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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
65b13b417f0bffd8a963fd64167df88862d4a369	near the equator the sun is almost overhead	near the equator the sun is almost overhead all year, so the orientation of slopes is unimportant. further away, the amount of sunlight varies considerably.in the alps the south-facing slopes are preferred for settlements and farming, while the north-facing slopes are used for forestry and ski resorts. in mountain regi...	wikipedia
5c704342278addf7a3fc2a00de3fe70dbf58098d	the people of the andes maintain what john	the people of the andes maintain what john victor murra calls "vertical control", in which groups of people use kinship and other arrangements to access the resources of a range of ecological zones at different elevations, and thus to access a variety of crops and animals.this gives more security than dependence on a s...	wikipedia
f14a9ae993a52a3e8da3c78d250577776dd94994	maize, millet, potatoes, tomatoes and wheat have their	maize, millet, potatoes, tomatoes and wheat have their origins in mountain regions, as do tea, coffee and quinoa. a comparison of crops grown in southern switzerland, the peruvian andes and the central nepal himalaya shows strong similarities. at low elevations crops in all three regions include fruits, and at mid elev...	wikipedia
7fb0dbcac16d07a210767cf756fec44685e8c285	later human settlers in the mountains practiced a	later human settlers in the mountains practiced a combination of hunting and gathering, raising crops and tending livestock, with most families involved in all these activities. as specialist workers have emerged, the members of each household perform fewer activities, but there are more occupations within the communit...	wikipedia
728e3ea4c5ae296ffa3941454ad0055c24ea6817	paleolithic hunters and gatherers followed the mountain fauna	paleolithic hunters and gatherers followed the mountain fauna as they moved from summer to winter pastures, fished, gathered edible plants and used the abundant timber for fire and shelter.the dayaks of kalimantan still follow a traditional hunting and gathering lifestyle, although they are under growing pressure from ...	wikipedia
35b9a7700c666805ee0de7e33d042055e967788c	17% of the mountain population grows crops or	17% of the mountain population grows crops or combines crop, livestock and tree farming.19% subsist from sparsely vegetated barren land, protected areas and closed forests. 44% of mountain land is used for grazing and is home to 64% of rural mountain people.at a global level, the average population density on grazing l...	wikipedia
332900c057d1eee02d3792c241cd61f6d188333c	compared to non-mountain populations, the mountain people suffer	compared to non-mountain populations, the mountain people suffer more from malnutrition due to food shortage and deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and suffer from respiratory diseases caused by the severe climate and smoke in their shelters during the cold periods.these problems are compounded by ...	wikipedia
b22d88ef154e480c58acc6740f653d9295ca86d4	the people of the tropical high mountains experience	the people of the tropical high mountains experience more exposure to solar irradiance than lowlanders, and must adapt to wider temperature extremes between day and night.seasonal weather imposes periods of low and high activity, and of scarce and plentiful food.unpredictable droughts, periods of intense cold, plant an...	wikipedia
52639d41a47c98750a78a55e063c568dce2a1e6f	studies in peru of aerobic capacity, the body's	studies in peru of aerobic capacity, the body's ability to obtain oxygen, show that there is little difference between natives born at high elevations and lowlanders who move to high elevations when they were young children, although the lowlanders had more european ancestry than the high elevation natives. aerobic cap...	wikipedia
3da8637b315b6bd55df310fe6334c29f304e39ff	many of the high-elevation people grow slowly and	many of the high-elevation people grow slowly and have small bodies.this may reduce their energy requirements without affecting their ability to handle hypoxia, cold and work demands. long term high-elevation residents have expanded lungs and hearts, higher levels of hemoglobin in their blood and shorter limbs. there i...	wikipedia
78debc7a55bdd099f2fd767ff1370937fbef7067	about 70% of the mountain population is rural	about 70% of the mountain population is rural and relies on farming, fishing and extraction from local forests. the permanent mountain population also includes itinerant mineral prospectors, miners, loggers, construction workers and others who move from place to place.better roads and vehicles may allow these people to...	wikipedia
005287f2f536e61966201155d3ae180985112d19	the food and agriculture organization estimated in their	the food and agriculture organization estimated in their 2003 report that around 720 million, or 12% of the world population, live in the mountains.of these, no more than 10% are in developed countries. about half of all mountain people are in asia, and there are large and rapidly growing populations in south and centr...	wikipedia
85865d636ca7c46498a8f865cfa0f4cd34217db8	while mountain areas are more isolated than lower	while mountain areas are more isolated than lower or flatter lands, when measured by the percentage of the population that lives more than 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from a road the difference is not great as might be expected. thus in ethiopia 50% of mountain people and 40% of non-mountain people live more than 5 kilometre...	wikipedia
7e89f11ce306a677c82e7011ef5050486fb31508	the cultural groups that live in the mountains	the cultural groups that live in the mountains are often minorities within their countries, although they may be in the majority in their region. this is true of the tibetans, naxi, miao, yi and uyghurs in china, the kurds in the north of iraq and the east of turkey, the amhars in ethiopia and the quechua and aymara in...	wikipedia
ca394f48e95c8ac647418aa653e57f32a81cd1e0	the difficulty of movement between valleys in the	the difficulty of movement between valleys in the past has isolated mountain communities and contributed to high levels of cultural diversity. nearby communities may have different languages and dialects, traditions, costumes, cuisine and economic systems. this is seen in the andes and the western mountains of canada. ...	wikipedia
ac7a646d72f9e25a13b6a933d4e1886a29049b48	people have lived in mountain regions for thousands	people have lived in mountain regions for thousands of years.some may have sought refuge from persecution or from changing climate, while others may have migrated in search of food.the new arrivals settled and developed prosperous farming communities. streams, rivers and lakes that provide water for agriculture and dom...	wikipedia
30ae061ebab039cd758e46e615809177ac5c67e7	the impact of climate change on mountain environments	the impact of climate change on mountain environments is not well understood, but they seem to be more sensitive than the lowlands.the higher-level ecosystems will be forced up the mountains as temperatures rise, shrinking in size and at some point disappearing. threats include environmental stress during adaptation to...	wikipedia
6e75d6db4075bdd04155271c60489a6f70dfaff9	almost 28% of the world's forests grow on	almost 28% of the world's forests grow on mountains. forests are important in regulating water flows and providing fuel and construction material. before humans arrived, most mountains in tropical and temperate climates would have been forested up to the tree line.deforestation is not new, and began 3,000 years ago in ...	wikipedia
32a05c60db190a2932d45fcfb0f8d95993c61aeb	people have both adapted to mountain conditions and	people have both adapted to mountain conditions and modified those conditions. for example, farmers in many areas use terracing to retain soil and water. contour ploughing also helps stabilize the fragile soil. often human activity has degraded the mountain environments. humans have reduced biodiversity in many of the ...	wikipedia
344f083634900372025d252b7a950d37b3fa2f2f	temperatures tend to always be high on the	temperatures tend to always be high on the lower slopes near the equator, and there is often heavy rainfall year-round. higher up and outside the tropics, temperatures can soar in the daytime and plummet at night. usually there are strong winds, frequent freezing and thawing at the higher levels, snow, sleet and heavy ...	wikipedia
d6e6ed314bc56054cf0238447fe15878712aa987	mountain environments vary depending on their latitude and	mountain environments vary depending on their latitude and their proximity to the edge of a landmass.the windward side will have greater rainfall than the leeward. the mountain environment can be harsh, particularly in the alpine regions above the tree line at higher elevations and in the drier climates outside the tro...	wikipedia
c78636b8ee632b05cfbcf6fa2ddacc768a7ed4a7	under the world conservation monitoring centre (wcmc) classification,	under the world conservation monitoring centre (wcmc) classification, mountain regions include both hills and mountains. see " classes of mountain region " for the formal definition. 22% of the world's land, or 29,000,000 square kilometres (11,000,000 sq mi) is classified as a mountain region, of which about half is be...	wikipedia
2559968fa3fd1e82e978a678268747fae746e682	in parts of the developing world the mountain	in parts of the developing world the mountain communities depend on remittances from young men who have gone to work in the lowlands or overseas.although 70% of mountain people live in rural areas, the rest live in cities, including large cities such as mexico city, with a population of around 21 million.the cities att...	wikipedia
4a36b466ccc0a2f5363852d4fb4e0fca72299aee	people have used or lived in the mountains	people have used or lived in the mountains for thousands of years, first as hunter-gatherers and later as farmers and pastoralists.the isolated communities are often culturally and linguistically diverse.today about 720 million people, or 12% of the world's population, live in mountain regions, many of them economicall...	wikipedia
92e289d434157a17d5c2563f1c6eeb4eca39e776	hill people, also referred to as mountain people,	hill people, also referred to as mountain people, is a general term for people who live in the hills and mountains. this includes all rugged land above 300 metres (980 ft) and all land (including plateaus) above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) elevation.the climate is generally harsh, with steep temperature drops between day a...	wikipedia
b95ad59e69520f0a2c4fb88e78dae7980e0ad7c7	norman victor alexander ullman is a canadian former	norman victor alexander ullman is a canadian former ice hockey forward. he previously played for the detroit red wings and toronto maple leafs of the national hockey league (nhl) from 1955 to 1975, and with the edmonton oilers of the world hockey association from 1975 to 1977. he was inducted into the hockey hall of fa...	wikipedia
be4493b2f8326a89b5a4fc04fff7d1d280e3427c	he was part of a six-player blockbuster transaction	he was part of a six-player blockbuster transaction in which he was traded along with paul henderson and floyd smith from the red wings to the toronto maple leafs for frank mahovlich, pete stemkowski and garry unger on march 4, 1968. the maple leafs and red wings were in fifth and sixth place respectively at the bottom...	wikipedia
ae29d41e94c894906e02efede7105a90fd1b3ba9	ullman led detroit in goals in 1961, 1965,	ullman led detroit in goals in 1961, 1965, and 1966 and led the league in 1964–65 with 42 goals. in that same season, he missed the overall scoring title by 4 points, second to stan mikita, and was voted a first team all-star.	wikipedia
d765c072eb6c17369ed94080f1a2727c5fa891b5	he was renowned as an excellent stick handler,	he was renowned as an excellent stick handler, as well as one of the paramount forecheckers in hockey history - and for his stamina and consistency which was important in centering a line with gordie howe and ted lindsay in only his second season with detroit.	wikipedia
84796cc4cb19b233367d9c9ef00c34c724e5087d	norm ullman began his career with the edmonton	norm ullman began his career with the edmonton oil kings of the wcjhl, before moving to the edmonton flyers of the whl. he turned pro with the detroit red wings of the national hockey league in the 1955–56 nhl season.	wikipedia
5e1502502b35514b070a1c7ebae4e73112f0e89d	norman victor alexander ullman (born december 26, 1935)	norman victor alexander ullman (born december 26, 1935) is a canadian former ice hockey forward. he previously played for the detroit red wings and toronto maple leafs of the national hockey league (nhl) from 1955 to 1975, and with the edmonton oilers of the world hockey association from 1975 to 1977. he was inducted i...	wikipedia
ffdc5c14a2c694ec0ecac92b4ea1437a27311017	marlène kasaj yav (born 25 january 2003) is	marlène kasaj yav (born 25 january 2003) is a dr congolese footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for turkish women's football super league club beylerbeyi and the dr congo women's national team.	wikipedia
3a09e95e42b43740bb7b5f5b495dd24794528a0d	wilfried benjamin balima (born 20 march 1985) commonly	wilfried benjamin balima (born 20 march 1985) commonly known as benjamin balima, is a retired burkinabé international footballer who spent the majority of career with moldovan national division club sheriff tiraspol as a right defender.	wikipedia
cfc941af7c1c7e2100f5f512358e6bc7358031c0	juan fernando arango sáenz is a venezuelan former	juan fernando arango sáenz is a venezuelan former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. arango was considered by some in the sport as the greatest venezuelan footballer of all time. he spent the better part of his professional career in la liga with mallorca, appearing in 196 official games, an...	wikipedia
a091f761d2680d72f26a05924882423157975508	a left-footed playmaker, who was known for his	a left-footed playmaker, who was known for his technical skills, leadership and ability both to score and create goals, courtesy of his striking ability, crossing and passing, arango was a classic number ten, who was capable of playing both as an attacking midfielder and as a winger. nicknamed arangol, he was also a de...	wikipedia
46085ae9e6f0a82cd6252ede6a9f2c66bd9a3c28	in his 116th international appearance, arango levelled the	in his 116th international appearance, arango levelled the record for the most goals scored for venezuela with 22 goals, scoring in the 56th minute against bolivia in a 1–1 draw for the 2014 fifa world cup qualifiers on 7 june 2013.	wikipedia
b8237bff03a5d79f41ead4e628d3bf6ff7b0e86c	also in that year, arango was chosen national	also in that year, arango was chosen national team captain by newly appointed coach césar farías. in the 2011 copa américa in argentina, he helped the vinotinto to a best-ever fourth-place finish in the continental competition, scoring in the third-place match, a 1–4 loss against peru for what was his 100th cap.	wikipedia
b5132bd4a08c82c3000968fe02e9c234a3bf9a95	at the 2004 copa américa, arango appeared in	at the 2004 copa américa, arango appeared in all three group stage matches for venezuela. in the 2007 edition, held in his country, he helped the national team finish first in the group stage, and scored in the quarterfinals against uruguay, but in a 4–1 defeat.	wikipedia
0ddd52226d8014048c794e05376aab776f394452	arango returned to mexico at the age of	arango returned to mexico at the age of 34, signing with club tijuana on 22 may 2014. in april of the following year, he was handed a two-match ban by the mexican football federation after footage showed him biting monterrey player jesús zavala in an action that eluded the referee.	wikipedia
fd9115ffcf1bd4e60a0181458d3b6771bf12fe11	arango scored his first goal of the 2013–14	arango scored his first goal of the 2013–14 campaign on 24 august 2013, but in a 2–4 away defeat to bayer 04 leverkusen. he also found the net in his team's next league fixture, opening the scoring in a 4–1 home success over sv werder bremen.	wikipedia