id stringlengths 40 40 | title stringlengths 15 120 | text stringlengths 41 3.14k | source stringclasses 2
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88043110fec59b142efc6c02277ad503b4bc4bc3 | to sign a message m {\displaystyle m} with | to sign a message m {\displaystyle m} with the merkle signature scheme, the signer picks a key pair (x i, y i) {\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})}, signs the message using the one-time signature scheme, and then adds additional information to prove that the key pair used was one of the original key pairs (rather than one new... | wikipedia |
227eaef7ceb76cc99ce1275534891796669da8f8 | the public key pub {\displaystyle {\text{pub}}} is the | the public key pub {\displaystyle {\text{pub}}} is the root of the tree, a n, 0 {\displaystyle a_{n,0}}. the individual public keys y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} can be made public without breaking security. however, they are not needed in the public key, so they can be kept secret to minimize the size of the public key. | wikipedia |
a328137bebd300627212950f1360fa4fb1856cde | the private key of the merkle signature scheme | the private key of the merkle signature scheme is the entire set of (x i, y i) {\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})} pairs. a shortcoming with the scheme is that the size of the private key scales linearly with the number of messages to be sent. | wikipedia |
2c9b5d0ca9b14adc61d6ee8a47445bb331cdd7f0 | with these hash values h i {\displaystyle h_{i}} | with these hash values h i {\displaystyle h_{i}} a hash tree is built, by placing these 2 n {\displaystyle 2^{n}} hash values as leaves and recursively hashing to form a binary tree. let a i, j {\displaystyle a_{i,j}} denote the node in the tree with height i {\displaystyle i} and left-right position j {\displaystyle j... | wikipedia |
6bf4ab7297eba402673066e7b1ad2f4c313d07fe | the first step of generating the public key | the first step of generating the public key pub {\displaystyle {\text{pub}}} is to generate n {\displaystyle n} private/public key pairs (x i, y i) {\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})} of some one-time signature scheme (such as the lamport signature scheme). for each 1 ≤ i ≤ 2 n {\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq 2^{n}}, a hash value... | wikipedia |
cc3ffdbd9b4a27018353b07aa58bca712caaa20f | the merkle signature scheme can be used to | the merkle signature scheme can be used to sign a limited number of messages with one public key pub {\displaystyle {\text{pub}}}. the number of possible messages must be a power of two, so we denote the possible number of messages as n = 2 n {\displaystyle n=2^{n}}. | wikipedia |
43eb36b57c1100ec988a1d1fe5bfe105500e9f38 | an advantage of the merkle signature scheme is | an advantage of the merkle signature scheme is that it is believed to be resistant against attacks by quantum computers. the traditional public key algorithms, such as rsa and elgamal would become insecure if an effective quantum computer could be built (due to shor's algorithm). the merkle signature scheme, however, o... | wikipedia |
55407a5807886e27ac5f04dcb7d4a73f0b4acced | in hash-based cryptography, the merkle signature scheme is | in hash-based cryptography, the merkle signature scheme is a digital signature scheme based on merkle trees (also called hash trees) and one-time signatures such as the lamport signature scheme. it was developed by ralph merkle in the late 1970s and is an alternative to traditional digital signatures such as the digita... | wikipedia |
ca8646337c5592a25bf6f0c90bedc0ceb9b99946 | meridianiite is the mineral consisting of magnesium sulfate | meridianiite is the mineral consisting of magnesium sulfate undecahydrate, mgso4·11h2o. it is colorless transparent crystalline salt that precipitates from solutions saturated in mg2+ and so42− ions at temperatures less than 2 °c. the synthetic compound was formerly known as fritzsche's salt. meridianiite is a naturall... | wikipedia |
cf0f22c9b17e418df658884f2726cafdc3c51170 | remote sensing of other planetary bodies has also | remote sensing of other planetary bodies has also indicated the presence of numerous hydrated mineral species, including sulfates, near various planetary surfaces, a prominent example of which is jupiter ’s moon europa. the relatively smooth, and very young surface of europa has been interpreted as evidence for a putat... | wikipedia |
4828b653f3b4fecacb33bb1487b900ac5b4351f9 | imagery of the massive sulfate deposits sent back | imagery of the massive sulfate deposits sent back by the nasa opportunity rover in meridiani planum show numerous needle-shaped void spaces throughout the deposit. the now empty angular holes are interpreted as being cavities once filled by a highly soluble mineral species, most likely a magnesium sulfate. these caviti... | wikipedia |
0dc6184de51747d005535dd68fdf6b52e5969857 | meridianiite has also been detected in sea-ice collected | meridianiite has also been detected in sea-ice collected in winter from the saline lake saroma in japan, as well as in ice cores from dome fuji station, antarctica, near the summit of the east dronning maud land plateau. | wikipedia |
4bcc1ae0a5d67d1b3029472e8a3530cdc58a726d | meridianiite has been found to occur on the | meridianiite has been found to occur on the surface of the ice layer formed in winter over the ponds known as basque lakes, in canada. the water in those ponds has a high concentration of magnesium sulfate and other salts. water seeping through the ice layer evaporates at the surface leaving a deposit of crystalline me... | wikipedia |
232660d4f8269c3ea1693c9b92f9fb3bb65b3ebe | the name "meridianiite" is derived from meridiani planum, | the name "meridianiite" is derived from meridiani planum, the locality on mars where it is believed to have existed in the past. the mineral species and the name were approved by the commission on new mineral names and mineral nomenclature of the international mineralogical association in november 2007. | wikipedia |
6c394d4233b2283060bf6e030d263d2c7ba6dfd4 | in 1837 by c. j. fritzsche described what | in 1837 by c. j. fritzsche described what he interpreted as magnesium sulfate dodecahydrate, based on the weight loss during dehydration to the anhydrous salt. the substance was referred to as "fritzsche's salt" and not formally given a mineral name or designation. | wikipedia |
bb7917c03864251d95f7bb84ea4905695859b898 | meridianiite can incorporate large proportions of other divalent | meridianiite can incorporate large proportions of other divalent cations (whose sulfates themselves do not seem to form an undecahydrate) as solid solution, without changes to its structure. these include nickel (up to about 27% of the cations replaced), zinc (up to about 27%), cobalt (up to about 67%), manganese(ii) (... | wikipedia |
84b34688dba66a919166c65cb51972e44446b2d0 | meridianiite decomposes incongruently above 2 °c to produce | meridianiite decomposes incongruently above 2 °c to produce epsomite (mgso ·7h o) and water. meridaniite and water have a eutectic point at −3.9 °c and 17.3% (mass) of mgso. | wikipedia |
2a6715a198fbb0149caaf88f36f3e182d990b315 | meridianiite belongs to the triclinic crystal system, having | meridianiite belongs to the triclinic crystal system, having cell parameters a = 6.7459 Å, b = 6.8173 Å, c = 17.299 Å, a density = 1.512 g/cm, x-ray diffraction peaks at d-spacings = 5.73, 5.62, 5.41, 4.91, 4.85, 2.988, 2.958 (highest intensity), and 2.940, and is ir active. it produces needle-shaped to broad flat crys... | wikipedia |
870890c2b30b393ad4d23d5bdb8aa0b802973017 | meridianiite is a naturally occurring mineral species found | meridianiite is a naturally occurring mineral species found on earth in a variety of environments including sea ice, crusts and efflorescences in coal/metal mines, cave systems, oxidized zones of sulfide deposits, salt lakes/playas and antarctic ice-cores. it is commonly associated with other evaporite minerals such as... | wikipedia |
4ce0efd0154a0588923af683ac4759b856085f69 | meridianiite is the mineral consisting of magnesium sulfate | meridianiite is the mineral consisting of magnesium sulfate undecahydrate, mgso ·11h o. it is colorless transparent crystalline salt that precipitates from solutions saturated in mg and so ions at temperatures less than 2 °c. the synthetic compound was formerly known as fritzsche's salt. | wikipedia |
e9bcce0d0871690fe874261af943d1bf7ebf0e52 | the 2015 men's oceania cup was the ninth | the 2015 men's oceania cup was the ninth edition of the men's field hockey tournament. it was held from 21 to 25 october in stratford. the tournament served as a qualifier for the 2016 summer olympics. australia won the tournament for the ninth time, defeating new zealand 3–2 in the final. | wikipedia |
4b8d2bfbd940e3b87f2aeb427b5eff8f12504090 | the 2016–17 argentine primera división – torneo de | the 2016–17 argentine primera división – torneo de la independencia was the 127th season of top-flight professional football in argentina. the tournament was named in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the independence of argentina. the season began on august 26, 2016 and ended on june 27, 2017. thirty teams com... | wikipedia |
322eefd00ab5987f548cac5cb26dbbad28bfd4bd | relegation at the end of the season is | relegation at the end of the season is based on coefficients, which take into consideration the points obtained by the clubs during the present season and the three previous seasons (only seasons at the top-flight are counted). the total tally is then divided by the total number of games played in the top flight on tho... | wikipedia |
fa72fd410ea3e3f2b48731c39ef35a1d7e9e0366 | the tournament for the 2016 season was composed | the tournament for the 2016 season was composed of 30 teams. each team played the other 29 teams in a single round-robin tournament, and also played an additional match against its main rival team, named "fecha de clásicos" (derbies fixture). | wikipedia |
fd7064bd108f9bbe8b777ed51a9cd73dab3fe2e3 | boca juniors were crowned champions of argentina for | boca juniors were crowned champions of argentina for a 32nd time after rivals banfield were beaten by san lorenzo on june 20, 2017. as a result, boca juniors qualified for the 2018 copa libertadores and the 2017 supercopa argentina. | wikipedia |
4bcc6c33aeebc65d376b8de1338cd7e3eebf8af3 | the season began on august 26, 2016 and | the season began on august 26, 2016 and ended on june 27, 2017. thirty teams competed in the league, twenty-nine returning from the 2016 season, and the addition of talleres de córdoba as the primera b nacional champion. argentinos juniors did not take part having been relegated the previous season. | wikipedia |
1f0a78bc32137cd218f6cb14c415fa6906f2cef7 | the 2016–17 argentine primera división – torneo de | the 2016–17 argentine primera división – torneo de la independencia was the 127 th season of top-flight professional football in argentina. the tournament was named in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the independence of argentina. | wikipedia |
255711cc07c12471485c568560ea66ef337c3655 | malcolm toft is an audio engineer and businessman | malcolm toft is an audio engineer and businessman who worked at trident studios, first as an audio engineer, then as the studio's manager, and eventually as co-founder of recording console maker trident audio developments. toft went on to form another console company, malcolm toft associates, which eventually led to to... | wikipedia |
fb7d97cf08cfffff79c7d7e956c66db2b26ee668 | in 2015 toft decided to move into the | in 2015 toft decided to move into the musical instrument field and designed the bassics pre-amplifier system designed specifically for bass players. a unique approach to bass guitar pre-amplification which moves the controls normally found on the amplifier to a unit that can be placed directly on the floor in front of ... | wikipedia |
05e98b4c735fa103c6d18bf953cea9193e2427d2 | in january 2009, toft was awarded a visiting | in january 2009, toft was awarded a visiting professorship in music technology by leeds college of music. at the 2011 music producers guild awards toft had the honor of presenting longtime colleague tony visconti with the pmi audio sponsored award for innovation in production. | wikipedia |
8685e5d46912d675904342960b025cb23847f718 | toft and rick edwards co-founded the music mill | toft and rick edwards co-founded the music mill studio in newton abbot (devon), uk, a recording and broadcast studio and education facility for music technology and music composition where, in partnership with south devon college, courses in recording, radio, music, and the performing arts are taught. | wikipedia |
43b587562d5fb73e9712058592bbd95c84c78128 | from 2001, malcolm toft was hired as a | from 2001, malcolm toft was hired as a consultant to design products for the pmi audio group.these products were released under the brand name toft audio designs which is owned by pmi audio group. pmi audio group acquired trident audio developments' assets in october 2008, toft was once again developing products under ... | wikipedia |
58d5628bfb2936e9ecd919f252aba146ac95f950 | in 1992, with encouragement from one of trident's | in 1992, with encouragement from one of trident's united states distributors, toft designed a new console. building on which he intended as something of an update to his trident series 80 designs, he released a range of consoles and related products under the malcolm toft associates (mta) brand. toft later partnered wi... | wikipedia |
41c3364f993d96f3dadcfb08f643c17a91149480 | in 1971, toft became trident studios' manager. the | in 1971, toft became trident studios' manager. the next year, the studio decided to upgrade from 16-track to 24-tracks but wasn't able to source a console with the size, features, and configuration that they wanted, so they decided they would design and build their own. working together with barry porter, toft took on ... | wikipedia |
1f23922662c88e030eaba35a6d350575ab672c05 | toft started at tony pike music in 1964 | toft started at tony pike music in 1964 as a trainee and two years later moved to cbs studios. he joined europe's first 8-track recording facility, trident studios in london, in 1967 as its first engineer after being offered the position while attending the studio's opening party. he worked with tony visconti during th... | wikipedia |
255711cc07c12471485c568560ea66ef337c3655 | malcolm toft is an audio engineer and businessman | malcolm toft is an audio engineer and businessman who worked at trident studios, first as an audio engineer, then as the studio's manager, and eventually as co-founder of recording console maker trident audio developments. toft went on to form another console company, malcolm toft associates, which eventually led to to... | wikipedia |
b7ab6d9d3a2bcc3c23f7f5f6d0e8de705947f133 | the 1987 wec in japan was the tenth | the 1987 wec in japan was the tenth and final round of the 1987 world sports-prototype championship as well as the fifth round of the 1987 all japan sports prototype car endurance championship. it took place at fuji speedway, japan on september 27, 1987. | wikipedia |
f53da59c8a618f6765642b156c821c746735b297 | the 1987 wec in japan (1000 km of | the 1987 wec in japan (1000 km of fuji) was the tenth and final round of the 1987 world sports-prototype championship as well as the fifth round of the 1987 all japan sports prototype car endurance championship. it took place at fuji speedway, japan on september 27, 1987. | wikipedia |
98bb0b6743537c4a3e7646d16462db23657115c7 | at international level, kustudić was capped three times | at international level, kustudić was capped three times for yugoslavia, making his debut in a november 1977 world cup qualifier loss to spain. his final appearance came in a may 1978 friendly against italy. | wikipedia |
1b0aee9d351dfbbc5fbd60eddc0f52d3ad2d0e2c | after helping srem win the vojvodina league, kustudić | after helping srem win the vojvodina league, kustudić made his yugoslav first league debut with vojvodina in 1971. he spent three seasons at the club, before switching to rijeka in 1974. after winning the yugoslav cup in 1978, kustudić moved abroad to spain and joined la liga side hércules. he also played for mallorca,... | wikipedia |
8283554b882cd70783d8af6db361b199e91610cb | neodymium(ii) iodide or neodymium diiodide is an inorganic | neodymium(ii) iodide or neodymium diiodide is an inorganic salt of iodine and neodymium the formula ndi2. neodymium uses the +2 oxidation state in the compound. neodymium(ii) iodide is a violet solid. the compound is not stoichiometric. it melts at 562°c. | wikipedia |
4ef8a21a7a5e67b30072322700a117817a486764 | neodymium(ii) iodide is not stoichiometric, and has a | neodymium(ii) iodide is not stoichiometric, and has a formula of closer to ndi. it melts at 562°c. it has a strontium(ii) bromide -type crystal structure. under pressure, this transforms into the molybdenum disilicide structure typically seen in intermetallic compound, which is already present under normal conditions i... | wikipedia |
93d0da80b59e0415c0e5df8dd035be5fce5a3758 | neodymium(ii) iodide is a violet solid. the compound | neodymium(ii) iodide is a violet solid. the compound is extremely hygroscopic, and can only be stored and handled under carefully dried inert gas or under a high vacuum. in air it converts into hydrates by absorbing moisture, but these are unstable and more or less rapidly transform into oxide iodides with the evolutio... | wikipedia |
5c455df3fe915d3e49b5829b6442fb9811fb44f4 | neodymium(ii) iodide can be made by heating molten | neodymium(ii) iodide can be made by heating molten neodymium(iii) iodide with neodymium metal at 800 and 580°c for 12 hours. it can also be obtained by reducing neodymium(iii) iodide with neodymium in a vacuum at 800 to 900°c: | wikipedia |
7fee9947b49cc3ff386bfa07946262a9cee292e1 | in boolean logic, logical nor, non-disjunction, or joint | in boolean logic, logical nor, non-disjunction, or joint denial is a truth-functional operator which produces a result that is the negation of logical or. that is, a sentence of the form (p nor q) is true precisely when neither p nor q is true—i.e. when both p and q are false. it is logically equivalent to ¬ ( p ∨ q ) ... | wikipedia |
fde444a411cb38ff6901c50d9a02da5bed2aa5e0 | the logical nor, taken by itself, is a | the logical nor, taken by itself, is a functionally complete set of connectives. this can be proved by first showing, with a truth table, that ¬ a {\displaystyle \neg a} is truth-functionally equivalent to a ↓ a {\displaystyle a\downarrow a}. then, since a ↓ b {\displaystyle a\downarrow b} is truth-functionally equival... | wikipedia |
79baa4496649ee3b6a0dc8b1938eb10cc247f66c | logical nor does not possess any of the | logical nor does not possess any of the five qualities (truth-preserving, false-preserving, linear, monotonic, self-dual) required to be absent from at least one member of a set of functionally complete operators. thus, the set containing only nor suffices as a complete set. | wikipedia |
2bbc5c4309956b6cb870c76abcbf221f66d528ca | in 1935, webb described non-disjunction for n {\displaystyle | in 1935, webb described non-disjunction for n {\displaystyle n} -valued logic, and use ∣ {\displaystyle \mid } for the operator. so some people call it webb operator, webb operation or webb function. | wikipedia |
cf772a0e03304a4dddfa8da50b5f9d5b48094fad | in 1911, stamm was the first to publish | in 1911, stamm was the first to publish a description of both non-conjunction (using ∼ {\displaystyle \sim }, the stamm hook), and non-disjunction (using ∗ {\displaystyle *}, the stamm star), and showed their functional completeness. note that most uses in logical notation of ∼ {\displaystyle \sim } use this for negati... | wikipedia |
af1d08f60f863fb22885933a5e90dcd519789d0c | peirce is the first to show the functional | peirce is the first to show the functional completeness of non-disjunction while he doesn't publish his result. peirce used ⋏ ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {\curlywedge }}} for non-conjunction and ⋏ {\displaystyle \curlywedge } for non-disjunction (in fact, what peirce himself used is ⋏ {\displaystyle \curlywedge } and h... | wikipedia |
4af48e4b33b1ab1a2dfdc9145c78fd2473744554 | the nor operation is a logical operation on | the nor operation is a logical operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both operands are false. in other words, it produces a value of false if and only if at least one operand is true. | wikipedia |
873c6dab88c3743268b759d12e5d5051dcc34763 | as with its dual, the nand operator (also | as with its dual, the nand operator (also known as the sheffer stroke —symbolized as either ↑ {\displaystyle \uparrow }, ∣ {\displaystyle \mid } or / {\displaystyle /}), nor can be used by itself, without any other logical operator, to constitute a logical formal system (making nor functionally complete). | wikipedia |
0ac30c7dcd679eb35ee04c85b912f022869e9cac | non-disjunction is usually denoted as ↓ {\displaystyle \downarrow | non-disjunction is usually denoted as ↓ {\displaystyle \downarrow } or ∨ ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {\vee }}} or x {\displaystyle x} (prefix) or nor {\displaystyle \operatorname {nor} }. | wikipedia |
0d865b885cb6f62f595444040e4e58da1a5245e8 | in boolean logic, logical nor, non-disjunction, or joint | in boolean logic, logical nor, non-disjunction, or joint denial is a truth-functional operator which produces a result that is the negation of logical or. that is, a sentence of the form (p nor q) is true precisely when neither p nor q is true—i.e. when both p and q are false. it is logically equivalent to ¬ (p ∨ q) {\... | wikipedia |
02aa1faec0a1ba17135edac57dcd0191fec9842e | n-step-scan is a disk scheduling algorithm to determine | n-step-scan is a disk scheduling algorithm to determine the motion of the disk's arm and head in servicing read and write requests. it segments the request queue into subqueues of length n. breaking the queue into segments of n requests makes service guarantees possible. subsequent requests entering the request queue w... | wikipedia |
571d2a7d5e575f5b7a46ecc16352b0d995d6d974 | another way to look at n-step scan is | another way to look at n-step scan is this: a buffer for n requests is kept. all the requests in this buffer are serviced in any particular sweep. all the incoming requests in this period are not added to this buffer but are kept up in a separate buffer. when these top n requests are serviced, the io scheduler chooses ... | wikipedia |
8e6d5aa39346533664e0195bb596f2f7b5e8c62e | n-step-scan (also referred to as n-step look) is | n-step-scan (also referred to as n-step look) is a disk scheduling algorithm to determine the motion of the disk's arm and head in servicing read and write requests. it segments the request queue into subqueues of length n. breaking the queue into segments of n requests makes service guarantees possible. subsequent req... | wikipedia |
83d5e34d640daac8a913f3aa60d22e230dbc4bd8 | in enzymology, a 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating) is an | in enzymology, a 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction the 3 substrates of this enzyme are 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, coa, and nad+, whereas its 3 products are 2-methylpropanoyl-coa, co2, and nadh. this enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically th... | wikipedia |
3b2e1cc7d57162a78ed5e64b27b107951b2ebcf1 | this enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, | this enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with nad+ or nadp+ as acceptor. the systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:nad+ 2-oxidoreductase (coa-methyl-propanoylating). other names in common use include 2-oxoisovalerate ... | wikipedia |
95bf5793d57bf41c498051122d97de6ecbccfbb1 | the 3 substrates of this enzyme are 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, | the 3 substrates of this enzyme are 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, coa, and nad, whereas its 3 products are 2-methylpropanoyl-coa, co, and nadh. | wikipedia |
d8bfa87d43eed14122fa45f2c220fe9cfe1e219a | the low-temperature distillation (ltd) technology is the first | the low-temperature distillation (ltd) technology is the first implementation of the direct spray distillation (dsd) process. the first large-scale units are now in operation for desalination. the process was first developed by scientists at the university of applied sciences in switzerland, focusing on low-temperature... | wikipedia |
76204169b2c45a2b7b82b4f4fac1d1c4dec71ce7 | current research focuses on the reduction of the | current research focuses on the reduction of the heat and electricity consumption of auxiliary systems. the selective crystallization of the brine and recovery of salts are also being researched (in cooperation with tu berlin, germany). further development potential lies in the integration of adsorption and absorption ... | wikipedia |
ae7256e7dc51086280f47fe5253d020c528dea99 | opportunities for improvement focus mainly on integration in | opportunities for improvement focus mainly on integration in an appropriate operating environment with heat management. the combination of ltd plants with thermal power plants as heat sources seems advantageous. combinations with other desalination processes, like thermal or mechanical vapor compression (mvc) are also ... | wikipedia |
2751e4ae7eae870a697fb618b8c6962a8730adcc | due to the reduction of the brine volume, | due to the reduction of the brine volume, the environmental impacts are significantly lowered compared to standard seawater ro units. the recovery of nacl in high purity is possible and can be used e.g. as regenerative salt for ion exchangers or water softeners. | wikipedia |
1f7d651e927710ffd0998b01413eb3e0ebd77bff | the application of the ltd process becomes economically | the application of the ltd process becomes economically feasible starting with salinities more than 4%. ltd can be useful for normal seawater desalination if high recovery rates or further treatment of the ro brine are required. high saline effluents from industrial processes such as the oil and gas industry, the texti... | wikipedia |
8c100a191518926440867dc755f32ff38126c0fa | the desalinated water quality from the low temperature | the desalinated water quality from the low temperature distillation process is almost demineralized water with a remaining salinity of 10 ppm. residual contaminants result from demister losses and depend on the treated feedwater as well as vapor velocities between evaporator and condenser. the brine concentration in th... | wikipedia |
0fc71faecb9a135534604ca6843a9fcb520dde5f | low temperature distillation plants are not prone to | low temperature distillation plants are not prone to scaling or clogging even with very high tds in the feed water. there are no installations within the pressure vessels that could scale. phase changes (evaporation and condensation) only take place on the surface of the water droplets, never on solid surfaces. the fol... | wikipedia |
e8c39769bd08aa9e478a43d69fe3429695aee84e | the ltd process is most suitable for high | the ltd process is most suitable for high saline feedwaters starting from typical concentrations of sea water to concentrated wastewater solutions from various industrial processes. one possible application is the capacity duplication of ro based desalination systems by further treatment of the evolving effluents to th... | wikipedia |
70c64655af43dad432820d8ed9e71293347b62f0 | low temperature distillation can accommodate variations in the | low temperature distillation can accommodate variations in the plant load, running efficiently from 50 – 100% of plant design capacity depending on the available heat supply. the spraying process is self-adjusting, and the amount of water produced is proportional to the amount of heat provided. | wikipedia |
0ef620d4ea132abe8a539e94e964bf6800814770 | due to the relative high energy demand of | due to the relative high energy demand of thermal distillation processes for water treatment, low temperature distillation is most economically applicable for high saline feed waters. fig. 8 compares the relative energy and plant costs in comparison with membrane-based desalination processes like reverse osmosis (ro) f... | wikipedia |
c9180136e1d3bf838df709683c419726ac633f72 | low temperature distillation operates at low temperature and | low temperature distillation operates at low temperature and low pressure, similar to multi-effect distillation (med) and multi-stage flash distillation (msf). while the process flow is similar to a msf plant, the temperature and pressure dynamics are more comparable to a med system. it is designed use low grade or was... | wikipedia |
02367e1a2b4c4bba2e3ba89db6b948a75d856388 | the media supply is mostly realized with standard | the media supply is mostly realized with standard centrifugal pumps. the process conditions favor a low npsh construction in order to facilitate hot media leaving the system from vacuum conditions. due to the lowered volume flows in small scale plants, the application of displacer pumps is recommended. | wikipedia |
d5ef7f304c2cc3d0e9b0047c2e2573794012d0e2 | for the energy supply of the process itself, | for the energy supply of the process itself, only standard plate heat exchangers are installed. a low temperature distillation plant consists of one heat exchanger for the heat transfer from heat source into water and one for the heat transfer from distillate to the re-cooling media. a plant with several cascades has o... | wikipedia |
259d2ce51a3685df9ac8ccbc7748f89fecca20c1 | the main components to fow temperature distillation plants | the main components to fow temperature distillation plants are the pressure vessels and the spraying facilities. further important components are an adapted instrumentation and controlling system as well as a vacuum system. a low temperature distillation plant has no membranes and no tube bundles, and consists of the f... | wikipedia |
cb89348b918d6c0e372b86164283c670895c36f9 | in order to run the process, a vacuum | in order to run the process, a vacuum system (7) extracts non-condensable gases (like c o 2, n 2, o 2 {\displaystyle \textstyle co_{2},n_{2},o_{2}}), in the chambers. in the connection duct to the vacuum pump, an optional heat exchanger (hex 5) cools down the vapor to condense as much water as possible (8). the gained ... | wikipedia |
6b14913909e762e636cde2961ad88027209f8709 | the heat exchanger for cooling (hex 3) reduces | the heat exchanger for cooling (hex 3) reduces the temperature of the distillate (4) before it is pumped to the condenser cycle. in the condenser cycle (5), the cooled distillate is pumped and sprayed into the pressure chambers to allow for vapor condensation from the evaporators on cooled droplets. during this process... | wikipedia |
73b6711466646595bc8332384a6d14425466dc83 | the thermal energy (1) is supplied at the | the thermal energy (1) is supplied at the main heat exchanger (hex 1) by any available media heating up the intake water up to 95°c. in the evaporator cycle (green), the hot water is sprayed and evaporated in pressure reduced chambers (2) and flows by gravity to the subsequent chambers with lowered temperature and pres... | wikipedia |
052beba99d38360997d6692a5a6bb3f88bb3b639 | the low temperature distillation process needs reactors for | the low temperature distillation process needs reactors for evaporation and condensation equipped with the spaying system to generate the droplets, and three standard plate heat exchangers (heating, cooling, thermal recovery). the feedwater and distillate are pumped in two large circulation streams through the reactors... | wikipedia |
93b3a57fd643598dc5d012696c55928dbca6c98d | if the temperature spread between the heat source | if the temperature spread between the heat source and condenser is large enough, the condenser can act as a heater for the following stage. this has the advantage that the condensation heat is re-used multiple times at different temperature/pressures increasing the energetic efficiency with each additional stage. depen... | wikipedia |
10ddfb381a378a3451f8ba18088b82942c650997 | this principle also works if the useless bottom | this principle also works if the useless bottom of the open water column is cut off and replaced by a lid as shown in fig. 5. experiments on the demonstration plant have shown that a pressure differential of only a few millibar (1 mbar corresponds to 1 cm water column) is sufficient to run this distillation process. it... | wikipedia |
fe1505af3ee49c1be1c10e6621a3577bf9cdf481 | as a consequence of this, it can be | as a consequence of this, it can be assumed that as long as a temperature difference in both columns is maintained, a spontaneous evaporation and condensation of the surface water takes place in order to achieve equilibrium temperature and pressure. to make this technically possible, an additional external circulation ... | wikipedia |
2a9af1df94c0b02d049e60e1ac19cfd0d27ee2ec | now, the two tops of both columns are | now, the two tops of both columns are connected with a vapor channel in fig. 3. if they are connected, the two vapor chambers (123 mbar and 23 mbar) spontaneously equalize their pressure to an average pressure. as a result, the two water columns tend to have the same level on both sides. however, this connection causes... | wikipedia |
cc59a42af8996a1de3c700731f7cc3616ace4b17 | the pulled-out cylinders in fig. 2 show now | the pulled-out cylinders in fig. 2 show now a different situation regarding the level of the water column. due to the higher vapor pressure at 50°c, in the hot water column the atmospheric pressure is capable to elevate the hot water column about 877 cm. in the remaining space, the water starts to evaporate at a pressu... | wikipedia |
ac2fa55f1a9aaf2112074bfbc14caf4e909ea4c3 | the following figures show and explain the thermodynamic | the following figures show and explain the thermodynamic principle on which the ltd technology is built. considering fig. 1, there are two cylinders given with open buttons and filled with water in two basins with two different temperatures (assumption: hot at 50°c and cold at 20°c). the temperature related vapor press... | wikipedia |
eb37367bb64f630ac35a00b72831437c28f65b19 | low temperature distillation (ltd) is a thermal distillation | low temperature distillation (ltd) is a thermal distillation process in several stages, powered by temperature differences between heat and cooling sources of at least 5 k per stage. two separate volume flows, a hot evaporator flow and a cool condenser flow, with different temperatures and vapor pressures, are sprayed ... | wikipedia |
92b1b7a731d3c3410ffd819f1b926ff43a23dc3f | the dsd process was invented in the late | the dsd process was invented in the late 1990 by mark lehmann with the first successful demonstration of the process in a factory hall of the obrecht ag, doettingen, switzerland. the results of the experiments were evaluated and double-checked by prof. dr. kurt heiniger (university of applied sciences and arts, northwe... | wikipedia |
1949df22dd293e83cac80aa6e0244afb7e11b1b3 | currently, the only implementation of dsd technology is | currently, the only implementation of dsd technology is low-temperature distillation (ltd). the ltd process runs under partial pressure in the evaporator and condenser chambers, and with process temperatures of below 100 °c. the first large-scale ltd systems for industrial water treatment are now in operation. | wikipedia |
1ee9253f6b1c3f8cf03b7966030b8506aa797a84 | direct spray distillation is a water treatment process | direct spray distillation is a water treatment process applied in seawater desalination and industrial wastewater treatment, brine and concentrate treatment as well as zero liquid discharge systems. it is a physical water separation process driven by thermal energy. direct spray distillation involves evaporation and co... | wikipedia |
628080bdcf097bd996589b95021c7cc6cb2cd479 | the low-temperature distillation (ltd) technology is the first | the low-temperature distillation (ltd) technology is the first implementation of the direct spray distillation (dsd) process. the first large-scale units are now in operation for desalination. the process was first developed by scientists at the university of applied sciences in switzerland, focusing on low-temperature... | wikipedia |
f273baf585ba46f0ba30ec5dc92684512f0a4b8c | the 1989 all-ireland minor football championship was the | the 1989 all-ireland minor football championship was the 58th staging of the all-ireland minor football championship, the gaelic athletic association's premier inter-county gaelic football tournament for boys under the age of 18. kerry entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were defeated by offa... | wikipedia |
d3e5ff54279cc7a2ec766a0bf9b9e21ba3f08c16 | on 17 september 1989, derry won the championship | on 17 september 1989, derry won the championship following a 3-9 to 1-6 defeat of offaly in the all-ireland final. this was their third all-ireland title and their first title in six championship seasons. | wikipedia |
1cdba92744815976ee536c4d08a8ec97e42d8171 | the 1989 all-ireland minor football championship was the | the 1989 all-ireland minor football championship was the 58th staging of the all-ireland minor football championship, the gaelic athletic association 's premier inter-county gaelic football tournament for boys under the age of 18. | wikipedia |
a11b10ac1c7901ea21f8d7db20d647c8614630e3 | niitsu station has one side platform (1) and | niitsu station has one side platform (1) and two island platforms (2/3, 4/5) connected by a footbridge. the station has a midori no madoguchi staffed ticket office. the platforms are not assigned to any particular line or service, but are used in common by all three lines serving the station. | wikipedia |
6438a0ebe2cc22e176a1e5181e56e1f69e731dda | it is the terminus of the uetsu main | it is the terminus of the uetsu main line and the banetsu west line. it is also served by the shinetsu main line, and is located 175.6 kilometers from the starting point of that line at kōriyama. | wikipedia |
291f34ea3ef9460b0675e46bce5c892788aa2f1a | moor end goods station was in south yorkshire, | moor end goods station was in south yorkshire, england. it was originally the terminus of the worsborough branch line which ran from the main line of the south yorkshire railway at wombwell. the lower part of the line to worsborough was opened in june 1850, reaching moor end two years later, in march 1852. an inclined ... | wikipedia |
fdbaad6e47ec8a8791d90372b2313d5ec9cc6ba2 | the section of the worsborough branch line between | the section of the worsborough branch line between west silkstone junction and worsborough of some 7 miles (11 km) of incline with around 3 miles (4.8 km) at a gradient of 1 in 40 became known as the infamous "worsborough bank" and was the reason for the london and north eastern railway to build their only garratt loco... | wikipedia |
ab364c1026ba808db4fd1c5311e69b8ba7c4c52e | later, in 1880, after the south yorkshire railway | later, in 1880, after the south yorkshire railway had joined with the manchester, sheffield and lincolnshire railway, the line was extended, not from its terminus but from a junction a short distance before it was reached, moor end goods then being on a short spur. the line then reached west silkstone junction on the b... | wikipedia |
f616b189bb3e1996201d9228356bb7d67396a2dd | like many other lines in south yorkshire the | like many other lines in south yorkshire the main reason for this line was the transportation of coal, and several collieries were situated along the line. some opened before the line was built, some were constructed afterwards. around the lower part of the line and opened prior to 1864 was bell ing, edmund's main and ... | wikipedia |
4d889f52f565284c53d05e8ff2fb3102e2110766 | moor end goods station was in south yorkshire, | moor end goods station was in south yorkshire, england. it was originally the terminus of the worsborough branch line which ran from the main line of the south yorkshire railway at wombwell. the lower part of the line to worsborough was opened in june 1850, reaching moor end two years later, in march 1852. an inclined ... | wikipedia |
8514b50b03ec421088083fc4fe2fb5acd99c9f85 | on 11 november 2020, the afc approved a | on 11 november 2020, the afc approved a new calendar for the competition due to the covid-19 pandemic, where the group stage is played as centralized single round-robin tournament, and the preliminary round, play-off round, and asean zone semi-finals and final are played as a single match. | wikipedia |
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