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12. 4 more math recursion 1. c. fib ( 9 ) = fib ( 8 ) + fib ( 7 ). fib ( 9 ) = fib ( 8 ) + fib ( 7 ) = 21 + 13 = 34. 2. c. there are eight calls to base cases as seen in the animation. those calls result in the recursion returning and the final value being computed. 3. b. the structure that shows which function calls a... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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12. 5 using recursion to solve problems 1. c. this array is sorted in ascending order, as is required for using the binary search algorithm. 2. a. mid = ( 4 + 7 ) / / 2 = 11 / / 2 = 5. the operator / / is used for floor division. 3. a. the first call results in mid being 3, next mid becomes 5, and finally, mid becomes ... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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13. 1 inheritance basics 1. a. a doughnut is a type of pastry, so doughnut inherits from pastry. 2. b. a kitchen has a freezer, so a kitchen class would contain a freezer instance. a has - a relationship is also called a composition. 3. b. the goalkeeper class inherits from the player class. 4. b. the subclass name is ... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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13. 2 attribute access 1. b. dev _ 1 is the second employee created. so dev _ 1 is the second object to call employee. _ _ init _ _ ( ), and dev _ 1. e _ id is assigned with 2. 2. a. subclass's _ _ init _ _ ( ) is not explicitly defined, so superclass's _ _ init _ _ ( ) is executed. 3. b. dc _ 1 inherits feat _ 1 and f... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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13. 3 methods 1. b. overriding involves defining a subclass method that has the same name as the superclass method. 2. b. the self parameter is missing from the overridden method's definition. 3. c. the class definition doesn't indicate inheritance. the definition should be class contracttax ( tax ) :. 398 access for f... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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13. 4 hierarchical inheritance 1. a. class a is the superclass for class b and class c. 2. b. employee would be an appropriate superclass for developer and salesrep. developer and salesrep are not directly related. 3. a. b ( 2 ) resolves to b ( 2, 0 ), as b _ attr has a default value of 0. a _ attr is assigned with 2. ... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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13. 5 multiple inheritance and mixin classes 1. a. 1 is the argument passed to c's _ _ init _ _ ( ) for a _ attr. 2. b. an argument is not passed to c's _ _ init _ _ ( ) for c _ attr, so c _ attr is assigned with the default value, 20. 3. a. 2 maps to b _ attr in b's _ _ init _ _ ( ). 4. a. eat ( ) only applies to carn... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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14. 1 reading from files 1. c. the file is opened and is associated with the fileobj object. reading from the file will be possible using fileobj. 2. a. the file must exist in the same folder as the python file in order for the file to be opened. 399 3. b. python interprets this command as the programmer trying to prin... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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14. 2 writing to files 1. a. the default mode for the open ( ) function is read. 2. c.'a'indicates append mode allowing additions to the file. 3. b.'w'indicates write mode, and newlog. txt will be created or overwritten ( if newlog. txt already exists ) and will allow writing. 4. c. resources. txt is likely empty, but ... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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14. 3 files in different locations and working with csv files 1. b. the path followed by the filename enables the file to be opened correctly and in read mode by default. 2. c. the use of forward slashes / replacing the windows standard backslashes \ enables the path to be read correctly. the path followed by the filen... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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14. 4 handling exceptions 1. c. the string " 3 - 4 " is not an integer, so the int ( ) function raises a valueerror like before. 2. a. the filename should end with. txt, not. text. 3. b. if the line has no spaces, then len ( parts ) will be only 1, and parts [ 1 ] will be out of range. 4. b. the int ( ) function raises... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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15. 2 numpy 1. c. to create an m by n matrix of all zeros, np. zeros ( ( m, n ) ) can be used. 2. a. ndarray is a data type supported by numpy. when printing the type of an ndarray object, <'numpy. ndarray'> is printed. 3. d. numpy array is optimized for computational and memory efficiency while also offering array - o... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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15. 3 pandas 1. a. series is a pandas data structure representing one - dimensional labeled data. 2. a. a dataframe object can be considered a collection of one - dimensional labeled objects represented by series objects. 3. b. the pandas dataframe can store columns of varying data types, while numpy only supports nume... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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15. 4 exploratory data analysis 1. a. the element in the first row and the first column is a. 2. c. the element in the second row and the second column is 20. 3. a. the element at row label 2 and column label a is c. 4. b. df. loc [ 0 : 2, " a " ] returns rows 0 to 2 ( inclusive ) of column a. 401 5. c. loc [ 1 ] retur... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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15. 5 data visualization 1. b. a histogram is used to plot the distribution of continuous variables. 2. c. a box plot is used to show the distribution of a continuous variable, along with visualizing outliers, minimum, maximum, and quartiles. 3. a. a line plot is used to show trends and changes over time between two va... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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##ifier 77 format ( ) 210 formatted string literal 76 formatting string 209 function 146 g global scope 153 google colaboratory 351 google sheets 351 h hierarchical inheritance 316 i identity 81 if statement 97 iloc [ ] 363 immutable 86, 161, 203 implicit type conversion 43 import statement 55 in 205 index 88 index ( )... | openstax_introduction_to_python_programming_-_web | [
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principles of data science senior contributing authors dr. shaun v. ault, valdosta state university dr. soohyun nam liao, university of california san diego larry musolino, pennsylvania state university openstax rice university 6100 main street ms - 375 houston, texas 77005 to learn more about openstax, visit https : /... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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https : / / openstax. org / details / books / principles - data - science in your citation. for questions regarding this licensing, please contact support @ openstax. org. trademarks the openstax name, openstax logo, openstax book covers, openstax cnx name, openstax cnx logo, openstax tutor name, openstax tutor logo, c... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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leaders across the spectrum of human endeavor. philanthropic support openstax is grateful for the generous philanthropic partners who advance our mission to improve educational access and learning for everyone. to see the impact of our supporter community and our most updated list of partners, please visit openstax. or... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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105 3 introduction 105 3. 1 measures of center 106 3. 2 measures of variation 112 3. 3 measures of position 117 3. 4 probability theory 121 3. 5 discrete and continuous probability distributions 129 key terms 142 group project 143 quantitative problems 144 inferential statistics and regression analysis 147 4 introducti... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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415 9 introduction 415 9. 1 encoding univariate data 416 9. 2 encoding data that change over time 430 9. 3 graphing probability distributions 435 9. 4 geospatial and heatmap data visualization using python 443 9. 5 multivariate and network data visualization using python 449 key terms 461 group project 462 critical thi... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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10. 3 effective executive summaries 488 key terms 494 group project 495 chapter review 495 critical thinking 497 references 498 appendix a : review of excel for data science 499 a appendix b : review of r studio for data science 517 b appendix c : review of python algorithms 533 c appendix d : review of python function... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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to its title, creator or rights holder, host platform, and license within the caption. because the art is openly licensed, non - commercial users or organizations may reuse the art as long as they provide the same attribution to its original source. ( commercial entities should contact openstax to discuss reuse rights ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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for undergraduate students interested in the rapidly growing field of data science ; preface 1 this may include data science majors, data science minors, or students concentrating in business, finance, health care, engineering, the sciences, or a number of other fields where data science has become critically important... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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self - contained manner, although most chapters do cross - reference sections and chapters that precede or follow. more importantly, the authors have taken care to build topics gradually, from chapter to chapter, so instructors should bear this in mind when considering alternate sequence coverage. unit 1 : introducing ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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multivariable regression. finally, chapter 6 refers back to the topics of data mining and big data introduced in chapter 2. chapter 7 is a pedagogically rich chapter, with a balance of quantitative and qualitative content, covering the role of neural networks in deep learning and applications in large language models. ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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. chapter 9 provides a range of python techniques to create boxplots and histograms for univariate data ; to create line charts and trend curves for time series ; to graph binomial, poisson, and normal distributions ; to generate heatmaps from geospatial data ; and to create correlation heatmaps from multidimensional d... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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illustrations and python code feature boxes build on and supplement the theory. students are encouraged to try out the python code from the feature boxes in the google colaboratory ( https : / / openstax. org / r / colabresearch ) ( colab ) platform. the authors have included a diverse mix of data types and sources for... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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and discrimination in machine learning models, including related python libraries such as holisticai ( https : / / openstax. org / r / holistic ) and fairlens ( https : / / openstax. org / r / projectfairlens ). chapter 10 references several executive dashboards that support transparency in government. the group projec... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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text for chapter review questions ( multiple - choice ). an instructor solution manual ( ism ) will be available for verified instructors and downloadable from the restricted openstax instructor resources web page, with detailed solutions to quantitative problems, sample answers for critical thinking questions, and a b... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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). dr. soohyun nam liao, university of california san diego. dr. liao joined the uc san diego faculty in 2015, serving as assistant teaching professor since 2021. she holds phd and ms degrees in computer science and engineering from uc san diego and a bs in electronics engineering from seoul university, south korea. sh... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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, 2e, and introductory business statistics, 2e. the authors wish to express their deep gratitude to developmental editor ann west for her skillful editing and gracious shepherding of this manuscript. the authors also thank technical editor dhawani shah ( phd statistics, gujarat university ) for contributing technical r... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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continuum to align these practices with your institution and course policies. you may then include the graphic on your syllabus, present it in your first course meeting, or create a handout for students. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) 6 preface access for free at opensta... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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providing vital information about the daily life of the people who created them. ( credit : modification of work “ indian petroglyphs ( ~ 100 b. c. to ~ 1540 a. d. ) ( newspaper rock, southeastern utah, usa ) 24 ” by james st. john / flickr, cc by 2. 0 ) chapter outline 1. 1 what is data science? 1. 2 data science in p... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 1 what is data science? learning outcomes by the end of this section, you should be able to : • 1. 1. 1 describe the goals of data science. • 1. 1. 2 explain the data science cycle and goals of each step in the cycle. • 1. 1. 3 explain the role of data management in the data science process. data science is a field ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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development of personal cell phones. in the past, households typically had only one landline telephone, and the only data that was generated with the telephone was the list of phone numbers called by the household members. today the majority of consumers own a smartphone, which contains a tremendous amount of data : ph... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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quarter to a third of the time each, depending on the job. problem definition, data collection, and data preparation the first step in the data science cycle is a precise definition of the problem statement to establish clear objectives for the goal and scope of the data analysis project. once the problem has been well... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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user ’ s time zone. even then, some search keywords would have some typos, simply not make sense, or even remain blank if the google server somehow failed to store that specific search history record. note that all these scenarios are possible, and therefore data preparation should address these issues so that the actu... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 1 • what is data science? 11 advanced ones, based on what they want to investigate further. descriptive statistics : statistical measurements and probability distributions and inferential statistics and regression analysis discuss when and how to use different analysis methods. time series and forecasting and decisi... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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time was being spent on data processing rather than analysis itself. to address this concern, modern data management systems not only store the data itself but also perform some basic processing on a cloud. these systems, referred to as data warehousing, store and manage large volumes of data from various sources in a ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 2 data science in practice learning outcomes by the end of this section, you should be able to : • 1. 2. 1 explain the interdisciplinary nature of data science in various fields. • 1. 2. 2 identify examples of data science applications in various fields. • 1. 2. 3 identify current issues and challenges in the field ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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for hurricane frances in 2004. a week before the hurricane ’ s arrival, staff were asked to look back at their data on sales during hurricane charley, which hit several weeks earlier, and then come up with some forecasts about product demand ahead of frances ( hays, 2004 ). among other insights, the executives discover... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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extensively in finance as well. detecting and managing fraudulent transactions is now done by automated machine learning algorithms ( iabac, 2023 ). based on the customer data and the patterns of past fraudulent activities, an algorithm can determine whether a transaction is fraudulent in real time. multiple tech compa... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 2 • data science in practice 13 weather in the future. data science has made weather forecasting more reliable by adopting more sophisticated prediction methods such as time - series analysis, artificial intelligence ( ai ), and machine learning ( covered in time series and forecasting, decision - making using machi... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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necessary ( van bocxlaer, 2020 ). new york city has adopted smart garbage bins that monitor the amount of garbage in a bin, allowing garbage collection companies to route their collection efforts more efficiently ( van bocxlaer, 2020 ). exploring further sensor networks to monitor energy consumption see how songdo ( ht... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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algorithms, and machine learning that analyze historical data and make predictions about future events. medical diagnosis and prescription practices have traditionally been based on a patient ’ s verbal description of symptoms and a doctor ’ s or a group of doctors ’ experience and intuition ; this new movement allows ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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/ youtubevk ). “ promise of precision medicine ” signaled a new approach to health care in the united states — one heavily reliant on big data. data science in sports and entertainment data science is prevalent in the sports and the entertainment industry as well. sports naturally produce much data — about the player, ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 2 • data science in practice 15 exploring further the sabermetrics youtube channel sabermetrics is so popular that there is a youtube channel devoted to it : simple sabermetrics ( https : / / openstax. org / r / simplesabermetrics ), with baseball animations and tutorials explaining how data impacts the way today's ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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, many people have raised concerns about ethics and privacy. who is allowed to collect these data, and who has access to them? none of us want someone else to use our personal data ( e. g., contact information, health records, location, photos, web search history ) without our consent or without knowing the risk of sha... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 3 data and datasets learning outcomes by the end of this section, you should be able to : • 1. 3. 1 define data and dataset. • 1. 3. 2 differentiate among the various data types used in data science. • 1. 3. 3 identify the type of data used in a dataset. • 1. 3. 4 discuss an item and attribute of a dataset. • 1. 3. ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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it easier to store data in bulk, such as listing inventories, noting financial transactions, and recording a story for future generations. data “ data ” is the plural of the latin word “ datum, ” which translates as something that is given or used and is often used to mean a single piece of information or a single poin... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 3 • data and datasets 17 recommended the course was in that semester. you need to analyze them to come up with a decision! now let ’ s think about how to derive the information from these ratings. you would probably look at all the data, including when in the semester the course was offered, who the instructor is, a... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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, and open - ended survey responses ( as we ’ ll see in survey design and implementation ) that address unquantifiable details ( e. g., photos, posts on reddit ). the data types often dictate methods for data analysis, so it is important to be able to identify a type of data. thus, this section will take a further dive... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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these numbers are chosen from an infinite set of numbers, the set of natural numbers. note that whether data is continuous ( or discrete ) also depends on the context. for example, the same class size data can be discrete if the campus enforces all classes to be 200 seats or less. such restriction makes the class size ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. in that example, we referred to two kinds of data : 1. the temperature during past three days — 90°f, 85°f, … 2. on each of those days, whether you needed a jacket — yes, no,... what is the type of each data? solution the temperatures are numbers followed by the unit degrees fahrenheit ( °f ). also, they indicate me... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 3 • data and datasets 19 the same four attributes, which makes them a structured dataset. as a structured dataset, these items can be listed as a table where each item is listed along the rows of the table. by contrast, an unstructured dataset is one that lacks a predefined or organized data model. while structured ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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solution the dataset has four entries, each of which is identified with a specific date ( oct. 10, oct. 11, oct. 12, oct. 13 ). the dataset has three attributes — date, temperature, needed a jacket. 20 1 • what are data and data science? access for free at openstax. org example 1. 5 problem a dataset has a list of keyw... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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most suitable for complex dataset due to its hierarchy - friendly nature. since they all store data as plain texts, you can open them using any typical text editors such as notepad, visual studio code, sublime text, or vi editor. table 1. 3 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of csv, json, and xml dataset forma... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 3 • data and datasets 21 dataset format pros cons typical use csv • simple • difficult to add metadata • difficult to parse if there are special characters • flat structure • tabular data json • simple • compatible with many languages • easy to parse • difficult to add metadata • cannot leave comments • data that ne... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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up for a course can be stored as a csv file. figure 1. 4 shows how the dataset looks when opened with a text editor ( e. g., notepad, textedit, ms word, google doc ) or programming software in the form of a code editor ( e. g., sublime text, visual studio code, xcode ). notice that commas are used to separate the attri... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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cancerdoc. csv, ” and “ ch1 - riris. csv, ” which are the names of each dataset. | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 3 • data and datasets 23 figure 1. 6 the dataset spreadsheet file for chapter 1 ( used with permission from microsoft ) to save each dataset as a separate csv file, choose the tab of your interest and select file > save as... > csv file format. this will only save the current tab as a csv file. make sure the file na... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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semester " : " fall 2021 ", " semester " : " spring 2022 ", " semester " : " fall 2022 ", and " semester " : " spring 2023 ". courseevaluations. json ( https : / / openstax. org / r / filed1v ) has one key - value pair at the highest level : " members " : [... ]. you can see that each item of the dataset is listed in t... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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. under < members >, each item is defined between < evaluation > and < / evaluation >. since the dataset in figure 1. 8 has three items, we can see three blocks of < evaluation >... < / evaluation >. each item has four attributes, and they are defined as different xml tags as well — < semester >, < instructor >, < clas... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 3 • data and datasets 25 figure 1. 9 the directory structure of the small traffic light dataset the annotation directories have a list of xml files, each of which corresponds to an image file with the same filename inside the corresponding image directory ( figure 1. 10 ). figure 1. 11 shows that the first xml file ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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describe each column name of the dataset along with its data type. figure 1. 12 an example json file with metadata figure 1. 13 an example xml dataset with metadata the face mask detection ( https : / / openstax. org / r / andrewmvd ) dataset has a set of images of human faces with masks on. it follows a similar struct... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 3 • data and datasets 27 image with the same filename. for example, “ maksssksksss0. xml ” includes information on “ maksssksksss0. png. ” example 1. 7 problem the iris flower dataset ( ch1 - iris. csv ( https : / / openstax. org / r / filed ) ) is a classic dataset in the field of data analysis. 1 download this dat... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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“ answer ”, “ round ”, and “ show _ number ”. the third item is located at index 2 of the first list as shown in figure 1. 14. figure 1. 14 the third item in the jeopardy dataset 1 the iris flower dataset was introduced by the british statistician and biologist ronald fisher in his 1936 paper “ the use of multiple meas... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 4 using technology for data science learning outcomes by the end of this section, you should be able to : • 1. 4. 1 explain how statistical software can help with data analysis. • 1. 4. 2 explain the uses of different programs and programming languages for data manipulation, analysis, and visualizations. • 1. 4. 3 e... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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science for a review of excel functionality. ) google sheets is a cloud - based spreadsheet program provided by google as part of the google workspace. because it is cloud - based, it is possible to access spreadsheets from any device with an internet connection. this accessibility allows for collaboration and real - t... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 4 • using technology for data science 29 we have chosen to focus on python in this text because of its straightforward and intuitive syntax, which makes it especially easy for beginners to learn and apply. also, python skills can apply to a wide range of computing work. python also contains a vast network of librari... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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among others, as briefly described in this article on “ the nine top programming languages for data science ( https : / / openstax. org / r / 9top ). ” other data analysis / visualization tools there are a few other data analysis tools that are strong in data visualization. tableau ( https : / / openstax. org / r / tab... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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/ r / iadss1 ) • data science association ( dsa ) ( https : / / openstax. org / r / datascienceassn1 ) • association of data scientists ( adasci ) ( https : / / openstax. org / r / adasci1 ) | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 data science with python learning outcomes by the end of this section, you should be able to • 1. 5. 1 load data to python. • 1. 5. 2 perform basic data analysis using python. • 1. 5. 3 use visualization principles to graphically plot data using python. multiple tools are available for writing and executing python... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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, and save a jupyter notebook on your google drive. setting up colab is simple. on your google drive, click new > more. if your google drive has already installed colab before, you will see colaboratory under more. if not, click “ connect more apps ” and install colab by searching “ colaboratory ” on the app store ( fi... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 • data science with python 31 figure 1. 15 install google colaboratory ( colab ) now click new > more > google laboratory. a new, empty jupyter notebook will show up as in figure 1. 16. figure 1. 16 google colaboratory notebook the gray area with the play button is called a cell. a cell is a block where you can ty... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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requires print ( ) syntax to print something to the program console, jupyter notebook does not require print ( ). on jupyter notebook, the line a + b instead of print ( a + b ) also prints the value of a + b as an output. but keep in mind that if there are multiple lines of code that trigger printing some values, only ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 • data science with python 33 one thing to keep in mind is that being able to split a long program into multiple blocks and run one block at a time raises chances of user error. let ’ s look at a modified code from the previous example. a = 1 print ( " the value in the first cell : ", a ) the resulting output will... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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cell is located below the second cell. therefore, it is recommended to use “ run all ” or “ run before ” after you make changes across multiple cells of code. this way your code is guaranteed to run sequentially from the top. python pandas one of the strengths of python is that it includes a variety of free, open - sou... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 • data science with python 35 pandas is a python library specialized for data manipulation and analysis, and it is very commonly used among data scientists. it offers a variety of methods, which allows data scientists to quickly use them for data analysis. you will learn how to analyze data using pandas throughout... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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google drive ” on the pop - up window. python code 36 1 • what are data and data science? access for free at openstax. org figure 1. 19 features under files on colab notice that a new cell has been inserted on the notebook as a result ( figure 1. 20 ). figure 1. 20 an inserted cell to mount your google drive connect yo... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 • data science with python 37 data = pd. read _ csv ( " [ path ] " ) data the resulting output will look like this : the read _ csv ( ) method in pandas loads a csv file and stores it as a dataframe. a dataframe is a data type that pandas uses to store multi - column tabular data. therefore, the variable data hold... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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a google drive. make sure to replace the path with the actual path to ch1 - iris. csv ( https : / / openstax. org / r / filed ) on your google drive. 38 1 • what are data and data science? access for free at openstax. org import pandas as pd data = pd. read _ csv ( " [ path to ch1 - iris. csv ] " ) # replace the path d... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 • data science with python 39 data = pd. read _ csv ( " [ path to ch1 - movieprofit. csv ] " ) data. describe ( ) like this : describe ( ) returns a table whose columns are a subset of the columns in the entire dataset and whose rows are different statistics. the statistics include the number of unique values in a... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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3 936. 66 4 678. 82... 961 77. 22 962 177. 20 963 102. 31 964 106. 89 965 75. 47 name : us _ gross _ million, length : 966, dtype : float64 dataframe. iloc [ ] enables a more powerful selection — it lets a programmer select by both column and row, using column and row indices. let ’ s look at some code examples below. ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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659. 33 you can also use dataframe. iloc [ ] to select a specific group of cells on the table. the example code below shows different ways of using iloc [ ]. there are multiple ways of using iloc [ ], but this chapter introduces a couple of common ones. you will learn more techniques for working with data throughout th... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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iloc [ ]. python code 44 1 • what are data and data science? access for free at openstax. org solution the following code in a new cell returns the “ petal _ length ” column. data. iloc [ :, 2 ] the resulting output will look like this : 0 1. 4 1 1. 4 2 1. 3 3 1. 5 4 1. 4... 145 5. 2 146 5. 0 147 5. 2 148 5. 4 149 | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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5. 1 name : petal _ length, length : 150, dtype : float64 search data using python pandas to search for some data entries that fulfill specific criteria ( i. e., filter ), you can use dataframe. loc [ ] of pandas. when you indicate the filtering criteria inside the brackets, [ ], the output returns the filtered rows wi... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 • data science with python 45 example 1. 13 problem using dataframe. loc [ ], search for all the items of iris - virginica species in the iris dataset. solution the following code returns a filtered dataframe whose species are iris - virginica. all such rows show up as an output. data = pd. read _ csv ( " [ path t... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 • data science with python 47 visualize data using python matplotlib there are multiple ways to draw plots of data in python. the most common and straightforward way is to import another library, matplotlib, which is specialized for data visualization. matplotlib is a huge library, and to draw the plots you only n... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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a scatterplot using matplotlib ’ s scatter ( ) plt. scatter ( data [ " us _ gross _ million " ], data [ " worldwide _ gross _ million " ] ) the resulting output will look like this : notice that it simply has a set of dots on a white plane. the plot itself does not show what each axis represents, what this plot is abou... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 • data science with python 49 you can also change the range of numbers along the x - and y - axes with plt. xlim ( ) and plt. ylim ( ). add the following two lines of code to the cell in the previous python code example, which plots the scatterplot. # draw a scatterplot plt. scatter ( data [ " us _ gross _ million... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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setosa') ] # draw a scatterplot plt. scatter ( setosa [ " petal _ length " ], setosa [ " petal _ width " ] ) python code | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1. 5 • data science with python 51 # set the title plt. title ( " petal length vs. petal width of setosa iris " ) # set the x - axis label plt. xlabel ( " petal length " ) # set the y - axis label plt. ylabel ( " petal width " ) the resulting output will look like this : datasets note : the primary datasets referenced ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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of visual elements such as charts, graphs, and maps data warehousing the process of storing and managing large volumes of data from various sources in a central location for easier access and analysis by businesses dataframe a data type that pandas uses to store a multi - column tabular data dataset a collection of rel... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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non - numerical data that generally describe subjective attributes or characteristics and are analyzed using methods such as thematic analysis or content analysis quantitative data data that can be measured by specific quantities and amounts and are often analyzed using statistical methods r an open - source programmin... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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##ch ) using the suggested sources or similar - quality sources that you research on the internet, find two to three datasets about the field or industry in which you intend to work. ( you might also try to determine whether similar data sets are available at the national, state / province, and local / city levels. ) i... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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, including fair use of copyrighted materials ( see the u. s. copyright office guidelines ( https : / / openstax. org / r / fairuse ). ) c. bias concerns related to data collection ( see the national cancer institute ( nci ) article ( https : / / openstax. org / r / bias ) on data bias. ) suppose that you are part of a... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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