Enhancing the Outcome Reward-based RL Training of MLLMs with Self-Consistency Sampling
Paper • 2511.10648 • Published
Datasets:
id stringlengths 1 25 ⌀ | question stringlengths 7 682 | answer stringclasses 5
values | message stringlengths 388 1.3k |
|---|---|---|---|
null | What is the name of the colony shown? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/2027/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
null | Is chalcopyrite a mineral? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/1697/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
physical-commonsense-1435 | What is the purpose of the tower? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-physical-commonsense-407.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhat is the purpose of the tower?\nOptions:\nA. To provide shade\nB. Only... |
economics-662 | I need the average hourly wages information for Country 2 and Country 5 in 2022. Can you provide it? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-economics-1713.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nI need the average hourly wages information for Country 2 and Country 5 in 2022.... |
2006 | Find the area of the figure. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/2006/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. ... |
physical-commonsense-10 | Among the objects listed in the image's options, which ones will ultimately sink when placed in water? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-5011.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nAmong the objects listed in the image's options, which ones will ultimately sink ... |
biology-19 | Based on this information, what is this pea plant's genotype for the stem height gene? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-biology-20.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's genotype for the stem height ge... |
physics-1046 | Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-1046.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nThink about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the fol... |
writing-strategies-83 | Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/language-science-writing-strategies-111.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\nOptions:\n... |
null | What is the capital of California? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/8026/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
physics-1359 | Which property do these three objects have in common? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-physical-commonsense-5359.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhich property do these three objects have in common?\nOptions:\nA. sour... |
geography-3496 | Can you tell me the height of the northernmost point? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-geography-3496.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nCan you tell me the height of the northernmost point?\nOptions:\nA. 4.9 km\nB. 3... |
temporal-commonsense-113 | What season is likely when the picture was taken? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-temporal-commonsense-464.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhat season is likely when the picture was taken?\nOptions:\nA. Spring\nB... |
null | What is the capital of Maryland? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/6255/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
null | Which letter marks the Louisiana territory? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/2630/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
null | Which of these states is farthest west? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/17799/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
mathematics-738 | The following picture is a test of a Geometry problem. Which of the following choices given in the text is correct? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/mathematics-geometry-5389.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nThe following picture is a test of a Geometry problem. Which of the following choice... |
null | Which of these states is farthest east? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/3734/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
null | Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/10009/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
physical-commonsense-100 | In the provided image, how many items from the given choices will submerge underwater? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-5133.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nIn the provided image, how many items from the given choices will submerge underw... |
2037 | Find y. | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/2037/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. ... |
economics-336 | Can you tell me the count of countries with fiscal surpluses in 2016? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-economics-1359.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nCan you tell me the count of countries with fiscal surpluses in 2016?\nOptions:\... |
144 | Find x. | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/144/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. T... |
mathematics-515 | If you had to select one option as the correct answer for the Number Theory problem shown in the picture, which one would you choose and why? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/mathematics-theory-4946.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nIf you had to select one option as the correct answer for the Number Theory problem sh... |
null | Which country is highlighted? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/12127/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
0 | \triangle R S T \cong \triangle X Y Z. Find y. | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/0/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Thi... |
social-commonsense-1412 | What kind of area is shown in the picture? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-social-commonsense-1016.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhat kind of area is shown in the picture?\nOptions:\nA. A park meant for ... |
social-commonsense-1334 | Why is the man carrying a suitcase on the beach? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-social-commonsense-921.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhy is the man carrying a suitcase on the beach?\nOptions:\nA. He is going... |
2048 | Find x so that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/2048/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. ... |
mathematics-951 | After reviewing the following questions, can you determine if option A in the image is the correct choice? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/mathematics-geometry-5627.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nAfter reviewing the following questions, can you determine if option A in the image ... |
657 | Find x. | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/657/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. T... |
grammar-74 | Which is a compound sentence? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/language-science-grammar-144.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhich is a compound sentence?\nOptions:\nA. Option A in the image\nB. Option B in... |
1577 | Find x. Round to the nearest hundredth. | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/1577/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. ... |
null | Which type of force from the hammer moves the nail into the wood? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/19810/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
null | Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/4035/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
1065 | Find the area of the shaded sector. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary. | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/1065/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. ... |
mathematics-1498 | Look at the following schedule. When does the badminton event begin? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-temporal-commonsense-2630.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nLook at the following schedule. When does the badminton event begin?\nOp... |
null | Select the amphibian below. | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/17262/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
geography-3795 | What are the elevations of the points Point B, Point C and Point D individually? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-geography-3795.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhat are the elevations of the points Point B, Point C and Point D individually?... |
physics-516 | Which property do these three objects have in common? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-physical-commonsense-4516.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhich property do these three objects have in common?\nOptions:\nA. tran... |
mathematics-143 | Let's analyze the choices given in the text given for the Counting & Probability problem in the image. | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/mathematics-algebra-4238.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nLet's analyze the choices given in the text given for the Counting & Probability prob... |
physics-547 | Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-547.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nThink about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the foll... |
null | Identify the question that Josiah's experiment can best answer. | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/12443/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
null | Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/5612/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
null | Which better describes the Shenandoah National Park ecosystem? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/6736/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
781 | Find m \angle 5. | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/781/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. T... |
null | Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/2803/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
biology-1187 | Based on this information, what is Muffin's genotype for the fur color gene? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-biology-1194.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nBased on this information, what is Muffin's genotype for the fur color gene?\nOpt... |
economics-1341 | How did the Unemployment Rate (%) in Country 5 evolve between 2018 and 2023? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-economics-2510.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nHow did the Unemployment Rate (%) in Country 5 evolve between 2018 and 2023?\nOp... |
physics-1153 | Which property do these two objects have in common? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-physical-commonsense-5153.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhich property do these two objects have in common?\nOptions:\nA. smooth... |
geography-3844 | Please specify the altitudes for each of the points in Point A and Point B. | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-geography-3844.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nPlease specify the altitudes for each of the points in Point A and Point B.\nOpt... |
mathematics-1481 | Look at the following schedule. Abdul is at Lakeside. If he wants to arrive at Sparrowtown at 1.00 PM, what time should he get on the train? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-temporal-commonsense-2591.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nLook at the following schedule. Abdul is at Lakeside. If he wants to arr... |
327 | In \odot G, m \angle A G B = 30 and C G \perp G D. Find m \widehat A B. | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/327/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. T... |
physics-1488 | Will these magnets attract or repel each other? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-1488.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWill these magnets attract or repel each other?\nOptions:\nA. attract\nB. repel\n... |
null | Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?
Jupiter's volume is more than ten times as large as Saturn's volume. | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/5641/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
mathematics-458 | Evaluate each option's validity and select the one that accurately answers the Intermediate Algebra problem in the picture. | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/mathematics-algebra-4832.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nEvaluate each option's validity and select the one that accurately answers the Interm... |
physics-455 | Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-455.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nThink about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the foll... |
522 | \triangle P Q S \cong \triangle R Q S. Find x. | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/522/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. T... |
economics-1230 | What was the Inflation Rate (%) in the Country 2 changed from 2021 to 2022? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-economics-2365.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhat was the Inflation Rate (%) in the Country 2 changed from 2021 to 2022?\nOpt... |
1623 | Find the perimeter of the parallelogram. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/1623/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. ... |
physical-commonsense-157 | In the image, can you determine the number of objects that seem to be buoyant on the water among the given options? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-5206.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nIn the image, can you determine the number of objects that seem to be buoyant on ... |
physical-commonsense-270 | In the image, can you determine the number of objects that seem to be buoyant on the water among the given options? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-5364.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nIn the image, can you determine the number of objects that seem to be buoyant on ... |
geography-3049 | What is the depth of the westernmost point? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-geography-3049.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhat is the depth of the westernmost point?\nOptions:\nA. 7.7 km\nB. 3.5 km\nC. ... |
501 | In the figure, m \angle 9 = 75. Find the measure of \angle 12. | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/501/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. T... |
180 | Use parallelogram A B C D to find the measure of m \angle A D C. | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/180/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. T... |
cognitive-science-256 | What does the tangram shapes image represent? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-cognitive-science-256.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhat does the tangram shapes image represent?\nOptions:\nA. Tongue\nB. Gu... |
social-commonsense-1074 | What is the probable reason behind the arrangement of bikes and cars in the photo? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-social-commonsense-563.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhat is the probable reason behind the arrangement of bikes and cars in the... |
null | Complete the statement.
Propane is (). | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/13038/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
null | Select the reptile below. | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/13206/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
1523 | Use parallelogram to find z. | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/1523/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. ... |
writing-strategies-26 | Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/language-science-writing-strategies-36.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\nOptions:\nA... |
physical-commonsense-946 | When subjected to heat, which of these balls will heat up more rapidly? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-6732.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhen subjected to heat, which of these balls will heat up more rapidly?\nOptions:... |
social-commonsense-1205 | Regarding this picture, which of the following statements is incorrect? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-social-commonsense-748.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nRegarding this picture, which of the following statements is incorrect?\nOp... |
964 | Find x so that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/964/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. T... |
physical-commonsense-461 | Among the given options in the image, which containers will be the quickest to accumulate droplets on its inner wall when exposed to room temperature conditions? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-5623.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nAmong the given options in the image, which containers will be the quickest to ac... |
null | What is the capital of Rhode Island? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/9791/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
null | Complete the sentence.
The word "antebellum" means (). | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/7476/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
null | What is the capital of Hawaii? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/14571/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
economics-62 | Based on the image provided, can you determine the trade balances of Country 1, Country 4 and Country 2 for the year 2020? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-economics-1066.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nBased on the image provided, can you determine the trade balances of Country 1, ... |
physical-commonsense-282 | How many objects do the given options in the image float on the water? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-physics-5379.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nHow many objects do the given options in the image float on the water?\nOptions:\... |
economics-253 | How many nations experiences fiscal surpluses during 2017? | E | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-economics-1272.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nHow many nations experiences fiscal surpluses during 2017?\nOptions:\nA. 4\nB. 6... |
null | Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/6146/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
1742 | Find m \widehat B X. | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "geometry3k/train/1742/img_diagram.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. ... |
physics-1264 | Which property do these three objects have in common? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-physical-commonsense-5264.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhich property do these three objects have in common?\nOptions:\nA. scra... |
mathematics-1945 | According to the table image above, how many goals were scored during the replay matches of the 1987-88 FA Cup season? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/mathematics-algebra-7625.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nAccording to the table image above, how many goals were scored during the replay matc... |
mathematics-1437 | Look at the following schedule. When does Japanese class end? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-temporal-commonsense-2504.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nLook at the following schedule. When does Japanese class end?\nOptions:\... |
null | Which property do these three objects have in common? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/2942/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
mathematics-692 | After carefully considering the questions below, can you confidently state if option (C)$441$ is the correct answer in each case? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/mathematics-algebra-5304.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nAfter carefully considering the questions below, can you confidently state if option ... |
null | Based on the table, how is siltstone formed? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/11512/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
chemistry-221 | Find the correct molecular name based on the legend. | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/natural-science-chemistry-1221.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nFind the correct molecular name based on the legend.\nOptions:\nA. Option D in ... |
cognitive-science-280 | Who/what is represented in the tangram image? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-cognitive-science-280.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWho/what is represented in the tangram image?\nOptions:\nA. Mona Lisa\nB.... |
physics-60 | Which property do these three objects have in common? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/commonsense-physical-commonsense-4060.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhich property do these three objects have in common?\nOptions:\nA. bump... |
geography-3803 | Please specify the altitudes for each of the points in Point A and Point B. | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-geography-3803.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nPlease specify the altitudes for each of the points in Point A and Point B.\nOpt... |
geography-3815 | What are the altitudes of points Point D, Point B and Point C respectively? | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-geography-3815.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nWhat are the altitudes of points Point D, Point B and Point C respectively?\nOpt... |
mathematics-544 | Examine the following questions carefully and evaluate whether option D in the image is the correct answer for each of them. | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/mathematics-theory-4994.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nExamine the following questions carefully and evaluate whether option D in the image i... |
null | Select the organism in the same species as the blue jay. | B | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/15108/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think ... |
geography-458 | Can you describe the climate shown in the picture? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/social-science-geography-1178.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nCan you describe the climate shown in the picture?\nOptions:\nA. tropical rainfo... |
null | Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature? | C | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/2557/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
mathematics-1019 | If you had to select one option as the correct answer for the Algebra problem shown in the picture, which one would you choose and why? | D | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "m3cot_own/images/mathematics-algebra-5714.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nIf you had to select one option as the correct answer for the Algebra problem shown i... |
null | Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert? | A | [{"role": "system", "content": "你是书生·万象，英文名是InternVL，是由上海人工智能实验室、清华大学及多家合作单位联合开发的多模态大语言模型。"}, {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": "scienceqa/train/3375/image.png"}, {"type": "text", "text": "<image>\nSolve the problem through step-by-step reasoning and answer directly with the option letter. Think a... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
[NeurIPS 2025] Enhancing the Outcome Reward-based RL Training of MLLMs with Self-Consistency Sampling
A simple, general sampling method for RLVR with multi-choice dataset to solve unfaithful reasoning phenomenon!
SCS Resouces
🔔News
- 🔥[2025-11-9] Release the eval codes! 🚀
- 🔥[2025-10-13] Release the dataset the codes! 🚀
- 🔥[2025-9-17] Our SCS paper is accepted by NeurIPS 2025! 🚀
To-do
- Release the eval codes
📖 Introduction
Self‑Consistency Sampling (SCS) improves outcome‑reward reinforcement learning for multimodal large language models (MLLMs). In multiple‑choice reasoning tasks, models often get the correct answer through faulty reasoning and receive unmerited rewards. SCS mitigates this by introducing visual perturbations and repeated resampling of reasoning trajectories, rewarding only consistent reasoning paths. Integrated into methods like RLOO, GRPO, and REINFORCE++, SCS boosts accuracy by up to 7.7% on six multimodal benchmarks with minimal extra cost, and generalizes across models including Qwen2.5‑VL and InternVL3.
Training
Please refer to code repo for more details.
Evaluation
Please refer to code repo for more details.
Contact
- Jiahao Wang: wjhwdscience@stu.xjtu.edu.cn
- Weiye Xu: ustcxwy0271@mail.ustc.edu.cn
Citation
BibTeX:
@article{wang2025enhancing,
title={Enhancing the Outcome Reward-based RL Training of MLLMs with Self-Consistency Sampling},
author={Wang, Jiahao and Xu, Weiye and Yang, Aijun and Zhou, Wengang and Lu, Lewei and Li, Houqiang and Wang, Xiaohua and Zhu, Jinguo},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.10648},
year={2025}
}
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