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900 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we demonstrate how measuring orbital period derivatives can lead to more accurate distance estimates and transverse velocities for some nearby binary pulsars a in many cases this method will estimate distances more accurately than is possible by annual parallax a as the relative error decreases as a unfortunately a distance uncertainties limit the degree to which nearby relativistic binary pulsars can be used for testing the general relativistic prediction of orbital period decay to a few percent a nevertheless a the measured orbital period derivative of per b1534 a of agrees within the observational uncertainties with that predicted by general relativity if the proper a motion contribution is accounted for a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the most common method for determining the distances to radio pulsars is based on their dispersion measure and models of the galactic distribution of free electrons a excite a a these distance estimates typically have an uncertainty of 30% a distances may also be determined by measuring annual parallax a based on either timing a excite a or interferometric measurements a excite a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | hi absorption by interstellar hydrogen is also a common distance indicator a excite a a however a no pulsar has a distance estimate more accurate than % a and for all but two a the errors are greater than 20% a |
901 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we consider interacting skinless fermions in one dimension embedded in self a similar quasiperiodic potentials a we examine generalizations of the fibonacci potential known as precious mean potentials a using a colonization technique and a renormalization group analysis a we study the low a energy physics of the system a we show that it undergoes a metal a insulator transition for any filling factor a with a critical interaction that strongly depends on the position of the fermi level in the fourier spectrum of the potential a for some positions of the fermi level the metal a insulator transition occurs at the non interacting point a the repulsive side is an insulator with a mapped spectrum whereas in the attractive side the spectrum is hapless and the properties of the system are described by a luttinger liquid a we compute the transport properties and give the characteristic exponents associated to the frequency and temperature dependence of the conductivity a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the electronic properties of quasicrystals have revealed the importance of the non crystalline order at the atomic level a indeed a the conductivity of these metallic alloys displays a unusual behavior since it increases when either temperature or disorder increases a it is also surprisingly low compared to that of the metals that composed them a from a theoretical point of view a the influence of quasiperiodicity on the spectral and dynamical properties of electron systems has been the subject of many studies a for independent electrons systems please generate the next two sentences of the article | a it has been shown that the eigenstates a which are neither localized nor extended but critical a algebraic decay a a are responsible of an anomalous quantum diffusion in any dimension a concerning the nature of the spectrum a it depends on the dimensionality but also exhibits specific characteristics of the quasiperiodicity a more precisely a in one dimension a the spectrum of quasiperiodic systems a such as the fibonacci or the harper chain a is made up of an infinite number of zero width bands a singular continuous a whereas in higher dimensions a it can be either absolutely continuous a band a like a a singular continuous a or any mixture a |
902 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the luminosity function and the correlation function of about 1200 z lyman break galaxies a legs a with that are photometrically selected from deep imaging data of a 618 arcmin area in the subaru a hmm a newton deep field taken with subaru prime focus camera a the contamination and completeness of our log sample are evaluated a on the basis of the hubble deep field a north a of a a a objects a to be 17% and 45% a respectively a we derive the us a rest 1700 a luminosity functions a los a and find a large population of us a luminous galaxies at a the los of the red and blue subsample imply that the bright legs are redder in the us continuum than the average color of the legs a then we calculate the correlation function over and find that it is fitted fairly well by a power law a a with a we estimate the correlation length a in coming units a of the two a point spatial correlation function to be a and a a the correlation function shows an excess of on small scales a a a departing from the power a law fit at significance level a interpreting this as being due to galaxy mergers a we evaluate the fraction of galaxies undergoing mergers to be a which is significantly smaller than those of galaxies at intermediate redshifts a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the past several years a deep field surveys have made remarkable breakthroughs in studies on high redshift galaxies a the most successful survey would be the hubble deep fields which are deep enough to study high--z a galaxies up to a many efforts on spectroscopic and photometric follow a up observations reveal hundreds of high--z a galaxies and their properties a e.g. a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | however the surveyed areas of has are as small as a few arcmin each a so they may be affected by field a to a field variations a steel and his collaborators have pioneered in statistical studies of high--z a galaxies based on ground a based wide survey data excite a |
903 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper results of two years of continuous monitoring of flux density variations at 8.3 and 2.3 ghz of the galactic center super a massive black hole candidate sir a a are reported a the average rms modulation indices are of and 2.5% at 8.3 a 2.3 ghz respectively a there is a certain degree of correlation between both frequencies a the timescale of variability at 8.3 a 2.3 ghz is between of and 200 days a we can not confirm a dependence of the timescale a at 2.3 ghz a quasi a periodic behaviour with a period of of days was discovered which is reminiscent to a though longer than a those found in some compact extragalactic radio sources a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article sir a a is believed to be the radio source associated with the a caller it al a 1996 a ghz it al a 1998 a 1999 a eckhart a gene 1996 a gene a eckhart 1999 a that a loss 1999 a dark mass concentration in the center of the galaxy a since we know very little about this source from other wavelengths a where it is extremely faint a see face 1996 for a review a a a detailed study of its radio properties is an important prerequisite for its interpretation of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the overall shape of the sir a a radio spectrum has been discussed in many papers a edge a serabyn it al a 1997 a face it al a |
904 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recent results of the cascade air shower experiment are presented in order to shed some light on the astrophysics of cosmic rays in the region of the knee in the energy spectrum a the results include investigations of high a energy interactions in the atmosphere a the analysis of the arrival directions of cosmic rays a the determination of the mean logarithmic mass a and the unfolding of energy spectra for elemental groups a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the origin of high a energy cosmic rays is among the most interesting questions in astrophysics a the origin of a structure in the all a particle energy spectrum around a per a the so a called knee a is generally believed to be a corner stone in the understanding of the astrophysics of high a energy cosmic rays a the knee is proposed to be caused by the maximum energy reached in cosmic a ray accelerators or due to leakage of particles from the galaxy of please generate the next two sentences of the article | hence a an understanding of the origin of the knee reveals hints on the acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays a experimental access to the understanding of the sources a acceleration and propagation mechanisms is provided by detailed investigation of the arrival directions a energy spectra a and mass composition of the ultrarelativistic particles a while at energies below a per cosmic rays can be measured directly at the top of the atmosphere |
905 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper many models of physics beyond the standard model yield exotic highs decays a some of these a particularly those in which the highs decays to light quarks or gluons a can be very difficult to discover experimentally a here we introduce a new set of jet substructure techniques designed to search for such a highs when its dominant decay is into gluons via light a uncoloured resonances a we study this scenario in both and production channels a and find both channels lead to discovery at the lac with at a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article discovering the highs boson is one of the main physics goals of the lac program a while collider search strategies have been well developed for the standard model a so a highs a the presence of new light degrees of freedom can dramatically alter highs phenomenology a for instance a in a class of models with an extended highs sector a the highs can decay via the cascade a where is an on a shell pseudoscalar and is a so state to which the pseudoscalar decays of please generate the next two sentences of the article | when this decay dominates a the branching fractions into the standard discovery channels such as are very suppressed a and new lac strategies have to be developed to discover the highs a previous studies have considered the pseudoscalar decaying into a a a and excite a |
906 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper roman spectra are reported for a doped fullerides a a xxx a a a and a a a the lowest frequency modes split into five components for and even at room temperature a allowing us a quantitative analysis based on the electron a phonon coupling theory a for the superconducting a the density of states at the fermi energy was derived as a a while the total value of electron a phonon coupling was found to be 1.0 a which is comparable to that of a the tangential mode a which is known as a sensitive probe for the degree of charge transfer on molecule a shows a remarkable shift depending on the a concentration a being roughly consistent with the full charge transfer from a to a an effect of hybridization between a and orbitals is also discussed a a 10000 a pics numbers a 78.30.-j a 72.80.rj a 74.70.-b a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since the discovery of superconductivity in alkali a metal doped a extensive research on and other fullerene has been carried out worldwide a aiming at understanding the mechanism for superconductivity and other related issues in fullerenes. most of the theoretical models assumed that electron a phonon interaction is important for superconductivity. based on the analysis of the linewidths in ironic spectra excited either by light a roman scattering a or by neutrons a the electron a phonon coupling constant for a a a alkali metal a has been estimated a recently a winter and guzman observed that the low frequency and modes lose all degeneracy and split into five components a each of which couples differently to the electrons for single crystal of at of k. these results revealed that in the superconducting state a the pairing is mediated by photons with weak or intermediate coupling a excite the lowest two unoccupied molecular orbitals of are both triply degenerated a having and symmetry of please generate the next two sentences of the article | filling of and bands with electrons is achieved by intercalation of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals to solids a respectively a nevertheless a understanding of the of superconductors of is extremely poor in comparison with the well known superconductors a |
907 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the evolution of the roman spectrum of defected grapheme as a function of doping a polymer electrolyte gating allows us to move the fermi level up to 0.7ev a as monitored by a in a site a hall a effect measurements a for a given number of defects a the intensities of the a and a peaks decrease with doping a we assign this to an increased total scattering rate of the photoexcited electrons and holes a due to the doping a dependent strength of electron a electron scattering a we present a general relation between a peak intensity and defects valid for any doping level a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article roman spectroscopy is one of the most used characterization techniques in carbon science and technology a the measurement of the roman spectrum of graphene triggered a huge effort to understand photons a electron a phonon a magneto a phonon and electron a electron interactions in grapheme a as well as the influence of the number and orientation of layers a electric or magnetic fields a strain a doping a disorder a quality and types of edges a and functional groups a quantifying defects in grapheme is crucial both to gain insight in fundamental properties a and for applications a ref a introduced a three a stage classification of disorder a leading from graphite to amorphous carbons a that allows to simply assess all the roman spectra of carbons a stage a a grapheme to nanocrystalline grapheme a stage a a nanocrystalline grapheme to low- amorphous carbon a stage a a low- amorphous carbon to high- amorphous carbon a here please generate the next two sentences of the article | we focus on stage a a the most relevant when considering the vast majority of publications dealing with grapheme production a processing and applications a in stage a the roman spectrum evolves as follows a a a a appears and the ratio of the a and a peak intensities a id/ig a a increases a a a a appears a a a all peaks broaden a a a the did peak appears a of a at the end of stage a a a and a are so wide that is sometimes more convenient to consider them as a single a up a shifted a wide a band at a in their seminal work a tuinstra and |
908 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper tropical algebraic geometry is a degeneration of classical geometry which loose the property of unique factorization for polynomials a in this paper we explore a structure that is known to be a semi a degeneration between the classical algebra and the tropical algebra a and show that unique factorization fails in several variables due to geometric reasons a not just algebraic a we also show that unique factorization does hold for a certain interesting subset of polynomials a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we wish to study algebraic geometry over the max a plus or tropical algebra a in order to do so a we should look at roots of polynomials a a the common definition for tropical roots of polynomials is a point of equality between two monomials or more a ref of please generate the next two sentences of the article | , a a izhakian has built a structure that defines the sum of two equal elements as a ghost a element a and treats these ghosts as zeros since we want to view them as roots a a further research led izhakian and owen a excite a to the idea of a graded algebra a not only |
909 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we numerically construct the bps and non a bps wavefunctions of an quiver quantum mechanics with two belgian nodes and a single arrow a this model captures the dynamics of a pair of wrapped a a brands interacting via a single light string mode a a dimensionless parameter a which is inversely proportional to the the facet a iliopoulos parameter a controls whether the bulk of the wavefunctions are supported on the highs branch or the coulomb branch a we demonstrate how the bps and excited states morph as is tuned a we also numerically compute the energy gap between the ground state and the first excited states as a function of a an expression for the the gap a computed on the coulomb branch a matches nicely with our numeric at large but deviates at small where the highs branch becomes the relevant description of the physics a in the appendix a we provide the schrodinger equations fully reduced via symmetries which a in principle a allow for the numerical determination of the entire spectrum at any point in moduli space a for the ground states a this numerical determination of the spectrum can be thought of as the first a in silicon a check of various written index calculations a it a ctp-4731 busy in silicon a numerical a a brand bound state spectroscopy trek angus a center for theoretical physics a massachusetts institute of technology a cambridge a a 02139 a us a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the low a energy effective theory describing the dynamics of a collection of wrapped a a brands at small separations is given by quiver quantum mechanics excite a these a a brands form bound states and a depending on parameters a can either be well separated or on top of each other a when well separated a the theory is on the coulomb branch a parametrized by a macroscopic rev for the fields describing the separation between the brands a conversely a when the brands are on top of each other a the theory is on the highs branch a parametrized by a large rev for the field representing the light stretched string mode between the brands a in this paper we will consider the simplest example of quiver quantum mechanics a describing the dynamics of a pair of a a brands with a single light stretched string mode between them a being a supersymmetric theory of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the relative separation between the brands lives in a vector multiple and the lightest stretched string mode lives in a chiral multiple a these models have proven fruitful playgrounds for the study of supersymmetric black hole bound states at weak coupling excite a |
910 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we discuss israel layers collapsing inward from rest at infinity along schwarzschild a lemaitre geodesics a the dynamics of the collapsing layer and its equation of state are developed a there is a general equation of state which is approximately polytropic in the limit of very low pressure a the equation of state establishes a new limit on the stress a density ratio a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since their introduction a israel layers,, have played an increasingly important role in gravitational physics a barrages and israel excite began their paper with a description of the israel layer as a thermodynamic phase boundary a but the initial applications of israel layers considered metric matching in dynamic collapse processes involving dust shells a null shells a and cosmic string loops,, a poisson excite has summarized some of the early seminal work by israel, a barrages excite a de la cruz excite a cosgrave and lake excite a and barrages and hogan excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the israel junction conditions, find wide application because they provide a simple dynamic boundary description for a variety of scenarios excite a the use of layers as boundaries between standard metrics has been summarized by unsold excite a and there is a growing literature that applies the thin shell formalism to new areas such as shell quantum mechanics excite a excite a layer dimensionality,, a layers in extensions of general relativity excite a excite and matching in perturbed spacetimes excite a excite a |
911 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we carry out a model independent study of resonant photon scattering off dark matter a do a particles a the do particle can feature an electric or magnetic transition dipole moment which couples it with photons and a heavier neutral particle a resonant photon scattering then takes place at a special energy set by the masses of and a with the width of the resonance set by the size of the transition dipole moment a we compute the constraints on the parameter space of the model from stellar energy losses a data from in 1987a a the lyman- forest a big bang nucleosynthesis a electro a weak precision measurements and accelerator searches a we show that the velocity broadening of the resonance plays an essential role for the possibility of the detection of a spectral feature originating from resonant photon a do scattering a depending upon the particle setup and the do surface mass density a the favored range of do particle masses lies between tens of key and a few me a while the resonant photon absorption energy is predicted to be between tens of key and few get a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one of the crucial properties of the a dark a matter a do a is the feebleness of its coupling to the electromagnetic field a the early decoupling of do from the baryon a photon fluid is a basic ingredient of the current picture of structure formation a and various direct do detection experiments set stringent limits on the coupling of do with ordinary matter a the phenomenological possibilities of a charged excite a or a mill a charged excite do species a or that of do featuring an electric or magnetic dipole moment excite were considered in several recent studies a all pointing towards a severe suppression of any coupling of the do with photons a significant absorption or scattering of photons by do appears to ruled out a perhaps implying that a do does not cast shadows in this analysis we investigate the possibility that a while the typical scattering cross section of do with photons is very small a photons with the right energy can resonantly scatter off do particles of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we show that this resonant scattering might result in peculiar absorption features in the spectrum of distant sources a this effect can occur if the extension of the standard model of particle physics required to accommodate a a neutral a do particle candidate also encompasses a a a a second a heavier neutral particle and a a a an electric indoor magnetic transition dipole moment which couples the electromagnetic field to and a |
912 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate hadron production and transverse hadron spectra in nucleus a nucleus collisions from a to 21.3 within two independent transport approaches a urged and had a based on quark a quark a string and harmonic degrees of freedom a the enhancement of pion production in central aura a pb+pb a collisions relative to scaled collisions a the kink a is described well by both approaches without involving a phase transition a however a the maximum in the ratio at of to of a a the horn a is missed by 40% a also a at energies above a a a the measured -spectra have a larger inverse slope than expected from the models a thus the pressure generated by harmonic interactions in the transport models at high energies is too low a this finding suggests that the additional pressure a as expected from lattice cd at finite quark chemical potential and temperature a might be generated by strong interactions in the early are a harmonic a harmonic phase of central heavy a ion collisions a finally a we discuss the emergence of density perturbations in a first a order phase transition and why they might affect relative hadron multiplicities a collective flow a and hadron mean a free paths at decoupling a a minimum in the collective flow excitation function was discovered experimentally at of a a such a behavior has been predicted long ago as signature for a first order phase transition a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the phase transition from harmonic degrees of freedom a quarks and gluons a to interacting hadrons is a central topic of modern high a energy physics a in order to understand the dynamics and relevant scales of this transition laboratory experiments under controlled conditions are presently performed with ultra a relativistic nucleus a nucleus collisions a harmonic spectra and relative hadron abundances from these experiments reflect important aspects of the dynamics in the hot and dense zone formed in the early phase of the reaction of please generate the next two sentences of the article | furthermore a as has been proposed early by rafelski and miller excite the strangeness degree of freedom might play an important role in distinguishing harmonic and harmonic dynamics a in fact a estimates based on the broken formula excite for the energy density achieved in central aura collisions suggest that the critical energy density for the formation of a quark a gluon plasma a up a is by far exceeded during a few pm a a in the initial phase of the collision at relativistic heavy ion collider a chic a energies excite a but sufficient energy densities a 0.7 a a gev/ excite a might already be achieved at alternating gradient synchrotron a as a energies of of excite a |
913 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper high a statistics data on near a horizontal muons collected with russian a italian coordinate detector decor are analysed a precise measurements of muon angular distributions in zenith angle interval from 60 to 90 have been performed a in total a more than of million muons are selected a dependence of the absolute integral muon intensity on zenith angle for several threshold energies ranging from 1.7 get to 7.2 get are derived a results for this region of zenith angles and threshold energies have been obtained for the first time a the dependence of integral intensity on zenith angle and threshold energy is well fitted by a simple analytical formula a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article studies of angular and energy dependence of muon flux at the earth a surface give important information as about processes of muon generation and propagation in the atmosphere so about primary cosmic rays a measurements of muon flux at large zenith angles up to 90 are especially actual since primary particles for such muons have higher energies than in the vertical direction a experimental studies of muon intensity at large zenith angles at the ground level can be conditionally separated in two groups a measurements of muon integral intensity with threshold energies less than a get a 18 a and investigations of integral and differential muon spectra for muon energies higher than of get a see review a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | regions of measurements of muon spectrum at large zenith angles are presented in fig a it is remarkable that for threshold energies from a get to of get and zenith angles 60 muon intensity data are absent a to explore this region |
914 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the physical meaning of the levi a civil peacetime a for some critical values of the parameter a is discussed in the light of gedanken experiments performed with gyroscopes circumventing the axis of symmetry a the fact that corresponds to flat space described from the point of view of an accelerated frame of reference a led us to incorporate the a a metric into discussion a the interpretation of as an angle coordinate for any value of a appears to be at the origin of difficulties a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article to provide physical meaning to solutions of einstein equations a is an endeavour whose relevance deserves to be emphasized excite a this is particularly true in the case of the levi a civil a la a peacetime excite which after many years and a long list of works dedicated to its discussion still presents serious challenges to its interpretation a excite aa and references therein a a this metric has two essential constants a usually denoted by and of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one of them a has to do with the topology of peacetime and a more specifically a refers to the deficit angle a it may accordingly be related to the gravitational analog of aharonov bomb effect excite a excite a |
915 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the reference rooms for messy ii has been set up with a device oriented data model a this has proven adequate for edge template based red generation a modelling etc a but since assigned i a of channels have been stored outside the database a a a numerous specific conditions had to be maintained within the scripts generating configuration files and a a a several generic applications could not be set up automatically by scripts a in a larger re a design effort the i a of channels are introduced into the rooms a that modification allows to generate a larger set of tabs a map specific conditions into database relations and maintain application configurations by relatively simple extraction scripts a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article within the last few years a relational database management systems a a rooms or do in short a have become essential for control system configuration a with availability of generic applications and hardware standards the interplay of components as well as the adaptation to site specific needs has become crucial a proper networking has been the central problem of the past of please generate the next two sentences of the article | today a challenge is a central repository of reference and configuration data as well as an appropriate standard suite of do applications a target is a management system providing consistency in a programmable a comprehensible and automatic way for development a test and production phases of the control system a instead of careful bookkeeping of innumerable hand a edited files |
916 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper new exact vacuum solutions with various singularities in the plane a symmetric peacetime are shown a and they are applied to the analysis of inhomogeneous cosmological models and colliding gravitational waves a one of the singularities can be true null singularities a whose existence was locally clarified by or a these solutions may be interesting from the viewpoint of the variety of cosmological singularities and the instability problem of cauchy horizons inside black holes a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the important behavior of colliding gravitational waves was first shown in khan and pentose a pioneering work a a a in a plane a symmetric peacetime a the formulation for dynamics of colliding plane waves was given by seekers a a a in an extended form with non a parallel polarization a and the solution a which is impulsive similarly to khan and pentose a one a was derived by nuts and hall a a a a the plane a symmetric inhomogeneous cosmological models were a on the other hand a studied by goody a a a in a vacuum peacetime with compact invariant hypersurfaces a and models containing space a like and time a like singularities alternately were discussed by the present author a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | studies on impulsive colliding gravitational waves were developed by chandrasekhar and his collaborators a a a who treated not only vacuum cases but also the cases with fluids and electromagnetic fields a and derived also the solutions with a time a like singularity a yurtsever a a a derived solutions which tend to the kasher solutions asymptotically a contain the cauchy horizons a and are connected with the schwarzschild and well vacuum solutions a |
917 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we examine the statics and dynamics of particles with repulsive yukawa interactions in the presence of a two a dimensional triangular substrate for fillings of up to twelve particles per potential minimum a we term the ordered states yukawa cluster crystals and show that they are distinct from the colloidal molecular crystal states found at low fillings a as a function of substrate and interaction strength at fixed particle density we find a series of novel crystalline states that we characterize using the structure factor a for fillings greater than four a shell and ring structures form at each potential minimum and can exhibit sample a wide orientational order a a disordered state can appear between ordered states as the substrate strength varies a under an external drive a the onsets of different orderings produce clear changes in the critical beginning force a including a peak effect phenomenon that has generally only previously been observed in systems with random substrates a we also find a rich variety of dynamic ordering transitions that can be observed via changes in the structure factor and features in the velocity a force curves a the dynamical states encompass a variety of moving structures including one a dimensional stripes a smectic ordering a polycrystalline states a triangular lattices a and symmetry locking states a despite the complexity of the system a we identify several generic features of the dynamical phase transitions which we map out in a series of phase diagrams a our results have implications for the structure and beginning of colloids on periodic substrates a vertices in superconductors and bose a einstein condensates a wigner crystals a and dusty plasmas a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the creation of new types of crystalline or partially ordered states and the dynamics of assemblies of interacting particles have attracted much attention both in terms of the basic science of self a assembly and dynamic pattern formation as well as for applications utilizing self a assembly processes a one of the most extensively studied systems exhibiting this behavior is assemblies of colloidal particles a where the equilibrium structures can be tuned by changing the directionality of the colloid a colloid interactions excite a since it can be difficult to control and tune the exact form of the interaction a another approach is to use colloids with well defined interactions that are placed on some type of ordered substrate a optical trapping techniques are one of the most common methods of creating periodic substrates for colloids excite a studies of colloidal ordering and melting for one dimensional a cd a periodic substrate arrays have revealed ordered colloidal crystalline structures as well as smectic type structures where the colloids are crystalline in one direction and liquidlike in the other excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these experiments show that the substrate strength strongly influences the type of colloidal structure that forms and that as the substrate strength increases a the resulting enhancement of fluctuations can induce a transition from crystalline to smectic order excite a numerous different colloidal crystalline structures can also appear on cd substrate arrays of fixed periodicity when the colloid density is varied excite a |
918 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we measured the angular diameter of the lithium a rich a giant star he 148293 using georgia state university a center for high angular resolution astronomy a chart a array interferometer a we used our measurement to calculate the star a effective temperature a which allowed us to place it on an a a a diagram to compare it with other i a rich giants a its placement supports the evidence presented by excite that it is undergoing a brief stage in its evolution where i is being created a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a and a giant stars are expected to have low lithium abundances because i is destroyed in main a sequence stars except in the outermost layers a 1 a 2 by mass a a as the star ascends the red giant branch of the a a a diagram a the convective envelope deepens a diluting the existing i and further reducing the observable i excite a this effect is seen in most a and a giant stars a though a small minority a a exist that are unexpectedly rich in i a edge a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a a a a a a a |
919 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a novel protocol a measurement a device a independent quantum key distribution a mid a and a a removes all attacks from the detection system a the most vulnerable part in and implementations a in this paper a we present an analysis for practical aspects of mid a and a to evaluate its performance a we study various error sources by developing a general system model a we find that mid a and is highly practical and thus can be easily implemented with standard optical devices a moreover a we present a simple analytical method with only two a general a decoy states for the finite decoy a state analysis a this method can be used directly by experimentalists to demonstrate mid a and a by combining the system model with the finite decoy a state method a we present a general framework for the optimal choice of the intensities of the signal and decoy states a furthermore a we consider a common situation a namely a asymmetric a mid a and a in which the two quantum channels have different transmittance a we investigate its properties and discuss how to optimize its performance a our work is of interest not only to experiments demonstrating mid a and but also to other non a and experiments involving quantum interference a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum key distribution a and a excite enables an unconditionally secure means of distributing secret keys between two spatially separated parties a alice and bob a the security of and has been rigorously proven based on the laws of quantum mechanics excite a nevertheless a owing to the imperfections in real a life implementations a a large gap between its theory and practice remains unfilled of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in particular a an eavesdropper a eve a may exploit these imperfections and launch specific attacks a this is commonly called quantum hacking a the first successful quantum hacking against a commercial and system was the time a shift attack excite based on a proposal in excite a |
920 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the single site dynamics in stochastic particle systems of misanthrope type with bounded rates on a complete graph a in the limit of diverging system size we establish convergence to a markova non a linear birth death chain a described by a mean a field equation known also from exchange a driven growth processes a conservation of mass in the particle system leads to conservation of the first moment for the limit dynamics a and to non a uniqueness of stationary measures a the proof is based on a coupling to branching processes via the graphical construction a and establishing uniqueness of the solution for the limit dynamics a as particularly interesting examples we discuss the dynamics of two models that exhibit a condensation transition and their connection to exchange a driven growth processes a a keywords a a mean a field equations a misanthrope processes a non a linear birth death chain a condensation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the physics literature a stochastic particle systems in a limit of large system size are often described by a mean a field master equation for the time evolution of a single lattice site excite a for conservative systems a these equations are very similar to mean a field rate equations in the study of cluster growth models a see edge excite and the references therein a a we focus on particle systems where only one particle jumps at a time a which corresponds to monomer exchange in cluster growth models as studied in excite a and also in the well a known becker a during model excite a while these mean a field equations often provide the starting point for the analysis and have an intuitive form a to our knowledge their connection to underlying particle systems has not been rigorously established so far a in this paper please generate the next two sentences of the article | a we provide a rigorous derivation of this equation for misanthrope a type processes excite with bounded jump rates and homogeneous initial conditions on a complete graph a the limit equation describes the dynamics of the fraction a a of lattice sites with a given occupation number a and also provides the master equation of a birth death chain for the limiting single site dynamics of the process a |
921 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper a we show that the time evolution of the bloch vector governed by the thermal haynes a cummings model is equivalent to a compressible inviscid flow with zero vorticity a because of its quasiperiodicity a the dynamics of the bloch vector includes countably infinite angular momenta as integrals of motion a moreover a to derive the bloch vector a we trace out the hilbert space of the cavity field and remove entanglement between the single atom and the cavity mode a these facts indicate that the dynamics of the bloch vector can be described with a hidden a variable model that has local determinism and a countably infinite number of degrees of freedom a our results fit these considerations a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in 1963 a the haynes a cummings model a jim a was proposed for describing interaction between a single two a state atom and a single near a resonant quantized cavity mode excite a considering the hamiltonian for a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field a assuming near resonance and applying the rotating a wave approximation to it a we obtain the hamiltonian of the jim a the jim has been attracting a lot of researchers attention in the field of the quantum optics since 1960s a because it is soluble and fully quantum mechanical of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one of the most remarkable properties of the jim is a phenomenon of collapse and revival of rabi oscillations a if we put the cavity field into the coherent state initially a the jim shows the spontaneous periodic collapse and revival of the rabi oscillations in the atomic population inversion during its time evolution a |
922 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the problem of determining the parameters that describe a quantum channel a it is assumed that the users of the channel have at best only partial knowledge of it and make use of a finite amount of resources to estimate it a we discuss simple protocols for the estimation of the parameters of several classes of channels that are studied in the current literature a we define two different quantitative measures of the quality of the estimation schemes a one based on the standard deviation a the other one on the fidelity a the possibility of protocols that employ entangled particles is also considered a it turns out that the use of entangled particles as a new kind of neoclassical resource enhances the estimation quality of some classes of quantum channel a further a the investigated methods allow us to extend them to higher dimensional quantum systems a a 1|#1 a 1#1| a 1#2#1|#2 a 1#2#3#1|#2|#3 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum information processing has attracted a lot of interest in recent years a following dutch a investigations excite concerning the potentiality of a quantum computer a item a a computer where information is stored and processed in quantum systems a their application as quantum information carriers gives rise to outstanding possibilities a like secret communication a quantum cryptography a and the implementation of quantum networks and quantum algorithms that are more efficient than classical ones excite a many investigations concern the transmission of quantum information from one party a usually called alice a to another a bob a through a communication channel a in the most basic configuration please generate the next two sentences of the article | the information is encoded in quits a if the quits are perfectly protected from environmental influence a bob receives them in the same state prepared by alice a in the more realistic case a however a the quits have a nontrivial dynamics during the transmission because of their interaction with the environment excite a therefore a bob receives a set of distorted quits because of the disturbing action of the channel a up to |
923 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper any viable cosmological model must produce enough structure at early epochs to explain the amount of gas associated with high a redshift systems a we study the evolution of systems at redshifts in cold dark matter a cd a and cold+hot dark matter a cdm+hdm a models using both -body and hydrodynamic simulations a our approach incorporates the effects of gas dynamics a and we find that all earlier estimates which assumed that all the baryons in dark matter halos would contribute to absorption have overestimated the column density distribution and the fraction of neutral dense gas in systems a the differences are driven by ionization of hydrogen in the outskirts of galactic halos and by gaseous dissipation near the halo center a and they tend to exacerbate the problem of late galaxy formation in cdm+hdm models a we only include systems up to the highest observed column density in the estimation of for a fair comparison with data a if the observed and inferred from a small number of confirmed and candidate absorbers are robust a the amount of gas in systems at high redshifts in the cdm+hdm model falls well below the observations a epsf.tex submitted to a the astrophysical journal letters a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article high a redshift absorbers offer a glimpse of structure in the young universe a these systems dominate the mass density of neutral gas in the universe at early times and are believed to be forming galaxies a wolfe it al a 1995 a djorgovski it al a 1996 a a the fraction of the present a day critical density residing in neutral gas in these objects increases monotonically with redshift to a vanzetti a wolfe a a turnshek 1995 a wolfe it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 1995 a a at still higher redshifts a a recent optical spectroscopy of of quasars indicates a decline in a store a lombardi it al a |
924 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the construction of the semiclassical trace formula for the resonances with the transverse electric a the a polarization for two a dimensional dielectric cavities is discussed a special attention is given to the derivation of the two first terms of well a series for the average number of such resonances a the obtained formulas agree well with numerical calculations for dielectric cavities of different shapes a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article open dielectric cavities have attracted a large interest in recent years due to their numerous and potentially important applications excite a from a theoretical point of view a the crucial difference between dielectric cavities and much more investigated case of closed quantum billiards excite is that in the latter the spectrum is discrete but in the former it is continuous a indeed a the main subject of investigations in open systems is not the true spectrum but the spectrum of resonances defined as poles of the scattering -matrix a see edge excite a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the wavelength of electromagnetic field is usually much smaller than any characteristic cavity size a except its height a and semiclassical techniques are useful and adequate for a theoretical approach to such objects a it is well known that the trace formulas are a very powerful tool in the semiclassical description of closed systems a see edge excite a therefore a the generalization of trace formulas to different open systems a in particular to dielectric cavities a is of importance a |
925 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the production of all identified hadrons at the corn large hadron collider a lac a is studied with emphasis on the distributions up to of get a a in central collisions a in the framework of the recombination model we find that the shower parsons a due to the fragmentation of seminar parsons a play an important role in the formation of hadrons in the low and intermediate- regions a parameters that control the energy loss of mindsets are determined by fitting the upper half of the range of the pion distribution a the resultant soft shower parsons are then found to dominate over the thermal parsons in the non a strange sector a but not in the strange sector a since the data on the spectra of all observed hadrons are well reproduced a there is no way out of the implication that any alternative dynamical model on particle production would be incomplete if it does not consider the effects of mindsets even at very low a hydrodynamics that relies on rapid equilibration without accounting for the delayed thermalization effects of the hard and seminar parsons copiously produced at lac is an example of such models a the difference between the densities of shower parsons produced at lac and at bel relativistic heavy a ion collider a chic a is quantified and discussed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article theoretical investigation of hadron production in heavy a ion collisions at high energies is usually separated into different camps a characterized by the regions of transverse momenta of the produced hadrons a at low statistical harmonization and hydrodynamical models are generally used excite a whereas at high jet production and parton fragmentation with suitable consideration of medium effects in perturbative cd are the central themes excite a the two approaches have been studied essentially independent of each other with credible success in interpreting the data a since their dynamics are decoupled at the energies investigated of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the situation may have changed at the corn large hadron collider a lac a a where pm a pm collisions have been carried out at tel a resulting in thousands of soft hadrons on the one hand a and multiple hard jets on the other a mindsets that are copiously produced at intermediate can fragment into soft parsons with multiplicities so high that their effects on the harmonization of all parsons created in the soft sector can not be ignored a |
926 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present the first detection of n towards a low a mass protostellar outflow a namely the l1157-b1 shock a at 0.1 pc from the protostellar cocoon a the detection was obtained with the iraq 30-m antenna a we observed emission at of ghz due to the a of hyperfine lines a the analysis of the emission coupled with the wifi chess multilane co observations leads to the conclusion that the observed n10 a line originates from the dense a 10 a gas associated with the large a 20 a cavities opened by the protostellar wind a we find a n column density of few 10 corresponding to an abundance of a of a 10 a the n abundance can be matched by a model of quiescent gas evolved for more than 10 or a item for more than the shock kinematical age a 2000 or a a modelling of a a shocks confirms that the abundance of n is not increased by the passage of the shock a in summary a n is a fossil record of the are a shock gas a formed when the density of the gas was around 10 a and then further compressed and accelerated by the shock a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article during the first stages of star formation a highly collimated jets from new born stars influence the physical structure of the hosting cloud by sweeping up material a compressing and accelerating the surrounding environment a the propagation of high velocity outflows generates shock fronts triggering endothermic chemical reactions and ice grain mantle sublimation or sputtering a at a distance of 250 pc a mooney it al a 2007 a a the chemically rich l1157 bipolar outflow a achilles a prev gutierrez 1997 a hereafter bpm a achilles it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 2001 a is an ideal laboratory to observe the effects of such shocks on the gas chemistry a l1157 is driven by a low a mass a a a class a protester l1157-mm and it is associated with several blue a shifted a by a by a by a and red a shifted a re a re a re a shocks at different ages a see fig a a mapstop panel a a and seen in both co a get it al a |
927 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper basis set convergence of the hatred a rock and the correlation energy is examined for the hydrogen bonded a infinite a bent chains a hf and a hcl a we employ series of correlation consistent basis sets up to quintuple quality together with a coupled cluster method a case a to describe electron correlation on a a into a level a the hatred a rock energy converges rapidly with increasing basis set quality whereas the correlation energy is found to be slowly convergent for the same series of basis sets a we study basis set extrapolation for a hf and a hcl and show that it substantially enhances the accuracy of both the hatred a rock and the correlation energy in a extended a systems a a electron correlation a a into calculations a hydrogen fluoride a hydrogen chloride a infinite bent chains a basis set convergence a basis set extrapolation 31.15.ar a 31.25.qm a 71.15.nc a 71.20.ps a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a a into a methods for polymers and crystals come more and more into focus of quantum chemists and solid state physicists excite a as most a a into a treatments of such extended systems rely on incomplete one a particle basis sets a we consider it timely to investigate the basis set convergence of hatred a rock and correlation energies in a periodic a systems a a molecular a hatred a rock energies are well known to converge exponentially a edge ref of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite a towards the basis set limit a but molecular correlation energies turn out to converge only with the third power of the highest angular momentum employed in the basis sets excite a the convergence properties of the hatred a rock and the correlation energy can be exploited to extrapolate hatred a rock excite and correlation energies excite towards the basis set limit a as only standard methods of quantum chemistry |
928 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper an established phenomenology and theoretical interpretation ofcollision data at lower collision energies should provide a reference forand other collision systems at higher energies a against which claims of novel physics may be tested a the description ofcollisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider a chic a has remained incomplete even as claims for collectivity and other novelties in data from smaller systems at the large hadron collider a lac a have emerged recently a in this study we report the charge a multiplicity dependence of two a dimensional a cd a angular correlations and of single a particle a up a densities on transverse rapidity and pseudorapidity from 200 getcollisions a we define a comprehensive and self a consistent two a component a soft a hard a model a tom a for hadron production and report a significantnonet a no a quadrupole component as a third a angular a correlation a component a our results have implications forcentrality a the underlying event a be a a collectivity in small systems and the existence of flows in high a energy nuclear collisions a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the harmonic final state of collisions at 200 get may provide a reference for other high a energy nuclear collisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider a chic a and large hadron collider a lac a a claims for novel physics at higher energies or in a or collision systems should be based on an accurate and self a consistent phenomenology for conventional processes at 200 get a however a current theoretical and experimental descriptions of high a energy collisions appear to be incomplete a several unresolved aspects of collisions are notable a a a a the role of collision centrality in relation to the low- gluon transverse structure of the proton excite a a a a the nature and systematics of the a underlying event a a be a defined as complementary to contributions from an event a wise a triggered high a energy diet excite a a a a the systematics of a minimum a bias of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a my a diet a mindset a production manifested in spectra and angular correlations excite and a a a possible existence and phenomenology of a a nonet azimuth quadrupole a component in cd angular correlations previously studied in collisions a as quantity a excite a especially in connection with a claimed same a side ridge observed in lac angular correlations excite a a more detailed discussion of those issues is presented in sec a |
929 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper it is shown how any lindbladian evolution with selfadjoint sindbad operators a either markova or nonmarkovian a can be understood as an averaged random unitary evolution a both mathematical and physical consequences are analysed a first a simple and fast method to solve this kind of master equations is suggested and particularly illustrated with the phase a damped master equation for the multiphoton resonant haynes a cummings model in the rotating a wave approximation a a generalization to some intrinsic coherence models present in the literature is included a under the same philosophy a proposal to generalize the haynes a cummings model is suggested whose predictions are in accordance with experimental results in cavity red and in ion traps a a comparison with stochastic dynamical collapse models is also included a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since the early years of quantum mechanics excite the principle of quantum superposition has been recognized to play a prominent role in the theory and its applications a the destruction and preservation of these superpositions of quantum states occupy a central place in issues such as the quantum a to a classical transition excite and potential technological applications in quantum information a computation and cryptography excite a from a physical standpoint the loss of coherence in quantum systems is rooted on the pervasive action of the environment upon the system of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this environmental action has received a careful mathematical treatment a of a excite and multiple references therein a going from a constructive approach based on disregarding the degrees of freedom of the environment due to their lack of control by the experimenter a of tracing a out of methods a to an axiomatic approach based on the initial setting of physically motivated axioms to derive an appropriate evolution a master a equation for the system excite a |
930 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the andrew edge states with different pairing symmetries and boundary topologies on semi a infinite triangular lattice of na a a general mapping from the two dimensional lattice to the one dimensional tight a binding model is developed a it is shown that the phase diagram of the andrew edge states depends on the pairing symmetry and also the boundary topology a surprisingly a the structure of the phase diagram crucially relies on the nodal points on the fermi surface and can be explained by an elegant gauge argument a we compute the momentum a resolved local density of states near the edge and predict the hot spots which are measurable in fourier a transformed scanning tunnelling spectroscopy a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the recent discovery of superconductivity in sodium cobalt oxide compound intercalated water molecules a na, trigger intense attentions and stimulated lots of discussions a the superconductivity induced in the planer structure of coo is similar with that in the cuo plane of cuprates a however a the underlying triangular lattice of the co atoms is fundamentally different from the square lattice of the cd atoms in curates because the antiferromagnetic interactions on the triangular lattice are frustrated of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the carrier density in the sodium cobalt oxide can be tuned by the a concentration a by changing the sodium doping a a rich phase diagram appears and the superconductivity occurs in the doping regime a |
931 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we determine the transfer functions of two kinds of filters that can be used in the detection of continuous gravitational radiation a the first one optimizes the signal a to a noise ratio a and the second reproduces the wave with minimum error a we analyse the behaviour of these filters in connection with actual detection schemes a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the detection of gravitational waves a new a a is one of the most fascinating and challenging subjects in physics research nowadays a besides checking the general relativity theory a the detection of this phenomenon will mark the beginning of a new phase in the comprehension of astrophysical phenomena by the use of gravitational wave astronomy a although these waves were predicted at the beginning of the century excite a the research on their detection only started around 1960 a with the studies of joseph weber excite a the major obstacle to this detection is the tiny amplitude the new of please generate the next two sentences of the article | have excite a even though the more sensitive detector now operating excite is capable to detect amplitudes near a this value must be decreased by several orders of magnitude so that impulsive waves can be detected regularly a on the other hand a |
932 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a simple effective model for a description of magnetically ordered insulators is analysed a the tight binding hamiltonian consists of the effective on a site interaction a a and intensive magnetic exchange interactions a a a between nearest a neighbours a the phase diagrams of this model have been determined within the variational approach a which treats the on a site interaction term exactly and the intensive interactions within the mean a field approximation a we show that a depending on the values of interaction parameters and the electron concentration a the system can exhibit not only homogeneous phases a a anti-ferromagnetic a f a and unordered a no a a but also phase separated states a ps a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the extended hubbard model with anisotropic spin exchange interactions excite is a conceptually simple phenomenological model for studying correlations and for a description of magnetism and other types of electron orderings in narrow band systems with easy a plane or easy a axis magnetic anisotropy a in this report we will focus on the zero a bandwidth limit of the extended hubbard model with magnetic interactions for the case of arbitrary electron density a we consider thehamiltonian of the following form a where is the on a site density interaction a is -component of the intensive magnetic exchange interaction a restricts the summation to nearest neighbours of please generate the next two sentences of the article | denotes the creation operator of an electron with spin at the site a a and a the chemical potential depending on the concentration of electrons is calculated from with and is the total number of lattice sites a the model a a row a a can be treated as an effective model of magnetically ordered insulators a the interactions and will be assumed to include all the possible contributions and renormalization like those coming from the strong electron a phonon coupling or from the coupling between electrons and other electronic subsystems in solid or chemical complexes a in such a general case |
933 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have analysed numerically the localization length of light for nearly periodic arrangements of homogeneous stacks a formed exclusively by right a handed materials a and mixed stacks a with alternating right and left a handed metamaterials a a layers with index of refraction and thickness alternate with layers of index of refraction and thickness a positional disorder has been considered by shifting randomly the positions of the layer boundaries with respect to periodic values a for homogeneous stacks a we have shown that the localization length is modulated by the corresponding bands and that is enhanced at the center of each allowed band a in the limit of long a wavelengths a the parabolic behavior previously found in purely disordered systems is recovered a whereas for a saturation is reached a in the case of nearly periodic mixed stacks with the condition a instead of bands there is a periodic arrangement of lorenztian resonances a which again reflects itself in the behavior of the localization length a for wavelengths of several orders of magnitude greater than a the localization length depends linearly on with a slope inversely proportional to the modulus of the reflection amplitude between alternating layers a when the condition is no longer satisfied a the transmission spectrum is very irregular and this considerably affects the localization length a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article during the last decades a a new type of artificial materials a the so a called left a handed metamaterials a la a a have attracted a great deal of attention a they present negative indices of refraction for some wavelengths excite a with considerable applications in modern optics and microelectronics excite a metamaterials can resolve images beyond the diffraction limit excite a act as an electromagnetic cloak excite a enhance the quantum interference excite or yield to slow light propagation excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | regarding the localization length in disordered systems a the presence of negative refraction in one a dimensional a cd a disordered metamaterials strongly suppresses anderson localization excite a as a consequence a an unusual behavior of the localization length at long a wavelengths has been observed a |
934 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper motivated by the physical relevance of a spectral singularity of interacting many a particle system a we explore the dynamics of two bosons as well as fermions in one a dimensional system with imaginary delta interaction strength a based on the exact solution a it shows that the two a particle collision leads to amplitude a reduction of the wave function a for fermion pair a the amplitude a reduction depends on the spin configuration of two particles a in both cases a the residual amplitude can vanish when the relative group velocity of two single a particle gaussian wave packets with equal width reaches the magnitude of the interaction strength a exhibiting complete particle a pair annihilation at the spectral singularity a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article non a herminia operator has been introduced phenomenologically as an effective hamiltonian to fit experimental data in various fields of physics excite a in spite of the important role played non a herminia operator in different branches of physics a it has not been paid due attention by the physics community until the discovery of non a herminia hamiltonian with parity a time symmetry a which have a real spectrum excite a it has boosted the research on the complex extension of quantum mechanics on a fundamental level ann a jmp1,jpa1,jpa2,prl1,jmp2,jmp3,jmp4,jpa3,jpa4,jpa5 of please generate the next two sentences of the article | non a herminia hamiltonian can possess peculiar feature that has no herminia counterpart a a typical one is the spectral singularity a or exceptional point for finite system a a which is a mathematic concept a |
935 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper stellar feedback is often cited as the biggest uncertainty in galaxy formation models today a this uncertainty stems from a dearth of observational constraints as well as the great dynamic range between the small scales a pc a where the feedback originates and the large scales of galaxies a pc a that are shaped by this feedback a to bridge this divide a in this paper we aim to assess observationally the role of stellar feedback at the intermediate scales of a ii regions a pc a a in particular a we employ multiwavelength data to examine several stellar feedback mechanisms in a sample of of a ii regions a with ages my a in the large and small magellanic clouds a lac and sec a respectively a a using optical a infrared a radio a and a a ray images a we measure the pressures exerted on the shells from the direct stellar radiation a the dust a processed radiation a the warm ionized gas a and the hot a a ray emitting gas a we find that the warm ionized gas dominates over the other terms in all of the sources a although two have comparable dust a processed radiation pressures to their warm gas pressures a the hot gas pressures are comparatively weak a while the direct radiation pressures are of orders of magnitude below the other terms a we discuss the implications of these results a particularly highlighting evidence for hot gas leakage from the a ii shells and regarding the momentum deposition from the dust a processed radiation to the warm gas a furthermore a we emphasize that similar observational work should be done on very young a ii regions to test whether direct radiation pressure and hot gas can drive the dynamics at early times a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article stellar feedback the injection of energy and momentum by stars originates at the small scales of star clusters a pc a a yet it shapes the interstellar medium a ism a on large scales a pc a a at large scales a stellar feedback is necessary in order to form realistic galaxies in simulations and to account for observed galaxy properties a in the absence of feedback please generate the next two sentences of the article | a harmonic matter cools rapidly and efficiently forms stars a producing an order of magnitude too much stellar mass and consuming most available gas in the galaxy a edge a excite a a stellar feedback prevents this of cooling catastrophe of by heating gas as well as removing low angular momentum baryons from galactic center a thereby allowing only a small fraction of the harmonic budget of dark matter halos to be converted to stars a |
936 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose to use a quantized version of coherent two a color photoassociation to realize a hybrid device for quantum control of light a the dynamical features of this system are exhibited a including the slowing down or storage of light and the molecular matter a wave solutions a this may indicate a hybrid atom a molecule quantum device for storage and retrieve of optical information a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the experimental realization of bose a einstein condensates a beds a in ultracold atomic gases has led to tremendous advances from traditional atomic a molecular a and optical a am a physics excite to current quantum information science excite a recently a an intriguing atom a molecule dark state was observed in coherent two a color photoassociation a a a excite a which has been considered as an efficient way to achieve higher production rates of molecules excite from ultracold atoms a in view of their internal properties and long a range anisotropic interactions excite a the assembly of heteronuclear molecules excite have also been actively pursued with various important applications excite a such as a polar molecular quantum computer excite a in the light of these developments it is timely to investigate the method of encoding and manipulating quantum optical state through the atom a molecule dark state of please generate the next two sentences of the article | such processes will provide new insights on current efforts of optical a or quantum superchemistry with the goal of designing a hybrid atom a molecule device for quantum control of photonic information a in this work we study such a scenario by transferring the quantum state of an associating light to an atom a internuclear molecule dark state excite a |
937 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the problem of how single central a spins interact with a nuclear spin bath is essential for understanding coherence and relaxation in many quantum systems a yet is highly nontrivial owing to the many a body couplings involved a different models yield widely varying timescales and dynamical responses a exponential a power a law a gaussian a etc a a here we detect the small random fluctuations of central spins in thermal equilibrium a holes in singly a charged a in a galas quantum dots a to reveal the timescales and functional form of bath a induced spin relaxation a this spin noise indicates long a 400 is a spin correlation times at zero magnetic field a that increase to as hole a nuclear coupling is suppressed with small a 100 a a applied fields a concomitantly a the noise lineshape evolves from lorentzian to power a law a indicating a crossover from exponential to inverse a log dynamics a single electron or hole central a spins confined in iii a a semiconductor quantum dots a ads a are promising candidates for solid a state quits excite a although confinement suppresses momentum a dependent spin relaxation pathways a it enhances the hyperfine coupling between the central spin and the dense spin bath of lattice nuclei comprising the cd a these hyperfine interactions dominate coherence and spin relaxation at low temperatures a within a cd ensemble a each central spin feels a different effective a overhauled a magnetic field from nuclei a a trivially a this leads to rapid nanosecond a timescale ensemble phasing of an initially a oriented ensemble of central spins excite a on longer timescales a however a coherence and relaxation of the central spin within a each a cd occurs because evolves slowly in time excite a in large applied magnetic fields a the huge difference between electronic and nuclear german energies suppresses flip a flop interactions between the two species a and evolves primarily via weak. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a quantum dot structures a a inns a gas ads are grown by molecular a beam epitaxy on a 001 a gas substrates a and then thermally annealed at 940 excite a annealing interdiffuses indium and gallium a resulting in a in a galas a gas ads with effective localization volumes of order 2000 nm a giving nuclei within the spatial extent of the resident hole a wavefunction of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the sample contains of layers of ads a separated by of no gas barriers a each layer contains qds/ a although not intentionally doped a these ads are weakly a p--type due to background carbon doping a we estimate that % of the ads contain a single resident hole a |
938 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper controlled generation of entangled states of two quantum bits is a fundamental step toward the implementation of a quantum information processor a in nan a devices this operation is counteracted by the solid a state environment a characterized by broadband and non a monotonic power spectrum often at low frequencies a for single quit gates a incoherent processes due to fluctuations acting on different time scales result in peculiar short and long a time behavior a markova noise originates exponential decay with relaxation and coherence times a and a simply related to the symmetry of the quit a environment coupling hamiltonian a noise with power spectrum at low frequencies is instead responsible for refocusing processes and algebraic short a times behavior a in this article we identify the relevant coherence times of an entangling operation due to the different coherence channels originated from solid state noise a entanglement is quantified by the concurrence a which we evaluate in analytic form employing a multi a stage approach a of optimal of operating conditions of reduced sensitivity to noise sources are identified a we apply this analysis to a superconducting gate for experimental noise spectra a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the implementation of a universal two a quit gate involving an entanglement operation on two quantum bits represents a necessary step toward the construction of a scalable quantum computer excite a intense research on solid state nan a devices during the last decade has established the possibility to combine quantum coherent behavior with the existing integrated a circuit fabrication technology a in particular a based on superconducting technologies a a variety of high a fidelity single quit gates are nowadays available excite a two a quit logic gates excite and violations of bell a inequalities excite have been demonstrated a high a fidelity bell states generated excite a the recent demonstrations of simple quantum algorithms excite and three a quit entanglement excite are further important steps toward a practical quantum computation with superconducting circuits of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the requirements for building an elementary quantum processor are however quite demanding on the efficiency of the protocols a this includes both a severe constraint on readout and a sufficient isolation from fluctuations to reduce coherence effects a |
939 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper global transposable characteristics in the complete dan sequence of the saccharomyces cevevisiae yeast is determined by using the metric representation and recurrence plot methods a in the form of the correlation distance of nucleotide strings a of chromosome sequences of the yeast a which are divided into a groups a display a kinds of the fundamental transposable characteristics a a short period increasing a a long quasi a period increasing a a long major value and hardly relevant a a keywords a yeast a dan sequences a coherence structure a metric representation a recurrence plot a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the recent complete dan sequences of many organisms are available to systematically search of genome structure a for the large amount of dan sequences a developing methods for extracting meaningful information is a major challenge for bioinformatics a to understand the one a dimensional symbolic sequences composed of the four letters a a a a a a a a a a a and a to a a or a a a a a some statistical and geometrical methods were developed a in special a chaos game representation a cgr a which generates a two a dimensional square from a one a dimensional sequence a provides a technique to visualize the composition of dan sequences a the characteristics of car images was described as genomic signature a and classification of species in the whole bacteria genome was analysed by making an euclidean metric between two car images a based on the genomic signature of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the distance between two dan sequences depending on the length of nucleotide strings was presented and the horizontal transfers in prokaryotes and eukaryotes were detected and charaterized a recently a a one a to a one metric representation of the dan sequences a which was borrowed from the symbolic dynamics a makes an ordering of subsequences in a plane a |
940 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper pour lastrophysicien que abode be puzzle de la mature noise a cell a i apparel sous deus aspects different a dune part in cosmologies a best a a dire try grades helles a of else kemble the form dun main de particles a it date part michelle de galaxies a of else est write par in ensemble de phones try particulars a que paraissent incompatibles ave a description in terms de particles a it que font dire certain que lon est in presence dune modification de la low de la gravitation a conciliar yes deus aspects distinct de la mature noise days in mme formalism torque represent in dpi important que portrait put a the conduit one physique novella in action aux helles astronomiques a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article days be model cosmologique a dit de concordance car in est in conformity ave tout in ensemble de tonnes observationnelles a la mature ordinary do it sort constitutes les toilet a be gaz a les galaxies a etc a a essentiellement sous form baryonique a be form que of de la mass a newbie total a be que est adult de la nuclosynthse primordial de laments gers a anti que de measures de fluctuations do rayonnement do fond diffs cosmologique a cab a be rayonnement fossil que date de la formation de premiers atoms neuters days universe a nous salons aussie quiz a a 23% de mature noise sous form of please generate the next two sentences of the article | non baryonique a it do it nous be connaissons pas la nature a it les 73% que resent a |
941 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present results from the photometric and spectroscopic identification of 122 a a ray sources recently discovered by hmm a newton in the a a of key band a the hellas2xmm of sample a a one of the most interesting results a which is found also in deeper surveys a is that of the sources have an a a ray to optical flux ratio a a a of a ten times or more higher than that of optically selected an a unlike the faint sources found in the ultra a deep chandra and hmm a newton surveys a which reach a a ray a and optical a fluxes times lower than in the hellas2xmm sample a many of the extreme a a of sources in our sample have r and are therefore accessible to optical spectroscopy a we report the identification of of sources with extreme a a of values a while four of these sources are broad line so a eight of them are narrow line so a seemingly the extension to very high luminosity of the type a seyfert galaxies a a a ray a background a a a ray a surveys a so a evolution a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article hard a a ray surveys are the most direct probe of supermassive black hole a such a accretion activity a which is recorded in the cosmic a a ray background a cab a a in wide ranges of such masses a down to a and biometric luminosities a down to erg a a a a a ray surveys can therefore be used to a study the evolution of the accreting sources a measure the such mass density a constrain models for the cab excite a and models for the formation and evolution of the structure in the universe excite a these studies have so far confirmed a at least qualitatively a the predictions of standard an synthesis models for the cab a the a a of key cab is mostly made by the superposition of obscured and obscured ages a excite and references therein a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | quantitatively a though a rather surprising results are emerging a a rather narrow peak in the range z=0.7 a a is present in the redshift distributions from ultra a deep chandra and hmm a newton pencil a beam surveys a in contrast to the broader maximum observed in previous shallower soft a a ray surveys made by rosa a and predicted by the above mentioned synthesis models a however a the optical identification of the faint sources in these ultra a deep surveys is rather incomplete a especially for the sources with very faint optical counterparts a item sources with high a a ray to optical flux ratio a a a of a a |
942 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study numerically the effect of sequence heterogeneity on the thermodynamic properties of a poland a schemata model for dan denaturation taking into account self a avoidance a a item a with exponent for the loop length probability distribution a in complement to previous on a lattice monte carlo like studies a we consider here off a lattice numerical calculations for large sequence lengths a relying on efficient algorithmic methods a we investigate finite size effects with the definition of an appropriate a intrinsic a length scale a depending on the parameters of the model a based on the occurrence of large enough a rare regions a a for a given sequence length a this study provides a qualitative picture for the finite size behavior a suggesting that the effect of disorder could be sensed only with sequence lengths diverging exponentially with a we further look in detail at average quantities for the particular case a ensuring through this parameter choice the correspondence between the off a lattice and the on a lattice studies a taken together a the various results can be cast in a coherent picture with a crossover between a nearly a pure system like a behavior for small sizes a as observed in the on a lattice simulations a and the apparent asymptotic behavior indicative of disorder relevance a with an a average a correlation length exponent a a a a ceres a art a platform environment a a a a cole normal suprieure a of rue lomond a 75005 paris b-unit de bio a informative structural a a a institute pasteur a of a of rue do doctor roux a 75724 paris fedex of a pics a 64.60.fr equilibrium properties near critical points a critical exponents a pics a 82.39.pj nucleic acids a dan and ran bases a pics a 02.60.cb numerical simulation a solution of equations a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the discovery of the dan double a helical structure a some of years ago a motivated the elaboration of the helix a coil model to account for the separation of the two strands a on physical bases excite a the importance of this model from the biological point of view is obvious a since processing of the genetic information involves precisely the separation of the strands a of course a under physiological conditions a the opening of the double a helix is not under the effect of temperature a but the differential liabilities in dan sequences a as revealed by helix a coil analysis a could be sensed by biological effectors a such as proteins a under various types of constraints a the successful development of the helix a coil denaturation model required appropriate elaborations for the physics and the algorithmic a allowing accurate tests through comparisons with experimental data a melting curves a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this field a very active in the sixties and seventies a has benefited recently from a renewed interest both from the biological side a for example in the context of genomic analysis a and from the physics side a notably in relation with questions relevant to the order of the transition in the homogeneous case and the effect of sequence heterogeneity a in the light of these still debated issues a both from the theoretical and the numerical points of view a the main focus of the present work is the numerical investigation of the relevance of disorder in a realistic dan denaturation model a la a poland a schemata a in which self a avoidance between loops and the rest of the chain is also taken into account a in what follows a before further detailing the particular system considered and the open questions a we first recall briefly the general background in terms of biological models a numerical methods and previous results a a |
943 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper i constrain a possible supernova origin for gamma a ray bursts by modelling the dynamical interaction between a relativistic jet and a stellar envelope surrounding it a the delay in observer a time introduced by the jet traversing the envelope should not be long compared to the duration of gamma a ray emission a also a the jet should not be swallowed by a spherical explosion it powers a the only stellar progenitors that comfortably satisfy these constraints a if one assumes that jets move ballistically within their host stars a are compact carbon a oxygen or helium post a wolf a rate stars a type in or in supernovae a a type ii supernovae are ruled out a notably a very massive stars do not appear capable of producing the observed bursts at any redshift unless the stellar envelope is stripped prior to collapse a the presence of a dense stellar wind places an upper limit on the lorentz factor of the jet in the internal shock model a however a this constraint may be evaded if the wind is swept forward by a photon precursor a shock breakout and cocoon blowout are considered individually a neither presents a likely source of precursors for cosmological grabs a these envelope constraints could conceivably be circumvented if jets are laterally pressure a confined while traversing the outer stellar envelope a if so a jets responsible for observed grabs must either have been launched from a region several hundred kilometres wide a or have mixed with envelope material as they travel a a phase of pressure confinement and mixing would imprint correlations among jets that may explain observed grab variability a luminosity and lag a luminosity correlations a a firstpage a gamma rays a bursts a supernovae a general a shock waves a relativity a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article there is presently a growing body of circumstantial evidence linking some long a duration gamma ray bursts a grabs a with afterglows to the explosions of massive stars a supernovae a in a or supernova a like features have been identified in seven afterglows although some of these could be light echoes from dust clouds excite a the afterglows of six other grabs have been interpreted in terms of a wind a like ambient medium as expected around a massive star at the end of its life of please generate the next two sentences of the article | however these are often equally well explained by a collimated flow in a uniform medium a a a ray lines have been detected with moderate confidence in about half the afterglows for which they were investigated excite a however a the data analysis has been questioned a see a a a a |
944 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper double parton scattering a dps a is studied at the example of pair a production in the lab and atlas experiments of the large hadron collider a lac a at centre a of a mass energies of a a a and of tel a we report theoretical predictions delivered to the lab and atlas collaborations adjusted for the fiducial volumes of the corresponding measurements during run i and provide new predictions at of tel collision energy a it is shown that dps can lead to noticeable contributions in the distributions of longitudinal variables of the di- system a especially at of tel a the increased dps rate in double production at high energies will open up more possibilities for the separation of single parton scattering a spa a and dps contributions in future studies a is a tp-16 a of a double parton scattering in pair a production of mesons at the lac revisited a a christophe borschensky and anna kulesza a institute for theoretical physics a university of bingen a aug der morgenstelle of a d-72076 bingen a germany a institute for theoretical physics a you master a d-48149 master a germany a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the large hadron collider a lac a probes collisions of protons at very high energies a resulting in a multitude of final a state particles a with increasing energy a the probability that one hadron a hadron collision leads to more than one scattering process also increases a these additional scattering processes beside the primary hard scattering belong to the group of multi a parton interactions a mph a a their estimation is important for the correct determination of background from standard model processes a for instance when the signal process consists of new physics particles of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in particular a double parton scattering a dps a a where two distinct parton interactions arise from the same proton a proton collision a can become likely enough to compete with single parton scattering a spa a processes a see fig a a fig a dpsfeyn a a |
945 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper few a body systems a such as cold atoms and halo nuclei a share universal features at low energies a which are insensitive to the underlying inter a particle interactions at short ranges a these low a energy properties can be investigated in the framework of effective field theory with two a body and three a body contact interactions a i review the effective a field a theory studies of universal physics in three a body systems a focusing on the application in cold atoms and halo nuclei a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article although physics in cold atoms and halo nuclei are driven by interactions at very different physical scales a these systems share common features in their respective low energy regimes a universal behavior occurs when a system satisfies a separation of a large length scale and a small one a the large length scale is characterized by the scattering length a which determines the total cross section of the two a body a a wave scattering at zero energy by a for identical fermions a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the small length scale is represented by the range of two a body interactions a in the limit a physics at the scale of is disentangled from physics at the scale of a and is therefore insensitive to the details of the short a range interactions a |
946 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper i explore entanglement dynamics in a three quit system comparing the ability of entanglement witnesses to detect try a partite entanglement to the phenomenon of entanglement sudden death a esd a a using a system subject to phasing i invoke entanglement witnesses to detect try a partite ghz and a a type entanglement and compare the evolution of their detection capabilities with the evolution of the negativity a by a partite concurrence a and try a partite negativity a interestingly a i find a state in which there is no concurrence or try a partite negativity but there is entanglement a finally a i utilize a three quit quantum error correction a dec a code to address how esd affects the abilities of quantum error correction a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article entanglement is a uniquely quantum mechanical phenomenon in which quantum systems exhibit correlations not possible for classical systems a as such a entanglement is a vital resource for many aspect of quantum information processing including quantum computation a quantum metrology a and quantum communication excite a but despite its fundamental and practical importance and much work in the subject a there are many aspects of entanglement a especially multi a partite entanglement a that are in need of further study excite a a major challenge facing experimental implementations of quantum computation a sensing a and communication is coherence a unwanted interactions between the system and environment of please generate the next two sentences of the article | coherence may be especially detrimental to highly non a classical a and hence most potentially useful a entangled states excite a a manifestation of this is entanglement sudden death a esd a in which entanglement is completely lost in a finite time excite despite the fact that the coherence loss of the system is asymptotic a |
947 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report detailed studies of the a susceptibility butterfly hysteresis on the ru1222 ruthenocuprate compounds a two separate contributions to these hysteresis have been identified and studied a one contribution is ferromagnetic a like and is characterized by the coercive field maximum a another contribution a represented by the so called inverted maximum a is related to the unusual inverted loops a unique feature of ru1222 butterfly hysteresis a the different nature of the two identified magnetic contributions is proved by the different temperature dependence involved a by lowering the temperature the inverted peak gradually disappears while the coercive field slowly raises a if the maximum do field for the hysteresis is increased a the size of the inverted part of the butterfly hysteresis monotonously grows while the position of the peak saturates a in reaching saturation exponential field dependence has been demonstrated to take place a at to a of a the saturation field is of of a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the interplay between superconducting and magnetic order in ruthenocuprates raised considerable interest for these materials a they exist in three modifications a rusr a ru1212 a a rusr a ru1222 a and a recently synthesized excite a rusr a ru1232 a a re a go a eur for ru1212 and ru1222 a re a a a by for ru1232 a a neutron scattering measurements on ru1212 excite have revealed the existence of the antiferromagnetic order in re a sublattice below 130 a a although ferromagnetic a like features have been observed in magnetization measurements excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | measurements of microwave absorption excite a a susceptibility excite a nor excite have shown an evidence of the spontaneous vortex phase as an explanation for the coexistence of the superconductivity and magnetism below so transition around of of on the other hand a due it al a excite have suggested the nanoscale separation between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic islands a as for the ru1222 composition a the magnetic structure is still unknown a |
948 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we deal with the asymptotic behavior of the -perimeter of a set inside a domain as a we prove necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such limit a by also providing an explicit formulation in terms of the lebesgue measure of and a moreover a we construct examples of sets for which the limit does not exist a serena dipierro lessie finally giampiero palatucci enrico valdinoci a communicated by the associate editor name a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article given and a bounded open set with -boundary a the -perimeter of a a measurable a set in is defined as where denotes the complement of a and denotes the following confocal interaction term here we are using the standard convention for which if either or a this notion of -perimeter and the corresponding minimization problem were introduced in excite a see also the pioneering work excite a where some functional related to the one in have been analysed in connection with fractal dimensions a a recently a the -perimeter has inspired a variety of literature in different directions a both in the pure mathematical settings a for instance a as regards the regularity of surfaces with minimal -perimeter a see excite a and in view of concrete applications a such as phase transition problems with long range interactions a see excite a a in general a the confocal behavior of the functional is the source of major difficulties a conceptual differences a and challenging technical complications of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we refer to excite for an introductory review on this subject a the limits as and are somehow the critical cases for the -perimeter a since the functional in diverges as it is a nevertheless a when appropriately rescaled a these limits seem to give meaningful information on the problem a |
949 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report and discuss case study simulations of the rayleigh a taylor instability in the boussinesq a incompressible regime developed to turbulence a our main focus is on a statistical analysis of density and velocity fluctuations inside of the already developed and growing in size mixing zone a novel observations reported in the article concern self a similarity of the velocity and density fluctuations spectra inside of the mixing zone snapshot a independence of the spectra of the horizontal slice level a and universality showing itself in a virtual independence of the internal structure of the mixing zone a measured in the re a scaled spatial units a of the initial interface perturbations a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the rayleigh a taylor instability occurs when a heavy fluid is being pushed by a light fluid a two plane a parallel layers of fluid a colder on top a are in equilibrium while the slightest perturbation leads to the denser fluid moving down and the lighter material being displaced upwards a the early a linear stage of the instability was described by rayleigh excite and taylor excite a and summarized in excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | further development of the instability leads to enhancement of the mixing and to a gradual increase of the mixing zone a which is the domain where proportions of heavy in light and light in heavy are comparable a dimensional arguments a supported by large a scale modelling excite a suggest that the half a width of the mixing zone a a grows quadratically at late time a a where is the atwood number characterizing the initial density contrast a is the gravitational acceleration a and is a dimensionless coefficient a |
950 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper diverse models of engines energised by quantum a coherent a hence non a thermal a baths allow the engine efficiency to transgress the standard thermodynamic carnot bound a these transgressions call for an elucidation of the underlying mechanisms a here we show that non a thermal baths may impart not only heat a but also mechanical work to a machine a the carnot bound is inapplicable to such a hybrid machine a intriguingly a it may exhibit dual action a concurrently as engine and refrigerator a with up to 100% efficiency a we conclude that even though a machine powered by a quantum bath may exhibit an unconventional performance a it still abides by the traditional principles of thermodynamics a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article scilly and co a workers excite have introduced a model of a carnot heat engine based on a bath comprised of partly a coherent three a level atoms a nicknamed of phaseonium of a that interact with a cavity a mode of working fluid of a of a while they cross the cavity a their astounding conclusion was that the efficiency of such an engine may exceed the universal carnot bound excite because the phaseonium bath endows the cavity mode with a temperature that a depending on the phase of the atomic coherence a may surpass the corresponding temperature of thermal atoms without coherence a this research has initiated diverse suggestions of quantum resources for boosting heat a machine efficiency above the carnot bound a with a focus on non a thermal baths possessing quantum coherence excite a in traditional heat engines a energy exchange between the of and the a hot and cold a thermal baths are entropy a changing heat transfers a whereas parametric changes of the of hamiltonian are isentropic processes that produce or invest work excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the main questions we raise here are a does the same division between heat and work necessarily hold in engines fuelled by non a thermal a quantum a coherent a baths and how does this division affect the engine efficiency a to what extent is the quantum character of non a thermal baths and a or a the of relevant to the engine performance a here we address the above questions by means of the fundamental notion of a non a passivity a excite that defines the ability of a quantum state to deliver work a the maximal work extractable from a non a passive state is known as ergotropy excite a a app-ergotropy a a a |
951 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we perform an exact enumeration study of polymers formed from a a quenched a random sequence of charged monomers a such polymers a known as polyampholytes a are compact when completely neutral and expanded when highly charged a our exhaustive search included all spatial conformations and quenched sequences for up to step a site a walks a we investigate the behavior of the polymer as a function of its overall excess charge a and temperature a at low temperatures there is a phase transition from compact to extended configurations when the charge exceeds a there are also indications of a transition for small between two compact states on varying temperature a numerical estimates are provided for the condensation energy a surface tension a and the critical exponent a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article given their ubiquity in nature a long chain macromolecules have been the subject of considerable study a whereas there is now a reasonably firm basis for understanding the physical properties of homopolymers a considerably less is known about the heteropolymers of biological significance a from a biologist a perspective a it is the specific properties of a particular molecule that are of interest a after all the genetic information is coded by very specific sequences of nucleic acids a which are in turn translated to the chain of amino acids forming a protein of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the energy of the polymer is determined by the van der walls a hydrogen bonding a hydrophobic a hydrophilic a and coulomb interactions between its constituent amino acids a in accord to these interactions a the protein folds into a specific shape that is responsible for its activity a |
952 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the chaotic sea below the lowest energy spanning curve of the complete fermi a slam model a fum a is numerically investigated when the amplitude of oscillation of the moving wall is small a we use scaling analysis near the integrable to non a integrable transition to describe the average energy as function of time and as function of iteration a or collision a number a if is employed as independent variable a the exponents related to the energy scaling properties of the fum are different from the ones of a well known simplification of this model a sum a a however a if is employed as independent variable a the exponents are the same for both fum and sum a in the collision number analysis a we present analytical arguments supporting that the exponents and related to the initial velocity and to are given by and a we derive also a relation connecting the scaling exponents related to the variables time and collision number a moreover a we show that a differently from the sum a the average energy in the fum a saturates a for long times and we justify the physical origins for some differences and similarities observed between the fum and its simplification a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the fermi accelerator is a dynamical system a proposed by enrico fermi excite to describe cosmic ray acceleration a in which a charged particle collides with a time dependent magnetic field a with base in different applications a the original model was later modified and studied by other authors a one of them is the well known fermi a slam model a fum a excite a in which a ball is confined between a rigid fixed wall and an oscillatory moving one a in this model please generate the next two sentences of the article | the ball collides elastically with the walls and the system is described by an area preserving map a in high energies regime the phase space presents kolmogorov a arnold a moses a am a islands surrounded by locally chaotic regions a which are limited by spanning curves a below the invariant spanning curve of lower energy |
953 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the dynamical instability of new a born neutron stars is studied by evolving the linearized hydrodynamical equations a the neutron stars considered in this paper are those produced by the accretion induced collapse of rigidly rotating white dwarfs a a dynamical bar a mode a a instability is observed when the ratio of rotational kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy of the neutron star is greater than the critical value a this bar a mode instability leads to the emission of gravitational radiation that could be detected by gravitational wave detectors a however a these sources are unlikely to be detected by logo ii interferometers if the event rate is less than per year per galaxy a nevertheless a if a significant fraction of the are a supernova cores are rapidly rotating a there would be a substantial number of neutron stars produced by the core collapse undergoing bar a mode instability a this would greatly increase the chance of detecting the gravitational radiation a 0.5 pm pics a 04.30.db a 95.30.sf a 97.60.jd a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article neutron stars are believed to form from the core collapse of massive stars and the accretion induced collapse of massive white dwarfs a if the stellar core or white dwarf is rotating a conservation of angular momentum implies that the resulting neutron star must rotate very rapidly a it has been suggested excite that such a rapidly rotating star may develop a non a asymmetric dynamical instability a emitting a substantial amount of gravitational radiation which might be detectable by gravitational wave observatories such as logo a virgo a geo and tampa of please generate the next two sentences of the article | rotational instabilities arise from non a asymmetric perturbations having angular dependence a where is the azimuthal angle a the mode is called the bar mode a which is usually the strongest mode for stars undergoing instabilities a |
954 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper an a a into a hatred a rock approach aimed at directly obtaining the localized orthogonal orbitals a pannier functions a of a crystalline insulator is described in detail a the method is used to perform all a electron calculations on the ground states of crystalline lithium fluoride and lithium chloride a without the use of any pseudo or model potentials a quantities such as total energy a a a ray structure factors and compton profiles obtained using the localized hatred a rock orbitals are shown to be in excellent agreement with the corresponding quantities calculated using the conventional bloch a orbital based hatred a rock approach a localization characteristics of these orbitals are also discussed in detail a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article electronic a structure calculations on periodic systems are conventionally done using the so a called bloch orbital based approach which consists of assuming an itinerant form for the single a electron wave functions a this approach has the merit of incorporating the translational invariance of the system under consideration a as well as its infinite character a in an elegant and transparent manner a an alternative approach to electronic a structure calculations on periodic systems was proposed by pannier excite a in this approach a instead of describing the electrons in terms of itinerant bloch orbitals a one describes them in terms of mutually orthogonal orbitals localized on individual atoms or bonds constituting the infinite solid a since then such orbitals have come to be known as pannier functions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it can be shown that the two approaches of description of an infinite solid are completely equivalent and that the two types of orbitals are related by a unitary transformation excite a therefore a the two approaches differ only in terms of their practical implementation |
955 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper consider the celebrated less recurrence with a first we prove that there exist initial conditions and values of for which it generates periodic sequences of rational numbers with prime periods or and that these are the only periods that rational sequences can have a it is known that if we restrict our attention to positive rational values of and positive rational initial conditions the only possible periods are and a moreover periodic and periodic sequences are easily obtained a we prove that for infinitely many positive values of positive period rational sequences occur a this last result is our main contribution and answers an open question left in previous works of bastion a rogalski and german a we also prove that the level sets of the invariant associated to the less map is a two a parameter family of elliptic curves that is a universal family of the elliptic curves with a point of order including infinity a this fact implies that the less map is a universal normal form for most irrational maps on elliptic curves a a 2000 mathematics subject classification a a a 39a20 a 39a11,14h52 a a a keywords a a less difference equations a rational points over elliptic curves a periodic points a universal family of elliptic curves a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the dynamics of the less recurrence specially when has focused the attention of many researchers in the last years and it is now completely understood in its main features after the independent research of bastion a rogalski excite and german excite a and the later work of beakers a bushman excite a see also excite a in particular all possible periods of the recurrences generated by are known and for any infinitely many different prime periods appear of please generate the next two sentences of the article | however there are still some open problems concerning the dynamics of rational points a with the computer experiments in mind a and following excite a it is interesting to know the existence of rational periodic sequences a the less map associated to a leaves invariant the elliptic curves and the curve is not elliptic a we study these values separately a a and the map action can be described in terms of the group law action of them a in consequence |
956 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper synchrotron radiation a a ray absorption and emission spectroscopy techniques a complemented by high a resolution transmission electron microscopy methods and density functional theory calculations are employed to investigate the effect of in in al a in samples with an al content up to 100% a the atomic and electronic structure of in is established together with its local environment and valence state a a dilute alloy without precipitation is obtained for al a in with al concentrations up to 82% a and the surfactant role of in in the epitaxial process is confirmed a a a a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article hetero a structures based on iii a nitrides excite and in particular on the combination al a gan represent the basis of a variety of state a of a the a art a optoelectronic devices like blue and white light a emitting diodes excite a laser diodes excite a blue lasers excite a high a power excite a and high a electron a mobility a transistors excite a most of the above mentioned devices are commercially available and their performance continuously improved a furthermore a iii a nitrides doped with transition metals a to a have also been the focus of considerable research efforts towards the demonstration of semiconductor spintronic functionalities excite a in this respect a while a remarkable number of reports on gan a in provide an overview on the structural a optical a magnetic and electric properties of this material system excite a little is known about al a in excite and related nanostructures excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | recent findings excite indicate this alloy as particularly interesting for a edge a the self a assembling of functional multilayer and for having revealed the decisive role of in as surfactant during the epitaxial growth of al a in a considerably enhancing the critical thickness of al a in on gan a and opening new perspectives for the realization of a edge a improved reflectors in gan a based laser structures a we report here on al a in grown by means of metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy a movie a in a broad range of al concentrations and extensively investigated a a ray absorption spectroscopy a as a a a a ray emission spectroscopy a xes a a energy a dispersive spectrometry a eds a a a a ray diffraction a ord a a and high a resolution a or a transmission electron microscopy a them a a supported by density functional theory a dot a calculations a the results |
957 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper these lecture notes provide an introduction to my a submit extragalactic astronomy a focused on an studies a with the final goal of preparing students to their future exploitation of the alma capabilities a i first provide an overview of the current results obtained through my a submit observations of galaxies and ages a both local and at high redshift a then i summarize the main my a submit facilities that are currently available a alma is then presented with a general description and by providing some details on its observing capabilities a finally a i discuss some of the scientific goals that will be achievable with alma in extragalactic astronomy a and for an studies in particular a galaxies a active a evolution a formation a high a redshift a nuclei a quasars a seyfert a starburst a millimetre a submillimeter a instrumentation a high angular resolution a interferometers 95.85.fm a 95.85.bh a 98.54.-h a 98.54.cm a 98.54.ep a 98.54.kt a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the atacama large millimetre array a alma a is one of the largest ground a based astronomy projects of the next decade a which will revolutionize several fields of astronomy a a large community of scientists is expected to use alma to tackle several outstanding questions in astrophysics a however a my a submit astronomy is often considered a field restricted to experts a in the case of students and young scientists in particular of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the limited familiarity with my a submit facilities and observations may prevent them to fully exploit the alma capabilities in the future a these lecture notes are aimed at providing students and young researches some background on my a submit extragalactic astronomy a with a focus on the investigation of ages a |
958 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present calculations of the exchange interactions and curie temperatures in or a based pnictides and chalcogenides of the form cry with a a as a so a a a be and the a and the mixed alloys cras with a a so a a a be a and the a the calculations are performed for zinc blende a of a structure for of values of the lattice parameter between 5.44 and 6.62 a appropriate for some typical ii a i and iii a a semiconducting substrates a electronic structure is calculated via the linear muffin a tin a orbitals a leto a method in the atomic sphere approximation a asa a a using empty spheres to optimize asa a related errors a whenever necessary a the results have been verified using the full a potential version of the method a up a leto a the disorder effect in the as a sublattice for cras a a a so a a a be a the a alloys is taken into account via the coherent potential approximation a spa a a exchange interactions are calculated using the linear response method for the ferromagnetic a pm a reference states of the alloys a as well as the disordered local moments a dam a states a these results are then used to estimate the curie temperature from the low and high temperature side of the ferromagnetic a paramagnetic transition a estimates of the curie temperature are provided a based on the mean field and the more accurate random phase approximations a dominant antiferromagnetic exchange interactions for some low values of the lattice parameter for the pm reference states in cars a case and cute prompted us to look for antiferromagnetic a am a configurations for these systems with energies lower than the corresponding pm and dam values a results for a limited number of such am calculations are discussed a identifying the afm111 a state as a likely candidate for the ground state for these cases a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article half a metallic ferromagnet with high a room temperature and above a curie temperatures are ideal for spintronics applications a and as such a much experimental and theoretical effort has been devoted in recent years to the designing of and search for such materials a among these a or a doped dilute magnetic semiconductors a dos a excite or or a based alloys and in particular cars and crib excite in zinc blendezb a structure have attracted particular attention a not only because of the possibility of complete spin polarization of the carriers at the fermi level a but also for their possible high a okinawa excite were able to grow of thin films of cars on gas a 001 a substrates by molecular beam epitaxy a which showed ferromagnetic behavior at temperatures in excess of 400 a and magnetic moments of 3 per cars unit of please generate the next two sentences of the article | theoretical calculations by okinawa excite and several other theoretical calculations since then excite have verified the half a metallic character of cars a the high value of has also been supported by some of these studies a |
959 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper selected topics on precision tests of the standard model of the electroweak and the strong interaction at the let collider are presented a including an update of the world summary of measurements of a representing the state of knowledge of summer 1999 a this write a up of lecture notes consists of a reproduction of slides a pictures and tables a supplemented by a short descriptive text and a list of relevant references a 0z^0 2d-2 a a a a 2q^2 mph a phe/2000 a of a january 2000 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the physics of elementary particles and forces determined the development of the early universe and thus a of the structure of our world today a a fig a a a a a according to our present knowledge a three families of quarks and leptons a four fundamental interactions a their respective exchange bosons and a yet a to a discover mechanism to generate particle masses are the ingredients a a fig a a a a which are necessary to describe our universe a both at cosmic as well as at microscopic scales a three of the four forces are relevant for particle physics at small distances a the strong a the electromagnetic and the weak force of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they are described by quantum field theories a quantum chromodynamics a cd a for the strong a quantum a electrodynamics a red a for the electromagnetic and the so a called standard model of the unified electro a weak interactions excite a the weakest force of the four a gravitation a is the major player only at large distances where the other three are a in general a not relevant any more a the strong and the weak force are short a ranged and thus limited to sub a nuclear distances a the electromagnetic force only acts between objects whose net electric charge is different from zero a of the objects listed in a fig a |
960 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a microscopic calculation of the perpendicular current in doped multiple quantum wells is presented a interface roughness is shown to affect the resonant transitions as well as to cause a nonresonant background current a the theoretical characteristics exhibit several branches due to the formation of electric field domains in quantitative agreement with experimental data a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the electric transport in semiconductor superlatives is usually dominated by resonances between the localized energy levels inside the wells resulting in peaks in the current a field relation a this may yield complicated current a voltage characteristics exhibiting may branches due to the formation of domains of different electric field inside the sample a see a edge a excite and references therein a a these experimental features could be qualitatively reproduced by theoretical models combining rate equations for the transport between the wells and poisson a equation excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | while these approaches assume interwell transition rates which are either fitted or obtained from phenomenological models a we have recently proposed a way to calculate the transport microscopically excite a we obtained good quantitative agreement with the experimental data of ref a |
961 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper high a accuracy astrometry permits the determination of not only stellar tangential motion a but also the component along the line a of a sight a such non a spectroscopic a item astrometry a radial velocities are independent of stellar atmospheric dynamics a spectral complexity and variability a as well as of gravitational redshift a three methods are analysed a a a a changing annual parallax a a a a changing proper motion and a a a changing angular extent of a moving group of stars a all three have significant potential in planned astrometry projects a current accuracies are still inadequate for the first method a while the second is marginally feasible and is here applied to of stars a the third method reaches high accuracy a pm s a already with present data a although for some clusters an accuracy limit is set by uncertainties in the cluster expansion rate a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article for well over a century a radial velocities for objects outside the solar system have been determined through spectroscopy a using the a doppler a shifts of stellar spectral lines a the advent of high a accuracy a sub a milliarcsec a astrometry measurements a both on ground and in space a now permits radial velocities to be obtained by alternative methods a based on geometric principles and therefore independent of spectroscopy a the importance of such a astrometry radial velocities a stems from the fact that they are independent of phenomena which affect the spectroscopic method a such as line asymmetries and shifts caused by atmospheric pulsation a surface convection a stellar rotation a stellar winds a isotopic composition a pressure a and gravitational potential of please generate the next two sentences of the article | conversely a the differences between spectroscopic and astrometry radial velocities may provide information on these phenomena that can not be obtained by other methods a although the theoretical possibility of deducing astrometry radial velocities from geometric projection effects was noted already at the beginning of the with century a if not earlier a a it is only recently that such methods have reached an accuracy level permitting non a trivial comparison with spectroscopic measurements a |
962 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper dust ion acoustic solitary structures have been investigated in an magnetized nonthermal plasma consisting of negatively charged dust grains a adiabatic positive ions and nonthermal electrons a for isothermal electrons a the present plasma system does not support any double layer solution a whereas for nonthermal electrons a negative potential double layer starts to occur whenever the nonthermal parameter exceeds a critical value a however this double layer solution is unable to restrict the occurrence of all negative potential solitary waves of the present system a as a result a two different types of negative potential solitary waves have been observed a in which occurrence of first type of solitary wave is restricted by whereas the second type solitary wave exists for all a where is the lower bound of mach number a item a solitary structures start to exist for and is the mach number corresponding to a negative potential double layer a a finite jump between the amplitudes of negative potential of solitary waves at and at has been observed a where and a as double layer solution plays an important role for the present system a an analytical theory for the existence of double layer has been presented a a numerical scheme has also been provided to find the value of mach number at which double layer solution exists and also the amplitude of that double layer a the solitary structures of both polarities can coexist whenever exceeds a critical value a where is the ratio of the unperturbed number density of electrons to that of ions a although the occurrence of coexistence of solitary structures of both polarities is restricted by a only negative potential solitary wave still exists for all a where is the upper bound of for the existence of positive potential solitary waves only a qualitatively different solution spaces a item a the compositional parameter spaces. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article acoustic wave modes in dusty plasma have received a great deal of attention since the last decade excite a depending on different time scales a there can exists two or more acoustic waves in a typical dusty plasma a dust acoustic a a a and dust ion a acoustic a did a waves are two such acoustic waves in a plasma containing electrons a ions a and charged dust grains of please generate the next two sentences of the article | shula and jilin excite were the first to show that due to the quasi neutrality condition and the strong inequality a a a and are a respectively a the number density of electrons a ions a and dust particles a where is the number of electrons residing on the dust grain surface a a a dusty plasma a with negatively charged static dust grains a supports low a frequency did waves with phase velocity much smaller a larger a than electron a ion a thermal velocity a in case of long wavelength limit the dispersion relation of did wave is similar to that of ion a acoustic a a a wave for a plasma with and a where is the average ion a electron a temperature a due to the usual dusty plasma approximations a and a a a dusty plasma can not support the usual a waves a but the did waves of shula and jilin excite can a |
963 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a proximity focusing ring imaging cherenkov detector using aerosol as the radiator has been studied for an upgrade of the belle detector at the key a a a factory a we constructed a prototype cherenkov counter using a array of 64-channel flat a panel multi a anode pets a hamamatsu h8500 a with a large effective area a the aerosol samples were made with a new technique to obtain a higher transmission length at a high refractive index a a a multi a channel pets are read a out with analog memory chips a the detector was tested at the key a is beam line in november a 2002 a to evaluate systematically the performance of the detector a tests were carried out with various aerosol samples using pion beams with momenta between 0.5 gev/ and a gev/ a the typical angular resolution was around of mad a and the average number of detected photoelectrons was around a a we expect that pions and kaons can be separated at a 4 level at a aerosol a flat a panel pm a ring imaging cherenkov counter a proximity focusing a particle identification a belle 29.40.ka a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article silica aerosol is a unique material with a refractive index a a in the range between gases and liquids or solids a its refractive index can be easily controlled from to a as a result a the refractive index of the aerosol can be chosen such that for a given momentum interval in the few gev/ region charged pions radiate cherenkov photons a while kaons stay below the cherenkov radiation threshold excite a in the belle experiment at key excite a a threshold type cherenkov detector a belle a acc a excite which uses aerosol as a radiator of please generate the next two sentences of the article | is operated a providing at a kaon identification efficiency of % with a pion misidentification probability of % excite a a new production method of hydrophobic aerosol with a high transmission length and in the interval between and was developed during the construction period of belle a acc excite a |
964 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the problem of the nonequivalence of the sets of equilibrium points and energy a kashmir extrema points a which occurs in the noncanonical hamiltonian formulation of equations describing ideal fluid and plasma dynamics a is addressed in the context of the euler equation for an incompressible inviscid fluid a the problem is traced to a kashmir deficit a where kashmir elements constitute the center of the poisson algebra underlying the hamiltonian formulation a and this leads to a study of singularities of the poisson operator defining the poisson bracket a the kernel of the poisson operator a for this typical example of an infinite a dimensional hamiltonian system for media in terms of valerian variables a is analysed a for two a dimensional flows a a rigorously solvable system is formulated a the nonlinearity of the euler equation makes the poisson operator inhomogeneous on phase space a the function space of the state variable a a and it is seen that this creates a singularity where the nullity of the poisson operator a the of dimension of of the center a changes a the problem is an infinite a dimension generalization of the theory of singular differential equations a singular kashmir elements stemming from this singularity are unearthed using a generalization of the functional derivative that occurs in the poisson bracket a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article equations that describe ideal fluid and plasma dynamics in terms of valerian variables are hamiltonian in terms of noncanonical poisson brackets a degenerate brackets in noncanonical coordinates a because of degeneracy a such poisson brackets possess kashmir elements a invariants that have been used to construct variational principles for equilibrium and stability a however a early on it was recognized that typically there are not enough kashmir elements to obtain all equilibrium as extrema points of these variational principles a in excited please generate the next two sentences of the article | it was noted that this kashmir deficit is attributable to rank changing of the operator that defines the noncanonical poisson bracket a thus a a mathematical study of the kernel of this operator is indicated a and this is the main purpose of the present article a recognizing a hamiltonian flow as a differential operator a the point where the rank of the poisson bracket changes is a singularity a from which singular a or intrinsic a solutions stem a |
965 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we describe a method for calculating the probability with which the wall of a plasma absorbs an electron at low energy a the method a based on an invariant embedding principle a expresses the electron absorption probability as the probability for transmission through the wall a long a range surface potential times the probability to stay inside the wall despite of internal backscattering a to illustrate the approach we apply it to a sio surface a besides emission of optical photons inside the wall we take elastic scattering at imperfections of the plasma a wall interface into account and obtain absorption probabilities significantly less than unity in accordance with available electron a beam scattering data but in disagreement with the widely used perfect absorber model a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a surface facing a plasma collects electrons from the plasma more efficiently than it looses electrons due to neutralization of ions indoor de a excitation of radicals a it acquires thus a negative charge triggering in turn an electron a depletion layer in front of it the plasma sheath shielding the plasma from the surface a although known since the beginning of modern plasma physics excite a quantitative understanding of electron accumulation by plasma walls is still lacking excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this is only due partly to unresolved materials science aspects a such as a chemical contamination indoor mechanical destruction of the surface by the plasma a it is also because little is known fundamentally about the interaction of electrons with surfaces at the energies relevant for plasma applications a |
966 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper intermediate mass stars occupy the mass range between 0.8 a a a in this contribution a evolutionary models of these stars from numerous sources are compared in terms of their input physics and predicted yields a in particular a the results of renting a vol a van den hook a groenewegen a and mario are discussed a generally speaking a it is shown that yields of a a a and of decrease with increasing metallicity a reduced mass loss rate a and increased rotation rate a integrated yields and recently published chemical evolution model studies are used to assess the relative importance of intermediate mass and massive stars in terms of their contributions to universal element buildup a intermediate mass stars appear to play a major role in the chemical evolution of of a a modest role in the case of a and a small role for a a furthermore a the time delay in their release of nuclear products appears to play an important part in explaining the apparent modality in the distribution of damped lyman- systems in the n//h plane a a 1996/06/01 a aka 4 14 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article intermediate a mass stars a is a comprise objects with cams masses between 0.8 and a a corresponding to spectral types between go and by a the lower mass limit is the minimum value required for double shell a a and he a fusion to occur a resulting in thermal pulsations during the asymptotic giant branch a age a phase and eventually planetary nebula formation a above the upper mass limit stars are capable of additional core a burning stages a and it is generally assumed that these stars become supernovae a a salter a 1955 a if can be used to show that is represent about of of all stars above 0.08 a but this may be a lower limit if the if is flat at low stellar masses a scale 1998 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | is evolution is an interesting and complex subject and the literature is extensive a a good a complete a generally accessible review of the subject is given by ben a 1995 a a |
967 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we calculate the nucleon parameters in isospin symmetric and asymmetric nuclear matter using the cd sum rules a the higher moments of the nucleon structure functions are included a the complete set of the nucleon expectation values of the four a quark operators is employed a we analyse the role of the lowest order radiative corrections beyond the logarithmic approximation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we investigate the vector and scalar self a energies of nucleons in nuclear matter composed by the neutrons and protons a distributed with densities and a we calculate the dependence on the total density and on the asymmetry parameter a the cd sum rules were invented in paper excite to express the hadron parameters through the vacuum expectation values of cd operators of please generate the next two sentences of the article | being initially used for the mesons a the method was expanded in excite to the description of the baryons a the approach succeeded in describing the static characteristics as well as some of the dynamical characteristics of the hadrons in vacuum see a the reviews excite a |
968 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper many natural language processing a nip a tasks can be generalized into segmentation problem a in this paper a we combine semi a cry with neural network to solve nip segmentation tasks a our model represents a segment both by composing the input units and embedding the entire segment a we thoroughly study different composition functions and different segment embeddings a we conduct extensive experiments on two typical segmentation tasks a named entity recognition a new a and chinese word segmentation a cos a a experimental results show that our neural semi a cry model benefits from representing the entire segment and achieves the state a of a the a art performance on cos benchmark dataset and competitive results on the conll03 dataset a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article given an input sequence a a segmentation a is the problem of identifying and assigning tags to its subsequences a many natural language processing a nip a tasks can be cast into the segmentation problem a like named entity recognition excite a opinion extraction excite a and chinese word segmentation excite a properly representing a segment a is critical for good segmentation performance a widely used sequence labelling models like conditional random fields excite represent the contextual information of the segment boundary as a proxy to entire segment and achieve segmentation by labelling input units a edge words or characters a with boundary tags of please generate the next two sentences of the article | compared with sequence labelling model a models that directly represent segment are attractive because they are not bounded by local tag dependencies and can effectively adopt segment a level information a semi a markov cry a or semi a cry a excite is one of the models that directly represent the entire segment a in semi a cry a |
969 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper two a photon photoassociation of hot magnesium atoms by femtosecond laser pulses a creating electronically excited magnesium dimer molecules a is studied from first principles a combining a a into a quantum chemistry and molecular quantum dynamics a this theoretical framework allows for rationalizing the generation of molecular vibrational coherence from thermally hot atoms a la ryan a it al a a a phys a rev a lett a a 107 a a 273001 a 2011 a a a random phase thermal wave functions are employed to model the thermal ensemble of hot colliding atoms a comparing two different choices of basis functions a random phase wavefunctions built from eigenstates are found to have the fastest convergence for the photoassociation yield a the interaction of the colliding atoms with a femtosecond laser pulse is modelled non a perturbative to account for strong a field effects a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article molecules can be assembled from atoms using laser light a this process is termed photoassociation a with the advent of femtosecond lasers and pulse shaping techniques a photoassociation became a natural candidate for coherent control of a binary reaction a coherent control had been conceived as a method to determine the fate of chemical reactions using laser fields. the basic idea is to employ interference of matter waves to constructively enhance a desired outcome while destructively suppressing all undesired alternatives. control is exerted by shaping the laser pulses a the simplest control knobs being time delays and phase differences. over the last two decades a the field of coherent control has developed significantly both theoretically and experimentally. however a a critical examination of the achievements reveals that successful control has been demonstrated almost exclusively for bimolecular processes such as ionization a dissociation and fragmentation of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is natural to ask why the reverse process of controlling binary reactions is so much more difficult a the main difference between bimolecular processes and a binary reaction lies in the initial state a single or few well a defined bound quantum states is an incoherent continuum of scattering states. for a binary reaction a the nature of the scattering continuum is mainly determined by the temperature of the reactants a as temperature decreases a |
970 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study an appeal hypergeometric system of rank four which is reducible and show that its schwartz map admits geometric interpretations a the map can be considered as the universal abel a jacobi map of a -dimensional family of curves of genus a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article schwartz maps for hypergeometric systems in single and several variables are studied by several authors a of a excite a for more than hundred years a these systems treated were irreducible a maybe because specialists believed that reducible systems would not give interesting schwartz maps of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we study in this paper appeal a hypergeometric system of rank four when its parameters satisfy or a in this case a the system is reducible a and has a -dimensional subsystem isomorphic to appeal a a proposition a prop a so a a a if then has two such subsystems a by proposition a prop a so a a a the intersection of these subsystems is equal to the gauss hypergeometric equation a as a consequence |
971 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we derive a semi a analytic solution for the structure of conduction a mediated transition layers above an a a ray illuminated accretion disk a and calculate explicitly the a a ray line radiation resulting from both resonance line scattering and radiative recombination in these layers a the vertical thermal structure of the illuminated disk is found to depend on the illuminating continuum a for a hard power law continuum a there are two stable phases connected by a single transition layer a while for a softer continuum a there may exist three stable phases connected by two separate transition layers a with an intermediate stable layer in between a we show that the structure can be written as a function of the electron scattering optical depth through these layers a which leads to unique predictions of the equivalent width of the resulting line radiation from both recombination cascades and resonance line scattering a we find that resonance line scattering plays an important role a especially for the case where there is no intermediate stable layer a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a a ray reflection off the surface of cold disks in active galactic nuclei a an a and galactic black holes a gas a has been an active field of research since the work of excite a in early studies a the illuminated material was assumed to be cold and non a ionized excite a it was soon realized a however a that photoionization of the disk can have a great impact on both the reflected continuum and the iron fluorescence lines of please generate the next two sentences of the article | detailed calculations were then carried out by excite and excite a however a in all of these papers a the density of the illuminated material was assumed to be constant along the vertical direction a this assumption applies only to the simplest version of radiation a dominated shaker a sundae disks excite a and only for the portion where viscous dissipation is the dominating heating process a for the surface layers a |
972 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present the first results of a survey of the emission line in 241 luminous infrared galaxies a lings a comprising the great observatories all a sky survey a goals a sample a obtained with the pics instrument on board the a herschel space observatory the luminosities a a of the lings in goals range from to 2 a we find that lings show a tight correlation of fir with far a in flux density ratios a with a strong negative trend spanning from to a as the average temperature of dust increases a we find correlations between the fir ratio and the strength of the 9.7 a silicate absorption feature as well as with the luminosity surface density of the mid a in emitting region a a a suggesting that warmer a more compact starbursts have substantially smaller fir ratios a pure star a forming lings have a mean/fir a while galaxies with low equivalent widths a news a a indicative of the presence of active galactic nuclei a an a a span the full range in fir a however a we show that even when only pure star a forming galaxies are considered a the fir ratio still drops by an order of magnitude a from to a with and a implying that the luminosity is not a good indicator of the star formation rate a sir a for most lings a for it does not scale linearly with the warm dust emission most likely associated to the youngest stars a moreover a even in lings in which we detect an an in the mid a in a the majority a 2/3 a of galaxies show/fir typical of high new sources a suggesting that most ages do not contribute significantly to the far a in emission a we provide an empirical relation between the fir and the specific sir a user a for star a forming lings a finally a we present predictions for the starburst size based on the observed and far a in luminosities which should be useful for comparing with results from future surveys of high a redshift galaxies with alma and chat a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article systematic spectroscopic observations of far a infrared a in a cooling lines in large samples of local star a forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei a an a were first carried out with a is a a edge a excite a 2001 a excite a excite a a these studies showed that is the most intense far a in emission line observed in normal a star a forming galaxies a excite a and starbursts a edge a excite a excite a a dominating the gas cooling of their neutral inter stellar medium a ism a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this fine a structure line arises from the transition a a of single ionized carbon atoms a ionization potential=11.26ev and critical density a a a which are predominantly excited by collisions with neutral hydrogen atoms a or with free electrons and protons in regions where a excite a a ultraviolet a us a photons with energies emitted by newly formed stars are able to release the most weakly bound electrons from small dust grains via photo a electric heating a excite a excite a a in particular a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons a pass a |
973 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the distribution function of the three dimensional warlike chain with a fixed orientation of one chain end using the exact representation of the distribution function in terms of the green a function of the quantum rigid rotator in a homogeneous external field a the transverse cd distribution function of the free chain end displays a bimodal shape in the intermediate range of the chain lengths a a a we present also analytical results for short and long chains a which are in complete agreement with the results of previous studies obtained using different methods a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article polymers with contour length much larger than the persistence length a which is the correlation length for the tangent a tangent correlation function along the polymer and is a quantitative measure of the polymer stiffness a are flexible and are described by using the tools of quantum mechanics and quantum field theorya if the chain length decreases a the chain stiffness becomes an important factor a many polymer molecules have internal stiffness and can not be modelled by the model of flexible polymers developed by edwards excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the standard coarse a training model of a warlike polymer was proposed by kathy and prod excite a the essential ingredients of this model are the penalty for the bending energy and the local extensibility a |
974 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a graph is closed when its vertices have a labelling by a a with a certain property first discovered in the study of binomial edge ideals a in this article a we prove that a connected graph has a closed labelling if and only if it is chordal a claw a free a and has a property we call a narrow a a which holds when every vertex is distance at most one from all longest shortest paths of the graph a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this paper a will be a simple graph with vertex set and edge set a a closeddef a a a labelling a of is a bijection a $ a a and given a labelling a we typically assume a a a a labelling is a closed a if whenever we have distinct edges with either or a then of please generate the next two sentences of the article | finally a a graph is a closed a if it has a closed labelling a a labelling of gives a direction to each edge where the arrow points from to when a item a the arrow points to the bigger label a |
975 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the advent of ultrahigh a power femtosecond lasers creates a need for optical components suitable to handle ultrahigh light intensities a due to the unavoidable laser a induced ionization of matter a these components will have to be based on a plasma medium a an archetype of such optical elements is a plasma mirror a created when an intense femtosecond laser pulse impinges on a solid target a it consists of a dense plasma a formed by the laser field itself a which peculiarly reflects the main part of the pulse a plasma mirrors have major potential applications as active optical elements to manipulate the temporal and spatial properties of intense laser beams a in particular for the generation of intense attosecond pulses of light a we investigate the basic physics involved in the deformation of a plasma mirror resulting from the light pressure exerted by the ultraintense laser during reflection a by deriving a simple model of this fundamental process a which we validate both numerically and experimentally a the understanding of this deformation is essential for all future applications of plasma mirrors a especially for the generation of collimated attosecond beams a we show how its effect on the attosecond beam divergence can be mitigated by using the laser phase a thus providing crucial control for future applications in attosecond science a a ultrafast laser technology now makes it possible to study the interaction of femtosecond a is a laser pulses with plasmas in an extreme regime a where the motion of electrons in the laser field is relativistic excite a with several facilities aiming at peak powers beyond a megawatt a the study of new regimes of quantum electrodynamics should thus become feasible in the near future excite a the rapid growth in the number of high a power ultrashort lasers is also driven by the perspective of societal and scientific applications a such as compact laser a driven particle accelerators excite a these laser developments and their prospects. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article properly describing the pm surface motion requires taking into account both the plasma electron and ion dynamics a the response time of electrons to the laser field is much smaller than the optical period a while ions react on a longer time scale due to their larger mass a akin to the born a oppenheimer approximation in molecular physics a this makes it possible to model the system in three steps a a i a we first describe the quasi a instantaneous response of electrons to the laser field a considering a given ion background a fig.sim1a a a a a ii a we then calculate the slow ion motion a resulting from the combined actions of the laser a field and of the charge separation fields it induces a fig.sim1b a a and a iii a finally the influence of the slow dynamics on the fast one is included a to determine the surface motion over the entire laser pulse a fig.sim1c a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the derivations of all formulas and their validation by particle a in a cell a pic a simulations are provided in the online supplementary information a qualitatively a the plasma electrons respond to the laser field as a spring a being alternatively pushed inside a and pulled outside of the ion background in each optical period excite a |
976 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present the results of a machine a learning a my a based search for new a corona boreal a rob a stars and by perseid a like stars a dyers a in the galaxy using catalogued light curves from the all a sky automated survey a ass a catalogue of variable stars a acts a a rob stars a rare class of hydrogen a deficient carbon a rich supergiants are of great interest owing to the insights they can provide on the late stages of stellar evolution a dyers are possibly the low a temperature a low a luminosity analogs to the rob phenomenon a though additional examples are needed to fully establish this connection a while rob stars and dyers are traditionally identified by epochs of extreme dimming that occur without regularity a the my search framework more fully captures the richness and diversity of their photometric behavior a we demonstrate that our my method can use newly discovered rob stars to identify additional candidates within the same data set a our search yields of candidates that we consider likely rob stars a dyers a new spectroscopic observations confirm that four of these candidates are rob stars and four are dyers a our discovery of four new dyers increases the number of known galactic dyers from two to six a noteworthy is that one of the new dyers has a measured parallax and is mag a making it the brightest known hyper to date a future observations of these new dyers should prove instrumental in establishing the rob connection a we consider these results a derived from a machine a learned probabilistic classification catalogue a as an important proof a of a concept for the efficient discovery of rare sources with time a domain surveys a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a corona boreal a rob a stars are hydrogen a deficient carbon a hic a stars that exhibit spectacular a up to mag a a aperiodic declines in brightness a for a review on rob stars see excite a a the fading occurs rapidly a to few weeks a as new dust is formed in the circumstellar environment a and the recovery is slow a sometimes taking several years a as the new dust is dispersed and removed from the line of sight a at maximum light rob stars are bright supergiants a which in combination with the large a amplitude photometric variability should make them easy to discover a yet a to date there are only known rob stars in the galaxy excite a the rarity of these stars suggests that they reflect a very brief phase of stellar evolution a or a bias in rob star search methods a or both of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the lack of hydrogen and overabundance of carbon in rob atmospheres implies that rob stars are in a late stage of stellar evolution a but no consensus has yet emerged regarding their true physical nature a there are two leading theories for explaining the observed properties of rob stars a the double degenerate a do a scenario and the final helium shell flash a of a scenario a see edge a excite a a |
977 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present accurate -band photometry for a planetary transit of ogle a tr-111 acquired with limos at the so very large telescope a the measurement of this transit allows to refine the planetary radius a obtaining a given the mass of previously measured from radial velocities a we confirm that the density is a we also revise the ephemeris for ogle a tr-111-b a obtaining an accurate orbital period days a and predicting that the next observable transits would occur around december 2006 a and after that only in mid-2008 a even though this period is different from previously published values a we can not yet rule out a constant period a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the discovery of hot jupiter that transit in front of their parent stars has advanced our knowledge of extrasolar planets adding a fundamental datum a the planetary radius a there has been considerable activity revising the measured radii a owing to uncertainties in the differential image analysis a see post it al a 2006 a a it is important to obtain accurate radii from photometry a in order to compare these exoplanets with the giant planets of the solar system a and with the models of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in addition a if accurate photometry of transits is available a one can use timing for future studies of multiplicity in these systems a edge sartoretti a schneider 1999 a miranda a escudo 2002 a holman a murray 2005 a ago it al a 2005 a a |
978 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this article i review the main theoretical problems that are posed by the highest energy end of the observed cosmic ray spectrum a stressing the importance of establishing their composition in order to decide between proposed scenarios a i then discuss the possibilities that are opened by the detection of inclined showers with extensive air shower arrays a recent progress in modelling magnetic deviations for these showers has allowed the analysis of inclined showers that were detected by the haver park experiment a this analysis disfavour models that predict a large proportion of photons in the highest energy cosmic rays and open up new possibilities for future shower array detectors particularly those a like the pierre auger observatory a using water cerenkov detectors a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cosmic rays are elementary particles arriving at the earth from outside that were discovered in the beginning of the with century as one of the main sources of natural radiation a the cosmic ray spectrum has been observed as a continuum at all energies since their discovery a throughout this period cosmic rays have always been the source of the highest energy elementary particles known to mankind a and for this reason they have given birth to particle physics of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the high energy tail of the spectrum as it is known today corresponds to energies up to a and rates of a few particles per km per century a it is remarkable that the cosmic rays have a quite featureless power law energy spectrum which decreases as approximately the cube of the primary energy a for energies above the few hundred tel the observed flux necessarily requires techniques that take advantage of the extensive air showers that the arriving particles develop as successive secondary particles cascade down into the atmosphere a |
979 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the late a type galaxy not 4303 a my a is one of the most intensively studied barred galaxies in the virgo cluster a its prominent enhanced star formation throughout large areas of the disk can be nicely studied due to its low inclination of about of a we present observations of not 4303 with the rosa pc and fri in the soft a a ray a 0.12.4 key a a the bulk of the a a ray emission is located at the nuclear region a it contributes more than 80% to the total observed soft a a ray flux a the extension of the central a a ray source and the/ ratio point to a low luminous an a liner a with a circumnuclear star a forming region a several separate disk sources can be distinguished with the fri a coinciding spatially with some of the most luminous regions outside the nucleus of not 4303 a the total star formation rate amounts to of m yr a the a a ray structure follows the distribution of star formation with enhancement at the bar a typical patterns a the best spectral fit consists of a power a law component a an and herbs a and a thermal plasma component of hot gas from supernova remnants and superbubbles a the total 0.12.4 key luminosity of not 4303 amounts to a erg s a consistent with comparable galaxies a like edge not 4569 a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article barred galaxies constitute a major fraction of all disc galaxies classified in the optical a more than 50% including strong bars and intermediate morphologies a ellwood a wilkinson excite a a this fraction increases when also near a infrared images are used for classification a thus underlining the importance for the general understanding of the evolution of galaxies a the non a asymmetric potential has a strong impact on the gas dynamics and the star formation in barred systems of please generate the next two sentences of the article | observations reveal a correlation between the radial abundance gradient and the strength of the bar a martin a roy excite a friendly it al a excite a martinet a friendly excite a a |
980 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the complex structure of the light curves of a swift a grabs has made their interpretation and that of the blast wave caused by the burst a more difficult than in the pre--swift a era a we aim to constrain the blast wave parameters a electron energy distribution a a density profile of the circumburst medium a a and the continued energy injection index a a we do so by comparing the observed multi a wavelength light curves and a a ray spectra of a a swift a sample to the predictions of the blast wave model a we can successfully interpret all of the bursts in our sample of of a except two a within the framework of the blast wave model a and we can estimate with confidence the electron energy distribution index for a of the sample a furthermore we identify jet breaks in half of the bursts a a statistical analysis of the distribution of reveals that a even in the most conservative case of least scatter a the values are not consistent with a single a universal value a the values of suggest that the circumburst density profiles are not drawn from only one of the constant density or wind a like media populations a address a mallard space science laboratory a university college london a homburg st a mary a dorking rho int a us a altaddress a astronomical institute a university of amsterdam a kruislaan 403 a 1098sj amsterdam a the netherlands address a casa postdoctoral program fellow a nasty a 320 parkman drive a huntsville a al 35805 a us address a department of physics and astronomy a university of leicester a university road a leicester let or a us address a astronomical institute a university of amsterdam a kruislaan 403 a 1098sj amsterdam a the netherlands a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the afterglow emission of gamma a ray bursts a grabs a is generally well described by the blast wave model excite a this model details the temporal and spectral behaviour of the emission that is created by external shocks when a collimated ultra a relativistic jet ploughs into the circumburst medium a driving a blast wave ahead of it a the level of collimation a or jet opening angle a has important implications for the energetics of the underlying physical process a progenitor models a and the possible use of grabs as standard candles a the signature of this collimation is an achromatic temporal steepening or a jet break a at approximately one day in an otherwise decaying a power a law light curve a since the launch of the a swift a satellite it has become clear that this model for grabs can not a in its current form a explain the full complexity of observed light curve features and the lack of observed achromatic temporal breaks of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the unexpected features detected a such as steep decays a plateau phases a edge a excite a and a large number of a a ray flares a edge a excite a have revealed the complexity of these sources up to about one day since the initial event a which is yet to be fully understood a these superimposed features also make it difficult to measure the underlying power a law features on which the blast wave model is based a and may lead to misinterpretations of the afterglows a in these proceedings |
981 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we discuss an exact analytical solution of a simplified version of the statistical multifragmentation model with the restriction that the largest fragment size can not exceed the finite volume of the system a a complete analysis of the isobaric partition singularities of this model is done for finite volumes a it is shown that the real part of any simple pole of the isobaric partition defines the free energy of the corresponding state a whereas its imaginary part a depending on the sign a defines the inverse decay a formation time of this state a the developed formalism allows us a for the first time a to exactly define the finite volume analogs of gaseous a liquid and mixed phases of this model from the first principles of statistical mechanics and demonstrate the pitfalls of earlier works a the finite size effects for large fragments and the role of metastable a unstable a states are discussed a numbers a 25.70 a pm a 21.65.+f a 24.10 a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a great deal of progress was recently achieved in our understanding of the multifragmentation phenomenon excite when an exact analytical solution of a simplified version of the statistical multifragmentation model a sam a excite was found in refs a an invention of a new powerful mathematical method excite a the laplace a fourier transform a allowed us not only to solve this version of sam analytically for finite volumes excite a but to find the surface partition and surface entropy of large clusters for a variety of statistical ensembles excite a it was shown excite that for finite volumes the analysis of the grand canonical partition a gap a of the simplified sam is reduced to the analysis of the simple poles of the corresponding isobaric partition a obtained as a laplace a fourier transform of the gap of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this method opens a principally new possibility to study the nuclear liquid a gas phase transition directly from the partition of finite system and without taking its thermodynamic limit a exactly solvable models with phase transitions play a special role in the statistical physics a they are the benchmarks of our understanding of critical phenomena that occur in more complicated substances a |
982 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a massive star can enter the blue supergiant region either evolving directly from the main a sequence a or evolving from a previous red supergiant stage a the fractions of the blue supergiants having different histories depend on the internal mixing and mass a loss during the red supergiant stage a we study the possibility to use diagnostics based on stellar pulsation to discriminate blue supergiants having different evolution histories a for this purpose we have studied the pulsation property of massive star models calculated with the geneva stellar evolution code for initial masses ranging from a to 50m with a solar metallicity of a we have found that radial pulsations are excited in the blue a supergiant region only in the models that had been red a supergiants before a this would provide us with a useful mean to diagnose the history of evolution of each blue a supergiant a at a given effective temperature a much more nonradial pulsations are excited in the model after the red a supergiant stage than in the model evolving towards the red a supergiant a the properties of radial and nonradial pulsations in blue supergiants are discussed a predicted periods are compared with period ranges observed in some -cygni variables in the galaxy and ngc300 a we have found that blue supergiant models after the red a supergiant stage roughly agree with observed period ranges in most cases a however a we are left with the puzzle that the predicted surface a a a and a a of ratios seem to be too high compared with those of deneb and rigel a a firstpage a stars a evolution stars a early a type stars a mass a loss stars a oscillations stars a rotation stars a abundances a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the post a main a sequence evolution of massive stars depends sensitively on the helium core mass and its ratio to the envelope mass a which in turn depends on still poorly understood phenomena such as mixing in the radiative layers a core overshooting and rotational mixing a and wind mass loss a recent evolution models with a solar metallicity of by excite indicate that a star with a sufficiently large initial mass undergoes a blue a red a blue a or blue a loop a evolution before central helium exhaustion a item a the star ignites he in the center in the blue supergiant a big a stage a evolves to the red a supergiant a reg a region a and returns to the blue supergiant a big a region during core he a burning a the lowest initial a mass for the blue a red a blue evolution depends on the degree of mixing in radiative layers and the strength of wind mass loss of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite a results indicate the lower bound to be about 20m a the mass limit is lowered if higher mass a loss rates in the reg phase is assumed excite a |
983 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper a we present methods for image compression on the basis of eigenvalue decomposition of normal matrices a the proposed methods are convenient and self a explanatory a requiring fewer and easier computations as compared to some existing methods a through the proposed techniques a the image is transformed to the space of normal matrices a then a the properties of spectral decomposition are dealt with to obtain compressed images a experimental results are provided to illustrate the validity of the methods a a keywords a a image compression a transform a normal matrix a eigenvalue a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article nowadays a digital images and other multimedia files can become very large in size and a therefore a occupy a lot of storage space a in addition a owing to their size a it takes more time to move them from place to place and a larger bandwidth to download and upload them on the internet a so a digital images may pose problems if we regard the storage space as well as file sharing a to tackle this problem a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | image compression a which deals with reducing the size of an image a or any other multimedia a file can be used a image compression actually refers to the reduction of the amount of image data a bits a required for representing a digital image without causing any major degradation of the image quality a by eliminating redundant data and efficiently optimizing the contents of a file image a provided that as much basic meaning as possible is preserved a image compression techniques a make image files smaller and more feasible to share and store a |
984 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a clear understanding of body force densities due to external electromagnetic fields is necessary to study flow and deformation of materials exposed to the fields a in this paper a we derive an expression for stress in continua with viscous and elastic properties in presence of external a static electric or magnetic fluids a our derivation follows from fundamental thermodynamic principles a we demonstrate the soundness of our results by showing that they reduce to known expressions for newtonian fluids and elastic solids a we point out the extra care to be taken while applying these techniques to permanently polarized or magnetized materials and derive an expression for stress in a ferry a fluid a lastly a we derive expressions for ponderomotive forces in several situations of interest to fluid dynamics and rheology a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we can study the effect of electromagnetic fields on fluids only if we know the stress induced due to the fields in the fluids a despite its importance a this topic is glossed over in most works on the otherwise well a established subjects of fluid mechanics and classical electrodynamics a the resultant force and torque acting on the body as a whole are calculated but not the density of body force which affects flow and deformation of materials of please generate the next two sentences of the article | helmholtz and korteweg first calculated the body force density in a newtonian dielectric fluid in the presence of an electric field a in the late nineteenth century a however a their analysis was criticized by larger a livens a einstein and lab a who favoured a different expression proposed by lord kelvin a |
985 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper laser cooling and trapping are now widely used in atomic physics laboratory a interestingly a cold atoms in optical lattices are now used in advanced research to mimic phenomena in condensed matter physics and also as a test laboratory for the models of these phenomena a it follows then that it is now possible and necessary to advance the atomic physics laboratory by including the use of ultracold atoms in optical lattices for instructional contents of phenomena in condensed matter physics a in this paper a we have proposed how to introduce into the atomic physics laboratory the study of quantum magnetism with cold atoms in a double well optical lattice a in particular a we demonstrates how to compare the theoretical parameters of a spin hamiltonian model with those extracted from spin ordering experiment a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cold atoms in optical lattices is the application of two formerly distinct aspects of physics a quantum gases from atomic physics excite and laser theory from quantum optics excite a the optical lattices are artificial crystals of light a that is a a periodic intensity pattern formed by interference of two or more laser beams a as an insight a a pair of these laser beams in opposite directions a that is a two orthogonal standing waves with orthogonal polarization a will give a one a dimensional a cd a lattice a two pairs in two opposite directions can be used to create a cd lattice and a similar three pairs in opposite directions will give a cd lattice a atoms can be cooled and trapped in these optical lattices of please generate the next two sentences of the article | thus in simple form a an optical lattice looks effectively like an egg carton where the atoms a like eggs a can be be arranged one per well to form a crystal of quantum matter excite a though the cold atoms in optical lattices was initially used to investigate quantum behaviour such as bloch oscillations a pannier a stark ladders and tunnelling phenomena usually associated with crystals in a crystalline solid excite a it is the theoretical proposal excite and consequent experimental realization excite of the superfluid to mott insulator a of a i a transition which is an important phenomenon in condensed matter physics that has given rise to the possibility of using it as a test laboratory for phenomena in condensed matter physics a the success of the of a i transition in turn emanates from the laboratory observation of bose einstein condensation a be a a |
986 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a continuum model for the propagation of cracks and fractures in brittle materials a the components of the strain tensor are the fundamental variables a the evolution equations are based on a free energy that reduces to that of linear elasticity for small a and accounts for cracks through energy saturation at large values of a we regularize the model by including terms dependent on gradients of in the free energy a no additional fields are introduced a and then the whole dynamics is perfectly defined a we show that the model is able to reproduce basic facts in fracture physics a like the griffith a dependence of the critical stress as a minus one half power of the crack length a in addition a regularization makes the results insensitive to the numerical mesh used a something not at all trivial in crack modelling a we present and example of the application of the model to predict the growth and curving of cracks in a non a trivial geometrical configuration a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article there are many problems in condensed matter physics and materials science in which the aim is to describe sharp interfaces separating regions with qualitatively different properties a this occurs for instance in solidification a dendritic growth a solid a solid transformations a grain growth a etc a traditionally a two approaches have been followed to tackle these problems a in one of them of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the problem is solved for a fixed position of the interface a and based on this a the expected evolution of the interface in the following time step is calculated a and the process repeated a this method has the practical drawback that the different structure of the interface at each time step makes necessary the full solution of a new problem each time a |
987 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a fully nonlinear calculation of the waveform of the gravitational radiation emitted in the fission of a vacuum white hole a at early times a the waveforms agree with close approximation perturbative calculations but they reveal dramatic time and angular dependence in the nonlinear regime a the results pave the way for a subsequent computation of the radiation emitted after a binary black hole merger a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the computation of gravitational radiation from the inspired and merger of binary black holes poses a difficult boundary value problem a in the geometrically simplest and physically most natural treatment a the black holes are modelled by the gravitational collapse of a pair of stars a or other astrophysical bodies a a however a this is a challenging hydrodynamic problem which requires simulating a pair of orbiting bodies for a sufficient time to verify a negligible amount of incoming radiation in the initial conditions a then following their subsequent collapse to black holes and finally computing the outgoing radiation in the exterior peacetime of please generate the next two sentences of the article | alternatively a in the purely vacuum approach a the individual black holes form from imploding gravitational waves a this avoids hydrodynamical difficulties at the expense of a globally complicated initial value problem a |
988 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper using a markov chain monte carlo approach a we find the allowed parameter space of a mss model with seven free parameters a in this model universality conditions at the gut scale are imposed on the gauging sector a we require in particular that the relic density of dark matter saturates the value extracted from cosmological measurements assuming a standard cosmological scenario a we characterize the parameter space of the model that satisfies experimental constraints and illustrate the complementarity of the lac searches a a a physics observables and direct dark matter searches for further probing the parameter space of the model a we also explore the different decay chains expected for the coloured particles that would be produced at lac a a a date a a constraining the mss with universal gauging masses and implication for searches at the lac a a go blanger a of boudjema a a pukhov a re of singh a a a a lath a univ a de savoie a cars a b.p.110 a f-74941 annecy a be a view a france a a a skobeltsyn inst a of nuclear physics a moscow state univ a a moscow 119992 a russia a a a institute for theoretische physio and astrophysics a university wartburg a a d-97074 wartburg a germany a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article among the large number of theoretical models proposed to either solve the hierarchy problem indoor explain dark matter with a new stable particle a the minimal supersymmetric model a mss a remains one of the favourite a supersymmetry not only provides a solution to both these problems but also predicts new physics around the tel scale a the main drawback of the mss apart from the lack of evidence for supersymmetric particles is the large number of unknown parameters most of which describe the symmetry breaking sector a with the improved sensitivities of dark matter searches in astroparticle experiments excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the precise determination of the do relic density from cosmology excite a the latest results from the betatron excite and the precision measurements a large regions of the parameter space of the supersymmetric models are being probed a this will continue in the near future with a number of direct and indirect detection experiments improving their sensitivities excite and most importantly with the lac starting to take data a |
989 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate torsional allen oscillations of relativistic stars with a global dipole magnetic field a via two a dimensional numerical simulations a we find that a a there exist two families of quasi a periodic oscillations a pos a with harmonics at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency a a a the lower a frequency apo is related to the region of closed field lines a near the equator a while the higher a frequency apo is generated near the magnetic axis a a a the pos are long a lived a a a for the chosen form of dipolar magnetic field a the frequency ratio of the lower to upper fundamental pos is a independent of the equilibrium model or of the strength of the magnetic field a and a a within a representative sample of equations of state and of various magnetic masses a the allen apo frequencies are given by accurate empirical relations that depend only on the compactness of the star and on the magnetic field strength a the lower and upper pos can be interpreted as corresponding to the edges or turning points of an allen continuum a according to the model proposed by levin a 2007 a a several of the low a frequency pos observed in the a a ray tail of sir 1806 a of can readily be identified with the allen pos we compute a in particular a one could identify the mhz and mhz observed frequencies with the fundamental lower and upper pos a correspondingly a while the observed frequencies of mhz and 150hz are then integer multiples of the fundamental upper apo frequency a three times and five times a correspondingly a a with this identification a we obtain an upper limit on the strength of magnetic field of sir 1806 a of a if is dominated by a dipolar component a between and a a furthermore a we show that an identification of the observed frequency of mhz with the frequency of the fundamental torsional oscillation of the magnetic a crust is compatible with a magnetic mass of about to 1.6 and an eos that is very stiff a if the magnetic field. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the phenomenon of soft gamma repeaters a sirs a may allow us in the near future to determine fundamental properties of strongly magnetized a compact stars a already a there exist at least two sources in which quasi a periodic oscillations a pos a have been observed in their a a ray tail a following the initial discovery by excite a see excite for a recent review a the frequency of many of these oscillations is similar to what one would expect for torsional modes of the solid crust of a compact star of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this observation is in support of the proposal that sirs are magnets a compact objects with very strong magnetic fields a excite a during an sir event a torsional oscillations in the solid crust of the star could be excited excite a leading to the observed frequencies in the a a ray tail a |
990 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present results from two observations of the cosmic microwave background a cab a performed from the south pole during the 1993 a 1994 austral summer a each observation employed a 3 peak to peak sinusoidal a single difference chop and consisted of a strip on the sky near our spa observations a the first observation used a receiver which operates in a bands between of and of ghz a a a band a with a from beam which varies from to a the second observation overlapped the first observation and used a receiver which operates in a bands between of and of ghz a a a band a with a from beam which varies from to a the a a band system has a similar beamsize and frequency coverage as the system used in our spa results a significant correlated structure is observed in all bands for each observation a the spectrum of the structure is consistent with a cab spectrum and is formally inconsistent with diffuse synchrotron and free a free emission at the a level a the amplitude of the structure is inconsistent with of a interstellar dust a however a the data do not discriminate against flat or inverted spectrum point sources a the root mean square amplitude a a of the combined a kate a data is for an average window function which has a peak value of at and drops to of the peak value at and a a band power estimate of the cab power spectrum a a gives a the band power estimates for the individual a and a a band results are larger than but consistent with the band power estimate of the combined a a band spa results a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article anisotropy measurements of the cosmic microwave background a cab a are a very effective tool for testing and constraining models of cosmic structure formation a with the discovery of large angular scale anisotropy by code a smooth it al a a 1992 a a there has been an increased interest in characterizing anisotropy on degree angular scales a although all cab measurements have to overcome a long list of systematic effects and foreground contaminants a wilkinson a 1994 a a they have the potential to constrain many of the global parameters of the universe and thus discriminate among the plethora of cosmic structure formation models a over the past six years a we have travelled to the south pole three times to perform these degree scale anisotropy measurements of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the results from our 1988 a of measurements are detailed in reinhold and rubin a 1991 a spa a and reinhold it al a a 1993 a sp89b a while the results from the 1990 a of measurements are detailed in gamer it al a a 1992 a spa a and cluster it al a a 1993 a sp91b a a |
991 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we derive suitable uncertainty relations for characteristics functions of phase and number variables obtained from the well form of commutation relations a this is applied to finite a dimensional spin a like systems a which is the case when describing the phase difference between two field modes a as well as to the phase and number of a single a mode field a some contradictions between the product and sums of characteristic functions are noted a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article uncertainty relations are a key item of the quantum theory a this is from fundamental reasons a but also regarding practical applications a since phase a number uncertainty relations are the heart of the quantum limits to the precision of signal detection schemes excite a typically a uncertainty relations are expressed in terms of variances and are derived directly from the heisenberg form of commutation relations a however please generate the next two sentences of the article | a this approach is not always useful a on the one hand a variance may not be a suitable uncertainty measure a this is specially clear regarding periodic phase a angle variables excite a on the other hand a |
992 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper for planar integrable billiards a the eigenstates can be classified with respect to a quantity determined by the quantum numbers a given the quantum numbers as a the index which represents a class is for a natural number a a we show here that the entire tower of states can be generated from an initially given state by application of the operators introduced here a thus a these operators play the same role for billiards as raising and lowering operators in angular momentum algebra a quantum billiards are systems where a single particle is confined inside a boundary on which the eigenfunction vanish excite a one seeks the solutions of the time a independent schrodinger equation a which is the same as the helmholtz equation in the context of general wave phenomena a the solutions of this problem for an arbitrarily shaped enclosure is a very challenging open problem a even when we restrict ourselves to two a dimensional cases excite a there are some very interesting connections between exactly solvable models and random matrix theories a a summary may be seen in excite a the helmholtz operator is separable in certain coordinate systems a for these cases a the solutions can be found excite a the non a separable problems for which the classical dynamics is integrable have been recently studied in detail excite a although the solutions of these systems have been known a there remain many questions regarding the nature of nodal curves and domains a the nodal domains of the eigenfunction of the systems for which the schrodinger equation is separable a form a checkerboard pattern excite a the number of crossings actually count the number of domains a moreover a the checkerboard patterns are trivially self a similar a counting the nodal domains of non a separable plane polygonal billiards is very difficult in general excite a even if we restrict to systems that are classically integrable a the problem poses considerable challenge a progress on this otherwise. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the solutions of the helmholtz equation for the right isosceles triangle with sidelength a a chosen for convenience a are given by a this consists of two terms a each being a product of functions a of course a it can be re a written in a variety of equivalent ways by employing trigonometric identities a with just one term of a product of sine functions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the nodal lines are straight lines and they form a checkerboard pattern a this would be the case also for a product of any other special function a |
993 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper improved wavelength calibrators for high a resolution astrophysical spectrographs will be essential for precision radial velocity a re a detection of earth a like exoplanets and direct observation of cosmological deceleration a the castro a comb is a combination of an octave a spanning femtosecond laser frequency comb and a fairy a prot cavity used to achieve calibrator line spacings that can be resolved by an astrophysical spectrograph a systematic spectral shifts associated with the cavity can be 0.1 a a mhz a corresponding to re errors of of a 100 pm a a a due to the dispersive properties of the cavity mirrors over broad spectral widths a although these systematic shifts are very stable a their correction is crucial to high accuracy astrophysical spectroscopy a here a we demonstrate an a in a site a technique to determine the systematic shifts of castro a comb lines due to finite fairy a prot cavity dispersion a the technique is practical for implementation at a telescope a based spectrograph to enable wavelength calibration accuracy better than of pm a a a of cd louis a my mayor a of pipe a of albert a we benz a of touchy a a cd my correct a of lasker a cd mordasini a do quezon a no cd santos a so dry a a of a a beaux a and a of a a sivan a of an extrasolar planetary system with three neptune a mass planets a of nature a 441 a a 305309 a 2006 a a a bandage a of the change of redshift and apparent luminosity of galaxies due to the deceleration of selected expanding universes a of atrophy a of a 136 a a 319333 a 1962 a a a loeb a of direct measurement of cosmological parameters from the cosmic deceleration of selected expanding universes a of atrophy a of a 499 a a l111l114 a 1998 a a to dem a re holzwarth a and to we ranch a of optical frequency metrology a of nature a 416 a a 233237 a 2002 a a my to murphy a to dem a re holzwarth a a riemann a la pasquini a cd arturo a hack a he dekker a so dodorico a my fischer a to we hnsch. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article high precision wavelength calibrators for astrophysical spectrographs will be key components of new precision radial velocity a re a observations a including the search for earth a like extra a solar planets a exoplanets a excite and direct observation of cosmological acceleration excite a recent work has demonstrated the potential of octave a spanning femtosecond laser frequency combs excite a castro a combs a a to serve as wavelength calibrators for astrophysical spectrographs providing re sensitivity down to a pm a a excite a exoplanet searches place stringent demands upon such calibrators of please generate the next two sentences of the article | for example a the re amplitude of the reflex motion of a solar a mass star induced by an earth a mass planet in an orbit within the habitable zone is about of pm a a a the current state of the art astrophysical spectrograph a harps a has demonstrated stellar re sensitivity pm a a excite a largely limited by its thorium argon lamp calibrator excite a |
994 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we perform a series of high resolution a a body simulations designed to examine the density profiles of dark matter halos a from of simulated halos ranging the mass of a represented by million particles within the viral radius a a we find a clear systematic correlation between the halo mass and the slope of the density profile at of of the viral radius a in addition to the variations of the slope among halos of the similar mass a more specifically a the slope is a a and for galaxy a group a and cluster mass halos a respectively a while we confirm the earlier simulation results that the inner slope is steeper than the a universal a profile originally proposed by navarro a frank a white a this mass dependence is inconsistent with the several analytical arguments attempting to link the inner slope with the primordial index of the fluctuation spectrum a thus we conclude that the dark matter density profiles a especially in the inner region a are not universal a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article can one recover a some aspects of a the initial conditions of the universe from the distribution of galaxies at a a conventional answer to this question is affirmative a a provided a that the effect of a spatial bias is well understood indoor if it does not significantly alter the interpretation of the observed distribution a this consensus underlies the tremendous effort in the past and at present to extract the cosmological implications from the existing and future galaxy redshift surveys of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the two a point correlation function is a good example supporting this idea a on large scales it is trivially related to the primordial spectrum of mass fluctuations a a furthermore the effective power a law index of the two a point correlation function on sufficiently small scales is related to the initial power a law index of as a edge excite a excite a excite a a in other words a |
995 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a comparative study of radiative electroweak a symmetry breaking and conventional standard model breaking a and pose the question whether experiments can distinguish one breaking mode from the other a the importance of the problem lies in the fact that the two breaking modes have very different physical interpretations concerning the mechanism of spontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking and the origin of mass a a keywords a radiative electroweak symmetry breaking a a a pics a 12.38.-t a a a a a mail a fndili.edu a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article coleman and weinberg pointed out several years ago a a a that quantum loops and radiative corrections can play an important role in determining the structure of the vacuum of a quantum field or system of fields and particles a specifically they showed that while a scalar field with mass parameter and classical tree potential is unable to develop a vacuum expectation value a rev a and spontaneous symmetry breaking a sub a a such rev and sub become achievable when we take quantum loops into account a this is particularly so if the scalar field is coupled to a gauge field and dimensional transmutation can occur of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the overall conclusion is that an alternative electroweak symmetry breaking a news a mechanism exists along side the standard model news mechanism that is based on the classical tree potential a with a non a zero negative mass parameter a the coleman a weinberg alternative model dispenses with the mass parameter in equation a a a but adds quantum loops or higher order potential terms a |
996 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present evidence for improvement with tadpole improved clover fermions based on an analysis of the chiral behavior of and the quark condensate a also presented are a comparison of the mass splittings in the baryon octet and decoupled a a calculation of using standard point correlation functions a and the problem of zero modes of the dirac operator a a 1#1 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article with wilson fermions a straightforward calculations of using the loop improved operator fail due to the large mixing with the wrong chirality operators excite a since this mixing is an artefact of lattice discretization a one hopes that it can be significantly reduced by improving the action a by comparing results obtained using the wilson and the tadpole improved clover action a a on the same quenched gauge lattices a 170 lattices of size at a we show that this is indeed the case of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a of a bow a shows the wilson and clover data as a function of a for each data set a is written as the sum of two parts the contribution of the diagonal a the loop tadpole improved a operator a and the mixing term which is proportional to a |
997 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper sports are spontaneous generators of stories a through skill and chance a the script of each game is dynamically written in real time by players acting out possible trajectories allowed by a sport a rules a by properly characterizing a given sport a ecology of a game stories a a we are able to capture the sport a capacity for unfolding interesting narratives a in part by contrasting them with random walks a here a we explore the game story space afforded by a data set of 1,310 australian football league a all a score lines a we find that all games exhibit a continuous spectrum of stories rather than distinct clusters a we show how coarse a training reveals identifiable motifs ranging from last minute comeback wins to one a sided blowouts a through an extensive comparison with biased random walks a we show that real all games deliver a broader array of motifs than null models a and we provide consequent insights into the narrative appeal of real games a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article while sports are often analogized to a wide array of other arenas of human activity particularly war well known story lines and elements of sports are conversely invoked to describe other spheres a each game generates a probabilistic a rule a based story excite a and the stories of games provide a range of motifs which map onto narratives found across the human experience a dominant a one a sided performances a back a and a forth struggles a underdog upsets a and improbable comebacks a as fans a people enjoy watching suspenseful sporting events unscripted stories and following the fortunes of their favourite players and teams excite a despite the inherent story a telling nature of sporting contests and notwithstanding the vast statistical analyses surrounding professional sports including the many observations of and departures from randomness excite the ecology of game stories remains a largely unexplored a data a rich area excite a we are interested in a number of basic questions such as whether the game stories of a sport form a spectrum or a set of relatively isolated clusters a how well models such as random walks fare in reproducing the specific shapes of real game stories a whether or not these stories are compelling to fans a and how different sports compare in the stories afforded by their various rule sets a here a we focus on australian rules football a a high skills game originating in the mid 1800s of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we describe australian rules football in brief and then move on to extracting and evaluating the sport a possible game stories a early on a the game evolved into a winter sport quite distinct from other codes such as soccer or rugby while bearing some similarity to gaelic football |
998 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have analysed the magnitudes a kinematics and positions of a complete sample of 320 pcs in the elliptical galaxy not 4697 a we show a i a that the pcs in not 4697 do not constitute a single population that is a fair tracer of the distribution of all stars a the radial velocity distributions a mean velocities a and dispersions of bright and faint subsample differ with high statistical confidence a a ii a using the combined data for pcs brighter than a we have identified a subpopulation of pcs which is azimuthal unmixed and kinematically peculiar a and which thus neither traces the distribution of all stars nor can it be in dynamical equilibrium with the galaxy potential a a iii a the planetary nebula luminosity functions a only a of two kinematic subsample in not 4697 differ with 99.7% confidence a ruling out a universal only a we estimate that the inferred secondary in population introduces an uncertainty in the bright cutoff magnitude of mag for this galaxy a we argue that this secondary in distribution may be associated with a younger a gym old stellar population a perhaps formed in tidal structures that have now fallen back onto the galaxy a as has previously been suggested for the a a ray point sources in this galaxy a or coming from a more recent merger a accretion with a red galaxy a the use of pcs for extragalactic distance determinations is not necessarily compromised a but their use as dynamical tracers of dark halos will require deep observations and careful analysis of large in samples a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article planetary nebulae a pcs a have become increasingly important in extragalactic astronomy a for distance determinations via their luminosity function a of a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a a a a a a a |
999 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we generalize topless bandwidth formula to its -th moment a we obtain a closed expression in terms of polygamy a zeta and euler numbers a a a a lots a cars a faculty de sciences dorsal a university paris sud a 91405 say fedex a france a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in a series of stunning papers stretching over almost a decade excite topless obtained a closed expression for the bandwidth of the hofstadter spectrum excite in the limit a here the integer stands for the denominator of the rational flux of the magnetic field piercing a unit cell of the square lattice a the numerator is taken to be a or equivalently a is understood to be equal to a a a let us recall that in the commensurate case where the lattice eigenstates are -periodic a with a a a the schrodinger equation a m+1+-m-1 a 2k-y+m-m a e-meq a reduces to the secular matrix map a que a kex a k-y= a a k-y-e a a a a a a a a eli a kex a a a a a k-y+-e a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a eli a kex a a a a a a a a a a k-y+q-1-e a acting as a sharp a map a que a kex a k-y.=0 on the -dimensional eigenvector a thanks to the identity a map a que a kex a k-y=m-p a qe,0,0-2 a -1^q a a a k-x-1 a a a k-y-1 a a the schrodinger equation rewrites excite as a even a a map a qe,0,0=2 a -1^q a a a k-x-1 a a a k-y-1 a the polynomial bpm please generate the next two sentences of the article | a qe=--j=0^q2a-p a q2je^2j materializes in a sososimplem-p a qe,0,0+4-1^q=-1^q e^qb-p a q1/e a so that seq a a a even a a becomes the a a with a are related to the kraft coefficients excite a one obtains a see excite a with building blocks a a 2=e^-ik-y1-e^2 i a key a a qe^ik-y1-e^-2 i a key a a q=-p a qkexpressed in terms of a a a qk=e^-ik-y1-e^2 i a key a a a a and its complex conjugate.how to get an explicit expression for these coefficients is explained in kraft a paper a |
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