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other | Except for the mast cells, their names are derived from their staining characteristics; for example, the most abundant granulocyte is the neutrophil granulocyte, which has neutrally staining cytoplasmic granules. | ||||||
other | Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, constituting 60% to 65% of the total circulating white blood cells, and consisting of two subpopulations: neutrophil-killers and neutrophil-cagers. | ||||||
other | One litre of human blood contains about five billion (5x10) neutrophils, which are about 12–15 micrometres in diameter. | ||||||
other | Once neutrophils have received the appropriate signals, it takes them about thirty minutes to leave the blood and reach the site of an infection. | ||||||
other | Neutrophils do not return to the blood; they turn into pus cells and die. | ||||||
other | Mature neutrophils are smaller than monocytes, and have a segmented nucleus with several sections(two to five segments); each section is connected by chromatin filaments. | ||||||
other | Neutrophils do not normally exit the bone marrow until maturity, but during an infection neutrophil precursors called myelocytes and promyelocytes are released. | ||||||
other | Neutrophils have three strategies for directly attacking micro-organisms: phagocytosis (ingestion), release of soluble anti-microbials (including granule proteins), and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). | ||||||
other | Neutrophils are professional phagocytes: they are ferocious eaters and rapidly engulf invaders coated with antibodies and complement, as well as damaged cells or cellular debris. | ||||||
other | The intracellular granules of the human neutrophil have long been recognized for their protein-destroying and bactericidal properties. | ||||||
other | Neutrophils can secrete products that stimulate monocytes and macrophages; these secretions increase phagocytosis and the formation of reactive oxygen compounds involved in intracellular killing. | ||||||
other | Neutrophils have two types of granules; primary (azurophilic) granules (found in young cells) and secondary (specific) granules (which are found in more mature cells). | ||||||
other | Primary granules contain cationic proteins and defensins that are used to kill bacteria, proteolytic enzymes and cathepsin G to break down (bacterial) proteins, lysozyme to break down bacterial cell walls, and myeloperoxidase (used to generate toxic bacteria-killing substances). | ||||||
other | In addition, secretions from the primary granules of neutrophils stimulate the phagocytosis of IgG antibody-coated bacteria. | ||||||
other | The secondary granules contain compounds that are involved in the formation of toxic oxygen compounds, lysozyme, and lactoferrin (used to take essential iron from bacteria). | ||||||
other | Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) comprise a web of fibers composed of chromatin and serine proteases that trap and kill microbes extracellularly. | ||||||
other | Trapping of bacteria is a particularly important role for NETs in sepsis, where NET are formed within blood vessels. | ||||||
other | Eosinophils also have kidney-shaped lobed nuclei (two to four lobes). | ||||||
other | The number of granules in an eosinophil can vary because they have a tendency to degranulate while in the blood stream. | ||||||
other | Eosinophils play a crucial part in the killing of parasites (e.g., enteric nematodes) because their granules contain a unique, toxic basic protein and cationic protein (e.g., cathepsin); receptors that bind to IgE are used to help with this task. | ||||||
other | These cells also have a limited ability to participate in phagocytosis, they are professional antigen-presenting cells, they regulate other immune cell functions (e.g., CD4+ T cell, dendritic cell, B cell, mast cell, neutrophil, and basophil functions), they are involved in the destruction of tumor cells, and they prom... | ||||||
other | A polypeptide called interleukin-5 interacts with eosinophils and causes them to grow and differentiate; this polypeptide is produced by basophils and by T-helper 2 cells (TH2). | ||||||
other | Basophils are one of the least abundant cells in bone marrow and blood (occurring at less than two percent of all cells). | ||||||
other | Like neutrophils and eosinophils, they have lobed nuclei; however, they have only two lobes, and the chromatin filaments that connect them are not very visible. | ||||||
other | Basophils have receptors that can bind to IgE, IgG, complement, and histamine. | ||||||
other | The cytoplasm of basophils contains a varied amount of granules; these granules are usually numerous enough to partially conceal the nucleus. | ||||||
other | Granule contents of basophils are abundant with histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, peroxidase, platelet-activating factor, and other substances. | ||||||
other | When an infection occurs, mature basophils will be released from the bone marrow and travel to the site of infection. | ||||||
other | When basophils are injured, they will release histamine, which contributes to the inflammatory response that helps fight invading organisms. | ||||||
other | Histamine causes dilation and increased permeability of capillaries close to the basophil. | ||||||
other | Injured basophils and other leukocytes will release another substance called prostaglandins that contributes to an increased blood flow to the site of infection. | ||||||
other | Both of these mechanisms allow blood-clotting elements to be delivered to the infected area (this begins the recovery process and blocks the travel of microbes to other parts of the body). | ||||||
other | Increased permeability of the inflamed tissue also allows for more phagocyte migration to the site of infection so that they can consume microbes. | ||||||
other | Mast cells are a type of granulocyte that are present in tissues; they mediate host defense against pathogens (e.g., parasites) and allergic reactions, particularly anaphylaxis. | ||||||
other | Mast cells are also involved in mediating inflammation and autoimmunity as well as mediating and regulating neuroimmune system responses. | ||||||
other | Granulocytes are derived from stem cells residing in the bone marrow. | ||||||
other | The differentiation of these stem cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell into granulocytes is termed granulopoiesis. | ||||||
other | Multiple intermediate cell types exist in this differentiation process, including myeloblasts and promyelocytes. | ||||||
other | Examples of toxic materials produced or released by degranulation by granulocytes on the ingestion of microorganisms are: | ||||||
other | Granulocytopenia is an abnormally low concentration of granulocytes in the blood. | ||||||
other | This condition reduces the body's resistance to many infections. | ||||||
other | Closely related terms include agranulocytosis (etymologically, "no granulocytes at all"; clinically, granulocyte levels less than 5% of normal) and neutropenia (deficiency of neutrophil granulocytes). | ||||||
other | Granulocytes live only one to two days in circulation (four days in spleen or other tissue), so transfusion of granulocytes as a therapeutic strategy would confer a very short-lasting benefit. | ||||||
other | In addition, there are many complications associated with such a procedure. | ||||||
other | There is usually a granulocyte chemotactic defect in individuals suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus. | ||||||
other | Granulocytosis | ||||||
other | In medicine, granulocytosis is the presence of an increased number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood. | ||||||
other | Often, the word refers to an increased neutrophil granulocyte count (neutrophilia), but granulocytosis formally refers to the combination of neutrophilia, eosinophilia, and basophilia. | ||||||
other | Leukocytosis refers to an increase in the number of all white blood cells. | ||||||
other | Granulocytosis can be a feature of a number of diseases, including: | ||||||
other | Diagnosis of granulocytosis is usually done by obtaining a complete blood count. | ||||||
other | In cardiovascular disease, increased white blood cell counts have been shown to indicate a worse prognosis. | ||||||
other | Frank Klees | ||||||
other | Frank Klees (born March 6, 1951) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. | ||||||
other | He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2014. | ||||||
other | He was a cabinet minister in the governments of Mike Harris and Ernie Eves. | ||||||
other | Klees was born in Landau, West Germany. | ||||||
other | His parents were Danube Swabians, German pioneers whose ancestors settled in parts of eastern Europe that would later be known as Hungary and Yugoslavia. | ||||||
other | At the age of five, Klees came with his family to Canada and settled in Leamington, Ontario. | ||||||
other | He worked as a businessman in the financial services sector with Canada Life Assurance. | ||||||
other | He then became an entrepreneur, and started a sports agency which represented professional athletes. | ||||||
other | Klees also co-founded the Municipal Gas Corporation in 1990, and served as its executive vice-president until 1997. | ||||||
other | Klees sat on the board of the controversial Universal Energy Corporation, a natural gas and electricity retailer which has been fined by the Ontario Energy Board on several occasions and frequently criticised by its own customers as being a scam. | ||||||
other | When Universal was bought out by Just Energy he was presented a seat on the board of their Exchange corporation. | ||||||
other | From 1992 to 1994, he was third vice-president and policy chair of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario. | ||||||
other | Klees lives in Aurora, Ontario. | ||||||
other | Klees ran for the Ontario legislature in the 1975 provincial election, losing to Liberal Remo Mancini in the southwestern riding of Essex South. | ||||||
other | He lost to Mancini a second time in the 1977 election. | ||||||
other | Klees was elected to the legislature in the election of 1995, defeating former Liberal leadership candidate Charles Beer in York—Mackenzie. | ||||||
other | He was easily re-elected in the 1999 provincial election running in the new riding of Oak Ridges. | ||||||
other | On June 17, 1999 he was appointed to the cabinet of Premier Mike Harris as Chief Government Whip, Deputy House Leader and Minister without Portfolio. | ||||||
other | In 2000, Klees was preparing to run as a candidate for the leadership of the new Canadian Alliance, but withdrew because one of his key financial backers insisted on a last-minute deal to make a significant funding commitment conditional on Klees throwing his support to one of the other candidates on the second ballot. | ||||||
other | Klees stepped down from his ministerial position on July 30, 2001 for what he described as personal reasons. | ||||||
other | After returning to the backbenches for a year, he was reappointed to cabinet on October 3, 2002 as Minister of Tourism under Harris' successor, Ernie Eves. | ||||||
other | On February 25, 2003, he became Minister of Transportation, and served in that position until the defeat of the Eves government in the October 2003 election. | ||||||
other | Klees was re-elected in 2003, and was a candidate in the 2004 Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership election which took place on September 18, 2004. | ||||||
other | He was endorsed by Tory MPPs Jerry Ouellette, Ted Chudleigh and Bill Murdoch, and groups such as the Conservative Youth Coalition. | ||||||
other | The other candidates in the race were Whitby-Ajax MPP Jim Flaherty and former Rogers Communications CEO John Tory. | ||||||
other | Klees made healthcare his biggest priority in the campaign. | ||||||
other | He was the only candidate to openly endorse a semi-privatized health care system. | ||||||
other | Other key issues of his campaign were school choice, physical education in the school system, OHIP statements, and foreign-trained doctors applying for employment. | ||||||
other | Klees was eliminated from the contest after placing third on the first ballot; Tory subsequently won on the second ballot. | ||||||
other | Klees increased his profile during the campaign, and became the Critic for Education and Citizenship & Immigration in the Legislature as well as a member of the Justice Committee. | ||||||
other | Klees was elected in the newly created provincial riding of Newmarket-Aurora in the 2007 Ontario general election. | ||||||
other | He was re-elected in the 2011 Ontario election. | ||||||
other | Klees contested the 2009 leadership race, placing second behind the winner, Tim Hudak. | ||||||
other | The single biggest campaign contribution of $32,000 was made by OPTUS Capital Corporation, owned by Universal Energy Corporation's founder and CEO Mark Silver. | ||||||
other | It accounted for 20% of the total contributions. | ||||||
other | Klees made a "surprisingly impolitic concession speech", and it was reported that he had a cool relationship with Hudak, in part because Klees supported Tory as party leader while Hudak refused. | ||||||
other | After the 2011 general election Klees requested the post of deputy party leader, presently held by Whitby-Oshawa MPP Christine Elliott, but Tim Hudak instead offered the shadow cabinet role of transportation critic along with ethnic outreach in the PC party's shadow cabinet, which Klees turned down. | ||||||
other | On October 25, 2011, Klees announced that he would run for Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, in defiance of the opposition party leaders who had earlier ordered their members not to contest the Speakership. | ||||||
other | The minority Liberal government was one seat short of forming a majority and if Klees had been elected Speaker, he would have given the government a working majority as the speaker usually votes with the government in motions of non-confidence. | ||||||
other | The move was met with derision from other Conservatives with one MPP saying, "This is the equivalent of crossing the floor... | ||||||
other | The Liberals better support him, because Frank doesn’t have a lot of friends in our caucus today." | ||||||
other | Klees withdrew his candidacy on October 29, 2011 due to lack of support. | ||||||
other | He did not run in the 2014 election. | ||||||
other | Paracrine signaling | ||||||
other | Paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling or cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behaviour of those cells. | ||||||
other | Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to cell signaling by endocrine factors, hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system; juxtacrine interactions; and autocrine signaling. | ||||||
other | Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. |
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