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location of the business ’ s headquarters. • the federal information security management act ( fisma ) is a u. s. law that is part of the e - government act of 2002. it is designed to bolster information security across federal agencies, and it establishes a comprehensive framework that mandates agencies to develop, do... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 3 • information security and risk management strategies 187 security, requiring agencies to conduct regular risk assessments, implement security measures, and undergo continuous monitoring. compliance with fisma demonstrates an organization ’ s commitment to protecting governmental information and assets. • the heal... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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##rm, swot becomes a powerful instrument in the hands of cybersecurity professionals. the swot analysis in figure 5. 10 shows how it has been used and adapted to meet the needs of a team assessing their own information security. by evaluating the strengths of an organization, such as robust security policies or advance... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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risk, what protections are currently in place, and what additional measures are necessary to close any security gaps. this phase is not just about finding problems, but also about devising strategies to mitigate them. through risk assessments, isrm professionals can make data - driven decisions to align security measur... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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of potential risks. additionally, in - depth interviews with experts or stakeholders can identify risks and begin to assess the impact and probability. a swot analysis can be used as well. in particular, the internal weaknesses and the external threats can be considered risks to evaluate in the project. | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 3 • information security and risk management strategies 189 figure 5. 11 this hypothetical decision tree analysis shows how it can help a project manager visualize the various risks associated with a project. through calculations such as emv, the project manager can quantify the path that offers the least impact. ( ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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, whereas a quantitative risk matrix would include the numerical measures of these values. often the matrix is color coded with a predetermined color scheme to help quickly identify those risks that have the highest impact or probability. in figure 5. 13, the highest - risk items are highlighted in red with the lower -... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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the impact. the risk might be at a level where it would not have a meaningful impact on the overall project. in some cases, the benefit of accepting the risk outweighs any negative impacts from the risk. generally, the acceptance strategy is used when there are minimal impacts to the cost, the schedule, or team perform... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 3 • information security and risk management strategies 191 in the avoidance approach, the project team develops strategies to prevent the risk from occurring. for example, to avoid the risk of a new crm system not functioning properly, the system could be tested with key stakeholders to make sure it meets performan... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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to produce the product, the business relationship could be altered, even if the costs of the failure are no longer the responsibility of the project team. caution should be used when choosing this strategy because of the additional consequences that could result. finally, the watch strategy involves essentially taking ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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security of critical assets and information. continuous monitoring is a necessary component of an effective isrm strategy, ensuring that security controls are operating as intended and that any malicious activities are detected and 192 5 • information systems security risk management access for free at openstax. org ad... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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security posture. one of the key tools available for continuous monitoring is a security information and event management ( siem ) system, a centralized security tool that combines security information management with security event 19 cobit5 was published in 2012, and a new version ( cobit 2019 ) was released in 2018.... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 3 • information security and risk management strategies 193 management. the tool collects, consolidates, and organizes data within the system, including user data, application data, and network data, to analyze and detect suspicious activity within the system. the aggregated data are analyzed to detect unusual activ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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attacks to the network. the ips is a more proactive approach to maintaining the security of the network. one example of an ips is a firewall web application that prevents downloading of material from unsecured websites. to prevent threats from entering the network, all traffic goes through the ips before entering the n... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 4 career focus : key certifications learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe various career roles and responsibilities in information security • determine the certifications and degree programs needed to prepare for a career in information security • recognize organizations wh... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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as it, business, law, and even psychology. from entry - level roles like security analysts to leadership positions such as cisos, the profession now offers a variety of pathways for individuals with a range of interests and skills. overview of information security as a profession as you ’ ve learned, information securi... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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like hipaa in u. s. health care or gdpr in the european union, are fundamental. ignorance of legal requirements is not an excuse, and the ramifications of noncompliance can be severe. table 5. 5 disciplines within the information security field information systems is an eclectic discipline with several connected discip... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 4 • career focus : key certifications 195 discipline relation to information security psychology an often - overlooked aspect of information security is understanding human behavior, especially as it relates to social engineering tactics. security awareness training, for instance, is an important element for creatin... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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opportunities in the information systems security and risk management domains. together, these roles create a robust framework for both proactive and reactive security measures, encompassing the creation of secure environments, detailed investigation of breaches, and preemptive identification of potential vulnerabiliti... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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the industry ( table 5. 7 ). for example, certified information security manager ( cism ) focuses on management and governance of information security, and certified information systems security professional ( cissp ) is an advanced certification that focuses on the knowledge and skills required to design, implement, a... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 4 • career focus : key certifications 197 information security roles. both certifications and formal degree programs are vital in shaping a path to a successful career in information security. they equip professionals with the skills needed to adapt and thrive in a dynamic environment while simultaneously serving as... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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portfolio, you are not just meeting the requirements of your current role, but also preparing yourself for the more complex challenges that lie ahead in higher - level positions. for example, suppose you are an it professional with experience in data analysis, and you are interested in transitioning into a threat intel... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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community college / flickr, cc by 2. 0 ) degrees in cyber - related fields include the following : • undergraduate programs : bachelor in cybersecurity. many institutions offer a bachelor ’ s degree in a cybersecurity - related discipline. several of these programs incorporate general networking, ethical hacking, penet... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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. 22 bureau of labor statistics, “ information security analysts, ” occupational outlook handbook, u. s. department of labor, last modified august 29, 2024, https : / / www. bls. gov / ooh / computer - and - information - technology / information - security - analysts. htm | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 4 • career focus : key certifications 199 the act of acquiring both industry - recognized certifications and formal educational qualifications in cybersecurity demonstrates more than mere skill acquisition ; it reflects a commitment to mastering the complexities of the field. each of these educational pathways offer... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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2023. their model is optimized for lower resource usage and can be deployed in a number of environments, ranging from academia to the commercial sector. one other important feature of the llama 2 model is its ability to be trained and adapted to complete different tasks. meta has partnered with microsoft for llama 2 to... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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their work may result in white papers, open - source tools, or policy recommendations. • educational institutions : think tanks and educational nonprofits aim to raise cybersecurity awareness and literacy. they may offer training programs, certifications, or collaborate with academic institutions to promote cybersecuri... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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of adaptability and continuous learning in cybersecurity. staying informed and flexible enables professionals to effectively safeguard digital trust across all sectors. additionally, the ability to pivot and evolve your skill set in response to new types of cybersecurity risks is invaluable. it is this combination of c... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 4 • career focus : key certifications 201 key terms advanced encryption standard ( aes ) symmetric encryption algorithm used globally to secure data, known for its speed and security artificial intelligence ( ai ) branch of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines capable of performing tasks that ty... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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##ographic key string of data used by encryption algorithms to transform data into a secure format and its subsequent decryption cybersecurity practice of protecting systems, networks, devices, and data from online threats data packet small unit of data transmitted over a network dictionary attack attack method where a... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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http ) protocol that is proficient at transmitting hypertext over the internet incident response predetermined set of procedures and steps taken to identify, investigate, and respond to potential security incidents information privacy right and measure of control individuals have over the collection, storage, managemen... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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of a network malware malicious software designed to damage, exploit, infect systems, or otherwise compromise data, devices, users, or networks, using viruses, worms, and spyware that is installed into the basic input - output system ( bios ) of a computer media access control ( mac ) address unique identifier that allo... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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to perform their job functions rootkit software that enables attackers to have access to a system masquerading as operating system processes router device that forwards data packets to the appropriate parts of a computer network rsa encryption asymmetric cryptographic algorithm used for secure data transmission ; parti... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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a safe program but often carries many other different types of malicious payloads virtual private network ( vpn ) service that creates a secure, encrypted connection over a less secure network, typically the internet, ensuring private data remains protected virus malware that attaches itself to clean files and propagat... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 1 the importance of network security • routers act as gateways to both internal and external networks, with the capability of blocking unauthorized access and filtering traffic when the router has a firewall installed in it. • switches allow for network segmentation, and they can provide another layer of security by... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 2 security technologies and solutions • robust antivirus, anti - malware solutions, and intrusion detection systems are foundational technologies and solutions critical for protecting information and networks against a multitude of cyber threats. • understanding the nature of malware, social engineering, insider thr... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 3 information security and risk management strategies • an effective isrm strategy integrates risk identification, protection mechanisms, incident response, and recovery strategies, and it is underpinned by continuous monitoring and improvement. • a comprehensive risk management plan encompasses the identification o... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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5. 4 career focus : key certifications • the chief information security officer ( ciso ) oversees an organization ’ s overall security strategy, developing policies and managing the protection of it infrastructure, including incident response planning. • information security is an interdisciplinary field involving seve... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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what type of social engineering attack appears as a trustworthy entity in digital communication but steals user data, such as login credentials and financial information? a. spoofing b. hacking c. identity theft d. phishing 4. what authentication mechanism is the most secure? a. username and password b. two - factor au... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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processor b. to protect against known threats and analyze system behavior to detect new threats c. to manage the organization ’ s email server d. to offer technical support for software developers 10. what is the primary aim of a distributed denial - of - service ( ddos ) attack? a. modifying unauthorized data b. disru... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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c. security software developer d. threat intelligence analyst 18. what role does continuous learning play in the field of cybersecurity? a. to stay updated with the latest cybersecurity trends and technologies b. to maintain a static skill set over time c. to focus solely on traditional cybersecurity methods d. to decr... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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risk? 4. why is it important to consider ethical issues when performing penetration tests? 5. explain why it is important for an isrm strategy to have clearly defined roles and responsibilities within an organization. 6. what are the essential elements to include in a comprehensive risk management plan? 7. what are the... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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data security breach ” by blogtrepreneur. com / tech / flickr ( http : / / blogtrepreneur. com / tech / flickr ), cc by 2. 0 ) chapter outline 6. 1 key concepts in data privacy and data security 6. 2 vulnerabilities and threats in web applications and iot technology 6. 3 data security and privacy from a global perspect... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 4 managing enterprise risk and compliance introduction many of us turn a key in our door lock or press a button on our car ’ s key fob as a routine habit. it ’ s quite easy to lock up our living space or keep our vehicle secure. but how do we keep information secure? how can we protect data the way we protect more t... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 1 key concepts in data privacy and data security learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define data privacy and data security and their importance to the enterprise • identify the risks and consequences of not protecting personal data and sensitive information • describe how enterpri... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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other large enterprises transition to digital platforms, the amount of data created has exponentially increased. historically, small companies and large enterprises have sought to contain their trade secrets, customer information, and intellectual property rights through training and other mitigating measures. in a non... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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, a data breach involving at & t compromised approximately 100 million customer records, exposing sensitive personal information, including names, addresses, and social security numbers. this incident highlighted vulnerabilities in data storage and the growing challenges of securing customer information 1 kim b. schaff... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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the internet was in its early stages of development. the world wide web became publicly available in 1991, and at that point, the internet was primarily text - based with limited multimedia content. as shown in figure 6. 2, the internet is remarkably different today from its original iteration. figure 6. 2 the world wi... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 1 • key concepts in data privacy and data security 213 future technology the future of data provenance as entities continue to collect data from various devices, websites, and social media platforms, an important issue has arisen concerning the proper handling, integrity, and usage of that data. one concept known as... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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significant outages of systems such as door locks, key card readers, and other hotel amenities. the damage from the attack cost mgm over $ 100 million in lost revenue and was executed through blackcat operators who used social engineering techniques to gain access to critical systems. 7 these attacks underscore that da... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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##target, october 6, 2023, https : / / www. techtarget. com / searchsecurity / news / 366554695 / mgm - faces - 100m - loss - from - ransomware - attack 214 6 • enterprise security, data privacy, and risk management access for free at openstax. org risks and consequences of unprotected personal data and sensitive infor... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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improve security and technology. 10 cyber espionage the use of online methods to obtain secret or confidential information without the permission of the holder of the information, typically for strategic, military, or political advantage, is considered cyber espionage. the risk of cyber espionage continues to escalate,... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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customers. this breach cost target approximately $ 291 million and caused significant damage to its reputation. their sales decreased dramatically in the last quarter of 2013, and fewer households reported shopping at target. 12 8 ibm, cost of a data breach report : 2024 ( ibm, 2024 ), https : / / table. media / wp - c... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 1 • key concepts in data privacy and data security 215 the rise of privacy - conscious consumers, those who are aware of and concerned about how their personal data are collected and distributed, means that businesses need to be even more diligent in their data protection efforts. a 2020 cisco report found that 84 p... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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it anticipates privacy invasion events before they occur. these tools allow businesses to convert abstract, principles - based legal mandates into implementable technical privacy controls compatible with existing security measures. the privacy by design model employs seven principles, such as being proactive and embedd... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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have taken measures to promote data protection and integrity. through features such as app tracking transparency and clear privacy labels on the app store, apple provides users with greater visibility and control over how their data are used, although the overall architecture of their system remains relatively closed c... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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data are not inadvertently shared with the wrong groups. while dlp does well with implementing controls that prevent data loss, it does not focus on physical security. on the other hand, privacy engineering refers to the technical and operational aspects of implementing privacy principles in systems and services. its g... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 1 • key concepts in data privacy and data security 217 creating data protection features, ensuring secure data processing, and developing privacy - preserving technologies. while privacy by design sets the framework and objectives for privacy, privacy engineering focuses on actual implementation of those objectives ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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- party risks a key aspect of security and risk policies is the management of third - party risks, including third - party access, which is access to data from an external entity. in an interconnected digital ecosystem, organizations often share data with partners, vendors, and other third parties. this is particularly... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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##rypted, matches the result of operations performed on the plain data. this means sensitive data can be processed securely in encrypted form, without ever needing to be decrypted, thereby maintaining data privacy. 16 these technologies demonstrate how the future of information systems may uphold robust data protection... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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privacy regulations. it has introduced several significant changes, including stricter requirements for consent, which is the explicit permission given by an individual for the collection, processing, and use of their personal information. additionally, the gdpr expanded data subject rights ( such as the right to be fo... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 1 • key concepts in data privacy and data security 219 in a similar manner, the california consumer privacy act ( ccpa ), a law that increases privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of california, has set a benchmark for data privacy in the united states21 ( table 6. 1 ). while it only applies to busin... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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27001, the international standard for information security management systems. iso / iec 27701 provides guidance on how to manage privacy information, essentially translating privacy principles from regulations like the gdpr into actionable controls. this involves not only technical measures, but also administrative on... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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information, june 29, 2018, https : / / leginfo. legislature. ca. gov / faces / billtextclient. xhtml? bill _ id = 201720180ab375 23 international organization for standardization, iso / iec 27701 : 2019 ( iso, 2019 ). 220 6 • enterprise security, data privacy, and risk management access for free at openstax. org legis... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 2 vulnerabilities and threats in web applications and iot technology learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • identify common vulnerabilities and threats in web applications and iot technology • determine the countermeasures and techniques used to combat threats of security and privacy... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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enabling them to collect and share data with other devices or systems. the iot now encapsulates a vast array of everyday items from refrigerators and thermostats to door locks and light bulbs, converting them into smart, connected devices ( figure 6. 4 ). the sheer scale of iot ’ s growth is nothing short of astounding... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 2 • vulnerabilities and threats in web applications and iot technology 221 figure 6. 4 an interconnected group of iot devices can communicate with the cloud and each other independently. ( credit : modification of work “ internet et ses applications ” by “ jeferrb ” / wikimedia commons, cc0 1. 0 ) this rapid expansi... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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as an important real - world example of these challenges. this was a distributed denial - of - service ( ddos ) attack that exploited many inherent weaknesses in iot security : default passwords, unsecured network services, and the lack of regular software updates in many devices. the attack targeted and overwhelmed th... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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sensitive nature of the information they handle. techniques like phishing — wherein users are tricked into providing their login credentials to fake websites — and sql injection — where hackers exploit a vulnerability in a web application ’ s database query software — can result in unauthorized account access and monet... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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tactics to infiltrate the office network before accessing the plant ’ s production networks. attackers manipulated control systems, causing significant physical damage, including a blast furnace that could not be properly shut down. this event marked a pivotal moment in understanding the real - world dangers of cyberat... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 2 • vulnerabilities and threats in web applications and iot technology 223 frameworks to identify vulnerabilities and protect iot / it ecosystems the iot ecosystem, marked by its complexity and breadth of use cases, presents its own set of regulatory challenges. unlike more traditional, monolithic systems, iot is ch... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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iot. one such standard is the ieee 2413, an architectural framework for iot that aims to promote cross - domain interaction, aid system interoperability and functional compatibility, and foster a common understanding among iot systems. international standards offer guidelines that help ensure the robustness, security, ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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to standardize regulations across jurisdictions, fostering innovation while maintaining security. for example, the asia - pacific economic cooperation ( apec ) cross - border privacy rules ( cbpr ) is a system privacy framework designed to facilitate the secure flow of personal information across apec borders while 224... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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: secures connected devices by recognizing and addressing vulnerabilities unique to iot environments • ethical hacker : tests vulnerabilities in web and iot technologies, exploiting weaknesses and recommending countermeasures • corporate social responsibility ( csr ) officer : ensures that web and iot technology develo... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 2 • vulnerabilities and threats in web applications and iot technology 225 implementing secure coding practices securing web applications begins with secure coding practices. because code is one of the key elements of a digital system, poor coding practices can inadvertently introduce vulnerabilities that bad actors... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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, report, and manage errors that occur during the operation of a software application or system. potential errors need to be systematically managed and addressed to prevent system failures and security breaches, known as error handling. strengthening authentication and authorization the importance of robust authenticat... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6 • enterprise security, data privacy, and risk management access for free at openstax. org iot technology, thereby extending it concerns beyond their traditional confines ( figure 6. 5 ). figure 6. 5 iot technology is seen in everyday items, such as ( a ) smartwatch technology and ( b ) smart refrigerators. ( credit a... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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collection, ensuring users are fully informed. storing and processing : robust security measures are necessary to prevent unauthorized access and potential misuse, safeguarding sensitive information. sharing : data sharing practices should prioritize user privacy and adhere to relevant regulations, ensuring that inform... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 2 • vulnerabilities and threats in web applications and iot technology 227 complying with codes of ethics from organizations such as the association of computing machinery ( acm ) and ieee that guide it professionals in ethical decision - making operating under key principles such as respecting privacy, avoiding har... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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and accessible technologies, they can ensure that the benefits of digital innovation reach all corners of society and that users can effectively utilize these solutions. this necessitates designing technology with diverse user needs in mind. from building websites that are accessible to individuals with visual or heari... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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a stark reminder of the need for clearer guidelines and transparency when conducting research on platforms with such extensive user bases. this conversation about ethics and transparency was further highlighted in u. s. senate committee on the judiciary ’ s congressional hearings during 2024 when lawmakers scrutinized ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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dimensions of it will extend beyond individual user rights to encompass broader societal impacts, including sustainability. the future will call for an even stronger commitment from enterprises and it professionals to uphold ethical standards, promote transparency, ensure digital inclusivity, and champion sustainabilit... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 3 data security and privacy from a global perspective learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • identify global frameworks in data security and privacy • identify global regulations and requirements for data security and privacy • apply a framework to a case study in an era driven by di... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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collaboration of international standards organizations, governmental bodies, and industry groups to establish guidelines that resonate on a worldwide scale. some of the most well - known are the globally recognized cobit 2019 framework, the enterprise privacy risk management framework, iso / iec 27701, and the nist pri... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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evolved, they have continued to align their practices with the updated cobit 2019 to address emerging it governance challenges. iso / iec 27701 an extension to the iso / iec 27001 and iso / iec 27002 standards, the iso / iec 27701 provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, and maintaining a privacy information... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 2 iso / iec 27701 hierarchy the hierarchy of the iso / iec 27701 provides guidance through overarching standards, specific systems, and the application of those standards and systems. 29 european network of transmission system operators for electricity, “ net - zero industry act, ” entso - e, july 2023, https : / / ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 3 • data security and privacy from a global perspective 231 standards, systems, and sectors application privacy information management system ( pims ) built upon iso / iec 27701, this system integrates privacy controls into the isms, focusing on personal data protection bottom level : sector - specific applications ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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and risk management access for free at openstax. org figure 6. 6 the risk management framework steps incorporate key nist standards such as sp 800 - 39 for organizational risk, ir 8062 for privacy engineering, and sp 800 - 30 for risk assessments. ( modification of work “ risk management ” by nist / national institute ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 3 • data security and privacy from a global perspective 233 privacy law. this law is crucial for ensuring that personal information collected within china remains within its borders — a concept known as data localization. pipl sets very strict rules for sharing data with other countries, meaning that companies must ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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and widespread adoption : the payment card industry data security standard ( pci dss ) and iso / iec 27001 ( table 6. 3 ). pci dss, a global security framework, sets the standard for safeguarding cardholder information, thereby playing a crucial role in mitigating credit card fraud. framework pci dss iso / iec 27001 pu... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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measures, and impact on organizations are laid out in their frameworks. the enforcement of these security standards and regulations typically involves a combination of government oversight, industry self - regulation, and third - party audits. government agencies in various countries develop and enforce regulations, of... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 3 • data security and privacy from a global perspective 235 security and data privacy, meeting international standards of excellence. iso / iec 27001 certification is achieved through a rigorous process facilitated by a certification body, which is an organization accredited to assess and certify that companies, sys... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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##lessly, ensuring minimal disruption to its ongoing operations. the audit process involved a detailed examination of the data center ’ s information security practices, including assessments of security controls, risk management processes, and compliance with iso / iec 27001 standards. this balanced approach provided ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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##ing was 236 6 • enterprise security, data privacy, and risk management access for free at openstax. org novel, it demonstrated that with the right tools and expertise, remote evaluations could be just as effective as their in - person counterparts. achieving certification : implications and benefits the meticulous au... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 4 managing enterprise risk and compliance learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • evaluate policies and discern whether they comply with global frameworks • identify gaps and assess risks in an enterprise ’ s policies • describe the processes involved in developing, implementing, and ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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gdpr the gdpr is built around seven key principles : lawfulness, fairness, and transparency ; purpose limitation ; data minimization ; accuracy ; storage limitation ; integrity and confidentiality ( security ) ; and accountability. understanding these principles is the foundation of any gdpr compliance audit. an audit ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 4 • managing enterprise risk and compliance 237 gdpr principle facebook ’ s actions lawfulness, fairness, and transparency reevaluate user consent mechanisms to ensure transparency and fairness provide clearer information on data usage purpose limitation scrutinize third - party app policies to ensure data sharing i... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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data mapping tools can help facilitate parts of an audit. 238 6 • enterprise security, data privacy, and risk management access for free at openstax. org tool description mcafee total protection for data loss prevention offers robust data mapping, policy enforcement, and reporting capabilities ; often used in enterpris... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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data are being collected, for what purpose, and how it is being processed and stored is essential. additionally, the regulation mandates that companies maintain a detailed record of their data processing activities, from data collection to storage and eventual deletion. this recordkeeping is not just a compliance requi... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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6. 4 • managing enterprise risk and compliance 239 ensuring that data access by third - party apps would be more restricted and better aligned with gdpr principles. for example, apps would need explicit user consent to collect data and would be limited in what types of data they could collect. not only does this practi... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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