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The World Health Organization targeted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) for elimination as a public health problem and for elimination of transmission.,To measure gHAT elimination success with prevalences close to zero, highly specific diagnostics are necessary.,Such a test exists in th... | Following World Health Assembly resolutions 50.36 in 1997 and 56.7 in 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) committed itself to supporting human African trypanosomiasis (HAT)-endemic countries in their efforts to remove the disease as a public health problem.,Mapping the distribution of HAT in time and space has a ... | 1 |
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments essential for many cellular processes, including establishment and maintenance of polarity, intracellular transport, division and migration.,In most metazoan cells, the number and length of microtubules are highly variable, while they can be precisely defined in some protozoan or... | Asexual stage Plasmodium falciparum replicates and undergoes a tightly regulated developmental process in human erythrocytes.,One mechanism involved in the regulation of this process is posttranslational modification (PTM) of parasite proteins.,Palmitoylation is a PTM in which cysteine residues undergo a reversible lip... | 1 |
Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are the primary tool for malaria vector control in sub-Saharan Africa, and have been responsible for an estimated two-thirds of the reduction in the global burden of malaria in recent years.,While the ultimate goal is high levels of ITN use to confer protection against infected mosquitoe... | Mass drug administration (MDA) using dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine (DHAp) represents a potential strategy to clear Plasmodium falciparum infections and reduce the human parasite reservoir.,A cluster-randomized controlled trial in Southern Province, Zambia, was used to assess the short-term impact of 2 rounds of c... | 1 |
Leishmania infantum causes potentially life-threatening disease in humans.,To determine the extent of the animal reservoir for this pathogen in Bosnia and Herzegovina, we tested dogs and cats.,We found that a large proportion of dogs were exposed to or infected with L. infantum, indicating endemicity in dogs and zoonot... | As part of a World Health Organization-led effort to update the empirical evidence base for the leishmaniases, national experts provided leishmaniasis case data for the last 5 years and information regarding treatment and control in their respective countries and a comprehensive literature review was conducted covering... | 1 |
White blood cells count (WBCc) is a bedrock in the estimation of malaria parasite density in malaria field trials, interventions and patient management.,White blood cells are indirectly and relatively used in microscopy to estimate the density of malaria parasite infections.,Due to frequent lack of facilities in some m... | Prevalence of placental malaria has been widely used as a standard indicator to characterize malaria infection in epidemiologic surveys.,Placental malaria poses a greater diagnostic challenge, accurate and sensitive diagnostic tool for malaria infections in pregnancy is needed.,A cross sectional study was conducted at ... | 1 |
Intestinal parasitic infections are posing significant morbidity worldwide.,In Ethiopia, due to poor socio-economic status, intestinal parasitic infections are highly prevalent.,The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and its associated risk factors among Yadot primary school ... | Intestinal schistosomiasis is widely distributed around Lake Victoria in Kenya where about 16 million people in 56 districts are at risk of the infection with over 9.1 million infected.,Its existence in rural settings has been extensively studied compared to urban settings where there is limited information about the d... | 1 |
Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) are the primary vector control interventions used to prevent malaria in Africa.,Although both interventions are effective in some settings, high-quality evidence is rarely available to evaluate their effectiveness following deploym... | Malaria control programmes across Africa and beyond are facing increasing insecticide resistance in the major anopheline vectors.,In order to preserve or prolong the effectiveness of the main malaria vector interventions, up-to-date and easily accessible insecticide resistance data that are interpretable at operational... | 1 |
Residual malaria transmission has been reported in many areas even with adequate indoor vector control coverage, such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs).,The increased insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes has resulted in reduced efficacy of the widely used indoor tools and has been linked with an incre... | Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) represent the front-line tools for malaria vector control globally, but are optimally effective where the majority of baseline transmission occurs indoors.,In the surveyed area of rural southern Tanzania, bed net use steadily increased over the last dec... | 1 |
Malaria remains a problem for many countries classified as malaria free through cases imported from endemic regions.,Imported cases to non-endemic countries often result in delays in diagnosis, are expensive to treat, and can sometimes cause secondary local transmission.,The movement of malaria in endemic countries has... | There is a critical need for developing new malaria diagnostic tools that are sensitive, cost effective and capable of performing large scale diagnosis.,The real-time PCR methods are particularly robust for large scale screening and they can be used in malaria control and elimination programs.,We have designed novel se... | 1 |
This is the first case of Plasmodium knowlesi infection in a Japanese traveller returning from Malaysia.,In September 2012, a previously healthy 35-year-old Japanese man presented to National Center for Global Health and Medicine in Tokyo with a two-day history of daily fever, mild headaches and mild arthralgia.,Malari... | Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite, has been reported in humans in many Southeast Asian countries.,In Thailand, most of the limited numbers of cases reported so far were from areas near neighbouring countries, including Myanmar.,Blood samples collected from 171 Thai and 248 Myanmese patients attending a mal... | 1 |
The widespread distribution and relapsing nature of Plasmodium vivax infection present major challenges for malaria elimination.,To characterise the genetic diversity of this parasite within individual infections and across the population, we performed deep genome sequencing of >200 clinical samples collected across th... | Selection by host immunity and antimalarial drugs has driven extensive adaptive evolution in Plasmodium falciparum and continues to produce ever-changing landscapes of genetic variation.,We performed whole-genome sequencing of 69 P. falciparum isolates from Malawi and used population genetics approaches to investigate ... | 1 |
Among six dominant mosquito vector species involved in malaria transmission in India, Anopheles minimus is a major species in northeast India and held responsible for focal disease outbreaks characterized by high-rise of Plasmodium falciparum infections and attributable death cases.,It has been now genetically characte... | After successfully reducing the malaria burden to pre-elimination levels over the past two decades, the national malaria programme in Vietnam has recently switched from control to elimination.,However, in forested areas of Central Vietnam malaria elimination is likely to be jeopardized by the high occurrence of asympto... | 1 |
Children carry most of the schistosomiasis burden.,While school-aged children are the principal target group of preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel, limited information on efficacy and safety exists for preschool-aged children.,Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of clinical trials of praziquantel for treating chi... | As plans to expand mass drug treatment campaigns to fight schistosomiasis form, worries about reliance on praziquantel as the sole available treatment motivate the investigation for novel antischistosomal compounds.,Drug repurposing might be an inexpensive and effective source of novel antischistosomal leads.,1600 FDA ... | 1 |
The global distribution map of schistosomiasis shows a large overlap of Schistosoma haematobium- and S. mansoni-endemic areas in Africa.,Yet, little is known about the consequences of mixed Schistosoma infections for the human host.,A recent study in two neighboring co-endemic communities in Senegal indicated that infe... | Given that helminth infections are thought to have strong immunomodulatory activity, the question whether helminth infections might affect responses to malaria antigens needs to be addressed.,Different cross-sectional studies using diverse methodologies have reported that helminth infections might either exacerbate or ... | 1 |
The World Health Organization identified Uganda as one of the 10 highly endemic countries for schistosomiasis.,Annual mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel has led to a decline in intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infections in several areas.,However, as hotspots with high (re)infection rates remain, addition... | In an effort to complement the current chemotherapy based schistosomiasis control interventions in Shinyanga district, community knowledge, perceptions and water contact practices were qualitatively assessed using focus group discussions and semi structured interviews involving 271 participants in one S. haematobium pr... | 1 |
Estimates of Plasmodium falciparum migration may inform strategies for malaria elimination.,Here we elucidate fine-scale parasite population structure and infer recent migration across Southeast Asia using identity-by-descent (IBD) approaches based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms called in 1722 samples f... | The duration of infection is fundamental to the epidemiological behaviour of any infectious disease, but remains one of the most poorly understood aspects of malaria.,In endemic areas, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum can cause both acute, severe infections and asymptomatic, chronic infections through its int... | 1 |
Reducing the human reservoir of malaria parasites is critical for elimination.,We conducted a community randomized controlled trial in Southern Province, Zambia to assess the impact of three rounds of a mass test and treatment (MTAT) intervention on malaria prevalence and health facility outpatient case incidence using... | Measurement of malaria burden is fraught with complexity, due to the natural history of the disease, delays in seeking treatment or failure of case management.,Attempts to establish an appropriate case definition for a malaria episode has often resulted in ambiguities and challenges because of poor information about tr... | 1 |
The life-threatening diseases alveolar and cystic echinococcoses are caused by larvae of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus, respectively.,In both cases, intermediate hosts, such as humans, are infected by oral uptake of oncosphere larvae, followed by asexual multiplication and almost unrestric... | We have previously evaluated the vaccine efficacies of seven tetraspanins of Echinococcus multilocularis (Em-TSP1-7) against alveolar echinococcosis (AE) by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration with Freund's adjuvant.,Over 85% of liver cyst lesion number reductions (CLNR) were achieved by recombinant Em-TSP1 (rEm-TSP1) a... | 1 |
Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are used worldwide as first-line treatment against confirmed or suspected Plasmodium falciparum malaria.,Despite the success of ACTs at reducing the global burden of malaria, emerging resistance to artemisinin threatens these gains.,Countering onset of resistance might need deli... | Ric Price and colleagues use hospital-based surveillance data to estimate the risk of severe anemia and mortality associated with endemic Plasmodium species in southern Papua, Indonesia.,Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary,The burden of anemia attributable to non-falciparum malarias in regions with... | 1 |
Background.,Current malaria diagnostic tests, including microscopy and antigen-detecting rapid tests, cannot reliably detect low-density infections.,Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are highly sensitive but remain too complex for field deployment.,A new commercial molecular assay based on loop-... | Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) offer significant potential to improve the diagnosis of malaria, and are playing an increasing role in malaria case management, control and elimination.,Peru, along with other South American countries, is moving to introduce malaria RDTs as components of malaria control programmes ... | 1 |
Controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) by direct venous inoculation (DVI) with 3,200 cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ) consistently leads to parasitemia and malaria symptoms in malaria-naive adults.,We used CHMI by DVI to investigate infection rates, parasite kinetics, and malaria symptoms in l... | Effective progression of candidate antimalarials is dependent on optimal dosing in clinical studies, which is determined by a sound understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD).,Recently, two important translational models for antimalarials have been developed: the NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ−/− (NSG) model, where... | 1 |
The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine candidate recently completed Phase III trials in 11 African sites.,Recommendations for its deployment will partly depend on predictions of public health impact in endemic countries.,Previous predictions of these used only limited information on underlying vaccine properties and have not c... | Despite years of effort, a licensed malaria vaccine is not yet available.,One of the obstacles facing the development of a malaria vaccine is the extensive heterogeneity of many of the current malaria vaccine antigens.,To counteract this antigenic diversity, an effective malaria vaccine may need to elicit an immune res... | 1 |
Background: Antimalarial antibody measurements are useful because they reflect historical and recent exposure to malaria.,As such, they may provide additional information to assess ongoing transmission in low endemic or pre-elimination settings where cases are rare.,In addition, the absence of antibody responses in cer... | Analyses of a case-control study among Afghan refugees in Pakistan find that a G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) “Mediterranean” type deficiency confers substantial protection against Plasmodium vivax malaria.,The most common form of malaria outside Africa, Plasmodium vivax, is more difficult to control than P. ... | 1 |
An accurate diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthiasis is important for individual patient management, for drug efficacy evaluation and for monitoring control programmes.,The Kato-Katz technique is the most widely used method detecting soil-transmitted helminth eggs in faecal samples.,However, detailed analyses of qua... | The first-ever round of school-based mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel together with mebendazole targeting school-aged children in endemic districts was conducted in 2009 by the National Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program.,To evaluate the impact of the treatment regimen, a cross-sectional sentin... | 1 |
China has made great progress in malaria control over the last century and now aims to eliminate malaria by 2020.,In 2012, the country launched its 1-3-7 surveillance and response strategy for malaria elimination.,The strategy involves to case reporting within 1 day, case investigation within 3 days, and focus investig... | The China’s 1-3-7 strategy was initiated and extensively adopted in different types of counties (geographic regions) for reporting of malaria cases within 1 day, their confirmation and investigation within 3 days, and the appropriate public health response to prevent further transmission within 7 days.,Assessing the le... | 1 |
Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted nematode that can replicate within its host, leading to long-lasting and potentially fatal infections.,It is ubiquitous and highly prevalent in Cambodia.,The extent of morbidity associated with S. stercoralis infection is difficult to assess due to the broad spectrum of s... | Quantifying the burden of parasitic diseases in relation to other diseases and injuries requires reliable estimates of prevalence for each disease and an analytic framework within which to estimate attributable morbidity and mortality.,Here we use data included in the Global Atlas of Helminth Infection to derive new gl... | 1 |
We carried out a study to compare the performance, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, of the new SD BIOLINE® HAT rapid diagnostic test (RDT) with the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).,Participants ... | Gambian sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis, HAT) outbreaks are brought under control by case detection and treatment although it is recognised that this typically only reaches about 75% of the population.,Vector control is capable of completely interrupting HAT transmission but is not used because it is c... | 1 |
RNA-sequencing was used to detect transcriptional changes in six tissues of cats, seven days after T. gondii infection.,A total of 737 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs), of which 410 were up-regulated and 327 were down-regulated.,The liver exhibited 151 DEGs, lung (149 DEGs), small intestine (130 DEGs), heart ... | Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic pathogen infecting one-third of the world’s population and numerous animals, causing significant healthcare burden and socioeconomic problems.,Vaccination is an efficient way to reduce global sero-prevalence, however, ideal vaccines are not yet available.,We recently discovere... | 1 |
Since the demonstration of sterile protection afforded by injection of irradiated sporozoites, CD8+ T cells have been shown to play a significant role in protection from liver-stage malaria.,This is, however, dependent on the presence of an extremely high number of circulating effector cells, thought to be necessary to... | Background.,Immunization of healthy volunteers by bites from Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes during chloroquine chemoprophylaxis (hereafter, chemoprophylaxis and sporozoites [CPS] immunization) induces sterile protection against malaria.,CPS-induced protection is mediated by immunity against pre-erythrocytic ... | 1 |
Malaria is an increasing concern in Indonesia.,Socio-demographic factors were found to strongly influence malaria prevalence.,This research aimed to explore the associations between socio-demographic factors and malaria prevalence in Indonesia.,The study used a cross-sectional design and analysed relationships among th... | Extensive employment of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) has substantially reduced malaria morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.,These tools target indoor resting and biting vectors, and may select for vectors that bite and rest outdoors.,Thus, to significantly impact t... | 1 |
Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and it begins with a short acute phase characterized by high parasitemia followed by a life-long chronic phase with scarce parasitism.,Cardiac involvement is the most prominent manifestation, as 30% of infected subjects will develop abnormal ventricular repola... | In Chagas disease, CD8+ T-cells are critical for the control of Trypanosoma cruzi during acute infection.,Conversely, CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the myocardium during chronic infection may cause tissue injury leading to chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC).,Here we explored the role of CD8+ T-cells in T. cruzi-elicit... | 1 |
Drug shops are a major source of care for children in low income countries but they provide sub-standard care.,We assessed the feasibility and effect on quality of care of introducing diagnostics and pre-packaged paediatric-dosage drugs for malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea at drug shops in Uganda.,We adopted and implem... | Presumptive treatment of all febrile patients with anti-malarials leads to massive over-treatment.,The aim was to assess the effect of implementing malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) on prescription of anti-malarials in urban Tanzania.,The design was a prospective collection of routine statistics from ledger books ... | 1 |
Malaria control programmes currently face the challenge of maintaining, as well as accelerating, the progress made against malaria with fewer resources and uncertain funding.,There is a critical need to determine what combination of malaria interventions confers the greatest protection against malaria morbidity and chi... | Little is known about the impact of indoor residual spraying (IRS) in areas with intense malaria transmission such as sub-Saharan Africa.,In Malawi, IRS with lambda-cyhalothrin has been applied annually in an area of intense year-long transmission since 2007.,We evaluated the impact of IRS on parasitemia and anemia pre... | 1 |
In the current context of high fatality rates associated with American visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the appropriate use of prognostic factors to identify patients at higher risk of unfavorable outcomes represents a potential tool for clinical practice.,This systematic review brings together information reported in stud... | As part of a World Health Organization-led effort to update the empirical evidence base for the leishmaniases, national experts provided leishmaniasis case data for the last 5 years and information regarding treatment and control in their respective countries and a comprehensive literature review was conducted covering... | 1 |
Schistosomiasis is the most important human helminth infection due to its impact on public health.,The clinical manifestations are chronic and significantly decrease an individual’s quality of life.,Infected individuals suffer from long-term organ pathologies including fibrosis which eventually leads to organ failure.,... | Extensive use of praziquantel for treatment and control of schistosomiasis requires a comprehensive understanding of efficacy and safety of various doses for different Schistosoma species.,A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative and non-comparative trials of praziquantel at any dose for any Schistosoma spe... | 1 |
Atovaquone/proguanil, registered as Malarone®, is a fixed-dose combination recommended for first-line treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in non-endemic countries and its prevention in travellers.,Mutations in the cytochrome bc1 complex are causally associated with atovaquone resistance.,This syste... | Plasmodium parasites undergo a clinically silent and obligatory developmental phase in the host’s liver cells before they are able to infect erythrocytes and cause malaria symptoms.,To overcome the scarcity of compounds targeting the liver stage of malaria, we screened a library of 1037 existing drugs for their ability... | 1 |
The Zanzibar Elimination of Schistosomiasis Transmission (ZEST) project aimed to eliminate urogenital schistosomiasis as a public health problem from Pemba and to interrupt Schistosoma haematobium transmission from Unguja in 5 years.,A repeated cross-sectional cluster-randomized trial was implemented from 2011/12 till ... | Control of human schistosomiasis remains a longstanding issue on the agenda of the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP).,Substantial impact on morbidity and prevalence of S. mansoni was widely reported after the National Schistosomiasis Control Program (NSCP) extended selective treatment with praziquantel ... | 1 |
A distinctive feature of Plasmodium vivax infections is the overall low parasite density in peripheral blood.,Thus, identifying asymptomatic infected individuals in endemic communities requires diagnostic tests with high sensitivity.,The detection limits of molecular diagnostic tests are primarily defined by the volume... | Asymptomatic reservoirs of malaria parasites are common yet are difficult to detect, posing a problem for malaria control.,If control programmes focus on mosquito control and treatment of symptomatic individuals only, malaria can quickly resurge if interventions are scaled back.,Foci of parasite populations must be ide... | 1 |
Control of schistosomiasis presently relies largely on preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel through mass drug administration (MDA) programs.,The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation has concluded five studies in four countries (Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania) to evalua... | Intestinal schistosomiasis continues to be a significant cause of morbidity among communities located around Lake Victoria and on its islands.,Although epidemiological surveys have been conducted in other areas bordering the lake in western Kenya, Mbita district and its adjacent islands have never been surveyed, largel... | 1 |
Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal parasites in humans and various animals worldwide.,Few studies are available regarding the genetic characterization of Blastocystis infections in humans in China.,In the present study, 609 fecal samples were collected from two- to six-year-old kindergarten children in s... | Blastocystis is a genetically diverse and a common intestinal parasite of humans with a controversial pathogenic potential.,This study was carried out to identify the Blastocystis subtypes and their association with demographic and socioeconomic factors among outpatients living in Sebha city, Libya.,Blastocystis in sto... | 1 |
We conducted standard insecticide susceptibility testing across western Kenya and found that the Anopheles gambiae mosquito has acquired high resistance to pyrethroids and DDT, patchy resistance to carbamates, but no resistance to organophosphates.,Use of non-pyrethroid-based vector control tools may be preferable for ... | Malaria kills millions around the world.,Until recently it was believed to be a disease of rural areas, since the Anopheles mosquito, which transmits Plasmodium species breeds in rural areas.,Urban malaria is emerging as a potential, but "avertable" crisis, in Africa.,In view of the rapidly growing number of small and ... | 1 |
Malaria is a public health problem in the Brazilian Amazon region.,In integrated vector management for malaria (anopheline) control, indoor residual spraying (IRS) represents one of the main tools in the basic strategy applied in the Amazonian states.,It is essential to understand the residual efficacy of insecticides ... | The majority of the mosquito and parasite life-history traits that combine to determine malaria transmission intensity are temperature sensitive.,In most cases, the process-based models used to estimate malaria risk and inform control and prevention strategies utilize measures of mean outdoor temperature.,Evidence sugg... | 1 |
A community-based cross-sectional study was done to assess Plasmodium falciparum exposure in areas with different malaria endemicity in north-eastern Tanzania using serological markers; PfAMA-1 and PfMSP-119.,Bondo had a higher seroprevalence 36.6% (188) for PfAMA-1 as compared to Hai 13.8% (33), χ2 = 34.66, p < 0.01.,... | Improved methods for malaria diagnosis are urgently needed.,Here, we evaluate a novel method named rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) in 956 suspected malaria patients in Papua New Guinea.,RMOD tests can be conducted within minutes and at low cost.,We systematically evaluate the capability of RMOD to det... | 1 |
The widespread presence of low-density asymptomatic infections with concurrent gametocytes may be a stumbling block for malaria elimination.,This study investigated the asymptomatic reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in schoolchildren from five settings in northwest Ethiopia.,Two cross-s... | Malaria parasite prevalence in endemic populations is an essential indicator for monitoring the progress of malaria control, and has traditionally been assessed by microscopy.,However, surveys increasingly use sensitive molecular methods that detect higher numbers of infected individuals, questioning our understanding ... | 1 |
Control of onchocerciasis as a public health problem in Africa relies on annual mass ivermectin distribution.,New tools are needed to achieve elimination of infection.,This study determined in a small number of Onchocerca volvulus infected individuals whether moxidectin, a veterinary anthelminthic, is safe enough to ad... | Anti-Wolbachia therapy delivers safe macrofilaricidal activity with superior therapeutic outcomes compared to all standard anti-filarial treatments, with the added benefit of substantial improvements in clinical pathology.,These outcomes can be achieved, in principle, with existing registered drugs, e.g. doxycycline, t... | 1 |
Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy is a highly cost-effective intervention which significantly improves maternal and birth outcomes among mothers and their newborns who live in areas of moderate to high malaria transmission.,However, coverage in sub-Saharan Africa remains unacceptably low, callin... | Planning and evaluating malaria control strategies relies on accurate definition of parasite prevalence in the population.,A large proportion of asymptomatic parasite infections can only be identified by surveillance with molecular methods, yet these infections also contribute to onward transmission to mosquitoes.,The ... | 1 |
Control of mosquito-borne diseases is greatly compromised by spread of insecticide resistance, high implementation costs and sub-optimal compliance among users.,Improved housing has potential to reduce malaria transmission nearly as much as long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs), while also preventing other arth... | In Cambodia, despite an impressive decline in prevalence over the last 10 years, malaria is still a public health problem in some parts of the country.,This is partly due to vectors that bite early and outdoors reducing the effectiveness of measures such as Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets.,Repellents have been suggested... | 1 |
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is a highly prevalent infection world-wide, that was previously considered mild, but complications such as anemia have been highly reported in the past years.,In mice models of malaria, anti-phosphatidylserine (anti-PS) autoantibodies, produced by atypical B-cells, bind to uninfected ... | Malaria control activities can have a disproportionately greater impact on Plasmodium falciparum than on P. vivax in areas where both species are coendemic.,We investigated temporal trends in malaria-related morbidity and mortality in Papua, Indonesia, before and after introduction of a universal, artemisinin-based ant... | 1 |
Antimalarial drug resistance has threatened global malaria control since chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum emerged in Asia in the 1950s.,Understanding the impacts of changing antimalarial drug policy on resistance is critical for resistance management.,Plasmodium falciparum isolates were collected from 2... | Antimalarial drug resistance is a major global challenge in malaria control and elimination.,Mutations in six different genes of Plasmodium falciparum (crt, mdr1, dhfr, dhps, ATPase6 and K-13 propeller) that confer resistance to chloroquine, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and artemisinin-based combination therapy were anal... | 1 |
Gametocyte density and sex ratio can predict the proportion of mosquitoes that will become infected after feeding on blood of patients receiving nongametocytocidal drugs.,Because primaquine and methylene blue sterilize gametocytes before affecting their density and sex ratio, mosquito feeding experiments are required t... | Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, the sexual stages responsible for malaria parasite transmission, develop in the human bone marrow parenchyma in proximity to the erythroblastic islands.,Yet, mechanisms underlying gametocytes interactions with these islands are unknown.,Here, we have investigated whether gametocyte-in... | 1 |
Helminths immunomodulate their hosts and induce a regulatory, anti-inflammatory milieu that prevents allergies and autoimmune diseases.,Helminth immunomodulation may benefit sepsis outcome by preventing exacerbated inflammation and severe pathology, but the influence on bacterial clearance remains unclear.,To address t... | Mass drug administration (MDA) programmes against Onchocerca volvulus use ivermectin (IVM) which targets microfilariae (MF), the worm's offspring.,Most infected individuals are hyporesponsive and present regulated immune responses despite high parasite burden.,Recently, with MDA programmes, the existence of amicrofilar... | 1 |
Michael Delves and colleagues compare the activity of 50 current and experimental antimalarials against liver, sexual blood, and mosquito stages of selected human and nonhuman parasite species, including Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium berghei, and Plasmodium yoelii.,Malaria remains a disease of devastating global im... | Plasmodium vivax has a dormant hepatic stage, called the hypnozoite, which can cause relapse months after the initial attack.,For 50 years, primaquine has been used as a hypnozoitocide to radically cure P. vivax infection, but major concerns remain regarding the side-effects of the drug and adherence to the 14-day regi... | 1 |
Pyronaridine-artesunate is a novel artemisinin-based combination therapy.,The efficacy and safety of pyronaridine-artesunate were compared with artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children.,This phase III open-label randomized controlled non-inferiority trial was ... | Artemisinin combination therapies are considered the mainstay of malaria treatment, but pediatric-friendly formulations for the treatment of infants are scarce.,We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new dispersible-tablet formulation of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine phosphate (DHA/PQP) in comparison to th... | 1 |
Human population movement across country borders presents a real challenge for malaria control and elimination efforts in Cambodia and its neighbouring countries.,To quantify Plasmodium infection among the border-crossing population, including asymptomatic and artemisinin resistant (AR) parasites, three official border... | Mass drug administration (MDA), defined as the empiric administration of a therapeutic antimalarial regimen to an entire population at the same time, has been a historic component of many malaria control and elimination programmes, but is not currently recommended.,With renewed interest in MDA and its role in malaria e... | 1 |
Methods to diagnose malaria are of paramount interest to eradicate the disease.,Current methods have severe limitations, as they are either costly or not sensitive enough to detect low levels of parasitemia.,Here we report an ultrasensitive, yet low-resource chemical assay for the detection and quantification of hemozo... | This work summarizes the available data on the performance of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for the detection of monoinfections due to Plasmodium species P. knowlesi, P. malariae, and P. ovale and indicates low performance of RDTs to detect these infections.,Despite the increased use and worldwide distribution of malar... | 1 |
Since 1960, a total of seven species of monkey malaria have been reported as transmissible to man by mosquito bite: Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium brasilianum, Plasmodium eylesi, Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium schwetzi and Plasmodium simium.,With the exception of P. knowlesi, none of the other speci... | Jane Carlton, Kazuyuki Tanabe and colleagues report the draft genome sequences of three Plasmodium cynomolgi strains isolated from infected monkeys.,Their comparative genomic analysis with P. vivax and P. knowlesi offers insights into these simian malaria parasites.,The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/ng.23... | 1 |
Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) is a proven malaria control strategy in infants and pregnancy.,School-aged children represent 26 % of the African population, and an increasing percentage of them are scholarized.,Malaria is causing 50 % of deaths in this age group and malaria control efforts may shift the malari... | More than 75% of the total area of Ethiopia is malarious, making malaria the leading public health problem in Ethiopia.,The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate and the associated socio-economic, geographic and demographic factors of malaria based on the rapid diagnosis test (RDT) survey results.,Fr... | 1 |
The Sand cat (Felis margarita) is a small-sized felid found in sand and stone deserts ranging from the north of Africa to Asia, with the Arabian Peninsula as its centre of distribution.,The Sand cat captive breeding program at the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife (BCEAW), Sharjah, UAE, has experienced hi... | Recent population structure studies of T. gondii revealed that a few major clonal lineages predominated in different geographical regions.,T. gondii in South America is genetically and biologically divergent, whereas this parasite is remarkably clonal in North America and Europe with a few major lineages including Type... | 1 |
Adoption of prevention and therapeutic innovations to ensure that National Malaria Control Programmes meet their incidence reduction targets is highly dependent on the conduct of rigorous clinical trials.,In Liberia, malaria control virtually halted during the recent Ebola epidemic, and could enormously benefit from in... | Malaria is a major public health concern in the countries affected by the Ebola virus disease epidemic in West Africa.,We determined the feasibility of using molecular malaria diagnostics during an Ebola virus disease outbreak and report the incidence of Plasmodium spp. parasitemia in persons with suspected Ebola virus... | 1 |
Maintaining the effectiveness of the currently recommended malaria vector control interventions while integrating new interventions will require monitoring key recommended indicators to identify threats to effectiveness including physiological and behavioural resistance to insecticides.,Country metadata on vector surve... | Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have been widely used as an effective alternative to conventional insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for over a decade.,Due to the growing number of field trials and interventions reporting the effectiveness of LLINs in controlling malaria, there is a need to systematically review th... | 1 |
Natural killer (NK) cells provide the first line of defense against malaria parasite infection.,However, the molecular mechanisms through which NK cells are activated by parasites are largely unknown, so is the molecular basis underlying the variation in NK cell responses to malaria infection in the human population.,H... | A highly efficacious vaccine is needed for malaria control and eradication.,Immunization with Plasmodium falciparum NF54 parasites under chemoprophylaxis (chemoprophylaxis and sporozoite (CPS)-immunization) induces the most efficient long-lasting protection against a homologous parasite.,However, parasite genetic diver... | 1 |
The parasitic disease onchocerciasis is the second leading cause of preventable blindness, afflicting more than 18 million people worldwide.,Despite an available treatment, ivermectin, and control efforts by the World Health Organization, onchocerciasis remains a burden in many regions.,With an estimated 120 million pe... | The original aim of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was to control onchocerciasis as a public health problem in 20 African countries.,In order to identify all high risk areas where ivermectin treatment was needed to achieve control, APOC used Rapid Epidemiological Mapping of Onchocerciasis (REMO... | 1 |
After infection with T. brucei AnTat 1.1, C57BL/6 mice lost splenic B2 B cells and lymphoid follicles, developed poor parasite-specific antibody responses, lost weight, became anemic and died with fulminating parasitemia within 35 days.,In contrast, infected C57BL/6 mice lacking the cytotoxic granule pore-forming prote... | BALB/c mice are highly susceptible while C57BL/6 are relatively resistant to experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection.,Although regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to regulate the pathogenesis of experimental T. congolense infection, their exact role remains controversial.,We wished to determine whether Tre... | 1 |
The widespread distribution and relapsing nature of Plasmodium vivax infection present major challenges for malaria elimination.,To characterise the genetic diversity of this parasite within individual infections and across the population, we performed deep genome sequencing of >200 clinical samples collected across th... | Plasmodium vivax is very rarely seen in West Africa, although specific detection methods are not widely applied in the region, and it is now considered to be absent from North Africa.,However, this parasite species has recently been reported to account for most malaria cases in Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania, wh... | 1 |
The delivery of safe and effective radical cure for Plasmodium vivax is one of the greatest challenges for achieving malaria elimination from the Asia-Pacific by 2030.,During the annual meeting of the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network Vivax Working Group in October 2016, a round table discussion was held to disc... | Sri Lanka has a long history of malaria control, and over the past decade has had dramatic declines in cases amid a national conflict.,A case study of Sri Lanka's malaria programme was conducted to characterize the programme and explain recent progress.,The case study employed qualitative and quantitative methods.,Data... | 1 |
Hyperbilirubinaemia (bilirubin >51.3 μmol/L) alone is not indicative of severe malaria, and the immune response underlying hyperbilirubinaemia remains largely unexplored.,Liver damage associated with hyperbilirubinaemia may alter the expression of hepcidin, which regulates systemic iron by degrading ferroportin.,For th... | Plasmodium falciparum elicits host inflammatory responses that cause the symptoms and severe manifestations of malaria.,One proposed mechanism involves formation of immunostimulatory uric acid (UA) precipitates, which are released from sequestered schizonts into microvessels.,Another involves hypoxanthine and xanthine,... | 1 |
We investigated the efficacy, safety and cost of lime wash of household walls plus treatment of sand fly breeding places with bleach (i.e. environmental management or EM), insecticide impregnated durable wall lining (DWL), and bed net impregnation with slow release insecticide (ITN) for sand fly control in the Indian s... | While significant focus has been given to net distribution, little is known about what is done with nets that leave a household, either to be used by others or when they are discarded.,To better understand the magnitude of sharing LLIN between households and patterns of discarding LLIN, the present study pools data fro... | 1 |
Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium falciparum serve as a reservoir of parasites for malaria transmission.,Identification and treatment of asymptomatic carriers within a region may reduce the parasite reservoir and influence malaria transmission in that area.,Using computer simulation, this analysis explored the impact... | Malaria inflicts significant costs on households and on the economy of malaria endemic countries.,There is also evidence that the economic burden is higher among the poorest in a population, and that cost burdens differ significantly between wet and dry seasons.,What is not clear is whether, and how, the economic burde... | 1 |
In Nigeria, access to malaria diagnostics may be expanded if drug retailers were allowed to administer malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs).,A 2012 pilot intervention showed that short message service (SMS) reminder messages could boost treatment adherence to RDT results by 10-14% points.,This study aimed to replicate... | Plasmodium vivax threatens nearly half the world’s population and is a significant impediment to achievement of the millennium development goals.,It is an important, but incompletely understood, cause of anaemia.,This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and consequences of v... | 1 |
Ingestion of the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes an acute infection that leads to chronic infection of the host.,To facilitate the acute phase of the infection, T. gondii manipulates the host response by secreting rhoptry organelle proteins (ROPs) into host cells during its invasion.,... | Toxoplasma gondii has evolved a number of strategies to evade immune responses in its many hosts.,Previous genetic mapping of crosses between clonal type 1, 2, and 3 strains of T. gondii, which are prevalent in Europe and North America, identified two rhoptry proteins, ROP5 and ROP18, that function together to block in... | 1 |
The development of immunoregulatory networks is important to prevent disease.,However, these same networks allow pathogens to persist and reduce vaccine efficacy.,Here, we identify type I interferons (IFNs) as important regulators in developing anti-parasitic immunity in healthy volunteers infected for the first time w... | CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ are the source of host-protective IL-10 during primary infection with a number of different pathogens, including Plasmodium spp.,The fate of these CD4+IFN-γ+IL-10+ T cells following clearance of primary infection and their subsequent influence on the course of repeated infections is, how... | 1 |
The search for new macrofilaricidal drugs against onchocerciasis that can be administered in shorter regimens than required for doxycycline (DOX, 200mg/d given for 4-6 weeks), identified minocycline (MIN) with superior efficacy to DOX.,Further reduction in the treatment regimen may be achieved with co-administration wi... | The three major soil-transmitted helminths (STH) Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenale are among the most widespread parasites worldwide.,Despite the global expansion of preventive anthelmintic treatment, standard operating procedures to monitor anthelmintic drug efficac... | 1 |
Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with host cells, including cardiomyocytes, and induces the production of cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases, and glycan-binding proteins.,Among the glycan-binding proteins is Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is upregulated after T. cruzi infection.,Gal-3 is a member of the lectin family with... | Human African trypanosomiasis is a lethal disease caused by the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei.,The proteins secreted by T. brucei inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells and their ability to induce lymphocytic allogenic responses.,To better understand the pathogenic process, we combined different approach... | 1 |
Plasmodium sporozoites are the infective forms of malaria parasite to vertebrate host and undergo dramatic changes in their transcriptional repertoire during maturation in mosquito salivary glands.,We report here the role of a novel and conserved Plasmodium berghei protein encoded by PBANKA_091090 in maturation of Exo-... | The final article in a series of three publications examining the global distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of malaria is presented here.,The first publication examined the DVS from the Americas, with the second covering those species present in Africa, Europe and the Middle East.,Here we discuss the 19 D... | 1 |
The social determinants of health (SDHs) condition disease distribution and the ways they are handled.,Socio-economic inequalities are closely linked to the occurrence of neglected tropical diseases, but empirical support is limited in the case of Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi.,Herein we ass... | Plasmodium falciparum PfRH5 protein binds Ripr, CyRPA and Pf113 to form a complex that is essential for merozoite invasion of erythrocytes.,The inter-genomic conservation of the PfRH5 complex proteins makes them attractive blood stage vaccine candidates.,However, little is known about how antibodies to PfRH5, CyRPA and... | 1 |
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