to gain a role in the removal of executive officials other than its established powers of impeachment and conviction. The Act instead puts the removal power squarely in the hands of the Executive Branch; an independent counsel may be removed from office, “only by the personal action of the Attorney General, and only for good cause.” § 596(a)(1) … There is no requirement of congres- sional approval of the Attorney General’s removal decision, though the decision is subject to judicial review. § 596(a)(3). In our view, the removal provisions of the Act make this case more analogous to Humphrey’s Executor v. United States, (1935), and Wiener v. United States, (1958), than to Myers or Bowsher … Appellees contend that Humphrey’s Executor and Wiener are distinguishable from this case because they did not involve officials who performed a “core executive function.” They argue that our decision in Humphrey’s Executor rests on a distinction between “purely executive” officials and officials who exercise “quasi-legislative” and “quasi-judicial” powers. In their view, when a “purely executive” official is involved, the governing precedent is Myers, not Humphrey’s Executor. And, under Myers, the President must have absolute discretion to discharge “purely” executive officials at will … We undoubtedly did rely on the terms “quasi-legislative” and “quasi-judicial” to distinguish the officials involved in Humphrey’s Executor and Wiener from those in Myers, but our present considered view is that the determination of whether the Constitution allows Congress to impose a “good cause”-type restriction on the President’s power to remove 71 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS an official cannot be made to turn on whether or not that official is classified as “purely executive … ” The analysis con- tained in our removal cases is designed not to define rigid categories of those officials who may or may not be removed at will by the President … but to ensure that Congress does not interfere with the President’s exercise of the “execu- tive power” and his constitutionally appointed duty to “take care that the laws be faithfully executed” under Article II. Myers was undoubtedly correct in its holding, and in its broader suggestion that there are some “purely executive” officials who must be removable by the President at will if he is to be able to accomplish his constitutional role … But as the Court noted in Wiener: “The assumption was short-lived that the Myers case recognized the President’s inherent constitutional power to remove officials no matter what the relation of the executive to the discharge of their duties and no matter what restrictions Con- gress may have imposed regarding the nature of their tenure … ” [T]he real question is whether the removal restrictions are of such a nature that they impede the President’s ability to perform his constitutional duty, and the functions of the officials in question must be analyzed in that light. Considering for the moment the “good cause” removal provision in isolation from the other parts of the Act at issue in this case, we cannot say that the imposition of a “good cause” standard for removal by itself unduly trammels on executive authority. There is no real dispute that the functions performed by the independent counsel are “executive” in the sense that they are law enforcement functions that typically have been undertaken by officials within the Executive Branch. As we noted above, however, the independent counsel is an inferior officer under the Appointments Clause … we simply do not see how the President’s need to control the exercise of that discretion is so central to the functioning of the Executive Branch as to require as a matter of constitutional law that the counsel be terminable at will by the President … Nor do we think that the “good cause” removal provision at issue here impermissibly burdens the President’s power to control or supervise the independent counsel, as an executive official, in the execution of his or her duties under the Act. This is not a case in which the power to remove an executive official has been completely stripped from the President, thus providing no means for the President to ensure the “faithful execution” of the laws. Rather, because the indepen- dent counsel may be terminated for “good cause,” the Executive, through the Attorney General, retains ample authority to assure that the counsel is competently performing his or her statutory responsibilities in a manner that comports with the provisions of the Act … Here, as with the provision of the Act conferring the appointment authority of the indepen- dent counsel on the special court, the congressional determination to limit the removal power of the Attorney General was essential, in the view of Congress, to establish the necessary independence of the office. We do not think that this limitation as it presently stands sufficiently deprives the President of control over the independent counsel to interfere impermissibly with his constitutional obligation to ensure the faithful execution of the laws … The final question to be addressed is whether the Act, taken as a whole, violates the principle of separation of powers by unduly interfering with the role of the Executive Branch. Time and again we have reaffirmed the importance in our con- stitutional scheme of the separation of governmental powers into the three coordinate branches … We have not hesitated to invalidate provisions of law which violate this principle. On the other hand, we have never held that the Constitution requires that the three branches of Government “operate with absolute independence … ” In the often-quoted words of Justice Jackson: APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 72 “While the Constitution diffuses power the better to secure liberty, it also contemplates that practice will integrate the dispersed powers into a workable government. It enjoins upon its branches separateness but interdependence, autonomy but reciprocity.” Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, (1952) (concurring opinion). We observe first that this case does not involve an attempt by Congress to increase its own powers at the expense of the Executive Branch … Indeed, with the exception of the power of impeachment — which applies to all officers of the United States — Congress retained for itself no powers of control or supervision over an independent counsel. The Act does empower certain Members of Congress to request the Attorney General to apply for the appointment of an inde- pendent counsel, but the Attorney General has no duty to comply with the request, although he must respond within a certain time limit. § 592(g). Other than that, Congress’ role under the Act is limited to receiving reports or other informa- tion and oversight of the independent counsel’s activities, § 595(a), functions that we have recognized generally as being incidental to the legislative function of Congress … Similarly, we do not think that the Act works any judicial usurpation of properly executive functions. As should be apparent from our discussion of the Appointments Clause above, the power to appoint inferior officers such as indepen- dent counsel is not in itself an “executive” function in the constitutional sense, at least when Congress has exercised its power to vest the appointment of an inferior office in the “courts of Law.” … In addition, once the court has appointed a counsel and defined his or her jurisdiction, it has no power to supervise or control the activities of the counsel. … [T]he various powers delegated by the statute to the Division are not supervisory or administrative, nor are they functions that the Constitution requires be performed by officials within the Executive Branch. The Act does give a federal court the power to review the Attorney General’s decision to remove an independent counsel, but in our view this is a function that is well within the traditional power of the Judiciary. Finally, we do not think that the Act “impermissibly undermine[s]” the powers of the Executive Branch … or “disrupts the proper balance between the coordinate branches [by] prevent[ing] the Executive Branch from accomplishing its con- stitutionally assigned functions … ” It is undeniable that the Act reduces the amount of control or supervision that the Attorney General and, through him, the President exercises over the investigation and prosecution of a certain class of alleged criminal activity … The Act … gives the Executive a degree of control over the power to initiate an investigation by the independent counsel. In addition, the jurisdiction of the independent counsel is defined with reference to the facts submitted by the Attorney General, and once a counsel is appointed, the Act requires that the counsel abide by Justice Department policy unless it is not “possible” to do so. Notwithstanding the fact that the counsel is to some degree “inde- pendent” and free from executive supervision to a greater extent than other federal prosecutors, in our view these features of the Act give the Executive Branch sufficient control over the independent counsel to ensure that the President is able to perform his constitutionally assigned duties. In sum, we conclude today that it does not violate the Appointments Clause for Congress to vest the appointment of independent counsel in the Special Division; that the powers exercised by the Special Division under the Act do not vio- late Article III; and that the Act does not violate the separation-of-powers principle by impermissibly interfering with the functions of the Executive Branch. The decision of the Court of Appeals is therefore Reversed. JUSTICE KENNEDY took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. 73 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS Original excerpt in Lawrence Lessig, Constitutional Law: Separation of Powers, Federalism, and Fourteenth Amendment, published by H2O. Further excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA. § NLRB v. Canning 573 U.S. 513 (2014) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 9-0 Majority: Breyer, joined by Kennedy, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan Concurrence: Scalia (in judgment), joined by Roberts, Thomas, and Alito Note: A pro forma session is defined as “From the Latin, meaning ‘as a matter of form,’ a pro forma session is a brief meeting of the Senate, often only a few minutes in duration.” https://www.senate.gov/general/Features/Ses- sions.htm#:~:text=Pro%20Forma%20Session%3A%20From%20the,following%20the%20November%20gen- eral%20elections. Visit https://www.c-span.org/video/?526638-1/senate-pro-forma-session to see the c-span to view a pro forma session. Justice Breyer delivered the opinion of the Court. Ordinarily the President must obtain “the Advice and Consent of the Senate” before appointing an “Office[r] of the United States.” U. S. Const., Art. II, §2, cl. 2. But the Recess Appointments Clause creates an exception. It gives the Pres- ident alone the power “to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commis- sions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.” Art. II, §2, cl. 3. We here consider three questions about the application of this Clause. The first concerns the scope of the words “recess of the Senate.” Does that phrase refer only to an inter-session recess (i.e., a break between formal sessions of Congress), or does it also include an intra-session recess, such as a summer recess in the midst of a session? We conclude that the Clause applies to both kinds of recess. The second question concerns the scope of the words “vacancies that may happen.” Does that phrase refer only to vacan- cies that first come into existence during a recess, or does it also include vacancies that arise prior to a recess but continue to exist during the recess? We conclude that the Clause applies to both kinds of vacancy. The third question concerns calculation of the length of a “recess.” The President made the appointments here at issue on January 4, 2012. At that time the Senate was in recess pursuant to a December 17, 2011, resolution providing for a series of brief recesses punctuated by “pro forma session[s],” with “no business … transacted,” every Tuesday and Friday through January 20, 2012 … In calculating the length of a recess are we to ignore the pro forma sessions, thereby treating the series of brief recesses as a single, month-long recess? We conclude that we cannot ignore these pro forma sessions. APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 74 Our answer to the third question means that, when the appointments before us took place, the Senate was in the midst of a 3-day recess. Three days is too short a time to bring a recess within the scope of the Clause. Thus we conclude that the President lacked the power to make the recess appointments here at issue. The case before us arises out of a labor dispute. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) found that a Pepsi-Cola distributor, Noel Canning, had unlawfully refused to reduce to writing and execute a collective-bargaining agreement with a labor union. The Board ordered the distributor to execute the agreement and to make employees whole for any losses … The Pepsi-Cola distributor subsequently asked the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to set the Board’s order aside. It claimed that three of the five Board members had been invalidly appointed, leaving the Board with- out the three lawfully appointed members necessary for it to act … The three members in question were Sharon Block, Richard Griffin, and Terence Flynn. In 2011 the President had nom- inated each of them to the Board. As of January 2012, Flynn’s nomination had been pending in the Senate awaiting confirmation for approximately a year. The nominations of each of the other two had been pending for a few weeks. On January 4, 2012, the President, invoking the Recess Appointments Clause, appointed all three to the Board. The distributor argued that the Recess Appointments Clause did not authorize those appointments. It pointed out that on December 17, 2011, the Senate, by unanimous consent, had adopted a resolution providing that it would take a series of brief recesses beginning the following day … Pursuant to that resolution, the Senate held pro forma sessions every Tuesday and Friday until it returned for ordinary business on January 23, 2012 … The President’s January 4 appoint- ments were made between the January 3 and January 6 pro forma sessions. In the distributor’s view, each pro forma session terminated the immediately preceding recess. Accordingly, the appointments were made during a 3-day adjourn- ment, which is not long enough to trigger the Recess Appointments Clause. The Court of Appeals agreed that the appointments fell outside the scope of the Clause. But the court set forth different reasons … Since the second session of the 112th Congress began on January 3, 2012, the day before the President’s appointments, those appointments occurred during an intra-session recess, and the appointments consequently fell out- side the scope of the Clause … We asked the parties to address not only the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of the Clause but also the distributor’s initial argument, namely, “[w]hether the President’s recess-appointment power may be exercised when the Senate is con- vening every three days in pro forma sessions … ” … [T]he Recess Appointments Clause reflects the tension between, on the one hand, the President’s continuous need for “the assistance of subordinates,” Myers v. United States, (1926), and, on the other, the Senate’s practice, particularly dur- ing the Republic’s early years, of meeting for a single brief session each year … We seek to interpret the Clause as granting the President the power to make appointments during a recess but not offering the President the authority routinely to avoid the need for Senate confirmation. 75 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS Second, in interpreting the Clause, we put significant weight upon historical practice. For one thing, the interpretive questions before us concern the allocation of power between two elected branches of Government. Long ago Chief Jus- tice Marshall wrote that “a doubtful question, one on which human reason may pause, and the human judgment be suspended, in the decision of which the great principles of liberty are not concerned, but the respective powers of those who are equally the representa- tives of the people, are to be adjusted; if not put at rest by the practice of the government, ought to receive a considerable impression from that practice.” McCulloch v. Maryland, (1819) … The first question concerns the scope of the phrase “the recess of the Senate … ” The Constitution provides for congres- sional elections every two years. And the 2-year life of each elected Congress typically consists of two formal 1-year ses- sions, each separated from the next by an “inter-session recess … ” The Senate or the House of Representatives announces an inter-session recess by approving a resolution stating that it will “adjourn sine die,” i.e., without specifying a date to return (in which case Congress will reconvene when the next formal session is scheduled to begin). The Senate and the House also take breaks in the midst of a session. The Senate or the House announces any such “intra- session recess” by adopting a resolution stating that it will “adjourn” to a fixed date, a few days or weeks or even months later. All agree that the phrase “the recess of the Senate” covers inter-session recesses. The question is whether it includes intra-session recesses as well. In our view, the phrase “the recess” includes an intra-session recess of substantial length … History … shows only that Congress generally took long breaks between sessions, while taking no significant intra-session breaks at all (five times it took a break of a week or so at Christmas) … In 1867 and 1868, Congress for the first time took substantial, nonholiday intra-session breaks, and President Andrew Johnson made dozens of recess appointments. The Federal Court of Claims upheld one of those specific appointments, writing “[w]e have no doubt that a vacancy occur- ring while the Senate was thus temporarily adjourned” during the “first session of the Fortieth Congress” was “legally filled by appointment of the President alone.” Gould v. United States, (1884) … … [R]estricting the Clause to inter-session recesses would frustrate its purpose. It would make the President’s recess- appointment power dependent on a formalistic distinction of Senate procedure. Moreover, the President has consis- tently and frequently interpreted the word “recess” to apply to intra-session recesses, and has acted on that interpretation. The Senate as a body has done nothing to deny the validity of this practice for at least three-quarters of a century … [A] 3-day recess would be too short … The Adjournments Clause reflects the fact that a 3-day break is not a significant interruption of legislative business. As the Solicitor General says, it is constitutionally de minimis. A Senate recess that is so short that it does not require the consent of the House is not long enough to trigger the President’s recess-appoint- ment power. In sum, we conclude that the phrase “the recess” applies to both intra-session and inter-session recesses. If a Senate recess is so short that it does not require the consent of the House, it is too short to trigger the Recess Appointments Clause. See Art. I, §5, cl. 4. And a recess lasting less than 10 days is presumptively too short as well. Applying this standard, we find that the pro forma sessions were sessions for purposes of the Clause. First, the Senate said it was in session. The Journal of the Senate and the Congressional Record indicate that the Senate convened for a series of twice-weekly “sessions” from December 20 through January 20 … Second, the Senate’s rules make clear that during its pro forma sessions, despite its resolution that it would conduct no business, the Senate retained the power to conduct business. During any pro forma session, the Senate could have con- ducted business simply by passing a unanimous consent agreement … It is consequently unsurprising that the Senate has enacted legislation during pro forma sessions even when it has said that no business will be transacted. Indeed, the Senate passed a bill by unanimous consent during the second pro forma session after its December 17 adjournment … The Recess Appointments Clause responds to a structural difference between the Executive and Legislative Branches: The Executive Branch is perpetually in operation, while the Legislature only acts in intervals separated by recesses. The purpose of the Clause is to allow the Executive to continue operating while the Senate is unavailable. We believe that the Clause’s text, standing alone, is ambiguous. It does not resolve whether the President may make appointments during intra-session recesses, or whether he may fill pre-recess vacancies. But the broader reading better serves the Clause’s struc- tural function. Moreover, that broader reading is reinforced by centuries of history, which we are hesitant to disturb. We thus hold that the Constitution empowers the President to fill any existing vacancy during any recess—intra-session or inter-session—of sufficient length. Given our answer to the last question before us, we conclude that the Recess Appointments Clause does not give the President the constitutional authority to make the appointments here at issue. Because the Court of Appeals reached the same ultimate conclusion (though for reasons we reject), its judgment is affirmed. It is so ordered. Justice Scalia, with whom The Chief Justice, Justice Thomas, and Justice Alito join, concurring in the judgment. Except where the Constitution or a valid federal law provides otherwise, all “Officers of the United States” must be appointed by the President “by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate.” U. S. Const., Art. II, §2, cl. 2. That general rule is subject to an exception: “The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.” Id., §2, cl. 3. This case requires us to decide whether the Recess Appointments Clause authorized three appointments made by President Obama to the National Labor Relations Board in January 2012 without the Senate’s consent. To prevent the President’s recess-appointment power from nullifying the Senate’s role in the appointment process, the Constitution cabins that power in two significant ways. First, it may be exercised only in “the Recess of the Senate,” that is, the intermission between two formal legislative sessions. Second, it may be used to fill only those vacancies that “hap- pen during the Recess,” that is, offices that become vacant during that intermission. Both conditions are clear from the Constitution’s text and struc ture, and both were well understood at the founding. The Court of Appeals correctly held that the appointments here at issue are invalid because they did not meet either condition … The Court’s decision transforms the recess-appointment power from a tool carefully designed to fill a narrow and specific need into a weapon to be wielded by future Presidents against future Senates. To reach that result, the majority casts aside APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 78 the plain, original meaning of the constitutional text in deference to late-arising historical practices that are ambiguous at best. The majority’s insistence on deferring to the Executive’s untenably broad interpretation of the power is in clear conflict with our precedent and forebodes a diminution of this Court’s role in controversies involving the separation of powers and the structure of government. I concur in the judgment only … The first question presented is whether “the Recess of the Senate,” during which the President’s recess-appointment power is active, is (a) the period between two of the Senate’s formal sessions, or (b) any break in the Senate’s proceedings. I would hold that “the Recess” is the gap between sessions and that the appointments at issue here are invalid because they undisputedly were made during the Senate’s session. The Court’s contrary conclusion—that “the Recess” includes “breaks in the midst of a session,” ante, at 9—is inconsistent with the Constitution’s text and structure, and it requires judicial fabrication of vague, unadministrable limits on the recess-appointment power (thus defined) that overstep the judicial role. And although the majority relies heavily on “historical practice,” no practice worthy of our deference sup- ports the majority’s conclusion on this issue … What does all this amount to? In short: Intra-session recess appointments were virtually unheard of for the first 130 years of the Republic, were deemed unconstitutional by the first Attorney General to address them, were not openly defended by the Executive until 1921, were not made in significant numbers until after World War II, and have been repeatedly criticized as unconstitutional by Senators of both parties. It is astonishing for the majority to assert that this history lends “strong support,” ante, at 11, to its interpretation of the Recess Appointments Clause. The second question presented is whether vacancies that “happen during the Recess of the Senate,” which the President is empowered to fill with recess appointments, are (a) vacancies that arise during the recess, or (b) all vacancies that exist during the recess, regardless of when they arose. I would hold that the recess-appointment power is limited to vacancies that arise during the recess in which they are filled, and I would hold that the appointments at issue here—which undisputedly filled pre-recess vacancies—are invalid for that reason as well as for the reason that they were made during the session. The Court’s contrary conclusion is inconsistent with the Constitution’s text and structure, and it further undermines the balance the Framers struck between Presidential and Senatorial power. Historical practice also fails to support the majority’s conclusion on this issue … In sum: Washington’s and Adams’ Attorneys General read the Constitution to restrict recess appointments to vacancies arising during the recess, and there is no evidence that any of the first four Presidents consciously departed from that reading. The contrary reading was first defended by an executive official in 1823, was vehemently rejected by the Senate in 1863, was vigorously resisted by legislation in place from 1863 until 1940, and is arguably inconsistent with legislation in place from 1940 to the present. The Solicitor General has identified only about 100 appointments that have ever been made under the broader reading, and while it seems likely that a good deal more have been made in the last few decades, there is good reason to doubt that many were made before 1940 (since the appointees could not have been compensated). I can conceive of no sane constitutional theory under which this evidence of “historical practice”—which is actually evi- dence of a long-simmering inter-branch conflict—would require us to defer to the views of the Executive Branch … What the majority needs to sustain its judgment is an ambiguous text and a clear historical practice. What it has is a clear text and an at-best-ambiguous historical practice … 79 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS The real tragedy of today’s decision is not simply the abolition of the Constitution’s limits on the recess-appointment power and the substitution of a novel framework invented by this Court. It is the damage done to our separation-of- powers jurisprudence more generally. It is not every day that we encounter a proper case or controversy requiring inter- pretation of the Constitution’s structural provisions. Most of the time, the interpretation of those provisions is left to the political branches—which, in deciding how much respect to afford the constitutional text, often take their cues from this Court. We should therefore take every opportunity to affirm the primacy of the Constitution’s enduring principles over the politics of the moment. Our failure to do so today will resonate well beyond the particular dispute at hand. Sad, but true: The Court’s embrace of the adverse-possession theory of executive power (a characterization the majority resists but does not refute) will be cited in diverse contexts, including those presently unimagined, and will have the effect of aggrandizing the Presidency beyond its constitutional bounds and undermining respect for the separation of powers. I concur in the judgment only. Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § Lucia v. SEC 585 U.S. ___ (2018) Decision: Reversed and remanded Vote: 7-2 Majority: Kagan, joined by Roberts, Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch Concurrence: Thomas, joined by Gorsuch Concur/dissent: Breyer, joined by Ginsburg, and Sotomayor (Part III only) Dissent: Sotomayor, joined by Ginsburg Justice Kagan delivered the opinion of the Court. The Appointments Clause of the Constitution lays out the permissible methods of appointing “Officers of the United States,” a class of government officials distinct from mere employees … This case requires us to decide whether adminis- trative law judges (ALJs) of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC or Commission) qualify as such “Officers.” In keeping with Freytag v. Commissioner, (1991), we hold that they do … The SEC has statutory authority to enforce the nation’s securities laws. One way it can do so is by instituting an admin- istrative proceeding against an alleged wrongdoer. By law, the Commission may itself preside over such a proceeding … But the Commission also may, and typically does, delegate that task to an ALJ … The SEC currently has five ALJs. Other staff members, rather than the Commission proper, selected them all … APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 80 An ALJ assigned to hear an SEC enforcement action has extensive powers—the “authority to do all things necessary and appropriate to discharge his or her duties” and ensure a “fair and orderly” adversarial proceeding … As that list suggests, an SEC ALJ exercises authority “comparable to” that of a federal district judge conducting a bench trial. Butz v. Economou, (1978) … This case began when the SEC instituted an administrative proceeding against petitioner Raymond Lucia and his invest- ment company. Lucia marketed a retirement savings strategy called “Buckets of Money.” In the SEC’s view, Lucia used misleading slideshow presentations to deceive prospective clients. The SEC charged Lucia under the Investment Advis- ers Act, and assigned ALJ Cameron Elliot to adjudicate the case. After nine days of testimony and argument, Judge Elliot issued an initial decision concluding that Lucia had violated the Act and imposing sanctions, including civil penalties of $300,000 and a lifetime bar from the investment industry … On appeal to the SEC, Lucia argued that the administrative proceeding was invalid because Judge Elliot had not been constitutionally appointed. According to Lucia, the Commission’s ALJs are “Officers of the United States” and thus subject to the Appointments Clause … [T]he Commission had left the task of appointing ALJs, including Judge Elliot, to SEC staff members … As a result, Lucia contended, Judge Elliot lacked constitutional authority to do his job … The sole question here is whether the Commission’s ALJs are “Officers of the United States” or simply employees of the Federal Government. The Appointments Clause prescribes the exclusive means of appointing “Officers.” Only the Pres- ident, a court of law, or a head of department can do so. Two decisions set out this Court’s basic framework for distinguishing between officers and employees. Germaine v. US (1879) held that “civil surgeons” (doctors hired to perform various physical exams) were mere employees because their duties were “occasional or temporary” rather than “continuing and permanent … ” Stressing “ideas of tenure [and] dura- tion,” the Court there made clear that an individual must occupy a “continuing” position established by law to qualify as an officer. Buckley v. Valeo (1976) then set out another requirement, central to this case. It determined that members of a federal commission were officers only after finding that they “exercis[ed] significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States … ” The inquiry thus focused on the extent of power an individual wields in carrying out his assigned functions. Both the amicus and the Government urge us to elaborate on Buckley’s “significant authority” test, but another of our precedents makes that project unnecessary … [I]n Freytag v. Commissioner, (1991), we applied the unadorned “signifi- cant authority” test to adjudicative officials who are near-carbon copies of the Commission’s ALJs. As we now explain, our analysis there (sans any more detailed legal criteria) necessarily decides this case. The officials at issue in Freytag were the “special trial judges” (STJs) of the United States Tax Court. The authority of those judges depended on the significance of the tax dispute before them. In “comparatively narrow and minor matters,” they could both hear and definitively resolve a case for the Tax Court … In more major matters, they could preside over the hearing, but could not issue the final decision; instead, they were to “prepare proposed findings and an opinion” for a regular Tax Court judge to consider … 81 \| APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS This Court held that the Tax Court’s STJs are officers, not mere employees. Citing Germaine, the Court first found that STJs hold a continuing office established by law … They serve on an ongoing, rather than a “temporary [or] episodic[,] basis”; and their “duties, salary, and means of appointment” are all specified in the Tax Code. For all the reasons we have given, and all those Freytag gave before, the Commission’s ALJs are “Officers of the United States,” subject to the Appointments Clause … This Court has held that “one who makes a timely challenge to the con- stitutional validity of the appointment of an officer who adjudicates his case” is entitled to relief. Ryder v. United States, (1995). Lucia made just such a timely challenge: He contested the validity of Judge Elliot’s appointment before the Com- mission, and continued pressing that claim in the Court of Appeals and this Court. So what relief follows? This Court has also held that the “appropriate” remedy for an adjudication tainted with an appointments violation is a new “hearing before a properly appointed” official … And we add today one thing more. That official cannot be Judge Elliot, even if he has by now received (or receives sometime in the future) a constitutional appointment. Judge Elliot has already both heard Lucia’s case and issued an initial decision on the merits. He cannot be expected to consider the matter as though he had not adjudicated it before. To cure the constitutional error, another ALJ (or the Commission itself) must hold the new hearing to which Lucia is entitled. We accordingly reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. Note: In June of 2020, Lucia entered a settlement with the SEC which banned Lucia from the securities industry, though he could reapply for admittance, and included a fine of $25,000.00. (see https://www.investmentnews.com/sec-ray-lucia- settle-lawsuit-194238, last accessed on April 27, 2023.) § APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS \| 82 Executive Privilege United States v. Nixon 418 U.S. 683 (1974) Decision: Affirmed Vote: 8-0 Majority: Burger, joined by Douglas, Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall, Blackmun, and Powell MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER delivered the opinion of the Court. This litigation presents for review the denial of a motion … to quash a third-party subpoena duces tecum issued … pur- suant to Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 17 (c). The subpoena directed the President to produce certain tape recordings and doc- uments relating to his conversations with aides and advisers … On March 1, 1974, a grand jury of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia returned an indictment charging seven named individuals with various offenses, including conspiracy to defraud the United States and to obstruct justice. Although he was not designated as such in the indictment, the grand jury named the President, among others, as an unindicted coconspirator … [W]e turn to the claim that the subpoena should be quashed because it demands “confidential conversations between a President and his close advisors that it would be inconsistent with the public interest to produce … ” The first contention is a broad claim that the separation of powers doctrine precludes judicial review of a President’s claim of privilege. The second contention is that if he does not prevail on the claim of absolute privilege, the court should hold as a matter of constitutional law that the privilege prevails over the subpoena duces tecum. In the performance of assigned constitutional duties each branch of the Government must initially interpret the Consti- tution, and the interpretation of its powers by any branch is due great respect from the others. The President’s counsel, as we have noted, reads the Constitution as providing an absolute privilege of confidentiality for all Presidential commu- nications. Many decisions of this Court, however, have unequivocally reaffirmed the holding of Marbury v. Madison, (1803), that “[i]t is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is … ” Since this Court has consistently exercised the power to construe and delineate claims arising under express powers, it must follow that the Court has authority to interpret claims with respect to powers alleged to derive from enumerated powers … Our system of government “requires that federal courts on occasion interpret the Constitution in a manner at variance with the construction given the document by another branch.” Powell v. McCormack, (1969) … And in Baker v. Carr (1961), the Court stated: 83 \| EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE “Deciding whether a matter has in any measure been committed by the Constitution to another branch of government, or whether the action of that branch exceeds whatever authority has been committed, is itself a delicate exercise in con- stitutional interpretation, and is a responsibility of this Court as ultimate interpreter of the Constitution.” Notwithstanding the deference each branch must accord the others, the “judicial Power of the United States” vested in the federal courts by Art. III, § 1, of the Constitution can no more be shared with the Executive Branch than the Chief Executive, for example, can share with the Judiciary the veto power, or the Congress share with the Judiciary the power to override a Presidential veto. Any other conclusion would be contrary to the basic concept of separation of powers and the checks and balances that flow from the scheme of a tripartite government … We therefore reaffirm that it is the province and duty of this Court “to say what the law is” with respect to the claim of privilege presented in this case. In support of his claim of absolute privilege, the President’s counsel urges two grounds, one of which is common to all governments and one of which is peculiar to our system of separation of powers. The first ground is the valid need for protection of communications between high Government officials and those who advise and assist them in the perfor- mance of their manifold duties; the importance of this confidentiality is too plain to require further discussion … The second ground asserted by the President’s counsel in support of the claim of absolute privilege rests on the doctrine of separation of powers. Here it is argued that the independence of the Executive Branch within its own sphere … insu- lates a President from a judicial subpoena in an ongoing criminal prosecution, and thereby protects confidential Presi- dential communications. However, neither the doctrine of separation of powers, nor the need for confidentiality of high-level communications, without more, can sustain an absolute, unqualified Presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all cir- cumstances. The President’s need for complete candor and objectivity from advisers calls for great deference from the courts … [W]e find it difficult to accept the argument that even the very important interest in confidentiality of Presi- dential communications is significantly diminished by production of such material for in camera inspection with all the protection that a district court will be obliged to provide. The impediment that an absolute, unqualified privilege would place in the way of the primary constitutional duty of the Judicial Branch to do justice in criminal prosecutions would plainly conflict with the function of the courts under Art. III. In designing the structure of our Government and dividing and allocating the sovereign power among three co-equal branches, the Framers of the Constitution sought to provide a comprehensive system, but the separate powers were not intended to operate with absolute independence … To read the Art. II powers of the President as providing an absolute privilege as against a subpoena essential to enforce- ment of criminal statutes on no more than a generalized claim of the public interest in confidentiality of nonmilitary and nondiplomatic discussions would upset the constitutional balance of “a workable government” and gravely impair the role of the courts under Art. III. Since we conclude that the legitimate needs of the judicial process may outweigh Presidential privilege, it is necessary to resolve those competing interests in a manner that preserves the essential functions of each branch. The right and indeed the duty to resolve that question does not free the Judiciary from according high respect to the representations made on behalf of the President … EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE \| 84 When he signed the Act into law, President George W. Bush issued a statement declaring his position that § 214 would, “if construed as mandatory rather than advisory, impermissibly interfere with the President’s constitutional authority to formulate the position of the United States, speak for the Nation in international affairs, and determine the terms on which recognition is given to foreign states … ” The President concluded, “U.S. policy regarding Jerusalem has not changed … ” In considering claims of Presidential power this Court refers to Justice Jackson’s familiar tripartite framework from Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, (1952) (concurring opinion) … [W]hen “the President takes measures incompatible with the expressed or implied will of Congress … he can rely only upon his own constitutional powers minus any constitutional powers of Congress over the matter.” To succeed in this third category, the President’s asserted power must be both “exclusive” and “conclusive” on the issue … In this case the Secretary contends that § 214(d) infringes on the President’s exclusive recognition power by “requiring the President to contradict his recognition position regarding Jerusalem in official communications with foreign sover- eigns.” In so doing the Secretary acknowledges the President’s power is “at its lowest ebb … ” Because the President’s refusal to implement § 214(d) falls into Justice Jackson’s third category, his claim must be “scrutinized with caution,” and he may rely solely on powers the Constitution grants to him alone … Recognition is a “formal acknowledgment” that a particular “entity possesses the qualifications for statehood” or “that a particular regime is the effective government of a state … ” Recognition is often effected by an express “written or oral declaration … ” It may also be implied—for example, by concluding a bilateral treaty or by sending or receiving diplo- matic agents … Despite the importance of the recognition power in foreign relations, the Constitution does not use the term “recogni- tion,” either in Article II or elsewhere. The Secretary asserts that the President exercises the recognition power based on the Reception Clause, which directs that the President “shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers.” Art. II, § 3. As Zivotofsky notes, the Reception Clause received little attention at the Constitutional Convention … At the time of the founding, however, prominent international scholars suggested that receiving an ambassador was tan- tamount to recognizing the sovereignty of the sending state … It is a logical and proper inference, then, that a Clause directing the President alone to receive ambassadors would be understood to acknowledge his power to recognize other nations … The inference that the President exercises the recognition power is further supported by his additional Article II powers. It is for the President, “by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,” to “make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur.” Art. II, § 2, cl. 2. In addition, “he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors” as well as “other public Ministers and Consuls.” As a matter of constitutional structure, these additional powers give the President control over recognition decisions. At international law, recognition may be effected by different means, but each means is dependent upon Presidential power. In addition to receiving an ambassador, recognition may occur on “the conclusion of a bilateral treaty,” or the “formal initiation of diplomatic relations,” including the dispatch of an ambassador … The Constitution thus assigns the President means to effect recognition on his own initiative. Congress, by contrast, has no constitutional power that PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 146 would enable it to initiate diplomatic relations with a foreign nation. Because these specific Clauses confer the recogni- tion power on the President, the Court need not consider whether or to what extent the Vesting Clause, which provides that the “executive Power” shall be vested in the President, provides further support for the President’s action here. Art. II, § 1, cl. 1. The text and structure of the Constitution grant the President the power to recognize foreign nations and governments. The question then becomes whether that power is exclusive. The various ways in which the President may unilaterally effect recognition—and the lack of any similar power vested in Congress—suggest that it is. So, too, do functional con- siderations. Put simply, the Nation must have a single policy regarding which governments are legitimate in the eyes of the United States and which are not. Foreign countries need to know, before entering into diplomatic relations or com- merce with the United States, whether their ambassadors will be received; whether their officials will be immune from suit in federal court; and whether they may initiate lawsuits here to vindicate their rights. These assurances cannot be equivocal … It remains true, of course, that many decisions affecting foreign relations—including decisions that may determine the course of our relations with recognized countries—require congressional action. Congress may “regulate Commerce with foreign Nations,” “establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,” “define and punish Piracies and Felonies commit- ted on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations,” “declare War,” “grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal,” and “make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces … ” Although the President alone effects the formal act of recognition, Congress’ powers, and its central role in making laws, give it substantial authority regarding many of the policy determinations that precede and follow the act of recognition itself. If Congress disagrees with the President’s recognition policy, there may be consequences. Formal recognition may seem a hollow act if it is not accompanied by the dispatch of an ambassador, the easing of trade restrictions, and the con- clusion of treaties. And those decisions require action by the Senate or the whole Congress. In practice, then, the President’s recognition determination is just one part of a political process that may require Con- gress to make laws. The President’s exclusive recognition power encompasses the authority to acknowledge, in a formal sense, the legitimacy of other states and governments, including their territorial bounds. Albeit limited, the exclusive recognition power is essential to the conduct of Presidential duties. The formal act of recognition is an executive power that Congress may not qualify. If the President is to be effective in negotiations over a formal recognition determination, it must be evident to his counterparts abroad that he speaks for the Nation on that precise question … Here, history is not all on one side, but on balance it provides strong support for the conclusion that the recognition power is the President’s alone. As Zivotofsky argues, certain historical incidents can be interpreted to support the posi- tion that recognition is a shared power. But the weight of historical evidence supports the opposite view, which is that the formal determination of recognition is a power to be exercised only by the President … As the power to recognize foreign states resides in the President alone, the question becomes whether § 214(d) infringes on the Executive’s consistent decision to withhold recognition with respect to Jerusalem … Section 214(d) requires that, in a passport or consular report of birth abroad, “the Secretary shall, upon the request of the citizen or the citizen’s legal guardian, record the place of birth as Israel” for a “United States citizen born in the city 147 \| PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS of Jerusalem.” That is, § 214(d) requires the President, through the Secretary, to identify citizens born in Jerusalem who so request as being born in Israel. But according to the President, those citizens were not born in Israel. As a matter of United States policy, neither Israel nor any other country is acknowledged as having sovereignty over Jerusalem. In this way, § 214(d) “directly contradicts” the “carefully calibrated and longstanding Executive branch policy of neutrality toward Jerusalem.” If the power over recognition is to mean anything, it must mean that the President not only makes the initial, formal recognition determination but also that he may maintain that determination in his and his agent’s statements. This con- clusion is a matter of both common sense and necessity. If Congress could command the President to state a recognition position inconsistent with his own, Congress could override the President’s recognition determination … Although the statement required by § 214(d) would not itself constitute a formal act of recognition, it is a mandate that the Executive contradict his prior recognition determination in an official document issued by the Secretary of State … As a result, it is unconstitutional. This is all the more clear in light of the longstanding treatment of a passport’s place- of-birth section as an official executive statement implicating recognition … The Secretary’s position on this point has been consistent: He will not place information in the place-of-birth section of a passport that contradicts the President’s recognition policy … If a citizen objects to the country listed as sovereign over his place of birth, then the Secretary will accommodate him by listing the city or town of birth rather than the country … But the Secretary will not list a sovereign that contradicts the President’s recognition policy in a passport. Thus, the Secretary will not list “Israel” in a passport as the country containing Jerusalem … From the face of § 214, from the legislative history, and from its reception, it is clear that Congress wanted to express its displeasure with the President’s policy by, among other things, commanding the Executive to contradict his own, earlier stated position on Jerusalem. This Congress may not do. It is true, as Zivotofsky notes, that Congress has substantial authority over passports … The Court does not question the power of Congress to enact passport legislation of wide scope … The problem with § 214(d), however, lies in how Congress exercised its authority over passports. It was an improper act for Congress to “aggrandiz[e] its power at the expense of another branch” by requiring the President to contradict an ear- lier recognition determination in an official document issued by the Executive Branch. Freytag v. Commissioner, (1991). To allow Congress to control the President’s communication in the context of a formal recognition determination is to allow Congress to exercise that exclusive power itself. As a result, the statute is unconstitutional … In holding § 214(d) invalid the Court does not question the substantial powers of Congress over foreign affairs in general or passports in particular. This case is confined solely to the exclusive power of the President to control recognition deter- minations, including formal statements by the Executive Branch acknowledging the legitimacy of a state or government and its territorial bounds. Congress cannot command the President to contradict an earlier recognition determination in the issuance of passports. The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit is Affirmed. PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 148 Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf Justice Scalia, with whom The Chief Justice and Justice Alito join, dissenting. Before this country declared independence, the law of England entrusted the King with the exclusive care of his king- dom’s foreign affairs. The royal prerogative included the “sole power of sending ambassadors to foreign states, and receiv- ing them at home,” the sole authority to “make treaties, leagues, and alliances with foreign states and princes,” “the sole prerogative of making war and peace,” and the “sole power of raising and regulating fleets and armies.” W. Blackstone, Commentaries. The People of the United States had other ideas when they organized our Government. They considered a sound structure of balanced powers essential to the preservation of just government, and international relations formed no exception to that principle. The People therefore adopted a Constitution that divides responsibility for the Nation’s foreign concerns between the legislative and executive departments. The Constitution gave the President the “executive Power,” authority to send and responsibility to receive ambassadors, power to make treaties, and command of the Army and Navy—though they qual- ified some of these powers by requiring consent of the Senate. Art. II, §§1–3. At the same time, they gave Congress pow- ers over war, foreign commerce, naturalization, and more. Art. I, §8. “Fully eleven of the powers that Article I, §8 grants Congress deal in some way with foreign affairs.” L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law, §5–18, p. 965. This case arises out of a dispute between the Executive and Legislative Branches about whether the United States should treat Jerusalem as a part of Israel. The Constitution contemplates that the political branches will make policy about the territorial claims of foreign nations the same way they make policy about other international matters: The President will exercise his powers on the basis of his views, Congress its powers on the basis of its views. That is just what has happened here. The political branches of our Government agree on the real-world fact that Israel controls the city of Jerusalem … They disagree, however, about how official documents should record the birthplace of an American citizen born in Jerusalem. The Executive does not accept any state’s claim to sovereignty over Jerusalem, and it maintains that the birthplace des- ignation “Israel” would clash with this stance of neutrality. But the National Legislature has enacted a statute that pro- vides: “For purposes of the registration of birth, certification of nationality, or issuance of a passport of a United States citizen born in the city of Jerusalem, the Secretary [of State] shall, upon the request of the citizen or the citizen’s legal guardian, record the place of birth as Israel.” Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003, §214(d). Menachem Zivotofsky’s parents seek enforcement of this statutory right in the issuance of their son’s passport and consular report of birth abroad … Before turning to Presidential power under Article II, I think it well to establish the statute’s basis in congressional power under Article I. Congress’s power to “establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,” Art. I, §8, cl. 4, enables it to grant American citizenship to someone born abroad. United States v. Wong Kim Ark., (1898). The naturalization power also enables Congress to furnish the people it makes citizens with papers verifying their citizenship—say a consular report of birth abroad (which certifies citizenship of an American born outside the United States) or a passport (which certifies cit- izenship for purposes of international travel). As the Necessary and Proper Clause confirms, every congressional power 149 \| PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS “carries with it all those incidental powers which are necessary to its complete and effectual execution.” Cohens v. Vir- ginia, (1821). Even on a miserly understanding of Congress’s incidental authority, Congress may make grants of citizen- ship “effectual” by providing for the issuance of certificates authenticating them. One would think that if Congress may grant Zivotofsky a passport and a birth report, it may also require these papers to record his birthplace as “Israel.” … No doubt congressional discretion in executing legislative powers has its limits; Congress’s chosen approach must be not only “necessary” to carrying its powers into execution, but also “proper.” Congress thus may not transcend boundaries upon legislative authority stated or implied elsewhere in the Constitution. But as we shall see, §214(d) does not transgress any such restriction. The Court frames this case as a debate about recognition. Recognition is a sovereign’s official acceptance of a status under international law … To know all this is to realize at once that §214(d) has nothing to do with recognition. Section 214(d) does not require the Secretary to make a formal declaration about Israel’s sovereignty over Jerusalem. And nobody suggests that international custom infers acceptance of sovereignty from the birthplace designation on a passport or birth report, as it does from bilateral treaties or exchanges of ambassadors. Recognition would preclude the United States (as a matter of international law) from later contesting Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem. But making a notation in a passport or birth report does not encumber the Republic with any international obligations. It leaves the Nation free (so far as international law is con- cerned) to change its mind in the future. That would be true even if the statute required all passports to list “Israel.” But in fact it requires only those passports to list “Israel” for which the citizen (or his guardian) requests “Israel”; all the rest, under the Secretary’s policy, list “Jerusalem.” It is utterly impossible for this deference to private requests to constitute an act that unequivocally manifests an intention to grant recognition. … The best indication that §214(d) does not concern recognition comes from the State Department’s policies concerning Taiwan. According to the Solicitor General, the United States “acknowledges the Chinese position” that Taiwan is a part of China, but “does not take a position” of its own on that issue. Brief for Respondent 51–52. Even so, the State Depart- ment has for a long time recorded the birthplace of a citizen born in Taiwan as “China.” It indeed insisted on doing so until Congress passed a law (on which §214(d) was modeled) giving citizens the option to have their birthplaces recorded as “Taiwan.” The Solicitor General explains that the designation “China” “involves a geographic description, not an asser- tion that Taiwan is … part of sovereign China.” Brief for Respondent 51–52. Quite so. Section 214(d) likewise calls for nothing beyond a “geographic description”; it does not require the Executive even to assert, never mind formally recog- nize, that Jerusalem is a part of sovereign Israel … Even if the Constitution gives the President sole power to extend recognition, it does not give him sole power to make all decisions relating to foreign disputes over sovereignty. To the contrary, a fair reading of Article I allows Congress to decide for itself how its laws should handle these controversies … PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 150 The Constitution likewise does not give the President exclusive power to determine which claims to statehood and terri- tory “are legitimate in the eyes of the United States,” ante, at 11. Congress may express its own views about these matters by declaring war, restricting trade, denying foreign aid, and much else besides … No consistent or coherent theory supports the Court’s decision … International disputes about statehood and territory are neither rare nor obscure. Leading foreign debates during the 19th century concerned how the United States should respond to revolutions in Latin America, Texas, Mexico, Hawaii, Cuba. During the 20th century, attitudes toward Communist governments in Russia and China became conspicuous subjects of agitation. Disagreements about Taiwan, Kashmir, and Crimea remain prominent today. A President empow- ered to decide all questions relating to these matters, immune from laws embodying congressional disagreement with his position, would have un- controlled mastery of a vast share of the Nation’s foreign affairs. That is not the chief magistrate under which the American People agreed to live when they adopted the national charter. They believed that “[t]he accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, … may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.” The Federalist No. 47, p. 301 (Madison). For this reason, they did not entrust either the President or Congress with sole power to adopt uncontradictable policies about any subject—foreign- sovereignty disputes included. They instead gave each political department its own powers, and with that the freedom to contradict the other’s policies. Under the Constitution they approved, Congress may require Zivotofsky’s passport and birth report to record his birthplace as Israel, even if that requirement clashes with the President’s preference for neutral- ity about the status of Jerusalem. I dissent. Excerpted by Rorie Solberg § Trump v. Hawaii 585 U.S. ___ (2018) Decision: Reversed and remanded Vote: 5-4 Majority: Roberts, joined by Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch Concurrence: Kennedy Concurrence: Thomas Dissent: Breyer, joined by Kagan Dissent: Sotomayor, joined by Ginsburg Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court. 151 \| PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, foreign nationals seeking entry into the United States undergo a vetting process to ensure that they satisfy the numerous requirements for admission. The Act also vests the President with authority to restrict the entry of aliens when- ever he finds that their entry “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.” 8 U. S. C. §1182(f). Relying on that delegation, the President concluded that it was necessary to impose entry restrictions on nationals of countries that do not share adequate information for an informed entry determination, or that otherwise present national security risks. Presidential Proclamation No. 9645 (Proclamation). The plaintiffs in this litigation, respondents here, challenged the application of those entry restrictions to certain aliens abroad. We now decide whether the President had authority under the Act to issue the Proclamation, and whether the entry policy vio- lates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment … DHS collected and evaluated data regarding all foreign governments. §1(d). It identified 16 countries as having deficient information-sharing practices and presenting national security concerns, and another 31 countries as “at risk” of similarly failing to meet the baseline. §1(e). The State Department then undertook diplomatic efforts over a 50-day period to encourage all foreign governments to improve their practices. §1(f ). As a result of that effort, numerous countries pro- vided DHS with travel document exemplars and agreed to share information on known or suspected terrorists. Following the 50-day period, the Acting Secretary of Homeland Security concluded that eight countries—Chad, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Syria, Venezuela, and Yemen—remained deficient in terms of their risk profile and willingness to provide requested information. The Acting Secretary recommended that the President impose entry restrictions on certain nationals from all of those countries except Iraq … Plaintiffs challenged the Proclamation—except as applied to North Korea and Venezuela—on several grounds. As rele- vant here, they argued that the Proclamation contravenes provisions in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) … Plaintiffs further claimed that the Proclamation violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, because it was motivated not by concerns pertaining to national security but by animus toward Islam … The INA establishes numerous grounds on which an alien abroad may be inadmissible to the United States and ineligible for a visa … Congress has also delegated to the President authority to suspend or restrict the entry of aliens in certain cir- cumstances. The principal source of that authority, §1182(f ), enables the President to “suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens” whenever he “finds” that their entry “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.” Plaintiffs argue that the Proclamation is not a valid exercise of the President’s authority under the INA. In their view, §1182(f ) confers only a residual power to temporarily halt the entry of a discrete group of aliens engaged in harmful conduct. They also assert that the Proclamation violates another provision of the INA— 8 U. S. C. §1152(a)(1)(A)—because it discriminates on the basis of nationality in the issuance of immigrant visas … §1182(f ) exudes deference to the President in every clause. It entrusts to the President the decisions whether and when to suspend entry … whose entry to suspend … for how long … and on what conditions … It is therefore unsurprising that we have previously observed that §1182(f ) vests the President with “ample power” to impose entry restrictions in addition to those elsewhere enumerated in the INA … The Proclamation falls well within this comprehensive delegation. The sole prerequisite set forth in §1182(f ) is that the President “find[ ]” that the entry of the covered aliens “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.” PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS \| 152 The President has undoubtedly fulfilled that requirement here … The Proclamation therefore “craft[ed] … country-spe- cific restrictions that would be most likely to encourage cooperation given each country’s distinct circumstances,” while securing the Nation “until such time as improvements occur.” Plaintiffs … argue, as an initial matter, that the Proclamation fails to provide a persuasive rationale for why nationality alone renders the covered foreign nationals a security risk. And they further discount the President’s stated concern about deficient vetting because the Proclamation allows many aliens from the designated countries to enter on nonimmigrant visas. Such arguments are grounded on the premise that §1182(f ) not only requires the President to make a finding that entry “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States,” but also to explain that finding with sufficient detail to enable judicial review. That premise is questionable. But even assuming that some form of review is appropriate, plaintiffs’ attacks on the sufficiency of the President’s findings cannot be sustained. The 12-page Proclamation—which thoroughly describes the process, agency evaluations, and recommendations underlying the President’s chosen restric- tions—is more detailed than any prior order a President has issued under §1182(f ) … Like its predecessors, the Proclamation makes clear that its “conditional restrictions” will remain in force only so long as necessary to “address” the identified “inadequacies and risks” within the covered nations … To that end, the Procla- mation establishes an ongoing process to engage covered nations and assess every 180 days whether the entry restrictions should be modified or terminated. §§4(a), (b). Indeed, after the initial review period, the President determined that Chad had made sufficient improvements to its identity-management protocols, and he accordingly lifted the entry suspension on its nationals … In short, the language of §1182(f ) is clear, and the Proclamation does not exceed any textual limit on the President’s authority … Plaintiffs’ structural argument starts with the premise that §1182(f ) does not give the President authority to counter- mand Congress’s considered policy judgments. The President, they say, may supplement the INA, but he cannot sup- plant it … We may assume that §1182(f ) does not allow the President to expressly override particular provisions of the INA. But plaintiffs have not identified any conflict between the statute and the Proclamation that would implicitly bar the Presi- dent from addressing deficiencies in the Nation’s vetting system … Plaintiffs suggest that the entry restrictions are unnecessary because consular officers can simply deny visas in individual cases when an alien fails to carry his burden of proving admissibility—for example, by failing to produce certified records regarding his criminal history. But that misses the point: A critical finding of the Proclamation is that the failure of certain countries to provide reliable information prevents the Government from accurately determining whether an alien is inadmissible or poses a threat. Proclamation §1(h). Unless consular officers are expected to apply categorical rules and deny entry from those countries across the board, fraudulent or unreliable documentation may thwart their review in individual cases. And at any rate, the INA certainly does not require that systemic problems such as the lack of reliable States, and of compounding the American people into one common mass. Of consequence, when they act, they act in their States. But the measures they adopt do not, on that account, cease to be the measures of the people themselves, or become the measures of the State governments … The assent of the States in their sovereign capacity is implied in calling a convention, and thus submitting that instrument to the people. But the people were at perfect liberty to accept or reject it, and their act was final. It required not the affir- mance, and could not be negatived, by the State Governments. The Constitution, when thus adopted, was of complete obligation, and bound the State sovereignties … From these conventions, the Constitution derives its whole authority. The government proceeds directly from the peo- ple; is ‘ordained and established,’ in the name of the people; and is declared to be ordained, ‘in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and to their posterity.’ The assent of the states, in their sovereign capacity, is implied, in calling a convention, and thus submitting that instrument to the people. But the people were at perfect liberty to accept or reject it; and their act was final. It required not the affirmance, and could not be negatived, by the state governments. The constitution, when thus adopted, was of complete obligation, and bound the state sovereignties … This government is acknowledged by all, to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the powers granted to it, would seem too apparent, to have required to be enforced by all those arguments, which its enlight- ened friends, while it was depending before the people, found it necessary to urge; that principle is now universally admitted. But the question respecting the extent of the powers actually granted, is perpetually arising, and will probably continue to arise, so long as our system shall exist … [T]he government of the Union, though limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action. This would seem to result, necessarily, from its nature. It is the government of all; its powers are delegated by all; it represents all, and acts for all. Though any one state may be willing to control its operations, no state is willing to allow others to control them. The nation, on those subjects on which it can act, must necessarily bind its component parts. But this question is not left to mere reason: the people have, in express terms, decided it … Among the enumerated powers, we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation. But there is no phrase in the instrument which, like the articles of confederation, excludes incidental or implied powers; and which requires that everything granted shall be expressly and minutely described … A constitution, to contain an accurate detail of all the subdivisions of which its great powers will admit, and of all the means by which they may be carried into exe- cution, would partake of the prolixity of a legal code, and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind. It would, probably, never be understood by the public. Its nature, therefore, requires, that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects, be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves. That this idea was entertained by the framers of the American constitution, is not only to be inferred from the nature of the instrument, but from the language. Why else were some of the limitations, found in the 9th section of the 1st article, introduced? It is also, in some degree, warranted, by their having omitted to use any restric- tive term which might prevent its receiving a fair and just interpretation … 161 \| SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word ‘bank’ or ‘incorporation,’ we find the great powers, to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies. The sword and the purse, all the external relations, and no inconsiderable portion of the industry of the nation, are intrusted to its government. It is not denied, that the powers given to the government imply the ordinary means of execution. That, for example, of raising revenue, and applying it to national purposes, is admitted to imply the power of conveying money from place to place, as the exigencies of the nation may require, and of employing the usual means of conveyance. But it is denied, that the government … may … erect a corporation. On what foundation does this argument rest? On this alone: the power of creating a corporation, is one appertaining to sovereignty, and is not expressly conferred on congress. This is true. But all legislative powers appertain to sovereignty. The original power of giving the law on any subject whatever, is a sovereign power … if the government of the Union is restrained from creating a corporation … on the single reason that the creation of a corporation is an act of sovereignty … there would be some difficulty in sustaining the authority of congress to pass other laws for the accomplishment of the same objects. The government which has a right to do an act, and has imposed on it, the duty of performing that act, must, according to the dictates of reason, be allowed to select the means … those who contend that it may not … take upon themselves the burden of establishing that exception … In America, the powers of sovereignty are divided between the government of the Union, and those of the states. They are each sovereign, with respect to the objects committed to it, and neither sovereign, with respect to the objects commit- ted to the other … Some state constitutions were formed before, some since that of the United States. We cannot believe, that their relation to each other is in any degree dependent upon this circumstance. Their respective powers must, we think, be precisely the same, as if they had been formed at the same time … To [Congress’] enumeration of powers is added, that of making ‘all laws which shall be necessary and proper, for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution, in the government of the United States, or in any department thereof.’ The counsel for the state of Maryland have urged various arguments, to prove that this clause, though, in terms, a grant of power, is not so, in effect; but is really restrictive of the general right, which might otherwise be implied, of selecting means for executing the enumerated powers. In support of this proposition, they have found it necessary to contend, that this clause was inserted for the purpose of conferring on congress the power of mak- ing laws. That, without it, doubts might be entertained, whether congress could exercise its powers in the form of legis- lation … Could it be necessary to say, that a legislature should exercise legislative powers, in the shape of legislation? After allowing each house to prescribe its own course of proceeding, after describing the manner in which a bill should become a law, would it have entered into the mind of a single member of the convention, that an express power to make laws was neces- sary, to enable the legislature to make them? That a legislature, endowed with legislative powers, can legislate, is a propo- sition too self-evident to have been questioned … But the argument which most conclusively demonstrates the error of the construction contended for by the counsel for the state of Maryland, is founded on the intention of the convention, as manifested in the whole clause. To waste time and argument in proving that, without it, congress might carry its powers into execution, would be not much less idle, than to hold a lighted taper to the sun. As little can it be required to prove, that in the absence of this clause, congress SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS \| 162 would have some choice of means … This clause, as construed by the state of Maryland, would abridge, and almost anni- hilate, this useful and necessary right of the legislature to select its means. That this could not be intended, is, we should think, had it not been already controverted, too apparent for controversy. We think so for the following reasons: 1st. The clause is placed among the powers of Congress, not among the limitations on those powers. 2d. Its terms purport to enlarge, not to diminish, the powers vested in the Government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted. No reason has been or can be assigned for thus concealing an intention to narrow the discretion of the National Legislature under words which purport to enlarge it. The framers of the Con- stitution wished its adoption, and well knew that it would be endangered by its strength, not by its weakness. Had they been capable of using language which would convey to the eye one idea and, after deep reflection, impress on the mind another, they would rather have disguised the grant of power than its limitation. If, then, their intention had been, by this clause, to restrain the free use of means which might otherwise have been implied, that intention would have been inserted in another place, and would have been expressed in terms resembling these. “In carrying into execution the fore- going powers, and all others,” &c., “no laws shall be passed but such as are necessary and proper.” Had the intention been to make this clause restrictive, it would unquestionably have been so in form, as well as in effect. The result of the most careful and attentive consideration bestowed upon this clause is that, if it does not enlarge, it can- not be construed to restrain, the powers of Congress, or to impair the right of the legislature to exercise its best judgment in the selection of measures to carry into execution the Constitutional powers of the Government. If no other motive for its insertion can be suggested, a sufficient one is found in the desire to remove all doubts respecting the right to legislate on that vast mass of incidental powers which must be involved in the Constitution if that instrument be not a splendid bauble. We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to per- form the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are Constitutional … After the most deliberate consideration, it is the unanimous and decided opinion of this Court that the act to incorporate the Bank of the United States is a law made in pursuance of the Constitution, and is a part of the supreme law of the land. The branches, proceeding from the same stock and being conducive to the complete accomplishment of the object, are equally constitutional … It being the opinion of the Court that the act incorporating the bank is constitutional, and that the power of establishing a branch in the State of Maryland might be properly exercised by the bank itself, we proceed to inquire: 163 \| SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS 2. Whether the State of Maryland may, without violating the Constitution, tax that branch? [See McCulloch v. Maryland in the Federalism chapter.] Excerpted by Alexandria Metzdorf § Chae Chan Ping v. United States 130 U.S. 581 (1889) Decision: Affirmed Vote: Unanimous Majority: Field,, joined by Fuller, Miller, Bradley, Harlan, Gray, Blatchford, and Lamar MR. JUSTICE FIELD delivered the opinion of the Court. The appeal involves a consideration of the validity of the Act of Congress of October 1, 1888, prohibiting Chinese labor- ers from entering the United States who had departed before its passage, having a certificate issued under the act of 1882 as amended by the act of 1884, granting them permission to return. The validity of the act is assailed as being in effect an expulsion from the country of Chinese laborers, in violation of existing treaties between the United States and the government of China, and of rights vested in them under the laws of Congress … British subjects in China were often subjected not only to the violence of mobs, but to insults and outrages from local authorities of the country, which led to retaliatory measures for the punishment of the aggressors. To such an extent were these measures carried and such resistance offered to them that in 1856, the two countries were in open war … England requested of the President the concurrence and active cooperation of the United States … [A]s the rights of citizens of the United States might be seriously affected by the results of existing hostilities, and commercial intercourse between the United States and China be disturbed, it was deemed advisable to send to China a minister plenipotentiary to repre- sent our government and watch our interests there. Accordingly, Mr. William B. Reed, of Philadelphia, was appointed such minister, and instructed, while abstaining from any direct interference, to aid by peaceful cooperation the objects the allied forces were seeking to accomplish … Through him a new treaty was negotiated with the Chinese government. It was concluded in June, 1858, and ratified in August of the following year … [A]dditional articles to the treaty of 1858 were agreed upon which gave expression to the general desire that the two nations and their peoples should be drawn closer together. The new articles, eight in number, were agreed to on the 28th of July, 1868, and ratifications of them were exchanged at Pekin in November of the following year … “ARTICLE VI. Citizens of the United States visiting or residing in China shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, or exemptions in respect to travel or residence as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation, and reciprocally, Chinese subjects visiting or residing in the United shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, SOURCES AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS \| 164 and exemptions in respect to travel or residence as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation. But nothing herein contained shall be held to confer naturalization upon citizens of the United States in China, nor upon the subjects of China in the United States … ” The discovery of gold in California in 1848, as is well known, was followed by a large immigration thither from all parts of the world, attracted not only by the hope of gain from the mines, but from the great prices paid for all kinds of labor. The news of the discovery penetrated China, and laborers came from there in great numbers, a few with their own means, but by far the greater number under contract with employers for whose benefit they worked. These laborers readily secured employment … They were generally industrious and frugal. Not being accompanied by families except in rare instances, their expenses were small and they were content with the simplest fare, such as would not suffice for our laborers and artisans. The competition between them and our people was for this reason altogether in their favor, and the consequent irritation, proportionately deep and bitter, was followed, in many cases, by open conflicts, to the great disturbance of the public peace. The differences of race added greatly to the difficulties of the situation … As they grew in numbers each year, the people of the coast saw, or believed they saw, in the facility of immigration and in the crowded millions of China, where popu- lation presses upon the means of subsistence, great danger that at no distant day that portion of our country would be overrun by them unless prompt action was taken to restrict their immigration. The people there accordingly petitioned earnestly for protective legislation … So urgent and constant were the prayers for relief against existing and anticipated evils, both from the public authorities of the Pacific coast and from private individuals that Congress was impelled to act on the subject. Many persons, how- ever, both in and out of Congress, were of opinion that so long as the treaty remained unmodified, legislation restricting immigration would be a breach of faith with China. A statute was accordingly passed appropriating money to send com- missioners to China to act with our minister there in negotiating and concluding by treaty a settlement of such matters of interest between the two governments as might be confided to them … USER: Question: According to the Judgement of Myers v. United States is the President legally allowed to remove executive officers of the United States whom he has appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate from office? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	true	23	39	19,702	null	484
<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document]	How is the Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) technology being utilized and developed in this experiment to improve antenna systems? Write a 100-word summary, describing the interplay between the RIS element, the base station, and the user.	The Interference Broadcast Channel with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: A Cooperative Sum-Rate Maximization Approach Abstract—This paper studies the interference broadcast channel comprising multiple multi-antenna Base Stations (BSs), each controlling a beyond diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) and serving multiple single-antenna users. Wideband transmissions are considered with the objective to jointly design the BS linear precoding vectors and the phase configurations at the RISs in a distributed manner. We take into account the frequency selectivity behavior of each RIS’s tunable metaelement, and focusing on the sum rate as the system’s performance criterion, we present a distributed optimization approach that enables cooperation between the RIS control units and their respective BSs. According to the proposed scheme, each design variable can be efficiently obtained in an iterative parallel way with guaranteed convergence properties. Our simulation results demonstrate the validity of the presented distributed algorithm and showcase its superiority over a non-cooperative scheme as well as over the special case where the RISs have a conventional diagonal structure. IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS In our simulations, all nodes were considered positioned on a 3D Cartesian coordinate system. In particular, we have set Q = 4 and located the BSs in a square of width w = 60 m placing BS1 at the origin and the others at the remaining corners, letting zBSq = 5 m ∀q= 1, 2, . . . , Q. For simplicity, we considered Lq = 1 ∀q = 1, 2, . . . , Q, and the UEs were located at the corners of a square, with origin at (30, 60) and width equal to 2.5 m, letting also zUE = 1.5 m. Each RIS was placed close to the corresponding BS with zRIS = 3 m: RIS1 was fixed at (-2.5, 8.5), RIS2 at (62.5, 8.5), RIS3 at (-2.5, 111.5), and RIS4 at (62.5, 111.5). All wireless wideband channels were modeled as described in [13] with 16 delay taps. For the fading component, we have considered distance-dependent pathloss between any two nodes i, j with distance di,j (where i, j ∈ {BS, UE, RIS}): PLi,j = PL0(di,j/d0) -αi,j with PL0 = ( λc 4π ) 2 denoting the signal attenuation at the reference distance d0 = 1 m and λc represents the carrier wavelength, with fc = 3.5 GHz. For the pathloss exponents, we have set αBS,UE = 3.7, αBS,RIS = 2.2, and αRIS,UE = 2.6. Equal transmit powers and noise variances was considered for all users: Pq = P and σ 2 ℓq,k = -90 dBm (∀k, ℓ, q), as well as bandwidth BW = 0.1 GHz and the number K of SCs was set to 64. For the algorithmic parameters, we have set τ = 0.80 and a time-varying step size (as detailed in [10]). The RIS circuit elements were set as in [9]. For comparison purposes, we have also included the achievable rates for the following schemes: i) “w/o RISs” with no RISs deployed; and ii) “RISs” for Sq =IM. We have also simulated the equivalent non-cooperative schemes for which “Π = 0”. We have used 100 independent Monte Carlo realizations for all performance evaluation results that follow. In Fig. 1, we examine the performance of the proposed design as a function of each BS’s transmit power P for the various simulated cases. Evidently, all curves follow a nondecreasing trend as P gets larger. It is also demonstrated that the achievable sum rate for the “BD-RISs” case outperforms the cases with diagonal RISs and that of “w/o RISs,” especially when P ≥ 25 dBm. This implies that the distributed schemes outperform the corresponding non-cooperative ones, indicating that adequately optimized cooperative transmit/reflective beamforming yields improved gains. V. CONCLUSION In this paper, we studied the RIS-empowered interference broadcast channel and presented a cooperative approach for the achievable sum-rate maximization with wideband transmissions. Our numerical investigation showcased the additional degrees of freedom offered by the proposed optimized BD RISs in the high transmit power regime, as well as the gains offered by the cooperation among the multiple BSs. II. SYSTEM MODEL AND PROBLEM FORMULATION A. System Model We consider a multi-RIS-empowered interference broadcast channel comprising Q multi-antenna BSs, each wishing to communicate in the downlink direction with multiple singleantenna User Equipments (UEs). We assume that each Nantenna BS sends information to its exclusively associated UEs using OFDM in a common set of physical resources, e.g., time and bandwidth. Thus, each BS-UE communicating pair is modeled as the superposition of a direct BS-UE link and a BS-RIS-UE link realized via the RIS-enabled tunable reflection. Each RIS, comprising M passive reflecting elements, is assumed to be controlled by its solely owned BS and is placed either closely to it or near to the corresponding set of UEs [3]. According to the deployed OFDM scheme, the total bandwidth is equally split into K orthogonal Sub-Carriers (SCs). Let wℓq,k ∈ C N×1 , with k = 1, 2, . . . , K represent the linear precoding vector at each q-th BS that models the digital spatial processing of its unit-power signal sℓq,k (i.e., E{\|sℓq,k\| 2} = 1) before transmission. We assume that the total transmit power available at each q-th BS is given by Pq. Letting Lq denote the number of assigned UEs to the q-th BS, the corresponding transmit signal xq,k can be compactly expressed as: xq,k = PLq ℓ=1 wℓq,ksℓq,k. Thus, the condition PLq ℓ=1 PK k=1∥wℓq,k∥ 2 ≤ Pq must be satisfied. We also consider a quasi-static block fading channel model for all channels involved and focus on each particular fading block where the channels remain approximately constant with perfect Channel State Information (CSI) knowledge. B. BD RIS Structure and Element Response We consider a BD RIS structure [8], according to which an M × M array of ON/OFF-state switches is deployed to interconnect all RIS elements. Specifically, an ON-state at the switch in the position (i, j) (i, j = 1, 2, . . . , M) of the switch array indicates that the signal impinging on the i-th metamaterial element will be guided to and tunably reflected by the j-th element. This behavior can be mathematically expressed by a selection matrix Sq ∈ {0, 1}M×M (q = 1, 2, . . . , Q), whose role is to indicate the switch array selection process at each q-th RIS. In particular, each Sq is a binary-valued selection matrix (i.e., [Sq]i,j ∈ {0, 1}) which by definition needs to satisfy the property of having only one non-zero value per row and column simultaneously and, thus, constitutes an extra design parameter. Clearly, a typical diagonal RIS, which does not require switches [2], is obtained by setting Sq = IM.	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> How is the Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) technology being utilized and developed in this experiment to improve antenna systems? Write a 100-word summary, describing the interplay between the RIS element, the base station, and the user. <TEXT> The Interference Broadcast Channel with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: A Cooperative Sum-Rate Maximization Approach Abstract—This paper studies the interference broadcast channel comprising multiple multi-antenna Base Stations (BSs), each controlling a beyond diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) and serving multiple single-antenna users. Wideband transmissions are considered with the objective to jointly design the BS linear precoding vectors and the phase configurations at the RISs in a distributed manner. We take into account the frequency selectivity behavior of each RIS’s tunable metaelement, and focusing on the sum rate as the system’s performance criterion, we present a distributed optimization approach that enables cooperation between the RIS control units and their respective BSs. According to the proposed scheme, each design variable can be efficiently obtained in an iterative parallel way with guaranteed convergence properties. Our simulation results demonstrate the validity of the presented distributed algorithm and showcase its superiority over a non-cooperative scheme as well as over the special case where the RISs have a conventional diagonal structure. IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS In our simulations, all nodes were considered positioned on a 3D Cartesian coordinate system. In particular, we have set Q = 4 and located the BSs in a square of width w = 60 m placing BS1 at the origin and the others at the remaining corners, letting zBSq = 5 m ∀q= 1, 2, . . . , Q. For simplicity, we considered Lq = 1 ∀q = 1, 2, . . . , Q, and the UEs were located at the corners of a square, with origin at (30, 60) and width equal to 2.5 m, letting also zUE = 1.5 m. Each RIS was placed close to the corresponding BS with zRIS = 3 m: RIS1 was fixed at (-2.5, 8.5), RIS2 at (62.5, 8.5), RIS3 at (-2.5, 111.5), and RIS4 at (62.5, 111.5). All wireless wideband channels were modeled as described in [13] with 16 delay taps. For the fading component, we have considered distance-dependent pathloss between any two nodes i, j with distance di,j (where i, j ∈ {BS, UE, RIS}): PLi,j = PL0(di,j/d0) -αi,j with PL0 = ( λc 4π ) 2 denoting the signal attenuation at the reference distance d0 = 1 m and λc represents the carrier wavelength, with fc = 3.5 GHz. For the pathloss exponents, we have set αBS,UE = 3.7, αBS,RIS = 2.2, and αRIS,UE = 2.6. Equal transmit powers and noise variances was considered for all users: Pq = P and σ 2 ℓq,k = -90 dBm (∀k, ℓ, q), as well as bandwidth BW = 0.1 GHz and the number K of SCs was set to 64. For the algorithmic parameters, we have set τ = 0.80 and a time-varying step size (as detailed in [10]). The RIS circuit elements were set as in [9]. For comparison purposes, we have also included the achievable rates for the following schemes: i) “w/o RISs” with no RISs deployed; and ii) “RISs” for Sq =IM. We have also simulated the equivalent non-cooperative schemes for which “Π = 0”. We have used 100 independent Monte Carlo realizations for all performance evaluation results that follow. In Fig. 1, we examine the performance of the proposed design as a function of each BS’s transmit power P for the various simulated cases. Evidently, all curves follow a nondecreasing trend as P gets larger. It is also demonstrated that the achievable sum rate for the “BD-RISs” case outperforms the cases with diagonal RISs and that of “w/o RISs,” especially when P ≥ 25 dBm. This implies that the distributed schemes outperform the corresponding non-cooperative ones, indicating that adequately optimized cooperative transmit/reflective beamforming yields improved gains. V. CONCLUSION In this paper, we studied the RIS-empowered interference broadcast channel and presented a cooperative approach for the achievable sum-rate maximization with wideband transmissions. Our numerical investigation showcased the additional degrees of freedom offered by the proposed optimized BD RISs in the high transmit power regime, as well as the gains offered by the cooperation among the multiple BSs. II. SYSTEM MODEL AND PROBLEM FORMULATION A. System Model We consider a multi-RIS-empowered interference broadcast channel comprising Q multi-antenna BSs, each wishing to communicate in the downlink direction with multiple singleantenna User Equipments (UEs). We assume that each Nantenna BS sends information to its exclusively associated UEs using OFDM in a common set of physical resources, e.g., time and bandwidth. Thus, each BS-UE communicating pair is modeled as the superposition of a direct BS-UE link and a BS-RIS-UE link realized via the RIS-enabled tunable reflection. Each RIS, comprising M passive reflecting elements, is assumed to be controlled by its solely owned BS and is placed either closely to it or near to the corresponding set of UEs [3]. According to the deployed OFDM scheme, the total bandwidth is equally split into K orthogonal Sub-Carriers (SCs). Let wℓq,k ∈ C N×1 , with k = 1, 2, . . . , K represent the linear precoding vector at each q-th BS that models the digital spatial processing of its unit-power signal sℓq,k (i.e., E{\|sℓq,k\| 2} = 1) before transmission. We assume that the total transmit power available at each q-th BS is given by Pq. Letting Lq denote the number of assigned UEs to the q-th BS, the corresponding transmit signal xq,k can be compactly expressed as: xq,k = PLq ℓ=1 wℓq,ksℓq,k. Thus, the condition PLq ℓ=1 PK k=1∥wℓq,k∥ 2 ≤ Pq must be satisfied. We also consider a quasi-static block fading channel model for all channels involved and focus on each particular fading block where the channels remain approximately constant with perfect Channel State Information (CSI) knowledge. B. BD RIS Structure and Element Response We consider a BD RIS structure [8], according to which an M × M array of ON/OFF-state switches is deployed to interconnect all RIS elements. Specifically, an ON-state at the switch in the position (i, j) (i, j = 1, 2, . . . , M) of the switch array indicates that the signal impinging on the i-th metamaterial element will be guided to and tunably reflected by the j-th element. This behavior can be mathematically expressed by a selection matrix Sq ∈ {0, 1}M×M (q = 1, 2, . . . , Q), whose role is to indicate the switch array selection process at each q-th RIS. In particular, each Sq is a binary-valued selection matrix (i.e., [Sq]i,j ∈ {0, 1}) which by definition needs to satisfy the property of having only one non-zero value per row and column simultaneously and, thus, constitutes an extra design parameter. Clearly, a typical diagonal RIS, which does not require switches [2], is obtained by setting Sq = IM. https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/2409.03841	<TASK DESCRIPTION> Only use the provided text to answer the question, no outside sources. <QUESTION> [user request] <TEXT> [context document] EVIDENCE: The Interference Broadcast Channel with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: A Cooperative Sum-Rate Maximization Approach Abstract—This paper studies the interference broadcast channel comprising multiple multi-antenna Base Stations (BSs), each controlling a beyond diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) and serving multiple single-antenna users. Wideband transmissions are considered with the objective to jointly design the BS linear precoding vectors and the phase configurations at the RISs in a distributed manner. We take into account the frequency selectivity behavior of each RIS’s tunable metaelement, and focusing on the sum rate as the system’s performance criterion, we present a distributed optimization approach that enables cooperation between the RIS control units and their respective BSs. According to the proposed scheme, each design variable can be efficiently obtained in an iterative parallel way with guaranteed convergence properties. Our simulation results demonstrate the validity of the presented distributed algorithm and showcase its superiority over a non-cooperative scheme as well as over the special case where the RISs have a conventional diagonal structure. IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS In our simulations, all nodes were considered positioned on a 3D Cartesian coordinate system. In particular, we have set Q = 4 and located the BSs in a square of width w = 60 m placing BS1 at the origin and the others at the remaining corners, letting zBSq = 5 m ∀q= 1, 2, . . . , Q. For simplicity, we considered Lq = 1 ∀q = 1, 2, . . . , Q, and the UEs were located at the corners of a square, with origin at (30, 60) and width equal to 2.5 m, letting also zUE = 1.5 m. Each RIS was placed close to the corresponding BS with zRIS = 3 m: RIS1 was fixed at (-2.5, 8.5), RIS2 at (62.5, 8.5), RIS3 at (-2.5, 111.5), and RIS4 at (62.5, 111.5). All wireless wideband channels were modeled as described in [13] with 16 delay taps. For the fading component, we have considered distance-dependent pathloss between any two nodes i, j with distance di,j (where i, j ∈ {BS, UE, RIS}): PLi,j = PL0(di,j/d0) -αi,j with PL0 = ( λc 4π ) 2 denoting the signal attenuation at the reference distance d0 = 1 m and λc represents the carrier wavelength, with fc = 3.5 GHz. For the pathloss exponents, we have set αBS,UE = 3.7, αBS,RIS = 2.2, and αRIS,UE = 2.6. Equal transmit powers and noise variances was considered for all users: Pq = P and σ 2 ℓq,k = -90 dBm (∀k, ℓ, q), as well as bandwidth BW = 0.1 GHz and the number K of SCs was set to 64. For the algorithmic parameters, we have set τ = 0.80 and a time-varying step size (as detailed in [10]). The RIS circuit elements were set as in [9]. For comparison purposes, we have also included the achievable rates for the following schemes: i) “w/o RISs” with no RISs deployed; and ii) “RISs” for Sq =IM. We have also simulated the equivalent non-cooperative schemes for which “Π = 0”. We have used 100 independent Monte Carlo realizations for all performance evaluation results that follow. In Fig. 1, we examine the performance of the proposed design as a function of each BS’s transmit power P for the various simulated cases. Evidently, all curves follow a nondecreasing trend as P gets larger. It is also demonstrated that the achievable sum rate for the “BD-RISs” case outperforms the cases with diagonal RISs and that of “w/o RISs,” especially when P ≥ 25 dBm. This implies that the distributed schemes outperform the corresponding non-cooperative ones, indicating that adequately optimized cooperative transmit/reflective beamforming yields improved gains. V. CONCLUSION In this paper, we studied the RIS-empowered interference broadcast channel and presented a cooperative approach for the achievable sum-rate maximization with wideband transmissions. Our numerical investigation showcased the additional degrees of freedom offered by the proposed optimized BD RISs in the high transmit power regime, as well as the gains offered by the cooperation among the multiple BSs. II. SYSTEM MODEL AND PROBLEM FORMULATION A. System Model We consider a multi-RIS-empowered interference broadcast channel comprising Q multi-antenna BSs, each wishing to communicate in the downlink direction with multiple singleantenna User Equipments (UEs). We assume that each Nantenna BS sends information to its exclusively associated UEs using OFDM in a common set of physical resources, e.g., time and bandwidth. Thus, each BS-UE communicating pair is modeled as the superposition of a direct BS-UE link and a BS-RIS-UE link realized via the RIS-enabled tunable reflection. Each RIS, comprising M passive reflecting elements, is assumed to be controlled by its solely owned BS and is placed either closely to it or near to the corresponding set of UEs [3]. According to the deployed OFDM scheme, the total bandwidth is equally split into K orthogonal Sub-Carriers (SCs). Let wℓq,k ∈ C N×1 , with k = 1, 2, . . . , K represent the linear precoding vector at each q-th BS that models the digital spatial processing of its unit-power signal sℓq,k (i.e., E{\|sℓq,k\| 2} = 1) before transmission. We assume that the total transmit power available at each q-th BS is given by Pq. Letting Lq denote the number of assigned UEs to the q-th BS, the corresponding transmit signal xq,k can be compactly expressed as: xq,k = PLq ℓ=1 wℓq,ksℓq,k. Thus, the condition PLq ℓ=1 PK k=1∥wℓq,k∥ 2 ≤ Pq must be satisfied. We also consider a quasi-static block fading channel model for all channels involved and focus on each particular fading block where the channels remain approximately constant with perfect Channel State Information (CSI) knowledge. B. BD RIS Structure and Element Response We consider a BD RIS structure [8], according to which an M × M array of ON/OFF-state switches is deployed to interconnect all RIS elements. Specifically, an ON-state at the switch in the position (i, j) (i, j = 1, 2, . . . , M) of the switch array indicates that the signal impinging on the i-th metamaterial element will be guided to and tunably reflected by the j-th element. This behavior can be mathematically expressed by a selection matrix Sq ∈ {0, 1}M×M (q = 1, 2, . . . , Q), whose role is to indicate the switch array selection process at each q-th RIS. In particular, each Sq is a binary-valued selection matrix (i.e., [Sq]i,j ∈ {0, 1}) which by definition needs to satisfy the property of having only one non-zero value per row and column simultaneously and, thus, constitutes an extra design parameter. Clearly, a typical diagonal RIS, which does not require switches [2], is obtained by setting Sq = IM. USER: How is the Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) technology being utilized and developed in this experiment to improve antenna systems? Write a 100-word summary, describing the interplay between the RIS element, the base station, and the user. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	20	36	1,106	null	329
Respond only with information present in the document. If the information is not present, respond with "This information is not available". When possible, use quotations and cite the document directly.	What do I need to know about my Financial Accounting program?	1 Area of Interest: Business Business - Accounting Ontario College Diploma 2 Years Program Code: 0214C01FWO Ottawa Campus Our Program Get the essential skills to start a career in Accounting. The Business - Accounting Ontario College Diploma program balances accounting theory with tools used in the industry. This two-year program equips you with the essential skills for various entry-level accounting positions. Learn how to complete accounting tasks, from conducting bookkeeping responsibilities to preparing financial statements and personal income tax returns. Expand your knowledge of various business concepts including economics and finance. Explore accounting concepts while sharpening your communication, math and technological skills. Courses incorporate accounting software to strengthen your computer literacy and provide you with up-to-date technical skills, which are essential in this field. In the program`s final semester, you have the opportunity to apply for a work placement to practise your skills in a real work setting. See Additional Information for eligibility requirements. Students considering a professional accounting designation or an accounting credential are advised to make inquiries with the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario (CPA Ontario) before deciding to complete this program. See Additional Information for further details. This program prepares you for entry-level positions in: - financial accounting - managerial accounting - payables and receivables - taxation Graduates typically find employment in roles such as: - accounts payable clerk - accounts receivable clerk - bookkeeper payroll clerk - junior staff accountant SUCCESS FACTORS This program is well-suited for students who: - Enjoy problem solving and critical-thinking activities. - Are inquisitive and have an analytical nature. - Can work well independently and in a group. 2 Business - Accounting - Are detailed-oriented, organized and adaptable. - Are comfortable using a variety of computer applications. - Possess a high standard of ethics. Employment Graduates may pursue employment opportunities in various entry-level positions including accounts receivables or payables, bookkeeping or payroll responsibilities. Roles include: accounting assistant, accounts payable clerk, accounts receivable clerk, bookkeeper, and payroll clerk. Learning Outcomes The graduate has reliably demonstrated the ability to: - Record financial transactions in compliance with Canadian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for sole proprietorships, partnerships, private enterprises, publicly accountable enterprises and non-profit organizations. - Prepare and present financial statements, reports and other documents in compliance with Canadian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for sole proprietorships, partnerships and private enterprises. - Contribute to recurring decision-making by applying fundamental management accounting concepts. - Prepare individuals` income tax returns and basic tax planning in compliance with relevant legislation and regulations. - Analyze organizational structures, the interdependence of functional areas, and the impact those relationships can have on financial performance. - Analyze, within a Canadian context, the impact of economic variables, legislation, ethics, technological advances and the environment on an organization`s operations. - Outline the elements of an organization`s internal control system and risk management. - Contribute to recurring decision-making by applying fundamental financial management concepts. - Identify and apply discipline-specific practices that contribute to the local and global community through social responsibility, economic commitment and environmental stewardship. Program of Study Level: 01 Courses Hours ACC2201 Financial Accounting I 56.0 BUS2301 Business Computer Applications 42.0 ENL1813B Communications I 42.0 MGT2201 Business Fundamentals 42.0 QUA2210 Basic Business Mathematics 56.0 Level: 02 Courses Hours ACC2202 Financial Accounting II 56.0 ACC2343 Spreadsheet Applications 56.0 3 Business - Accounting ECO2200 Economic Issues 42.0 ENL1823B Communications II 42.0 FIN2230 Finance 42.0 Level: 03 Courses Hours ACC2209 Financial Accounting III 70.0 ACC2233 Management Accounting I 56.0 ACC2262 Introduction to Personal Taxation 56.0 ACC2385 Accounting Software Applications 56.0 English General Education Elective: choose 1 Courses Hours ENL1725 Canadian Identity 42.0 ENL1726 Symbols, Text and Meaning 42.0 ENL1798 Contemporary Canadian Issues 42.0 ENL1825 Communication Dynamics 42.0 ENL1829 The Art of Oratory 42.0 Level: 04 Courses Hours ACC2211 Payroll and Compliance 56.0 ACC2234 Management Accounting II 56.0 ACC2265 Audit Principles and Business Issues 56.0 Elective: choose 1 Courses Hours ACC0012 Integrated Accounting Practice 56.0 ACC0044 Work Experience 56.0 Choose one from equivalencies: Courses Hours GED0214C General Education Elective 42.0 Fees for the 2023/2024 Academic Year Tuition and related ancillary fees for this program can be viewed by using the Tuition and Fees Estimator tool at https://www.algonquincollege.com/fee-estimator . Further information on fees can be found by visiting the Registrar`s Office website at https://www.algonquincollege.com/ro . Fees are subject to change. Additional program related expenses include: - Books and supplies cost approximately $600 to $800 per term. However in Levels 03 and 04 of the program, books may cost up to $1,000. - Books and supplies can be purchased from the campus store. For more information visit https://www.algonquincollege.com/coursematerials . 4 Business - Accounting Admission Requirements for the 2024/2025 Academic Year College Eligibility - Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent. Applicants with an OSSD showing senior English and/or Mathematics courses at the Basic Level, or with Workplace or Open courses, will be tested to determine their eligibility for admission; OR - Academic and Career Entrance (ACE) certificate; OR - General Educational Development (GED) certificate; OR - Mature Student status (19 years of age or older and without a high school diploma at the start of the program). Eligibility may be determined by academic achievement testing for which a fee of $50 (subject to change) will be charged. Program Eligibility - English, Grade 12 (ENG4C or equivalent). - Mathematics, Grade 12 (MAP4C or equivalent). - Applicants with international transcripts must provide proof of the subject-specific requirements noted above and may be required to provide proof of language proficiency. Domestic applicants with international transcripts must be evaluated through the International Credential Assessment Service of Canada (ICAS) or World Education Services (WES). - IELTS-International English Language Testing Service (Academic) Overall band of 6.0 with a minimum of 5.5 in each band; OR TOEFL-Internet-based (iBT) Overall 80, with a minimum of 20 in each component: Reading 20; Listening 20; Speaking 20; Writing 20; OR Duolingo English Test (DET) Overall 110, minimum of 110 in Literacy and no score below 95. - Not sure if you meet all of the requirements? Academic Upgrading may be able to help with that: https://www.algonquincollege.com/access . Should the number of qualified applicants exceed the number of available places, applicants will be selected on the basis of their proficiency in English and mathematics. Admission Requirements for 2023/2024 Academic Year College Eligibility - Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent. Applicants with an OSSD showing senior English and/or Mathematics courses at the Basic Level, or with Workplace or Open courses, will be tested to determine their eligibility for admission; OR - Academic and Career Entrance (ACE) certificate; OR - General Educational Development (GED) certificate; OR - Mature Student status (19 years of age or older and without a high school diploma at the start of the program). Eligibility may be determined by academic achievement testing for which a fee of $50 (subject to change) will be charged. Program Eligibility - English, Grade 12 (ENG4C or equivalent). - Mathematics, Grade 12 (MAP4C or equivalent). - Applicants with international transcripts must provide proof of the subject specific requirements noted above and may be required to provide proof of language proficiency. Domestic applicants with international transcripts must be evaluated through the International Credential Assessment Service of Canada (ICAS) or World Education Services (WES). - IELTS-International English Language Testing Service (Academic) Overall band of 6.0 with a minimum of 5.5 in each band; OR TOEFL-Internet-based (iBT) Overall 80, with a minimum of 20 in each component: Reading 20; Listening 20; Speaking 20; Writing 20. 5 Business - Accounting Not sure if you meet all of the requirements? Academic Upgrading may be able to help with that: https://www.algonquincollege.com/access/ . Should the number of qualified applicants exceed the number of available places, applicants will be selected on the basis of their proficiency in English and mathematics. Application Information BUSINESS - ACCOUNTING Program Code 0214C01FWO Applications to full-time day programs must be submitted with official transcripts showing completion of the academic admission requirements through: ontariocolleges.ca 60 Corporate Court Guelph, Ontario N1G 5J3 1-888-892-2228 Students currently enrolled in an Ontario secondary school should notify their Guidance Office prior to their online application at http://www.ontariocolleges.ca/ . Applications for Fall Term and Winter Term admission received by February 1 will be given equal consideration. Applications received after February 1 will be processed on a first-come, first-served basis as long as places are available. International applicants please visit this link for application process information: https://algonquincollege.force.com/myACint/ . For further information on the admissions process, contact: Registrar`s Office Algonquin College 1385 Woodroffe Ave Ottawa, ON K2G 1V8 Telephone: 613-727-0002 Toll-free: 1-800-565-4723 TTY: 613-727-7766 Fax: 613-727-7632 Contact: https://www.algonquincollege.com/ro Additional Information This program offers a September start or January start. Students who start in January must complete their second level of the program in the Spring term and continue into the third level in the Fall term. Classes in this program may be scheduled between 8:00 AM and 10:00 PM, Monday through Friday. Work placement is an option available to students in the fourth level of this program. Work placement is only available in the Winter term. Participants of the optional work placement will receive a course credit for ACC0044 (Work Experience) in lieu of taking a fifth course on campus during the fourth level of the program. Students must meet eligibility requirements in order to participate in the work placement. To be eligible to apply for work placement, students must be registered full-time with the regular on-campus program, must have completed all level 1, 2 and 3 courses, must not have any academic encumbrances and must meet certain academic standings. Due to the high demand for work placements, some students may be required to secure their own placement subject to approval by the program coordinator. Students considering completing a degree after their diploma may be able to apply some courses towards a degree through various university articulation agreements. For further information see https://www.algonquincollege.com/degree-pathways/list/ . Students considering pursuing a professional accounting designation are advised to make inquiries with the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario (CPA Ontario). Please note that Algonquin 6 Business - Accounting College courses are not directly transferrable to CPA unless they are transferred through a recognized articulation agreement with a university. For further information see http://www.cpaontario.ca/become-a-cpa/get-started . Course Descriptions ACC0012 Integrated Accounting Practice Students draw upon knowledge learned throughout the program to participate in weekly duties that simulate authentic business practices. Students integrate and apply their knowledge of fundamental accounting and taxation to complete various tasks using professional business writing skills and computer software. Prerequisite(s): ACC2209 and ACC2233 and ACC2385 or ACC2341 and ACC2354 and ACC2385 Corerequisite(s):none ACC0044 Work Experience Accounting experience is advantageous when students search for work after graduation. Students apply the skills and knowledge acquired to date in the program to a practical work environment. Students report to a select employer and complete accounting-related tasks. Upon completion of the work placement, employers and students rate the experience. Prerequisite(s): ACC2209 and ACC2233 and ACC2262 and ACC2385 or ACC2341 and ACC2344 and ACC2354 and ACC2385 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2201 Financial Accounting I This is the first course in a series of three financial accounting courses in this program. Students learn to identify, measure, record and report financial transactions. Students learn the fundamentals of the accounting cycle necessary to complete the financial statements and accounting records of a business. Through a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and the use of computer assisted tools, students develop an understanding of essential accounting concepts necessary for future studies. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ACC2202 Financial Accounting II Building on previous studies in financial accounting, students expand their knowledge of fundamental accounting concepts involved in measuring and recording financial transactions, including analyzing these transactions and reporting them in the financial records of a business. Students experience a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and the use of computerized tools to aid in the progress and understanding of vital accounting concepts. Prerequisite(s): ACC2201 or ACC1100 and ACC1211 or ACC2310 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2209 Financial Accounting III This is the third and final financial accounting course in the program. Students examine the transactions specific to corporations as well as more complex accounting topics. This course builds on the material learned in the previous two financial accounting courses. Through a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and use of computer assisted tools, students develop an understanding of essential accounting concepts necessary for the work place. Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2211 Payroll and Compliance 7 Business - Accounting Payroll and statutory compliance reporting is mandatory for every business to adhere to. Students learn how to apply payroll legislation to calculate deductions, net pay, and remittances, and complete year-end payroll reporting. Students are introduced to the different types of requirements with which businesses are expected to comply, including GST/HST, QST, EHT and workers' compensation. Through a combination of theory and practical activities, students prepare these submissions and calculations by reading through relevant legislation and completing activities. Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2233 Management Accounting I Managerial accounting aids organizations in making well-informed decisions helping businesses to succeed. Students are introduced to key workplace skills by exploring the goals, methods and ethics of managerial accounting including product costing methods and the flow of costs for manufacturing companies. Additionally, students will focus on decision-making tools including, cost-volume-profit and contribution analysis. The curriculum is delivered in lecture, case study and problem-solving format. Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2234 Management Accounting II Students continue to enhance key workplace skills and business ethics by further exploring the goals and methods of managerial accounting. Specific topic areas include merchandising budgeting, performance evaluation in decentralized businesses and financial statement analysis. Students will also focus on business decisions using managerial accounting tools such as relevant costing. The curriculum is delivered in lecture, case and problem-solving format making extensive use of Excel. Prerequisite(s): ACC2233 and ACC2343 or ACC2343 and ACC2354 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2262 Introduction to Personal Taxation The ability to complete personal tax returns is an essential skill to have in the accounting field. Using a variety of methods, including authentic tax cases, lectures and classroom discussions, students use professional tax software to prepare personal Canadian tax returns for individuals and unincorporated businesses. Basic principles of tax planning and tax legislation are covered. It is strongly recommended that students use a Windows-based laptop (not a Mac). Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2313 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2265 Audit Principles and Business Issues Students are introduced to current business issues relevant to Canadian organizations as well as key auditing concepts that help to guide business ethics and decisions. Topics discussed include the Canadian business environment and the current issues it faces, the need for greater ethical and responsible behaviour in light of recent business scandals, fraud and the need for internal controls, risk management and financial statement analysis. Various types of audit and techniques are examined by students. Classroom lectures are enhanced by reading current material and researching information using various tools. Prerequisite(s): ACC2209 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2343 Spreadsheet Applications Students enhance their knowledge of spreadsheets learned in BUS2301. Using Microsoft Excel, students explore some of the more advanced Excel features, such as financial functions, charts, 8 Business - Accounting logical functions, pivot tables, lists and look-up tables. These spreadsheet concepts are explored through Excel-based lectures and hybrid activities including learning resource applications. Prerequisite(s): ACC2201 and BUS2301 or ACC2313 and BUS2301 or ACC1100 and ACC1211 and BUS2301 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2385 Accounting Software Applications It is a workplace expectation that students are comfortable using accounting software on a day-today basis. Students gain practical experience using computerized accounting software to record transactions and prepare financial statements. Curriculum is delivered in lecture format and by hands-on completion of cases using accounting software. A Windows-based laptop (not a Mac) is strongly recommended. Prerequisite(s): ACC2341 or ACC2202 Corerequisite(s):none BUS2301 Business Computer Applications The knowledge gained in this course provides students with a solid foundation for future learning in other studies, and in business. Students learn a variety of tasks in Windows file management. Students also learn tasks and produce assignments in Microsoft Office for PC. Web-based software running computer-based simulations and assessments are used to support and enrich the learning experience. It is strongly recommended that students use a PC. Mac students may be required to install and learn additional software to successfully complete the course. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ECO2200 Economic Issues Knowledge of contemporary economic issues is essential to understanding the world in which we live. Students examine the fundamental economic issues faced by modern economies with an emphasis on the use of economic models to analyze economic developments accurately and objectively. Key economic problems faced by society, and policy alternatives that governments may use to deal with these problems are also investigated. Influence of economics on student civic, working and personal lives is explored through lectures, discussions, and monitoring of current economic events. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1725 Canadian Identity Canadian identity is challenging to define, but depictions of our multicultural society are found and explored in our writing. This course explores the importance of writers' perceptions of Canada, how they promote their ideas through publishing, and how those published works have affected Canadian society in recent history. Students are introduced to a wide range of writing with the aim of exploring the theme of Canadian identity while enhancing students' awareness of the ethical considerations necessary for a just society. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1726 Symbols, Text and Meaning Symbols and text are used to express, evoke, and manipulate an entire range of human emotions and reactions. In this interactive, discussion-based course, students will explore historical and contemporary approaches to using symbols, text, and language in conceptual and contemporary art, graphic design and advertising, poetry and lyrics, and in online technology. Through discussion, analysis, informal debate, and critical thinking, students will explore how symbols and text influence individuals, society and culture. 9 Business - Accounting Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1798 Contemporary Canadian Issues A critical understanding of contemporary Canadian issues is vital to being an active member in our democratic society. Students explore a variety of topics and analyze their ethical implications and relevance to Canadian life. Discussions, debates and other collaborative activities offer opportunities to consider recent controversies from different perspectives, and use of a variety of media (e.g. newspapers, articles, and other resources online) allows for in-depth reflection on the history and current state of a range of social and political topics. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1813B Communications I Communication remains an essential skill sought by employers, regardless of discipline or field of study. Using a practical, vocation-oriented approach, students develop stronger grammar and business-writing skills to become effective business communicators. Through a combination of lectures, exercises, and independent learning, students practise writing, speaking, reading, listening, locating and documenting information, and using technology to communicate professionally. Students develop and strengthen communication skills that contribute to success in both educational and workplace environments. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1823B Communications II Students continue to expand their practical writing and speaking skills for successful communication in business. Using real-life scenarios and research skills, they produce informal reports and proposals, deliver presentations to a live audience supported by technology, and create a job-search package. Students create professional documents, such as information reports, progress reports, justification/recommendation reports, summary reports, and minutes of meetings to develop up-to-date writing skills. The job search package includes employment-readiness skills, resumes, persuasive cover letters, and interview techniques. In all written work, students continue to develop and enhance their grammar skills to meet professional, workplace standards. Prerequisite(s): ENL1813B Corerequisite(s):none ENL1825 Communication Dynamics Humans are dynamic, communicative, and socially interactive. Participants consider human behaviour and its influence on interpersonal or impersonal connections with others by exploring theories and ethical considerations of conformity, obedience and persuasion. Special attention is paid to individual inner experiences, thoughts, feelings, emotions and introspections. Role play learning and case studies allow participants to reflect and build upon their own observations and experiences. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1829 The Art of Oratory From ghost stories around the campfire to political speeches by world leaders, ethical oratory plays a significant role in human interaction. Students examine the social significance of public speaking while developing a deeper understanding of the theory, science, elements of form, and persuasive devices underlying this art. Building on their own stories, students prepare, deliver, and critique group workshops, as well as design, deliver, and critique individual presentations. 10 Business - Accounting Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none FIN2230 Finance Understanding the fundamentals of financial management is necessary for strong financial decision-making. Students develop an understanding of the goals of financial management, financial analysis and planning, financial forecasting, working capital management, capital budgeting concepts including present value and cashflow analysis. Build on your knowledge of basic accounting and economics concepts through a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and use of computer assisted tools. Prerequisite(s): ACC2201 and BUS2301 or ACC2310 and BUS2301 or ACC1100 and ACC1211 and BUS2301 Corerequisite(s):none GED0214C General Education Elective Students choose one course, from a group of general education electives, which meets one of the following five theme requirements: Arts in Society, Civic Life, Social and Cultural Understanding, Personal Understanding, and Science and Technology. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none MGT2201 Business Fundamentals Understanding the foundation of business is critical to anyone in the accounting field. This course gives students a broad overview of critical elements of business including an introduction to business structures, business processes, and various legal considerations. The use of practical exercises provides students with a strong foundation of business knowledge for future work. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none QUA2210 Basic Business Mathematics The essentials of arithmetic and its applications, including fractions, decimals, percentages, mathematics of buying and selling, payroll, taxes, depreciation and inventory are examined. Students are introduced to the mathematics of finance, including simple and compound interest, annuities, sinking funds, amortization and consumer credit. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none	Respond only with information present in the document. If the information is not present, respond with "This information is not available". When possible, use quotations and cite the document directly. What do I need to know about my Financial Accounting program? 1 Area of Interest: Business Business - Accounting Ontario College Diploma 2 Years Program Code: 0214C01FWO Ottawa Campus Our Program Get the essential skills to start a career in Accounting. The Business - Accounting Ontario College Diploma program balances accounting theory with tools used in the industry. This two-year program equips you with the essential skills for various entry-level accounting positions. Learn how to complete accounting tasks, from conducting bookkeeping responsibilities to preparing financial statements and personal income tax returns. Expand your knowledge of various business concepts including economics and finance. Explore accounting concepts while sharpening your communication, math and technological skills. Courses incorporate accounting software to strengthen your computer literacy and provide you with up-to-date technical skills, which are essential in this field. In the program`s final semester, you have the opportunity to apply for a work placement to practise your skills in a real work setting. See Additional Information for eligibility requirements. Students considering a professional accounting designation or an accounting credential are advised to make inquiries with the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario (CPA Ontario) before deciding to complete this program. See Additional Information for further details. This program prepares you for entry-level positions in: - financial accounting - managerial accounting - payables and receivables - taxation Graduates typically find employment in roles such as: - accounts payable clerk - accounts receivable clerk - bookkeeper payroll clerk - junior staff accountant SUCCESS FACTORS This program is well-suited for students who: - Enjoy problem solving and critical-thinking activities. - Are inquisitive and have an analytical nature. - Can work well independently and in a group. 2 Business - Accounting - Are detailed-oriented, organized and adaptable. - Are comfortable using a variety of computer applications. - Possess a high standard of ethics. Employment Graduates may pursue employment opportunities in various entry-level positions including accounts receivables or payables, bookkeeping or payroll responsibilities. Roles include: accounting assistant, accounts payable clerk, accounts receivable clerk, bookkeeper, and payroll clerk. Learning Outcomes The graduate has reliably demonstrated the ability to: - Record financial transactions in compliance with Canadian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for sole proprietorships, partnerships, private enterprises, publicly accountable enterprises and non-profit organizations. - Prepare and present financial statements, reports and other documents in compliance with Canadian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for sole proprietorships, partnerships and private enterprises. - Contribute to recurring decision-making by applying fundamental management accounting concepts. - Prepare individuals` income tax returns and basic tax planning in compliance with relevant legislation and regulations. - Analyze organizational structures, the interdependence of functional areas, and the impact those relationships can have on financial performance. - Analyze, within a Canadian context, the impact of economic variables, legislation, ethics, technological advances and the environment on an organization`s operations. - Outline the elements of an organization`s internal control system and risk management. - Contribute to recurring decision-making by applying fundamental financial management concepts. - Identify and apply discipline-specific practices that contribute to the local and global community through social responsibility, economic commitment and environmental stewardship. Program of Study Level: 01 Courses Hours ACC2201 Financial Accounting I 56.0 BUS2301 Business Computer Applications 42.0 ENL1813B Communications I 42.0 MGT2201 Business Fundamentals 42.0 QUA2210 Basic Business Mathematics 56.0 Level: 02 Courses Hours ACC2202 Financial Accounting II 56.0 ACC2343 Spreadsheet Applications 56.0 3 Business - Accounting ECO2200 Economic Issues 42.0 ENL1823B Communications II 42.0 FIN2230 Finance 42.0 Level: 03 Courses Hours ACC2209 Financial Accounting III 70.0 ACC2233 Management Accounting I 56.0 ACC2262 Introduction to Personal Taxation 56.0 ACC2385 Accounting Software Applications 56.0 English General Education Elective: choose 1 Courses Hours ENL1725 Canadian Identity 42.0 ENL1726 Symbols, Text and Meaning 42.0 ENL1798 Contemporary Canadian Issues 42.0 ENL1825 Communication Dynamics 42.0 ENL1829 The Art of Oratory 42.0 Level: 04 Courses Hours ACC2211 Payroll and Compliance 56.0 ACC2234 Management Accounting II 56.0 ACC2265 Audit Principles and Business Issues 56.0 Elective: choose 1 Courses Hours ACC0012 Integrated Accounting Practice 56.0 ACC0044 Work Experience 56.0 Choose one from equivalencies: Courses Hours GED0214C General Education Elective 42.0 Fees for the 2023/2024 Academic Year Tuition and related ancillary fees for this program can be viewed by using the Tuition and Fees Estimator tool at https://www.algonquincollege.com/fee-estimator . Further information on fees can be found by visiting the Registrar`s Office website at https://www.algonquincollege.com/ro . Fees are subject to change. Additional program related expenses include: - Books and supplies cost approximately $600 to $800 per term. However in Levels 03 and 04 of the program, books may cost up to $1,000. - Books and supplies can be purchased from the campus store. For more information visit https://www.algonquincollege.com/coursematerials . 4 Business - Accounting Admission Requirements for the 2024/2025 Academic Year College Eligibility - Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent. Applicants with an OSSD showing senior English and/or Mathematics courses at the Basic Level, or with Workplace or Open courses, will be tested to determine their eligibility for admission; OR - Academic and Career Entrance (ACE) certificate; OR - General Educational Development (GED) certificate; OR - Mature Student status (19 years of age or older and without a high school diploma at the start of the program). Eligibility may be determined by academic achievement testing for which a fee of $50 (subject to change) will be charged. Program Eligibility - English, Grade 12 (ENG4C or equivalent). - Mathematics, Grade 12 (MAP4C or equivalent). - Applicants with international transcripts must provide proof of the subject-specific requirements noted above and may be required to provide proof of language proficiency. Domestic applicants with international transcripts must be evaluated through the International Credential Assessment Service of Canada (ICAS) or World Education Services (WES). - IELTS-International English Language Testing Service (Academic) Overall band of 6.0 with a minimum of 5.5 in each band; OR TOEFL-Internet-based (iBT) Overall 80, with a minimum of 20 in each component: Reading 20; Listening 20; Speaking 20; Writing 20; OR Duolingo English Test (DET) Overall 110, minimum of 110 in Literacy and no score below 95. - Not sure if you meet all of the requirements? Academic Upgrading may be able to help with that: https://www.algonquincollege.com/access . Should the number of qualified applicants exceed the number of available places, applicants will be selected on the basis of their proficiency in English and mathematics. Admission Requirements for 2023/2024 Academic Year College Eligibility - Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent. Applicants with an OSSD showing senior English and/or Mathematics courses at the Basic Level, or with Workplace or Open courses, will be tested to determine their eligibility for admission; OR - Academic and Career Entrance (ACE) certificate; OR - General Educational Development (GED) certificate; OR - Mature Student status (19 years of age or older and without a high school diploma at the start of the program). Eligibility may be determined by academic achievement testing for which a fee of $50 (subject to change) will be charged. Program Eligibility - English, Grade 12 (ENG4C or equivalent). - Mathematics, Grade 12 (MAP4C or equivalent). - Applicants with international transcripts must provide proof of the subject specific requirements noted above and may be required to provide proof of language proficiency. Domestic applicants with international transcripts must be evaluated through the International Credential Assessment Service of Canada (ICAS) or World Education Services (WES). - IELTS-International English Language Testing Service (Academic) Overall band of 6.0 with a minimum of 5.5 in each band; OR TOEFL-Internet-based (iBT) Overall 80, with a minimum of 20 in each component: Reading 20; Listening 20; Speaking 20; Writing 20. 5 Business - Accounting Not sure if you meet all of the requirements? Academic Upgrading may be able to help with that: https://www.algonquincollege.com/access/ . Should the number of qualified applicants exceed the number of available places, applicants will be selected on the basis of their proficiency in English and mathematics. Application Information BUSINESS - ACCOUNTING Program Code 0214C01FWO Applications to full-time day programs must be submitted with official transcripts showing completion of the academic admission requirements through: ontariocolleges.ca 60 Corporate Court Guelph, Ontario N1G 5J3 1-888-892-2228 Students currently enrolled in an Ontario secondary school should notify their Guidance Office prior to their online application at http://www.ontariocolleges.ca/ . Applications for Fall Term and Winter Term admission received by February 1 will be given equal consideration. Applications received after February 1 will be processed on a first-come, first-served basis as long as places are available. International applicants please visit this link for application process information: https://algonquincollege.force.com/myACint/ . For further information on the admissions process, contact: Registrar`s Office Algonquin College 1385 Woodroffe Ave Ottawa, ON K2G 1V8 Telephone: 613-727-0002 Toll-free: 1-800-565-4723 TTY: 613-727-7766 Fax: 613-727-7632 Contact: https://www.algonquincollege.com/ro Additional Information This program offers a September start or January start. Students who start in January must complete their second level of the program in the Spring term and continue into the third level in the Fall term. Classes in this program may be scheduled between 8:00 AM and 10:00 PM, Monday through Friday. Work placement is an option available to students in the fourth level of this program. Work placement is only available in the Winter term. Participants of the optional work placement will receive a course credit for ACC0044 (Work Experience) in lieu of taking a fifth course on campus during the fourth level of the program. Students must meet eligibility requirements in order to participate in the work placement. To be eligible to apply for work placement, students must be registered full-time with the regular on-campus program, must have completed all level 1, 2 and 3 courses, must not have any academic encumbrances and must meet certain academic standings. Due to the high demand for work placements, some students may be required to secure their own placement subject to approval by the program coordinator. Students considering completing a degree after their diploma may be able to apply some courses towards a degree through various university articulation agreements. For further information see https://www.algonquincollege.com/degree-pathways/list/ . Students considering pursuing a professional accounting designation are advised to make inquiries with the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario (CPA Ontario). Please note that Algonquin 6 Business - Accounting College courses are not directly transferrable to CPA unless they are transferred through a recognized articulation agreement with a university. For further information see http://www.cpaontario.ca/become-a-cpa/get-started . Course Descriptions ACC0012 Integrated Accounting Practice Students draw upon knowledge learned throughout the program to participate in weekly duties that simulate authentic business practices. Students integrate and apply their knowledge of fundamental accounting and taxation to complete various tasks using professional business writing skills and computer software. Prerequisite(s): ACC2209 and ACC2233 and ACC2385 or ACC2341 and ACC2354 and ACC2385 Corerequisite(s):none ACC0044 Work Experience Accounting experience is advantageous when students search for work after graduation. Students apply the skills and knowledge acquired to date in the program to a practical work environment. Students report to a select employer and complete accounting-related tasks. Upon completion of the work placement, employers and students rate the experience. Prerequisite(s): ACC2209 and ACC2233 and ACC2262 and ACC2385 or ACC2341 and ACC2344 and ACC2354 and ACC2385 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2201 Financial Accounting I This is the first course in a series of three financial accounting courses in this program. Students learn to identify, measure, record and report financial transactions. Students learn the fundamentals of the accounting cycle necessary to complete the financial statements and accounting records of a business. Through a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and the use of computer assisted tools, students develop an understanding of essential accounting concepts necessary for future studies. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ACC2202 Financial Accounting II Building on previous studies in financial accounting, students expand their knowledge of fundamental accounting concepts involved in measuring and recording financial transactions, including analyzing these transactions and reporting them in the financial records of a business. Students experience a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and the use of computerized tools to aid in the progress and understanding of vital accounting concepts. Prerequisite(s): ACC2201 or ACC1100 and ACC1211 or ACC2310 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2209 Financial Accounting III This is the third and final financial accounting course in the program. Students examine the transactions specific to corporations as well as more complex accounting topics. This course builds on the material learned in the previous two financial accounting courses. Through a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and use of computer assisted tools, students develop an understanding of essential accounting concepts necessary for the work place. Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2211 Payroll and Compliance 7 Business - Accounting Payroll and statutory compliance reporting is mandatory for every business to adhere to. Students learn how to apply payroll legislation to calculate deductions, net pay, and remittances, and complete year-end payroll reporting. Students are introduced to the different types of requirements with which businesses are expected to comply, including GST/HST, QST, EHT and workers' compensation. Through a combination of theory and practical activities, students prepare these submissions and calculations by reading through relevant legislation and completing activities. Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2233 Management Accounting I Managerial accounting aids organizations in making well-informed decisions helping businesses to succeed. Students are introduced to key workplace skills by exploring the goals, methods and ethics of managerial accounting including product costing methods and the flow of costs for manufacturing companies. Additionally, students will focus on decision-making tools including, cost-volume-profit and contribution analysis. The curriculum is delivered in lecture, case study and problem-solving format. Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2234 Management Accounting II Students continue to enhance key workplace skills and business ethics by further exploring the goals and methods of managerial accounting. Specific topic areas include merchandising budgeting, performance evaluation in decentralized businesses and financial statement analysis. Students will also focus on business decisions using managerial accounting tools such as relevant costing. The curriculum is delivered in lecture, case and problem-solving format making extensive use of Excel. Prerequisite(s): ACC2233 and ACC2343 or ACC2343 and ACC2354 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2262 Introduction to Personal Taxation The ability to complete personal tax returns is an essential skill to have in the accounting field. Using a variety of methods, including authentic tax cases, lectures and classroom discussions, students use professional tax software to prepare personal Canadian tax returns for individuals and unincorporated businesses. Basic principles of tax planning and tax legislation are covered. It is strongly recommended that students use a Windows-based laptop (not a Mac). Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2313 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2265 Audit Principles and Business Issues Students are introduced to current business issues relevant to Canadian organizations as well as key auditing concepts that help to guide business ethics and decisions. Topics discussed include the Canadian business environment and the current issues it faces, the need for greater ethical and responsible behaviour in light of recent business scandals, fraud and the need for internal controls, risk management and financial statement analysis. Various types of audit and techniques are examined by students. Classroom lectures are enhanced by reading current material and researching information using various tools. Prerequisite(s): ACC2209 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2343 Spreadsheet Applications Students enhance their knowledge of spreadsheets learned in BUS2301. Using Microsoft Excel, students explore some of the more advanced Excel features, such as financial functions, charts, 8 Business - Accounting logical functions, pivot tables, lists and look-up tables. These spreadsheet concepts are explored through Excel-based lectures and hybrid activities including learning resource applications. Prerequisite(s): ACC2201 and BUS2301 or ACC2313 and BUS2301 or ACC1100 and ACC1211 and BUS2301 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2385 Accounting Software Applications It is a workplace expectation that students are comfortable using accounting software on a day-today basis. Students gain practical experience using computerized accounting software to record transactions and prepare financial statements. Curriculum is delivered in lecture format and by hands-on completion of cases using accounting software. A Windows-based laptop (not a Mac) is strongly recommended. Prerequisite(s): ACC2341 or ACC2202 Corerequisite(s):none BUS2301 Business Computer Applications The knowledge gained in this course provides students with a solid foundation for future learning in other studies, and in business. Students learn a variety of tasks in Windows file management. Students also learn tasks and produce assignments in Microsoft Office for PC. Web-based software running computer-based simulations and assessments are used to support and enrich the learning experience. It is strongly recommended that students use a PC. Mac students may be required to install and learn additional software to successfully complete the course. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ECO2200 Economic Issues Knowledge of contemporary economic issues is essential to understanding the world in which we live. Students examine the fundamental economic issues faced by modern economies with an emphasis on the use of economic models to analyze economic developments accurately and objectively. Key economic problems faced by society, and policy alternatives that governments may use to deal with these problems are also investigated. Influence of economics on student civic, working and personal lives is explored through lectures, discussions, and monitoring of current economic events. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1725 Canadian Identity Canadian identity is challenging to define, but depictions of our multicultural society are found and explored in our writing. This course explores the importance of writers' perceptions of Canada, how they promote their ideas through publishing, and how those published works have affected Canadian society in recent history. Students are introduced to a wide range of writing with the aim of exploring the theme of Canadian identity while enhancing students' awareness of the ethical considerations necessary for a just society. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1726 Symbols, Text and Meaning Symbols and text are used to express, evoke, and manipulate an entire range of human emotions and reactions. In this interactive, discussion-based course, students will explore historical and contemporary approaches to using symbols, text, and language in conceptual and contemporary art, graphic design and advertising, poetry and lyrics, and in online technology. Through discussion, analysis, informal debate, and critical thinking, students will explore how symbols and text influence individuals, society and culture. 9 Business - Accounting Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1798 Contemporary Canadian Issues A critical understanding of contemporary Canadian issues is vital to being an active member in our democratic society. Students explore a variety of topics and analyze their ethical implications and relevance to Canadian life. Discussions, debates and other collaborative activities offer opportunities to consider recent controversies from different perspectives, and use of a variety of media (e.g. newspapers, articles, and other resources online) allows for in-depth reflection on the history and current state of a range of social and political topics. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1813B Communications I Communication remains an essential skill sought by employers, regardless of discipline or field of study. Using a practical, vocation-oriented approach, students develop stronger grammar and business-writing skills to become effective business communicators. Through a combination of lectures, exercises, and independent learning, students practise writing, speaking, reading, listening, locating and documenting information, and using technology to communicate professionally. Students develop and strengthen communication skills that contribute to success in both educational and workplace environments. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1823B Communications II Students continue to expand their practical writing and speaking skills for successful communication in business. Using real-life scenarios and research skills, they produce informal reports and proposals, deliver presentations to a live audience supported by technology, and create a job-search package. Students create professional documents, such as information reports, progress reports, justification/recommendation reports, summary reports, and minutes of meetings to develop up-to-date writing skills. The job search package includes employment-readiness skills, resumes, persuasive cover letters, and interview techniques. In all written work, students continue to develop and enhance their grammar skills to meet professional, workplace standards. Prerequisite(s): ENL1813B Corerequisite(s):none ENL1825 Communication Dynamics Humans are dynamic, communicative, and socially interactive. Participants consider human behaviour and its influence on interpersonal or impersonal connections with others by exploring theories and ethical considerations of conformity, obedience and persuasion. Special attention is paid to individual inner experiences, thoughts, feelings, emotions and introspections. Role play learning and case studies allow participants to reflect and build upon their own observations and experiences. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1829 The Art of Oratory From ghost stories around the campfire to political speeches by world leaders, ethical oratory plays a significant role in human interaction. Students examine the social significance of public speaking while developing a deeper understanding of the theory, science, elements of form, and persuasive devices underlying this art. Building on their own stories, students prepare, deliver, and critique group workshops, as well as design, deliver, and critique individual presentations. 10 Business - Accounting Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none FIN2230 Finance Understanding the fundamentals of financial management is necessary for strong financial decision-making. Students develop an understanding of the goals of financial management, financial analysis and planning, financial forecasting, working capital management, capital budgeting concepts including present value and cashflow analysis. Build on your knowledge of basic accounting and economics concepts through a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and use of computer assisted tools. Prerequisite(s): ACC2201 and BUS2301 or ACC2310 and BUS2301 or ACC1100 and ACC1211 and BUS2301 Corerequisite(s):none GED0214C General Education Elective Students choose one course, from a group of general education electives, which meets one of the following five theme requirements: Arts in Society, Civic Life, Social and Cultural Understanding, Personal Understanding, and Science and Technology. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none MGT2201 Business Fundamentals Understanding the foundation of business is critical to anyone in the accounting field. This course gives students a broad overview of critical elements of business including an introduction to business structures, business processes, and various legal considerations. The use of practical exercises provides students with a strong foundation of business knowledge for future work. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none QUA2210 Basic Business Mathematics The essentials of arithmetic and its applications, including fractions, decimals, percentages, mathematics of buying and selling, payroll, taxes, depreciation and inventory are examined. Students are introduced to the mathematics of finance, including simple and compound interest, annuities, sinking funds, amortization and consumer credit. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none	Respond only with information present in the document. If the information is not present, respond with "This information is not available". When possible, use quotations and cite the document directly. EVIDENCE: 1 Area of Interest: Business Business - Accounting Ontario College Diploma 2 Years Program Code: 0214C01FWO Ottawa Campus Our Program Get the essential skills to start a career in Accounting. The Business - Accounting Ontario College Diploma program balances accounting theory with tools used in the industry. This two-year program equips you with the essential skills for various entry-level accounting positions. Learn how to complete accounting tasks, from conducting bookkeeping responsibilities to preparing financial statements and personal income tax returns. Expand your knowledge of various business concepts including economics and finance. Explore accounting concepts while sharpening your communication, math and technological skills. Courses incorporate accounting software to strengthen your computer literacy and provide you with up-to-date technical skills, which are essential in this field. In the program`s final semester, you have the opportunity to apply for a work placement to practise your skills in a real work setting. See Additional Information for eligibility requirements. Students considering a professional accounting designation or an accounting credential are advised to make inquiries with the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario (CPA Ontario) before deciding to complete this program. See Additional Information for further details. This program prepares you for entry-level positions in: - financial accounting - managerial accounting - payables and receivables - taxation Graduates typically find employment in roles such as: - accounts payable clerk - accounts receivable clerk - bookkeeper payroll clerk - junior staff accountant SUCCESS FACTORS This program is well-suited for students who: - Enjoy problem solving and critical-thinking activities. - Are inquisitive and have an analytical nature. - Can work well independently and in a group. 2 Business - Accounting - Are detailed-oriented, organized and adaptable. - Are comfortable using a variety of computer applications. - Possess a high standard of ethics. Employment Graduates may pursue employment opportunities in various entry-level positions including accounts receivables or payables, bookkeeping or payroll responsibilities. Roles include: accounting assistant, accounts payable clerk, accounts receivable clerk, bookkeeper, and payroll clerk. Learning Outcomes The graduate has reliably demonstrated the ability to: - Record financial transactions in compliance with Canadian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for sole proprietorships, partnerships, private enterprises, publicly accountable enterprises and non-profit organizations. - Prepare and present financial statements, reports and other documents in compliance with Canadian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for sole proprietorships, partnerships and private enterprises. - Contribute to recurring decision-making by applying fundamental management accounting concepts. - Prepare individuals` income tax returns and basic tax planning in compliance with relevant legislation and regulations. - Analyze organizational structures, the interdependence of functional areas, and the impact those relationships can have on financial performance. - Analyze, within a Canadian context, the impact of economic variables, legislation, ethics, technological advances and the environment on an organization`s operations. - Outline the elements of an organization`s internal control system and risk management. - Contribute to recurring decision-making by applying fundamental financial management concepts. - Identify and apply discipline-specific practices that contribute to the local and global community through social responsibility, economic commitment and environmental stewardship. Program of Study Level: 01 Courses Hours ACC2201 Financial Accounting I 56.0 BUS2301 Business Computer Applications 42.0 ENL1813B Communications I 42.0 MGT2201 Business Fundamentals 42.0 QUA2210 Basic Business Mathematics 56.0 Level: 02 Courses Hours ACC2202 Financial Accounting II 56.0 ACC2343 Spreadsheet Applications 56.0 3 Business - Accounting ECO2200 Economic Issues 42.0 ENL1823B Communications II 42.0 FIN2230 Finance 42.0 Level: 03 Courses Hours ACC2209 Financial Accounting III 70.0 ACC2233 Management Accounting I 56.0 ACC2262 Introduction to Personal Taxation 56.0 ACC2385 Accounting Software Applications 56.0 English General Education Elective: choose 1 Courses Hours ENL1725 Canadian Identity 42.0 ENL1726 Symbols, Text and Meaning 42.0 ENL1798 Contemporary Canadian Issues 42.0 ENL1825 Communication Dynamics 42.0 ENL1829 The Art of Oratory 42.0 Level: 04 Courses Hours ACC2211 Payroll and Compliance 56.0 ACC2234 Management Accounting II 56.0 ACC2265 Audit Principles and Business Issues 56.0 Elective: choose 1 Courses Hours ACC0012 Integrated Accounting Practice 56.0 ACC0044 Work Experience 56.0 Choose one from equivalencies: Courses Hours GED0214C General Education Elective 42.0 Fees for the 2023/2024 Academic Year Tuition and related ancillary fees for this program can be viewed by using the Tuition and Fees Estimator tool at https://www.algonquincollege.com/fee-estimator . Further information on fees can be found by visiting the Registrar`s Office website at https://www.algonquincollege.com/ro . Fees are subject to change. Additional program related expenses include: - Books and supplies cost approximately $600 to $800 per term. However in Levels 03 and 04 of the program, books may cost up to $1,000. - Books and supplies can be purchased from the campus store. For more information visit https://www.algonquincollege.com/coursematerials . 4 Business - Accounting Admission Requirements for the 2024/2025 Academic Year College Eligibility - Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent. Applicants with an OSSD showing senior English and/or Mathematics courses at the Basic Level, or with Workplace or Open courses, will be tested to determine their eligibility for admission; OR - Academic and Career Entrance (ACE) certificate; OR - General Educational Development (GED) certificate; OR - Mature Student status (19 years of age or older and without a high school diploma at the start of the program). Eligibility may be determined by academic achievement testing for which a fee of $50 (subject to change) will be charged. Program Eligibility - English, Grade 12 (ENG4C or equivalent). - Mathematics, Grade 12 (MAP4C or equivalent). - Applicants with international transcripts must provide proof of the subject-specific requirements noted above and may be required to provide proof of language proficiency. Domestic applicants with international transcripts must be evaluated through the International Credential Assessment Service of Canada (ICAS) or World Education Services (WES). - IELTS-International English Language Testing Service (Academic) Overall band of 6.0 with a minimum of 5.5 in each band; OR TOEFL-Internet-based (iBT) Overall 80, with a minimum of 20 in each component: Reading 20; Listening 20; Speaking 20; Writing 20; OR Duolingo English Test (DET) Overall 110, minimum of 110 in Literacy and no score below 95. - Not sure if you meet all of the requirements? Academic Upgrading may be able to help with that: https://www.algonquincollege.com/access . Should the number of qualified applicants exceed the number of available places, applicants will be selected on the basis of their proficiency in English and mathematics. Admission Requirements for 2023/2024 Academic Year College Eligibility - Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent. Applicants with an OSSD showing senior English and/or Mathematics courses at the Basic Level, or with Workplace or Open courses, will be tested to determine their eligibility for admission; OR - Academic and Career Entrance (ACE) certificate; OR - General Educational Development (GED) certificate; OR - Mature Student status (19 years of age or older and without a high school diploma at the start of the program). Eligibility may be determined by academic achievement testing for which a fee of $50 (subject to change) will be charged. Program Eligibility - English, Grade 12 (ENG4C or equivalent). - Mathematics, Grade 12 (MAP4C or equivalent). - Applicants with international transcripts must provide proof of the subject specific requirements noted above and may be required to provide proof of language proficiency. Domestic applicants with international transcripts must be evaluated through the International Credential Assessment Service of Canada (ICAS) or World Education Services (WES). - IELTS-International English Language Testing Service (Academic) Overall band of 6.0 with a minimum of 5.5 in each band; OR TOEFL-Internet-based (iBT) Overall 80, with a minimum of 20 in each component: Reading 20; Listening 20; Speaking 20; Writing 20. 5 Business - Accounting Not sure if you meet all of the requirements? Academic Upgrading may be able to help with that: https://www.algonquincollege.com/access/ . Should the number of qualified applicants exceed the number of available places, applicants will be selected on the basis of their proficiency in English and mathematics. Application Information BUSINESS - ACCOUNTING Program Code 0214C01FWO Applications to full-time day programs must be submitted with official transcripts showing completion of the academic admission requirements through: ontariocolleges.ca 60 Corporate Court Guelph, Ontario N1G 5J3 1-888-892-2228 Students currently enrolled in an Ontario secondary school should notify their Guidance Office prior to their online application at http://www.ontariocolleges.ca/ . Applications for Fall Term and Winter Term admission received by February 1 will be given equal consideration. Applications received after February 1 will be processed on a first-come, first-served basis as long as places are available. International applicants please visit this link for application process information: https://algonquincollege.force.com/myACint/ . For further information on the admissions process, contact: Registrar`s Office Algonquin College 1385 Woodroffe Ave Ottawa, ON K2G 1V8 Telephone: 613-727-0002 Toll-free: 1-800-565-4723 TTY: 613-727-7766 Fax: 613-727-7632 Contact: https://www.algonquincollege.com/ro Additional Information This program offers a September start or January start. Students who start in January must complete their second level of the program in the Spring term and continue into the third level in the Fall term. Classes in this program may be scheduled between 8:00 AM and 10:00 PM, Monday through Friday. Work placement is an option available to students in the fourth level of this program. Work placement is only available in the Winter term. Participants of the optional work placement will receive a course credit for ACC0044 (Work Experience) in lieu of taking a fifth course on campus during the fourth level of the program. Students must meet eligibility requirements in order to participate in the work placement. To be eligible to apply for work placement, students must be registered full-time with the regular on-campus program, must have completed all level 1, 2 and 3 courses, must not have any academic encumbrances and must meet certain academic standings. Due to the high demand for work placements, some students may be required to secure their own placement subject to approval by the program coordinator. Students considering completing a degree after their diploma may be able to apply some courses towards a degree through various university articulation agreements. For further information see https://www.algonquincollege.com/degree-pathways/list/ . Students considering pursuing a professional accounting designation are advised to make inquiries with the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario (CPA Ontario). Please note that Algonquin 6 Business - Accounting College courses are not directly transferrable to CPA unless they are transferred through a recognized articulation agreement with a university. For further information see http://www.cpaontario.ca/become-a-cpa/get-started . Course Descriptions ACC0012 Integrated Accounting Practice Students draw upon knowledge learned throughout the program to participate in weekly duties that simulate authentic business practices. Students integrate and apply their knowledge of fundamental accounting and taxation to complete various tasks using professional business writing skills and computer software. Prerequisite(s): ACC2209 and ACC2233 and ACC2385 or ACC2341 and ACC2354 and ACC2385 Corerequisite(s):none ACC0044 Work Experience Accounting experience is advantageous when students search for work after graduation. Students apply the skills and knowledge acquired to date in the program to a practical work environment. Students report to a select employer and complete accounting-related tasks. Upon completion of the work placement, employers and students rate the experience. Prerequisite(s): ACC2209 and ACC2233 and ACC2262 and ACC2385 or ACC2341 and ACC2344 and ACC2354 and ACC2385 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2201 Financial Accounting I This is the first course in a series of three financial accounting courses in this program. Students learn to identify, measure, record and report financial transactions. Students learn the fundamentals of the accounting cycle necessary to complete the financial statements and accounting records of a business. Through a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and the use of computer assisted tools, students develop an understanding of essential accounting concepts necessary for future studies. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ACC2202 Financial Accounting II Building on previous studies in financial accounting, students expand their knowledge of fundamental accounting concepts involved in measuring and recording financial transactions, including analyzing these transactions and reporting them in the financial records of a business. Students experience a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and the use of computerized tools to aid in the progress and understanding of vital accounting concepts. Prerequisite(s): ACC2201 or ACC1100 and ACC1211 or ACC2310 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2209 Financial Accounting III This is the third and final financial accounting course in the program. Students examine the transactions specific to corporations as well as more complex accounting topics. This course builds on the material learned in the previous two financial accounting courses. Through a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and use of computer assisted tools, students develop an understanding of essential accounting concepts necessary for the work place. Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2211 Payroll and Compliance 7 Business - Accounting Payroll and statutory compliance reporting is mandatory for every business to adhere to. Students learn how to apply payroll legislation to calculate deductions, net pay, and remittances, and complete year-end payroll reporting. Students are introduced to the different types of requirements with which businesses are expected to comply, including GST/HST, QST, EHT and workers' compensation. Through a combination of theory and practical activities, students prepare these submissions and calculations by reading through relevant legislation and completing activities. Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2233 Management Accounting I Managerial accounting aids organizations in making well-informed decisions helping businesses to succeed. Students are introduced to key workplace skills by exploring the goals, methods and ethics of managerial accounting including product costing methods and the flow of costs for manufacturing companies. Additionally, students will focus on decision-making tools including, cost-volume-profit and contribution analysis. The curriculum is delivered in lecture, case study and problem-solving format. Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2234 Management Accounting II Students continue to enhance key workplace skills and business ethics by further exploring the goals and methods of managerial accounting. Specific topic areas include merchandising budgeting, performance evaluation in decentralized businesses and financial statement analysis. Students will also focus on business decisions using managerial accounting tools such as relevant costing. The curriculum is delivered in lecture, case and problem-solving format making extensive use of Excel. Prerequisite(s): ACC2233 and ACC2343 or ACC2343 and ACC2354 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2262 Introduction to Personal Taxation The ability to complete personal tax returns is an essential skill to have in the accounting field. Using a variety of methods, including authentic tax cases, lectures and classroom discussions, students use professional tax software to prepare personal Canadian tax returns for individuals and unincorporated businesses. Basic principles of tax planning and tax legislation are covered. It is strongly recommended that students use a Windows-based laptop (not a Mac). Prerequisite(s): ACC2202 or ACC2313 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2265 Audit Principles and Business Issues Students are introduced to current business issues relevant to Canadian organizations as well as key auditing concepts that help to guide business ethics and decisions. Topics discussed include the Canadian business environment and the current issues it faces, the need for greater ethical and responsible behaviour in light of recent business scandals, fraud and the need for internal controls, risk management and financial statement analysis. Various types of audit and techniques are examined by students. Classroom lectures are enhanced by reading current material and researching information using various tools. Prerequisite(s): ACC2209 or ACC2341 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2343 Spreadsheet Applications Students enhance their knowledge of spreadsheets learned in BUS2301. Using Microsoft Excel, students explore some of the more advanced Excel features, such as financial functions, charts, 8 Business - Accounting logical functions, pivot tables, lists and look-up tables. These spreadsheet concepts are explored through Excel-based lectures and hybrid activities including learning resource applications. Prerequisite(s): ACC2201 and BUS2301 or ACC2313 and BUS2301 or ACC1100 and ACC1211 and BUS2301 Corerequisite(s):none ACC2385 Accounting Software Applications It is a workplace expectation that students are comfortable using accounting software on a day-today basis. Students gain practical experience using computerized accounting software to record transactions and prepare financial statements. Curriculum is delivered in lecture format and by hands-on completion of cases using accounting software. A Windows-based laptop (not a Mac) is strongly recommended. Prerequisite(s): ACC2341 or ACC2202 Corerequisite(s):none BUS2301 Business Computer Applications The knowledge gained in this course provides students with a solid foundation for future learning in other studies, and in business. Students learn a variety of tasks in Windows file management. Students also learn tasks and produce assignments in Microsoft Office for PC. Web-based software running computer-based simulations and assessments are used to support and enrich the learning experience. It is strongly recommended that students use a PC. Mac students may be required to install and learn additional software to successfully complete the course. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ECO2200 Economic Issues Knowledge of contemporary economic issues is essential to understanding the world in which we live. Students examine the fundamental economic issues faced by modern economies with an emphasis on the use of economic models to analyze economic developments accurately and objectively. Key economic problems faced by society, and policy alternatives that governments may use to deal with these problems are also investigated. Influence of economics on student civic, working and personal lives is explored through lectures, discussions, and monitoring of current economic events. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1725 Canadian Identity Canadian identity is challenging to define, but depictions of our multicultural society are found and explored in our writing. This course explores the importance of writers' perceptions of Canada, how they promote their ideas through publishing, and how those published works have affected Canadian society in recent history. Students are introduced to a wide range of writing with the aim of exploring the theme of Canadian identity while enhancing students' awareness of the ethical considerations necessary for a just society. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1726 Symbols, Text and Meaning Symbols and text are used to express, evoke, and manipulate an entire range of human emotions and reactions. In this interactive, discussion-based course, students will explore historical and contemporary approaches to using symbols, text, and language in conceptual and contemporary art, graphic design and advertising, poetry and lyrics, and in online technology. Through discussion, analysis, informal debate, and critical thinking, students will explore how symbols and text influence individuals, society and culture. 9 Business - Accounting Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1798 Contemporary Canadian Issues A critical understanding of contemporary Canadian issues is vital to being an active member in our democratic society. Students explore a variety of topics and analyze their ethical implications and relevance to Canadian life. Discussions, debates and other collaborative activities offer opportunities to consider recent controversies from different perspectives, and use of a variety of media (e.g. newspapers, articles, and other resources online) allows for in-depth reflection on the history and current state of a range of social and political topics. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1813B Communications I Communication remains an essential skill sought by employers, regardless of discipline or field of study. Using a practical, vocation-oriented approach, students develop stronger grammar and business-writing skills to become effective business communicators. Through a combination of lectures, exercises, and independent learning, students practise writing, speaking, reading, listening, locating and documenting information, and using technology to communicate professionally. Students develop and strengthen communication skills that contribute to success in both educational and workplace environments. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1823B Communications II Students continue to expand their practical writing and speaking skills for successful communication in business. Using real-life scenarios and research skills, they produce informal reports and proposals, deliver presentations to a live audience supported by technology, and create a job-search package. Students create professional documents, such as information reports, progress reports, justification/recommendation reports, summary reports, and minutes of meetings to develop up-to-date writing skills. The job search package includes employment-readiness skills, resumes, persuasive cover letters, and interview techniques. In all written work, students continue to develop and enhance their grammar skills to meet professional, workplace standards. Prerequisite(s): ENL1813B Corerequisite(s):none ENL1825 Communication Dynamics Humans are dynamic, communicative, and socially interactive. Participants consider human behaviour and its influence on interpersonal or impersonal connections with others by exploring theories and ethical considerations of conformity, obedience and persuasion. Special attention is paid to individual inner experiences, thoughts, feelings, emotions and introspections. Role play learning and case studies allow participants to reflect and build upon their own observations and experiences. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none ENL1829 The Art of Oratory From ghost stories around the campfire to political speeches by world leaders, ethical oratory plays a significant role in human interaction. Students examine the social significance of public speaking while developing a deeper understanding of the theory, science, elements of form, and persuasive devices underlying this art. Building on their own stories, students prepare, deliver, and critique group workshops, as well as design, deliver, and critique individual presentations. 10 Business - Accounting Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none FIN2230 Finance Understanding the fundamentals of financial management is necessary for strong financial decision-making. Students develop an understanding of the goals of financial management, financial analysis and planning, financial forecasting, working capital management, capital budgeting concepts including present value and cashflow analysis. Build on your knowledge of basic accounting and economics concepts through a combination of in class lectures, practical exercises and use of computer assisted tools. Prerequisite(s): ACC2201 and BUS2301 or ACC2310 and BUS2301 or ACC1100 and ACC1211 and BUS2301 Corerequisite(s):none GED0214C General Education Elective Students choose one course, from a group of general education electives, which meets one of the following five theme requirements: Arts in Society, Civic Life, Social and Cultural Understanding, Personal Understanding, and Science and Technology. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none MGT2201 Business Fundamentals Understanding the foundation of business is critical to anyone in the accounting field. This course gives students a broad overview of critical elements of business including an introduction to business structures, business processes, and various legal considerations. The use of practical exercises provides students with a strong foundation of business knowledge for future work. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none QUA2210 Basic Business Mathematics The essentials of arithmetic and its applications, including fractions, decimals, percentages, mathematics of buying and selling, payroll, taxes, depreciation and inventory are examined. Students are introduced to the mathematics of finance, including simple and compound interest, annuities, sinking funds, amortization and consumer credit. Prerequisite(s): none Corerequisite(s):none USER: What do I need to know about my Financial Accounting program? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	true	30	11	3,615	null	279
Provide the answer based solely on the document provided. The answer should be in complete sentences.	According to Warren Buffet, when is the best time to invest in the stock market?	Best time to invest in stock market The Colombo stock market has gone up by over 1,000 points (more than 20%) during the last few weeks. With this growth, a large number of investors are either trying to enter the market or trying to maximize profits from their existing investments. In order to assist them in their investment decisions, this week we will discuss a topic that most investors ask. Is there ever a good time to invest in the stock market? This question is frequently asked by investors, and for good reason, as no one wants to invest in the stock market only to see it fall the following day or even the following week. Is there a right time to invest in stock market? Is there a right time to invest in the stock market? That’s the magic question people have asked for as long as the stock market has been around. The simplest answer is that there is no right time to invest in the stock market. But it may seem as if some people have figured it out, such as billionaires like Warren Buffet who seem to always know when to invest, how much to invest and where to put their money. But, investors like him consider many more factors that have less to do with guessing the ‘right time’ and more to do with trying to predict how the stock will do based on recent reports and announcements by the company. Even then, they could be wrong. Many investors buy into and sell out of the market more frequently than they should. They are trying to ‘time’ the market. If you have never heard of this term before, it is described as trying to pick when the stock market has hit a top or a bottom and then buying into or selling out of the market accordingly. For example, if you are predicting that the market has hit the peak of the cycle, then you sell out of your holdings because the market has nowhere to go but down. Conversely, if you think the market has bottomed, meaning it won’t go any lower, you invest your money, since the market can only go up. Many smart investors try to predict how stocks and the overall stock market will behave and try to invest according to what they believe will happen. Even though they may predict the market right nine out of 10 times, they will still get it wrong that 10th time and it will cost them money, either because they invested in the wrong stock, or didn’t invest in a stock that sky rocketed to the top. It’s extremely difficult to predict how stocks or the stock market will do. Although, it is possible to predict certain trends because they are more obvious than many of the other subtler factors that can determine how well a stock does. There are people out there who claim to know exactly when to invest in the market. And a lot of people actually believe them because of what they see. But the fact is usually that these people invest in many different sectors of the stock market and when they see success in one sector, they only share that success which makes it seem like they know what they are talking about all the time. This isn’t actually a scam (although there are scams like this), but it’s more of the person hoping his or her research pays off and more often than not, it does. Just like people, you have companies with websites claiming to know which stocks will go up in price. And just like the people claiming to be stock market whisperers, these companies do extensive research which gives them hints about which companies will go up and which will go down. Then they share the information with the public, most of the time for a fee. Is there a wrong time to invest in stock market? Unfortunately, it seems that there is a wrong time. Most people have the tendency to invest at the wrong time. This is where the old adage of “buy low and sell high” comes into play. A smart investor waits for the stock to go low so he can buy low and sell high. That’s why billionaire investor Warren Buffet says, “Be greedy when others are fearful and be fearful when others are greedy.” In other words, don’t completely follow the crowd and don’t be afraid to invest when you see an idea and everyone else is scared. It may run contrary to common thought, but smart investors across the globe see the best time to invest in the stock market when its performing its worst. When the stock market sinks or stalls, it is a buyers market. This is simply due to the fact that stocks are fluid forms of value; they change in worth often and sometimes drastically. When the economy starts to underperform, people tend to sell of their investments. It is an obvious response to people seeing their stock portfolio values go lower and lower. These mass pull-outs of investments cause the overall market to go into panic mode, dropping prices for stocks across the board. So, what does a wise investor with skilled investing strategies do in this situation? Buy! But of course, there are other factors at play such as market conditions, currency trading and aspects specific to a particular stock should also be taken into consideration when buying stocks. However, if you have the cash in hand to buy into stocks while they are undervalued due to market conditions, you can make some excellent investments. But there is no perfect time of day, hour or date to buy stocks. Timing stock buys is also based on other mitigating factors. Most investors however, do the opposite and buy high because they believe it’ll keep going higher. We see in practice, most people will only seek financial advice when the market is ‘good’, which ironically is not the best time to buy. Financial advisers who could only earn a commission selling investment products will tell their clients to buy despite it being the worst time to do so. Hardly anyone would seek advice from financial advisers when times are bad. In fact, many financial advisers themselves would recommend ‘safer’ products when actually it is the most viable time to enter into equity markets. Buying in a down market results in ‘cost averaging’, which means that you have a greater opportunity to gather large gains in the future. However, there is more to understanding when to buy stocks than simply ‘buy low, sell high’ or ‘buy in a down market’. The following are tips to help you decide when to buy stocks in order to maximize your future returns. Tips on when to buy Research about the fees that are associated with buying and selling stocks. These fees directly eat up your profits. Because of this, it is often beneficial to buy stocks in bulk and hold for awhile rather than buying and selling rapidly. Know the company. Even if a stock is at a historically low price, you may not want to buy. Consider whether a rebound is expected and if so, what time frame this will require. You want to purchase stocks in a healthy company that will see future returns, not one that is on a fatal path downward. First, be sure that you are well-educated. Do your own research: Ask other investors, try to gather information from the regulator, publications and articles and by speaking to persons in the industry about the company, the industry and any fees you may incur from purchasing stocks. Know the industry. Selection of the market leader and the industries is critical. Trust your gut. Money, including investments is tied to emotions. Follow research and advice, also trust your instincts. Make decisions so that you will be able to sleep well at night. No one likes to lose money in an investment. Therefore, perhaps more complicated than simply buying a stock is the process of selling stock. Stock is easy to sell. Simply contacting your broker or utilizing the website of your online stockbroker can effect this transaction for you in minutes. Its not the act of selling stock, but rather timing stock sales to maximize profits where the need for precision lies. There is no such thing as the best time to sell stock when speaking of the hours in a day. The best time to sell stock is pertinent to each investor, the market state and the stock in question. Certainly, the best answer to when is the best time to sell a stock is to be selling stock before it declines in value. This in theory is nice: Make the most money one can on a stock or bond and get out and sell. However, in reality well timing stock sales takes practice, diligence and at times a lot of patience. Most investors fail to make basic criteria before investing: Profit goals. When investing in a stock, one should establish a set amount of profit to make on a stock. When this limit is reached, selling stock should not be a thought, but rather an act. For example, to purchase stock in Company X for the price of Rs. 10 per share at its current trading value establishes your starting point. Say you set your profit goals for this particular stock at 30% or a Rs.3.00 increase in stock price- a healthy return on any stock investment. So, when the stock reaches Rs.13, you have reached your profit goal for this stock and you should sell. Walking away with 30% gain on your investment is excellent and far better than your money would have earned in near any other place. The average investor who loses money, or simply does not maximize the amount of money they could have made buying and selling stocks usually falls into this pitfall: Not selling stocks. Many investors watch their stocks soar up and then unable to contemplate their stock no longer increasing in value, hold on to as it falls. This is the most common problem with investors timing stock sales. They simply cannot let go of their stocks and therefore follow them all the way down.	[Text] ======= Best time to invest in stock market The Colombo stock market has gone up by over 1,000 points (more than 20%) during the last few weeks. With this growth, a large number of investors are either trying to enter the market or trying to maximize profits from their existing investments. In order to assist them in their investment decisions, this week we will discuss a topic that most investors ask. Is there ever a good time to invest in the stock market? This question is frequently asked by investors, and for good reason, as no one wants to invest in the stock market only to see it fall the following day or even the following week. Is there a right time to invest in stock market? Is there a right time to invest in the stock market? That’s the magic question people have asked for as long as the stock market has been around. The simplest answer is that there is no right time to invest in the stock market. But it may seem as if some people have figured it out, such as billionaires like Warren Buffet who seem to always know when to invest, how much to invest and where to put their money. But, investors like him consider many more factors that have less to do with guessing the ‘right time’ and more to do with trying to predict how the stock will do based on recent reports and announcements by the company. Even then, they could be wrong. Many investors buy into and sell out of the market more frequently than they should. They are trying to ‘time’ the market. If you have never heard of this term before, it is described as trying to pick when the stock market has hit a top or a bottom and then buying into or selling out of the market accordingly. For example, if you are predicting that the market has hit the peak of the cycle, then you sell out of your holdings because the market has nowhere to go but down. Conversely, if you think the market has bottomed, meaning it won’t go any lower, you invest your money, since the market can only go up. Many smart investors try to predict how stocks and the overall stock market will behave and try to invest according to what they believe will happen. Even though they may predict the market right nine out of 10 times, they will still get it wrong that 10th time and it will cost them money, either because they invested in the wrong stock, or didn’t invest in a stock that sky rocketed to the top. It’s extremely difficult to predict how stocks or the stock market will do. Although, it is possible to predict certain trends because they are more obvious than many of the other subtler factors that can determine how well a stock does. There are people out there who claim to know exactly when to invest in the market. And a lot of people actually believe them because of what they see. But the fact is usually that these people invest in many different sectors of the stock market and when they see success in one sector, they only share that success which makes it seem like they know what they are talking about all the time. This isn’t actually a scam (although there are scams like this), but it’s more of the person hoping his or her research pays off and more often than not, it does. Just like people, you have companies with websites claiming to know which stocks will go up in price. And just like the people claiming to be stock market whisperers, these companies do extensive research which gives them hints about which companies will go up and which will go down. Then they share the information with the public, most of the time for a fee. Is there a wrong time to invest in stock market? Unfortunately, it seems that there is a wrong time. Most people have the tendency to invest at the wrong time. This is where the old adage of “buy low and sell high” comes into play. A smart investor waits for the stock to go low so he can buy low and sell high. That’s why billionaire investor Warren Buffet says, “Be greedy when others are fearful and be fearful when others are greedy.” In other words, don’t completely follow the crowd and don’t be afraid to invest when you see an idea and everyone else is scared. It may run contrary to common thought, but smart investors across the globe see the best time to invest in the stock market when its performing its worst. When the stock market sinks or stalls, it is a buyers market. This is simply due to the fact that stocks are fluid forms of value; they change in worth often and sometimes drastically. When the economy starts to underperform, people tend to sell of their investments. It is an obvious response to people seeing their stock portfolio values go lower and lower. These mass pull-outs of investments cause the overall market to go into panic mode, dropping prices for stocks across the board. So, what does a wise investor with skilled investing strategies do in this situation? Buy! But of course, there are other factors at play such as market conditions, currency trading and aspects specific to a particular stock should also be taken into consideration when buying stocks. However, if you have the cash in hand to buy into stocks while they are undervalued due to market conditions, you can make some excellent investments. But there is no perfect time of day, hour or date to buy stocks. Timing stock buys is also based on other mitigating factors. Most investors however, do the opposite and buy high because they believe it’ll keep going higher. We see in practice, most people will only seek financial advice when the market is ‘good’, which ironically is not the best time to buy. Financial advisers who could only earn a commission selling investment products will tell their clients to buy despite it being the worst time to do so. Hardly anyone would seek advice from financial advisers when times are bad. In fact, many financial advisers themselves would recommend ‘safer’ products when actually it is the most viable time to enter into equity markets. Buying in a down market results in ‘cost averaging’, which means that you have a greater opportunity to gather large gains in the future. However, there is more to understanding when to buy stocks than simply ‘buy low, sell high’ or ‘buy in a down market’. The following are tips to help you decide when to buy stocks in order to maximize your future returns. Tips on when to buy Research about the fees that are associated with buying and selling stocks. These fees directly eat up your profits. Because of this, it is often beneficial to buy stocks in bulk and hold for awhile rather than buying and selling rapidly. Know the company. Even if a stock is at a historically low price, you may not want to buy. Consider whether a rebound is expected and if so, what time frame this will require. You want to purchase stocks in a healthy company that will see future returns, not one that is on a fatal path downward. First, be sure that you are well-educated. Do your own research: Ask other investors, try to gather information from the regulator, publications and articles and by speaking to persons in the industry about the company, the industry and any fees you may incur from purchasing stocks. Know the industry. Selection of the market leader and the industries is critical. Trust your gut. Money, including investments is tied to emotions. Follow research and advice, also trust your instincts. Make decisions so that you will be able to sleep well at night. No one likes to lose money in an investment. Therefore, perhaps more complicated than simply buying a stock is the process of selling stock. Stock is easy to sell. Simply contacting your broker or utilizing the website of your online stockbroker can effect this transaction for you in minutes. Its not the act of selling stock, but rather timing stock sales to maximize profits where the need for precision lies. There is no such thing as the best time to sell stock when speaking of the hours in a day. The best time to sell stock is pertinent to each investor, the market state and the stock in question. Certainly, the best answer to when is the best time to sell a stock is to be selling stock before it declines in value. This in theory is nice: Make the most money one can on a stock or bond and get out and sell. However, in reality well timing stock sales takes practice, diligence and at times a lot of patience. Most investors fail to make basic criteria before investing: Profit goals. When investing in a stock, one should establish a set amount of profit to make on a stock. When this limit is reached, selling stock should not be a thought, but rather an act. For example, to purchase stock in Company X for the price of Rs. 10 per share at its current trading value establishes your starting point. Say you set your profit goals for this particular stock at 30% or a Rs.3.00 increase in stock price- a healthy return on any stock investment. So, when the stock reaches Rs.13, you have reached your profit goal for this stock and you should sell. Walking away with 30% gain on your investment is excellent and far better than your money would have earned in near any other place. The average investor who loses money, or simply does not maximize the amount of money they could have made buying and selling stocks usually falls into this pitfall: Not selling stocks. Many investors watch their stocks soar up and then unable to contemplate their stock no longer increasing in value, hold on to as it falls. This is the most common problem with investors timing stock sales. They simply cannot let go of their stocks and therefore follow them all the way down. [Question] ======= According to Warren Buffet, when is the best time to invest in the stock market? [Task Description] ======= Provide the answer based solely on the document provided. The answer should be in complete sentences.	Provide the answer based solely on the document provided. The answer should be in complete sentences. EVIDENCE: Best time to invest in stock market The Colombo stock market has gone up by over 1,000 points (more than 20%) during the last few weeks. With this growth, a large number of investors are either trying to enter the market or trying to maximize profits from their existing investments. In order to assist them in their investment decisions, this week we will discuss a topic that most investors ask. Is there ever a good time to invest in the stock market? This question is frequently asked by investors, and for good reason, as no one wants to invest in the stock market only to see it fall the following day or even the following week. Is there a right time to invest in stock market? Is there a right time to invest in the stock market? That’s the magic question people have asked for as long as the stock market has been around. The simplest answer is that there is no right time to invest in the stock market. But it may seem as if some people have figured it out, such as billionaires like Warren Buffet who seem to always know when to invest, how much to invest and where to put their money. But, investors like him consider many more factors that have less to do with guessing the ‘right time’ and more to do with trying to predict how the stock will do based on recent reports and announcements by the company. Even then, they could be wrong. Many investors buy into and sell out of the market more frequently than they should. They are trying to ‘time’ the market. If you have never heard of this term before, it is described as trying to pick when the stock market has hit a top or a bottom and then buying into or selling out of the market accordingly. For example, if you are predicting that the market has hit the peak of the cycle, then you sell out of your holdings because the market has nowhere to go but down. Conversely, if you think the market has bottomed, meaning it won’t go any lower, you invest your money, since the market can only go up. Many smart investors try to predict how stocks and the overall stock market will behave and try to invest according to what they believe will happen. Even though they may predict the market right nine out of 10 times, they will still get it wrong that 10th time and it will cost them money, either because they invested in the wrong stock, or didn’t invest in a stock that sky rocketed to the top. It’s extremely difficult to predict how stocks or the stock market will do. Although, it is possible to predict certain trends because they are more obvious than many of the other subtler factors that can determine how well a stock does. There are people out there who claim to know exactly when to invest in the market. And a lot of people actually believe them because of what they see. But the fact is usually that these people invest in many different sectors of the stock market and when they see success in one sector, they only share that success which makes it seem like they know what they are talking about all the time. This isn’t actually a scam (although there are scams like this), but it’s more of the person hoping his or her research pays off and more often than not, it does. Just like people, you have companies with websites claiming to know which stocks will go up in price. And just like the people claiming to be stock market whisperers, these companies do extensive research which gives them hints about which companies will go up and which will go down. Then they share the information with the public, most of the time for a fee. Is there a wrong time to invest in stock market? Unfortunately, it seems that there is a wrong time. Most people have the tendency to invest at the wrong time. This is where the old adage of “buy low and sell high” comes into play. A smart investor waits for the stock to go low so he can buy low and sell high. That’s why billionaire investor Warren Buffet says, “Be greedy when others are fearful and be fearful when others are greedy.” In other words, don’t completely follow the crowd and don’t be afraid to invest when you see an idea and everyone else is scared. It may run contrary to common thought, but smart investors across the globe see the best time to invest in the stock market when its performing its worst. When the stock market sinks or stalls, it is a buyers market. This is simply due to the fact that stocks are fluid forms of value; they change in worth often and sometimes drastically. When the economy starts to underperform, people tend to sell of their investments. It is an obvious response to people seeing their stock portfolio values go lower and lower. These mass pull-outs of investments cause the overall market to go into panic mode, dropping prices for stocks across the board. So, what does a wise investor with skilled investing strategies do in this situation? Buy! But of course, there are other factors at play such as market conditions, currency trading and aspects specific to a particular stock should also be taken into consideration when buying stocks. However, if you have the cash in hand to buy into stocks while they are undervalued due to market conditions, you can make some excellent investments. But there is no perfect time of day, hour or date to buy stocks. Timing stock buys is also based on other mitigating factors. Most investors however, do the opposite and buy high because they believe it’ll keep going higher. We see in practice, most people will only seek financial advice when the market is ‘good’, which ironically is not the best time to buy. Financial advisers who could only earn a commission selling investment products will tell their clients to buy despite it being the worst time to do so. Hardly anyone would seek advice from financial advisers when times are bad. In fact, many financial advisers themselves would recommend ‘safer’ products when actually it is the most viable time to enter into equity markets. Buying in a down market results in ‘cost averaging’, which means that you have a greater opportunity to gather large gains in the future. However, there is more to understanding when to buy stocks than simply ‘buy low, sell high’ or ‘buy in a down market’. The following are tips to help you decide when to buy stocks in order to maximize your future returns. Tips on when to buy Research about the fees that are associated with buying and selling stocks. These fees directly eat up your profits. Because of this, it is often beneficial to buy stocks in bulk and hold for awhile rather than buying and selling rapidly. Know the company. Even if a stock is at a historically low price, you may not want to buy. Consider whether a rebound is expected and if so, what time frame this will require. You want to purchase stocks in a healthy company that will see future returns, not one that is on a fatal path downward. First, be sure that you are well-educated. Do your own research: Ask other investors, try to gather information from the regulator, publications and articles and by speaking to persons in the industry about the company, the industry and any fees you may incur from purchasing stocks. Know the industry. Selection of the market leader and the industries is critical. Trust your gut. Money, including investments is tied to emotions. Follow research and advice, also trust your instincts. Make decisions so that you will be able to sleep well at night. No one likes to lose money in an investment. Therefore, perhaps more complicated than simply buying a stock is the process of selling stock. Stock is easy to sell. Simply contacting your broker or utilizing the website of your online stockbroker can effect this transaction for you in minutes. Its not the act of selling stock, but rather timing stock sales to maximize profits where the need for precision lies. There is no such thing as the best time to sell stock when speaking of the hours in a day. The best time to sell stock is pertinent to each investor, the market state and the stock in question. Certainly, the best answer to when is the best time to sell a stock is to be selling stock before it declines in value. This in theory is nice: Make the most money one can on a stock or bond and get out and sell. However, in reality well timing stock sales takes practice, diligence and at times a lot of patience. Most investors fail to make basic criteria before investing: Profit goals. When investing in a stock, one should establish a set amount of profit to make on a stock. When this limit is reached, selling stock should not be a thought, but rather an act. For example, to purchase stock in Company X for the price of Rs. 10 per share at its current trading value establishes your starting point. Say you set your profit goals for this particular stock at 30% or a Rs.3.00 increase in stock price- a healthy return on any stock investment. So, when the stock reaches Rs.13, you have reached your profit goal for this stock and you should sell. Walking away with 30% gain on your investment is excellent and far better than your money would have earned in near any other place. The average investor who loses money, or simply does not maximize the amount of money they could have made buying and selling stocks usually falls into this pitfall: Not selling stocks. Many investors watch their stocks soar up and then unable to contemplate their stock no longer increasing in value, hold on to as it falls. This is the most common problem with investors timing stock sales. They simply cannot let go of their stocks and therefore follow them all the way down. USER: According to Warren Buffet, when is the best time to invest in the stock market? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	16	15	1,721	null	277
{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document]	Uncle Joe has a mental condition and he thinks he served during World War 2 in 1945 three years. In 1965 we found out that he was only active duty for training in the Guard and Reserves for those three years. Does Uncle Joe's service in the military make him eligible for VA financing?	SERVICE ELIGIBILITY You are eligible for VA financing if your service falls within any of the following categories: Wartime Service. If you served any time during:  World War II (September 16, 1940 to July 25, 1947),  Korean Conflict (June 27, 1950 to January 31, 1955),  Vietnam Era (August 5, 1964 to May 7, 1975), the Vietnam Era begins February 28, 1961 for individuals who served in the Republic of Vietnam.  Persian Gulf War (August 2, 1990 to present (requires service for 2 years or the full period for which called to active duty, except that exceptions applying to service between September 7, 1980 and August 1, 1990 also apply to Persian Gulf War).) See below. You must have served at least 90 days on active duty and been discharged or released under other than dishonorable conditions. If you served less than 90 days, you may be eligible if discharged because of a service-connected disability. Peacetime Service. If your service fell entirely within any one of the following periods:  July 26, 1947 to June 26, 1950,  February 1, 1955 to August 4, 1964, or  May 8, 1975 to September 7, 1980 (if enlisted) or to October 16, 1981 (if officer, you must have served at least 181 days of continuous active duty and been discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable). If you served less than 181 days, you may be eligible if discharged because of a service-connected disability. Service between September 7, 1980 (enlisted) or October 16, 1981 (officer) and August 1, 1990. If your entire period of service was between September 7, 1980 (October 16, 1981) and August 1, 1990, you must have:  Completed 24 months of continuous active duty or the full period (at least 181 days) for which you were called or ordered to active duty, and been discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable. You may also be determined eligible if you were discharged for a service-connected disability, or you were discharged for the convenience of the Government after completing at least 20 months of a 2-year enlistment, or you completed 181 days of active duty and: were discharged because of a hardship, or were determined to have a service-connected compensable disability, or were discharged or released from active duty for a medical condition which preexisted service and has not been determined to be service-connected, or If the certificate cannot be issued by ACE, you can request it from VA, by completing VA Form 26-1880, “Request for A Certificate of Eligibility.” The form should be submitted along with either • received an involuntary discharge or release from active duty for the convenience of the Government as a result of a reduction in force, or were discharged or released from active duty for a physical or mental condition not characterized as a disability and not the result of misconduct, but which did interfere with your performance of duty. NOTE: During the Persian Gulf War, the foregoing exceptions to the 2-year requirement apply, except that 90 days of active duty is sufficient in lieu of 181 days. Active Duty Service Personnel. If you are now on active duty, eligibility can be established after having served on continuous active duty for at least 90 days. Upon discharge or release from active duty, eligibility must be reestablished. Members of the Selected Reserve. Individuals who are not otherwise eligible and who have completed at least 6 years in the Reserves or National Guard, or been discharged because of a service-connected disability, and  have been discharged with an honorable discharge, or  have been placed on the retired list, or  have been transferred to an element of the Ready reserve other than the Selected Reserve, or  continue to serve in the Selected Reserve are eligible for a GI loan. Other Types of Service Certain United States citizens who served in the armed forces of a government allied with the United States in World War II. Unmarried surviving spouses of the above-described eligible persons who died as the result of service or service-connected injuries (Children of deceased veterans are not eligible). NOTE: Also, a surviving spouse who remarried on or after attaining age 57, and on or after December 16, 2003, may be eligible for the home loan benefit. The spouse of any member of the Armed Forces serving on active duty who is listed as missing in action, or is a prisoner of war and has been so listed for a total of more than 90 days.  Individuals with service as members in certain other organizations, services, programs and schools may also be eligible. Questions about whether this service qualifies for home loan benefits should be referred to your VA Regional Loan Center. Obtaining a Certificate of Eligibility VA determines your eligibility and, if you are qualified, a Certificate of Eligibility will be issued. ACE (automated certificate of eligibility): In some cases veterans can obtain the Certificate of Eligibility from a lender. Most lenders have access to the ACE system. This Internet based application can establish eligibility and issue an online Certificate of Eligibility in a matter of seconds. Not all cases can be processed through ACE - only those for which VA has sufficient data in our records. However, veterans are encouraged to ask their lenders about this method of obtaining a certificate. the originals or legible copies of your most recent discharge or separation papers covering active military duty since September 16, 1940, which show active duty dates and type of discharge. This form may be obtained from VA or at http://www.va.gov/vaforms/. If you were separated after January 1, 1950, you must submit DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge From Active Duty. In addition, if you are now on active duty and have not been previously discharged from active duty service, you must submit a statement of service which includes the name of the issuing authority (base or command), and is signed by or at the direction of an appropriate official. The statement must include date of entry on active duty and the duration of any time lost. Since there is no uniform document similar to the DD214 for proof of service in the Selected Reserve, a number of different forms may be accepted as documentation of service in the Selected Reserve. For those who served in the Army or Air National Guard and were discharged after at least 6 years of such service, NGB Form 22 may be sufficient. Those who served in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps or Coast Guard Reserves may need to rely on any of a variety of forms that document at least 6 years of honorable service. Often, it will be necessary to submit a combination of documents such as an Honorable Discharge certificate together with a retirement point’s statement. It is the reservist's responsibility to obtain and submit documentation of 6 years of honorable service. The Request for Certificate of Eligibility, VA Form 26-1880, should be mailed to the Atlanta Regional Loan Center, ATTN: COE (262), P.O. Box 100034, Decature, GA 30031. The Eligibility Center also maintains a toll free number (888-768-2132) for persons seeking information on eligibility.	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== Uncle Joe has a mental condition and he thinks he served during World War 2 in 1945 three years. In 1965 we found out that he was only active duty for training in the Guard and Reserves for those three years. Does Uncle Joe's service in the military make him eligible for VA financing? {passage 0} ========== SERVICE ELIGIBILITY You are eligible for VA financing if your service falls within any of the following categories: Wartime Service. If you served any time during:  World War II (September 16, 1940 to July 25, 1947),  Korean Conflict (June 27, 1950 to January 31, 1955),  Vietnam Era (August 5, 1964 to May 7, 1975), the Vietnam Era begins February 28, 1961 for individuals who served in the Republic of Vietnam.  Persian Gulf War (August 2, 1990 to present (requires service for 2 years or the full period for which called to active duty, except that exceptions applying to service between September 7, 1980 and August 1, 1990 also apply to Persian Gulf War).) See below. You must have served at least 90 days on active duty and been discharged or released under other than dishonorable conditions. If you served less than 90 days, you may be eligible if discharged because of a service-connected disability. Peacetime Service. If your service fell entirely within any one of the following periods:  July 26, 1947 to June 26, 1950,  February 1, 1955 to August 4, 1964, or  May 8, 1975 to September 7, 1980 (if enlisted) or to October 16, 1981 (if officer, you must have served at least 181 days of continuous active duty and been discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable). If you served less than 181 days, you may be eligible if discharged because of a service-connected disability. Service between September 7, 1980 (enlisted) or October 16, 1981 (officer) and August 1, 1990. If your entire period of service was between September 7, 1980 (October 16, 1981) and August 1, 1990, you must have:  Completed 24 months of continuous active duty or the full period (at least 181 days) for which you were called or ordered to active duty, and been discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable. You may also be determined eligible if you were discharged for a service-connected disability, or you were discharged for the convenience of the Government after completing at least 20 months of a 2-year enlistment, or you completed 181 days of active duty and: were discharged because of a hardship, or were determined to have a service-connected compensable disability, or were discharged or released from active duty for a medical condition which preexisted service and has not been determined to be service-connected, or If the certificate cannot be issued by ACE, you can request it from VA, by completing VA Form 26-1880, “Request for A Certificate of Eligibility.” The form should be submitted along with either • received an involuntary discharge or release from active duty for the convenience of the Government as a result of a reduction in force, or were discharged or released from active duty for a physical or mental condition not characterized as a disability and not the result of misconduct, but which did interfere with your performance of duty. NOTE: During the Persian Gulf War, the foregoing exceptions to the 2-year requirement apply, except that 90 days of active duty is sufficient in lieu of 181 days. Active Duty Service Personnel. If you are now on active duty, eligibility can be established after having served on continuous active duty for at least 90 days. Upon discharge or release from active duty, eligibility must be reestablished. Members of the Selected Reserve. Individuals who are not otherwise eligible and who have completed at least 6 years in the Reserves or National Guard, or been discharged because of a service-connected disability, and  have been discharged with an honorable discharge, or  have been placed on the retired list, or  have been transferred to an element of the Ready reserve other than the Selected Reserve, or  continue to serve in the Selected Reserve are eligible for a GI loan. Other Types of Service Certain United States citizens who served in the armed forces of a government allied with the United States in World War II. Unmarried surviving spouses of the above-described eligible persons who died as the result of service or service-connected injuries (Children of deceased veterans are not eligible). NOTE: Also, a surviving spouse who remarried on or after attaining age 57, and on or after December 16, 2003, may be eligible for the home loan benefit. The spouse of any member of the Armed Forces serving on active duty who is listed as missing in action, or is a prisoner of war and has been so listed for a total of more than 90 days.  Individuals with service as members in certain other organizations, services, programs and schools may also be eligible. Questions about whether this service qualifies for home loan benefits should be referred to your VA Regional Loan Center. Obtaining a Certificate of Eligibility VA determines your eligibility and, if you are qualified, a Certificate of Eligibility will be issued. ACE (automated certificate of eligibility): In some cases veterans can obtain the Certificate of Eligibility from a lender. Most lenders have access to the ACE system. This Internet based application can establish eligibility and issue an online Certificate of Eligibility in a matter of seconds. Not all cases can be processed through ACE - only those for which VA has sufficient data in our records. However, veterans are encouraged to ask their lenders about this method of obtaining a certificate. the originals or legible copies of your most recent discharge or separation papers covering active military duty since September 16, 1940, which show active duty dates and type of discharge. This form may be obtained from VA or at http://www.va.gov/vaforms/. If you were separated after January 1, 1950, you must submit DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge From Active Duty. In addition, if you are now on active duty and have not been previously discharged from active duty service, you must submit a statement of service which includes the name of the issuing authority (base or command), and is signed by or at the direction of an appropriate official. The statement must include date of entry on active duty and the duration of any time lost. Since there is no uniform document similar to the DD214 for proof of service in the Selected Reserve, a number of different forms may be accepted as documentation of service in the Selected Reserve. For those who served in the Army or Air National Guard and were discharged after at least 6 years of such service, NGB Form 22 may be sufficient. Those who served in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps or Coast Guard Reserves may need to rely on any of a variety of forms that document at least 6 years of honorable service. Often, it will be necessary to submit a combination of documents such as an Honorable Discharge certificate together with a retirement point’s statement. It is the reservist's responsibility to obtain and submit documentation of 6 years of honorable service. The Request for Certificate of Eligibility, VA Form 26-1880, should be mailed to the Atlanta Regional Loan Center, ATTN: COE (262), P.O. Box 100034, Decature, GA 30031. The Eligibility Center also maintains a toll free number (888-768-2132) for persons seeking information on eligibility. https://benefits.va.gov/homeloans/documents/docs/vap_26-4_online_version.pdf	{instruction} ========== In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge {question} ========== [user request] {passage 0} ========== [context document] EVIDENCE: SERVICE ELIGIBILITY You are eligible for VA financing if your service falls within any of the following categories: Wartime Service. If you served any time during:  World War II (September 16, 1940 to July 25, 1947),  Korean Conflict (June 27, 1950 to January 31, 1955),  Vietnam Era (August 5, 1964 to May 7, 1975), the Vietnam Era begins February 28, 1961 for individuals who served in the Republic of Vietnam.  Persian Gulf War (August 2, 1990 to present (requires service for 2 years or the full period for which called to active duty, except that exceptions applying to service between September 7, 1980 and August 1, 1990 also apply to Persian Gulf War).) See below. You must have served at least 90 days on active duty and been discharged or released under other than dishonorable conditions. If you served less than 90 days, you may be eligible if discharged because of a service-connected disability. Peacetime Service. If your service fell entirely within any one of the following periods:  July 26, 1947 to June 26, 1950,  February 1, 1955 to August 4, 1964, or  May 8, 1975 to September 7, 1980 (if enlisted) or to October 16, 1981 (if officer, you must have served at least 181 days of continuous active duty and been discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable). If you served less than 181 days, you may be eligible if discharged because of a service-connected disability. Service between September 7, 1980 (enlisted) or October 16, 1981 (officer) and August 1, 1990. If your entire period of service was between September 7, 1980 (October 16, 1981) and August 1, 1990, you must have:  Completed 24 months of continuous active duty or the full period (at least 181 days) for which you were called or ordered to active duty, and been discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable. You may also be determined eligible if you were discharged for a service-connected disability, or you were discharged for the convenience of the Government after completing at least 20 months of a 2-year enlistment, or you completed 181 days of active duty and: were discharged because of a hardship, or were determined to have a service-connected compensable disability, or were discharged or released from active duty for a medical condition which preexisted service and has not been determined to be service-connected, or If the certificate cannot be issued by ACE, you can request it from VA, by completing VA Form 26-1880, “Request for A Certificate of Eligibility.” The form should be submitted along with either • received an involuntary discharge or release from active duty for the convenience of the Government as a result of a reduction in force, or were discharged or released from active duty for a physical or mental condition not characterized as a disability and not the result of misconduct, but which did interfere with your performance of duty. NOTE: During the Persian Gulf War, the foregoing exceptions to the 2-year requirement apply, except that 90 days of active duty is sufficient in lieu of 181 days. Active Duty Service Personnel. If you are now on active duty, eligibility can be established after having served on continuous active duty for at least 90 days. Upon discharge or release from active duty, eligibility must be reestablished. Members of the Selected Reserve. Individuals who are not otherwise eligible and who have completed at least 6 years in the Reserves or National Guard, or been discharged because of a service-connected disability, and  have been discharged with an honorable discharge, or  have been placed on the retired list, or  have been transferred to an element of the Ready reserve other than the Selected Reserve, or  continue to serve in the Selected Reserve are eligible for a GI loan. Other Types of Service Certain United States citizens who served in the armed forces of a government allied with the United States in World War II. Unmarried surviving spouses of the above-described eligible persons who died as the result of service or service-connected injuries (Children of deceased veterans are not eligible). NOTE: Also, a surviving spouse who remarried on or after attaining age 57, and on or after December 16, 2003, may be eligible for the home loan benefit. The spouse of any member of the Armed Forces serving on active duty who is listed as missing in action, or is a prisoner of war and has been so listed for a total of more than 90 days.  Individuals with service as members in certain other organizations, services, programs and schools may also be eligible. Questions about whether this service qualifies for home loan benefits should be referred to your VA Regional Loan Center. Obtaining a Certificate of Eligibility VA determines your eligibility and, if you are qualified, a Certificate of Eligibility will be issued. ACE (automated certificate of eligibility): In some cases veterans can obtain the Certificate of Eligibility from a lender. Most lenders have access to the ACE system. This Internet based application can establish eligibility and issue an online Certificate of Eligibility in a matter of seconds. Not all cases can be processed through ACE - only those for which VA has sufficient data in our records. However, veterans are encouraged to ask their lenders about this method of obtaining a certificate. the originals or legible copies of your most recent discharge or separation papers covering active military duty since September 16, 1940, which show active duty dates and type of discharge. This form may be obtained from VA or at http://www.va.gov/vaforms/. If you were separated after January 1, 1950, you must submit DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge From Active Duty. In addition, if you are now on active duty and have not been previously discharged from active duty service, you must submit a statement of service which includes the name of the issuing authority (base or command), and is signed by or at the direction of an appropriate official. The statement must include date of entry on active duty and the duration of any time lost. Since there is no uniform document similar to the DD214 for proof of service in the Selected Reserve, a number of different forms may be accepted as documentation of service in the Selected Reserve. For those who served in the Army or Air National Guard and were discharged after at least 6 years of such service, NGB Form 22 may be sufficient. Those who served in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps or Coast Guard Reserves may need to rely on any of a variety of forms that document at least 6 years of honorable service. Often, it will be necessary to submit a combination of documents such as an Honorable Discharge certificate together with a retirement point’s statement. It is the reservist's responsibility to obtain and submit documentation of 6 years of honorable service. The Request for Certificate of Eligibility, VA Form 26-1880, should be mailed to the Atlanta Regional Loan Center, ATTN: COE (262), P.O. Box 100034, Decature, GA 30031. The Eligibility Center also maintains a toll free number (888-768-2132) for persons seeking information on eligibility. USER: Uncle Joe has a mental condition and he thinks he served during World War 2 in 1945 three years. In 1965 we found out that he was only active duty for training in the Guard and Reserves for those three years. Does Uncle Joe's service in the military make him eligible for VA financing? Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	true	26	54	1,203	null	349
Formulate responses using only information from the provided text. Do not use any outside knowledge and do not use prior knowledge to inform your response.	Briefly identify and explain the parts of section 2015 related to water.	Several provisions of AWIA Title II, “Drinking Water System Improvement,” amend SDWA to revise existing drinking water programs, reauthorize appropriations, and establish new drinking water infrastructure grant programs. SDWA authorizes the regulation of contaminants in public water systems. Enacted in 1974, the act was last broadly amended in 1996.17 The act is implemented through programs that (1) establish national primary drinking water regulations and monitoring and reporting requirements for contaminants present in water delivered by public water systems, (2) promote water system compliance through technical and financial assistance and capacity development programs, and (3) address public water systems’ preparedness for emergencies.18 The act established a federalstate partnership in which states, tribes, and territories may be delegated primary implementation and enforcement authority (i.e., primacy) for the drinking water program.19 17 SDWA Amendments of 1996 (P.L. 104-182). 18 In addition, SDWA Part C includes programs to protect underground sources of drinking water. CRS Report RL31243, Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements, by Mary Tiemann, provides an overview of SDWA and includes statistics and tables on the numbers and types of regulated public water systems. 19 Currently, 49 states, the territories, and the Navajo Nation have applied for and received primacy for the drinking water program. EPA retains implementation and enforcement authority for Wyoming, the District of Columbia, and America’s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions Congressional Research Service 6 One key component of SDWA is the requirement that EPA establish national primary drinking water regulations for contaminants that may adversely affect human health and are likely to be present in public water supplies.20 EPA has issued regulations for more than 90 contaminants. These include numerical standards or treatment techniques for drinking water disinfectants and their byproducts, microorganisms, radionuclides, organic chemicals, and inorganic chemicals.21 The SDWA Amendments of 1996 (P.L. 104-182) reauthorized appropriations for most SDWA programs through FY2003. Although the authority has expired for most appropriations, Congress has continued to appropriate funds for the ongoing SDWA programs.22 Even though the authorization of appropriations may expire, program authority (i.e., an agency’s “enabling” authority) does not expire unless there is a “sunset” date for that authority or if Congress repeals it through subsequent laws. Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Program Authorized in 1996, the DWSRF program provides federal financial assistance to communities to finance drinking water infrastructure improvements.23 SDWA Section 1452 authorizes EPA to make annual grants to states to capitalize their state revolving loan fund.24 The statute requires states to provide a 20% match. States may use DWSRF financing for public water system projects needed to comply with federal drinking water standards and address risks to human health. The primary type of DWSRF financial assistance are low interest rate loans. SDWA Section 1452 authorizes states to provide additional subsidization (including forgiveness of principal) to disadvantaged communities.25 The federal capitalization grants together with state funds (e.g., state match, loan repayments, leveraged bonds, and other state sources) are intended to build a sustainable source of drinking water infrastructure funding for the state. The authorization of appropriation for DWSRF expired in FY2003. Congress has continued to provide funds for the DWSRF program through annual appropriations. From FY1997 through FY2018, Congress appropriated over $23.33 billion for the DWSRF program. The appropriation for DWSRF program generally ranged between $820.0 million in FY2000 and $1.39 billion in FY2010.26 DWSRF Program Revisions (AWIA Sections 2002, 2015, and 2022) AWIA makes the most substantial revisions to the DWSRF provisions of SDWA since the program was authorized in 1996. These revisions expand the eligible uses of DWSRF financial assistance, provide states with additional flexibility to administer the DWSRF program, and include provisions intended to make DWSRF assistance more accessible to public water systems. 27 AWIA Section 2015(a) amends SDWA to expressly state that DWSRF funds can be used for projects to replace or rehabilitate aging treatment, storage, or distribution systems.28 Under EPA guidance, these replacement and rehabilitation projects have been eligible for financial assistance from the DWSRF if needed to protect public health. According to EPA’s needs survey, this category of projects accounts for 66.1% of the estimated drinking water infrastructure need.29 Prior to AWIA, these activities were not previously explicitly identified in statute.30 Section 2015 also revises existing DWSRF provisions that address financial assistance for disadvantaged communities. These amendments increase the portion of a state’s capitalization grant that states may dedicate to additional subsidization and extend the amortization period for loans made to disadvantaged communities. Before AWIA, states could use 30% of their annual capitalization grants to subsidize loans for disadvantaged communities.31 Section 2015(c) of AWIA increases that proportion to 35% while conditionally requiring states to use at least 6% of their capitalization grant for these subsidies.32 The section also amends the SDWA DWSRF provisions to extend the amortization period for loans made to disadvantaged communities from 30 to 40 years. Section 2015(d) of AWIA also extends the repayment and amortization period for all projects financed by the DWSRF. Previously, SDWA required DWSRF financing recipients to pay the initial principal and interest payments within one year of project completion. This amendment extends the date of that initial payment to 18 months after project completion. This section also authorizes the extension of the amortization period for projects that receive DWSRF assistance from 20 to 30 years. Section 2015(e) requires EPA to evaluate and include the cost to replace lead service lines in the drinking water infrastructure needs survey, which EPA completes every four years.33 EPA uses the needs survey to allot the DWSRF appropriation among the states. 34 In conducting the needs survey, EPA has not previously requested that public water systems report the cost to replace these lines.35 AWIA specifies that the cost to replace lead lines must be included in the needs survey (to the extent practicable), which may potentially affect some states’ allotments of DWSRF capitalization grants. Section 2015(g) of AWIA requires EPA to gather specified information on DWSRF administration from state drinking water administrators and report to Congress on best practices for implementing the DWSRF to facilitate the application process and to improve DWSRF financial management and sustainability. Source Water Assessment and Protection In 1996, Congress added source water assessment provisions to SDWA to encourage protection of drinking water sources. 36 Section 1453 required states to develop source water assessment programs that delineate areas from which public water systems receive water and identify the origins of regulated contaminants to determine threats to water systems. States were authorized to fund these activities from 10% of their DWSRF capitalization grant for FY1996 and FY1997.37 Section 2015(f) of AWIA removes this fiscal year limitation and accordingly authorizes states to use a portion of their capitalization grant to fund these source water assessments or update an existing source water assessment.38 The 1996 SDWA amendments required states to conduct source water assessments as a condition of adopting modified monitoring requirements. 39 However, the 1996 amendments did not authorize states to fund implementation of source water protection plans from their DWSRF capitalization grants. AWIA Section 2002 authorizes states to fund implementation of surface drinking water sources protection efforts and activities from the 10% set-aside of a state’s annual DWSRF capitalization grant. Source water protection is also addressed in the “Protecting Source Water” section of this report.	Formulate responses using only information from the provided text. Do not use any outside knowledge and do not use prior knowledge to inform your response. Briefly identify and explain the parts of section 2015 related to water. Several provisions of AWIA Title II, “Drinking Water System Improvement,” amend SDWA to revise existing drinking water programs, reauthorize appropriations, and establish new drinking water infrastructure grant programs. SDWA authorizes the regulation of contaminants in public water systems. Enacted in 1974, the act was last broadly amended in 1996.17 The act is implemented through programs that (1) establish national primary drinking water regulations and monitoring and reporting requirements for contaminants present in water delivered by public water systems, (2) promote water system compliance through technical and financial assistance and capacity development programs, and (3) address public water systems’ preparedness for emergencies.18 The act established a federalstate partnership in which states, tribes, and territories may be delegated primary implementation and enforcement authority (i.e., primacy) for the drinking water program.19 17 SDWA Amendments of 1996 (P.L. 104-182). 18 In addition, SDWA Part C includes programs to protect underground sources of drinking water. CRS Report RL31243, Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements, by Mary Tiemann, provides an overview of SDWA and includes statistics and tables on the numbers and types of regulated public water systems. 19 Currently, 49 states, the territories, and the Navajo Nation have applied for and received primacy for the drinking water program. EPA retains implementation and enforcement authority for Wyoming, the District of Columbia, and America’s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions Congressional Research Service 6 One key component of SDWA is the requirement that EPA establish national primary drinking water regulations for contaminants that may adversely affect human health and are likely to be present in public water supplies.20 EPA has issued regulations for more than 90 contaminants. These include numerical standards or treatment techniques for drinking water disinfectants and their byproducts, microorganisms, radionuclides, organic chemicals, and inorganic chemicals.21 The SDWA Amendments of 1996 (P.L. 104-182) reauthorized appropriations for most SDWA programs through FY2003. Although the authority has expired for most appropriations, Congress has continued to appropriate funds for the ongoing SDWA programs.22 Even though the authorization of appropriations may expire, program authority (i.e., an agency’s “enabling” authority) does not expire unless there is a “sunset” date for that authority or if Congress repeals it through subsequent laws. Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Program Authorized in 1996, the DWSRF program provides federal financial assistance to communities to finance drinking water infrastructure improvements.23 SDWA Section 1452 authorizes EPA to make annual grants to states to capitalize their state revolving loan fund.24 The statute requires states to provide a 20% match. States may use DWSRF financing for public water system projects needed to comply with federal drinking water standards and address risks to human health. The primary type of DWSRF financial assistance are low interest rate loans. SDWA Section 1452 authorizes states to provide additional subsidization (including forgiveness of principal) to disadvantaged communities.25 The federal capitalization grants together with state funds (e.g., state match, loan repayments, leveraged bonds, and other state sources) are intended to build a sustainable source of drinking water infrastructure funding for the state. The authorization of appropriation for DWSRF expired in FY2003. Congress has continued to provide funds for the DWSRF program through annual appropriations. From FY1997 through FY2018, Congress appropriated over $23.33 billion for the DWSRF program. The appropriation for DWSRF program generally ranged between $820.0 million in FY2000 and $1.39 billion in FY2010.26 DWSRF Program Revisions (AWIA Sections 2002, 2015, and 2022) AWIA makes the most substantial revisions to the DWSRF provisions of SDWA since the program was authorized in 1996. These revisions expand the eligible uses of DWSRF financial assistance, provide states with additional flexibility to administer the DWSRF program, and include provisions intended to make DWSRF assistance more accessible to public water systems. 27 AWIA Section 2015(a) amends SDWA to expressly state that DWSRF funds can be used for projects to replace or rehabilitate aging treatment, storage, or distribution systems.28 Under EPA guidance, these replacement and rehabilitation projects have been eligible for financial assistance from the DWSRF if needed to protect public health. According to EPA’s needs survey, this category of projects accounts for 66.1% of the estimated drinking water infrastructure need.29 Prior to AWIA, these activities were not previously explicitly identified in statute.30 Section 2015 also revises existing DWSRF provisions that address financial assistance for disadvantaged communities. These amendments increase the portion of a state’s capitalization grant that states may dedicate to additional subsidization and extend the amortization period for loans made to disadvantaged communities. Before AWIA, states could use 30% of their annual capitalization grants to subsidize loans for disadvantaged communities.31 Section 2015(c) of AWIA increases that proportion to 35% while conditionally requiring states to use at least 6% of their capitalization grant for these subsidies.32 The section also amends the SDWA DWSRF provisions to extend the amortization period for loans made to disadvantaged communities from 30 to 40 years. Section 2015(d) of AWIA also extends the repayment and amortization period for all projects financed by the DWSRF. Previously, SDWA required DWSRF financing recipients to pay the initial principal and interest payments within one year of project completion. This amendment extends the date of that initial payment to 18 months after project completion. This section also authorizes the extension of the amortization period for projects that receive DWSRF assistance from 20 to 30 years. Section 2015(e) requires EPA to evaluate and include the cost to replace lead service lines in the drinking water infrastructure needs survey, which EPA completes every four years.33 EPA uses the needs survey to allot the DWSRF appropriation among the states. 34 In conducting the needs survey, EPA has not previously requested that public water systems report the cost to replace these lines.35 AWIA specifies that the cost to replace lead lines must be included in the needs survey (to the extent practicable), which may potentially affect some states’ allotments of DWSRF capitalization grants. Section 2015(g) of AWIA requires EPA to gather specified information on DWSRF administration from state drinking water administrators and report to Congress on best practices for implementing the DWSRF to facilitate the application process and to improve DWSRF financial management and sustainability. Source Water Assessment and Protection In 1996, Congress added source water assessment provisions to SDWA to encourage protection of drinking water sources. 36 Section 1453 required states to develop source water assessment programs that delineate areas from which public water systems receive water and identify the origins of regulated contaminants to determine threats to water systems. States were authorized to fund these activities from 10% of their DWSRF capitalization grant for FY1996 and FY1997.37 Section 2015(f) of AWIA removes this fiscal year limitation and accordingly authorizes states to use a portion of their capitalization grant to fund these source water assessments or update an existing source water assessment.38 The 1996 SDWA amendments required states to conduct source water assessments as a condition of adopting modified monitoring requirements. 39 However, the 1996 amendments did not authorize states to fund implementation of source water protection plans from their DWSRF capitalization grants. AWIA Section 2002 authorizes states to fund implementation of surface drinking water sources protection efforts and activities from the 10% set-aside of a state’s annual DWSRF capitalization grant. Source water protection is also addressed in the “Protecting Source Water” section of this report.	Formulate responses using only information from the provided text. Do not use any outside knowledge and do not use prior knowledge to inform your response. EVIDENCE: Several provisions of AWIA Title II, “Drinking Water System Improvement,” amend SDWA to revise existing drinking water programs, reauthorize appropriations, and establish new drinking water infrastructure grant programs. SDWA authorizes the regulation of contaminants in public water systems. Enacted in 1974, the act was last broadly amended in 1996.17 The act is implemented through programs that (1) establish national primary drinking water regulations and monitoring and reporting requirements for contaminants present in water delivered by public water systems, (2) promote water system compliance through technical and financial assistance and capacity development programs, and (3) address public water systems’ preparedness for emergencies.18 The act established a federalstate partnership in which states, tribes, and territories may be delegated primary implementation and enforcement authority (i.e., primacy) for the drinking water program.19 17 SDWA Amendments of 1996 (P.L. 104-182). 18 In addition, SDWA Part C includes programs to protect underground sources of drinking water. CRS Report RL31243, Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements, by Mary Tiemann, provides an overview of SDWA and includes statistics and tables on the numbers and types of regulated public water systems. 19 Currently, 49 states, the territories, and the Navajo Nation have applied for and received primacy for the drinking water program. EPA retains implementation and enforcement authority for Wyoming, the District of Columbia, and America’s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions Congressional Research Service 6 One key component of SDWA is the requirement that EPA establish national primary drinking water regulations for contaminants that may adversely affect human health and are likely to be present in public water supplies.20 EPA has issued regulations for more than 90 contaminants. These include numerical standards or treatment techniques for drinking water disinfectants and their byproducts, microorganisms, radionuclides, organic chemicals, and inorganic chemicals.21 The SDWA Amendments of 1996 (P.L. 104-182) reauthorized appropriations for most SDWA programs through FY2003. Although the authority has expired for most appropriations, Congress has continued to appropriate funds for the ongoing SDWA programs.22 Even though the authorization of appropriations may expire, program authority (i.e., an agency’s “enabling” authority) does not expire unless there is a “sunset” date for that authority or if Congress repeals it through subsequent laws. Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Program Authorized in 1996, the DWSRF program provides federal financial assistance to communities to finance drinking water infrastructure improvements.23 SDWA Section 1452 authorizes EPA to make annual grants to states to capitalize their state revolving loan fund.24 The statute requires states to provide a 20% match. States may use DWSRF financing for public water system projects needed to comply with federal drinking water standards and address risks to human health. The primary type of DWSRF financial assistance are low interest rate loans. SDWA Section 1452 authorizes states to provide additional subsidization (including forgiveness of principal) to disadvantaged communities.25 The federal capitalization grants together with state funds (e.g., state match, loan repayments, leveraged bonds, and other state sources) are intended to build a sustainable source of drinking water infrastructure funding for the state. The authorization of appropriation for DWSRF expired in FY2003. Congress has continued to provide funds for the DWSRF program through annual appropriations. From FY1997 through FY2018, Congress appropriated over $23.33 billion for the DWSRF program. The appropriation for DWSRF program generally ranged between $820.0 million in FY2000 and $1.39 billion in FY2010.26 DWSRF Program Revisions (AWIA Sections 2002, 2015, and 2022) AWIA makes the most substantial revisions to the DWSRF provisions of SDWA since the program was authorized in 1996. These revisions expand the eligible uses of DWSRF financial assistance, provide states with additional flexibility to administer the DWSRF program, and include provisions intended to make DWSRF assistance more accessible to public water systems. 27 AWIA Section 2015(a) amends SDWA to expressly state that DWSRF funds can be used for projects to replace or rehabilitate aging treatment, storage, or distribution systems.28 Under EPA guidance, these replacement and rehabilitation projects have been eligible for financial assistance from the DWSRF if needed to protect public health. According to EPA’s needs survey, this category of projects accounts for 66.1% of the estimated drinking water infrastructure need.29 Prior to AWIA, these activities were not previously explicitly identified in statute.30 Section 2015 also revises existing DWSRF provisions that address financial assistance for disadvantaged communities. These amendments increase the portion of a state’s capitalization grant that states may dedicate to additional subsidization and extend the amortization period for loans made to disadvantaged communities. Before AWIA, states could use 30% of their annual capitalization grants to subsidize loans for disadvantaged communities.31 Section 2015(c) of AWIA increases that proportion to 35% while conditionally requiring states to use at least 6% of their capitalization grant for these subsidies.32 The section also amends the SDWA DWSRF provisions to extend the amortization period for loans made to disadvantaged communities from 30 to 40 years. Section 2015(d) of AWIA also extends the repayment and amortization period for all projects financed by the DWSRF. Previously, SDWA required DWSRF financing recipients to pay the initial principal and interest payments within one year of project completion. This amendment extends the date of that initial payment to 18 months after project completion. This section also authorizes the extension of the amortization period for projects that receive DWSRF assistance from 20 to 30 years. Section 2015(e) requires EPA to evaluate and include the cost to replace lead service lines in the drinking water infrastructure needs survey, which EPA completes every four years.33 EPA uses the needs survey to allot the DWSRF appropriation among the states. 34 In conducting the needs survey, EPA has not previously requested that public water systems report the cost to replace these lines.35 AWIA specifies that the cost to replace lead lines must be included in the needs survey (to the extent practicable), which may potentially affect some states’ allotments of DWSRF capitalization grants. Section 2015(g) of AWIA requires EPA to gather specified information on DWSRF administration from state drinking water administrators and report to Congress on best practices for implementing the DWSRF to facilitate the application process and to improve DWSRF financial management and sustainability. Source Water Assessment and Protection In 1996, Congress added source water assessment provisions to SDWA to encourage protection of drinking water sources. 36 Section 1453 required states to develop source water assessment programs that delineate areas from which public water systems receive water and identify the origins of regulated contaminants to determine threats to water systems. States were authorized to fund these activities from 10% of their DWSRF capitalization grant for FY1996 and FY1997.37 Section 2015(f) of AWIA removes this fiscal year limitation and accordingly authorizes states to use a portion of their capitalization grant to fund these source water assessments or update an existing source water assessment.38 The 1996 SDWA amendments required states to conduct source water assessments as a condition of adopting modified monitoring requirements. 39 However, the 1996 amendments did not authorize states to fund implementation of source water protection plans from their DWSRF capitalization grants. AWIA Section 2002 authorizes states to fund implementation of surface drinking water sources protection efforts and activities from the 10% set-aside of a state’s annual DWSRF capitalization grant. Source water protection is also addressed in the “Protecting Source Water” section of this report. USER: Briefly identify and explain the parts of section 2015 related to water. Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	false	25	12	1,214	null	821
You must respond using only information contained in the provided context block.	Why are auto service advisors exempt from overtime pay? Respond in at least 200 words	The Supreme Court concluded recently that car dealership employees who discuss service options with customers are exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (FLSA) overtime pay requirement. In Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, the Court determined that these so-called “service advisors” fell within the statute’s exemption for “any salesman, partsman, or mechanic primarily engaged in selling or servicing automobiles[.]” While the Court’s decision would seem to affect only a small group of employees, it is notable for what it said with regard to interpreting the FLSA. Justice Thomas, writing for the majority, rejected the long-followed principle that the FLSA’s exemptions should be construed narrowly to promote the statute’s remedial purpose. The majority maintained that the exemptions are entitled to nothing more than a “fair reading” because the FLSA “gives no ‘textual indication’ that its exemptions should be construed narrowly . . .” Application of this new fair reading standard could result in a greater number of employees being deemed exempt from the FLSA’s overtime pay requirement. A dramatic increase in exempt workers could prompt Congress to consider an amendment to the FLSA that perhaps identifies the exemptions with more specificity or prescribes a new standard for evaluating the exempt status of employees. The FLSA requires the payment of overtime compensation at a rate of not less than one and one-half times an employee’s hourly rate for hours worked in excess of a 40-hour workweek. Section 13 of the FLSA identifies numerous employees who are exempt from this requirement. In addition to the automobile salesmen, partsmen, and mechanics discussed in Encino Motorcars, individuals employed as seamen, specified agricultural workers, and certain computer employees are also exempt. Workers employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity arguably comprise the largest category of exempt workers. Since 1945, the Supreme Court has characterized the FLSA as “humanitarian and remedial legislation” designed to ensure “a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work.” In A.H. Phillips, Inc. v. Walling, the Court declined to find employees working in the warehouse and central office of an interstate grocery store chain exempt from the statute’s overtime pay requirement. While the store chain attempted to characterize the employees as within the FLSA’s now-repealed section 13(a)(2) exemption for “any employee engaged in any retail or service establishment the greater part of whose selling or servicing is in Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov LSB10122 Congressional Research Service 2 intrastate commerce,” the Court maintained that these workers performed duties in a wholesale environment that was distinct from the retail establishment contemplated by the exemption. The Court explained in A.H. Phillips that any exemption from humanitarian and remedial legislation must be narrowly construed and give due regard to the law’s plain meaning and congressional intent: “To extend an exemption to other than those plainly and unmistakably within its terms and spirit is to abuse the interpretative process and to frustrate the announced will of the people.” After reviewing the terms used in section 13(a)(2) and the exemption’s legislative history, the Court distinguished the warehouse and central office workers from other employees who should be exempt under that section. The Court reasoned that the terms used in section 13(a)(2) indicate that only those employees engaged in a retail or service establishment that operates primarily in local commerce are to be exempt. Moreover, the Court noted that Congress’s interest in exempting only those workers regularly engaged in local retailing activities was supported by section 13(a)(2)’s legislative history. This history showed a congressional understanding that local retail concerns “do not sufficiently influence the stream of interstate commerce to warrant imposing the wage and hour requirements on them.” The exemption guaranteed that the employees of small retail establishments would be exempt from the FLSA’s requirements. Unlike these kinds of employees, the warehouse and central office workers in A.H. Phillips were like the employees of an independent wholesaler that dealt constantly with incoming and outgoing interstate shipments. In subsequent decisions, the Court has continued to interpret the FLSA’s exemptions narrowly. In Mitchell v. Kentucky Finance Co., for example, the Court concluded that the employees of a company making personal loans were not exempt from the FLSA’s overtime pay and recordkeeping requirements. The company argued that it was a retail or service establishment within the meaning of section 13(a)(2), and that its employees should be exempt from the relevant requirements. Citing the exemption’s legislative history, however, the Court determined that personal loan companies and other financial institutions were not meant to be covered by section 13(a)(2). The Court emphasized that the FLSA’s exemptions are to be narrowly construed, and noted that businesses that were meant to have an exemption were specifically provided one by the statute.	System instruction: You must respond using only information contained in the provided context block. Question: Why are auto service advisors exempt from overtime pay? Respond in at least 200 words Context Block: The Supreme Court concluded recently that car dealership employees who discuss service options with customers are exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (FLSA) overtime pay requirement. In Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, the Court determined that these so-called “service advisors” fell within the statute’s exemption for “any salesman, partsman, or mechanic primarily engaged in selling or servicing automobiles[.]” While the Court’s decision would seem to affect only a small group of employees, it is notable for what it said with regard to interpreting the FLSA. Justice Thomas, writing for the majority, rejected the long-followed principle that the FLSA’s exemptions should be construed narrowly to promote the statute’s remedial purpose. The majority maintained that the exemptions are entitled to nothing more than a “fair reading” because the FLSA “gives no ‘textual indication’ that its exemptions should be construed narrowly . . .” Application of this new fair reading standard could result in a greater number of employees being deemed exempt from the FLSA’s overtime pay requirement. A dramatic increase in exempt workers could prompt Congress to consider an amendment to the FLSA that perhaps identifies the exemptions with more specificity or prescribes a new standard for evaluating the exempt status of employees. The FLSA requires the payment of overtime compensation at a rate of not less than one and one-half times an employee’s hourly rate for hours worked in excess of a 40-hour workweek. Section 13 of the FLSA identifies numerous employees who are exempt from this requirement. In addition to the automobile salesmen, partsmen, and mechanics discussed in Encino Motorcars, individuals employed as seamen, specified agricultural workers, and certain computer employees are also exempt. Workers employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity arguably comprise the largest category of exempt workers. Since 1945, the Supreme Court has characterized the FLSA as “humanitarian and remedial legislation” designed to ensure “a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work.” In A.H. Phillips, Inc. v. Walling, the Court declined to find employees working in the warehouse and central office of an interstate grocery store chain exempt from the statute’s overtime pay requirement. While the store chain attempted to characterize the employees as within the FLSA’s now-repealed section 13(a)(2) exemption for “any employee engaged in any retail or service establishment the greater part of whose selling or servicing is in Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov LSB10122 Congressional Research Service 2 intrastate commerce,” the Court maintained that these workers performed duties in a wholesale environment that was distinct from the retail establishment contemplated by the exemption. The Court explained in A.H. Phillips that any exemption from humanitarian and remedial legislation must be narrowly construed and give due regard to the law’s plain meaning and congressional intent: “To extend an exemption to other than those plainly and unmistakably within its terms and spirit is to abuse the interpretative process and to frustrate the announced will of the people.” After reviewing the terms used in section 13(a)(2) and the exemption’s legislative history, the Court distinguished the warehouse and central office workers from other employees who should be exempt under that section. The Court reasoned that the terms used in section 13(a)(2) indicate that only those employees engaged in a retail or service establishment that operates primarily in local commerce are to be exempt. Moreover, the Court noted that Congress’s interest in exempting only those workers regularly engaged in local retailing activities was supported by section 13(a)(2)’s legislative history. This history showed a congressional understanding that local retail concerns “do not sufficiently influence the stream of interstate commerce to warrant imposing the wage and hour requirements on them.” The exemption guaranteed that the employees of small retail establishments would be exempt from the FLSA’s requirements. Unlike these kinds of employees, the warehouse and central office workers in A.H. Phillips were like the employees of an independent wholesaler that dealt constantly with incoming and outgoing interstate shipments. In subsequent decisions, the Court has continued to interpret the FLSA’s exemptions narrowly. In Mitchell v. Kentucky Finance Co., for example, the Court concluded that the employees of a company making personal loans were not exempt from the FLSA’s overtime pay and recordkeeping requirements. The company argued that it was a retail or service establishment within the meaning of section 13(a)(2), and that its employees should be exempt from the relevant requirements. Citing the exemption’s legislative history, however, the Court determined that personal loan companies and other financial institutions were not meant to be covered by section 13(a)(2). The Court emphasized that the FLSA’s exemptions are to be narrowly construed, and noted that businesses that were meant to have an exemption were specifically provided one by the statute.	You must respond using only information contained in the provided context block. EVIDENCE: The Supreme Court concluded recently that car dealership employees who discuss service options with customers are exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (FLSA) overtime pay requirement. In Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, the Court determined that these so-called “service advisors” fell within the statute’s exemption for “any salesman, partsman, or mechanic primarily engaged in selling or servicing automobiles[.]” While the Court’s decision would seem to affect only a small group of employees, it is notable for what it said with regard to interpreting the FLSA. Justice Thomas, writing for the majority, rejected the long-followed principle that the FLSA’s exemptions should be construed narrowly to promote the statute’s remedial purpose. The majority maintained that the exemptions are entitled to nothing more than a “fair reading” because the FLSA “gives no ‘textual indication’ that its exemptions should be construed narrowly . . .” Application of this new fair reading standard could result in a greater number of employees being deemed exempt from the FLSA’s overtime pay requirement. A dramatic increase in exempt workers could prompt Congress to consider an amendment to the FLSA that perhaps identifies the exemptions with more specificity or prescribes a new standard for evaluating the exempt status of employees. The FLSA requires the payment of overtime compensation at a rate of not less than one and one-half times an employee’s hourly rate for hours worked in excess of a 40-hour workweek. Section 13 of the FLSA identifies numerous employees who are exempt from this requirement. In addition to the automobile salesmen, partsmen, and mechanics discussed in Encino Motorcars, individuals employed as seamen, specified agricultural workers, and certain computer employees are also exempt. Workers employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity arguably comprise the largest category of exempt workers. Since 1945, the Supreme Court has characterized the FLSA as “humanitarian and remedial legislation” designed to ensure “a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work.” In A.H. Phillips, Inc. v. Walling, the Court declined to find employees working in the warehouse and central office of an interstate grocery store chain exempt from the statute’s overtime pay requirement. While the store chain attempted to characterize the employees as within the FLSA’s now-repealed section 13(a)(2) exemption for “any employee engaged in any retail or service establishment the greater part of whose selling or servicing is in Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov LSB10122 Congressional Research Service 2 intrastate commerce,” the Court maintained that these workers performed duties in a wholesale environment that was distinct from the retail establishment contemplated by the exemption. The Court explained in A.H. Phillips that any exemption from humanitarian and remedial legislation must be narrowly construed and give due regard to the law’s plain meaning and congressional intent: “To extend an exemption to other than those plainly and unmistakably within its terms and spirit is to abuse the interpretative process and to frustrate the announced will of the people.” After reviewing the terms used in section 13(a)(2) and the exemption’s legislative history, the Court distinguished the warehouse and central office workers from other employees who should be exempt under that section. The Court reasoned that the terms used in section 13(a)(2) indicate that only those employees engaged in a retail or service establishment that operates primarily in local commerce are to be exempt. Moreover, the Court noted that Congress’s interest in exempting only those workers regularly engaged in local retailing activities was supported by section 13(a)(2)’s legislative history. This history showed a congressional understanding that local retail concerns “do not sufficiently influence the stream of interstate commerce to warrant imposing the wage and hour requirements on them.” The exemption guaranteed that the employees of small retail establishments would be exempt from the FLSA’s requirements. Unlike these kinds of employees, the warehouse and central office workers in A.H. Phillips were like the employees of an independent wholesaler that dealt constantly with incoming and outgoing interstate shipments. In subsequent decisions, the Court has continued to interpret the FLSA’s exemptions narrowly. In Mitchell v. Kentucky Finance Co., for example, the Court concluded that the employees of a company making personal loans were not exempt from the FLSA’s overtime pay and recordkeeping requirements. The company argued that it was a retail or service establishment within the meaning of section 13(a)(2), and that its employees should be exempt from the relevant requirements. Citing the exemption’s legislative history, however, the Court determined that personal loan companies and other financial institutions were not meant to be covered by section 13(a)(2). The Court emphasized that the FLSA’s exemptions are to be narrowly construed, and noted that businesses that were meant to have an exemption were specifically provided one by the statute. USER: Why are auto service advisors exempt from overtime pay? Respond in at least 200 words Assistant: Answer only using the evidence. If unknown, say you cannot answer. Cite sources.	true	12	15	778	null	187

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