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other | Mizrachi died on 20 August and his funeral became the occasion for a serious anti-Arab demonstration. | ||||||
other | It was suppressed by the same force that had been employed in the initial incident. | ||||||
other | A late-night meeting initiated the following day by the Jewish leadership, at which acting high commissioner Harry Luke, Jamal al-Husayni, and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi were present, failed to produce a call for an end to the violence. | ||||||
other | Over the following four days period, the Jerusalem police reported 12 separate attacks by Jews on Arabs and seven attacks by Arabs on Jews. | ||||||
other | On 21 August, the Palestine Zionist Executive telegrammed the Zionist Organization describing the general excitement and the Arab fear of the Jews: "Population again very excited and false alarms caused local panics in various quarters but no further incidents course of day. | ||||||
other | Arabs also excited and afraid Jews. | ||||||
other | Desirable insist with home Government need of serious measures assuring public security. | ||||||
other | We are issuing appeal to public keep calm, refrain from demonstrations, and observe discipline, but feel embarrassed by militant attitude. | ||||||
other | Doar Hayom and also part of youth influenced by Revisionist agitation. | ||||||
other | Can you speak to Revisionist leaders?" | ||||||
other | The next Friday, 23 August, thousands of Arab villagers streamed into Jerusalem from the surrounding countryside to pray at the Al-Aqsa Mosque, many armed with sticks and knives. | ||||||
other | The gathering was prompted by rumors that the Zionists were going to march to the Temple Mount and claim ownership, as they had belligerently marched on the Western Wall demanding Jewish ownership 9 days earlier. | ||||||
other | Harry Luke requested reinforcements from Amman. | ||||||
other | Towards 09:30 Jewish storekeepers began closing shop and at 11:00, 20–30 gunshots were heard on the Temple Mount, apparently to work up the crowd. | ||||||
other | Luke telephoned the Mufti to come and calm a mob that had gathered under his window near the Damascus Gate, but the commissioner's impression was that the religious leader's presence was having the opposite effect. | ||||||
other | By midday friction had spread to the Jewish neighborhood of Mea She'arim where two or three Arabs were killed. | ||||||
other | The American consulate documented the event in detail, reported that the killings had taken place between 12:00 and 12:30. | ||||||
other | The Shaw report described the excited Arab crowds and that it was clear beyond all doubt that at 12:50 large sections of these crowds were bent on mischief if not on murder. | ||||||
other | At 13:15, the Arabs began a massacre of the Jews. | ||||||
other | Reacting to rumors that two Arabs had been murdered by Jews, Arabs started an attack on Jews in Jerusalem's Old City. | ||||||
other | The violence quickly spread to other parts of Palestine. | ||||||
other | British authorities had fewer than 100 soldiers, six armoured cars, and five or six aircraft in country; Palestine Police had 1,500 men, but the majority were Arab, with a small number of Jews and 175 British officers. | ||||||
other | While awaiting reinforcements, many untrained administration officials were required to attach themselves to the police, though the Jews among them were sent back to their offices. | ||||||
other | Several English theology students visiting from the University of Oxford were deputized. | ||||||
other | While a number of Jews were being killed at the Jaffa Gate, British policemen did not open fire. | ||||||
other | They reasoned that if they had shot into the Arab crowd, the mob would have turned their anger on the police. | ||||||
other | Yemin Moshe was one of the few Jewish neighbourhoods to return fire, but most of Jerusalem's Jews did not defend themselves. | ||||||
other | At the outbreak of the violence and again in the following days, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi demanded that weapons be handed to the Jews, but was both times refused. | ||||||
other | By August 24, 17 Jews were killed in the Jerusalem area. | ||||||
other | The worst killings occurred in Hebron and Safed while others were killed in Motza, Kfar Uria, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. | ||||||
other | There were many isolated attacks on Jewish villages, and in six cases, villages were entirely destroyed, accompanied by looting and burning. | ||||||
other | In Haifa and Jaffa, the situation deteriorated and a police officer succeeded in warding off an attack on the quarter between Jaffa and Tel Aviv by firing on an Arab crowd. | ||||||
other | The administrative director of Haddasah hospital in Jerusalem sent a cable to New York describing the casualties and that Arabs were attacking several Jewish hospitals. | ||||||
other | In a few instances, Jews attacked Arabs and destroyed Arab property. | ||||||
other | These attacks were in most cases in retaliation for wrongs already committed by Arabs in the neighbourhood in which the Jewish attacks occurred. | ||||||
other | A Police officer opened fire on an Arab crowd and succeeded in beating off an attack on the quarter which lies between Jaffa and Tel Aviv. | ||||||
other | The worst instance of a Jewish attack on Arabs occurred in this quarter, where the Imam of a mosque and six other persons were killed. | ||||||
other | According to the Shaw Report, the disturbances were not premeditated and did not occur simultaneously but spread from Jerusalem through a period of days to most outlying centres of population. | ||||||
other | The Shaw report found that the "outbreak in Jerusalem on August 23 was from the beginning an attack by Arabs on Jews for which no excuse in the form of earlier murders by Jews has been established." | ||||||
other | Later on 23 August, the British authorities armed 41 Jewish special constables, 18 Jewish ex-soldiers and a further 60 Jews were issued staves, to assist in the defense of Jewish quarters in Jerusalem. | ||||||
other | The following day, Arab notables issued a statement that "many rumours and reports of various kinds have spread to the effect that Government had enlisted and armed certain Jews, that they had enrolled Jewish ex-soldiers who had served in the Great War; and the Government forces were firing at Arabs exclusively." | ||||||
other | The Mufti of Jerusalem stated that there was a large crowd of excited Arabs in the Haram area who were also demanding arms, and that the excited crowd in the Haram area took the view that the retention of Jews as special constables carrying arms was a breach of faith by the Government. | ||||||
other | The Government initially denied the rumours, but by 27 August they were forced to disband and disarm the special constables. | ||||||
other | On 20 August, Haganah leaders proposed to provide defence for 600 Jews of the Old Yishuv in Hebron, or to help them evacuate. | ||||||
other | However, the leaders of the Hebron community declined these offers, insisting that they trusted the "A'yan" (Arab notables) to protect them. | ||||||
other | On 24 August 1929 in Hebron, Arab mobs attacked the Jewish quarter killing and raping men, women and children and looting Jewish property. | ||||||
other | They killed 65–68 Jews and wounded 58, with some of the victims being tortured, or mutilated. | ||||||
other | Sir John Chancellor, the British High Commissioner visited Hebron and later wrote to his son, "The horror of it is beyond words. | ||||||
other | In one house I visited not less than twenty-five Jews men and women were murdered in cold blood." | ||||||
other | Sir Walter Shaw concluded in The Palestine Disturbances report that "unspeakable atrocities have occurred in Hebron. | ||||||
other | The Shaw report described the attack, "Arabs in Hebron made a most ferocious attack on the Jewish ghetto and on isolated Jewish houses lying outside the crowded quarters of the town. | ||||||
other | More than 60 Jews – including many women and children – were murdered and more than 50 were wounded. | ||||||
other | This savage attack, of which no condemnation could be too severe, was accompanied by wanton destruction and looting. | ||||||
other | Jewish synagogues were desecrated, a Jewish hospital, which had provided treatment for Arabs, was attacked and ransacked, and only the exceptional personal courage displayed by Mr. Cafferata – the one British Police Officer in the town – prevented the outbreak from developing into a general massacre of the Jews in Hebr... | ||||||
other | The lone British policeman in the town, Raymond Cafferata, who, "killed as many of the murderers as he could, taking to his fists even," was overwhelmed, and the reinforcements he called for did not arrive for 5 hours–leading to severe recriminations. | ||||||
other | Hundreds of Jews were saved by their more benevolent Arab neighbours, who offered them sanctuary from the mob by hiding them in their own houses while others survived by taking refuge in the British police station at Beit Ramon on the outskirts of the city. | ||||||
other | When the massacre ended, the surviving Jews were evacuated by the British. | ||||||
other | The Hebron Yeshiva, a branch of the famed Slobodka yeshiva, was also attacked during the riots. | ||||||
other | On Friday, 23 August, an Arab crowd gathered outside it and threw stones through the windows. | ||||||
other | Only two people were inside, a student and the sexton. | ||||||
other | The student was grabbed by the Arab crowd, who stabbed him to death; the sexton survived by hiding in a well. | ||||||
other | The next day, a crowd armed with staves and axes attacked and killed two Jewish boys, one stoned to death and the other stabbed. | ||||||
other | More than 70 Jews, including the Yeshiva students, sought refuge in the house of Eliezer Dan Slonim, the son of the Rabbi of Hebron, but were massacred by an Arab mob. | ||||||
other | Survivors and reporters recounted the carnage that occurred at the Slonim residence. | ||||||
other | Moses Harbater, an 18-year-old was stabbed and two of his fingers were severed. | ||||||
other | He described at a later trial of some Arab rioters how a fellow student had been mutilated and killed. | ||||||
other | Forty-two teachers and students were murdered at the yeshiva. | ||||||
other | The Hadassah Medical Organization operated an infirmary in Hebron. | ||||||
other | The "Beit Hadassah" clinic had three floors with the infirmary, the pharmacy and the synagogue on the top floor. | ||||||
other | The rioters destroyed the pharmacy and torched the synagogue and destroyed the Torah scrolls inside. | ||||||
other | On 26 August, the Nebi Akasha Mosque in Jerusalem was attacked by a group of Jews. | ||||||
other | According to the Shaw Report, the mosque was a "sacred shrine of great antiquity held in much veneration by the Moslems." | ||||||
other | The mosque was badly damaged and the tombs of the prophets which it contained were desecrated. | ||||||
other | The kibbutz of Mishmar HaEmek was attacked on 26 August by an Arab mob, which was dispersed by the locals and British police. | ||||||
other | On the following day the British authorities ordered the kibbutz members to evacuate. | ||||||
other | On 28 August an Arab mob attacked the empty kibbutz again, burning its barn, uprooting trees and vandalizing its cemetery. | ||||||
other | The members of the Kibbutz returned on 7 September. | ||||||
other | In Safed on 29 August 18 Jews were killed (some sources say 20) and 80 wounded. | ||||||
other | The attackers looted and set fire to houses and killed Jewish inhabitants. | ||||||
other | The main Jewish street was looted and burned. | ||||||
other | The Shaw report stated: | ||||||
other | "At about 5:15 pm, on the 29th of August, Arab mobs attacked the Jewish ghetto in Safed…in the course of which some 45 Jews were killed or wounded, several Jewish houses and shops were set on fire, and there was a repetition of the wanton destruction which had been so prominent a feature of the attack at Hebron." | ||||||
other | An eyewitness describing the pogrom that took place in Safed, perpetrated by Arabs from Safed and local villages, armed with weapons and kerosene tins. | ||||||
other | He observed mutilated and burned bodies of victims and the burnt body of a woman tied to a window. | ||||||
other | Several people were brutally killed. | ||||||
other | A schoolteacher, wife, and mother and a lawyer, were cut to pieces with knives and the attackers entered an orphanage and smashed children's heads and cut off their hands. | ||||||
other | Another victim was stabbed repeatedly and trampled to death. | ||||||
other | The Safed massacre marked the end of the disturbances. | ||||||
other | The British police had to open fire to prevent outrages in Nablus and Jaffa, and a police officer succeeded in warding off an attack on the quarter between Jaffa and Tel Aviv by firing on an Arab crowd. | ||||||
other | According to the Shaw Report, during the week of riots from 23 to 29 August 116 Arabs and 133 Jews were killed and 232 Arabs and 198 Jews were injured and treated in hospital. | ||||||
other | The Jewish casualty figures were provided by the Jewish authorities. | ||||||
other | The Arab casualty figures represented only those actually admitted to hospital and did not include "a considerable number of unrecorded casualties from rifle fire that occurred amongst Arabs." | ||||||
other | Many of the 116 reported Arab deaths were as a result of police and military activities, although around 20 of the Arabs killed were not involved in attacks on Jews and were killed as a result of lynchings and revenge attacks by Jews or by indiscriminate gunfire by the British authorities. | ||||||
other | Arab notables accused the Government forces of firing at Arabs exclusively. | ||||||
other | Most Jewish casualties resulted from Arab attacks, although the British authorities admitted in the Shaw report that "possibly some of the Jewish casualties were caused by rifle fire by the police or military forces" | ||||||
other | The riots produced a large number of trials. | ||||||
other | According to the Attorney-General of Palestine, Norman Bentwich, the following numbers of persons were charged, with the numbers convicted in parentheses. | ||||||
other | Of those convicted of murder, 26 Arabs and 2 Jews were sentenced to death. | ||||||
other | The Arabs included 14 convicted for the massacre in Safed and 11 for the massacre in Hebron. | ||||||
other | The Jewish policeman Simchas Hinkis was convicted for the murder of five and wounding of two when a mob broke into a house between Tel Aviv and Jaffa to avenge the murder of six Jews. |
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