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0efd42dc67f62088bcbfd5736a7b802d06602bd0 | it is estimated that during this part of | it is estimated that during this part of the summer, about one quarter of québec's labour force is on vacation. thus, for more than 35 years, the last two full civil weeks (sunday to saturday) of july have marked the construction holiday. the tradition was slightly modified in 2008: | wikipedia |
b97e7f8753e161f72a4f6d83469d78ad72e54d96 | twice a year, the ccq sends workers a | twice a year, the ccq sends workers a vacation allowance: at the end of june, for the amount credited between july and december of the previous year and at the end of november for the amount credited from january to june of the same year. | wikipedia |
32c07a4930bd312d67ea90684ade3ce77ea25ce2 | the ccq administers the complementary social benefits plans, | the ccq administers the complementary social benefits plans, which are notable for their diversity and variety in light of the needs of the clientele. in addition to receiving vacation cheques twice a year, the workforce benefits from private pension and insurance plans, funded entirely by employers and by people pract... | wikipedia |
6427812581baa7bbe3ebf263c68b88f1084c0da4 | the ccq has the mandate of ensuring a | the ccq has the mandate of ensuring a balance between the demand for labour and the availability of qualified workers. the ccq manages the workforce through labour pools containing holders of competency certificates in the industry's trades and occupations. the system ensures a sufficient supply of available workers an... | wikipedia |
705e93e2266f1431abbb0def7554ad4767f8d33f | the ccq's purpose is to offer numerous services | the ccq's purpose is to offer numerous services to its clientele, notably in terms of social benefits, pension, and insurance plans; vocational training; and management of the industry's workforce. it is also responsible for applying the construction industry's collective agreements. | wikipedia |
ab40d3422fdbff67746ad78512b2ffb1ac122af0 | the commission de la construction du québec, created | the commission de la construction du québec, created in 1987, is responsible for application of the act respecting labour relations, vocational training, and workforce management in the construction industry (act r-20), which governs the industry. it is funded mainly by payroll deductions made from employees and employ... | wikipedia |
5b739f04399c3452e4a183db802f33cb54b6995b | the commission de la construction du québec (ccq) | the commission de la construction du québec (ccq) is responsible for the application of the laws and regulations that govern the construction industry in the province of quebec. funded by the industry's employers and employees, the ccq offers numerous services in the areas of social services, vocational training, workf... | wikipedia |
0bf30889bbaff98cdb135642b3ca11ad0d81c6d5 | magdaléna rybáriková is a slovak former professional tennis | magdaléna rybáriková is a slovak former professional tennis player. in her career, she won four singles titles and one doubles title on the wta tour. rybáriková reached the semifinals of the 2017 wimbledon championships and broke into the top 30 for the first time in september 2017, and reached a career-high singles ra... | wikipedia |
6575a5ddd4c2563faa497d79395238a606a46a84 | seeded fifth at the surbiton trophy, she made | seeded fifth at the surbiton trophy, she made it to the final where she was defeated by third seed and defending champion, alison riske. at the nottingham open, she retired during her first-round match against astra sharma due to a respiratory infection. as the top seed at the ilkley trophy, rybáriková lost in the seco... | wikipedia |
b2509a5e269711d8347ee4670c75b29d85a80b34 | beginning her clay-court season at the rabat grand | beginning her clay-court season at the rabat grand prix, rybáriková was defeated in the first round by qualifier ysaline bonaventure. at the madrid open, she retired during her first-round qualifying match against irina bara. at the french open, rybáriková lost in the first round to johanna larsson. | wikipedia |
05b6633e54901d31288065ac5817816612ec3213 | in march, she competed at indian wells and | in march, she competed at indian wells and lost in the first round to tatjana maria. in miami, she was defeated in the second round by 15th seed julia görges. seeded eighth at the monterrey open, rybáriková reached the semifinal where she lost to second seed, defending and eventual champion, garbiñe muguruza. | wikipedia |
8f3fd0efbced07d17f5a1b0b24e002bb7484e164 | rybáriková started her 2019 season at the brisbane | rybáriková started her 2019 season at the brisbane international where she lost in the first round to donna vekić. at the australian open, rybáriková was defeated in the first round by eighth seed and eventual finalist, petra kvitová. | wikipedia |
36bfd7124d6153819ec871cc55aa7230634c09e4 | rybáriková started the season at the sydney international | rybáriková started the season at the sydney international where she lost in the first round to qualifier cici bellis. seeded 19th at the australian open, she reached the fourth round in which she was defeated by second seed and eventual champion, caroline wozniacki. | wikipedia |
8b2ba9865e0a41c0e2c827761d0b7c13ff18317e | rybáriková returned to the tour after a seven-month | rybáriková returned to the tour after a seven-month absence in february 2017 and by march her ranking had dropped to world no. 453. she won two itf titles in japan in may, to improve her ranking to 188, before defeating coco vandeweghe in the first round at the french open, further improving her ranking to 117. rybárik... | wikipedia |
9dbc862ee824481f9fb7445b4efed3edcc651946 | rybáriková played one grass-court event before wimbledon at | rybáriková played one grass-court event before wimbledon at the nottingham open where she upset sixth seed heather watson in the first round. she retired in her second-round match against lucky loser tamira paszek due to a knee injury. at wimbledon, she was defeated in the first round by eugenie bouchard. | wikipedia |
1d71502ce322e197dd01720767c5b54064ecf293 | as the top seed at the slovak open, | as the top seed at the slovak open, rybáriková retired with a knee injury during her first-round match against her compatriot viktória kužmová. at the french open, she lost in the first round to top seed and three-time champion, serena williams. | wikipedia |
d61f162c4b20572d29e3567b33dfe5eb44e3c130 | she returned in march to compete at the | she returned in march to compete at the monterrey open where she lost in the first round to top seed sara errani. playing at indian wells, rybáriková reached the quarterfinals, after wins over laura robson, 31st seed daria gavrilova, seventh seed belinda bencic, and ninth seed roberta vinci. she suffered a leg injury i... | wikipedia |
c43ebe8fe7e2ee58e3ab8696fa36e897340c2318 | rybáriková began her season at the auckland open. | rybáriková began her season at the auckland open. she lost in the final round of qualifying in a close match to naomi broady. at the sydney international, rybáriková was defeated in the final round of qualifying by lara arruabarrena. however, due to daria gavrilova withdrawing from the tournament due to a left abdomina... | wikipedia |
ee97bb5e66788fee7c04249f96f1122350808f6f | she began her us open series at the | she began her us open series at the washington open where she was defeated in the opening round by eventual finalist anastasia pavlyuchenkova. in toronto at the canadian open, she lost in the first round of qualifying to monica puig. at the western & southern open, she was upset in the first round of qualifying by sesi... | wikipedia |
d68fa4a5872fd9a31836cd33671116a591937352 | rybáriková started the grass-court season at the nottingham | rybáriková started the grass-court season at the nottingham open seeded seventh, losing in the first round to the british wildcard johanna konta. at the birmingham classic, she upset ninth seed garbiñe muguruza in the first round. she followed up her first-round win by beating anna karolína schmiedlová in the second ro... | wikipedia |
f18f90d8e5ec908f64371daecd23d37b194d0c32 | rybáriková only played one clay-court warm-up tournament before | rybáriková only played one clay-court warm-up tournament before the french open. in rome at the italian open, she won her first match in almost two months by defeating italian wildcard nastassja burnett in the first round before she lost to 16th seed jelena janković. at the french open, rybáriková won her first-round m... | wikipedia |
c907341b6d4a5b37672c27c8b14d972d5c713401 | during the fed cup tie versus the netherlands, | during the fed cup tie versus the netherlands, rybáriková lost her singles matches to arantxa rus and kiki bertens. in the end, the netherlands defeated slovakia 4–1. at the diamond games, rybáriková was defeated in the first round by belgian wildcard alison van uytvanck. in mexico at the abierto mexicano, rybáriková r... | wikipedia |
07becca174d5d2c758fc4144fe3f8204f0aad668 | rybáriková began her 2015 season at the brisbane | rybáriková began her 2015 season at the brisbane international where she lost in the first round to elina svitolina. in hobart at the hobart international, rybáriková was defeated in the first round by eventual champion heather watson. at the australian open, rybáriková got her first win of the season by beating ana ko... | wikipedia |
e4b9e9153424cd5d54ae84a2bc9318108585931c | rybáriková won her second wta singles title at | rybáriková won her second wta singles title at the 2011 cellular south cup and her third at the 2012 washington open. in june 2013, she reached the semifinals at the birmingham classic, before winning her fourth wta tournament when successfully defending her title at the washington open, which included a win over angel... | wikipedia |
e6a340244c163fb2d313cce69065a15f7ef12208 | at the 2009 hobart international, rybáriková defeated the | at the 2009 hobart international, rybáriková defeated the top-seed flavia pennetta, in straight sets, in the quarterfinals for her first win over a top-15 player. a month later, at the pattaya open, she beat wozniacki in the quarterfinals for her second win over a top-15 player. she won the first of her four wta tour s... | wikipedia |
83ca45c5525ab80f5d6b0cd1b41d0c44c125cae1 | in 2008, she won her first $50k title | in 2008, she won her first $50k title and came through qualifying to reach the main draws of both roland garros and wimbledon. she reached the third round of a grand slam championship for the first time at the us open. in october, she reached her first wta tour semifinal at the tier iv tashkent open. | wikipedia |
e5ecce6024e4ab3bf1c005eabc5f1048145be3b5 | in 2006, rybáriková reached the girls' singles final | in 2006, rybáriková reached the girls' singles final at wimbledon. on her way there, she defeated the future top-30 ranked players tamira paszek and alisa kleybanova. in the final, she lost to the long time world no. 1, caroline wozniacki. the same year, she won two matches at the prague open, making her first tour qua... | wikipedia |
baeba6c00a4e40bfe8f76261305a2fc48f7db852 | rybáriková started tennis at the age of eight. | rybáriková started tennis at the age of eight. she was born in piešťany to father anton, a business manager, and mother mária. she has two older siblings, filip and naďa. she moved to bratislava at age 15 to train at the national tennis centre. her favourite surfaces were grass and hardcourts. | wikipedia |
ae2e21e45fb81ed42a1375390859c353c8a30b5a | magdaléna rybáriková (slovak pronunciation:; born 4 october 1988) | magdaléna rybáriková (slovak pronunciation:; born 4 october 1988) is a slovak former professional tennis player. in her career, she won four singles titles and one doubles title on the wta tour. rybáriková reached the semifinals of the 2017 wimbledon championships and broke into the top 30 for the first time in septemb... | wikipedia |
47a016b11bb1383fb4d3ed5760db50c5f07cd036 | yen is eligible for taiwanese citizenship due to | yen is eligible for taiwanese citizenship due to his father being a citizen. in 2015, he officially received his citizenship and made his debut in a world cup qualification match against iraq on 9 september 2015 in tehran. he scored his first international goal against thailand during the world cup qualification match ... | wikipedia |
05fd428249293ce4cabac24b91259ae400720167 | on 2 april 2021 he transferred to second-tier | on 2 april 2021 he transferred to second-tier club wuhan three towns. he established himself as a regular within the team and go on to win the division title win and promotion as the club entered the top tier for the first time in their history. the following campaign he won the 2022 chinese super league title. | wikipedia |
ed4a472a7ebb48535f41f42a525402cfbb8cdfc5 | on 22 september 2015 he went on trial | on 22 september 2015 he went on trial for changchun yatai f.c., and on 31 december, he signed a 5-year contract with the club. he made his debut in a league game on 6 march 2016 against hangzhou greentown. after two seasons with the club, on 28 february 2018, yen transferred to china league one side qingdao huanghai. h... | wikipedia |
d1ed3f6a00617504c964af0a3cac43cd48573911 | yen started his career in spain with his | yen started his career in spain with his local outfit fuerteventura in the 2008–09 segunda división b season. after two seasons he moved to lucena, before having spells at other lower league clubs in atlético granadilla and ud pájara playas de jandía. with the financial difficulties and the disbandment of ud pájara pla... | wikipedia |
d8e842ad9367a19aeda26557cca1006a6203f143 | yaki aithany yen tavio (chinese: 殷亞吉, born april | yaki aithany yen tavio (chinese: 殷亞吉, born april 21, 1989) is a professional footballer who currently plays as a centre-back for china league one club chongqing tonglianglong. born in spain, he has represented the chinese taipei national team. | wikipedia |
f0151a80dd5b4a17163f131fcab206c21fe15559 | jean bénabou was a french mathematician, known for | jean bénabou was a french mathematician, known for his contributions to category theory. he directed the research seminar in category theory at the institut henri poincaré and institut de mathématiques de jussieu from 1969 to 2001. | wikipedia |
db9969295ac198ea16b2c5ca51d869d7b5ae419b | jean bénabou (1932 – 11 february 2022) was | jean bénabou (1932 – 11 february 2022) was a french mathematician, known for his contributions to category theory. he directed the research seminar in category theory at the institut henri poincaré and institut de mathématiques de jussieu from 1969 to 2001. | wikipedia |
54f33c0f7bb13f747103b85efa29fe97edc2df4d | in electrical engineering, statistical computing and bioinformatics, the | in electrical engineering, statistical computing and bioinformatics, the baum–welch algorithm is a special case of the expectation–maximization algorithm used to find the unknown parameters of a hidden markov model (hmm). it makes use of the forward-backward algorithm to compute the statistics for the expectation step. | wikipedia |
bb161946b0fcafffd3e1a565dfaa1f33b135304d | copy-number variations (cnvs) are an abundant form of | copy-number variations (cnvs) are an abundant form of genome structure variation in humans. a discrete-valued bivariate hmm (dbhmm) was used assigning chromosomal regions to seven distinct states: unaffected regions, deletions, duplications and four transition states. solving this model using baum-welch demonstrated th... | wikipedia |
d78ac49e6b8b9b7f835e9e23f1af4cd6d23506b9 | the genscan webserver is a gene locator capable | the genscan webserver is a gene locator capable of analyzing eukaryotic sequences up to one million base-pairs (1 mbp) long. genscan utilizes a general inhomogeneous, three periodic, fifth order markov model of dna coding regions. additionally, this model accounts for differences in gene density and structure (such as ... | wikipedia |
83404818f5e5250cb6821f574c8c7c593a2e6e49 | the glimmer (gene locator and interpolated markov modeler) | the glimmer (gene locator and interpolated markov modeler) software was an early gene-finding program used for the identification of coding regions in prokaryotic dna. glimmer uses interpolated markov models (imms) to identify the coding regions and distinguish them from the noncoding dna. the latest release (glimmer3)... | wikipedia |
e7547f28c680dea5fe8bba5183b391fe39c4939a | the baum–welch algorithm is often used to estimate | the baum–welch algorithm is often used to estimate the parameters of hmms in deciphering hidden or noisy information and consequently is often used in cryptanalysis. in data security an observer would like to extract information from a data stream without knowing all the parameters of the transmission. this can involve... | wikipedia |
cce1e26497bef955ca1bc2e5dd74553e8d75dfbe | hidden markov models were first applied to speech | hidden markov models were first applied to speech recognition by james k. baker in 1975. continuous speech recognition occurs by the following steps, modeled by a hmm. feature analysis is first undertaken on temporal and/or spectral features of the speech signal. this produces an observation vector. the feature is then... | wikipedia |
9e19a4caf6d877dd95e38a5f6dc0e9e20a3da065 | to estimate the initial probabilities we assume all | to estimate the initial probabilities we assume all sequences start with the hidden state s 1 {\displaystyle s_{1}} and calculate the highest probability and then repeat for s 2 {\displaystyle s_{2}}. again we then normalize to give an updated initial vector. | wikipedia |
9b848a8fd9e113183c0423de355d9de8aab8f147 | this allows us to calculate the emission matrix | this allows us to calculate the emission matrix as described above in the algorithm, by adding up the probabilities for the respective observed sequences. we then repeat for if n came from s 1 {\displaystyle s_{1}} and for if n and e came from s 2 {\displaystyle s_{2}} and normalize. | wikipedia |
39d6ccbd82246e46f94775b76ac77b2743d4d882 | the new estimate for the e coming from | the new estimate for the e coming from s 1 {\displaystyle s_{1}} emission is now 0.2394 0.2730 = 0.8769 {\displaystyle {\frac {0.2394}{0.2730}}=0.8769}. | wikipedia |
c8cd9b9291ecea8650d7e64199de0e73c6ffeb98 | thus the new estimate for the s 1 | thus the new estimate for the s 1 {\displaystyle s_{1}} to s 2 {\displaystyle s_{2}} transition is now 0.22 2.4234 = 0.0908 {\displaystyle {\frac {0.22}{2.4234}}=0.0908} (referred to as "pseudo probabilities" in the following tables). we then calculate the s 2 {\displaystyle s_{2}} to s 1 {\displaystyle s_{1}}, s 2 {\d... | wikipedia |
8494a304a157be83f3428739eed449ddba7178fc | the next step is to estimate a new | the next step is to estimate a new transition matrix. for example, the probability of the sequence nn and the state being s 1 {\displaystyle s_{1}} then s 2 {\displaystyle s_{2}} is given by the following, p (s 1) ⋅ p (n | s 1) ⋅ p (s 1 → s 2) ⋅ p (n | s 2). {\displaystyle p(s_{1})\cdot p(n|s_{1})\cdot p(s_{1}\rightarr... | wikipedia |
caaf6b23487303ac890d9bacfe529817f56c9676 | suppose we have a chicken from which we | suppose we have a chicken from which we collect eggs at noon every day. now whether or not the chicken has laid eggs for collection depends on some unknown factors that are hidden. we can however (for simplicity) assume that the chicken is always in one of two states that influence whether the chicken lays eggs, and th... | wikipedia |
1d6d7c6286bf6c95b8aa62d48a002e77cdd4e8ca | the algorithm described thus far assumes a single | the algorithm described thus far assumes a single observed sequence y = y 1, …, y n {\displaystyle y=y_{1},\ldots,y_{n}}. however, in many situations, there are several sequences observed: y 1, …, y r {\displaystyle y_{1},\ldots,y_{r}}. in this case, the information from all of the observed sequences must be used in th... | wikipedia |
a2b0a8b405d8ad39397a568f40412b58cb7ada67 | note: it is possible to over-fit a particular | note: it is possible to over-fit a particular data set. that is, p (y ∣ θ final) > p (y ∣ θ true) {\displaystyle p(y\mid \theta _{\text{final}})>p(y\mid \theta _{\text{true}})}. the algorithm also does not guarantee a global maximum. | wikipedia |
372e8b58bd1f78d30bb0052a289f71bbd47708b1 | is an indicator function, and b i ∗ | is an indicator function, and b i ∗ (v k) {\displaystyle b_{i}^{*}(v_{k})} is the expected number of times the output observations have been equal to v k {\displaystyle v_{k}} while in state i {\displaystyle i} over the expected total number of times in state i {\displaystyle i}. | wikipedia |
dac0b3753dd3f586892564b7e3a12157cc24f90f | which is the expected number of transitions from | which is the expected number of transitions from state i to state j compared to the expected total number of transitions away from state i. to clarify, the number of transitions away from state i does not mean transitions to a different state j, but to any state including itself. this is equivalent to the number of tim... | wikipedia |
39413c3eb1c1f94deb23bb24dad49cb0475da371 | the denominators of γ i (t) {\displaystyle \gamma | the denominators of γ i (t) {\displaystyle \gamma _{i}(t)} and ξ i j (t) {\displaystyle \xi _{ij}(t)} are the same ; they represent the probability of making the observation y {\displaystyle y} given the parameters θ {\displaystyle \theta }. | wikipedia |
3fa52cd478ee5918dc09bff502ce6d19c3c5880a | which is the probability of being in state | which is the probability of being in state i {\displaystyle i} and j {\displaystyle j} at times t {\displaystyle t} and t + 1 {\displaystyle t+1} respectively given the observed sequence y {\displaystyle y} and parameters θ {\displaystyle \theta }. | wikipedia |
8cd7abab4a66cc54dd04239acb5577b47dca4429 | let β i (t) = p (y t | let β i (t) = p (y t + 1 = y t + 1, …, y t = y t ∣ x t = i, θ) {\displaystyle \beta _{i}(t)=p(y_{t+1}=y_{t+1},\ldots,y_{t}=y_{t}\mid x_{t}=i,\theta)} that is the probability of the ending partial sequence y t + 1, …, y t {\displaystyle y_{t+1},\ldots,y_{t}} given starting state i {\displaystyle i} at time t {\displayst... | wikipedia |
d9e90a400dbea93b64d454e997a0c643d0e26f04 | since this series converges exponentially to zero, the | since this series converges exponentially to zero, the algorithm will numerically underflow for longer sequences. however, this can be avoided in a slightly modified algorithm by scaling α {\displaystyle \alpha } in the forward and β {\displaystyle \beta } in the backward procedure below. | wikipedia |
380369edddac9e7c9dcaa9247ce9a8a16d0a561b | let α i (t) = p (y 1 | let α i (t) = p (y 1 = y 1, …, y t = y t, x t = i ∣ θ) {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}(t)=p(y_{1}=y_{1},\ldots,y_{t}=y_{t},x_{t}=i\mid \theta)}, the probability of seeing the observations y 1, y 2, …, y t {\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2},\ldots,y_{t}} and being in state i {\displaystyle i} at time t {\displaystyle t}. this is fou... | wikipedia |
258c743306ffa145c35c7b1c45b4f9903f316eed | set θ = (a, b, π) {\displaystyle \theta | set θ = (a, b, π) {\displaystyle \theta =(a,b,\pi)} with random initial conditions. they can also be set using prior information about the parameters if it is available; this can speed up the algorithm and also steer it toward the desired local maximum. | wikipedia |
dfc70d334ee0f2197f702378d8c7fa288525cdac | thus we can describe a hidden markov chain | thus we can describe a hidden markov chain by θ = (a, b, π) {\displaystyle \theta =(a,b,\pi)}. the baum–welch algorithm finds a local maximum for θ ∗ = a r g m a x θ p (y ∣ θ) {\displaystyle \theta ^{*}=\operatorname {arg\,max} _{\theta }p(y\mid \theta)} (i.e. the hmm parameters θ {\displaystyle \theta } that maximize ... | wikipedia |
ca891304c5a7a1e7527fa1cdc1fabc1f1d6638a7 | an observation sequence is given by y = | an observation sequence is given by y = (y 1 = y 1, y 2 = y 2, …, y t = y t) {\displaystyle y=(y_{1}=y_{1},y_{2}=y_{2},\ldots,y_{t}=y_{t})}. | wikipedia |
4c66a9ac279a0f31c25e6dcfbe3887057ae38876 | taking into account all the possible values of | taking into account all the possible values of y t {\displaystyle y_{t}} and x t {\displaystyle x_{t}}, we obtain the n × k {\displaystyle n\times k} matrix b = { b j (y i) } {\displaystyle b=\{b_{j}(y_{i})\}} where b j {\displaystyle b_{j}} belongs to all the possible states and y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} belongs to al... | wikipedia |
8702e127cb4acb988f5ea8533ae35157a5007f2c | the observation variables y t {\displaystyle y_{t}} can | the observation variables y t {\displaystyle y_{t}} can take one of k {\displaystyle k} possible values. we also assume the observation given the "hidden" state is time independent. the probability of a certain observation y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} at time t {\displaystyle t} for state x t = j {\displaystyle x_{t}=j} i... | wikipedia |
a12379ab5bca4d359abb7e2bfbc4ab617f170f48 | let x t {\displaystyle x_{t}} be a discrete | let x t {\displaystyle x_{t}} be a discrete hidden random variable with n {\displaystyle n} possible values (i.e. we assume there are n {\displaystyle n} states in total). we assume the p (x t ∣ x t − 1) {\displaystyle p(x_{t}\mid x_{t-1})} is independent of time t {\displaystyle t}, which leads to the definition of th... | wikipedia |
c09130acdbd0c1f2793b72e75d20548d3b907ce7 | a hidden markov model describes the joint probability | a hidden markov model describes the joint probability of a collection of " hidden " and observed discrete random variables. it relies on the assumption that the i -th hidden variable given the (i − 1)-th hidden variable is independent of previous hidden variables, and the current observation variables depend only on th... | wikipedia |
89e9b4306e6cbd8d1c0daae7b462abd26cf7ac20 | the baum–welch algorithm was named after its inventors | the baum–welch algorithm was named after its inventors leonard e. baum and lloyd r. welch. the algorithm and the hidden markov models were first described in a series of articles by baum and his peers at the ida center for communications research, princeton in the late 1960s and early 1970s. one of the first major appl... | wikipedia |
54f33c0f7bb13f747103b85efa29fe97edc2df4d | in electrical engineering, statistical computing and bioinformatics, the | in electrical engineering, statistical computing and bioinformatics, the baum–welch algorithm is a special case of the expectation–maximization algorithm used to find the unknown parameters of a hidden markov model (hmm). it makes use of the forward-backward algorithm to compute the statistics for the expectation step. | wikipedia |
2894818d78871400f288e82e0492531038e9cb93 | the 2017 v.league 1 season was the 34th | the 2017 v.league 1 season was the 34th season of the v.league 1, the highest division of vietnamese football and the 17th as a professional league. the season began on 7 january 2017 and ended on 25 november 2017. the season was twice interrupted due to the vietnam football federation's decision to stop the league for... | wikipedia |
605f56cabf7b43d226f3ecfb71d14a3faf7d3078 | this table lists the positions of teams after | this table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. in order to preserve the chronological evolution, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards. for example, if a match is scheduled for... | wikipedia |
ffebaf129a9dfefe50a065d4c32ab2e7423052da | the 2017 v.league 1 (known as the toyota | the 2017 v.league 1 (known as the toyota v.league 1 for sponsorship reasons) season was the 34th season of the v.league 1, the highest division of vietnamese football and the 17th as a professional league. the season began on 7 january 2017 and ended on 25 november 2017. the season was twice interrupted due to the viet... | wikipedia |
169ec85d93e22a91855d7811ed2cc36f37b2233c | glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants | glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. the pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damaged. these natural chemicals most likely contribute to plant defence against p... | wikipedia |
1f079448fec709df08139f3b0f9b3f7013115967 | plants produce glucosinolates in response to the degree | plants produce glucosinolates in response to the degree of herbivory being suffered. their production in relation to atmospheric co concentrations is complex: increased co can give increased, decreased or unchanged production and there may be genetic variation within the brassicales. | wikipedia |
46bf9e851a5eac4246514ce6c63db79f322ffa14 | other kinds of insects (specialised sawflies and aphids) | other kinds of insects (specialised sawflies and aphids) sequester glucosinolates. in specialised aphids, but not in sawflies, a distinct animal myrosinase is found in muscle tissue, leading to degradation of sequestered glucosinolates upon aphid tissue destruction. this diverse panel of biochemical solutions to the sa... | wikipedia |
8fa4c6c4f582d0c7934126b0a2609ff388a5c47b | in contrast, the diamondback moth, a pest of | in contrast, the diamondback moth, a pest of cruciferous plants, may recognize the presence of glucosinolates, allowing it to identify the proper host plant. indeed, a characteristic, specialised insect fauna is found on glucosinolate-containing plants, including butterflies, such as large white, small white, and orang... | wikipedia |
f519daf7092ee19701e715f7ccb1d84325247826 | glucosinolates and their products have a negative effect | glucosinolates and their products have a negative effect on many insects, resulting from a combination of deterrence and toxicity. in an attempt to apply this principle in an agronomic context, some glucosinolate-derived products can serve as antifeedants, i.e., natural pesticides. | wikipedia |
04fb0127805f863d573a1ba23516814f0dc9f30c | the isothiocyanates formed from glucosinolates are under laboratory | the isothiocyanates formed from glucosinolates are under laboratory research to assess the expression and activation of enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics, such as carcinogens. observational studies have been conducted to determine if consumption of cruciferous vegetables affects cancer risk in humans, but there is in... | wikipedia |
a7bdf598dfe125341851901dc4da05198ada0c7b | the use of glucosinolate-containing crops as primary food | the use of glucosinolate-containing crops as primary food source for animals can have negative effects if the concentration of glucosinolate is higher than what is acceptable for the animal in question, because some glucosinolates have been shown to have toxic effects (mainly as goitrogens and anti-thyroid agents) in l... | wikipedia |
d120c6109a96915a5c1caf8592fd5bb6e5b742ef | to prevent damage to the plant itself, the | to prevent damage to the plant itself, the myrosinase and glucosinolates are stored in separate compartments of the cell or in different cells in the tissue, and come together only or mainly under conditions of physical injury (see myrosinase). | wikipedia |
3d50691ffebe1a379430dfddae373b59da05082f | in contrast, the reaction illustrated by red curved | in contrast, the reaction illustrated by red curved arrows at the right side of the figure, depicting the rearrangement of atoms resulting in the isothiocyanate, is expected to be non-enzymatic. this type of rearrangement can be named a lossen rearrangement, or a lossen- like rearrangement, since this name was first us... | wikipedia |
047972016c3caff93f8c840706359b1034b107df | in the chemical reaction illustrated above, the red | in the chemical reaction illustrated above, the red curved arrows in the left side of figure are simplified compared to reality, as the role of the enzyme myrosinase is not shown. however, the mechanism shown is fundamentally in accordance with the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. | wikipedia |
3f0ddb2d7c3856e55864fa528afd576568773fa5 | the plants contain the enzyme myrosinase, which, in | the plants contain the enzyme myrosinase, which, in the presence of water, cleaves off the glucose group from a glucosinolate. the remaining molecule then quickly converts to an isothiocyanate, a nitrile, or a thiocyanate; these are the active substances that serve as defense for the plant. glucosinolates are also call... | wikipedia |
eef94490fa2aa7c062540cbeb5445cf20291da63 | a sequence of seven enzyme-catalysed steps is used. | a sequence of seven enzyme-catalysed steps is used. the sulfur atom is incorporated from glutathione (gsh) and the sugar component is added to the resulting thiol derivative by a glycosyltransferase before the final sulfonation step. | wikipedia |
2a5a0971eeb2c703bc9cb4463ea8497bd59be75d | about 132 different glucosinolates are known to occur | about 132 different glucosinolates are known to occur naturally in plants. they are biosynthesized from amino acids: so-called aliphatic glucosinolates derived from mainly methionine, but also alanine, leucine, isoleucine, or valine. (most glucosinolates are actually derived from chain-elongated homologues of these ami... | wikipedia |
edf228d8d865ec039ca57c54352d13df980f81e3 | sinigrin was first of the class to be | sinigrin was first of the class to be isolated — in 1839 as its potassium salt. its chemical structure had been established by 1930, showing that it is a glucose derivative with β- d -glucopyranose configuration. it was unclear at that time whether the c=n bond was in the z (or syn) form, with sulfur and oxygen substit... | wikipedia |
d6df284350f082933bd5f3ed501901816ca91591 | the semisystematic naming of glucosinolates consists of the | the semisystematic naming of glucosinolates consists of the chemical name of the group "r" in the diagram followed by "glucosinolate", with or without a space. for example, allylglucosinolate and allyl glucosinolate refer to the same compound: both versions are found in the literature. isothiocyanates are conventionall... | wikipedia |
14f3c60352c6e5e1a6658f075485cc15d26110b0 | glucosinolates constitute a natural class of organic compounds | glucosinolates constitute a natural class of organic compounds that contain sulfur and nitrogen and are derived from glucose and an amino acid. they are water- soluble anions and belong to the glucosides. every glucosinolate contains a central carbon atom, which is bound to the sulfur atom of the thioglucose group, and... | wikipedia |
cdf85e745e74c0ecde9d7b3223bde2d041b3eaee | glucosinolates occur as secondary metabolites of almost all | glucosinolates occur as secondary metabolites of almost all plants of the order brassicales. this includes the economically important family brassicaceae as well as capparaceae and caricaceae.outside of the brassicales, the genera drypetes and putranjiva in the family putranjivaceae, are the only other known occurrence... | wikipedia |
169ec85d93e22a91855d7811ed2cc36f37b2233c | glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants | glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. the pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damaged. these natural chemicals most likely contribute to plant defence against p... | wikipedia |
ef5b9cdd1d7b32da07fd9b7f423333140763c9bb | tin(iv) sulfide is a compound with the formula | tin(iv) sulfide is a compound with the formula sn s2. the compound crystallizes in the cadmium iodide motif, with the sn(iv) situated in "octahedral holes' defined by six sulfide centers. it occurs naturally as the rare mineral berndtite. it is useful as semiconductor material with band gap 2.2 ev. | wikipedia |
38b43e4829606b9c0392b22d38015a08a6c06e40 | tin (iv) sulfide has various uses in electrochemistry. | tin (iv) sulfide has various uses in electrochemistry. it can be used in anodes of lithium-ion batteries, where an intercalation process occurs to form li s. it can also be used in a similar way in electrodes of supercapacitors, which can be used as alternative source of energy storage. | wikipedia |
69960923fd5253695c81cddffaa30fa4acc93669 | the compound precipitates as a brown solid upon | the compound precipitates as a brown solid upon the addition of h s to solutions of tin(iv) species. this reaction is reversed at low ph. crystalline sns has a bronze color and is used in decorative coating where it is known as mosaic gold. | wikipedia |
042e80ea3bb11ce609435f08e2455210db5b1348 | tin(iv) sulfide is a compound with the formula | tin(iv) sulfide is a compound with the formula sn s. the compound crystallizes in the cadmium iodide motif, with the sn(iv) situated in "octahedral holes' defined by six sulfide centers. it occurs naturally as the rare mineral berndtite. it is useful as semiconductor material with band gap 2.2 ev. | wikipedia |
a4d320c2bd0fcf67c6ad0eef186713d647d50d70 | in probability theory and statistics, the half-normal distribution | in probability theory and statistics, the half-normal distribution is a special case of the folded normal distribution. let x follow an ordinary normal distribution, n . then, y = | x | follows a half-normal distribution. thus, the half-normal distribution is a fold at the mean of an ordinary normal distribution with m... | wikipedia |
d6644b70176d1b1b85ef62c2a4a5052d0cd55b49 | given numbers { x i } i = | given numbers { x i } i = 1 n {\displaystyle \{x_{i}\}_{i=1}^{n}} drawn from a half-normal distribution, the unknown parameter σ {\displaystyle \sigma } of that distribution can be estimated by the method of maximum likelihood, giving | wikipedia |
b1a32fc280a81b6c6c1fef886d6c17cb14ee4201 | the differential entropy of the half-normal distribution is | the differential entropy of the half-normal distribution is exactly one bit less the differential entropy of a zero-mean normal distribution with the same second moment about 0. this can be understood intuitively since the magnitude operator reduces information by one bit (if the probability distribution at its input i... | wikipedia |
392a91a7ebf5cd3d1e415c2f098fdab96ec42f12 | alternatively using a scaled precision (inverse of the | alternatively using a scaled precision (inverse of the variance) parametrization (to avoid issues if σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is near zero), obtained by setting θ = π σ 2 {\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {\sqrt {\pi }}{\sigma {\sqrt {2}}}}}, the probability density function is given by | wikipedia |
8f066d0c7d4b4f7212f3b4947406d04fda70565a | let x {\displaystyle x} follow an ordinary normal | let x {\displaystyle x} follow an ordinary normal distribution, n (0, σ 2) {\displaystyle n(0,\sigma ^{2})}. then, y = | x | {\displaystyle y=|x|} follows a half-normal distribution. thus, the half-normal distribution is a fold at the mean of an ordinary normal distribution with mean zero. | wikipedia |
46482dacbbcb1ec8c892cdf66d1d11c9113bd449 | waldo cohn died in oak ridge on 27 | waldo cohn died in oak ridge on 27 august 1999, survived by his widow charmian edlin cohn, who died in 2007, and numerous children and grandchildren. his brother roy (not to be confused with the notorious lawyer of the same name) worked as a chemist in the paint industry in the san francisco bay area. | wikipedia |
b65466764778ad61de2ae58606ae7fed27953cf8 | cohn was elected chairman of the town advisory | cohn was elected chairman of the town advisory council of oak ridge in 1953. in that capacity he promoted a resolution urging the federal government to include the town and its schools in an order desegregating military bases that had just been signed by president dwight d. eisenhower, and oak ridge became one of the f... | wikipedia |
7a29d4a8eec2f35b5ecb4fb89db29d0248cc3a89 | cohn was an accomplished cellist, and created the | cohn was an accomplished cellist, and created the oak ridge symphony orchestra, which held its first concerts in 1944, with early soloists including isaac stern, yaltah menuhin and percy grainger. he played the cello in the orchestra, and also served as its conductor for the first eleven years. | wikipedia |
f7054b42d076a6432590a7b3a201db94fa767e79 | in his capacity as director of nas - | in his capacity as director of nas - nrc office of biochemical nomenclature, located in oak ridge, waldo cohn worked closely with the iupac on chemical and biochemical nomenclature, and maintained a publicly available collection of the recommendation of the iupac- iub commission on biochemical nomenclature, as noted, f... | wikipedia |
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