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1,200 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study normed groupies with dilation and their induced deformations a addtoresetfiguresection figure a to addtoresettablebsection table a to addtoresetequationsection a section a a thmproposition a thmlemma a thmcorollary a thmdefinition a thmremark a section a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a grouped is a small category whose arrows are all invertible a more precisely we have the following definition a a a grouped a over a set is a set of a arrows a along with a a target map a a a a source map a a a a identity section a which is a infective function a a a partially defined operation a a or product a on a which is a function a and a a inversion map a a a these are the structure maps of the grouped of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they satisfy several identities a a a for any we have a a |
1,201 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper a we study the problem of stabilizing continuous a time switched linear systems with quantized output feedback a we assume that the observer and the control gain are given for each mode a also a the plant mode is known to the controller and the quantized a extending the result in the non a switched case a we develop an update rule of the quantized to achieve asymptotic stability of the closed a loop system under the average dwell a time assumption a to avoid quantized saturation a we adjust the quantized at every switching time a switched systems a quantized control a output feedback stabilization a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantized control problems have been an active research topic in the past two decades a discrete a level actuators a sensors and digital communication channels are typical in practical control systems a and they yield quantized signals in feedback loops a quantization errors lead to poor system performance and even loss of stability of please generate the next two sentences of the article | therefore a various control techniques to explicitly take quantization into account have been proposed a as surveyed in excite a on the other hand a switched system models are widely used as a mathematical framework to represent both continuous and discrete dynamics a for example a such models are applied to do a do converters excite and to car engines excite a |
1,202 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper a we study the unconditional security of the so a called measurement device independent quantum key distribution a mdiqkd a with the basis a dependent flaw in the context of phase encoding schemes a we propose two schemes for the phase encoding a the first one employs a phase locking technique with the use of non a phase a randomized coherent pulses a and the second one uses conversion of standard bbl phase encoding pulses into polarization modes a we prove the unconditional security of these schemes and we also simulate the key generation rate based on simple device models that accommodate imperfections a our simulation results show the feasibility of these schemes with current technologies and highlight the importance of the state preparation with good fidelity between the density matrices in the two bases a since the basis a dependent flaw is a problem not only for mdiqkd but also for standard and a our work highlights the importance of an accurate signal source in practical and systems a a a note a we include the erratum of this paper in appendix cd the correction does not affect the validity of the main conclusions reported in the paper a which is the importance of the state preparation in mdiqkd and the fact that our schemes can generate the key with the practical channel mode that we have assumed a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum key distribution a and a is often said to be unconditionally secure excite a more precisely a and can be proven to be secure against any eavesdropping a given a that the users a alice and bob a devices satisfy some requirements a which often include mathematical characterization of users devices as well as the assumption that there is no side a channel a this means that no one can break mathematical model of and a however in practice a it is very difficult for practical devices to meet the requirements a leading to the breakage of the security of practical and systems a actually a some attacks on and have been proposed and demonstrated successfully against practical and systems excite a to combat the practical attacks a some counter a measures excite a including device independent security proof idea excite a have been proposed of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the device independent security proof is very interesting from the theoretical viewpoint a however it can not apply to practical and systems where loopholes in testing bell a inequality excite can not be closed a as for the experimental counter a measures a battle a testing of the practical detection unit has attracted many researchers attention excite since the most successful practical attack so far is to exploit the imperfections of the detectors a |
1,203 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the gravity dual of four dimensional pure yang a mills theory through do brands a as proposed by written a holographic cd a a in this holographic cd a it has been widely believed that the confinement phase in the pure yang a mills theory corresponds to the solitonic do brand in gravity and the confinement phase corresponds to the black do brand a we inspect this conjecture carefully and show that the correspondence between the black do brand and the confinement phase is not correct a instead a by using a slightly different set up a we find an alternative gravity solution called of localized solution of a which would be properly related to the confinement phase a in this case a the confinement a confinement transition is realized as a gregory a aflame type transition a we find that our proposal naturally explains several known properties of cd a tier a th/11 a of a cctp-2011 a of a 1#1 a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this letter a we will focus on holographic cd from do brands a we will discuss some problems with the usual correspondence between the confinement a confinement transition in cd and the check a schwartz transition between a solitonic do brand and a black do brand in the gravity dual a some of these problems were first discussed in excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we will specifically show that the black do brand can not be identified with the a strong coupling continuation of the a confinement phase in cd in four dimensions a as a resolution of these problems a we will propose an alternative scenario in which the confinement a confinement transition corresponds to a gregory a aflame transition excite between a uniformly distributed solution and a localized solution in the ii frame a |
1,204 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a prototypical linear algebra compiler that automatically exploits domain a specific knowledge to generate high a performance algorithms a the input to the compiler is a target equation together with knowledge of both the structure of the problem and the properties of the operands a the output is a variety of high a performance algorithms a and the corresponding source code a to solve the target equation a our approach consists in the decomposition of the input equation into a sequence of library a supported kernels a since in general such a decomposition is not unique a our compiler returns not one but a number of algorithms a the potential of the compiler is shown by means of its application to a challenging equation arising within the a genome a wide association study as a result a the compiler produces multiple of best of algorithms that outperform the best existing libraries a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the past of years a the development of linear algebra libraries has been tremendously successful a resulting in a variety of reliable and efficient computational kernels a unfortunately these kernels are limited by a rigid interface that does not allow users to pass knowledge specific to the target problem a if available a such knowledge may lead to domain a specific algorithms that attain higher performance than any traditional library excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the difficulty does not lay so much in creating flexible interfaces a but in developing algorithms capable of taking advantage of the extra information a in this paper a we present preliminary work on a linear algebra compiler a written in mathematics a that automatically exploits application a specific knowledge to generate high a performance algorithms a the compiler takes as input a target equation and information on the structure and properties of the operands a and returns as output algorithms that exploit the given information a |
1,205 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper one of the most straightforward ways to address the flavor problem of low a energy supersymmetry is to arrange for the scalar soft terms to vanish simultaneously at a scale much larger than the electroweak scale a this occurs naturally in a number of scenarios a such as no a scale models a gauging mediation a and several models with strong conformal dynamics a unfortunately a the most basic version of this approach that incorporates gauging mass unification and zero scalar masses at the grand unification scale is not compatible with collider and dark matter constraints a however a experimental constraints can be satisfied if we exempt the highs bosons from flowing to zero mass value at the high scale a we survey the theoretical constructions that allow this a and investigate the collider and dark matter consequences a a generic feature is that the leptons are relatively light a because of this a these models frequently give a significant contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon a and neutrino a lepton annihilation can play an important role in obtaining an acceptable dark matter relic density a furthermore a the light leptons give rise to a large multiplicity of lepton events at colliders a including a potentially suggestive clean trilepton signal at the betatron a and a substantial four lepton signature at the lac a mctp-06 a of a highs boson exempt no a scale supersymmetry a and its collider and cosmology implications a jason la evans a david of morrissey a james do wells a michigan center for theoretical physics a map a a physics department a university of michigan a ann arbour a i 48109 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article supersymmetry is a well a motivated way to extend the standard model a so a a most impressively a supersymmetry can stabilize the large disparity between the size of the electroweak scale and the planck scale excite a in addition a the minimal supersymmetric extension of the so excite a the mss a leads to an excellent unification of the a a and gauge couplings excite near get a a scale that is large enough that grand a unified theory a gut a induced nucleon decay is not a fatal problem of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the mss also contains a new stable particle if -parity is an exact symmetry a this new stable particle can potentially make up the dark matter a |
1,206 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present electrical data of silicon single electron devices fabricated with cos techniques and protocols a the easily tuned devices show clean coulomb diamonds at my and charge offset drift of 0.01 a over eight days a in addition a the devices exhibit robust transistor characteristics including uniformity within about 0.5 a in the threshold voltage a gate resistances greater than of g a and immunity to dielectric breakdown in electric fields as high as my a pm a these results highlight the benefits in device performance of a fully cos process for single electron device fabrication a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article single electron tunnelling a set a devices are promising candidates for a wide variety of nanoelectronics applications a such as sensitive electrometers a thermometers a electron pumps and turnstiles for current standards a and quantum bits for quantum information processing a in recent years a silicon has drawn a lot of attention as a candidate for practical set devices for several reasons a these advantages include compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor a cos a processing a good electrostatic control of the tunnel barriers a greater device stability as demonstrated by a lack of charge offset drift a and a relative lack of nuclear spins a an important source of coherence in spin a based quantum information applications of please generate the next two sentences of the article | however a to become truly viable in any of these applications a devices must be fabricated which overcome the device to device variations and low yield associated with the single device processing typical of small scale research programs a although a at the single device level a the gate voltage variation from one device to another may not be an important parameter a uniform device operation becomes crucial when trying to operate several set devices simultaneously a edge a in the large scale integration of set devices a |
1,207 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper here we show that a particular one a parameter generalization of the exponential function is suitable to unify most of the popular one a species discrete population dynamics models into a simple formula a a physical interpretation is given to this new introduced parameter in the context of the continuous richards model a which remains valid for the discrete case a from the discretization of the continuous richards model a generalization of the gompers and verhuslt models a a one obtains a generalized logistic map and we briefly study its properties a notice a however that the physical interpretation for the introduced parameter persists valid for the discrete case a next a we generalize the a scramble competition a -ricker discrete model and analytically calculate the fixed points as well as their stability a in contrast to previous generalizations a from the generalized -ricker model one is able to retrieve either scramble or contest models a complex systems a population dynamics a ecology a a nonlinear dynamics 89.75.-k a 87.23.-n a 87.23.cc a 05.45.-a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recently a the generalizations of the logarithmic and exponential functions have attracted the attention of researchers a one a parameter logarithmic and exponential functions have been proposed in the context of non a extensive statistical mechanics excite a relativistic statistical mechanics excite and quantum group theory excite a two and three a parameter generalization of these functions have also been proposed excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these generalizations are in current use in a wide range of disciplines since they permit the generalization of special functions a hyperbolic and trigonometric excite a gaussian a cauchy probability distribution function excite etc a also a they permit the description of several complex systems excite a for instance in generalizing the stretched exponential function excite a |
1,208 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a major goal of upcoming experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background radiation a cmdr a is to reveal the subtle signature of inflation in the polarization pattern which requires unprecedented sensitivity and control of systematics a since the sensitivity of single receivers has reached fundamental limits future experiments will take advantage of large receiver arrays in order to significantly increase the sensitivity a here we introduce the a a a imaging experiment a quiet a which will use heat a based receivers in chip packages at 9040 a ghz in the atacama desert a data taking is planned for the beginning of 2008 with prototype arrays of 9119 a receivers a an expansion to 1000 receivers is foreseen a with the two frequencies and a careful choice of scan regions there is the promise of effectively dealing with foregrounds and reaching a sensitivity approaching 10 for the ratio of the tensor to scalar perturbations a a 1999/12/01 v1.4c in nov pimento a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the intensity anisotropy pattern of the cmdr has already been measured to an extraordinary precision a which helped significantly to establish the current cosmological paradigm of a flat universe with a period of inflation in its first moments and the existence of the so called dark energy excite a the polarization anisotropies of the cmdr are an order of magnitude smaller than the intensity anisotropies and provide partly complementary information a the polarization pattern is divided into two distinct components termed of and a a modes which are scalar a pseudoscalar a fields of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the a a modes originate from the dynamics due to the density inhomogeneities in the early universe a the a a modes are caused by lensing of the a a modes by the matter in the line of sight and by gravitational waves in the inflationary period in the very early universe and are expected to be at least one order of magnitude smaller than the a a modes a |
1,209 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study ab miktoarm star block copolymers in the strong segregation limit a focussing on the role that the a interface plays in determining the phase behavior a we develop an extension of the kinked a path approach which allows us to explore the energetic dependence on interfacial shape a we consider a one a parameter family of interfaces to study the columnar to lamellar transition in asymmetric stars a we compare with recent experimental results a we discuss the stability of the and lattice of sphere a like micelles in the context of interfacial energy minimization a we corroborate our theory by implementing a numerically exact self a consistent field theory to probe the phase diagram and the shape of the a interface a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article not only are block copolymers promising materials for nan a patterned structures excite a drug delivery excite a and photonic applications excite a but they are also the ideal system for studying the influence of molecule architecture on macromolecular self a assembly excite a because of the ongoing interest in novel macromolecular organization a theoretical predictions based on heuristic characterization of molecular architecture offer crucial guidance to synthetic a experimental a and theoretical studies a though the standard block copolymer phase diagram excite was explained nearly a quarter of a century ago a the prediction and control of phase boundaries is fraught with subtle physical effects a weak segregation theory provides an understanding of the order a disorder transition excite a strong segregation theory a set a predicts most of the ordered morphologies excite a and numerically exact a self a consistent field theory a soft a excite can resolve the small energetic differences between a variety of competing complex phases a in previous work a we argued that in block systems a that as the volume fraction of the inner block grows a a interfaces are deformed into the shape of the moroni polyhedral of michelle lattice a and therefore a the free a energy of michelle phases can be computed simply by studying properties of these polyhedral a in particular a we predicted that as volume fraction of inner michelle domain grows the and lattice of spheres should minimize the free energy as long as the hexagonal columnar phase a hex a did not intervene excite a we corroborated this prediction by implementing a spectral soft excite for branched block copolymers a in this paper we probe the regime of validity of our analytic analysis through both strong segregation theory and soft of please generate the next two sentences of the article | though there is extremely small variation in the energy between different interfacial geometries a so too is the variation in energy between different stable phases a thus a we compare these two approaches not only by the phase diagram but also through the details of the ordering in the metaphases a since our original a anat a hinged on the a minimal a area of the interface between the incompatible blocks a we will focus strongly on the shape and structure of this interface a |
1,210 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper is motivated by brown a theorem a the phenomenon we wish to demonstrate is as follows a if is a holomorphic correspondence on a then a under certain conditions a admits a measure such that a for any point drawn from a of large of open subset of a is the weak-limit of the normalised sums of point masses carried by the are a images of under the iterates of a let denote the transpose of a under the condition a where denotes the topological degree a the above phenomenon was established by dish and simony a we show that the support of this is disjoint from the normality set of a there are many interesting correspondences on for which a examples are the correspondences introduced by bullet and collaborators a when a equidistribution can not be expected to the full extent of brown a theorem a however a we prove that when admits a reseller a the above analogue of equidistribution holds true a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the dynamics studied in this paper owes its origin to a work of bullet excite and to a series of articles motivated by excite most notably excite a the object of study in excite is the dynamical system that arises on iterating a certain relation on a this relation is the zero set of a polynomial a a of a certain form such that a a and are generically quadratic a and a no irreducible component of is of the form or a where of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the form of above is such that a if denotes the projective completion of in and denotes the projection onto the factor a then the set a valued maps are both -valued a counting intersections according to multiplicity a a in excite a this set a up was extended to polynomials a a of arbitrary degree that induce relations such that the first map given by is -valued and the second map is -valued a a it would be interesting to know whether such a correspondence exhibits an equidistribution property in analogy to brown a theorem a a a a a a theorem 16.1 a a |
1,211 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a method for calculating precise distances to asteroids using only two nights of data from a single location far too little for an orbit by exploiting the angular reflex motion of the asteroids due to earth a axial rotation a we refer to this as the rotational reflex velocity method a while the concept is simple and well a known a it has not been previously exploited for surveys of main a belt asteroids a we offer a mathematical development a estimates of the errors of the approximation a and a demonstration using a sample of 197 asteroids observed for two nights with a small a 0.9-meter telescope a this demonstration used digital tracking to enhance detection sensitivity for faint asteroids a but our distance determination works with any detection method a forty a eight asteroids in our sample had known orbits prior to our observations a and for these we demonstrate a mean fractional error of only 1.6% between the distances we calculate and those given in ephemerids from the minor planet center a in contrast to our two a night results a distance determination by fitting approximate orbits requires observations spanning 710 nights a once an asteroid a distance is known a its absolute magnitude and size a given a statistically a estimated albedo a may immediately be calculated a our method will therefore greatly enhance the efficiency with which meter and larger telescopes can probe the size distribution of small a edge 100 meter a main belt asteroids a this distribution remains poorly known a yet encodes information about the collisional evolution of the asteroid belt and hence the history of the solar system a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the main asteroid belt is a relic from the formation of the solar system a although much of its mass has been lost a it retains a great deal of information about solar system history and presents us with a laboratory in which we can study collisional processes that once operated throughout the circumpolar disk in which earth and the other planets were formed a one of the most straightforward observables constraining such processes is the asteroid belt a size a frequency distribution a sad a bottle it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the current main belt a sad can be successfully modelled as the result of 4.5 billion years of collisional evolution excite a while such models fit the a collisional wave a set up by 100 pm asteroids able to survive shattered through the age of the solar system a they can not be observationally tested in the 100 meter size range a |
1,212 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper an approximate equation of motion is proposed for screw and edge dislocations a which accounts for retardation and for relativistic effects in the subsonic range a good quantitative agreement is found a in accelerated or in decelerated regimes a with numerical results of a more fundamental nature a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article dislocation behavior in solids under dynamic conditions a edge shock loading excite a has recently attracted renewed attention a excite partly due to new insights provided by molecular dynamics studies a excite whereas theoretical investigations mainly focused on the stationary velocities that regular or twinning dislocations can attain as a function of the applied stress a possibly intersonic or even supersonic with respect to the longitudinal wave speed, one other major concern is to establish an equation of motion excite a com a suitable to stationary dislocation motions towards or from such high velocities a and which is computationally cheap a this would be an important step towards extending dislocation dynamics a do a simulations excite to the domain of high strain rates a in order to better understand hardening processes in such conditions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the key to stationary motion of dislocations lies in the inertia arising from changes in their long a ranged displacement field a which accompany the motion a these retarded rearrangements take place at finite speed a through wave emission and propagation from the dislocation a as a consequence a dislocations possess an effective inertial mass, which has bearings on the process of overcoming dynamically obstacles such as dipoles a etc a |
1,213 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper for the statistics of global observables in disordered systems a we discuss the matching between typical fluctuations and large deviations a we focus on the statistics of the ground state energy in two types of disordered models a a i a for the directed polymer of length in a two a dimensional medium a where many exact results exist a ii a for the sherrington a kirkpatrick spin a glass model of spins a where various possibilities have been proposed a here we stress that a besides the behavior of the disorder a average and of the standard deviation that defines the fluctuation exponent a it is very instructive to study the full probability distribution of the rescaled variable a a a a numerically a the convergence towards is usually very rapid a so that data on rather small sizes but with high statistics allow to measure the two tails exponents defined as a in the generic case a this leads to explicit non a trivial terms in the asymptotic behavior of the moments of the partition function when the combination a a becomes large a a a simple rare events arguments can usually be found to obtain explicit relations between and a these rare events usually correspond to anomalous large deviation properties of the generalized form a the usual large deviations formalism corresponds to a a a 1#2 a 1#2 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the field of disordered systems a the interest has been first on self a averaging quantities a like the free a energy per degree of freedom a or other thermodynamic observables that determine the phase diagram a however a it has become clear over the years that a true understanding of random systems has to include the sample a to a sample fluctuations of global observables a in particular in disorder a dominated phases where interesting universal critical exponents show up a besides these typical sample a to a sample fluctuations a it is natural to characterize also the large deviations properties a since rare anomalous regions are known to play a major role in various properties of random systems a among the various global observables that are interesting a the simplest one is probably the ground a state energy of a disordered sample of please generate the next two sentences of the article | since it is the minimal value among the energies of all possible configurations a the study of its distribution belongs to the field of extreme value statistics a whereas the case of independent random variables is well classified in three universality classes excite a the problem for the correlated energies within a disordered sample remains open and has been the subject of many recent studies a see for instance excite and references therein a a for many a body models with degrees of freedom a spins for disordered spin models a monomers for disordered polymers models a |
1,214 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the peculiar elliptical galaxy in 1459 a a a has a fast counterrotating stellar core a stellar shells and ripples a a blue nuclear point source and strong radio core emission a we present results of a detailed hot study of in 1459 a and in particular its central gas disk a aimed a constraining the central mass distribution a we obtained wfpc2 narrow a band imaging entered on the h+nii a emission lines to determine the flux distribution of the gas emission at small radii a and we obtained for spectra at six aperture positions along the major axis to sample the gas kinematics a we construct dynamical models for the h+nii a and h kinematics that include a supermassive black hole a and in which the stellar mass distribution is constrained by the observed surface brightness distribution and ground a based stellar kinematics a in one set of models we assume that the gas rotates on circular orbits in an infinitesimally thin disk a such models adequately reproduce the observed gas fluxes and kinematics a the steepness of the observed rotation velocity gradient implies that a black hole must be present a there are some differences between the fluxes and kinematics for the various line species that we observe in the wavelength range 4569 to 6819 a species with higher critical densities generally have a flux distribution that is more concentrated towards the nucleus a and have observed velocities that are higher a this can be attributed qualitatively to the presence of the black hole a there is some evidence that the gas in the central few arise has a certain amount of asymmetric drift a and we therefore construct alternative models in which the gas resides in collisionless cloudless that move isotopically a all models are consistent with a black hole mass in the range a and models without a black hole are always ruled out at high confidence a the implied ratio of black holes mass to galaxy mass is in the range a which is. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article supermassive central black holes a by a have now been discovered in more than a dozen nearby galaxies a edge a normandy a richstone 1995 a ford it al a 1998 a to 1998 a richstone 1998 a and van der marvel 1999a for recent reviews a a bus in quiescent galaxies were mainly found using stellar kinematics while the bus in active galaxies were detected through the kinematics of central gas disks of please generate the next two sentences of the article | other techniques deployed are albi observations of water masers a edge a miyoshi it al a 1995 a and the measurement of stellar proper motions in our own galaxy a gene it al a 1997 a ghz it al a |
1,215 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper gas 1915 a 105 was observed by the a cgro-/osse a times in 1995 a 2000 a and a of those observations were simultaneous with those by a rxte-. we present an analysis of all of the posse data and of two a rxte--osse spectra with the lowest and highest a a ray fluxes a the posse data show a power a law like spectrum extending up to key without any break a we interpret this emission as strong evidence for the presence of non a thermal electrons in the source a the broad a band spectra can not be described by either thermal or bulk a motion comptonization a whereas they are well described by comptonization in hybrid thermal a non a thermal plasmas a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the black a hole binary gas 1915 a 105 is highly variable in a a rays a bellini it al a 2000 a and references therein a a still a even its hardest spectra are relatively soft a consisting of a blackbody a like component and a high a energy tail a villa it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they are softer than those of other black a hole binaries in the hard state a which spectra peak at key a edge a cyl xxx a gierliski it al a 1997 a a and are similar to their soft state a edge a cyl xxx a gierliski it al a 1999 a hereafter get a lac xxx a lac xxx a films it al a |
1,216 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the a locker puzzle a is a game played by multiple players against a referee a it has been previously shown that the best strategy that exists can not succeed with probability greater than a no matter how many players are involved a our contribution is to show that quantum players can do much better they can succeed with a by making the rules of the game significantly stricter a we show a scenario where the quantum players still succeed perfectly a while the classical players win with vanishing probability a other variants of the locker puzzle are considered a as well as a cheating referee a a keywords a quantum complexity a grover search a locker puzzle a 10000 10000 grover a quantum algorithm excite provides a quadratic speedup over the best possible classical algorithm for the problem of unsorted searching in the query model a while grover a search method has been shown to be optimal excite a our results reveal that in the context of multi a player query games a applying grover a algorithm yields success probabilities that are much better than the success probabilities of classical optimal protocols a specifically a we show that in the case of the a locker puzzle a a quantum players succeed with probability a while the known optimal classical success probability is bounded above by a in order to amplify this separation a we prove that a significantly stricter version of the locker puzzle has vanishing classical success probability a while still admitting a perfect quantum strategy a we also consider the empty locker and the coloured slips versions of the locker puzzle a and the possibility of a cheating referee a a sec a locker puzzle a the a a locker puzzle a a is a cooperative game between a team of players numbered and a referee a in the initial phase of the game a the referee chooses a random permutation of a and for each player she places number in locker a in the following phase a each player is. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we would like to thank bruce reed for introducing us to the classical version of the locker puzzle and richard clever for pointing out the perfect quantum search of excite a this work was partially supported by an an user discovery grant and an user postdoctoral fellowship of please generate the next two sentences of the article | |
1,217 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this note describes a local scheme to characterize and normalize an axial killing field on a general riemannian geometry a no global assumptions are necessary a such as that the orbits of the killing field all have period a rather a any killing field that vanishes at at least one point necessarily has the expected global properties a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article axial killing fields play an important role in classical general relativity when defining the angular momentum of a black hole or a similar compact a gravitating body a the simplest example is the omar angular momentum a which applies to regions of peacetime that admit a global axial killing field a the formula is where is a snakelike sphere a is the area bisector normal to a is the extrinsic curvature of a cauchy surface containing a is the snakelike normal to within a and is the intrinsic area element on. please generate the next two sentences of the article | a similar integrals such as the quasi a local formulae due to brown and york excite and for dynamical horizons excite apply more generally a when only the a intrinsic a two a dimensional a metric on is symmetric a |
1,218 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a new analysis of the far a in emission at high galactic latitude based on code and hi data a a decomposition of the far a in emission over the hi a h and h galactic gas components and the cosmic far infrared background a fire a is described a a for the first time the far a in emission of dust associated with the warm ionised medium a him a is evidenced a this component determined on about 25 of the sky is detected at a 10 level in the a 200 a 350 a band a the best representation of the him dust spectrum is obtained for a temperature of 29.1 a and an emissivity law 3.8 0.8 a with a spectral index equal to a a the emissivity law becomes 1.0 0.2 a with a temperature of of a a which is significantly higher than the temperature of dust associated with hi gas a the variation in the dust spectrum from the hi to the him component can be explained by only changing the upper cutoff of the big grain size distribution from 0.1 to of no a a the detection of in emission of dust in the him significantly decreases the intensity of the fire a especially around 200 which corresponds to the peak of energy a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the extraction of the cosmic far infrared background a fire a a induced by the emission of light from distant galaxies a partridge a peebles a 1967 a bond it al a a 1986 and references therein a a requires an accurate subtraction of the interstellar medium a ism a foreground emissions a the two instruments dire and firms on board the code satellite provide actually the best available data to study a on the whole sky a the distribution and properties of the ism far infrared a far a in a emission a a boulanger it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a 1996 a have extensively studied the emission of the dust associated with the hi component using the spatial correlation between the far a in dust emission as measured by dire and firms and the of pm hi emission as measured by the leiden a dwingeloo survey of the northern hemisphere a the dust emission spectrum derived from this correlation a for n 4.5 10 a can be quite well represented by a single modified planck curve characterized by t=17.5 a and a |
1,219 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the a a ray imaging spectrometer a xis a on board the suzuki satellite is an a a ray cd camera system that has superior performance such as a low background a high quantum efficiency a and good energy resolution in the 0.212 key band a because of the radiation damage in orbit a however a the charge transfer inefficiency a chi a has increased a and hence the energy scale and resolution of the xis has been degraded since the launch of july 2005 a the cd has a charge injection structure a and the chi of each column and the pulse a height dependence of the chi are precisely measured by a checker flag charge injection a fri a technique a our precise chi correction improved the energy resolution from 230 eve to 190 eve at 5.9 key in december 2006 a this paper reports the chi measurements with the fri experiments in orbit a using the fri results a we have implemented the time a dependent energy scale and resolution to the suzuki calibration database a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article after the first successful space flight use of the a a ray charge coupled device a cd a of the sis a excite a on board asia a the cd has been playing a major role in imaging spectroscopy in the field of a a ray astronomy a however a the charge transfer inefficiency a chi a of a a ray cads increases in orbit due to the radiation damage a the chi is defined as the fraction of electrons that are not successfully moved from one cd pixel to the next during the readout a since the amount of charge loss depends on the number of the transfers a the energy scale of a a ray cads depends on the location of an a a ray event a furthermore a there is a fluctuation in the amount of the lost charge a therefore a without any correction a the energy resolution of a a ray cads in orbit gradually degrades a in the case of the a a ray imaging spectrometer a xis of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite on board the suzuki satellite excite launched on july of a 2005 a the energy resolution in full width at half maximum a from a at 5.9 key was eve in august 2005 a but had degraded to eve in december 2006 a the increase of the chi is due to an increase in the number of charge traps at defects in the lattice structure of silicon made by the radiation a |
1,220 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we analyse the influence of spectrally modulated dispersion and loss on the stability of mode a locked oscillators a in the negative dispersion regime a a solution oscillator can be stabilized in a close proximity to zero a dispersion wavelength a when spectral modulation of dispersion and loss are strong and weak a respectively a if the dispersion is close to zero but positive a we observe a chaotic a mode a locking or a stable coexistence of the pulse with the cd signal a the results are confirmed by experiments with a or a bag oscillator a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article oscillators providing stable sub-100 is pulses in the near a infrared region around 1.5 a are of interest for a number of applications including infrared continuum generation excite and high a sensitivity gas spectroscopy excite a to date a the typical realization of such sources is based on a femtosecond or a fiber oscillator with an external pulse amplification a a promising alternative to such combination is a solid a state cr:yag mode a locked oscillator excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | such an oscillator allows a direct diode pumping and possesses the gain band providing the few a optical cycle pulses a however a attempts to increase the pulse energy in a or a bag oscillator is limited by its relatively small gain coefficient a |
1,221 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a new diagnostic diagram for mid a infrared spectra of infrared galaxies based on the equivalent width of the 6.2 a pah emission feature and the strength of the 9.7 a silicate feature a based on the position in this diagram we classify galaxies into a classes ranging from continuum a dominated an hot dust spectra and pah a dominated starburst spectra to absorption a dominated spectra of deeply obscured galactic nuclei a we find that galaxies are systematically distributed along two distinct branches a one of an and starburst a dominated spectra and one of deeply obscured nuclei and starburst a dominated spectra a the separation into two branches likely reflects a fundamental difference in the dust geometry in the two sets of sources a clumpy versus non a clumpy obscuration a spectra of rulings are found along the full length of both branches a reflecting the diverse nature of the using family a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article over the last decade several diagnostic diagrams have been proposed to quantify the contribution of star formation and an activity to the infrared luminosity of infrared galaxies based on mid a infrared a to far a infrared a continuum slope a pah line a to a continuum ratio a pah to far a infrared luminosity ratio and the ratio of a high to a low ionization forbidden line such as a nev/neii a excite a however a none of these diagrams takes into account the effects of strong obscuration of the nuclear power source a with the advent of the infrared spectrograph a a is a a a a a a a a on board the a switzer a space telescope excite astronomers have been handed a powerful tool to study the 537 a range for a wide range of galaxy types at an unprecedented sensitivity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this enables for the first time a systematic study of a large number of galaxies over the wavelength range in which amorphous silicate grains have strong opacity peaks due to the is of stretching and the of is of bending modes entered at 9.7 and 18 a a respectively a here |
1,222 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present the results of a a year campaign to monitor the low luminosity active galactic nucleus a learn a not 7213 in the radio a 4.8 and 8.4 ghz a and a a ray bands a a a of key a a with a reported a a ray eddington ratio of l a not 7213 can be considered to be comparable to a hard state black hole a a ray binary a we show that a weak correlation exists between the a a ray and radio light curves a we use the cross a correlation function to calculate a global time lag between events in the a a ray and radio bands to be of of days lag a 8.4 ghz radio lagging a a ray a a and of of days lag a 4.8 ghz radio lagging a a ray a a the radio a radio light curves are extremely well correlated with a lag of 20.5 12.9 days a 4.8 ghz lagging 8.4 ghz a a we explore the previously established scaling relationship between core radio and a a ray luminosities and black hole mass a known as the a fundamental plane of black hole activity a a and show that not 7213 lies very close to the best a fit a global a correlation for the plane as one of the most luminous learn a with a large number of quasi a simultaneous radio and a a ray observations a we explore for the first time the variations of a single an with respect to the fundamental plane a although the average radio and a a ray luminosities for not 7213 are in good agreement with the plane a we show that there is intrinsic scatter with respect to the plane for the individual data points a a firstpage a an jets radio a a ray lag a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the observable properties of active galactic nuclei a an a and black hole a a ray binaries a herbs a are consequences of accretion on to a black hole at a variety of rates a in a variety of a states a a and within a variety of environments a the major difference between the aforementioned classes of object is the black hole mass a herbs typically have a black hole mass while for an it is of please generate the next two sentences of the article | theoretically a the central accretion processes should be relatively straightforward to scale with mass a and this is supported by several observed correlations a these include a relation between the a a ray and radio luminosities and the black hole mass a mellon a heinz a i matter 2003 a face a king a markov 2004 a a and between a a ray variability timescales a mass accretion rate and mass a hardy it al a |
1,223 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the natural recognition of quantum nonlocality follows from the fact that a quantum wave is spatially extended a the waves of fermions display nonlocality in low energy limit of quantum fields a in this a a into a paper we propose a complex a geometry model that reveals the affection of nonlocality on the interaction between material particles of spin- a to make confocal properties appropriately involved in a quantum theory a the special unitary group and senior representation of lorentz group are generalized by making complex spaces which are spanned by wave functions of quantum particles curved a the curved spaces are described by the geometry used in general relativity by replacing the real space with complex space and additionally imposing the analytic condition on the space a the field equations for fermions and for bosons are respectively associated with geodesic motion equations and with local curvature of the considered space a the equation for fermions can restore all the terms of quadratic form of dirac equation a according to the field equation it is found that a for the us a field a generalized quantum electrodynamics a red a a a when the electromagnetic fields and satisfy a the bosons will gain masses a in this model a a physical region is empirically defined a which can be characterized by a determinant occurring in boson field equation a applying the field equation to field a generalized quantum chromodynamics a cd a a a the quark a confining property can be understood by carrying out the boundary of physical region a and it is also found out that under the conventional form of interaction vertex a a only when the colour group is generalized to is it possible to understand the strongly bound states of quarks a pics a 02.40.tt a 12.20.-m a 12.38.aw a 11.15.tk a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article nonlocality is an important phenomenon in nature a particularly in quantum world a the direct recognition of quantum nonlocality comes from the fact that a quantum wave is spatially extended a in contrast to the point model for classical particles a in this paper we mainly discuss how the nonlocality affects the interactions between material particles of spin- of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the problem is intriguing since the nonlocality has been gleaming implied by the renormalization of conventional quantum field theory a left a a whence most relevant calculations have to be regulated by momentum cutoff to contain the non a point effect a the technique however a is usually available only at high energy scale a the case where the wavelengths of particles are ultra short a |
1,224 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the nonequilibrium dynamical behavior and structure formation of end a fictionalized semiflexible polymer suspensions under flow are investigated by mesoscale hydrodynamic simulations a the hybrid simulation approach combines the multipartite collision dynamics method for the fluid a which accounts for hydrodynamic interactions a with molecular dynamics simulations for the semiflexible polymers a in equilibrium a various kinds of scaffold a like network structures are observed a depending on polymer flexibility and end a attraction strength a we investigate the flow behavior of the polymer networks under shear and analyse their nonequilibrium structural and rheological properties a the scaffold structure breaks up and identified aggregates are formed at low shear rates a while the structural integrity is completely lost at high shear rates a we provide a detailed analysis of the shear a rate a dependent flow a induced structures a the studies provide a deeper understanding of the formation and deformation of network structures in complex materials a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article smart and responsive complex materials can be achieved by self a organization of simple building blocks a by now a a broad range of fictionalized colloidal and polymeric building blocks have been proposed and designed a excite this comprises synthetic colloidal structures a edge a patchy or janus colloids excite or biological molecules such as dan duplexes a excite these building blocks are able to self a organized into gel a like structures a edge a hydrogen a which are able to undergo reversible changes in response to external stimuli. thereby a godlike molecules a such as viruses excite or telechelic associative polymers a excite exhibit novel scaffold a like structures a and theoretical and experimental studies have been undertaken to unravel their structural and dynamical properties in suspensions a here of please generate the next two sentences of the article | polymer flexibility and end a interactions are the essential parameters to control the properties of the self a assembled network structures a excite the appearing structures can be directed and controlled by external parameters a specifically by the application of external fields such as a shear flow. here a a fundamental understanding of the nonequilibrium response of a network structure is necessary for the rational design of new functional materials and that of already existing synthetic and biological scaffold a like patterns a |
1,225 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a conformal field theory a cut a has been extremely successful in describing large a scale universal effects in one a dimensional a cd a systems at quantum critical points a unfortunately a its applicability in condensed matter physics has been limited to situations in which the bulk is uniform because cut describes low a energy excitations around some energy scale a taken to be constant throughout the system a however a in many experimental contexts a such as quantum gases in trapping potentials and in several out a of a equilibrium situations a systems are strongly inhomogeneous a we show here that the powerful cut methods can be extended to deal with such cd situations a providing a few concrete examples for non a interacting fermi gases a the system a inhomogeneity enters the field theory action through parameters that vary with position a in particular a the metric itself varies a resulting in a cut in curved space a this approach allows us to derive exact formulas for entanglement entries which were not known by other means a a a of of a of of a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article low a dimensional quantum systems are a formidable arena for the study of many a body physics a in one or two spatial dimensions a cd or cd a a the effects of strong correlations and interactions are enhanced and lead to dramatic effects a celebrated examples from condensed matter physics include such diverse cases as the rationalization of charge and emergence of topological order in the quantum hall effect a high- superconductivity a or the breakdown of landau a fermi liquid theory in cd a replaced by the luttinger liquid paradigm excite a in the past decade a breakthroughs in the field of optically trapped ultra a cold atomic gases excite have lead to a new generation of quantum experiments that allow to directly observe fundamental phenomena such as quantum phase transitions excite and coherent quantum dynamics excite in low a dimensional systems a including cd gases excite a these revolutionary experiments are an ideal playground for the interplay with theory a as they allow to directly realize a in the laboratory a ideal setups that were previously regarded only as oversimplified thought experiments a on the theory side please generate the next two sentences of the article | a many exact results in cd can be obtained by a blend of methods that comprises lattice integrability excite and non a perturbative field theory approaches a in particular cd a a a cd a conformal field theory a cut a excite and integrable field theory excite a cut has been incredibly successful at making exact universal predictions for cd condensed matter systems at a quantum critical point a these include the condo effect and other quantum impurity problems excite a and the many insights on quantum quenches excite as well as universal characterization of entanglement at quantum criticality excite a |
1,226 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper i review present challenges that cd in extreme environments presents to lattice gauge theory a recent data and impressions from chic are emphasized a physical pictures of heavy ion wavefunctions a collisions and the generation of the quark gluon plasma are discussed a with an eye toward engaging the lattice and its numerical methods in more interaction with the experimental and phenomenological developments a controversial a but stimulating scenarios which can be confirmed or dismissed by lattice methods are covered a in the second half of the talk a several promising developments presented at the conference lattice 2002 are reviewed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we live in interesting times a in the world of high energy and nuclear physics the relativistic heavy ion collider a chic a at brookhaven national laboratory is beginning its search into the new realm of high temperatures and low but nonzero chemical potentials a these experiments will surprise us a experiments have a habit of doing that of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they humble us a they will show us new directions a |
1,227 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a framework for modelling uncertainty where both belief and doubt can be given independent a first a class status a we adopt probability theory as the mathematical formalism for manipulating uncertainty a an agent can express the uncertainty in her knowledge about a piece of information in the form of a a confidence level a a consisting of a pair of intervals of probability a one for each of her belief and doubt a the space of confidence levels naturally leads to the notion of a a trilattice a a similar in spirit to fitting a lattices a intuitively a the points in such a trilattice can be ordered according to truth a information a or precision a we develop a framework for a probabilistic deductive databases a by associating confidence levels with the facts and rules of a classical deductive database a while the trilattice structure offers a variety of choices for defining the semantics of probabilistic deductive databases a our choice of semantics is based on the truth a ordering a which we find to be closest to the classical framework for deductive databases a in addition to proposing a declarative semantics based on valuations and an equivalent semantics based on pinpoint theory a we also propose a proof procedure and prove it sound and complete a we show that while classical analog query programs have a polynomial time data complexity a certain query programs in the probabilistic deductive database framework do not even terminate on some input databases a we identify a large natural class of query programs of practical interest in our framework a and show that programs in this class possess polynomial time data complexity a not only do they terminate on every input database a they are guaranteed to do so in a number of steps polynomial in the input database size a a section a a section a a section a a section a a section a a section a a section a a section a a section a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article knowledge a base systems must typically deal with imperfection in knowledge a in particular a in the form of incompleteness a inconsistency a and uncertainty a with this motivation a several frameworks for manipulating data and knowledge have been proposed in the form of extensions to classical logic programming and deductive databases to cope with imperfections in available knowledge a abiteboul a a it al a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite a lib excite a and dong and lakshmanan excite dealt with deductive databases with incomplete information in the form of null values a kier and lozinskii excite have developed a logic for reasoning with inconsistency a |
1,228 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we analyse recent results of such a lattice cd calculations with a phenomenological parametrization for the quark a gluon plasma equation of state based on a quasi a particle picture with massive quarks and gluons a at high temperature we obtain a good fit to the lattice data using perturbative thermal quark and gluon masses from an improved hal scheme a at temperatures close to the confinement phase transition the fitted masses increase above the perturbative value a and a non a zero a but small a bag constant is required to fit the lattice data a a 7.2pt a 7.2pt 14.5pt a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article strong interactions are described by such a yang a mills field theory a and the fundamental degrees of freedom of quantum chromodynamics a cd a are gluons and quarks a at high temperature this theory is weakly coupled a allowing for the use of perturbative methods a the leading order contributions to the characteristic collective excitations and the equation of state of a quark a gluon plasma were already determined many years ago excite a a gauge invariant approach to non a leading corrections please generate the next two sentences of the article | was derived more recently in form of the hard thermal loop a hal a approximation excite and its improved versions excite a the theory of cd predicts the appearance of a phase transition between the quark a gluon dominated high energy region and the harmonic state in the low energy region a |
1,229 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the of problem of time of in present physics substantially consists in the fact that a straightforward quantization of the general relativistic evolution equation and constraints generates for the universe wave function the wheeler a de witt equation a which describes a static universe a page and hooters considered the fact that there exist states of a system composed by entangled subsystems that are stationary a but one can interpret the component subsystems as evolving a this leads them to suppose that the global state of the universe can be envisaged as one of this static entangled state a whereas the state of the subsystems can evolve a here we synthetically present an experiment a based on pc polarization entangled photons a that shows a practical example where this idea works a item a subsystem of an entangled state works as a of clock of of another subsystem a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a a of. an infinite series of times a in a dizzily growing a ever spreading network of diverging a converging and parallel times a this web of time the strands of which approach one another a bifurcate a intersect or ignore each other through the centuries embraces every possibility a of a borges a a a a of quid est ergo temps of please generate the next two sentences of the article | is demo sex me quadrat a sci a is quaerenti explicate selim a enesco a of a excite as augustine hipponensis present physicists are in the situation where time is an essential physical parameter whose meaning is intuitively clear a but several problems arise when they try to provide a clear definition of time a first of all the definition of time is different in different branches of physics as classical and non a relativistic quantum mechanics a a fixed background parameter a a special relativity a a proper time for each observer a time as fourth coordinate a set of privileged inertial frames a or general relativity a time is a general peacetime coordinate a not at all an absolute time a time non orientability a closed timeline curves a |
1,230 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper on a minute a to a minute basis people undergo numerous fluid interactions with objects that barely register on a conscious level a recent neuroscientific research demonstrates that humans have a fixed size prior for salient objects a this suggests that a salient object in cd undergoes a consistent transformation such that people a visual system perceives it with an approximately fixed size a this finding indicates that there exists a consistent egocentric object prior that can be characterized by shape a size a depth a and location in the first person view a in this paper a we develop an egoobject representation a which encodes these characteristics by incorporating shape a location a size and depth features from an egocentric read image a we empirically show that this representation can accurately characterize the egocentric object prior by testing it on an egocentric read dataset for three tasks a the cd saliency detection a future saliency prediction a and interaction classification a this representation is evaluated on our new egocentric read saliency dataset that includes various activities such as cooking a dining a and shopping a by using our egoobject representation a we outperform previously proposed models for saliency detection a relative improvement for cd saliency detection task a on our dataset a additionally a we demonstrate that this representation allows us to predict future salient objects based on the gaze cue and classify people a interactions with objects a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article on a daily basis a people undergo numerous interactions with objects that barely register on a conscious level a for instance a imagine a person shopping at a grocery store as shown in figure a fig a main a a suppose she picks up a can of juice to load it in her shopping cart a the distance of the can is maintained fixed due to the constant length of her arm of please generate the next two sentences of the article | when she checks the expiration date on the can a the distance and orientation towards the can is adjusted with respect to her eyes so that she can read the label easily a in the next aisle a she may look at a cd screen at a certain distance to check the discount list in the store a |
1,231 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recently a the school of takemura and wakayama have developed a quite interesting minimization method called a holonomic gradient descent method a a had a a it works by a mixed use of pfaffian differential equation satisfied by an objective holonomic function and an iterative optimization method a they successfully applied the method to several maximum likelihood estimation a me a problems a which have been intractable in the past a on the other hand a in statistical models a it is not rare that parameters are constrained and therefore the me with constraints has been surely one of fundamental topics in statistics a in this paper we develop had with constraints for me a a holonomic decent minimization method for restricted maximum likelihood estimation a a risk sakurai a and ohio santa a a graduate school of medicine a durum university of asahimachi a durum 830 a 0011 a japan a a a faculty of design human science a kyushu university a a a a a a shiobaru miami a kun a fukuoka 815 a 8540 a japan a a email a a213gm009s.kurume-u.ac.jp a key words a holonomic gradient descent method a newton a raphson method with penalty function a on miles a fisher distribution a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recently a the both schools of takemura and wakayama have developed a quite interesting minimization method called holonomic gradient descent methodhgd a a it utilizes gardner basis in the ring of differential operator with rational coefficients a gardner basis in the differential operators plays a central role in deriving some differential equations called a pfaffian system for optimization of please generate the next two sentences of the article | had works by a mixed use of pfaffian system and an iterative optimization method a it has been successfully applied to several maximum likelihood estimation a me a problems a which have been intractable in the past a |
1,232 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we develop a model which can be used to analyse the scenario of exploring quantum network with a distracted sense of direction a using this model we analyse the behaviour of quantum mobile agents operating with non a adaptive and adaptive strategies which can be employed in this scenario a we introduce the notion of node visiting suitable for analysing quantum superpositions of states by distinguishing between visiting and attaining a position a we show that without a proper model of adaptiveness a it is not possible for the party representing the distraction in the sense of direction a to obtain the results analogous to the classical case a moreover a with additional control resources the total number of attained positions is maintained if the number of visited positions is strictly limited a a keywords a quantum mobile agents a quantum networks a two a person quantum games a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recent progress in quantum communication technology has confirmed that the biggest challenge in using quantum methods of communication is to provide scalable methods for building large a scale quantum networks excite a the problems arising in this area are related to physical realizations of such networks a as well as to designing new protocols that exploit new possibilities offered by the principles of quantum mechanics in long a distance communication a one of the interesting problems arising in the area of quantum internetworking protocols is the development of methods which can be used to detect errors that occur in large a scale quantum networks a a natural approach for developing such methods is to construct them on the basis of the methods developed for classical networks excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the main contribution of this paper is the development of a method for exploring quantum networks by mobile agents which operate on the basis of information stored in quantum registers a we construct a model based on a quantum walk on cycle which can be applied to analyse the scenario of exploring quantum networks with a faulty sense of direction a |
1,233 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a genuine feature of projective quantum measurements is that they inevitably alter the mean energy of the observed system if the measured quantity does not commute with the hamiltonian a compared to the classical case a jacobs proved that this additional energetic cost leads to a stronger bound on the work extractable after a single measurement from a system initially in thermal equilibrium a phys a rev a a of a 012322 a 2009 a a a here a we extend this bound to a large class of feedback a driven quantum engines operating periodically and in finite time a the bound thus implies a natural definition for the efficiency of information to work conversion in such devices a for a simple model consisting of a laser a driven two a level system a we maximize the efficiency with respect to the observable whose measurement is used to control the feedback operations a we find that the optimal observable typically does not commute with the hamiltonian and hence would not be available in a classical two level system a this result reveals that periodic feedback engines operating in the quantum realm can exploit quantum coherence to enhance efficiency a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article schrodinger a cat sums up one of the most striking and counter a intuitive features of quantum systems that is the ability to exist in coherent superpositions of states a which a in the classical world a would mutually exclude each other a while the conceptual ambiguities arising due to this phenomenon have been highly debated in the early days of quantum mechanics a during the last decades a it has been pointed out that quantum coherence might serve as valuable resource a especially for information processing a among the first suggestions in this direction were the brassard a bennett protocol and the dutch jobs algorithm promising respectively intrinsically eavesdrop a secure communication and an exponential speedup of computation by exploiting the quantum superposition principle excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | although theses schemes are of little practical use so far a they reveal the enormous potential of quantum technologies a which nowadays becomes all the more significant due to recent experiments showing the accessibility of quantum effects even under ambient conditions excite a information thermodynamics excite provides another a yet much less explored a area of research a which might benefit from the utilization of quantum coherence a |
1,234 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper one of the outstanding unsolved riddles of nuclear astrophysics is the origin of the so called of a a process of nuclei from a a of to 126 a both the lighter and heavier -process nuclei are adequately produced in the neon and oxygen shells of ordinary type ii supernovae a but the origin of these intermediate isotopes a especially and a has long been mysterious a here we explore the production of these nuclei in the neutrino a driven wind from a young neutron star a we consider such early times that the wind still contains a proton excess because the rates for and positron captures on neutrons are faster than those for the inverse captures on protons a following a suggestion by excite a we also include the possibility that a in addition to the protons a -particles a and heavy seed a a small flux of neutrons is maintained by the reaction p a this flux of neutrons is critical in bridging the long waiting points along the path of the -process by a a a a a and a n, a reactions a using the unmodified ejecta histories from a recent two a dimensional supernova model by excite a we find synthesis of -rich nuclei up to a however a if the entropy of these ejecta is increased by a factor of two a the synthesis extends to a still larger increases in entropy a that might reflect the role of magnetic fields or vibrational energy input neglected in the hydrodynamical model a result in the production of numerousaa and -process nuclei up to a 170 a even in winds that are proton a rich a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article excite attributed the production of the isotopes heavier than the iron group to three processes of nucleosynthesis a theand -processes of neutron addition a and the -process of proton addition a the conditions they specified for the -process a proton densities a and temperatures a a were difficult to realize in nature and so other processes and sites were sought a excite and excite attributed the production of the -process nuclei to photodisintegration a a series of a a a a a and a a reactions flowing downward through radioactive proton a rich progenitors from lead to iron a their of -process of operated upon previously existing -process seed in the star to make the -process a and was thus of secondary of in nature a or even of tertiary of since the -process itself is secondary a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it could only happen in a star made from the ashes of previous stars that had made the -process a arnold suggested hydrostatic oxygen burning in massive stars as the site where the necessary conditions were realized a woolley and howard a who discovered the relevant nuclear flows independently a discussed explosive oxygen and neon burning in a type ii supernova as the likely site a over the years |
1,235 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we consider sojourn or response times in processor a shared queues that have a finite population of potential users a computing the response time of a tagged customer involves solving a finite system of linear odes a writing the system in matrix form a we study the eigenvectors and eigenvalues in the limit as the size of the matrix becomes large a this corresponds to finite population models where the total population is a using asymptotic methods we reduce the eigenvalue problem to that of a standard differential equation a such as the hermite equation a the dominant eigenvalue leads to the tail of a customer a sojourn time distribution a a a keywords a a finite population a processor sharing a eigenvalue a eigenvector a asymptotic a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the study of processor shared queues has received much attention over the past of or so years a the processor sharing a is a discipline has the advantage over a say a first a in first a out a fife a a in that shorter jobs tend to get through the system more rapidly a is models were introduced during the 1960 a by kleinrock a see excite a excite a a in recent years please generate the next two sentences of the article | there has been renewed attention paid to such models a due to their applicability to the flow a level performance of bandwidth a sharing protocols in packet a switched communication networks a seea a perhaps the simplest example of such a model is the -ps queue a here |
1,236 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a i discuss some theoretical expectations for the synchrotron emission from a relativistic blast a wave interacting with the ambient medium a as a model for grab afterglows a and compare them with observations a an afterglow flux evolving as a power a law in time a a bright optical flash during and after the burst a and light a curve breaks owing to a tight ejecta collimation are the major predictions that were confirmed observationally a but it should be recognized that light a curve decay indices are not correlated with the spectral slopes a as would be expected a a optical flashes are quite rare a and jet a breaks harder to find in swift a a ray afterglows a the slowing of the early optical flux decay rate is accompanied by a spectral evolution a indicating that the emission from ejecta a energized by the reverse shock a is dominant in the optical over that from the forward shock a which energizes the ambient medium a only up to a is a however a a long a lived reverse shock is required to account for the slow radio flux decays observed in many afterglows after day a a a ray light a curve plateaus could be due to variations in the average energy a per a solid a angle of the blast a wave a confirming to two other anticipated features of grab outflows a energy injection and angular structure a the latter is also the more likely origin of the fast a rises seen in some optical light a curves a to account for the existence of both chromatic and achromatic afterglow light a curve breaks a the overall picture must be even more complex and include a new mechanism that dominates occasionally the emission from the blast a wave a either late internal shocks or scattering a bulk indoor inverse a compton a of the blast a wave emission by an outflow interior to it a address isr-1 a los alamo national laboratory a los alamo a no 87545 a us a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a relativistic motion of grab sources was advocated by excite from that the energies released exceed by many orders of magnitude the eddington luminosity for a stellar a mass object a especially if grabs are at cosmological distances a see also excite a a the detection by gro a egret of photons with energy above a me during the prompt burst emission a edge excite a shows that grab sources are optically thin to such photons a together with the sub a me burst isotropic a equivalent output of ergs a edge excite a and the millisecond burst variability timescale a the condition for optical thickness to high energy photons gives another reason why grabs must arise from ultra a relativistic sources a moving at lorentz factor a edge excite a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the same conclusion is enforced by the measurement of a relativistic expansion of the radio afterglow source a that expansion was either measured directly a as for grab 030329 a a a whose size increased at an apparent speed of pc a indicating a source expanding at at of months excite a or was inferred from the rate at which interstellar scintillation excite quenches owing to the increasing source size a as for grab 970508 a whose expansion speed is inferred to be close to at a month excite a |
1,237 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper transition probabilities governing the interaction of energy packets and matter are derived that allow monte carlo note transfer codes to be constructed without simplifying the treatment of line formation a these probabilities are such that the monte carlo calculation asymptotically recovers the local emissivity of a gas in statistical equilibrium a numerical experiments with one a point statistical equilibrium problems for be ii and hydrogen confirm this asymptotic behaviour a in addition a the resulting monte carlo emissivities are shown to be far less sensitive to errors in the populations of the emitting levels than are the values obtained with the basic emissivity formula a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article when monte carlo methods are used to compute the spectra of astronomical sources a it is advantageous to work with a indivisible a monochromatic packets of radiant energy and to impose the constraint that a when interacting with matter a their energy is conserved in the co a moving frame a the first of these constraints leads to simple code and the second facilitates convergence to an accurate temperature stratification a for a static atmosphere a the energy a conservation constraint automatically gives a divergence a free radiative flux even when the temperature stratification differs from the radiative equilibrium solution of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a remarkable consequence is that the simple -iteration device of adjusting the temperature to bring the matter into thermal equilibrium with the monte carlo radiation field results in rapid convergence to the close neighbourhood of the radiative equilibrium solution a lucy 1999a a a an especially notable aspect of this success is that this temperature a correction procedure is geometry a independent a and so these methods readily generalize to of and and problems a for an atmosphere in differential motion a the energy a conservation constraint yields a radiative flux that is rigorously divergence a free in every local matter frame a |
1,238 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper temperature and field a dependent hall effect measurements are reported for badge a a heavy fermion compound exhibiting a field a induced quantum phase transition a and for two other closely related members of the range series a a non a magnetic analogue a large and a representative a good local moment a magnetic material a image a whereas the temperature dependent hall coefficient of badge shows behavior similar to what has been observed in a number of heavy fermion compounds a the low temperature a field a dependent measurements reveal well defined a sudden changes with applied field a in specific for a clear local maximum that sharpens as temperature is reduced below a a and that approaches a value of of joe a a value that has been proposed as the quantum critical point a similar behavior was observed for where a clear minimum in the field a dependent hall resistivity was observed at low temperatures a although at our base temperatures it is difficult to distinguish between the field a dependent behavior predicted for a i a diffraction off a critical spin density wave or a ii a breakdown in the composite nature of the heavy electron a for both field directions there is a distinct temperature dependence of a feature that can clearly be associated with a field a induced quantum critical point at persisting up to at least a of a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article based on low temperature resistivity and heat capacity measurements in applied magnetic fields badge was recently classified as a new heavy fermion material with long range a possibly small moment a magnetic order below a a excite that shows magnetic field induced non a fermi a liquid a nil a behavior excite a the critical field required to drive badge to the field a induced quantum critical point a up a is anisotropic a of joe a of joe a and conveniently accessible by many experimental groups excite a badge is one of the a rare aves a of intermetallics a apparently only second a after the extensively studied ybrh excite a a a stoichiometric a a by a based a heavy fermion a of a that shows magnetic field induced nil behavior and as such is suitable to serve as a testing ground for experimental and theoretical constructions relevant for up physics a among the surfeit of detailed descriptions developed for a material near the antiferromagnetic cps please generate the next two sentences of the article | we will refer to the outcomes excite of two more general a competing a pictures a in one viewpoint the up is a spin density wave a saw a instability excite of the fermi surface a within the second picture that originates in the description of heavy fermions as a condo lattice of local moments excite a heavy electrons are composite bound states formed between local moments and conduction electrons and the up is associated with the breakdown of this composite nature a it was suggested excite that hall effect measurements can help distinguish which of these two mechanisms may be relevant for a particular material near a up a in the saw scenario the hall coefficient is expected to vary continuously through the quantum phase transition a whereas in the composite of scenario the hall coefficient is anticipated to change discontinuously at the up a |
1,239 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a subset of a metric space is a a -distance set a if there are exactly non a zero distances occurring between points a we conjecture that a -distance set in a -dimensional banach space a or a minkowski space a a a contains at most points a with equality if the unit ball is a parallelotope a we solve this conjecture in the affirmative for all -dimensional spaces and for spaces where the unit ball is a parallelotope a for general spaces we find various weaker upper bounds for -distance sets a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a subset of a metric space is a a -distance set a if there are exactly non a zero distances occurring between points of a we also call a -distance set an a equilateral set of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a in this paper we find upper bounds for the cardinalities of -distance sets in a minkowski spaces a a item finite a dimensional banach spaces a see theorems a the a to a up a a a and make a conjecture concerning tight upper bounds a in euclidean spaces -distance sets have been studied extensively a see edge excite a and the books excite and a a a a a a and of a a for general -dimensional minkowski spaces |
1,240 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose and analyse simple deterministic algorithms that can be used to construct machines that have primitive learning capabilities a we demonstrate that locally connected networks of these machines can be used to perform blind classification on an event a by a event basis a without storing the information of the individual events a we also demonstrate that properly designed networks of these machines exhibit behavior that is usually only attributed to quantum systems a we present networks that simulate quantum interference on an event a by a event basis a in particular we show that by using simple geometry and the learning capabilities of the machines it becomes possible to simulate single a photon interference in a mach a gender interferometer a the interference pattern generated by the network of deterministic learning machines is in perfect agreement with the quantum theoretical result for the single a photon mach a gender interferometer a to illustrate that networks of these machines are indeed capable of simulating quantum interference we simulate a event a by a event a a setup involving two chained mach a gender interferometers a we show that also in this case the simulation results agree with quantum theory a a a a 1#1 a 1#1 a 1#1 a 1#2#1 a a a 1#1 a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article computer simulation is widely regarded as complementary to theory and experiment excite a at present there are only a few physical phenomena that can not be simulated on a computer a one such exception is the double a slit experiment with single electrons a as carried out by tonomura and his co a workers excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this experiment is carried out in such a way that at any given time a only one electron travels from the source to the detector excite a only after a substantial a approximately 50000 a amount of electrons have been detected an interference pattern emerges excite a |
1,241 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we update the constraints on new a physics contributions to processes from the generalized unitarily triangle analysis a including the most recent experimental developments a based on these constraints a we derive upper bounds on the coefficients of the most general effective hamiltonian a these upper bounds can be translated into lower bounds on the scale of new physics that contributes to these low a energy effective interactions a we point out that a due to the enhancement in the renormalization group evolution and in the matrix elements a the coefficients of non a standard operators are much more constrained than the coefficient of the operator present in the standard model a therefore a the scale of new physics in models that generate new operators a such as next a to a minimal flavour violation a has to be much higher than the scale of minimal flavour violation a and it most probably lies beyond the reach of direct searches at the lac a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article starting from the pioneering measurements of the mass difference and of the up a violating parameter a continuing with the precision measurements of the mixing parameters and and with the recent determination of the oscillation frequency and the first bounds on the mixing phase a until the very recent evidence of mixing a processes have always provided some of the most stringent constraints on new physics a no a a for example a it has been known for more than a quarter of century that supersymmetric extensions of the standard model a so a with generic flavour structures are strongly constrained by mixing and up violation excite a the constraints from mixing are particularly stringent for models that generate transitions between quarks of different chiralities excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | more recently a it has been shown that another source of enhancement of chirality a breaking transitions lies in the cd corrections excite a now known at the next a to a leading order a no a excite a previous phenomenological analyses of processes in supersymmetry excite were affected by a large uncertainty due to the so contribution a since no determination of the cabibbo a kobayashi a mascara excite a com a up a violating phase was available in the presence of no a |
1,242 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a -symmetrically deformed version of the grapheme tight a binding model under a magnetic field a we analyse the structure of the spectra and the eigenvectors of the hamiltonian around the and points a both in the -symmetric and -broken regions a in particular we show that the presence of the deformation parameter produces several interesting consequences a including the asymmetry of the zero a energy states of the hamiltonian and the breakdown of the completeness of the eigenvector sets a we also discuss the orthogonality of the eigenvectors a which turns out to be different in the -symmetric and -broken regions a a -symmetric grapheme under a magnetic field a a radio bagatelle a divertimento i energy a ingegneria dellinformazione a model mathematics a a fact i ingegneria a university i palermo a a i-90128 palermo a italy a a a mail a fabio.bagarello.it a home page a naomichi latino a institute of industrial science a university of tokyo a a omaha a a a a a a euro a tokyo 153 a 8505 a japan a a a mail a hatano.u-tokyo.ac.jp a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since its isolation on an adhesive tape excite a grapheme has quickly become a material of intensive attention a many researches have revealed various interesting aspects of the material a see edge refs a excite for reviews of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one of the most interesting features emerges particularly when we apply a magnetic field to it excite a the landau levels due to the magnetic field form a structure different from the simple two a dimensional electron gas in that there are levels of zero energy and in that the non a zero energy levels are spaced not equally but proportionally to the square root of the level number a in the present paper |
1,243 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper protein function and dynamics are closely related to its sequence and structure a however prediction of protein function and dynamics from its sequence and structure is still a fundamental challenge in molecular biology a protein classification a which is typically done through measuring the similarity between proteins based on protein sequence or physical information a serves as a crucial step toward the understanding of protein function and dynamics a persistent homology is a new branch of algebraic topology that has found its success in the topological data analysis in a variety of disciplines a including molecular biology a the present work explores the potential of using persistent homology as an independent tool for protein classification a to this end a we propose a molecular topological fingerprint based support vector machine a mtg a sam a classifier a specifically a we construct machine learning feature vectors solely from protein topological fingerprints a which are topological invariants generated during the filtration process a to validate the present mtg a sam approach a we consider four types of problems a first a we study protein a drug binding by using the my channel protein of influenza a virus a we achieve 96% accuracy in discriminating drug bound and unbound my channels a additionally a we examine the use of mtg a sam for the classification of haemoglobin molecules in their relaxed and taut forms and obtain about 80% accuracy a the identification of all alpha a all beta a and alpha a beta protein domains is carried out in our next study using 900 proteins a we have found a 85% success in this identification a finally a we apply the present technique to of classification tasks of protein superfamilies over 1357 samples a an average accuracy of 82% is attained a the present study establishes computational topology as an independent and effective alternative for protein classification a key words a persistent homology a machine learning a protein classification,. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article proteins are essential building blocks of living organisms a they function as catalyst a structural elements a chemical signals a receptors a etc a the molecular mechanism of protein functions are closely related to their structures a the study of structure a function relationship is the holy grail of biophysics and has attracted enormous effort in the past few decades of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the understanding of such a relationship enables us to predict protein functions from structure or amino acid sequence or both a which remains major challenge in molecular biology a intensive experimental investigation has been carried out to explore the interactions among proteins or proteins with other biomolecules a edge a dias indoor anas a in particular a the understanding of protein a drug interactions is of premier importance to human health a |
1,244 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a fundamental element of quantum information processing with photonic quits is the neoclassical quantum interference between two photons when they bunch together via the hong a of a manuel a home a effect a ultimately a many such pure photons must be processed in complex interferometric networks a and for this it is essential to synchronize the arrival times of the flying photons preserving their purity a here we demonstrate for the first time the home interference of two heralded a pure optical photons synchronized through two independent quantum memories a controlled storage times up to 1.8 for about of events per second were achieved with purities sufficiently high for a negative wigner function confirmed with homodyne measurements a optical photons are a fundamental resource to encode flying quantum bits for quantum communication and computation a in particular a in linear a optics quantum information processing excite a universal two a quit gates rely upon neoclassical quantum interferences a where photons tend to bunch due to their bosnia nature a the elementary manifestation for this is the so a called hong a of a manuel a home a effect excite a when two indistinguishable single photons a match a enter a balanced beam splitter a they bunch in either of the two output ports a resulting in a home state a match a with some relative phase a maths for large a scale quantum computation a many pure single photons must be available simultaneously at the input ports of large interferometric networks a in order to apply the corresponding gate sequences at the same time on all the initial quits a numerous tests of the home effect have been performed over the past few decades mainly in order to characterize single a photon sources a such as parametric down converters excite a trapped single neutral atoms excite a ions excite a atomic ensembles excite a quantum dots excite a and nitrogen vacancy center in diamond excite a however a the simultaneous occurrence of two single photons at a. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the light source of our experiment is a continuous a wave a cd a to a sapphire laser operating at the wavelength of 860 no a in addition to the setup shown in fig a a a there are two optical cavities which are omitted from fig a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one cavity is a second a harmonic generator a which is a bow a tie a shaped cavity and contains a periodically a poled ktiopo a pkt a crystal as a nonlinear optical medium a the resulting continuous output beam at the wavelength of 430 no is a after a frequency shift by an acoustic a optic modulator a directed as a pump beam to each memory cavity a which contains a periodically a poled ktiopo a pkt a crystal as a nonlinear optical medium and works as a non a degenerate optical parametric oscillator a nope a a the pumping power at each memory cavity is about a my a |
1,245 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present high resolution a mid a infrared images toward three hot molecular cores signposted by methanol maser emission a g173.49 a 2.42 a s231 a s233ir a a g188.95 a 0.89 a s252 a afgl-5180 a and g192.60 a 0.05 a s255ir a a each of the cores was targeted with michelle on gemini north using a filters from 7.9 to 18.5 a a we find each contains both large regions of extended emission and multiple a luminous point sources which a from their extremely red colours a a a appear to be embedded young stellar objects a the closest angular separations of the point sources in the three regions are 0.79 a 1.00 and 3.33 corresponding to linear separations of 1,700 a 1,800 and 6,000au respectively a the methanol maser emission is found closest to the brightest mir point source a within the assumed 1 pointing accuracy a a mass and luminosity estimates for the sources range from a a of m and of a 40,000 l a assuming the mir sources are embedded objects and the observed gas mass provides the bulk of the reservoir from which the stars formed a it is difficult to generate the observed distributions for the most massive cluster members from the gas in the cores using a standard form of the if a masers stars a formation techniques a high angular resolution stars a early type stars a mass function infrared a stars a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article massive stars play a fundamental role in driving the energy flow and material cycles that influence the physical and chemical evolution of galaxies a despite receiving much attention a their formation process remains enigmatic a observationally a the large distances to the nearest examples and the clustered mode of formation make it difficult to isolate individual protesters for study of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is still not certain a for instance a whether massive stars form via accretion a similar to low mass stars a or through mergers of intermediate mass stars a advances in instrumentation a have enabled a sub a arcsecond resolution imaging at wavelengths less affected by the large column densities of material that obscure the regions at shorter wavelengths a |
1,246 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the ground state and excited state properties of the perovskite lamno a the mother material of colossal magnetoresistance manganites a are calculated based on the generalized a gradient a corrected relativistic full a potential method a the electronic structure a magnetism and energetics of various spin configurations for lamno in the ideal cubic perovskite structure and the experimentally observed distorted orthorhombic structure are obtained a the excited state properties such as the optical a magneto a optical a a a ray photoemission a ups a a bremsstrahlung isochromat a bis a a a a ray absorption near edge structure a lanes a spectra are calculated and found to be in excellent agreement with available experimental results a consistent with earlier observations the insulating behavior can be obtained only when we take into account the structural distortions and the correct antiferromagnetic ordering in the calculations a the present results suggest that the correlation effect is not significant in lamno and the presence of ferromagnetic coupling within the plane as well as the antiferromagnetic coupling perpendicular to this plane can be explained through the itinerant band picture a as against earlier expectations a our calculations show that the in 3 as well as the electrons are present in the whole valence band region a in particular significantly large amounts of electrons are present in combination with the electrons at the top of the valence band against the common expectation of presence of only pure electrons a we have calculated the hyperfine field parameters for the a a type antiferromagnetic and the ferromagnetic phases of lamno and compared the findings with the available experimental results a the role of the orthorhombic distortion on electronic structure a magnetism and optical anisotropy are analysed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article even though the in containing oxides with the perovskite a like structure have been studied for more than a half century, various phase transitions occurring on doping in these materials are not fully understood a in particular a lamno exhibit rich and interesting physical properties because of the strong interplay between lattice distortions a transport properties and magnetic ordering a this compound also have a very rich phase diagram depending on the doping concentration a temperature and pressure a being either antiferromagnetic a of a insulator a ferromagnetic a of a metal or charge ordered a co a insulator. the magnetic behavior of the lamno perovskite is particularly interesting a because the jan a teller a it a distortion is accompanied by the so a called a a type antiferromagnetic a a a of a spin a moment a and a a type orbital ordering a of a a ice a alternative occupation of and in the plane and same type of orbital occupation perpendicular to the plane. recently manganites have also been subjected to strong interest due to their exhibition of negative colossal magnetoresistance a car a effects. in particular the perovskite a oxide system la a where is a divalent alkali element such as a or or a have attracted much attention primarily due to the discovery of a negative car effect around the ferromagnetic transition temperature a which is located near room temperature. the mutual coupling among the charge a spin a orbital and lattice degrees of freedom in perovskite a type manganites creates versatile intriguing phenomena such as cmr, field a melting of the co indoor of states a accompanying a huge change in resistivity, field a induced structural transitions even near room temperature, field control of inter a grain or inter a plane tunnelling of highly spin a polarized carriers, etc a several mechanisms have been proposed for car a such as double. please generate the next two sentences of the article | several theoretical studies have been made on this material using the mean a field approximation a numerical diagonalization, gutzwiller technique, slave a fermion theory, a dynamical mean a field theory a perturbation theory and quantum monte a carlo technique. nevertheless it is still controversial as to what is the driving mechanism of the experimentally established properties a particularly the strongly incoherent charge dynamics a and what the realistic parameters of theoretical models are a by calculating and comparing various experimentally observed quantities one can get an idea about the role of electron correlations and other influences on the car effect in these materials a |
1,247 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper we study the higher regularity of the free boundary for the elliptic ignoring problem a by using a partial holograph a legendre transformation we show that the regular part of the free boundary is real analytic a the first complication in the study is the convertibility of the holograph transform a which is only a which can be overcome by studying the precise asymptotic behavior of the solutions near regular free boundary points a the second and main complication in the study is that the equation satisfied by the legendre transform is degenerate a however a the equation has a subelliptic structure and can be viewed as a perturbation of the baouendi a rushing operator a by using the theory available for that operator a we can bootstrap the regularity of the legendre transform up to real analyticity a which implies the real analyticity of the free boundary a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let be the euclidean ball in a a entered at the origin with radius a let a and a consider local minimizes of the dirichlet functional over the closed convex set item functions which satisfy this problem is known as the a a boundary a thin obstacle problem a or the a a elliptic a ignoring problem it was shown in excite that the local minimizes are of class a besides a will satisfy the boundary condition is known as the a complementarity a or a ignoring boundary conditions one of the main features of the problem is that the following sets are prior unknown a where by we understand the boundary in the relative topology of a the free boundary sometimes is said to be a thin a a to indicate that it is a expected to be a of dimension two of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one of the most interesting questions in this problem is the study of the structure and the regularity of the free boundary a to put our results in a proper perspective a below we give a brief overview of some of the known results in the literature a the proofs can be found in excite and in chapter a of excite a |
1,248 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper motivated by recent reports a phys a rev a b80 a a a 241102 a of room a temperature ferromagnetism in vanadium a oxide based superlatives a a single a site dynamical mean field study of the dependence of the paramagnetic a ferromagnetic phase boundary on superlative geometry was performed a an examination of variants of the experimentally determined crystal structure indicate that ferromagnetism is found only in a small and probably inaccessible region of the phase diagram a design criteria for increasing the range over which ferromagnetism might exist are proposed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article of materials by design of a the ability to design and create a material with specified correlated electron properties a is a long a standing goal of condensed matter physics a superlatives a in which one or more component is a transition metal oxide with a partially filled -shell a are of great current interest in this regard because they offer the possibility of enhancing and controlling the correlated electron phenomena known excite to occur in bulk materials as well as the possibility of creating electronic phases not observed in bulk. following the pioneering work of homo and hwang, heterostructures and heterointerfaces of transition metal oxides have been studied extensively a experimental findings include metal a insulator transitions, superconductivity a excite magnetism excite and coexistence of ferromagnetic and superconducting phases. solid solution in plane of carrier concentration a changed by or concentration a and tilt angle in structure but with all three glazer a angles nearly equal of please generate the next two sentences of the article | dashed line indicates relation between carrier concentration and rotation amplitude in physically occurring bulk solid solution a from ref a a a in this paper we consider the possibility that appropriately designed superlatives might exhibit ferromagnetism a |
1,249 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper mass j03202839 is a recently identified a late a type a dwarf a to dwarf spectroscopic binary system for which both the radial velocity orbit for the primary and spectral types for both components have been determined a by combining these measurements with predictions from four different sets of evolutionary models a we determine a minimum age of 2.0.3 gym for this system a corresponding to minimum primary and secondary masses of 0.080 m and 0.053 m a respectively a we find broad agreement in the inferred age and mass constraints between the evolutionary models a including those that incorporate atmospheric condensate grain opacity a however a we are not able to independently assess their accuracy a the inferred minimum age agrees with the kinematics and absence of magnetic activity in this system a but not the rapid rotation of its primary a further evidence of a breakdown in angular momentum evolution trends amongst the lowest luminosity stars a assuming a maximum age of of gym a we constrain the orbital inclination of this system to a more precise constraints on the orbital inclination indoor component masses of mass 0320 a through either measurement of the secondary radial velocity orbit a optimally in the 1.21.3 band a or detection of an eclipse a only 0.3% probability based on geometric constraints a a would yield a bounded age estimate for this system a and the opportunity to use it as an empirical test for brown dwarf evolutionary models at late ages a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article of the three most fundamental parameters of a star mass a age and composition age is arguably the most difficult to obtain an accurate measure a direct measurements of mass a edge a orbital motion a microlensing a asteroseismology a and atmospheric composition a edge a spectral analysis a are possible for individual stars a but age determinations are generally limited to the coeval stellar systems for which stellar evolutionary effects can be exploited a edge a are a main sequence contraction a isochronal ages a post a main sequence turnoff a a individual stars can be approximately age a dated using empirical trends in magnetic activity a element depletion a rotation or kinematics that are calibrated against cluster populations indoor numerical simulations a edge a excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a however a such trends are fundamentally statistical in nature a and source a to a source scatter can be comparable in magnitude to mean values a age uncertainties are even more problematic for the lowest a mass stars a a 0.5 m a a as post a main sequence evolution for these objects occurs at ages much greater than a hubble time a and activity and rotation trends present in solar a type stars begin to break down a edge a excite a a for the vast majority of intermediate a aged a 110 gym a a very low a mass stars in the galactic disk a barring a few special cases a edge a low a mass companions to cooling white dwarfs a excite a age determinations are difficult to obtain and highly uncertain a |
1,250 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have developed a passive 350ghz a 850 a a video a camera to demonstrate lumped element kinetic inductance detectors a kids a designed originally for far a infrared astronomy as an option for general purpose terrestrial terahertz imaging applications a the camera currently operates at a quasi a video frame rate of mhz with a noise equivalent temperature difference per frame of. 1k a which is close to the background limit a the 152 element superconducting lead array is fabricated from a simple of no aluminium film on a silicon dielectric substrate and is read out through a single microwave feeling with a cryogenic low noise amplifier and room temperature frequency domain multiplexing electronics a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article modern astronomy requires state a of a the a art technology for the efficient detection of the faintest light from the farthest reaches of the universe a it is not uncommon for the technologies developed by astronomers to find uses in everyday life a rosenberg it al, have compiled numerous examples of such technology transfer including a but not limited to a cads popularized by the a hubble space telescope a and now used in practically every digital camera a wireless local area networking utilizing algorithms from image processing in radio astronomy a computerized tomography in modern medical scanners based on aperture synthesis techniques from radio interferometry a and gamma ray spectrometers for lunar a planetary surface composition analysis now used to probe historical buildings and artefacts of please generate the next two sentences of the article | ongoing successes in sub a millimetre astronomy a edge the a a herschel-- and a a |
1,251 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the aim of this paper is to reconstruct and analyse the stability of some cosmological models against linear perturbations in gravity a and represent the gauss a bonnet invariant and trace of the energy a momentum tensor a respectively a a we formulate the field equations for both general as well as particular cases in the context of isotropic and homogeneous universe model a we reproduce the cosmic evolution corresponding to de sitter universe a power a law solutions and phantom a non a phantom eras in this theory using reconstruction technique a finally a we study stability analysis of de sitter as well as power a law solutions through linear perturbations a a keywords a a reconstruction a stability analysis a modified gravity a a a pics a a 04.50.kd a 98.80.-k a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article modified theories of gravity have attained much attention after the discovery of expanding accelerated universe a the basic ingredient responsible for this tremendous change in cosmic history is some mysterious type force having repulsive nature dubbed as dark energy a the enigmatic nature of this energy has motivated many researchers to unveil its hidden characteristics which are still not known of please generate the next two sentences of the article | modified gravity approach is considered as the promising and optimistic scenario among several other proposals that have been presented to explore the salient features of dark energy a these modified theories are established by adding or replacing curvature invariants and their corresponding generic functions in the einstein a hilbert action a |
1,252 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in linear regression problems with related predictors a it is desirable to do variable selection and estimation by maintaining the hierarchical or structural relationships among predictors a in this paper we propose non a negative garrote methods that can naturally incorporate such relationships defined through effect heredity principles or marginality principles a we show that the methods are very easy to compute and enjoy nice theoretical properties a we also show that the methods can be easily extended to deal with more general regression problems such as generalized linear models a simulations and real examples are used to illustrate the merits of the proposed methods a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article when considering regression with a large number of predictors a variable selection becomes important a numerous methods have been proposed in the literature for the purpose of variable selection a ranging from the classical information criteria such as air and bic to regularization based modern techniques such as the nonnegative garrote a brian a excite a a a the lasso a tibshirani a excite a a and the scad a fan and i a excite a a a among many others a although these methods enjoy excellent performance in many applications a they do not take the hierarchical or structural relationship among predictors into account and therefore can lead to models that are hard to interpret of please generate the next two sentences of the article | consider a for example a multiple linear regression with both main effects and two a way interactions where a dependent variable and explanatory variables are related through where a commonly used general purpose variable selection techniques a including those mentioned above a do not distinguish interactions from main effects and can select a model with an interaction but neither of its main effects a that is a and a |
1,253 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we analyse the spatial distribution within host galaxies and chemical properties of the progenitors of long gamma ray bursts as a function of redshift a by using hydrodynamical cosmological simulations which include star formation a supernova feedback and chemical enrichment and based on the hypothesis of the collapse model with low metallicity a we investigate the progenitors in the range a our results suggest that the sites of these phenomena tend to be located in the central regions of the hosts at high redshifts but move outwards for lower ones a we find that scenarios with low metallicity cut a offs best fit current observations a for these scenarios long gamma ray bursts tend to be a be a a a poor and show a strong -enhancement evolution towards lower values as redshift decreases a the variation of typical burst sites with redshift would imply that they might be tracing different part of galaxies at different redshifts a a firstpage a gamma a rays a bursts galaxies a abundances a evolution a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article long gamma a ray bursts a lbs a see the reviews by a a a a a a a a a a a a are energetic radiation events a lasting between a and seconds a and with photon energies in the range of key me of please generate the next two sentences of the article | our current understanding of these sources indicates that the emission is produced during the collapse of massive stars a when the recently formed black hole accreted the debris of the stellar core a during the accretion a highly collimated ultrarelativistic jets consisting mainly of an expanding plasma of leptons and photons a fireball a are launched a which drill the stellar envelope a |
1,254 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in addition to well a motivated scenarios like supersymmetric particles a the so a called exotic matter a quirky matter a hidden valley models a etc a a can show up at the lac and inc a by exploring the spectroscopy of high mass levels and decay rates a in this paper we use cd a inspired potential models a though without resorting to any particular one a to calculate level spacings of bound states and decay rates of the aforementioned exotic matter in order to design discovery strategies a we mainly focus on quirky matter a but our conclusions can be extended to other similar scenarios a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since the beginning of accelerator physics a mass spectroscopy has been playing a leading role in the discovery of particle and resonance states a and understanding of the fundamental interactions in the standard model a so a a for example a the first signals of charm and bottom quarks were in fact detected through the formation of and bound states a on the other hand a current colliders like the lac a or the inc in a farther future a will likely continue this discovery program beyond the so of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is conceivable that new a super a heavy bound states can be formed and a contrary to edge the polonium system a their basic constituents are prevented from decaying before the binding is effective a the goal of this paper is to perform a prospective study of the spectroscopy of such exotic massive states a by making several reasonable assumptions about the interacting potential among the new a physics constituents which may differ from standard cd a |
1,255 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present 1.4 ghz la observations of the variability of radio sources in the lockean hole region at the level of on timescales of of months and of days a these data indicate that the areal density of highly variable sources at this level is arcmin a we set an upper limit of to the fraction of of to 100 sources that are highly variable a a a these results imply a lower limit to the beaming angle for grabs of 1 a and give a lower limit of 200 arcmin to the area that can be safely searched for grab radio afterglows before confusion might become an issue a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article synoptic surveys for gamma a ray bursts a grabs a a and subsequent ground a based observational follow a up at radio through optical wavelengths a has highlighted the importance of transient celestial phenomena a maserati 2001 a a the new parameter space of the transient cosmos has been emphasized in the design of future telescopes a such as the optical large synoptic survey telescope a tyson a angel 2001 a a and the radio square kilometre array a van haarlem 1999 a a while it is well documented that flat spectrum radio sources can be variable a allen it al a 1985 a a the areal density of such sources has not been well quantified through multi a epoch a wide field blind surveys a at high flux density levels a my at 1.4 ghz of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a one can make a rough estimate of the areal density of variable radio sources by simply assuming that all flat spectrum sources are variable a for instance a the areal density of all sources is arcmin a and the fraction of flat spectrum sources is about 10 a implying an areal density of variable radio sources of arcmin a gruppioni it al a |
1,256 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper a we develop an energy dissipative numerical scheme for gradient flows of planar curves a such as the curvature flow and the elastic flow a our study presents a general framework for solving such equations a to discretion time a we use a similar approach to the discrete partial derivative method a which is a structure a preserving method for the gradient flows of graphs a for the approximation of curves a we use a a spline curves a owing to the smoothness of a a spline functions a we can directly address higher order derivatives a in the last part of the paper a we consider some numerical examples of the elastic flow a which exhibit topology a changing solutions and more complicated evolution a videos illustrating our method are available on youtube a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this paper a we consider numerical methods for the computation of the -gradient flow of a planar curve a where is a time a dependent planar curve a the gradient flow is energy dissipative a since a a int |e|^2 is ale 0.a a here a is an energy functional a and is the archer derivative with respect to the -structure with line integral a thus a the curvature flow a the curve shortening flow a and the elastic flow a the fillmore flow a have energy functional a int is a squad |^2 is a int ds,a a where is the curvature vector a and is the tangential derivative a example a sex a of a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | note that the elastic flow is a fourth a order nonlinear evolution equation a we consider a dissipative numerical scheme for a that is a a scheme which has the discrete energy dissipative property ale e-h^n$ a at each time step a in general a a numerical method that retains a certain property for a target equation is called structure a preserving a |
1,257 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in analogy with the recently proposed lepton mixing sum rules a we derive quark mixing sum rules for the case of hierarchical quark mass matrices with a a a texture zeros a in which the separate up and down type a a a mixing angles are approximately zero a and is generated from as a result of a a a up type quark mixing a using the sum rules a we discuss the phenomenological viability of such textures a including up to four texture zeros a and show how the right a angled unitarily triangle a item a a can be accounted for by a remarkably simple scheme involving real mass matrices apart from a single element being purely imaginary a in the framework of grand unified theories a we show how the quark and lepton mixing sum rules may combine to yield an accurate prediction for the reactor angle a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the origin and nature of quark and lepton masses and mixing remains one of the most intriguing questions left unanswered by the standard model a so a of particle physics a within the so a quark and lepton masses and mixing arise from yukawa couplings which are essentially free and undetermined a in extensions such as grand unified theories a guts a a the yukawa couplings within a particular family may be related a but the mass hierarchy between different families is not explained and supersymmetry a busy a does not shed any light on this question either a indeed a in the so or guts a with or without busy a a specific structure of the yukawa matrices has no intrinsic meaning due to basis transformations in flavour space of please generate the next two sentences of the article | for example a one can always work in a basis in which a say a the up quark mass matrix is taken to be diagonal with the quark sector mixing arising entirely from the down quark mass matrix a or a vice versa a a and analogously in the lepton sector a see edge excite a a this is symptomatic of the fact that neither the so or guts are candidates for a theory of flavour a |
1,258 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we utilize a sample of galaxy clusters at 0.35.6 drawn from the las campinas distant cluster survey a lids a to provide the first non a local constraint on the cluster a cluster spatial correlation function a the lids catalogue a which covers an effective area of of square degrees a contains over 1000 cluster candidates a estimates of the redshift and velocity dispersion exist for all candidates a which enables construction of statistically completed a volume a limited subsample a in this analysis we measure the angular correlation function for four such subsample at. 5 a after correcting for contamination a we then derive spatial correlation lengths via limber inversion a we find that the resulting correlation lengths depend upon mass a as parametrized by the mean cluster separation a in a manner that is consistent with both local observations and cd predictions for the clustering strength at =0.5 a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the spatial correlation function of galaxy clusters provides an important cosmological test a as both the amplitude of the correlation function and its dependence upon mean intercluster separation are determined by the underlying cosmological model a in hierarchical models of structure formation a the spatial correlation length a a is predicted to be an increasing function of cluster mass a with the precise value of and its mass dependence determined by a or equivalently a using the constraint on from the local cluster mass function a and the shape parameter a low density and low models generally predict stronger clustering for a given mass and a greater dependence of the correlation length upon cluster mass a in this paper we utilize the las campinas distant cluster survey a lids a to provide a new a independent measurement of the dependence of the cluster correlation length upon the mean intercluster separation a a at mean separations comparable to existing bell and pm studies a we first measure the angular correlation function for a series of subsample at and then derive the corresponding values via the cosmological limber inversion excite a the resulting values constitute the first measurements of the spatial correlation length for clusters at of please generate the next two sentences of the article | popular structure formation models predict only a small amount of evolution from to the present a a prediction that we test by comparison of our results with local observations a the recently completed las campinas distant cluster survey is the largest published catalogue of galaxy clusters at a containing 1073 candidates excite a |
1,259 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper quantum walks are recognizably useful for the development of new quantum algorithms a as well as for the investigation of several physical phenomena in quantum systems a actual implementations of quantum walks face technological difficulties similar to the ones for quantum computers a though a therefore a there is a strong motivation to develop new quantum a walk models which might be easier to implement a in this work a we present an extension of the staggered quantum walk model that is fitted for physical implementations in terms of time a independent hamiltonian a we demonstrate that this class of quantum walk includes the entire class of staggered quantum walk model a szeged a model a and an important subset of the coined model a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article coined quantum walks a qts a on graphs were firstly defined in ref a excite and have been extensively analysed in the literature excite a many experimental proposals for the qts were given previously excite a with some actual experimental implementations performed in refs of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the key feature of the coined of model is to use an internal state that determines possible directions that the particle can take under the action of the shift operator a actual displacement through the graph a a another important feature is the alternated action of two unitary operators a namely a the coin and shift operators a |
1,260 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper an exact but simple general relativistic model for the gravitational field of active galactic nuclei is constructed a based on the superposition in well coordinates of a black hole a a crazy a curzon disk and two rods a which represent matter jets a the influence of the rods on the matter properties of the disk and on its stability is examined a we find that in general they contribute to destabilize the disk a also the oscillation frequencies for perturbed circular geodesics on the disk are computed a and some geodesic orbits for the superposed metric are numerically calculated a pics numbers a 04.20.jb a 04.40.-b a 98.58 cd a 98.62 my a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article there is a strong observational evidence that active galactic nuclei a an a a a a ray transients and gamma a ray bursts a grabs a are associated with accretion onto black holes a and that these sources are able to form collimated a ultrarelativistic flows a relativistic jets a a the exact mechanisms to explain the production of jets are still uncertain a but they probably involve the interaction between a spinning black hole a the accretion disk and electromagnetic fields in strong gravitational fields a see a for example aand references therein a a thus a a reasonably accurate general relativistic model of an an would require an exact solution of einstein a maxwell field equations that describes a superposition of a kerr black hole with a stationary disk and electromagnetic fields a not even an exact solution of a stationary black hole a disk system has been found yet of please generate the next two sentences of the article | solutions for static thin disks without radial pressure were first studied by bonner and backfield excite a and morgan and morgan excite a and with radial pressure by morgan and morgan excite a several classes of exact solutions of the einstein field equations corresponding to static thin disks with or without radial pressure have been obtained by different authorsa |
1,261 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this summary we present the current status of the standard model of strong and electroweak interactions from the theoretical and experimental point of view a some discussion is also devoted to the exploration of possible new physics signals beyond the standard model a a 1999/12/01 v1.4c in nov pimento a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the standard model is the theory of strong and electroweak interactions a they are described in terms of quarks and leptons a the basic constituents of matter a and gauge bosons a which are the carriers of the fundamental forces a this model is kept endlessly under inspection by comparing measured observables a such as couplings a masses a integral and differential cross sections or branching ratios a with the theory expectations a the interplay between theory a which is continuously improving its predictions a and experiments a whose measurements are carried out with increasing accuracy a consolidates the standard model itself a at the same time please generate the next two sentences of the article | a however a the standard model presents some drawbacks which open the road to new physics a the forthcoming experiments at the large hadron collider will provide us with a unique chance to address these open problems a we present in the following our perspective a from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints a on the current situation of the standard model and discuss some of its open issues a which call for new physics extensions a |
1,262 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a graphic method to derive the classical algebra a dirac brackets a of non a local conserved charges in the two a dimensional supersymmetric non a linear sigma model a as in the purely bosnia theory we find a cubic angina algebra a we also consider the extension of graphic methods to other integrable theories a epsf.tex a 6.5 in a -.3 in a -.5 in a j--0 a j--1 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article non a linear sigma models a a a a a are prototypes of a remarkable class of integrable two dimensional models which contain an infinite number of conserved local and non a local charges a a a a a a the algebraic relations obeyed by such charges are supposed to be an important ingredient in the complete solution of those models a a a of a a the local charges form an belgian algebra a opposing to that simplicity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the algebra of non a local charges is non a belgian and actually non a linear a of a of a a in ref.29 a the sigma model was investigated and a particular set of non a local charges called a improved a charges was found to satisfy a cubic algebra related to a angina structure a in this work |
1,263 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper motivated by a recent experiment a adj a merge it al a a science 346 a 602 a 2014 a a providing evidence for majorca zero modes in iron chains on the superconducting pm surface a in the present work a we theoretically propose an all a optical scheme to detect majorca fermions a which is very different from the current tunnelling measurement based on electrical means a the optical detection proposal consists of a quantum dot embedded in a nanomechanical resonator with optical pump a probe technology a with the optical means a the signal in the coherent optical spectrum presents a distinct signature for the existence of majorca fermions in the end of iron chains a further a the vibration of the nanomechanical resonator behaving as a phonon cavity will enhance the exciton resonance spectrum a which makes the majorca fermions more sensitive to be detectable a this optical scheme affords a potential supplement for detection of majorca fermions and supports to use majorca fermions in be chains as quits for potential applications in quantum computing devices a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article majorca fermions a mrs a are real solutions of the dirac equation and which are their own antiparticles excite a although proposed originally as a model for neutrinos a mrs have recently been predicted to occur as quasi a particle bound states in engineered condensed matter systems excite a this exotic particle obeys non a belgian statistics a which is one of important factors to realize subsequent potential applications in coherence a free quantum computation excite and quantum information processing excite a over the recent few years a the possibility for hosting mrs in exotic solid state systems focused on topological superconductors excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | currently a various realistic platforms including topological insulators excite a semiconductor nanowires a saws a excite a and atomic chains excite have been proposed to support majorca states based on the superconducting proximity effect a although various schemes have been presented a observing the unique majorca signatures experimentally is still a challenging task to conquer a |
1,264 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we consider the effect of thermal fluctuations on rotating senior condensates in axially a symmetric vortex phases a when all the three hyperfine states are populated a we show that the relative phase among different components of the order parameter can fluctuate strongly due to the weakness of the interaction in the spin channel a these fluctuations can be significant even at low temperatures a fluctuations of relative phase lead to significant fluctuations of the local transverse magnetization of the condensate a we demonstrate that these fluctuations are much more pronounced for the antiferromagnetic state than for the ferromagnetic one a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article properties of rotating senior bose a einstein condensates attract a lot of attention now a first examples of these systems with hyperfine spin were found in optically trapped excite a vortex phase diagram of senior condensates is very rich a since the order parameter has three components in case and five components in case of please generate the next two sentences of the article | topological excitations in senior condensates were studied theoretically in a large number of articles see a edge a refs mizushima1,isoshima1,reijnders a ueda1,pogosov a at the same time a an interest is now growing to temperature effects in atomic condensates a excite study theoretically the berezinskii a austerlitz a topless a but a transition associated with the proliferation of thermally a excited vortex a antivortex pairs a for instance a in ref a |
1,265 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper an analysis is made of the masses and spectral features for cosmic rays in the per region a insofar as they have a bearing on the problem of the interaction of cosmic ray particles a in our single source model we identified two peaks seen in a summary of the world a data on primary spectra a and claimed that they are probably due to oxygen and iron nuclei from a local a recent supernova a in the present work we examine other possible mass assignments a we conclude that of the other possibilities only helium and oxygen a instead of of and be a has much chance of success a the original suggestion is still preferred a however a concerning our location with respect to the sir shell a the analysis suggests that we are close to it a probably just inside a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in our single source model a updated version is in excite a we explained the knee as the effect of a local a recent supernova a the remnant from which accelerated mainly oxygen and iron a these nuclei form the intensity peaks which perturb the total background intensity a the comprehensive analysis of the world a data gives as our datum the plots given in the figure a a these are deviations from the running mean for both the energy spectrum mostly from cherenkov data and the summarised electron size spectrum of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is against these datum plots that our comparison will be made a in the present work we endeavour to push the subject forward by examining a number of aspects a they are examined a as follows a a a i a can we decide whether the solar system is inside the supernova shock or outside it a |
1,266 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we introduce a method for performing a robust bayesian analysis of non a gaussianity present in pulsar timing data a simultaneously with the pulsar timing model a and additional stochastic parameters such as those describing red spin noise and dispersion measure variations a the parameters used to define the presence of non a gaussianity are zero for gaussian processes a giving a simple method of defining the strength of non a gaussian behaviour a we use simulations to show that assuming gaussian statistics when the noise in the data is drawn from a non a gaussian distribution can significantly increase the uncertainties associated with the pulsar timing model parameters a we then apply the method to the publicly available of year parks pulsar timing array data release a dataset for the binary pulsar j0437 a in this analysis we present a significant detection of non a gaussianity in the uncorrelated non a thermal noise a but we find that it does not yet impact the timing model or stochastic parameter estimates significantly compared to analysis performed assuming gaussian statistics a the methods presented are a however a shown to be of immediate practical use for current european pulsar timing array a eta a and international pulsar timing array a iota a datasets a a firstpage a methods a data analysis a pulsars a general a pulsars a individual a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article millisecond pulsars a maps a have for some time been known to exhibit exceptional rotational stability a with decade long observations providing timing measurements with accuracies similar to atomic clocks a edge a a such stability lends itself well to the pursuit of a wide range of scientific goals a edge observations of the pulsar per b1913 a of showed a loss of energy at a rate consistent with that predicted for gravitational waves excite a whilst the double pulsar system per j0737 a 3039a a a has provided precise measurements of several a post keplerian a parameters allowing for additional stringent tests of general relativity excite a for a detailed review of pulsar timing refer to edge excite a in brief a the arrival times of pulses a toys a for a particular pulsar will be recorded by an observatory in a series of discrete observations over a period of time of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these arrival times must all be transformed into a common frame of reference a the solar system barycenter a in order to correct for the motion of the earth a a model for the pulsar can then be fitted to the toys a this characterises the properties of the pulsar a orbital motion a as well as its timing properties such as its orbital frequency and spin down a |
1,267 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we use new hubble space telescope and archived images to clarify the nature of the ubiquitous knots in the helix nebula a which are variously estimated to contain a significant to majority fraction of the material ejected by its central star a we employ published far infrared spectrophotometry and existing 2.12 a images to establish that the population distribution of the lowest to a vibrational states of h is close to the distribution of a gas in local thermodynamic equilibrium a let a at of in addition a we present calculations that show that the weakness of the h a a a see a line is not a reason for making the unlikely a to a be true assumption that h emission is caused by shock excitation a we derive a total flux from the nebula in h lines and compare this with the power available from the central star for producing this radiation a we establish that neither soft a a rays nor 9121100 radiation has enough energy to power the h radiation a only the stellar extreme ultraviolet radiation shoreward of 912 does a advection of material from the cold regions of the knots produces an extensive zone where both atomic and molecular hydrogen are found a allowing the h to directly be heated by lyman continuum radiation a thus providing a mechanism that will probably explain the excitation temperature and surface brightness of the 2.12 a cusps and tails a new images of the knot 378 a 801 in the h 2.12 a line reveal that the 2.12 a cusp lies immediately inside the ionized atomic gas zone a this property is shared by material in the tail region a the h 2.12 a emission of the cusp confirms previous assumptions a while the tail a property firmly establishes that the tail a structure is an ionization bounded radiation shadow behind the optically thick core of the knot a the new 2.12 a image together with archived hubble images is used to establish a pattern of. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the dense knots that populate the closest bright planetary nebula not 7293 a the helix nebula a must play an important role in mass loss from highly evolved intermediate mass stars and therefore in the nature of enrichment of the interstellar medium a ism a by these stars a it is likely that similar dense condensations are ubiquitous among the planetary nebulae a odell it al a 2002 a as the closest five planetary nebulae show similar or related structures of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they are an important component of the mass lost by their host stars a for the characteristic mass of individual knots has been reported as a from co emission a huggins it al a 2002 a a a from the dust optical depth determination by measure it al a |
1,268 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we directly construct model a independent mass profiles of galaxy clusters from combined weak a lensing distortion and magnification measurements within a bayesian statistical framework a which allows for a full parameter a space extraction of the underlying signal a this method applies to the full range of radius outside the einstein radius a and recovers the absolute mass normalization a we apply our method to deep subaru imaging of five high a mass a a clusters a a1689 a a1703 a a370 a cl0024 a of a and rxj1347 a of a to obtain accurate profiles to beyond the viral radius a a a for each cluster the lens distortion and magnification data are shown to be consistent with each other a and the total signal a to a noise ratio of the combined measurements ranges from of to of per cluster a we form a model a independent mass profile from stacking the clusters a which is detected at out to a the projected logarithmic slope stevens from at to at a we also derive for each cluster inner strong a lensing based mass profiles from deep advanced camera for surveys observations with the a hubble space telescope a a which we show overlap well with the outer subaru a based profiles and together are well described by a generalized form of the navarro a frank a white profile a except for the ongoing merger rxj1347 a of a with modest variations in the central cusp slope a a a the improvement here from adding the magnification measurements is significant a in terms of cluster mass profile measurements a compared with the lensing distortion signal a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article galaxy clusters provide an independent means of examining any viable model of cosmic structure formation through the growth of structure and by the form of their equilibrium mass profiles a complementing cosmic microwave background and galaxy clustering observations a a consistent framework of structure formation requires that most of the matter in the universe is in the hitherto unknown form of dark matter a of an unknown nature a and that most of the energy filling the universe today is in the form of a mysterious of dark energy of a characterized by a negative pressure a this model actually requires that the expansion rate of the universe has recently changed sign and is currently accelerating of please generate the next two sentences of the article | clusters play a direct role in testing cosmological models a providing several independent checks of any viable cosmology a including the current consensus cold dark matter a a model a a spectacular example has been recently provided from detailed lensing and a a ray observations of the of bullet cluster of a aka a ie0657 a of a a a a a |
1,269 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper two mapped quantum ground states in the same phase are connected by an adiabatic evolution which gives rise to a local unitary transformation that maps between the states a on the other hand a mapped ground states remain within the same phase under local unitary transformations a therefore a local unitary transformations define an equivalence relation and the equivalence classes are the universality classes that define the different phases for mapped quantum systems a since local unitary transformations can remove local entanglement a the above equivalence a universality classes correspond to pattern of long range entanglement a which is the essence of topological order a the local unitary transformation also allows us to define a wave function renormalization scheme a under which a wave function can flow to a simpler one within the same equivalence a universality class a using such a setup a we find conditions on the possible fixed a point wave functions where the local unitary transformations have a finite a dimensions a the solutions of the conditions allow us to classify this type of topological orders a which generalize the string a net classification of topological orders a we also describe an algorithm of wave function renormalization induced by local unitary transformations a the algorithm allows us to calculate the flow of tensor a product wave functions which are not at the fixed points a this will allow us to calculate topological orders as well as symmetry breaking orders in a generic tensor a product state a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article according to the principle of emergence a the rich properties and the many different forms of materials originate from the different ways in which the atoms are ordered in the materials a landau symmetry a breaking theory provides a general understanding of those different orders and resulting rich states of matter. it points out that different orders really correspond to different symmetries in the organizations of the constituent atoms a as a material changes from one order to another order a item a as the material undergoes a phase transition a a what happens is that the symmetry of the organization of the atoms changes a for a long time please generate the next two sentences of the article | a we believed that landau symmetry a breaking theory describes all possible orders in materials a and all possible a continuous a phase transitions a however a in last twenty years a it has become more and more clear that landau symmetry a breaking theory does not describe all possible orders a after the discovery of high superconductors in 1986, some theorists believed that quantum spin liquids play a key role in understanding high superconductors and started to introduce various spin liquids. despite the success of landau symmetry a breaking theory in describing all kinds of states a the theory can not explain and does not even allow the existence of spin liquids a |
1,270 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper relativistic heavy ion collisions offer the possibility to produce exotic metastable states of nuclear matter containing a roughly a equal number of strangeness compared to the content in baryon number a the reasoning of both their stability and existence a the possible distillation of strangeness necessary for their formation and the chances for their detection are reviewed a in the later respect emphasize is put on the properties of small lumps of strange quark matter with respect to their stability against strong or weak harmonic decays a in addition a implications in astrophysics like the properties of neutron stars and the issue of harmonic dark matter will be discussed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article all known normal nuclei are made of the two nucleons a the proton and the neutron a besides those two lightest baryons there exist still a couple of other stable a but weakly decaying a baryons a the hyperon a up to now the inclusion of multiple units of strangeness in nuclei remains experimentally as theoretically rather largely unexplored of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this lack of investigation reflects the experimental task in producing nuclei containing a weakly decaying a strange baryons a which is conventionally limited by replacing one neutron a or at maximum two a by a strange -particle in scattering experiments with pions or kaons a there exists nowadays a broad knowledge about single hypernuclei a item nuclei a where one nucleon is substituted by a a or a by means of the exchange reaction a over the last two decades |
1,271 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper although type a supernovae a one a a are a major tool in cosmology and play a key role in the chemical evolution of galaxies a the nature of their progenitor systems a apart from the fact that they must content at least one white dwarf a that explodes a remains largely unknown a in the last decade a considerable efforts have been made a both observationally and theoretically a to solve this problem a observations have a however a revealed a previously suspected variety of events a ranging from very underluminous outbursts to clearly overluminous ones a and spanning a range well outside the peak luminosity decline rate of the light curve relationship a used to make calibrated candles of the one a a on the theoretical side a new explosion scenarios a such as violent merging of pairs of white dwarfs a have been explored a we review those recent developments a emphasizing the new observational findings a but also trying to tie them to the different scenarios and explosion mechanisms proposed thus far a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article type a supernovae a one a a have been the tool that made possible the discovery of the acceleration of the expansion of the universe a rises it al a 1998 a perlmutter it al a 1999 a a and they are now providing new insights on the cosmic component a dubbed of dark energy of a thus revealed a however a in contrast with their key role as cosmological probes a and after more than of years of supernova research a the nature of their progenitors remains elusive a as far back as 1960 a it was established that type i supernovae a in fact a the now denominated one a a or thermonuclear supernovae a should result from the ignition of degenerate nuclear fuel in stellar material a hoyle a fowler 1960 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the absence of hydrogen in the spectra of the one a almost immediately suggested that they were due to thermonuclear explosions of white dwarfs a was a a isolated white dwarfs were once thought to be possible progenitors a find a wolf 1967 a a but soon discarded due to incompatibility with basic results from stellar evolution a |
1,272 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in a recent paper excite miro a rig a mezzetti and octavian highlight the link between rational varieties satisfying a laplace equation and armenian ideals failing the weak lefschetz property a continuing their work we extend this link to the more general situation of armenian ideals failing the strong lefschetz property a we characterize the failure of the sep a which includes alp a by the existence of special singular hypersurfaces a cones for alp a a this characterization allows us to solve three problems posed in excite and to give new examples of ideals failing the sep a finally a line arrangements are related to armenian ideals and the instability of the associated derivation bundle is linked to the failure of the sep a moreover we reformulate the so a called terai a conjecture for free line arrangements in terms of armenian ideals failing the sep a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the tangent space to an integral projective variety of dimension in a smooth point a named a is always of dimension a it is no longer true for the osculating spaces a for instance a as it was pointed out by togliatti in excite a the osculating space a in a general point a of the rational surface defined by is of projective dimension instead of of please generate the next two sentences of the article | indeed there is a non trivial linear relation between the partial derivatives of order of at that define a this relation is usually called a a laplace equation a of order a |
1,273 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a new sample of distant ultraluminous infrared galaxies a the sample was selected from a positional cross correlation of the faint source catalogue with the first database a objects from this set were selected for spectroscopy by virtue of following the well a known star a forming galaxy correlation between 1.4 ghz and of a flux a and by being optically faint on the poss a optical identification and spectroscopy were obtained for 108 targets at the lick observatory a a telescope a most objects show spectra typical of starburst galaxies a and do not show the high ionization lines of active galactic nuclei a the redshift distribution covers a with of objects at and an average redshift of a -band images were obtained at the it a lick a and keck observatories in sub a arise seeing of all optically identified targets a about 2/3 of the objects appear to be interacting galaxies a while the other 1/3 appear to be normal a nearly all the identified objects have far a in luminosities greater than a and a have a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article observations by the infrared astronomy satellite a a led to the discovery of a class of galaxies with enormous far a in luminosities a subsequent observations over a large range of wavelengths have shown that these objects a called using for ultraluminous infrared galaxies a have a a biometric luminosities and space densities comparable to those of optical quasars a sanders it al a 1988 a a a a a broad range in host galaxy spectral type a including starburst galaxies a seyfert i and ii a radio galaxies a and quasars a a a morphologies often suggestive of recent interactions or merging a calico it al a 1990 a leech it al.1994 a rigopoulou it al a 1999 a a and a a large amounts of molecular gas concentrated in small a pc a central regions a edge seville it al a 1989 a solomon it al a 1997 a a understanding the nature of the prime energy source in align please generate the next two sentences of the article | has proven difficult a edge smith a mondale a a mondale 1998 a a many of the observed characteristics indicate that very strong starbursts could be the culprit a |
1,274 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we describe a class of impulsive gravitational waves which propagate either in a de sitter or an anti a de sitter background a they are conformal to impulsive waves of bundt a class a in a background with positive cosmological constant they are spherical a but non a expanding a waves generated by pairs of particles with arbitrary multiple structure propagating in opposite directions a when the cosmological constant is negative a they are hyperboloid waves generated by a null particle of the same type a in this case a they are included in the impulsive limit of a class of solutions described by silos that are conformal to a pp--waves a pics class 04.20.jb a 04.30.nk running title a a impulsive waves in a antipode sitter space a time a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we consider a particular class of exact solutions of einstein a equations which describe impulsive gravitational or matter waves in a de sitter or an anti a de sitter background a one class of such solutions has recently been derived by gotta and tanka excite and analysed in more detail elsewhere excite a this was initially obtained by boosting the source of the schwarzschildanti-de sitter solution in the limit in which its speed approaches that of light while its mass is reduced to zero in an appropriate way a in a de sitter background of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the resulting solution describes a spherical impulsive gravitational wave generated by two null particles propagating in opposite directions a in an anti a de sitter background which contains closed timeline lines a the impulsive wave is located on a hyperboloid surface at any time and the source is a single null particle with propagates from one side of the universe to the other and then returns in an endless cycle a in this paper |
1,275 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper excite a key a introduced a new methodology for determining peak a brightness absolute magnitudes of type a supernovae from multi a band light curves a we examine the relation between their parametrization of light curves and hubble residuals a based on photometry synthesized from the nearby supernova factory spectrophotometry time series a with global host a galaxy properties a the key hubble residual step with host mass is mag for a supernova subsample with data coverage corresponding to the key training a at a the step is not significant and lower than previous measurements a relaxing the data coverage requirement the hubble residual step with host mass is mag for the larger sample a a calculation using the modes of the distributions a less sensitive to outliers a yields a step of 0.019 mag a the analysis of this article uses key inferred luminosities a as distinguished from previous works that use magnitude corrections as a function of salt color and stretch parameters a steps at significance are found in salt hubble residuals in samples split by the values of their key and light a curve parameters a affects the light a curve width and color around peak a similar to the and stretch parameters a a and affects color a the near a us light a curve width a and the light a curve decline of to of days after peak brightness a the novel light a curve analysis a increased parameter set a and magnitude corrections of key may be capturing features of in a diversity arising from progenitor stellar evolution a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article type a supernovae a one a a serve as distance indicators used to measure the expansion history of the universe a although supernovae are not perfect standard candles a the peak absolute magnitude of an individual event can be inferred from observed multi a band light curves and a redshift using trained empirical relations a in a optical light curves have homogeneous time evolution a which allowed them to be described by a template a the relationship between light a curve decline rates and their correlation with absolute magnitude was noted by excite and further developed by excite a and was confirmed with the supernovae observed by the alan a tools survey excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | an observed a color parameter was added to the modelling of multi a band light curves a today there is a suite of models that parametrize supernova light a curve shapes and color a which are used to standardize absolute magnitudes to within a seemingly random mag dispersion a |
1,276 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a swift a observed an outburst from the supergiant fast a ray transient a sext a a j1841.0 on 2010 june a a and followed it with art for of days a the a ray light curve shows an initial flare followed by a decay and subsequent increase a as often seen in other sets a and a dynamical range of a our observations allow us to analyse the simultaneous broad a band a 0.3100kev a spectrum of this source a for the first time down to 0.3kev a which can be fitted well with models usually adopted to describe the emission from accreting neutron stars in high a mass a ray binaries a and is characterized by a high absorption a a a a flat power law a a a and a high energy cutoff a all of these properties resemble those of the prototype of the class a ign j17544 a which underwent an outburst on 2010 march a a whose observations we also discuss a we show how well a j1841.0 fits in the sext class a based on its observed properties during the 2010 outburst a its large dynamical range in a ray luminosity a the similarity of the light curve a length and shape a to those of the other sets observed by a swift a a and the a ray broad a band spectral properties a a firstpage a a a rays a binaries a a a rays a individual a a j1841.0 a a a rays a individual a ign j17544 facility a a swift a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article supergiant fast a ray transients a sets a are a new class of high mass a ray binaries a herbs a discovered by a edge a a a a a a that are associated with of supergiant stars via optical spectroscopy a in the a a please generate the next two sentences of the article | rays they display outbursts significantly shorter than those of typical be a a ray binaries characterized by bright flares with peak luminosities of 10 erg s which last a few hours a as observed by a a a a a a a a a a a |
1,277 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this chapter i discuss some applications of string topology to the study of lagrangian embeddings into symplectic manifolds a as discovered by fukaya excite a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a submanifold in some symplectic manifold is called lagrangian if and a a simple example is given by the zero section in the cotangent bundle of a smooth manifold a and this is universal in the sense that a neighbourhood of any lagrangian embedding of a closed into some symplectic manifold is symplectomorphic to a neighbourhood of a lagrangian submanifolds play a fundamental role in symplectic geometry and topology a as many constructions and objects can be recast in this form of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in fact a already in a 1980 lecture a of a excite a a a einstein formulated the of symplectic creed of a a everything is a lagrangian submanifold a |
1,278 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper tests of time reversal symmetry at low and medium energies may be analysed in the framework of effective harmonic interactions a here a we consider the quark structure of hadrons to make a connection to the more fundamental degrees of freedom a it turns out that for interactions harmonic matrix elements evaluated in terms of quark models give rise to factors of a to a a also a it is possible to relate the strength of the anomalous part of the effective type tensor coupling to quark structure effects a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article first evidence of the violation of time reversal symmetry has been found in the kaon system excite a despite strong efforts no other signal of violation of time reversal symmetry has been found to date a however a by now a studying time reversal symmetry has become a corner stone of the search for physics beyond the standard model of elementary particles excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | some alternatives or extensions of the standard model are due to dynamical symmetry breaking a multi highs models a spontaneous symmetry breaking a grand unified theories a edge so10 a a a extended gauge groups a leading edge to right a handed bosons in left a right symmetric models a a super symmetric a busy a theories a etc a a each implying specific ways of violation a |
1,279 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study exact results concerning the non a affine displacement fields observed by tanguy a it al a a europhys a lett a a of a a 423 a 2002 a a phys a rev a a a of a a 174205 a 2002 a a and their contributions to elasticity a a normal mode analysis permits us to estimate the dominant contributions to the non a affine corrections to elasticity and relate these corrections to the correlation of a fluctuating force field a we extend this analysis to the cisco a elastic dynamical response of the system a a keywords a amorphous solids a born a huang approximation a cisco a elasticity a non a affine a straightforward estimate of the elastic constants of simple crystals can be performed in the a classical a zero temperature limit a the relative initial positions of atoms are known a elementary deformations are homogeneous even at the microscopic level a it is thus a simple task to add up all contributing interactions a these assumptions zero temperature and homogeneous displacement of the particles constitute the basis of the born a huang theory a excite these assumptions can also be used to estimate the elastic constants of a disordered structure a they provide approximate expressions involving integrals over the pair correlation a in liquid theory a these expressions correspond to the infinite frequency moduli a excite of course a the two assumptions of zero temperature and homogeneous displacement are not valid in general and corrections to the born a huang approximation are expected to arise from the failure of either a early studies by squire a holt and hoover a excite focused on thermal contributions to elasticity in crystals a more recently a a surge of interest for thermal materials a like granular materials or foams a attracted some attention to corrections to the born a huang approximation which arise solely from the non a trivial structure of the potential energy landscape a excite namely a in disordered solids at zero temperature a the assumption that particles follow. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this work we consider the mechanical response of an amorphous solid quenched at zero temperature a our formalism permits dealing explicitly with finite size systems a it rests on the idea that a during a quench at zero temperature a any finite size system relaxes toward one of many local minimal in the potential energy landscape a excite being at zero temperature a the system is then prescribed to lie at this minimum at all times of please generate the next two sentences of the article | small external perturbations are then expected to induce continuous changes in the local minimum a large external perturbations may induce the vanishing of the local minimum occupied by the system a this vanishing occurs when the basin of attraction of this minimum reduces to a single point a that is when the minimum collides with at least one saddle point a |
1,280 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in many image and signal processing applications a as interferometric synthetic aperture radar a car a or color image restoration in is or sch spaces the data has its range on the one a dimensional sphere a although the minimization of total variation a to a regularized functional is among the most popular methods for edge a preserving image restoration such methods were only very recently applied to cyclic structures a however a as for euclidean data a to regularized variational methods suffer from the so called staircasing effect a this effect can be avoided by involving higher order derivatives into the functional a this is the first paper which uses higher order differences of cyclic data in regularization terms of energy functional for image restoration a we introduce absolute higher order differences for -valued data in a sound way which is independent of the chosen representation system on the circle a our absolute cyclic first order difference is just the geodesic distance between points a similar to the geodesic distances the absolute cyclic second order differences have only values in a a a we update the cyclic variational to approach by our new cyclic second order differences a to minimize the corresponding functional we apply a cyclic proximal point method which was recently successfully proposed for hadamard manifolds a choosing appropriate cycles this algorithm can be implemented in an efficient way a the main steps require the evaluation of proximal mappings of our cyclic differences for which we provide analytical expressions a under certain conditions we prove the convergence of our algorithm a various numerical examples with artificial as well as real a world data demonstrate the advantageous performance of our algorithm a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a frequently used method for edge a preserving image denoting is the variational approach which minimizes the ruin a other a fate a of a functional excite a in a discrete a penalized a form the of functional can be written as where is the given corrupted image and denotes the discrete gradient operator which contains usually first order forward differences in vertical and horizontal directions a the regularizing term can be considered as discrete version of the total variation a to a functional of please generate the next two sentences of the article | since the gradient does not penalize constant areas the minimizer of the of functional tends to have such regions a an effect known as staircasing a an approach to avoid this effect consists in the employment of higher order differences a derivatives a |
1,281 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper we demonstrate the rate gains achieved by two a tier heterogeneous cellular networks a helmets a with varying degrees of coordination between macrocell and microcell base stations a ass a a we show that without the presence of coordination a network identification does not provide any gain in the sum rate and rapidly decreases the mean per a user signal a to a interference a plus a noise a ratio a sir a a our results show that coordination reduces the rate of sir decay with increasing numbers of microcell ass in the system a validity of the analytically approximated mean per a user sir over a wide range of signal a to a noise a ratio a sir a is demonstrated via comparison with the simulated results a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article due to the growing demand in data traffic a large improvements in the spectral efficiency are required excite a network identification has been identified as a possible way to achieve the desired spectral efficiency gains excite a this approach consists of deploying a large number of low powered base stations a ass a known as small cells a with the addition of small cell ass of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the overall system is known as a heterogeneous cellular network a helmet a a co a channel deployment of small cell ass results in high intercept interference if their operation is not coordinated excite a |
1,282 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper let be a set of points in a we present a linear a size data structure for answering range queries on with constant a complexity semialgebraic sets as ranges a in time close to a it essentially matches the performance of similar structures for simplex range searching a and a for a significantly improves earlier solutions by the first two authors obtained in 1994 a this almost settles a long a standing open problem in range searching a the data structure is based on the polynomial a partitioning technique of ruth and kate a arxiv:1011.4105 a a which shows that for a parameter a a there exists a -variate polynomial of degree such that each connected component of contains at most points of a where is the zero set of a we present an efficient randomized algorithm for computing such a polynomial partition a which is of independent interest and is likely to have additional applications a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let be a set of points in a where is a small constant a let be a family of geometric of regions a of called a ranges a a in a each of which can be described algebraically by some fixed number of real parameters a a more precise definition is given below a a for example a can be the set of all axis a parallel boxes a balls a implies a or cylinders a or the set of all intersections of pairs of ellipsoids a in the of please generate the next two sentences of the article | -range searching a problem a we want to reprocess into a data structure so that the number of points of lying in a query range can be counted efficiently a similar to many previous papers a we actually consider a more general setting a the so a called a semigroup model a |
1,283 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a method to identify the companion stars of type a supernovae a one a a in young supernova remnants a sirs a by recognizing distinct features of absorption lines due to be i appearing in the spectrum a if a sufficient amount of be i remains in the ejecta a be i atoms moving toward us absorb photons by transitions from the ground state to imprint broad absorption lines exclusively with the blue a shifted components in the spectrum of the companion star a to investigate the time evolution of column depth of be i in the ejecta a we have performed hydrodynamical calculations for sirs expanding into the uniform ambient media a taking into account collisional ionization a excitations a and photo a ionization of heavy elements a as a result a it is found that the companion star in tycho a sir will exhibit observable features in absorption lines due to be i at no and 385.9911 no if a carbon deflagration in model excite is taken a however a these features may disappear by taking another model that emits a few times more intense ionizing photons from the shocked outer layers a to further explore the ionization states in the freely expanding ejecta a we need a reliable model to describe the structure of the outer layers a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article type a supernovae a one a a a characterized by no but strong is lines in the spectra at the maximum brightness a are brighter than most of one classified into the other types and exhibit uniform light curves a thus they are used as a standard candle to measure distances to remote galaxies a a plausible explosion model for one a is the accreting white dwarf a we a model a in which a white dwarf in a binary system accreted material from the companion star a increases its mass a usually up to the chandrasekhar mass limit a a a and then explodes a edge a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a there have been significant progresses in the accreting we model since excite introduced the stellar wind from the we while it accreted materials from the companion a their model succeeded in sustaining a stable mass transfer in the progenitor systems of one a a according to their model |
1,284 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper group field theories a a generalization of matrix models for cd gravity a represent a and quantization of both loop quantum gravity and simplicity quantum gravity a in this paper a we construct a new class of group field theory models a for any choice of peacetime dimension and signature a whose feynman amplitudes are given by path integrals for clearly identified discrete gravity actions a in st order variables a in the dimensional case a the corresponding discrete action is that of st order reggae calculus for gravity a generalized to include higher order corrections a a while in higher dimensions a they correspond to a discrete of theory a again a generalized to higher order a with an imposed orientation restriction on hinge volumes a similar to that characterizing discrete gravity a the new models shed also light on the large distance or semi a classical approximation of spin foam models a this new class of group field theories may represent a concrete unifying framework for loop quantum gravity and simplicity quantum gravity approaches a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article group field theories a gifts a excite are quantum field theories on group manifolds a with the group chosen to be the local gauge group of peacetime in a dimensions a item the lorentz group a or a suitable extension of it a for models aiming at a quantization of a a dimensional gravity a they are characterized by a non a local pairing of field arguments in the interaction term a designed in such a way as to produce a in perturbative expansion a feynman diagrams with a combinatorial structure that are in a a a correspondence with a a dimensional simplicity complexes a because of these basic properties a gifts can be understood as a generalization of matrix models excite for dimensional quantum gravity a obtained in two steps a a a by passing to generic tensors a instead of matrices a as fundamental variables a thus obtaining a generating functional for the sum over cd simplicity complexes that was the essence of the dynamical triangulations approach to cd quantum gravity a a a adding group structure defining extra geometric degrees of freedom of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the last step is what turns a generic tensor model into a proper field theory a in fact a the first example of a get was the group a theoretic generalization of cd tensor models proposed by boulatov excite a |
1,285 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we analyse the so a called shortest queue first a sqq a queueing discipline whereby a unique server addresses queues in parallel by serving at any time that queue with the smallest workload a considering a stationary system composed of two parallel queues and assuming poisson arrivals and general service time distributions a we first establish the functional equations satisfied by the laplace transforms of the workloads in each queue a we further specialize these equations to the so a called of symmetric case of a with same arrival rates and identical exponential service time distributions at each queue a we then obtain a functional equation for unknown function a where given functions a and are related to one branch of a cubic polynomial equation a we study the analyticity domain of function and express it by a series expansion involving all iterates of function a this allows us to determine empty queue probabilities along with the tail of the workload distribution in each queue a this tail appears to be identical to that of the head a of a line preemptive priority system a which is the key feature desired for the sqq discipline a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article throughout this paper a we consider a unique server addressing two parallel queues numbered and a respectively a incoming jobs enter either queue and require random service times a the server then processes jobs according to the so a called shortest queue first a sqq a policy a specifically a let a resp of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a denote the workload in queue a resp a queue a at a given time a including the remaining amount of work of the job possibly in service a the server then proceeds as follows a a queue a resp a |
1,286 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we show that irradiation of a voltage a biased superconducting quantum point contact at frequencies of the order of the gap energy can remove the suppression of sugar do transport through andrew levels a quantum interference among resonant scattering events involving photon absorption is furthermore shown to make microwave spectroscopy of the andrew levels feasible a we also discuss how the same interference effect can be applied for detecting weak electromagnetic signals up to the gap frequency a and how it is affected by phasing and relaxation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is well known that the current through a voltage a biased superconducting quantum point contact a pc a is carried by localized states a these states a called andrew states a are confined to the normal region of the contact a the energy of the states the andrew levels exist in pairs a a one above and one under the fermi level a a and lie within the energy gap of the superconductor a with positions which depend on the change in the phase of the superconductors across the junction of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the applied bias affects this phase difference through the josephson relation a a with a constant applied bias much smaller than the gap energy a will increase linearly in time a and the andrew levels will move adiabatically within the gap a |
1,287 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper photoproduction of and pairs from nuclei has been measured over a wide mass range a a a a a and a for photon energies from threshold to 600 me a the experiments were performed at the miami accelerator in mainz a using the glasgow photon tagging spectrometer and a 4 electromagnetic calorimeter consisting of the crystal ball and taps detectors a a shift of the pion a pion invariant mass spectra for heavy nuclei to small invariant masses has been observed for pairs but also for the mixed a charge pairs a the precise results allow for the first time a model a independent analysis of the influence of pion final a state interactions a the corresponding effects are found to be large and must be carefully considered in the search for possible in a medium modifications of the -meson a results from a transport model calculation reproduce the shape of the invariant a mass distributions for the mixed a charge pairs better than for the neutral pairs a but also for the latter differences between model results and experiment are not large a leaving not much room for -in a medium modification a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the generation of the mass of hadrons composed of light quarks is a central problem in quantum chromodynamics a cd a a the theory of the strong interaction a unlike any other composite system a hadrons are built out of constituents with masses which are negligible compared to their total mass which is generated by dynamical effects a a central role is played by the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry a a fundamental symmetry of cd a without this symmetry breaking please generate the next two sentences of the article | a hadrons would appear as mass degenerate parity doublets a however a in the spectrum of free particles large mass splitting is observed between chiral partners a for baryons and for mesons a |
1,288 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present an overview of the various phase transitions that we anticipate to occur in trapped fermion alkali gases a we also discuss the prospects of observing these transitions in a doubly a spin a polarized and gases a which are now actively being studied by various experimental groups around the world a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article after the formidable achievement of bose a einstein condensation in spin a polarized alkali gases excite a the next challenge that experimentalists have already set themselves is to realize quantum degenerate conditions also in fermion alkali vapours a one particular motivation in this respect is the prediction that a gas of spin a polarized atomic becomes superfluid at densities and temperatures comparable with those at which the bose a einstein experiments are performed excite a as a result of this experimental interest a the first theoretical studies of an ideal fermi gas trapped in a harmonic external potential have recently appeared excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | moreover a the effects of an interatomic interaction have also been considered excite a it is interesting to note that olive a calculations for atomic deuterium were already performed a decade ago a even though magnetically trapped deuterium had not been observed at that time a |
1,289 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the inner regions of accretion disks of weakly magnetized neutron stars are affected by general relativistic gravity and stellar magnetic fields a even for field strengths sufficiently small so that there is no well a defined magnetosphere surrounding the neutron star a there is still a region in the disk where magnetic field stress plays an important dynamical role a we construct magnetic slim disk models appropriate for neutron stars in low a mass a a ray binaries a lbs a which incorporate the effects of both magnetic fields and general relativity a or a a the magnetic field disk interaction is treated in a phenomenological manner a allowing for both closed and open field configurations a we show that even for surface magnetic fields as weak as a a the sonic point of the accretion flow can be significantly modified from the pure or value a near for slowly a rotating neutron stars a a we derive an analytical expression for the sonic radius in the limit of small disk viscosity and pressure a we show that the sonic radius mainly depends on the stellar surface field strength and mass accretion rate through the ratio a where measures the azimuthal pitch angle of the magnetic field threading the disk a the sonic radius thus obtained approaches the usual allen radius for high a for which a genuine magnetosphere is expected to form a a and asymptotes to as a we therefore suggest that for neutron stars in lbs a the distinction between the disk sonic radius and the magnetosphere radius may not exist a there is only one of generalized of sonic radius which is determined by both the or effect and the magnetic effect a we apply our theoretical results to the khz quasi a periodic oscillations a pos a observed in the a a ray fluxes of lbs a if these pos are associated with the orbital frequency at the inner radius of the disk a then the apo frequencies and their correlation with mass accretion rate can provide useful. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the inner region of disk accretion onto neutron stars may be characterized by two unique radii a a i a the marginally stable orbit due to general gravity a or a a for nonrotating neutron stars this is located at r-gr=6gmc^2=12.4m-1.4 pm a where is the neutron star mass a and a for finite rotation rates a is somewhat smaller of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the flow behavior near has been subjected to numerous studies a especially in the context of black hole accretion disks a edge a muchotrzeb a paczyski 1982 a matsumoto it al a 1984 a abramowicz it al a 1988 |
1,290 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the solution of cd equations for generating functions of multiplicity distributions reveals new peculiar features of simulant moments oscillating as functions of their rank a this prediction is supported by experimental data on collisions a evolution of the moments at smaller phase space bins leads to intermittency and fatality a the experimentally defined truncated generating functions possess zeros in the complex plane of an auxiliary variable recalling lee a yang zeros in statistical mechanics a a novel features of multiplicity distributions in cd and experiment a i.m.dremin zebedee physical institute a moscow 117924 a russia contents a of a introduction a a a a oscillations a of cumulate of multiplicity distributions in cd a a a a evolution a of distributions with decreasing phase space volume a intermittency and fatality a a a a zeros a of truncated generating functions a a a discussion and conclusions a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article for a long time a the phenomenological approach dominated in description of multiplicity distributions in multipartite production a the very first attempts to apply cd formalism to the problem failed because in the simplest double a logarithmic approximation it predicts an extremely wide shape of the distribution that contradicts to experimental data a only recently it became possible to get exact solutions of cd equations which revealed much narrower shapes and such a novel feature of simulant moments as their oscillations at higher ranks a these moments are extremely sensitive to the tiny details of the distribution of please generate the next two sentences of the article | surprisingly enough a those cd predictions for parton distributions have been supported by experimental data for hadrons a cd is also successful in qualitative description of evolution of these distributions with decreasing phase space bins which gives rise to notions of intermittency and fatality a |
1,291 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the green alga a chlamydomonas a swims with synchronized beating of its two flagella a and is experimentally observed to exhibit run a and a tumble behaviour similar to bacteria a recently we studied a simple hydrodynamic three a sphere model of a chlamydomonas a with a phase dependent driving force which can produce run a and a tumble behaviour when intrinsic noise is added a due to the non a linear mechanics of the system a here a we consider the noiseless case and explore numerically the parameter space in the driving force profiles a which determine whether or not the synchronized state evolves from a given initial condition a as well as the stability of the synchronized state a we find that phase dependent forcing a or a beat pattern a is necessary for stable synchronization in the geometry we work with a introduction microorganisms swim in the low reynolds number regime where viscous forces dominate a inertia is negligible and the familiar propulsion methods of larger organisms become ineffective excite a fluid flow is governed by the stokes equation a which is time reversible a a necessary condition on a periodic swimming stroke in order to achieve net propulsion is that it is non a time reversible excite a inspired by sperm cells a which achieve propulsion by propagation of bending waves through their flagellum a taylor demonstrated that propulsion is possible in a viscous environment by studying the propagation of waves on an infinite sheet excite a purcell showed that a swimmer needs at least two compact degrees of freedom to break the time reversal symmetry and achieve net propulsion excite a many microorganisms swim using flagella excite a there are two fundamentally different types of flagella a bacterial flagella and eukaryotic flagella a or cilia a a eukaryotic flagella form bends when microtubules on one side of the flagella a walk a or a slide a along the microtubules on the other side excite a the propagation of bends allows the flagella to form beat patterns that. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we note that linear stability analysis can not be used to probe the stability of the synchronization a as we can not perform a valid taylor expansion when a where a for equal driving force profiles that we linearized a a a if we were to taylor expand a then the linearized expression for would be which has a singularity at a the apparent singularity actually occurs at and at in the full expression a but the choice of constraining force ensures this zero in the denominator is cancelled by the numerator a however a when we expand in and shift the singularity so that it occurs at a then the numerator is no longer zero at this point of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the reason we have this zero in the denominator is the following a the torque free condition a a seq a forcetorquefree a a is along with equations a a seq a rl-eq a rb,eq a rld-eq a red a a a we use a a seq a torquefree a a to solve for the constraining forces a a however a at a is multiplied by a term which vanishes a so the torque free condition can be satisfied without specifying a |
1,292 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a system of a unidimensional global coupled maps a gym a a which support multiattractors is studied a we realize the phase diagram and some special features of the transitions a volume ratios and characteristic exponents a a by controlling the number of elements of the initial partition that are in each basin of attraction a it was found important differences with widely known coupled systems with a single attractor a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the emergence of non trivial collective behaviour in multidimensional systems has been realized in the last years by many authors excite excite excite a those important class of systems are the ones that present global interactions a a basic model extensively realized by kane is an unidimensional array of elements a where a is an index identifying the elements of the array a a temporal discrete variable a is the coupling parameter and describes the local dynamic and taken as the logistic map a in this work of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we consider as a cubic map given by a where a a is a control parameter and a a a the map dynamic has been extensively studied by testa et.al. a and many applications come up from artificial neural networks where the cubic map a as local dynamic a is taken into account for modelling an associative memory system a |
1,293 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have identified outflows and bubbles in the taurus molecular cloud based on the deg five college radio astronomy observatory 1 a a a and 1 a a a maps and the switzer young stellar object catalogue a in the main of deg area of taurus we found of outflows a of which of were previously unknown a we also found of bubbles in the entire 100 deg area of taurus a all of which had not been found before a the total kinetic energy of the identified outflows is estimated to be erg a which is a of a of the cloud turbulent energy a the total kinetic energy of the detected bubbles is estimated to be erg a which is 29% of the turbulent energy of taurus a the energy injection rate from outflows is a a 0.4 a a times a the dissipation rate of the cloud turbulence a the energy injection rate from bubbles is erg s a a a a of times a the turbulent dissipation rate of the cloud a the gravitational binding energy of the cloud is a erg a a a 385 a and of times the energy of outflows and bubbles a respectively a we conclude that neither outflows nor bubbles can a provide enough energy to balance the overall gravitational binding energy and the turbulent energy of taurus a however a a in the current epoch a stellar feedback is sufficient to maintain the observed turbulence in taurus a a 5000 a 1000 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article stars during their early stage of evolution experience a phase of mass loss driven by strong stellar winds excite a the stellar winds can entrain and accelerate ambient gas and inject momentum and energy into the surrounding environment a thereby significantly affect the dynamics and structure of their parent molecular clouds excite a both outflows and bubbles are manifestations of strong stellar winds dispersing the surrounding gas a in general a collimated jet a like winds from young embedded protesters usually drive powerful collimated outflows a while wide a angle or spherical winds from the are a main a sequence stars are more likely to drive less a collimated outflows or bubbles excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a bubble is a partially or fully enclosed three a dimensional structure whose projection is a partial or full ring excite a the kinetic energy of an outflow is very large aerg a a a a a |
1,294 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the angular and temperature dependence of the upper critical field in mgb was determined from torque magnetometer measurements on single crystals a the anisotropy was found to decrease with increasing temperature a in disagreement with the anisotropic ginsburg a landau theory a which predicts that the is temperature independent a this behaviour can be explained by the two band nature of superconductivity in mgb a an analysis of measurements of the reversible torque in the mixed state yields a field dependent effective anisotropy a which can be at least partially explained by different anisotropies of the penetration depth and the upper critical field a it is shown that a peak effect in fields of about is a manifestation of an a order a disorder a phase transition of vortex matter a thephase diagram of mgb for correlates with the intermediate strength of thermal fluctuations in mgb a as compared to those in high and low superconductors a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article superconducting mgb exhibits a number of rather peculiar properties a originating from the involvement of two sets of bands of different anisotropy and different coupling to the most relevant phonon mode excite a among them are pronounced deviations of the upper critical field a a from predictions of the widely used anisotropic ginsburg a landau theory a alt a a apart from two a band superconductivity a mgb provides a link between low and high superconductors on a phenomenological level a particularly concerning vortex physics a in both high and low superconductors a for example a a phase transition of vortex matter out of a quasi a ordered of bragg glass i'm please generate the next two sentences of the article | have been identified a with rather different positions in theplane a studying the intermediate mgb may help establishing a of universal vortex matter phase diagram of a here |
1,295 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the equation of state of kaon a condensed matter including the effects of temperature and trapped neutrinos a several different field a theoretical models for the nucleon a nucleon and kaon a nucleon interactions are considered a it is found that the order of the phase transition to a kaon a condensed phase a and whether or not gibbs rules for phase equilibrium can be satisfied in the case of a first order transition a depend sensitively on the choice of the kaon a nucleon interaction a to avoid the anomalous high a density behavior of previous models for the kaon a nucleon interaction a a new functional form is developed a for all interactions considered a a first order phase transition is possible only for magnitudes of the kaon a nucleus optical potential me a the main effect of finite temperature a for any value of the lepton fraction a is to mute the effects of a first order transition a so that the thermodynamics becomes similar to that of a second order transition a above a critical temperature a found to be at least 3060 me depending upon the interaction a the first order transition disappears a the phase boundaries in baryon density versus lepton number and baryon density versus temperature planes are delineated a which are useful in understanding the outcomes of protoneutron star simulations a we find that the thermal effects on the maximum gravitational mass of neutron stars are as important as the effects of trapped neutrinos a in contrast to previously studied cases in which the matter contained only nucleons or in which hyperon indoor quark matter were considered a kaon a condensed equations of state permit the existence of metastable neutron stars a because the maximum mass of an initially hot a lepton a rich protoneutron star is greater than that of a cold a deleptonized neutron star a the large thermal effects imply that a metastable protoneutron star a collapse to a black hole could occur much later than in previously studied cases that allow metastable. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is believed that a neutron star begins its life as a photo a neutron star a pcs a in the aftermath of a supernova explosion a the evolution of the pcs depends upon the star a mass a composition a and equation of state a eos a a as well as the opacity of neutrinos in dense matter a previous studies excite have shown that the pcs may become unstable as it emits neutrinos and deleptonizes a so that it collapses into a black hole of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the instability occurs if the maximum mass that the equation of state a eos a of lepton a rich a hot matter can support is greater than that of cold a deleptonized matter a and if the pcs mass lies in between these two values a the condition for metastability is satisfied if of exotic of matter a manifested in the form of a bose condensate a of negatively charged pions or kaons a or negatively charged particles with strangeness content a hyperon or quarks a a appears during the evolution of the pcs a |
1,296 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the black hole information paradox is one of the most important issues in theoretical physics a we review some recent progress using string theory in understanding the nature of black hole microstates a for all cases where these microstates have been constructed a one finds that they are horizon sized a fuzzball a a most computations are for extrema states a but recently one has been able to study a special family of non a extrema microstates a and see a information carrying radiation a emerge from these gravity solutions a we discuss how the fuzzball picture can resolve the information paradox a we use the nature of fuzzball states to make some conjectures on the dynamical aspects of black holes a observing that the large phase space of fuzzball solutions can make the black hole more a quantum a than assumed in traditional treatments a a black holes a string theory a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article most people have heard of the black hole information paradox excite a but the full strength of this paradox is not always appreciated a if we make two reasonable sounding assumptions a a all quantum gravity effects die off rapidly at distances beyond some fixed length scale a edge planck length or string length a web a the vacuum of the theory is unique then we a will a have a information loss a when a black hole forms and evaporates a and quantum unitarily will be violated a a the hawking a theorem a can be exhibited in this form excite a and it can be seen from the derivation how conditions a a,b a above can be made more precise and the a theorem a made as rigorous as we wish a a in this article we will see that string theory gives us a way out of the information paradox a by violating assumption a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | how can this happen a one usually thinks that the natural length scale for quantum gravity effects is a since this is the only length scale that we can make from the fundamental constants a but |
1,297 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a system of cascaded quits interacting via the anyway exchange of photons is studied a while for general operating conditions the system evolves to a superposition of bell states a a dark state a in the long a time limit a under a particular a resonance a condition no steady state is reached within a finite time a we analyse the conditional quantum evolution a quantum trajectories a to characterize the asymptotic behavior under this resonance condition a a distinct modality is observed a for perfect quit coupling a the system either evolves to a maximally entangled bell state without emitting photons a the dark state a a or executes a sustained entangled a state cycle random switching between a pair of bell states while emitting a continuous photon stream a for imperfect coupling a two entangled a state cycles coexist a between which a random selection is made from one quantum trajectory to another a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum entanglement is a feature of quantum mechanics that has captured much recent interest due to its essential role in quantum information processing excite a it may be characterized and manipulated independently of its physical realization a and it obeys a set of conservation laws a as such a it is regarded and treated much like a physical resource a it proves useful in making quantitative predictions to quantify entanglement.when one has complete information about a bipartite system a please generate the next two sentences of the article | subsystems and state of the system is pure and there exists a well established measure of entanglement the a entropy of entanglement a a evaluated as the on newman entropy of the reduced density matrix a with a this measure is unity for the bell states and is conserved under local operations and classical communication a |
1,298 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we construct a theory in which the gravitational interaction is described only by torsion a but that generalizes the teleparallel theory still keeping the invariance of local lorentz transformations in one particular case a we show that our theory falls a to a certain limit of a real parameter a in the gravity or a to another limit of the same real parameter a in a modified gravity a interpolating between these two theories and still can fall on several other theories a we explicitly show the equivalence with gravity for cases of friedman a lemaitre a robertson a walker flat metric for diagonal tetrads a and a metric with spherical symmetry for diagonal and non a diagonal tetrads a we do still four applications a one in the reconstruction of the de sitter universe cosmological model a for obtaining a static spherically symmetric solution type a de sitter for a perfect fluid a for evolution of the state parameter and for the thermodynamics to the apparent horizon a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one of the most important events in modern physics is that our universe is expanding accelerated excite a however a a plausible explanation for this is commonly done using the model of a very exotic fluid called dark energy a which has negative pressure a another well a known possibility is to modify einstein a general relativity a or a excite a making the action of the theory depend on a function of the curvature scalar a but at a certain limit of parameters the theory falls on or of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this way to explain the accelerated expansion of our universe is known as modified gravity or generalized a considering that the gravitational interaction is described only by the curvature of space a time a we can generalize the einstein a hilbert action through analytic function of scalars of the theory a as for example the gravities excite a with being the riccio scalar or curvature scalar a excite a with being the trace of energy a momentum tensor a or yet excite a excite and excite a with being the energy a momentum tensor a |
1,299 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the nucleus of a system that is of order of magnitudes smaller and of orders of magnitude lighter than a neutron star may be used as a miniature surrogate to establish important correlations between its neutron skin and several neutron a star properties a indeed a a nearly model a independent correlation develops between the neutron skin of and the liquid a to a solid transition density in a neutron star a further a we illustrate how a measurement of the neutron skin in may be used to place important constraints on the cooling mechanism operating in neutron stars and may help elucidate the existence of quarks stars a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is an extrapolation of of orders of magnitude from the neutron radius of a heavy nucleus such as with a neutron radius of pm to the approximately of pm radius of a neutron star a yet both radii depend on our incomplete knowledge of the equation of state of neutron a rich matter a that strong correlations arise among objects of such disparate sizes is not difficult to understand of please generate the next two sentences of the article | heavy nuclei develop a neutron a rich skin as a result of its large neutron excess a a edge a a in a and because the large coulomb barrier reduces the proton density at the surface of the nucleus a thus the thickness of the neutron skin depends on the pressure that pushes neutrons out against surface tension a as a result a the greater the pressure a the thicker the neutron skin excite a |
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