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Stone Collection: Volume 21 - Item 48
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48. “The Poor White of the South,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (June 1864): 115-24.
Description of the third, or lowest, class of European Americans living in the South. The other two classes are termed “the ruling class” (about a million strong) and “the middle or laboring class” (about six and a half million strong). The author estimates that there are about one-half million poor whites in the Southern states. | <urn:uuid:6a37bfb5-02cf-4e40-889c-b3b2098d7e4d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://opac2.mdah.state.ms.us/stone/SV21I48.php?referer=http://Toparo.cf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.861052 | 128 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Focused portfolios with returns defined by stock-picking, not style
Active ownership and integrated ESG
Honesty and integrity
Without these there can be no trust.
Mistakes are forgivable. Not learning from them is not. We self-criticize so others don't have to.
Humility and curiosity
Acknowledging what one doesn't know is the first step to learning. There are no stupid questions.
Different inputs broaden our perspective and enhance our judgement.
Help others reach their potential
Collaborative teamwork leads to collective achievement.
We believe that over the long-term, investing in great companies at attractive valuations generates value for shareholders that significantly exceeds the return on the average company or the market.
Great businesses create contingent assets based on extra-financial forms of capital. These are often subtle, qualitative characteristics that can take time to be reflected in company financials -- characteristics such as sustainable business practices, engaged employees as well as great relationships with suppliers, customers, and the community. Because these do not immediately accrue to the bottom line and are not reflected in typical financial reporting, the market often underappreciates their impact. However, healthy extra-financial capital mitigates risk and creates long-term economic value. We believe that by evaluating the health of extra-financial factors, including environmental, social and governance (ESG), we are not only able to reduce risk and uncover alternative sources of alpha, but also achieve a responsible allocation of capital.
Winning business modelEach business in the portfolio has a unique, hard-to-replicate element that gives it a sustainable edge over its competitors. That element varies from industry to industry, which is why we are structured as a team of industry experts.
End-market growthWe believe that a company with a winning business model able to take market share will amplify the amount of value creation if it is exposed to growing end markets.
Market share opportunityWe pay close attention to the industry structure and nature of competition and expect a company with a true edge over competitors to expand or at least maintain its market share.
Management and ESG practicesWe believe investing is not simply renting a share for a period, but taking an ownership stake in a business and accepting the responsibility that ownership entails. We want to partner with responsible management teams who can both operate the business effectively on a day-to-day basis and position it strategically over the long term.
Even great businesses can be over-valued, putting investors' capital at risk. We consider valuation after assessing the business because we believe that it is only possible to appropriately value a business if it is understood. We use discounted cash flow analysis as our fundamental valuation tool because its long-term perspective is consistent with our investment horizon and because it allows us to incorporate our ESG insights into the valuation.
Our fundamental research enables us to identify the best companies with the most attractive valuations. These are our best ideas and we seek to have as much exposure to these as possible, leading to a focused portfolio.
But risk is also important. We want the active risk in the portfolio to reflect our investment philosophy of owning great companies at attractive valuations. These are our intended stock-specific sources of risk, the selection and timing of which provides us with a positive expected return. Other sources of risk, such as market or style, fall outside of our philosophy and have no expected return. They are unintended sources.
We use our proprietary risk application in order to analyze the portfolio's risk exposures, enabling us to build-in sufficient diversification for us to capture the stock-specific intended risk sources whilst maintaining a focused portfolio of best ideas. By ensuring the individuality of those best ideas, we maximize diversification of unintended risk exposures and avoid bias-creating concentrations.
The result is a portfolio where excess returns are dominated by the investment philosophy and stock-specific risk.
We consider ESG factors as non-traditional sources of risk and opportunity which we believe should form part of every company assessment. We believe strong ESG practices should be considered as ‘contingent assets' in that they have the potential to deliver more from a given set of resources and enhance a business's prospects. Conversely, a company that chooses to compromise the future in order to flatter short term results is creating a ‘contingent liability' that could undermine the sustainability of that business.
The relevance of particular ESG issues varies from industry to industry, which is why we believe it is important to integrate ESG into the company assessment by our industry experts rather than using ESG as a pre-screen or overlay. This leads us to favor companies with more sustainable and responsible business models that have the potential to deliver superior long term financial performance. Our belief is that this should translate into more accurate valuation and attractive absolute and relative returns for investors over the long term.
Investors increasingly care not just what their investment return is but also how it is generated. Consistent with our purpose of making a 'positive difference', we feel we have a responsibility not just to our investors but also to the companies in the portfolio owned on their behalf. Consequently, whenever we meet with companies, we encourage ideas of responsible and sustainable business. We know that being an owner of a better business is good for investors, but because better businesses employ people with families who are part of communities, the positive difference we can make is more widely spread.
Real Impact Certification by Real Impact Tracker is given to firms that demonstrate a deep commitment to create real social and environmental impact by measuring how well a firm works to achieve its stated impact goals through investment management. Data from publicly available sources was collected to score firms on shareholder engagement, ESG strategy depth and execution, and public sphere advocacy ; firms are certified if they pass the threshold score for these three categories. Currently , 7.15% of a total $1.894 trillion in assets under management evaluated and scored by Real Impact Tracker have met the threshold. RBC Global Asset Management paid a fee to Real Impact Tracker for their time spent applying their methodology and evaluating the firm.
To be reliable stewards
We value the trust placed in us by our clients and will do all we can to be worthy of it and to enhance it.
To remain true to our investment philosophy
We invest in great companies at attractive valuations. Such companies combine ideas, human capital, social capital, corporate culture and physical capital to create value greater than the constituent parts. We commit to providing clients portfolios with risk exposures consistent with this investment philosophy. We will not expose clients to unnecessary risks.
To act responsibly and to speak up for a better future
We understand that the quality of an investment return is determined not just by its size but also by how it is generated. Returns generated at the expense of others are not truly wealth creating, are ultimately unsustainable and expose the investor to the opprobrium of society. We believe in and will make the case for sustainable value creation that comes from a balanced division of proceeds across all stakeholders.
To engage with investee companies on behalf of our clients
We acknowledge our duty as active stewards to engage with investee companies. Responsible owners support companies' adoption of sustainable business practices through active engagement, and in so doing contribute to the delivery of better long-term outcomes for society, the environment and clients.
To put our clients' interests first
Only if we are successful at making a positive difference for our clients, for investee companies and for the communities in which we operate will we make a positive difference for ourselves. We commit to transparency and to avoiding conflicts of interest by aligning ourselves with investors' outcomes. We commit to treating the capital entrusted to us as if it was our own.
We have been managing client money the same way since our foundation in 2006. Our team comprises seven industry specialists, three risk and portfolio construction experts, an investment analyst, a product specialist and the team head and founder, Habib Subjally.
The investment team enjoys a very strong, collaborative culture based upon teamwork, transparency, alignment and continuous improvement. We refer to each other as partners. We are aligned with investors' outcomes through our compensation based upon overall team performance and our personal investment in the portfolio. | <urn:uuid:0e2d85cc-6db6-499e-a1c1-abd74dc80f35> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://institutional.rbcgam.com/en/us/about-us/team/rbc-global-equity/detail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951203 | 1,691 | 1.5 | 2 |
Perception of medical students and faculty toward concept mapping as a teaching-learning method in pharmacologyAmit Jain, Rajeev Sharma, Harminder Singh, Ritu Bala.
Background: Concept mapping is a proven technique in problem-based learning in many disciplines. This process of making concept maps is widely used along with other teaching methodologies to enhance knowledge with detailed cross-linkage between descriptive knowledge and procedural knowledge. This ultimately leads to enhanced clinical reasoning and decision-making.
Aims and Objectives: The primary goal was introduced concept mapping to enhance meaningful learning and deeper understanding in the second professional MBBS for teaching pharmacology. The aim was to take feedback from the students and faculty regarding this new teaching strategy.
Materials and Methods: Faculty and students were sensitized with tool of concept mapping. An interactive session was held followed by random division into five small groups and development of concept maps. The faculty members worked with these small groups as facilitators for this session and helped students in the process. After the session on concept mapping, the feedback was taken from students and faculty on the respective feedback pro forma and evaluated.
Results: A total of 104 feedback forms were received. About 84.79% of students had positive perception toward the use of concept mapping as teaching strategy. More than three-fourth of students agreed to use this strategy in future classes. However, some raised an issue of time constraint. On an average, 90% of faculty had positive perception toward the use of this strategy. Most of the faculty members raised the concern about lack of time to be devoted to this methodology.
Conclusions: The results of this study conclude that concept mapping can be used in teaching pharmacology and can enhance meaningful learning and clinical reasoning.
Key words: Concept Mapping; Perception; Pharmacology; Teaching-Learning Method | <urn:uuid:692aa549-5eae-4f36-b0dc-892b9dd20dec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bibliomed.org/?mno=87188 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.966042 | 384 | 1.867188 | 2 |
7 June 2012 Last updated at 20:45 ET
Cardiff University researchers used MRI scanners to show eight people how their brains reacted to positive imagery.
After four sessions of the therapy the participants had seen significant improvements in their depression.
Another eight who were asked to think positively but did not see brain images as they did so showed no change.
The researchers said they believed the MRI scans allowed participants to work out, through trial and error, which sort of positive emotional imagery was most effective.
The technique – known as neurofeedback – has already had some success in helping people with Parkinson’s disease.
Call or Text us for an Introductory NeuroFeedback Session in Our Kitsilano, Vancouver, BC Location – and Eliminate Your Anxiety This Year. 604-785-1709 www.no-stress-success.com | <urn:uuid:bd681341-85bf-441d-840e-1bdcb0720051> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://neurofeedbackstudio.com/2014/08/07/brain-training-helps-treat-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963037 | 196 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is an endangered species, listed as a grade I protected animal in China. The females rarely successfully develop their gonads from stage II to III in captivity, which handicaps the propagation of cultured Chinese sturgeon. The present study aimed to understand the effects of dietary lipid level on the ovarian development and the related regulation mechanism in female Chinese sturgeon. A 24-month feeding trial was conducted with 10-year-old Chinese sturgeons with ovaries at the developmental stage II, with three experimental diets containing 10, 14 and 18 % lipids. Ovary, muscle and serum samples were collected at four time points (6, 12, 18 and 24 months) for further analyses. Serum metabolomics and ovary transcriptomics analyses were conducted at 18 months. Results showed that only the 18 % lipid diet promoted ovary development to stage IV. Oocytes at stage II in this group also exhibited higher diameter and more lipid droplets. Serum TAG content in the 18 % group was significantly higher than in 10 and 14 % groups (both at 12 and 18 months). Oestradiol content in the 14 % group was significantly higher than in 10 and 18 % groups, except at 24 months. Metabolomic and transcriptomic results indirectly indicated that 14 % of dietary lipids benefited steroid hormone synthesis, while 18 % lipid facilitated arachidonic acid metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis and vitellogenesis, although serum cholesterol content did not vary with dietary lipid level. In conclusion, 18 % dietary lipid is the optimal level for improving gonad development of female Chinese sturgeon. | <urn:uuid:c319174a-79f6-43d6-b402-e444a30c58d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://core-cms.prod.aop.cambridge.org/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Jinping%20Wu&eventCode=SE-AU | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.948206 | 331 | 1.679688 | 2 |
According to new research by Legal & General, one in four properties in the UK will be funded by the “bank of mum and dad” in 2020. With lenders rapidly withdrawing low-deposit mortgages for first-time buyers in response to the coronavirus pandemic and the ensuing recession, this trend seems set to continue. One in five family members helping a buyer to fund their first home has increased their contribution by 50% since the pandemic hit.
But unless you win the lottery jackpot or have secret millions tucked away in a savings account, how can you help your child buy their first home in the increasingly inaccessible UK property market?
Help Your Child Raise a Deposit
If you have savings and can afford to do so, gifting your child the funds to cover the deposit may be enough to give them the leg-up they need. Many people have sufficient salaries to afford the monthly mortgage payments on a new home but are unable to save up a big enough deposit — especially now that 5% and 10% deposit mortgages are becoming increasingly rare.
Most mortgage lenders will accept a cash gift as a deposit, but they will probably expect proof that you have the funds and are committed to gifting or lending them to your child. If the money is a loan, repayments will be factored into the lender’s affordability calculations. You might also have to sign a declaration that you are not expecting any legal stake in the property in return for your contribution.
If you don’t have a huge savings pot to dip into, you could sell your house for cash, downsize and give the surplus money to your child. Downsizing gives you the benefit of having a more affordable property with less maintenance and can free up the capital you need to help your child buy their first home.
Take Out a New Mortgage
There are several types of mortgage that could help you to support your child in their property purchase.
A guarantor mortgage allows you to borrow a sum of money based on your income and assets. You would be liable to cover the repayments on your child’s home if they fail to pay for any reason.
You could take out a joint mortgage with your child, just as they might with a partner. The loan amount will depend on you and your child’s combined income and any remaining balance on your own mortgage. You will both be named on the title deeds to the property and share responsibility for repayments. If you own a property already, you may incur the second home stamp duty surcharge.
A joint borrower sole proprietor (JBSP) mortgage is calculated in the same way as a joint mortgage, but only your child’s name appears on the deeds. They are the sole owner, but you are still both liable for the mortgage repayments. A major benefit of a JBSP mortgage is that you won’t have to pay the second home stamp duty fee because you are not a named owner of your child’s property.
Remortgaging Your Property
If you have a mortgage on your own property, you could remortgage to add to your existing loan and provide the funds you need to help your child. Your monthly repayments or the mortgage term would increase in line with the additional funds borrowed.
Things to Keep in Mind
Every parent wants to help their child progress in life and achieve their goals. But muddying the waters between finances and family can cause problems if not carefully handled. You and your child should enter into the agreement with your eyes open, fully informed about the legalities involved and each with clear expectations about the agreement.
Understand Inheritance Tax (IHT)
Many people mistakenly believe that inheritance tax only applies to deceased estates. However, if you gift your child a large chunk of money, you could lose a percentage of it to HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). The law allows a parent to give their child up to £3,000 a year without incurring IHT. This can be backdated, so, for example, a gift of £9,000 would be permissible if you’ve not given your child any money in the last three years. Your child may also be liable to pay IHT on any money received if you die within seven years of giving the gift. If your name appears on the deeds of your child’s new home, you could be liable for certain taxes too. Read up on the law, and speak to an expert to make sure you and your child are fully informed about your legal responsibilities.
Make sure you and your child both fully understand and agree on the terms of your loan or gift. If it’s a loan, be clear about the repayment terms you expect. No matter how close you are and how positive your relationship, put the agreement in a formal document drawn up by a legal expert. This will protect you both in the event of unexpected circumstances, misunderstandings or disagreements.
Update Your Will
If you are named on the property deeds of your child’s home, make sure this is included in your will. Neglecting to do so could negatively affect any other children you may have and cause disagreements if you die without making clear what you’d like to happen to your share of the property.
Don’t overstretch yourself with a hefty remortgage deal or act as a guarantor for a property your child may struggle to afford if interest rates rise or their circumstances change. You should both seek advice from an expert before committing to any shared financial arrangement.
Upcoming generations are likely to find it increasingly difficult to get on the property ladder without help from the bank of mum and dad. Do your research, and don’t rush into any agreements that could put your existing property or retirement plans at risk. Keep the lines of communication open, and seek expert financial and legal advice to make sure your means of supporting your child is right for you both. | <urn:uuid:c3ff8d03-d758-443a-946d-17dadd6c009c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.motherdistracted.co.uk/2020/09/how-to-help-your-child-buy-their-first-home.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.959797 | 1,226 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Why Is My System Freezing Up?
There are several factors that can cause system freezing. Most need to be corrected by a Bordelon's Air Conditioning & Heating technician. We service all brands and give honest and fair services! 24/7 call 318-308-9978
1) Dirty filter
After replacing or cleaning the filter, you can speed up the thawing process by turning the system off and turning on the fan. If you have a heat pump system, you can try turning the system to heating mode until the ice has melted. After the ice has melted, switch the system settings back to normal. If the system refreezes, contact Bordelon's to correct the problem.
2) Low refrigerant
In some cases, freezing is caused by a leak in the refrigerant lines. Weak solder joints, friction from piping rubbing or vibrating against an object, open valves or loose fittings are all factors that can cause leaks. When determining whether to have the system repaired or replaced, the age of the system and the nature and location of the leak are important considerations. Call Bordelon's Air Conditioning & Heating
3) Dirty evaporator coil
Over time, the evaporator coil will become dirty. When this happens, you will begin to lose airflow, slowly enough that you probably would not realize it until it freezes up or cooling performance is compromised. At this point, you will need Bordelon's Air Conditioning & Heating to correct the problem.
4) Defective blower motor or relay
A blower motor not running at the proper speed or not running at all is another factor that can cause freezing. Motor operation may be intermittent, starting at full speed and slowing down after it heats up. Or, a relay could cause it to start one time and not the next. In either case, you will need Bordelon's Air Conditioning & Heating to correct the problem.
Air Conditioning Repair, Replace, and Maintenance -
Don’t let common air conditioner problems leave you sweating it out. Our technicians can quickly diagnose and address your AC repair issues, returning your home to comfort in no time!
In need of air conditioner replacement services? Bordelon's skilled technicians have the latest information and technology available to determine the perfect size and efficient system for your home and budget.
The first cold spell of the year arrives and your furnace decides to stop working that night. You wake up to an icebox of a home and are forced to wear your heavy coat and gloves indoors. You need emergency furnace repair, and fast! Who do you turn to? Contact Bordelon's!
Bordelon's is licensed and insured, and we have experience serving all HVAC furnace brands. You can rest assured that our technicians will complete your furnace repair thoroughly and professionally the first time around. You can have peace of mind knowing competent, professional, and courteous help is just a phone call away. CONTACT BORDELON'S FOR SERVICE CLICK HERE
If your A/C unit is in need of replacement, Bordelon's Air Conditioning & Heating offers a range of affordable units that will improve the quality of air in your home.
HVAC Preventative Maintenance
Many people tend to wonder whether HVAC preventative maintenance is worth the time and money. Just like a motor vehicle needs regular tune-ups to operate at its best level of performance, so does a Air Conditioning and Heating system. While preventive maintenance benefits the system directly, having this service performed by trained professionals brings with it benefits to you as the home or business owner as well.
Air Duct Cleaning
The air ducts in your home provide a very important function. They circulate the air from your heating and cooling system into and out of each room, which allows for consistent interior comfort regardless of the season.
In fact, all of the air in your home circulates through the ducts multiple times a day. The air cycling through your ducts is the same air that completely fills your living environment…and it is the same air that you and your family breathe. As such, you want this air to be as clean as possible.
We take great pride in our air duct cleaning!
There are many benefits to having your air ducts professionally cleaned, the top five of which are listed below:
Creates a Cleaner Living Environment
Having your air ducts professionally cleaned reduces the dust that would otherwise circulate throughout your living space, landing on your furniture, your bedding, your flooring…just about everywhere. Fortunately, a thorough air duct cleaning reduces the amount of interior cleaning and dusting necessary to maintain a hygienic home.
Reduces Allergens and Irritants
In addition to dust, air ducts frequently contain harmful contaminants and micro-organisms. These include pet dander, bacteria, pollen, mildew, mold spores, and similar toxins. People who suffer from allergies, asthma, and other respiratory problems are particularly sensitive to these airborne particles. A periodic air duct cleaning promotes healthier living…otherwise the dirty air in your home just keeps re-circulating over and over.
Helps Everyone Breathe Easier
Even if no one in your household suffers from chronic allergies or respiratory problems, cleaner air makes it easier for everyone to breathe. Even among the most healthy, dust and pollutants entering the nose and lungs can trigger sneezing and coughing, as well as sinus and bronchial congestion. Air duct cleaning creates a more comfortable environment and promotes well-being. Given the choice between clean air and dirty air, which would you rather breathe.
Removes Unpleasant Smells and Odors
Pets, household cleaning agents, paint fumes, mold, tobacco use and even food preparation all contribute to stale smells in the air ducts. Every time the furnace or air conditioner is running, these odors will repeatedly flow through the house. Even an accumulation of dust and dirt over the years can lead to a musty scent coming from the ductwork. A detailed cleaning of the air ducts removes all odor trapping particles, resulting in a fresher smelling home.
Improves Air Flow Efficiency
Ductwork and registers that have a heavy build-up of dust and grime can restrict the flow of air from the furnace and air conditioner. This means your system will have to work harder to heat or cool your home, resulting in a decreased level of efficiency. Conversely, a clean system will operate at peak efficiency and provide the most cost-effective performance for your energy dollar.
New air ducts are a great compliment to a new ac system. Replacement ducts can also improve the performance of older ac units. Bordelon's Air Conditioning and Heating can design and install new metal or flexible ductwork for your home or business in a professional and timely manner. The result? Rooms that cool more quickly and deliver better quality air. If your building a CUSTOM Home, call us TODAY! We take great pride in our duct work! | <urn:uuid:f7fa4b53-1ddb-4a2e-8623-e2f4091c8cf4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bordelonsair.com/our-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.926627 | 1,467 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Havel, playwright-philosopher-president, has become a symbol and hero to many beyond the borders of his native Czechoslovakia, whetting interest in his life and his ideas. Living in Truth is a compilation of six essays he wrote between 1975 and 1985, including the now classic "Power of the Powerless," plus a number of writings to or about Havel by distinguished contemporaries, among them Samuel Beckett, Milan Kundera and Tom Stoppard. Disturbing the Peace, an interchange in which Havel responded at length to questions put by Karel Hvíž??ala, a Czech journalist then living abroad, constitutes a revealing autobiography. Both books reflect the essence of the man, his honesty and humanity. | <urn:uuid:d1789d1a-8891-495f-83ea-6b955facd69a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1990-09-01/disturbing-peace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.969997 | 153 | 1.710938 | 2 |
crushers and conveyors can be inflexible and unwieldy. Materials handling engineers and salesmen will take exception with that statement, but compared to the total flexibility common with truck haulage, in-pit conveyors can restrict mining in large sections of the pit. The individual crushers and conveyors may
Conveyor Belting - Crusher Wear Parts. Conveyor Belting. Our standard stocked product is made from a full 10 to 1 safely factor, polyester warp fabric in both Grade I and Grade II. CWP provides belting in most standard widths and plies. We stock Grade I belts in 3 ply and above, as well as our single ply straight warp products.
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Mining Crusher machine manufacturers, grinding ball mill manufacturers and industries of South Africa, Ghana, Egypt, Libya of Africa trust HIC make Universal brand conveyor-belts made in India manufactured of EP and nylon textile multi-ply synthetic rubber covered. Abrasion resistant rubber belt M grade up to 15 mm thick belting crushers ...
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For the Mosh hardness of coal is usually under 5, the miners can use jaw crusher, impact crusher, hammer crusher etc. After the coal has been crushed, we need vibrating screen to grade the coal by size and then transport the coal via belt conveyor. In this process, dewatering screen is optional to remove water from the product.
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Using industrial conveyor belts can solve this trouble easily by working continuously. Almost every step of the complete mineral processing circuit, mining, crushing, washing, beneficiation, drying, classification and so on, is connecting by the belt conveyor. JXSC conveyor belt is capable of operating heavy duty work even if under harsh ...
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Feb 25, 2021· Belt Conveyor Systems are material handling systems that use continuous belts to convey products or material. Commonly used for transportation of bulk and light materials with less effort, the conveyor belt system has two pulleys with a belt around. It maintains an endless loop through the belt enabling movement of materials on the belt.
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The Teacup Chihuahua has been causing a lot of buzz around the dog world lately. The main reason is it’s size and how cute it is. Another reason is money related, simply because many Chihuahua lovers are kicking, scratching and doing everything they can to get their hands on one. Easily being one of the most popular dogs on the market today, they are also very interesting and have quite a long history. In this article, we give you 7 surprising facts about the Teacup Chihuahua and just as a forewarning, a couple may shock you.
The Term “Teacup Chihuahua” Is Of American Origin
Many people get confused and believe that the term Teacup Chihuahua actually refers to a specific breed of the Chihuahua. This term, which is of American origin, only refers to the size. Most Chihuahuas are born at the teacup-size but not all of them. According to the article at: http://www.famouschihuahua.com/chihuahua-facts/teacup-chihuahua/, this teacup-size refers to those that are right around 3lbs. Just as any breed, they grow out of it as adults.
There’s A Good Chance Of A Scam When Buying A Teacup Chihuahua
One thing that you want to be on the lookout for are Chihuahua breeders who are out to scam people with higher price tags for their puppies. If you hear from a Chihuahua breeder that he/she only breeds Teacup Chihuahuas, there’s a good chance that they are trying to get you to pay much more than you have to. Just as a heads up, other terms such as miniature or pocket-sized Chihuahuas are also used to lure potential buyers. So, keep that in mind and be sure to do your research and meet in person before money has ever been exchanged.
Teacup Chihuahuas Are More Susceptible To Health Problems
As cute as they are, it is unfortunate that Teacup Chihuahuas are much more prone to health problems. According to: http://www.chihuahuawardrobe.com/teacup-chihuahuas-separating-the-facts-from-the-fiction/, just a few of the health problems that they encounter are hypoglycemia, diabetes, patellar luxation, heart disease, bone fractures, joint problems and much more. The reason why they encounter more health problems is that Chihuahua breeders purposely try to breed them this size because they know that they sell for a higher price. Fortunately, there is something that you can do on your part and this ties into our next point, perfectly.
A Nutrient-Rich Diet Is Vital To Teacup Chihuahuas
In our opinion, a nutrient-rich diet is vital to the health of any dog, but again, when you’re after Teacup Chihuahuas, you will need to pay much more attention. It may be a bit more pricey, as well, but it is well worth it. Because they tend to come with many health problems, it is vital that we do our part and feed them properly. Vitamin-mineral liquid formulas and essential fatty acids are staples as these two not only ensure optimal nourishment, but they also ensure that Teacup Chihuahuas will grow into strong adults with beautiful, silky smooth coats.
Teacup Chihuahuas Were A Food Source To The Aztecs
As unfortunate as this is, and as sickening as this may sound, it happens to be true. In this article: https://www.teacupdogdaily.com/teacup-chihuahua-information/ the Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortez, was a witness to this act. In his visit to Mexico in 1520, he states in a letter to the Spanish King at that time, that Teacup Chihuahuas were an abundant food source to the Aztecs and were raised by the breeders and heavily sold in the market. On the flipside, today we are fortunate enough that we live in a society where we openly express our love for dogs and the possibility of this happening is very miniscule.
Teacup Chihuahuas Can Live Long Lives
This fact may raise a few eyebrows seeing as to how prone Teacup Chihuahuas are to sickness and other health related problems. However, when they are compared to the lifespan of other dogs, they can live pretty long lives. From 12 to 20 years to be exact. Of course this is not something that is guaranteed to happen. Much effort still needs to be required as far as regular vet checkups and making sure that they are being fed the proper nutrient-rich diets.
Teacup Chihuahuas Have A Temper
This fact should really come as no surprise. Let’s take a look at the actual size of Teacup Chihuahuas – pretty small. That being said, this is the reason as to why they tend to come with a temper and a self-confident attitude. Normally, they are very alert and energetic, but knowing that they are the smallest dog on the street, it’s almost as if they have something to prove.
There you have it – 7 surprising facts about Teacup Chihuahuas. These dogs come with a long history so there is much more than just that cute, miniature, pocket-sized Chihuahua that meets the eye. As for owning a Teacup Chihuahua, that is your call, but please do not adopt or purchase one if you haven’t first done your research, and if you are not prepared to spend a little extra time and money to care for them thoroughly.
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Communities around Uli Village Traditional Authority Sawali in Balaka district have appealed to well-wishers to drill more boreholes as they are still drawing water from unsafe wells.
The appeal was made when the Germany based charitable organization, Hilal Afrika, handed over a borehole to the communities, a development which will ease the problem.
Speaking during the ceremony, Group Village Headwoman Uli said her subjects are depending on unsafe wells along the nearby stream.
Headwoman Uli said the situation becomes worse in dry season when they walk long distances in search of water.
She however commended Hilal Afrika for the gesture but she asked for more saying people in the area are prone to waterborne diseases like cholera and dysentery.
Responding to the plea the Chairperson for Hilal Afrika, Umut Turan, said he has taken note of the request and promised to present the issues to the potential donors.
Turan however advised the communities to take care of the boreholes saying it will motivate the well-wishers to bring more projects in the area.
He also emphasized the point that his organization is initiating several projects for the benefit of all Malawians regardless of the religious background.
The borehole has been constructed with the financial support by the two individuals, Nesibe Avci and Necmiye Acar. | <urn:uuid:153cab34-65b6-4edf-a8e7-87c3b915b58c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.radioislam.org.mw/communities-appeal-for-more-boreholes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.967385 | 280 | 1.554688 | 2 |
SUP With Your Pup event: how was it?
The SUP With Your Pup session had sold out and, on the day, 8 humans and their 5 large and small canines gathered for the adventure. Weimaraner Skylar, Poodle Noodle, Spaniel Rosie, rescue mutt Jordie and Pomeranian Todd, all brought their life vests and were soon ready for the adventure!
The morning hadn’t started under the best star, with grey skies and rain pouring down. But as everyone arrived at the meeting point in River Lane on the Thames, rain showers eventually stopped and the sky slowly cleared, leaving the place to sunshine and warmer temperatures.
Instructor and founder of Back of Beyond Adventures, Piers, invited everyone to form a semi-circle on the green next to the river for a briefing, with paddles and boards on land. He explained how to paddle, stop, turn, and all the tips of the case, including what to do in case of a fall in the river. Participants also received a life jacket each and were instructed about how to wear it correctly.
As the briefing ended, everyone was given the task to fit the fin on the SUP and get the dogs on the boards while still on land, so they could become familiar with it. The dogs jumped up and down and were chilled out.
The next step was bringing the boards down the slipway, where Piers put his into the water and gave a demonstration of how to get on and paddle, also aided by his dog Ty (short name for Tycheros), in front of everyone.
Tye is a two and a half-year old rescue Pointer cross from Cyprus, who gets often mistaken for a Vizla and at times follows Piers on his water adventures. Ty, though is no “water baby”, as he walks to the belly but rather prefers to be on the water than in it, as Piers recounts, is very careful at staying still on the board, in between Piers’ legs to avoid wet surprises.
While Piers gave the demonstration, 10-year old mongrel Jordie happily swam in the Thames’ water, while Skylar stared at the board with interest. In order to get onto the SUP, the humans had to walk a few paces into the river and leave shallow waters where the fin would otherwise get stuck and falls could be a bit more risky.
As the humans pushed the board into the water, some of the dogs enthusiastically dived into the river and they were happy to be lifted onto the SUP, like Jordie and Rosie, others, like Skylar, were much less convinced. In fact, Skylar’s first attempt at SUP resulted in her sitting on the board looking at the water,then slipping a paw down the side of the board and plonking down into the water soon after, sinking underwater and reappearing with a very unamused expression.
While Piers helped Skylar gaining her confidence on the board, Jordie and his human paddled downstream a bit: Jordie loved a swim and his human later ended up joining in the Thames too, with Jordie looking at him from a dry place on the SUP.
Once everyone was confident kneeling on the SUP, the paddling started, heading upstream towards Twickenham. I didn’t join paddle boarding, instead I followed the group from the riverbank.
With the sun shining and the lovely setting of the Thames, with the backdrop of Marble Hill Park and heather flowers along the riverbank, it was a great one to watch, and in fact many people stopped by, curious about that unsual group paddling off.
With their own pace, the group made it down to Ham House, with Piers assisting where needed. They travelled on the right hand-side of the river (opposite Richmond and Ham House) as per Thames direction of travel, and some dogs decided to take a jump into the river at some point.
After a walk on the Thames path, I jumped onto the Hammerton Ferry to cross the river and watch them a bit closer. If you have a friend or partner not joining the SUP adventure, they can do it too: the ferry runs between Ham House Ferry Terminal to East Twickenham Ferry Terminal across the river (the service costs £1 each way – cash only -, is dog-friendly and dogs go free when on lead, otherwise £0.50, £0.50 is also the price for children and bikes, and is runs between 10am and 6pm).
To observe the river rules of travel (right hand-side), when turning to get back, paddlers had to cross the river. Thanks to the flow, travelling back downstream was much easier and quicker, and some of the humans progressed to standing on the SUP.
Back to the base a couple of hours later, everyone seemed to have had a great fun, and some expressed the desire to be back. At the “survivors pic”, we counted two humans who fell into the river and four dogs who at some point decided to make a jump during the adventure. Not too bad in the end.
The dogs seemed happy about the adventure too!
Things to know
- Your feet (up to the ankle or knee) will get wet (when you put the board in the water at least), so make sure you wear appropriate shoes that you don’t mind getting wet.
- There is a chance you’ll end up in the water. So it may be a good idea not just to have a clothes change, but also to make sure you don’t have open cuts that could become infected; Piers said that he considers the water clean and he sometimes he goes swimming in the river, however in the past there have been people who got sick after doing open swimming in the Thames.
- There is no changing facilities at River Lane. Back of Beyond Adventures has a van which carries kayaks and SUPs. So there is no place to get changed, unless you are happy to use the woodland nearby, and no place to leave your stuff. If you have a car you can leave your things there at your own risk, or Piers welcomed anyone who wanted to leave their clothes change into the van too.
- As Piers advises, one has to be careful with things that sink quickly: glasses, etc.
- Personal floating devices are provided for humans, but not for dogs, so you may want to bring your own for your four-legged.
- On the day, the weather turned to be perfect in the end, but the event is rain or shine. The only case the session is cancelled is if there are thunderstorms or high winds that pose a safety risk for participants.
Next SUP With Your Pup session & other dog-friendly SUP opportunities
Back of Beyond has been hosting SUP With Your Pup sessions for the last few years, after a number of unofficial dog-friendly sessions and interest from regulars. Check out our Dog Events Calendar for information on the next dates.
As they are keeping the group small and there are only 8 spots available, booking quickly is essential to avoid disappointment (if after the announcement you don’t see the date in the ‘Book Now’ section of their website any more, generally this happens when the session is sold out).
If you feel that you’d like to become more confident with stand-up paddleboarding before trying to add your dog to the equation, you can book a SUP lesson (these are meant to be without your dog) and then book a SUP with Your Pup one later.
On the other hand, in case you are an experienced paddle boarder and so is your dog, having already attended a session, you both can also join the SUP Socials that are held early mornings or at sunset (you can book through Back of Beyond’s website).
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Grinders - Cincinnati Machines Cincinnati Centerless Grinder Manuals. A further object of this invention is to provide a simplified centerless grinding machine for infeed grinding operations in which the entire cycle of work loading, grinding and work removal may be effected by a single manual control lever.Inside diameter grinding, also called as internal grinding, is used for grinding the inner diameter of tubular object. Workpiece or object will have already drilled hole and internal grinding process will be performed to finish the inner surface of workpiece with the help of small grinding wheel rotating at higher revolution per minute.8.1 Grinding 8.1.1 Grinding action Industrial grinding machines used in the mineral processing industries are mostly of the tumbling mill type. These mills exist in a variety of types - rod, ball, pebble autogenous and semi-autogenous. The grinding action is induced by relative motion between the particles of media - the rods, balls or pebbles.Operation The floor grinder is designed to be used either wet or dry. If the application requires dry grinding, a suitable industrial vacuum is required. Consult Safety Data Sheets for the materials being ground. Concrete dust and floor coatings contain materials that can be harmful. SEE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR Silica Dust Warning.
Grinding Machine Operations Surface grinding operation . It is used to make a flat surface, the rotating grinding wheel removes the material from Cylindrical grinding operation . This type of grinding operation is performed only for cylindrical jobs.Cylindrical grinding machine This machine is used to produce external cylindrical surface. Surfaces may be straight, tapered, steps or profiled. Broadly there are three different types of cylindrical grinding machine as follows 1. Plain centre type cylindrical grinder 2. Universal cylindrical surface grinder 3. Centreless cylindrical surface.Peel grinding machines offer a modern approach that achieves flexible grinding operations of a variety of diameters, grooves, thrust faces and forms using one set-up. Peel grinding is often compared with hard turning where a tool is traversed along a hardened workpiece following an appropriate form. Peel grinding operates in a similar mode removing a narrow strip of material.May 29, 2020 Grinding machine operations The following stated below represent the operations that can be performed on a grinder Surface grinding operation This is done to obtain a flat surface as the rotating grinding wheel cut off the material from the top surface of the workpiece and gives the flat look.
Dec 15, 2021 Tool and cutter grinding machines are the types of grinding machines like surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, centerless grinding machines, etc. In the machine shop, most of the machining operations are performed by a single-point cutting tool or a multipoint cutting tool.Aug 26, 2015 Grinding 1. Grinding and Grinding Machine 2. Grinding Grinding is a process of removing material by abrasive action of a revolving wheel on the surface of a work-piece in order to bring it to required shape and size The wheel used for performing the grinding operation is known as grinding wheel It consists of sharp crystal called abrasive held together by a.An automatic grinding and polishing machine is shown in Fig. 4.1. Automatic grinding methodsteps are 1. Symmetrically load three to six mounted specimens into the specimen holder of an automatic grinding-polishing machine, with the flat sur-face of the ceramic section downward. Most manufacturers provide a.5. Move the grinding wheel down using the vertical table handwheel until it barely makes contact with the dresser. 6. Turn the machine off after making contact with the dresser. 7. Turn the machine on again. While the wheel is spinning, lower the grinding wheel down in the Z direction until it makes a small plume of dust. 8.
The basic difference between a universal horizontal milling machine and a plain horizontal milling machine is the addition of a table swivel housing between the table and the saddle of the universal machine. This permits the table to swing up to 45 in either direction for angular and helical milling operations. The universal machine can be fitted.Machine and a plain horizontal milling machine is the addition of a table swivel housing between the table and the saddle of the universal machine. This permits the table to swing up to 45 in either direction for angular and helical milling operations.Apr 29, 2018 The common grinding machine operation are surface, cylindrical, internal and centreless grinding. Now let us discuss each one by one, 1. Surface Grinding. It involves grinding flat surfaces. Here the workpiece is fitted with a magnetic chuck attached to a work table of the grinder. Non-magnetic are held by vices or fixtures.A deburring operation on a robot-held die-cast part for an outboard motor housing, using a grinding wheel. Abrasive belts or flexible abrasive radial-wheel brushes can also be used for such operations. Source Courtesy of Acme Manufacturing Company and Manufacturing Engineering Magazine, Society of Manufacturing Engineers.
Study of Machine Tools – Grinding Machines Page 3 4.5 Grinding machine operations The process of grinding is the operation of removing excess material from metal parts by a grinding wheel made of hard abrasives. The following operations are generally performed in a grinding machine. 1. Cylindrical grinding 2. Taper grinding 3.Dec 21, 2020 Wmw Conventional Grinding Machine Operation Manual. File Type PDF Wmw Conventional Grinding Machine Operation Manual This must be good subsequent to knowing the wmw conventional grinding machine operation manual in this website. This is one of the books that many people looking for. In the past, many people question or less this photo.W A R N I N G - If a grinding wheel is permitted to exceed the maximum safe speed, it may disintegrate and cause injury to the operator and damage to the grinding machine! Wear goggles for all grinding machine operations. Check grinding wheels for cracks (Ring Test Figure 5-11) before mounting.• The type of milling machine most commonly found in student shops is a vertical spindle machine with a swiveling head. Although there are several other types of milling machines, shown is the vertical milling machine. • A milling machine removes metal by rotating a multi-toothed cutter that is fed into the moving workpiece.
Centerless grinding technique using regulating wheel. Mainly centerless grinding is divided in three types, and those are End feed, in-feed and through feed Centerless grinding. This paper mainly deals with low cost automation on in-feed Centerless grinding machine using regulating wheel suitable for multiple in-feed type jobs.Grinding very small-diameter instruments for use in medical procedures is a niche business for this micro-grinding machine manufacturer. The company makes machines that use a variety of grinding techniques to manufacture guidewires for the medical industry. micromachining.1.9 Milling Machine Operations 1.10 Indexing 1.11 Index Methods 1.12 Indexing Procedures 1.13 Summary 1.14 Answers to SAQs 1.1 INTRODUCTION Milling machine is one of the important machining operations. In this operation the workpiece is fed against a rotating cylindrical tool. The rotating tool consists of multiple.Jul 03, 2021 Creep feed grinding is a slow, one-pass operation that makes a deep cut of up to one inch in steel materials at low table speeds between 0.5 and 1 ipm. It is not suitable for conventional grinding machines, but for those which are compatible with it, it offers high productivity and cost effectiveness. | <urn:uuid:a8e75c89-21e8-4dbb-a951-3738bb899539> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rodozja.pl/10928/operation-of-grinding-machine-filetype.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.903273 | 1,574 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Examining The Early Churches Strengths And Weaknesses Religion Essay
The purpose of this essay is to see how the church began 2,000years ago, with a small group of disciples empowered by the Holy Spirit, who preached, and taught, healed in synagogue, and everywhere they went, lives and society was changed in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. The Strengths of Early Church The early church did not just start to grow after Jesus’ ascension by its own enthusiasm. The disciples on the day of Pentecost were all together in one place. One of the strength of the early church is their ability to wait on God. Jesus instructed his disciples to wait (Matt 28:19-20, Luke 24:49) first for the Holy Spirit in order to do the work he commissioned them for.
The disciples waited until when the Spirit descended on them on the day of Pentecost. The power received at the out pouring of the Holy Spirit enabled them to fulfil their mission. Waiting is sometimes part of God’s plan in order to be truly effective. Descent of the Spirit The apostles and disciples were the first recipients of the outpouring of the spirit with the evidence of speaking in tongues (Act 2:6). They received power to function like Jesus Christ; to preach the gospel with boldness, with signs and wonders following. The disciples spoke in prophetic speech that people of diverse nationalities represented at Jerusalem recognised their languages, which drew their attention unto God. Peter’s sermon on the day of Pentecost led to revival that caused salvation of over three thousand people.
Followed by diverse forms of miracles, and healings enhancing the spread of the gospel. The Church was Bold Initially the disciples were very timid. But after the outpouring of the Holy Spirit they were filled with boldness to do mighty works and witnessing effectively. The outpouring of the Holy Spirit inspired evangelism and proclamation of the gospel of Jesus Christ. From the day of Pentecost when Peter spoke to community of believers the gospel has spread from Jerusalem to Syria, Asia, Europe and Africa. Despite persecutions, oppositions, imprisonments, plots they never relent, they kept on moving never dare to go to a new place to preach the word of God. The Early Church was very Prayerful Another characteristic of the early church was that they are very prayerful, committed to God’s will through prayer (Act 1:14).
As it faces challenges the churches always came together to pray so that healings, miraculous signs and wonders will take place (Acts3:1-3, 4:1-10). The Church was in one accord One of the strengths of the early church is unity. The church was one, and there was no proliferation in the body of Christ. There were house fellowships where believers met for teachings and breaking of bread. None of the early Christians felt that what they had was their own; they never allowed any of the brethren to suffer when others had plenty. The unity brought by the Holy Spirit increased loyalty, commitment and love for God. Without unity, the church could not have survived; therefore they had everything in common.
Perform miraculous signs and wonders Signs and wonders followed the apostles everywhere they went. The healing of the man at the Beautiful gate by Peter and John created a stir in Jerusalem that saved five thousand people (Act 3:1-3). The early Church did much miraculous work through the help of the Holy Spirit as the Lord had done. They confirmed the gospel with great power, miracles and abundant grace as they spread the good news. A lot of people were attracted to the early church by expressions of God’s power at work. People of Prayer The early Christians devoted themselves to prayer. They understood that Gods kingdom could only be manifested in its full power through fervent prayer.
(Act 1:14, 2:42, 3:1, 6:4, Eph 6:18). In those days devote Jews pray 2 or 3 times a day and it was the custom of the disciples to follow this devotion. Peter and John went to pray at the temple (Acts 3:1), while Luke and Paul did the same (Acts 16:16). God rewarded Cornelius for keeping to hours of prayer (Act10).
Weakness of the early church
External Opposition: The early church was not without its own problem. The church experience both miracles and opposition the same time. There is external opposition from Jewish leaders who became uncomfortable with message of Christian liberty preached by the early believers, which undermined Jewish legalism.
Besides the opposition from religious circle believers found themselves in conflict with social patterns of the day, because they no longer participate in emperor worship, refused to take part in bloody roman sport and pagan shrines. As a result persecution arose, many were exiled, killed, mocked and imprisoned. Jewish and Gentile Conflicts: God has no favourite nation or race, he only favours and accepts anyone who turns from sin and believed him. The Apostles initially want all people to be saved but did not understand that salvation was no longer restricted to Israel alone, but for everybody. The Jewish-Gentile conflict is the greatest barrier to the spread of Gospel in the 1st century. Until the issue was resolved, in council at Jerusalem, it was a barrier. Administration: as the early church increased in size, so did her needs and challenges.
The new believers were moved by the Holy Spirit to share their possession (Acts 4: 32-37). But as the numbers increased, it became difficult for equal distribution of goods to meet the needs of everyone. The Hellenist believing widow felt neglected. To rectify this, the Apostles created the office of deacon to oversee the physical needs of the people. Later we see the Pastoral epistle written by Paul to Timothy and Titus, about the spiritual and character qualification expected for church leadership; in order to keep the church from false teachings (1Tim 3:1-13, Tit 1:5-9). Dishonesty and Greed: In order to gain recognition Ananias and Saphira lied about their giving to the church. (Moreover any unrighteousness move in the church prevents the working and movement of the Holy Spirit).
God dealt harshly with the couple in order to reveal his hatred to all greed, deceit and dishonesty in the kingdom. The Peril of Heresies: The early church was not immune against false teachers and heresies. Already Jesus had warned his disciples several times in the Gospels to watch out for leaders who would introduce destructive heresies among God’s people (Matt. 24:11, 24:24-25). For example the book of Jude was written against false teachers who are distorting the gospel of God’s rejecting traditional Jewish and Christian teaching about morality, advocating sexual licence. In their teachings they denied original apostolic revelation about the person and nature of Jesus Christ (Jude 8, 16, 2pet 2: 1-3:4).
Comparism between the early church and the church today
The early church relied much on the leading of the Holy Spirit to get the gospel to the whole world, which I believe today’s church need to learn from.
Paul and Barnabas were commissioned by the Antioch church through the leading of the Holy Spirit, were directed by the spirit of God to specific areas to be a witness on their missionary journey. Our evangelistic or missionary moves should be according to the leading of the Holy Spirit. (Act 13: 1-5). Churches today do so many things in the name of the Lord with ulterior motives. Many at times we tend to do what we want in the name of the lord rather than what Gods want. The early church’s motives were pure. Their aim was to spread Christianity as far as they could.
Some churches today are being run under the idea of men not of God. The Spirit of God had being relegated or given a minor role in the church. Making many worship centres to lack power thus dry and lukewarm. During the apostolic age the early church was established on apostolic pattern. But tragically the church today have departed from apostolic faith and doctrine but patterned itself according to human ideas and modern thought that now proliferate our churches today.
The gospel cannot be confined to one corner of the world. Therefore what the early church did is possible in our generation.
The church was bold, filled with power because the early disciples were committed to the task of evangelising the world. Churches need to be committed to the work of soul winning and world mission, for example in the west secular humanism has become the dominant philosophy for many and the church is not immune to all this. We need to be more involved in world issues by ministering to the social ills of our environment, by our evangelistic move. | <urn:uuid:80bc55ae-1280-43b5-be56-8284dbce501c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freebooksummary.com/examining-the-early-churches-strengths-and-weaknesses-religion-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.974978 | 1,824 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Arriving at Thubstan Choskor Ling nunnery in Leh, Ladakh, you might first notice a five-seat pickup truck with the words “Nuns Association” printed on its windshield. In this vehicle, groups of Tibetan Buddhist nuns travel to remote villages in the mountains where they distribute herbal medicine and educate local people in environmental stewardship. These nuns belong to the Ladakh Nuns Association (LNA), which works to fight climate change, improve the health of Ladakhi communities, and elevate the status of Buddhist nuns locally and globally.
Ladakhi nun Venerable Dr. Tsering Palmo, who is also an amchi, or traditional Tibetan medicine doctor, founded the association in 1996 to provide local nuns and laywomen—especially those from economically strained villages or nomadic families—with the opportunity to achieve secular and monastic education, to train as medical practitioners, and to rise as leaders of social welfare projects in the region. She focuses specifically on environmental and healthcare initiatives. Today, the Ladakh Nuns Association sponsors seventy nuns to receive full-time education, and fifteen of these nuns recently completed training in the Tibetan medical system.
I first met Dr. Tsering Palmo in 2019 and reconnected with her over the phone in early 2022. During one of our recent calls, Dr. Palmo told me, “We want to train nuns as dharma teachers, counselors, and healthcare workers. Nuns can serve a need for the community: they can be guides when people and the planet are in trouble.”
Ladakh has suffered the effects of climate change acutely in recent years. Rapidly receding glaciers and changes in snowmelt patterns have resulted in frequent water shortages, increases in flash flooding, and cyclically failing crops in its agriculture-dependent villages. The region is also experiencing an increasing loss of mountain biodiversity—a loss that bears economic, cultural, and health implications. Research from the Department of Earth Science, University of Kashmir shows that the average annual temperature in the region increased by approximately thirty-three degrees between 1980 and 2016.
Climate change has impacted Tibet’s traditional medical system, known as Sowa-Rigpa, too. Tibetan medicinal practices, honed and utilized across centuries, rely on the availability and harvesting of herbal materials. Many of Ladakh’s medicinal plant species are becoming rarer with each season due to climatic changes, making efforts to gather, produce, and distribute key traditional medicines progressively more challenging. Dr. Palmo emphasizes: “Environmental issues are critical for human beings. If there is no health in the environment, there cannot be health for human beings.”
LNA’s intrepid social work activities aim to manifest lovingkindness, or metta, in action.
Each year, LNA nuns travel to provide communities in Ladakh’s villages with training in conservation, sustainable waste management, and the cultivation of medicinal herbs. As many LNA nuns hail from village areas, this provides the chance for nuns to extend their skills to family members and to the places they call home. Dr. Tsering Palmo explains, “There is the precious opportunity to share experiences and resources with the villagers. In particular, women and nuns can learn from each other and support each other in meeting many difficulties and social issues. Our nuns have been involved in reviving the traditions of nuns, but also in engaging closely with our community.”
Through dialogue and connection with people from across Ladakhi society, and especially with laywomen, the nuns are able to strategize and distribute many vital forms of social and environmental service. In past years, the LNA amchi nuns have spent several days annually in the Changthang and Karnak Valleys collecting local herbs; the nuns also travel to the high pass of Khardong la on the Ladakh Range. Each year, new nuns begin their training as practitioners of Tibetan medicine and join in for the annual plant harvesting and community education trips to village areas.
The nuns teach about the harms of burning plastic waste and encourage trainees to plant fruit trees and vegetable gardens. They also provide educational workshops in the cultivation and stewardship of mountain herbs commonly used in the Tibetan medical system. Following these trainings, they return to the villages seasonally to collect seeds saved by community members, which are then planted in the LNA greenhouse in Leh.
Meanwhile, for over a decade, the LNA nuns have operated two Tibetan medical clinics in Leh to provide consultation and treatment free of charge to people who are physically or emotionally unwell. The walls of the clinics are lined with neatly labeled jars of Tibetan herbal medicine, many of which were collected during harvesting trips to villages and the mountain slopes of Ladakh. According to LNA, approximately 7,000 people receive treatment at these clinics each year. In times of crisis, including during outbreaks of COVID-19, the nuns initiate mobile clinics, providing aid to village residents who otherwise could not access care.
For the LNA nuns, environmental education, healthcare support, and practice of the dharma are deeply interconnected. As Dr. Tsering Palmo told me, “We cannot place blame: we have the opportunity to learn from these problems, which can help us to develop strength within ourselves. We can share that strength and can transform one another through the practice of compassion and loving kindness for one another.”
In honor of Earth Day 2022, Tricycle is bringing together leading Buddhist teachers, writers, and environmentalists—including Joanna Macy, Roshi Joan Halifax, David Loy, Paul Hawken, and Tara Brach—for a donation-based weeklong virtual event series exploring what the dharma has to offer in a time of environmental crisis. Learn more here.
Thank you for subscribing to Tricycle! As a nonprofit, we depend on readers like you to keep Buddhist teachings and practices widely available. | <urn:uuid:3f71e0da-84f6-4781-8f3d-b2a38d86f975> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tricycle.org/article/ladakh-nuns-association/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951349 | 1,211 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Faith and Science Curriculum
On July 31st, a training for all Directors for Catechetical Ministry, Catholic School Principals and junior-high level teachers and catechists took place to explore the Credible Catholic curriculum by Fr. Robert Spitzer, SJ; Ph.D, President and Co-Founder of the Magis Center. The focus for the year ahead will center on Module 2 of the Credible Catholic curriculum, titled the Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God. Below are the recordings for the diocesan trainings, the parish and school break-out sessions, and other resources for implementation. | <urn:uuid:d5e2ff65-2b40-4291-9978-a30aec4d98ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sdcatholic.org/office-for/evangelization-and-catechetical-ministry/faith-and-science-curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.941365 | 129 | 2.296875 | 2 |
How To: Create Environment Variables (Windows)
An environment variable is a setting for the WIndows Operating system that tells it (or certain programs) to behave in certain ways. Changing these environment variables are fairly simple. There are two types of environment variables, SYSTEM, and USER. If you change a USER variable you most likely will only have to restart the application you are working with. If you change a SYSTEM variable, then the computer will need to be restarted in order for the new setting to take effect.
This varies based on the version of windows you are using.
For all versions of windows except Windows Vista
For windows Vista
Go to: Control Panel\System and Maintenance\System. Click “Advanced System Settings”. Click Environment variables button, at bottom. | <urn:uuid:dfeecb7c-1cc9-4dfd-bb49-672ed2868852> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.oidview.com/community/2008/10/05/how-to-create-environment-variables-windows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.858887 | 164 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Re: When did B&M start with blue/ black paint scheme?
toggle quoted messageShow quoted text
There is a photo of a freshly painted B&M 40' 1937 AAR box car in original
"minuteman" lettering with a shop stencil of 12-1955.
In June 1956 (perhaps earlier) the B&M was receiving blue & black 50 foot
PS-1 box cars from Pullman Standard. In 1957 they followed up with 40 foot
PS-1's with blue doors and a black right hand side panel.
Patrick B. McGinnis controlled the B&M about April 1955 and left the New Haven. Herbert Matter designed both New Haven and B&M schemes. I do not know what B&M P&L drawings may say on dates for the box cars, but I believe the earliest the Blue and Black scheme could be in service is late 1955 to early 1956. NH P&L diagrams were still being developed for equipment through 1956. Point being, just because there is new leadership doesn’t mean paint schemes are always the first thing to change…
when did B&M start to paint box cars blue with black doors? I am interested in a 1937 AAR 40' box car in that paint but need to know the earliest date possible to use it. | <urn:uuid:b562d000-e1fe-4d2b-babe-7396912ab363> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://realstmfc.groups.io/g/main/message/160274 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.940388 | 303 | 1.945313 | 2 |
A rapid diagnostic test to detect syphilis and yaws has good sensitivity and specificity, but sensitivity may decrease with lower antibody titers, according to a study published online in Clinical Infectious Diseases.
Michael Marks, Msc, of the Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and colleagues looked at data from the Dual Path Platform (DPP) Syphilis Screen & Confirm test, which includes both treponemal and nontreponemal components.
Using PubMed, the researchers searched data published between 1960 and 2015 and found 9 studies that included 7267 tests. They noted that in both components, those patients with higher titer rapid plasma reagins had better sensitivities compared with those with lower-titer group (98.2% vs. 90.1%; P < .0001 in the trepomenal and (98.2% vs. 80.6%; P < .0001 in the nontrepomenal groups.
The researchers noted that although the entire individual clinical dataset was unavailable for one study, their findings suggest that “combined treponemal–nontreponemal assays offer a number of advantages over treponemal only rapid diagnostic tests.”
1. Marks M, Yin YP, Che XS, et al. Metaanalysis of the Performance of a Combined Treponemal and Nontreponemal Rapid Diagnostic Test for Syphilis and Yaws. Clin Infect Dis J. 2016; doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw348. | <urn:uuid:21a412eb-e7b7-4261-a2fb-3c27fe016c7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/topics/sexually-transmitted-diseases/rapid-diagnostic-tests-for-syphilis-yaws-less-sensitive-with-lower-antibody-titers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.909438 | 329 | 2.125 | 2 |
The trend of LGBT individuals exiting the Catholic churches of childhood is now expanding to include their parents, too. Many clergy and ministers try to balance pastoral care with doctrinal statements, and some Catholic parents of LGBT children are finding the results inadequate. WBEZ, a Chicago public radio station, profiled several Catholic couples with children of varying sexual orientations and gender identities to understand further the parents’ relationship with the Church.
Toni and Tom Weaver explain how combining their love for their gay son with their strong Catholic identities is an evolving process. Toni describes herself as an active member of her parish in the music ministries and through daily Mass attendance. Their son, Michael came out the day after graduating college, and Toni believes her warm embrace in that moment would not always have been true. WBEZ reports:
“’If he had come out to me 10 years earlier, I’m not sure what my response would have been,’ Toni said. ‘I was definitely very traditionally Catholic and had even been moving in Evangelical circles. I was the first one to preach that homosexuality was wrong.’
“But Weaver said she came to a fuller understanding of homosexuality when she began studying for a master’s degree in theology:
“’Here were people who were gay who were being treated atrociously, and they were being denied their basic rights, and they were the butt of jokes…It finally dawned on me that people don’t choose their sexual orientation. That for me was an absolute turning point, and I attribute it to the work of the spirit.’”
The Weavers welcome their gay son, and then sought to alter the attitudes of Catholics around them, but were harmed when a bishop’s letter condemning marriage equality was read during Mass. This episode triggered the Weavers to permanently leave their Catholic parish:
“’I think that was the first time I felt slapped in the face by my church…I stood up, we were sitting in the middle of the pew. I stood up, and I turned toward the door and walked out. I grieved the church for 18 months. I grieved it. Something had died in my life.’”
Other parents remain split on how to engage Catholic communities, like Norm and Mary Jo Bowers who have a married lesbian daughter with two children baptized in the Church. Mary Jo left the Church, but her husband remains with a highly localized perspective:
“’I’ve told my pastor, I said, ‘To me my whole religion is this parish. It stays within the confines of this parish…I have nothing anymore to do with the hierarchy and what comes out of Rome’…
“Norm Bowers said he was offended by that and by a column in a Catholic paper. A priest wrote that children raised by gay couples might grow up ‘confused.’
“’I said to myself, which Catholic who has a brain isn’t confused in the Catholic church today?’”
Parents who remain, like Norm Bowers, find the positives in their local parishes and maintain hope that, under a new pope, perhaps the tone will change to something more pastorally-inclined. They also benefit from supportive clergy, like Fr. Bill Tkachuk of St. Nicholas Parish in Evanston, Illinois who compliments parishioner’s efforts to create an LGBT-affirming Catholic community:
“[Fr. Tkachuk] said the church needs to be more sensitive to families in the way it talks about gays and gay issues: ‘Speaking in the language that people can hear with their hearts and accept with their hearts, as opposed to a more academic language that can be received as very hurtful, even if it’s not intended that way.’
“His parishioners recently wrote to Cardinal Francis George of Chicago. They objected to a letter in which the cardinal called civil unions a ‘legal fiction,’ and gay marriage ‘contrary to the common sense of the human race.’”
Barbara Marian and her husband now commute over an hour to St. Nicholas each week after having too many negative experiences in her local parish. Barbara has a lesbian daughter, along with three nieces and a nephew who identify as LGBT and sees no plausible way to leave the Catholic Church:
“’We live with love for these neighbors, colleagues and children and we see them as whole persons,’ Marian said. ‘We don’t focus on the small part of their lives that involves their genitalia.’…
“‘I am Catholic through and through and through,’ Marian said. ‘There is no separating me from the church. Although it brings me to my knees with anger and tears when the bishops make a statement and strafe my community, I bleed.’”
As growing numbers of Catholics and parishes support LGBT equality, and as more children feel safe coming out to their families, anti-gay efforts by Catholic bishops will continue affecting long-term parishioners who refuse to remain or stay silent when they watch their children come under attack.
A good resource for Catholic parents of all sorts–those who are struggling with accepting a child’s orientation, those who are struggling with church structures, those who want to become more involved with equality issues–is Fortunate Families, a national network of Catholic parents of LGBT sons and daughters.
–Bob Shine, New Ways Ministry | <urn:uuid:0da93d16-99f3-493a-843b-9cb23554a76c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://news.queerchurch.com/?p=4045 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.982576 | 1,159 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Reading a magazine called PopMatters, you would probably expect to find out why Pop matters? What is the purpose of Pop? Is there a difference between Pop and popular when we talk about culture? Is popular culture study a convenient excuse for wasting intellectual resources, or is it the most vital issue in contemporary society? If you read a magazine called PopMatters without asking those kind of questions, you’re missing out on the point.
Popular culture is all around us, everyday. We have many names for it: Information Society, Junk Culture, Mass Media, and Crap are some of the most common. Each of those labels applies to a specific aspect of the synergistic process of popular culture, but none of those can really come close to appreciating the totality of the idea. Popular culture is itself a system, not a fixed and located place where a communication exchange occurs. What we experience as the fluctuating waves of an ocean of data, sensory input and intellectual rationality is the influence of popular culture in our lives.
Fine, fine, fine. But what use is it to debate the feminist angle of the Dinah Shore Show, or whether Martin Scorsese is a more important director than Spike Lee, or whether Marilyn Manson and the Backstreet Boys have more in common with each other than either does with the Beatles? The answer lies not in the analysis, but in the reason for analysis. Popular culture is the culture of communication, not the data that it transfers from one computer to another, one brain to another. The data is the cellular matter of the living organism, but it is only in the communication process that it lives. How we interpret the data, the values and meanings we assign, the signs and signifiers, these are the “places” that popular culture happens.
Cultural anthropology in the academic tradition has long been wrapped up in the confines of comparing the workings of a dead culture to our own in an attempt to learn from the past what is happening in the present. This is all well and good, for it supplies us with the understanding of our origins and the evolution of society, which we need, but it does little to delve into the present. Because we exist in a living culture, it is assumed that we all experience that culture in relatively equal ways. However, the communications bridges built throughout the twentieth century allowed us to experience the world as en emergent global society. Yet, as the world grows smaller in the scale of reach, it grows larger in the scope of culture. Alexander Graham Bell could be attributed with the Western discovery of Taiwanese cuisine as well as he could the telephone. As technology developed, so did our ability to communicate with cultures outside of our own, and as that happened our cultural knowledge expanded exponentially.
Today, we, the world at large, are living in a society that allows American children to become obsessive fanatics over a Japanese cartoon show turned trading card phenomenon (which is itself a chaotic system’s reiteration of the earlier influence of American baseball and baseball cards on Japan). When we put forth a cultural product in today’s society, we are faced with the possibility of it becoming iconographic, representing a popular archetype, or fizzling into obscurity, but not before being transported to the rest of the world, to influence culture on a global scale. Aborigines in Australia wear Lee jeans. This is how popular culture has become its own system.
So studying it becomes vitally important. We need to understand our living system if we are to understand our own lives. The culture that surrounds us allows for our own self-definitions, and in that act it becomes personal. Popular culture study is self-reflection. We don’t need to learn about tribal customs among native Amazonians to figure out why we do these crazy things. We need to open our minds to the hidden eddies and currents of the culture around us. The popular in the phrase “popular culture” is meant to indicate that it is the culture of our mass society, not the culture of secluded groups. When we study popular culture, we study the myths, ideas, and information that we communicate to one another, the things that influence our daily lives and color our outlooks on life.
One of the things that makes magazines like PopMatters and other like it crucial to the continued exploration of our popular cultural space is that we are only now, in the last quarter century, beginning to realize that our daily lives are worth some serious attention. We are also fast approaching the end of a century of deconstruction, an attempt of science and theory to take everything apart until the basic units of our lives until we are at the essence of who we are and what we believe. This deconstruction has left us with many methods of analysis, but not many answers. At the extreme of the deconstruction spectrum is the idea that the combination of object and observer creates the only reality we can be sure of. It is this assignment of meaning that magazines like this one attempt to explore.
Pop matters because it is a part of us, the essential element of our communication and expression in a postmodern world. This little essay cannot answer the questions I posited at the beginning of my rant, but magazines like PopMatters can. They are essentially the basis of the new ontology, and an explanation in 2,000 words or less would paint a picture of our contemporary society as fairly simple and two-dimensional, but just by looking around we can see that it’s anything but. Magazines that explore popular culture, through examinations and theories and reviews, help all of us come to a fuller appreciation for the 3-D, 4-D, or 5-D worlds we inhabit. In that, we interpret our surroundings, our humanity, and ourselves. That is why pop matters. That is why PopMatters. | <urn:uuid:ea9d5152-20ab-4026-b03e-ccb90f403895> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.popmatters.com/why-does-pop-matter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951866 | 1,195 | 2.375 | 2 |
R has a reasonable studying curve and isn’t as simple for novices to choose up as some other languages in this article. However, like different open-supply programming languages, R boasts an active online neighborhood of developers, which is at all times a plus when learning new coding expertise. Go was developed by Google in 2007 for APIs and web functions.
Programming Languages Ranking: Top 10 For 2021
Several tech giants like Netflix, LinkedIn, eBay, Twitter, and so forth. are using Scala for his or her respective platforms & merchandise. Beginners are strongly beneficial to opt for Scala because of its easy to study nature. In temporary, Kotlin is a statically typed basic-objective programming language that supports object-oriented in addition to practical programming options. The smartest thing about the language is that it’s utterly interoperable with Java and supports all Java libraries.
It is a should studying language for college students and working professionals to become a Software Engineer particularly when they are working in Web Development Domain. Determining which is the most broadly used programming language is troublesome because the definition of usage varies by context. One language might occupy the higher number of programmer hours, a special one has extra strains of code, and a 3rd might devour essentially the most CPU time. Some languages are very fashionable for particular kinds of purposes. Other languages are often used to write down many alternative sorts of functions.
R has seen an exponential rise in its ranking on various reputed indexes for programming languages. Particularly on TIOBE rating, it has jumped to 9th place from sixteenth position within a span of lower than 1 yr. The language is broadly used in Android growth together with Web Applications, Desktop Applications, Scientific Applications, and so forth. Also, high-notch companies like Adobe, Amazon, Flipkart, and many others are using JAVA and offering ravishing career alternatives to Java builders. The C programming language was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan at the AT&T Corporation for programming laptop working methods. Its capacity to structure information and packages via the composition of smaller models is corresponding to that of ALGOL.
Also, the language is sort of simpler to study, and alongside Android development, it may be used for net improvement and desktop software improvement as properly. Javalin, KTor, and Vert.x are some of the popular frameworks for Kotlin, and companies like Pinterest, Uber, Netflix, etc. are giving various job alternatives for the Kotlin developers. As known to everybody that the market of Android just isn’t heading for retirement anytime quickly therefore you’ll be able to opt to learn Kotlin in 2021 for some worthwhile career alternatives in the future.
- Although C++ is a extra highly effective language than C and is used in lots of applications.
- But each of those languages supply nice functionality and management.
- In brief, it is powerful, environment friendly and fast language also largely utilized in software creation for Linux, Windows and so forth.
It uses a compact notation and supplies the programmer with the ability to operate with the addresses of knowledge in addition to with their values. This capability is essential in systems programming, and C shares with assembly language the ability to exploit all the features of a pc’s inner architecture. C, together with its descendant C++, stays one of the common languages. Java programming is among the most secure programming languages because it makes use of, as per the security concern on AI Java programming triggered for those applications. Scala is a highly scalable AI programming language with the potential of handling big data. Scala consists of concise code, which enables ease of studying and writing applications.
Concurrent Programming Languages
Swift is utilized in well-liked iOS apps like WordPress, Mozilla Firefox, SoundCloud, and even in the game Flappy Bird. Professionals who develop iOS purposes take residence average annual salaries of round $ninety six,000. PHP programming language is mainly used for growing net-primarily based software program applications and permits net builders to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. | <urn:uuid:991ada98-081d-4b9b-81ab-aeffe129f96c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.camplvad.com/listing-of-programming-languages.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.938435 | 1,108 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Overthrow of the Shogun
Towards the end of the Edo period, the Samurai formally wielded power,
but were at the mercy of wealthy merchants in practice.
Awareness of the emperor again increased, as of the mid-19th-century,
alongside criticism of the military regime. Financial distress created disorder,
and western countries pressurised Japan to open up to trade.
With the last shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu unwilling to resist change,
he stood aside voluntarily.
The bakufu was overthrown during the Meiji restoration in 1867-1868,
class divisions abolished in 1871-1872, and carrying a sword forbidden as of 1876. | <urn:uuid:12bed7c3-3dd6-4390-a9f3-6e36ed4d08ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ekstrat.tampere.fi/ekstrat/vapriikki/nayttely/samurai/english/tekstit/osasto_1_5.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.943153 | 150 | 3.375 | 3 |
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1 Nephi 21:22
Nephi’s selection of specific Isaiah passages was neither random nor clumsy. The ancient prophet was concerned with imparting a specific visionary or prophetic view that “foresaw the future in four distinct stages.” Those four stages are: 1) Christ’s coming, 2) his rejection and the scattering of the Jews, 3) the day of the Gentiles, and 4) the restoration of the house of Israel.1
In each stage, Nephi “quoted a selection from Isaiah” because it conveyed themes and words which were “relevant to one of those stages.”2 John W. Welch identified the third stage in Nephi’s four stage view as the day of the Gentiles.3
1 Nephi 13 describes the period that can be called the day of the Gentiles, which is marked by such events as the coming forth of the Book of Mormon and the convincing of the Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ. This stage in Nephi’s prophetic view of history serves as the preparatory stage for the eventual restoration of the house of Israel and the ultimate triumph of Zion over Babylon.
As Welch observed, in illustrating this stage Nephi “draws heavily” from such passages of Isaiah.4 For instance, Isaiah 49 (quoted in 1 Nephi 21) spoke of God lifting up his hand to the Gentiles in order to have them support the remnants of scattered Israel who were “broken off” and “scattered abroad” (1 Nephi 21:1). This would result in Gentile kings and princes worshipping the Holy One of Israel (Isaiah 49:7); Israel being freed from spiritual and physical bondage (Isaiah 49:9), and carried by Gentile kings and queens as “nursing fathers” and “nursing mothers” (Isaiah 49:23). Nephi uses other passages from Isaiah to illustrate this stage as well, including Isaiah 8-10 and 29.
These scriptures, which the Book of Mormon utilizes, “apply directly to Nephi’s stage three,” which sets in motion the latter-day work of modern Gentiles in restoring the Gospel and preparing Israel for her restoration.5 Nephi would later go on to elaborate on how the day of the Gentiles would unfold, describing the coming forth of the Book of Mormon and including what modern Gentiles should do to avoid incurring God's judgment (2 Nephi 25–30).
One main stated purpose of the Book of Mormon is “to the convincing of the Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ, the Eternal God, manifesting himself unto all nations” (Book of Mormon Title Page). In order to accomplish this, Book of Mormon authors such as Nephi quoted extensively from other prophetic writings, most notably and consistently Isaiah, and interwove those quotations with his prophetic teachings.
Although the words of Isaiah can be difficult to follow, when we take Nephi as our guide, Isaiah’s vast collection of prophecies can be clearly sorted out. Nephi's vision in 1 Nephi 11-14 informed his reading of Isaiah throughout, which explained how he was able to see the words of Isaiah so clearly and insightfully. 2 Nephi 10 and 26-28 are good examples as the Gentiles were particularly the focus of attention.
This visionary framework also explained why Nephi’s prophetic view is so effectively consistent. “The presence of this underlying consistency” in Nephi’s prophetic view of history “should not be particularly surprising to us,” explained Welch. After all, “the Nephite prophets claimed that all prophets prophecies essentially the same word of Christ” and acted as witnesses of Him.6
In addition to helping us develop our testimonies in Christ, Welch clarifies that “the Nephite prophetic view supplies modern readers with the big picture in understanding Isaiah.” This includes understanding what is meant by the "day of the Gentiles" and how the modern day fits in the larger scheme of sacred history.7 President Ezra Taft Benson taught,
The Lord has designated these days in which we live as the “times of the Gentiles.” The Gentile nations are the so-called Christian nations—North and South America and the European nations from which we came. The “times of the Gentiles” refers to that period of time extending from when the gospel was restored to the world (1830) to when the gospel will again be preached to the Jews—after the Gentiles have rejected it.8
Today is the day or times of the Gentiles. Although many challenges exist that we must face in an increasingly sinful world, President Benson and other prophets, including Nephi, have assured us that the latter-day work of those of Gentile nations will prepare Israel for her eventual restoration.
Accounting for the use of Isaiah in the Book of Mormon has never been easy, but with Nephi’s framework in mind attentive readers can see why he said what he said and why that's so helpful to know.
John W. Welch, “Getting through Isaiah with the Help of the Nephite Prophetic View,” in Isaiah in the Book of Mormon, ed. Donald W. Parry and John W. Welch (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1998), 19–45.
- 1. John W. Welch, “Getting through Isaiah with the Help of the Nephite Prophetic View,” in Isaiah in the Book of Mormon, ed. Donald W. Parry and John W. Welch (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1998), 22.
- 2. Welch, “Getting through Isaiah with the Help of the Nephite Prophetic View,” 19.
- 3. Welch, “Getting through Isaiah with the Help of the Nephite Prophetic View,” 22.
- 4. Welch, “Getting through Isaiah with the Help of the Nephite Prophetic View,” 29.
- 5. Welch, “Getting through Isaiah with the Help of the Nephite Prophetic View,” 25.
- 6. Welch, “Getting through Isaiah with the Help of the Nephite Prophetic View,” 32.
- 7. Welch, “Getting through Isaiah with the Help of the Nephite Prophetic View,” 32.
- 8. Ezra Taft Benson, “Prepare Yourself for the Great Day of the Lord,” New Era, May 1982, online at https://www.lds.org/new-era/1982/05/prepare-yourself-for-the-great-day-o...
Get the latest updates on Book of Mormon topics and research for free | <urn:uuid:ee1d736d-7308-46e3-8882-4d00a92289f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.knowhy.bookofmormoncentral.org/knowhy/what-is-the-day-of-the-gentiles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947437 | 1,447 | 2.28125 | 2 |
With a combined professional experience in excess of 120 years, the key personnel of AGI have conducted numerous environmental projects. These projects range from straightforward services, such as soil sampling following removal of underground storage tanks to Phase I, II and III environmental assessments, to SWAT investigations, to complex soil/ground water remediation and air quality monitoring.
Effective soil and ground water remediation projects are not the result of application of simple off-the-shelf technologies. They require proper design, planning, implementation and monitoring. AGI has a proven track record of initiation and completion of a wide variety of remediation sites.
When applicable, AGI puts emphasis on in-situ methods of soil remediation to minimize costs and site disruption. Various hydrocarbon-impacted sites in California and Nevada are currently under remediation using in-situ, soil vapor extraction for volatile organic compounds, with and without air starting. AGI has initiated, managed and completed dual phase extraction systems at numerous sites.
Ex-situ soil remediation methods have been applied at sites with limited hydrocarbon-impacted soil, metals-impacted soil for on-site treatment (fixation and/or stabilization), and at sites where rapid remediation has been required for planned site usage. AGI has utilized ground water extraction at sites with impacted ground water requiring extraction for plume control and/or treatment for such contaminants as fuel hydrocarbons, MTBE, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and metals.
AGI's Air Quality Division has conducted a wide variety of projects since its inception. These include numerous asbestos and lead-based paint surveys, facility permit plans, ambient and/or indoor air quality monitoring projects, source testing, and air quality assessments and emissions inventories for EPA and local regulatory health hazard assessments. In addition, AGI has assisted the Native American community in implementing air quality research under US-EPA Clean Air Act (103) grants. Numerous Native American tribes have benefited from AGI's air quality expertise. Working closely with Tribal staff and the US-EPA, services have included development of Air Quality Assessments, Emission Inventories, Quality Assurance Project Plans, and training plans, as well as purchase and installation of equipment, field training for operation and quality control, conducting performance audits for data validation, and analysis of the collected samples. Training, laboratory support, and field audits are ongoing projects for the majority of the Tribal Environmental Protection Agencies.
One of the most important objectives of AGI is to adhere to the highest standards of excellence. This goal is achieved by maintaining an active quality assurance program. This program is implemented in every aspect of the work such as field operations, data evaluation, report preparation, client consultation, and regulatory agency interaction. The quality assurance program includes a project level scientist review followed by a quality assurance officer review of all out going reports.
Health And Safety Programs
The entire professsional and field staff of AGI has received training as specified in the OSHA Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120(e)]. Additionally, professional and field personnel are required to attend safety refresher seminars to reinforce proper safety procedures.
A Health and Safety Plan is prepared for each specific site to provide personal protection to field personnel and to have contingency measures in place to address unforeseen problems. Adherence to the safety protocols is strictly enforced to assure that our employees and clients are protected to the greatest extent possible.
Licensing and Certifications
AGI maintains a variety of licenses and professional registrations, including:
- California Contractor’s License (A, C-57, Hazardous Waste Removal Certificate)
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AGI maintains full insurance coverage. This coverage includes:
- Professional Liability (Errors and Omissions)
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- Auto Insurance for Company Vehicles | <urn:uuid:4dca2438-99da-40a8-8cc1-abebd47f04f4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.advancedgeo.biz/About-AGI | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.915466 | 1,004 | 2.328125 | 2 |
People aged between 65 and 69 across Northern Ireland have been urged to book their Covid-19 vaccination appointments without delay.
Online and telephone booking for this age group were introduced late last month, with a surge of initial bookings made.
Demand has understandably slowed since then, and the Department of Health is advising that some slots are still available for booking over the coming days.
Patricia Donnelly, head of the vaccination programme, said: “We suspect some people may have been put off by the initial surge of demand, and may have concluded that it would be too difficult to get an appointment for their jab anytime soon.
“That is certainly not the case now, and we would encourage everyone eligible to book as soon as possible. This is your chance to get important protection from the virus.”
It is being stressed that the telephone booking system should not be misused and abuse of staff handling the calls or at the vaccination centres will not be tolerated.
“Unfortunately, there have been some instances of people who are not eligible for the jab phoning up to try to get an appointment. Some become abusive when they are informed that they cannot book. This is unacceptable behaviour and it must stop.
“I am concerned that misuse of the telephone booking system is making it harder for people who are eligible to get through – and putting them off making that all important appointment.
“We are also seeing cases of some people double booking – by telephone and online. This is taking appointments from others.
“Please turn up when you have made an appointment. Please don’t phone up if you are not eligible – you won’t get a booking. And please be courteous to staff on the telephone lines.
“I fully understand people are anxious to get the protection that the vaccines offer. Let me assure everyone that we are rolling out the vaccination programme as quickly as we can. While it is not a race, I believe our progress to date would be the envy of many other countries.
“Our rate of progress is limited by the availability of supplies. Further vaccine supplies will come and you will get your jab. Please be patient.” | <urn:uuid:465d3db7-7b97-4576-887f-b53741236327> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clanryenews.com/2021/02/22/are-you-65-69-dont-delay-in-booking-your-vaccine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.97179 | 452 | 1.523438 | 2 |
In the last section we saw how certain price levels act like glass floors or ceilings. However, glass can be broken, and support and resistance lines do not hold true forever. Let's look at what you might see when the price does manage to pass through these barriers.
If the market regularly tests a level, at some point the price is likely to break through it - called a breakout. When this happens, the price movement can be very significant - particularly if the support or resistance level was strong to begin with. But why does this happen?
Again, psychology has a role to play. Say, for example, the price of Media Company DEF has been testing resistance at around 800p.
The more times the price reaches this level and then drops back, the more significant it's seen to be. Bullish investors might decide only to buy the stock once it's broken above this level and doesn't appear to be limited by it anymore. Bearish investors - those that have shorted the stock - could also decide to close their positions (also buying the stock) because they're worried about taking on too big a loss if the price keeps rising.
This could lead to a far greater number of buyers than sellers at this point, so pushing the price higher. Potentially much higher. This can happen quickly, particularly if there are a lot of orders in the market placed just above the resistance level.
After a breakout through resistance, that resistance level often becomes a support area. Likewise, following a breakout through support, the support level often becomes resistance.
However, as we've seen, support and resistance levels are areas not exact numbers. So, in our example above, even if you think the resistance has been broken at 800p, other traders might think differently and see a good opportunity to short the stock.
Sentiment also plays a part. Many traders might not feel the market is ready to push higher, so will look to go short at as high a level as possible to maximise their profits. This could potentially cause the market to rise above the resistance level briefly before dropping back down again - called a fake breakout or a fakeout. | <urn:uuid:0df1a68f-24a7-4d0e-bd58-4e202fefd9f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.forexcec.com/gx/en/education/breakouts-and-fakeouts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.971293 | 436 | 1.976563 | 2 |
A Swedish-based space experiment using human blood cells as part of a study to find out why the immune systems of astronauts are weakened by space travel has been declared a success.
The cells were one of five experiments sent up into orbit in a Maser rocket from the Esrange space centre in northern Kiruna on Monday.
Maser stands for “Material Science Experiment Rocket.” Monday’s launch of the five-metre unmanned projectile took six minutes to complete its mission, 160 kilometres above the earth’s atsmosphere.
The five experiments on board come from the European Space Agency. The Swedish Space Corporation’s responsibility in Kiruna, a city in Sweden’s Arctic, lies with the rocket and the launch.
The man leading the maser 12 project for the Swedish Space Corporation is Gunnar Florin.
Rocket launch from Sweden’s Arctic space centre this weekend, Radio Sweden, February 10, 2012
For more stories from Radio Sweden, click here. | <urn:uuid:9cc9d1e8-ea08-4d71-94f6-b8b2df976435> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2012/02/15/swedish-space-experiment-successful/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.937428 | 210 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Five of the flaws were rated “moderate,” and two were rated “low,” out of Mozilla's four-tiered rating scale of critical, high, moderate and low.
The vulnerability titled “cross-domain data theft via script redirect error message” could be used by a malicious website to steal private data from users who are authenticated on the redirected website. The vulnerability titled “XMLHttpRequest 302 response disclosure” could cause potentially sensitive data to be revealed, including URL parameters and content in the response body.
The vulnerability titled “information stealing via loadBindingDocument” could result in XBL bindings being used to read data from other domains, a violation of the same-origin policy, according to Mozilla's release notes. “Crashes with evidence of memory corruption” is the title of a vulnerability that involves stability bugs in the browser engine used in Firefox and other Mozilla-based products. Mozilla said that some of the crashes showed evidence of memory corruption, and it is presumed that some could be exploited to run arbitrary code. | <urn:uuid:415a4be2-07fb-4e10-a131-c2868c65eb9f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.scmagazine.com/news/patch-management/thunderbird-2-0-0-19-addresses-seven-security-issues | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.917621 | 281 | 1.8125 | 2 |
January 7, 2020: An assessment of Australia’s ongoing bushfire disaster (Mars) paints a picture of devastation, despair, loss and generosity.
Australia’s chart progressed to January 7, 2020
Chart data is January 1, 1901 at 1.25pm AEST 33S53; 151E14
Progressed Mars – planet of fires – at 26 Leo 41 in house 4 (the homes of the people) was trine (luck) ascendant; and progressed ascendant (the people) – at 12 Leo 57 in house 4 – was sesquisquare (agitation) birth chart Mercury – planet of wind – at 27 Sagittarius 54 in house 9 and semisquare (friction) birth chart Neptune at 27 Gemini 31R in house 3 (roads).
At least 25 people and millions of animals have died since September.
Mars is cusp ruler of house 1 (the people), house 8 (death) and house 12 (large animals). Birth chart Venus in house 8 is cusp ruler of house 6 (small animals). (Venus is square Mars in the birth chart.)
In the fire zones business activity (house 10) that relies on holiday makers and tourists (house 9) has ground to a halt.
Progressed Saturn – planet of recession and loss – the cusp ruler of house 10 (business activity) at 16 Capricorn 23R in house 9 (tourism) was inconjunct progressed Pluto at 16 Gemini 19 in house 2 (financial activity).
The Insurance Council of Australia (Saturn) estimates the damage bill has reached A$700m (£370m; $485m), but expects the cost (Saturn) to rise (Jupiter) significantly.
Progressed Jupiter at 22S39 in house 9 was parallel birth chart Saturn (the insurance industry) at 22S38. Birth Jupiter is in house 8 (insurance).
Fundraisers for firefighters and fire victims have raised millions of dollars (Jupiter). Progressed Mars – the firefighters – was trine birth chart Jupiter – planet of philanthropy – at 25 Sagittarius in house 8.
Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, acknowledged the economic impact of the crisis and pledged (Jupiter) A$2 billion to a newly created National Bushfire Recovery Agency (house 12); and Australia’s charitable institutions (house 12) were overwhelmed with donations (house 12).
Progressed Mars (the cusp ruler of house 12) was trine birth chart Jupiter.
With progressed Moon (at 29 Virgo 58 in house 5) trine birth chart Midheaven (publicity) and progressed Midheaven (at 29 Taurus 26 in house 2) Australia’s bushfire crisis received international media coverage.
Chart’s astrodyne report
Astrology for Aquarius – sharing our knowledge | <urn:uuid:776872dc-cd5b-4095-ae9f-9ad6a31942f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://astrologyforaquarius.com/articles/7183/australia-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.916757 | 593 | 2.328125 | 2 |
José “Zé” Dirceu de Oliveira e Silva, born in Passa Quatro in the state of Minas Gerais, has been one of the leading political figures in Brazilian history for at least four decades. A left-wing revolutionary and student leader in his youth, he fled to Cuba under the dictatorship, later returning to form the Workers’ Party (PT) and eventually served as chief of staff under Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Dirceu remains a polarizing figure in Brazilian politics — friends and foes alike know him as the “Iron Man.”
At an early age, Dirceu joined the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB). Inspired by the Cuban Revolution and the Vietnamese anti-imperialist struggle, he soon found himself in the dissident wing of the party calling for more direct confrontation with the military dictatorship. It was there he met communist dissidents like legendary guerilla fighter Carlos Marighella and Olavo de Carvalho, today known as the ideologue behind Jair Bolsonaro’s rise to power.
Throughout the early 1970s, Dirceu sought to organize the armed resistance to the dictatorship, undertaking military training in Cuba. After being pushed back into exile after repression against dissidents intensified, he returned to Brazil in 1975 and underwent plastic surgery to assume a new identity. He lived underground until 1979, and joined the founding line of the PT, along with trade unionists, intellectuals, activists, social movements, and left-wing ecclesiastical groups associated with liberation theology.
As an elected member of the Constituent Assembly, Dirceu took an active part in drafting the country’s progressive 1988 Constitution. He was one of the main architects behind the PT’s transformation into a mass party and acted as a key electoral strategist in Lula’s victory in the 2002 presidential elections. Although appointed chief of staff in Lula’s first administration, his term would prove short-lived: ensnared in the famous 2005 “Mensalão Scandal,” Dirceu was brought down by present-day Bolsonaro supporter Roberto Jefferson. Accused of vote-buying, he was convicted for bribery under an obscure and widely contested legal clause and was imprisoned until 2018. Dirceu’s supporters argue that the proceedings were the opening gambit of the Right’s use of “lawfare” — the same judicial tactic that would eventually lead to the parliamentary putsch against Dilma and the imprisonment of Lula.
A political survivor and living legend of the Brazilian left, the always-controversial Dirceu spoke with Jacobin Brasil editors Cauê Seignemartin Ameni and Hugo Albuquerque about past struggles and the political impasse in which the country finds itself.
You met Brazil’s famous guerilla leader Carlos Marighella in the 1960s. Together with him and many others you adopted a strategy of armed confrontation with the dictatorship — despite the opposition of large parts of the organized left. What did it mean to take up that position, and what does the figure of Marighella mean today?
Marighella is a historic fighter for the rights of the Brazilian people and a defender of Brazilian sovereignty. He comes from a black, Bahian, and Northeastern background, emerging from the national struggles against the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship that began in the 1930s.
Just imagine: I was young — less than twenty years old — when I met Marighella, who by that time in the ’60s was an icon and a legend. Marighella emerged from a particular tradition within the Brazilian Communist Party that I also identified with.
I joined the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB) in 1965, but I shared with others an understanding of the 1964 coup that put us at odds with the Party Central Committee. In our understanding, the dictatorship would lead to a restructuring of Brazilian capitalism. The coup was not just a military putsch against democratic freedoms; it was also a break with a certain nationalist line that supported development and industrialization.
When Marighella began to openly oppose the decisions of the PCB, he was looking at the Cuban Revolution, which was a beacon for us as well. I was invited to a meeting where Marighella was outlining a strategic battle plan based on autonomous tactics. He insisted that “a revolutionary’s duty is to make revolution.” At that time he was reacting against the bureaucratization of the party and their inaction in the face of the dictatorship.
Marighella was assassinated in an ambush. I was in Cuba at the time, and the news hit hard. It was difficult to deal with his death, because he was the leader of the armed resistance against the dictatorship, the one who had created the first revolutionary group in São Paulo after breaking with the Party Central Committee and founding the National Liberation Action (ALN). We had our differences: his group defended “national liberation” whereas we insisted on a socialist strategy. Although I was never affiliated with the ALN, I had done my military training in Cuba with the “Casa dos 28” which was part of that organization.
I remember Marighella as a patriot, as someone who defended the very same concept of sovereignty that today is under direct threat.
By the way, General Augusto Heleno (currently leading the call for an “auto-coup” within Bolsonaro’s government) was assistant to General Sylvio Frota during the dictatorship. Heleno and Frota — the hard-line anticommunist wing — attempted a coup in 1977 against the more moderate Ernesto Geisel. That fraction of the military government attacked Geisel as a “communist” because he attempted to distance himself from the United States. This part of the military now finds expression through Bolsonaro’s government. The Brazilian military has for a long time wanted to place itself under North American hegemony. In a word, Marighella the patriot and defender of sovereignty remains a relevant figure today.
General Augusto Heleno is a central figure in the Bolsonaro administration. It’s hard to understand why the PT deployed him and others during the UN’s 2004 MINUSTAH operation in Haiti. The PT didn’t even do anything when the American media criticized Heleno for massacring community leaders in Haitian shantytowns. Heleno and other military generals, like current vice president Hamilton Mourão, reemerged on the political scene in that period and began to build relations with the United States, which for its part was interested in preventing Haiti, under Jean-Bertrand Aristide, from forming alliances with Venezuela and Cuba. Was it a mistake for the PT government to send troops to Haiti?
In part, yes, but it was inevitable. You have to understand the correlation of forces, the historical conditions in which we took power. Among all the progressive governments at the time — in the electoral wave that ran from the late 1990s to early 2000s — we were the only government without a majority in congress. The reasons for that have to do with the legacy of the dictatorship and the nature of Brazilian democracy.
The Ministry of Defense, which runs the daily operations of the armed forces in Brazil, is unable to regulate the promotion of generals. The different branches of the military control that process. In that sense, civil authority is not sovereign. Military authority is a historical feature of Brazil — there is a long history of the military in politics.
It’s been like this since the beginning of the Republic in 1889, and the 1930 Revolution was largely a civilian-military alliance. In 1932 in São Paulo, troops were marshaled in an attempt to lead a separatist movement against the provisional government of Getúlio Vargas. The year 1935 saw the revolt of the lieutenants, a movement led by the Communist Party that ended like most others: brutally crushed. And, of course, there was the 1937 coup. Led by then president Vargas, this was also a military putsch: General Pedro Aurélio de Góis Monteiro asked the drafter of the new constitution, Francisco Campos, to copy the Polish constitution of Józef Piłsudski.
I recall this history to remind us that between 1937 and 1945 there was a military dictatorship in Brazil: the protofascist “Estado Novo.” After World War II the military forced Vargas out — the Brazilian Expeditionary Force had returned from Europe with the blessing of the United States to launch a coup. The government of Eurico Gaspar Dutra, elected the following year, was openly pro-American. It drove the Communist Party underground and basically inaugurated the Cold War. The only reason we didn’t send troops to Korea in 1953–54 was because there was sufficient popular, democratic opposition — although following the 1964 coup, Brazil would send troops to invade the Dominican Republic.
The military again attempted a coup in 1950, against Getúlio who by then had regained the presidency. There was a countercoup led by Marshal Henrique Teixeira Lott in 1955, when the military grew divided over the transition between governments. The military again sought to take power in 1961, to prevent João Goulart from assuming office. It was only when Leonel Brizola led an armed insurrection in southern Brazil, with the police on his side, that the country mobilized against the coup and a parliamentary agreement was brokered.
The year 1964 marked the beginning of the coup led by the Superior War College and Castelo Branco. The military appointed five successive presidents and stayed in power until 1985. People in Brazil still say that there was no coup d’état or military rule. Clearly, that’s not true. The Brazilian military may tolerate civil authority, but it will never completely accept it.
Today, the Brazilian armed forces are once again under the control of the Southern Command of the United States. Brazil’s foreign policy is set by the US ambassador in the UN, the American representatives at the UNESCO and the FAO. The only institution in which Brazilian interests are not completely subservient is the World Trade Organization, where for now Brazilian industrial and agribusiness interests are still defended.
But you’re right — we made a mistake. In the past, I have tried to draw attention to two things: the military command in the Amazons and in overseas missions. This is where alliances with the Americans have been closest. The same goes for prosecuting attorneys in corruption trials: Sérgio Moro and ministers of the high courts studied in the United States, where they became associated with US interests.
What we have today is a serious problem with the armed forces: General Eduardo Villas-Bôas praises Regina Duarte (former actress-turned-apologist for the dictatorship), and military commanders have issued an official document praising the 1964 coup. They should have been separated from their posts and forced to go before a disciplinary tribunal, as happened in Uruguay and Chile and in other democratic countries.
Is there any remaining doubt about where we are headed? Democracy is on life support. We already have an authoritarian government that is taking over the Federal Police, the Council for Financial Activities Control, the Federal Revenue Office, and the Public Prosecutor’s Office. The Federal Police is basically working for Jair Bolsonaro.
We are in a state of national emergency, which is why we need a broad front politics to defeat Bolsonarismo. And that has nothing to do with the electoral contest in 2022. To the best of my abilities, we are going to build a left-wing front or a democratic center front — without the right-wing liberals.
The military as an institution plays a prominent political role in many Latin American countries, but in Brazil in particular the armed forces seems more like a meta-party. The enduring political power of the military seems to have been set down from the late 1970s, when President Ernesto Geisel and General Golbery do Couto e Silva backed off from the more extreme repression tactics of neighboring Argentina and tried to “relax” the dictatorship. What are the political priorities of the Brazilian military today?
I do not see any kind of internal dissidence within the armed forces, but with time it will emerge. It is clear that the contradictions in society will reappear within the ranks of the military, even if they have become a separate caste over the last thirty years. Military corporativism has long been a growing phenomenon, but recently it has worsened: they benefitted enormously from the recent pension reform law, so that now there are no age limits for military officer retirement. The armed forces have the best schools, monetary support for education and other types of financial compensation, the best health care plans, houses, clubs — it’s a caste in the same way that the Chilean military is a caste, where the armed forces enjoy the profits of copper exports and support the ultraliberal politics set down by Pinochet.
But there will be contradictions within their ranks. The agribusiness sector wants a national development plan, because Brazil is completely dependent on foreign trade to obtain pesticides, foodstuffs, vaccines, medicine, and so on. The country never achieved the industrialization of the chemicals industry, and there was never a proper scientific and technological revolution. The country has massive potential — not just for heavy industry. It also has a state-of-the-art agroindustrial sector, the capacity for food and energy sovereignty, an internal market, public banks, an industrial base, and technological capacity. The potential is there for the country to undergo a major developmental leap in the next twenty years.
But the world is entering a phase of deglobalization and the rise of regional and national interests. We are entering a different world. And the military is facing the question: What is the future of Brazil? Will it be a country, like the current one, that depends on raw material exports, where 50 percent of people lack basic sanitation services, and 15 million apartments or homes are lacking? This is a country where a third of all people lack basic goods, and 12.5 million live in extreme poverty; 50 million people are living below the poverty line.
Brazil’s elites are not fit to run the country. How can you run a country when the tax rate is fixed at between R$2,000–6,000 (US$400–1,200), where someone earning R$60,000 pays the same as someone earning R$600,000? There is no tax on profits and capital gains, inheritance, or large fortunes; it is the working class who is paying taxes. And while the rest of the world is paying negative interest rates, public debt in Brazil is set at between 4 and 8 percent.
These interest rates are an appropriation of working-class wages, of the Brazilian majorities and small-business owners. Bolsonaro’s minister of agriculture Tereza Cristina says that agribusiness cannot afford to pay 9 percent interest, but the working class is paying 50 percent interest on consumer goods.
It’s clear that without breaking up concentrated income, wealth, and property, Brazil has no way forward. But the liberal opposition to Bolsonaro is not interested in that discussion. They talk about inequality, but none of them are willing to discuss tax reform or adjusting interest rates. Brazil needs a new national program because today it’s the pandemic, tomorrow it will be global warming, squalor, and poverty. The world is headed toward tragedy.
Do you think with the current pandemic that Latin American governments are headed for a “Malvinas” situation in which repressive regimes face imminent collapse?
The type of neoliberalism that Finance Minister Paulo Guedes wants to do in Brazil was implemented in Argentina by Mauricio Macri, by Pinochet in Chile, and so on. The people in Chile and Ecuador rose up in protests. In Colombia the military chose not to intervene, and the streets were overrun with protesters for four weeks. In Bolivia, there was a coup, and the old regime has been restored.
In Bolivia, we’re back where we were before: the indigenous-majority population is completely ignored, as are other minorities. Similarly, Brazil’s education minister, Abraham Weintraub, now declares that “there is only one people.” If that sounds familiar, it’s because we’ve heard that kind of talk before — it’s Nazism! There are no whites and blacks, no women and men, no rich and poor, no Christians, no worshippers of Umbanda, agnostics, or atheists.
It’s against this background that the military has come to a crossroads, and they have an appointment with Brazilian history. Will they look after their own interests and align with the United States’ and Brazil’s predatory elites, or will they take sides with the people?
Former Communist Olavo de Carvalho is an important ideologue for the military. He also has traction with the State Prosecutor’s office, the Federal Police, and the courts. Trotsky once wrote in Fascism: What It Is and How to Fight It that Mussolini — also a former socialist — was one of the principal ideologues of Nazi fascism. Olavo seems to aspire to be a kind of Brazilian Mussolini. He claims to have met you and says you are the PT’s own Gramsci. How do we understand what Olavo has become?
I met Olavo de Carvalho in the 1960s in the Casa do Estudante, where we held meetings. I was secretary of propaganda for the dissident wing of the Communist Party. The sense I had then was that Olavo de Carvalho lacked charisma and had little leadership potential. He was not at all intellectual. He was what we might today call a yuppie. I didn’t think of him then as a communist.
He accuses me of having elaborated a plan to take power based on a peculiar reading of Gramsci. Obviously, the PT is a collaborative project and a pluralist one with many political currents — albeit less so today. It is also a party of intellectuals and policy-makers, historians, and philosophers. Olívio Dutra always said that the PT was like an orchestra.
Olavo de Carvalho is the architect of a far-right ideology that is basically protofascist, but he has no strategy for taking power. He was embraced as an ideologue that could animate Bolsonaro’s adventurism — and that “adventure” is now costing Brazil dearly. The Brazilian elite got into bed with the enemy in order to combat the Left and the PT, but now they’re enemies again. The elite are trying to broker a divorce settlement, but it’s not easy because Bolsonaro wants not only to suppress the Left, but also his former allies, beginning with Rede Globo, Folha de São Paulo, and the Social Democracy Party. For Bolsonaro, these different groups are all “communists.”
I believe that Olavo de Carvalho has assumed the prominence he has due to the absolute intellectual poverty of Bolsonaro, the military, and the Brazilian elites. If you look at what the Partido Novo (a neoliberal Third Way party) is proposing, this has already failed everywhere. Have you seen what has happened in Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru? The Latin American people do not accept neoliberalism. The same goes for Brazil.
Even if we [the PT] made some errors, I think you have to go back to the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso to understand the present: fixed exchange rates, fire sales of public assets, raising taxes, unemployment, two bailouts from the IMF. They like to blame us for this national tragedy, but that’s not the full story. Currently, it is the Social Democratic Party that is leading the way with labor reform and pension reform laws, and they stand behind the neoliberal projects of Finance Minister Paulo Guedes. It doesn’t do any good to blame Bolsonaro’s former party, the PSL [Social Liberal Party], for the rise of the extreme right and everything that is happening in the country.
In any case, the time has come to band together to throw Bolsonaro out of power.
The PT was in part an outgrowth of the workers’ movement of the late 1970s. It was also formed by figures like yourself, who had come from the armed struggle and were looking to form a mass left-wing party. Can that spirit of the late 1970s teach the present-day PT anything?
Yes, just as we did in the 1970s, the challenge is to return to the people and the places where they live. Where are we today when a mother sees her son struggling with drugs? The evangelical church is there to send them to a clinic. Where are we when the head of a household goes unemployed? The evangelical church welcomes them with open arms. The evangelicals are there when a family is going through separation to offer couples therapy. When there’s a fire or a flood, where are we with our solidarity campaigns? These are the questions we need to be posing. Where are the trade unions and the parties of the Left in these situations?
Where we are present is in institutional struggles, in state governments, and this is important, because it means we have a historically consolidated social base. This was expressed in 2018, despite all they did to try to censor us politically.
They took Dilma Rousseff down and then they went after Lula, to imprison him and make him ineligible for office. If Lula had been free, he would have got Fernando Haddad elected. But even if he wasn’t free, if the PDT [Democratic Labour Party], Ciro Gomes, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and the PSDB [Brazilian Social Democracy Party], Rodrigo Maia, and others had supported Haddad in the runoff election, this might have been enough to defeat Bolsonaro.
We need to wage political and social struggle in the places where people live, but also on the social networks: we need to offer courses, legal counsel, and culture. We’re clearly on the side of the people in the institutional struggle, in the courts, parliament, and state government. This is evident by the contrast between PT-led state governments in the country’s Northeast and Bolsonaro’s government.
The different parts of the Left are starting to reorganize, even if, for the time being, it is mostly online activity. Since 2008 this has been the main instrument for political life.
In 2018 we were caught off guard by these historical changes taking place online. In a similar way, we were not paying enough attention to shifts in the world of labor: today the reality of the Brazilian working class is one of small and medium businesses, individual micro-entrepreneurs, and, in virtually every neighborhood, informal workers.
As capital has gone on the offensive against labor in the last decades, an important part of its strategy has been to rebrand workers as entrepreneurs — to make them self-identify as capitalists.
The Brazilian economy is increasingly integrated into the world economy as a provider of services and a producer for major conglomerates. Apart from the exploitation of interest rates, there is the exploitation based on workers enjoying progressively less of the wealth they create. But here there’s a problem: there’s insufficient consumption and demand, as in Europe. Wealth concentration and precarity rise together, as vast layers of the working class see their wages fall.
In the 1970s, Brazilian capitalism generated mass poverty in the urban centers, but it also created the industrial working class, which to this day enjoys wages five or ten times greater than that of services. When we talk today of a hundred thousand new unemployed in industry, what we are really saying is that there are another million unemployed in services and another five hundred thousand in retail.
What we have then is a contradiction, because there is no way for the economy to grow with such an intense concentration of income, and the technological revolution will actually make this even worse. Without a basic minimum wage structure or universal social services, there is no leisure activity, no culture, no tourism. A plan for employment needs to be thinking about reducing the workday to four hours, but how do we have that conversation with so many unemployed?
With Sérgio Moro’s departure from the Bolsonaro administration, it seems clear the center right is on a collision course with Bolsonaro. They are capable of initiating impeachment proceedings or outright removing his entire administration. Given how difficult it is to hold large demonstrations during the pandemic, what is the best strategy for uniting the center right and left to defeat Bolsonaro?
If you look at surveys, the vast majority of business owners are against the lockdown, even if they are in favor of social distancing. But how do women, young people, the undereducated, and low-wage earners feel about it? Women and youth are the major opposition to Bolsonaro — on the question of freedom. It is not material issues, not unemployment, not even necessarily his authoritarian nature driving their opposition. It’s Bolsonaro’s obscurantist attitude and the direct threat he poses to women’s rights and the freedom of the youth.
Meanwhile, Bolsonaro no longer has support from the country’s “superstructure,” not even the parties. His base of support is in the judicial branch, the Public Prosecutor’s Office, the Federal Police, the Military Police, the military top brass, security corporations, militias, and the evangelical groups. He’ll end up with 20 percent support, but 65 percent of the country will be opposed to his government and in favor of impeachment.
The first problem here is the risk of military reaction, should there be impeachment. The second is that Bolsonaro’s group will not accept impeachment and go on the offensive, potentially leading to civil war — unless, of course, these recent shows of force that Bolsonaro is putting on are a complete bluff, with his talk of arming the people and so on.
Bolsonaro’s rallies are drawing fewer and fewer people. The majority of the middle class is either progressive in their politics, in support of Moro, or cohering into an anti-Bolsonaro conservative position. Where, then, is Bolsonaro going to drum up support for a coup? From the armed forces, because neither the judiciary nor the parliament will stand with him. He’s appealing to the “Centrão” parties in Congress, but as I’ve noted elsewhere, that option is undermined by his attack on state governors.
The country has thus reached a stalemate: the liberal opposition doesn’t have the courage to take the initiative. They are left waiting for a cue from ultra-neoliberal finance minister Guedes, a figure from the current administration that the center right would like to hold on to. And they are waiting for a sign from Vice President (General) Mourão and the armed forces to reach out and invite them to take part in a transition from above, like what happened in 1985 or later with Fernando Collor de Mello [president from 1990–92].
Bolsonaro has no way of gaining institutional approval for the type of legislation that would allow him to transform his rule into a one-man authoritarian regime — not without a coup. He tried ruling by decree, but the Supreme Court wouldn’t let him. Then he tried to censor the press, and again the Supreme Court frustrated those efforts. He tried to violate university autonomy, he pushed the “Nonpartisan School Law” and other measures, and again the Supreme Court shot him down.
So while we have reached a stalemate, that too has its limits. You can see it happening as columnists on TV and the newspapers begin to call for impeachment. Some say Bolsonaro will survive and stay competitive for the 2022 presidential elections, but that seems unlikely. Considering the pandemic, the economic crisis, the political conflicts that will soon be unfolding, to think that the pandemic will end and Bolsonaro’s side can go back to pursuing their agenda, and without an upturn in political and social struggle, you would have to be from another planet.
As for the liberals of the center right, their idea has long been that workers will rush to embrace the idea of “fewer rights and more jobs.” This is clearly a fairy tale. Human beings won’t accept slavery and super-exploitation — look at platform workers and how they’ve started to fight back.
The problem for the Left is this: Where are we while they are fighting? Are we fighting alongside them? Did we ever instruct them on their labor rights, put on shows in support of their cause, or provide them with legal assistance? No! And then we go and say that workers don’t fight back? Workers are actually struggling right now, as we speak, the same way women spontaneously rose up against hunger in the neighborhoods of the major urban areas in the 1970s. Brazilian history was altered decisively when workers joined in the struggle against the dictatorship.
Meanwhile, if the liberal opposition were to take the “nuclear option” and make an appeal to the military, then what we will have is a cold war with Bolsonaro. But Bolsonaro won’t let that happen and neither will the country at large. Sooner or later, something will have to give. | <urn:uuid:27c3baf0-8c8c-4b07-ad50-ffaaa0dc3abb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jacobin.com/2020/06/brazil-bolsonaro-jose-dirceu-workers-party | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96738 | 6,214 | 2.390625 | 2 |
In celebration of the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples, join us for a live discussion on OME, a documentary on the life of the Huaorani, and their struggles defending their ancestral lands, with director Raúl Paz Pastrana, co-producer Luminița Cuna (author of "Barefoot in the Amazon"), and moderators Vivian Hua (Northwest Film Forum) and Otilia Baraboi (ARCS, The Ethnic Heritage Council of the Pacific Northwest).
Register HERE or follow us LIVE on Facebook
Filmed in the heart of the Ecuadorian Amazon in the Yasuni biosphere, “OME: Tales From a Vanishing Homeland” offers incredible access to the unique and ancient way of life of the Huaorani, one of Ecuador’s most isolated indigenous groups. OME explores the intricacies of the Huaorani way of life, highlighting their connection to land and family, while raising questions about their future survival as oil companies encroach upon Ome, their homeland. “OME” has won multiple awards and was funded by the Princess Grace Foundation-USA and the Hispanic Scholarship fund.
Running Time: 30
USA & Ecuador // Color // HD // Spanish and Waoterero with English subtitles.
Awards and Screenings:
- 2019 Earth Day Film Festival, Chico CA
- 2018 Eugene Environmental Film Festival
- 2018 The Lyric Theater, Fort Collins CO
- 2018 Museum of the Moving Image (MoMI), New York City (QWFF) WINNER “Best Cinematography Award”
- 2016 Ethnografilm Festival, Paris France
- 2015 Moscow International Documentary Film Festival
- 2015 Cayman Islands International Film Festival
- 2015 Great Lakes Environmental Film Festival, Milwaukee WINNER “2015 Spirit of Activism Award”
- 2014 IFFEST Document.Art, Bucharest, Romania WINNER Next Generation Award (EX AEQUO)
- 2013 CINE Golden Eagle Award WINNER
- 2013 International Documentary Association (IDA) Nominee for the DAVID L. WOLPER STUDENT DOCUMENTARY AWARD
- 2013 Louisville’s International Festival of Film SCREEN PREVIEW
Raúl Paz Pastrana
Raúl Paz Pastrana is a Mexican immigrant filmmaker, cinematographer, and multimedia creator. His work intersects contemporary art, political documentary, and visual ethnography to explore themes of belonging, alienation, and the concept of “home.” His films have screened at museums and festivals worldwide including at the Sheffield Doc/Fest in the U.K., The American Museum of Natural History, New York City, MASS MoCA Museum in Massachusetts, Museum of the Moving Image (MoMI), New York City, and at the Guadalajara International Film Festival (FICG) in Mexico among many more.
Raúl’s work has received support from the Princess Grace Foundation, the Ford Foundation-Just Films, The Perspective Fund, ITVS, Catapult Film Fund, The Jerome Foundation, New York Council on the Arts, The Tribeca Film Institute, The Colorado Humanities, and the Sundance Institute among others. He is a Camargo Foundation Cassis France Artist Alumni, an IFP/Gotham Filmmaker Labs fellow, a Firelight Media Documentary Lab Fellow, and a New America National Fellow.
She is a Cluj-Napoca native and Brooklyn resident who has been traveling extensively to the Amazon region and has been living and working with indigenous communities in the Amazon since 2006. She has been an ally to indigenous peoples for more than 15 years, supporting their efforts to uphold their human rights and to protect their territory.
Luminita is the founder of Maloca, a grassroots support organization that works with indigenous communities living in the Amazon basin. She has been fundraising and campaigning on various indigenous issues, helping indigenous communities get solar energy, incorporate technology in their territory defense and become aware of their rights and how to use them in protecting their forest.
Luminița wanted to bring awareness on the rich cultures of the Amazon indigenous peoples, as well as to unveil the fascinating world of the rainforest; this is how her book “Barefoot in the Amazon” came to life. Luminița also co-produced the documentary Ome: Tales from a Vanishing Homeland, winner of the 2017 Queens International Film Festival for best cinematography. The documentary brings forward the fight of an Amazonian community to protect their home, one of the most biodiverse area in the world.
When she is not trekking the Amazon, Luminița is an IT project manager.
Credits: Leo Carmona
Vivian Hua (華婷婷) is a writer, filmmaker, and organizer who is fascinated by synthesizing divergent schools of thought. She is the Executive Director at Northwest Film Forum, a co-founder of the civil rights film series, The Seventh Art Stand, and Editor-in-Chief of the socially-conscious long-form arts publication, REDEFINE. Much of her work unifies her interest in the metaphysical with her belief that art can positively transform the self and society.
Otilia Baraboi, Ph.D.
Before coming to Seattle in 2000 from Romania, Otilia worked as a literary journalist and published short-fiction, translations and articles. She holds university degrees in French and English literatures from Romania, Switzerland, and the US. She has a Ph.D. on the politics of translation from the University of Washington, where she taught French language and literature for 17 years, and where she is currently co-teaching a course on Romanian literature and film. In 2013, she co-founded ARCS and was President of the Board for five years before becoming ARCS’ first Executive Director. For Otilia, ARCS has been a wonderful opportunity to remain connected with the vibrant culture of her birthplace, while contributing to the artistic and cultural vitality of the Pacific Northwest. As part of her work, Otilia has been managing the Romanian Film Festival in Seattle and ARCS community-based school for Romanian heritage students, as well as more than 300 cultural and educational events over the past 9 years. Her priorities are to create sustainable, community-building programs and partnerships, as well as develop ARCS' brand identity in accordance with its mission and values. Most of all, Otilia hopes that her work will have a direct, long-lasting impact on the ways in which future generations will define, celebrate and pass on their heritage. Otilia is also the President of the Ethnic Heritage Council of the Pacific Northwest and a board member of Romanian United Fund. | <urn:uuid:3fd3b608-b185-4048-a5a1-008f6395d473> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.arcsproject.org/project/ome-film-screening-and-live-discussion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934059 | 1,407 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Folktales Retold at the Contemporary Jewish Museum Will Blow Your Mind
Classic Jewish folk tales are now on display at Contemporary Jewish Museum are new works created by 16 artists. In Jewish Folktales Retold: Artist as Maggid (storyteller), the artists perused the 2009 book Leaves from the Garden of Eden: One Hundred Classic Jewish Tales by Howard Schwartz and chose a tale from which to create a piece, or multiple pieces. Those pieces can be seen at the CJM through January 28, 2018.
Some of the works are traditional art pieces, such as M. Louise Stanley’s canvas Casting Call For Cautionary Tales, a painting set in a theater in which actors are auditioning for a role in a production of one of Judaism’s most famous tales, The Golem. The low key coloring on Stanley’s canvas is a beautiful evocation of the Jewish towns and neighborhoods which dotted Eastern Europe over a century ago.
The Golem also features in Dina Goldstein’s Golem, in which a Jewish man in an old shop is creating a Golem for the 21st century tech age.
Other pieces are more abstract, such as Mike Rothfield’s Is It Tomorrow We Bury Here Today, a series of large, circular pieces which viewers can walk through–they might make some museum attendees feels as though they’re travelling through to another dimension. Is Rothfield taking us on a trip through time, back to Eastern Europe?
One of the most hypnotic pieces is The Woulds by Andy Diaz Hope and Laurel Ruth Hope. Set in a dark purple light, The Woulds features dangling crystals, birds and silver trees. Is this another attempt by the artists to take the audience on a journey into the past, this time to the forests which surrounded those long ago Jewish villages?
Perhaps the most amusing piece in Jewish Folktales Retold is Goatscapes, an 11 minute video by Chris Sollars. Sollars places an adorable little goat in one of San Francisco’s outlying neighborhoods–it appears to be around or near Potrero Hill–and follows the critter around as it peacefully grazes upon grass.
Dozens of profoundly beautiful pieces are available for your inspection in Jewish Folktales Retold. Unfortunately, not all the pieces identify themselves according to the tale which inspired them. No worries–Howard Schwartz’ Leaves from the Garden of Eden is available for purchase in the CJM gift shop and can also be perused as part of the exhibition. See the artist’s work–match it up with the tale in the book.
Jewish Folktales Retold also includes a number of listening stations in which the tales are read by contemporary storytellers. It all adds up to an unusual and most fascinating afternoon at Contemporary Jewish Museum. | <urn:uuid:230d6661-e96d-4661-8d3a-233fea6abdc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brokeassstuart.com/sf/2017/11/13/folktales-retold-at-the-contemporary-jewish-museum-will-blow-your-mind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.933133 | 579 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Graphic Designer Classes UK
Photoshop is mostly used for image editing. While it is popular among digital painters and photographers, it also has a range of uses for us conventional artists.
Utilizing the proper graphic design tools streamlines and accelerates the process of generating print-ready versions. Visual material such as pictures is created and altered using graphic design tools.
Numerous comparisons exist in terms of aesthetics and usefulness amongst the top graphic design software. The user interface is designed to be straightforward and intuitive, focusing heavily on drag-and-drop functionality. At times, it has a centre window and multiple dashboards next to, under, or above it. Similar to a canvas, the window displays the currently active visuals.
Dashboards serve as an analogy for toolkits. The set includes colour palettes and sketching equipment such as markers, paintbrushes, buckets of paint, and spray paint cans. Additionally, rotating, resizing, and cropping methods are available. Additionally, pattern matching, filtering, and typographic choices are included.
Additionally, graphic programmes assist in managing the format of optical media files. While many design files are in the SVG (scalable vector graphics) format, the top graphic design programmes handle a range of file formats. This includes the standard JPG, TIF, PNG, and GIF file formats, as well as more specialised file kinds for WordPress sites such as PDF.
CMYK and RGB
In an ideal world, you would have a platform that is optimised for vector graphics creation that supports colour editing in CMYK, HSB, and RGB, in addition to the more common RGB. This is especially true in the graphic design business, where photos and drawings must be reproduced at very large proportions, requiring the employment of specialised printing equipment.
As a consequence, it is essential that the graphic design packages utilised adhere to the many distinctions and standards found across the print and publishing processes.
On the other hand, desktop publishing software often covers the same area but is more focused on general publishing than on picture creation. Furthermore, although specialised logo designers are available, it is not uncommon for a design team to be tasked with extra responsibilities.
Creative Cloud Adobe Illustrator
Adobe Illustrator is just Photoshop’s vector counterpart, and the two programmes share a wealth of tools and capabilities that assist artists who use them. If, on the other hand, you want to produce drawings that can be scaled down to fit anywhere from a postage stamp to a huge billboard, Illustrator is without a doubt the finest option.
How to use Adobe Illustrator
A simple sidebar enables you to choose the materials for your drawing or painting. You have the flexibility to express yourself with pencil options. Additionally, you may cut, duplicate, import, rotate, and resize files with this application. Additionally, Illustrator has text capabilities, including an amazing variety of font choices. Real-time visualisation enables you to rapidly examine your ideas. These pictures may be resized and printed without losing efficiency due to their vector nature. Illustrator is also compatible with the rest of Adobe’s desktop publishing tools, such as Adobe InDesign.
Adobe Illustrator was formerly sold separately, but Adobe now offers it only as part of the hefty Creative Cloud (CC) package.
Monthly memberships begin at £20.99 per month and are automatically paid on the same day of each month. Otherwise, the monthly kit costs £31.49 each month and is rotated.
Photoshop created by Adobe (most professional graphic design photo editor)
Adobe Photoshop is the most well recognised brand of image altering software. It began in 1988 and is currently routinely maintained. Photoshop is also compatible with personal computers running Mac OS X and Windows, as well as the iPad.
Photoshop is a raster and bitmap image manipulation software. This allows faster zooming into and editing of very small data sets. Using image editing software, you may repair and modify digital pictures. The remainder of the apps use drag-and-drop functionality. Apart from picture manipulation, Adobe Photoshop has a few simple drawing techniques. Alternatively, you may print straight from Photoshop while using one of the other Adobe Creative Cloud applications, such as Adobe Lightroom or Adobe InDesign.
Adobe Photoshop has a trial version available for download. Otherwise, Photoshop alone costs £20.99 per month, while a Creative Cloud bundle with over 20 Adobe products costs £52.99 each month. Additionally, there is a varied collection of excellent plugins for Photoshop and other Adobe applications.
Inc. Microsoft Inc. CorelDraw Professional (best graphic design tool for beginners)
Corel has been a software company since the mid-1980s. They mentored one of the Illustrator’s emerging stars at the time. CorelDraw is the company’s main product for graphic design.
CorelDraw is a vector-based graphics editor. Vector illustration necessitates the use of a large number of fundamental methods. CorelDraw provides comparable page setting features to those available in previous versions. Despite their rarity, typographic tools are very effective. BMP, PNG, JPG, PDF, and GIF are all supported file types in CorelDraw. Additionally, there are many basic picture editing techniques. You may take advantage of great online lessons when you use CorelDraw.
Other Adobe Programs
Affinity is owned by Serif, a British software company. Affinity is a group of different brands, the most well-known of which being Affinity Designer. It works on both desktop and portable PCs.
This is the application for vector modelling that is used in conjunction with Affinity. The formats remain compatible since it is a direct competitor to Adobe Illustrator. Vector-based techniques provide exceptional stability. These capabilities include up to a million-fold magnification, real-time effects, and real-time mixing. Affinity Designer can handle hundreds of objects without significantly slowing down the device. You can toggle between vector-only and vector-raster modules with ease. Furthermore, the font is very beautiful. Affinity Photo is used to recognise images.
Graphic Design Tools
Finally, graphic design tools may be necessary for your business or organization’s success. You must create an immediately recognisable visual representation of your brand that will last in the public’s mind. However, it is not limited to a particular ideal symbol. This demands not just the most effective but also the most user-friendly graphic design approaches. By using this curriculum, you will be able to study graphic design at Blue Sky Graphics. | <urn:uuid:3e194f93-b76b-4cc5-8b8f-766385574482> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blueskygraphics.co.uk/graphic-designer-classes-uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.92964 | 1,354 | 2.390625 | 2 |
The Plano Adventures: The Ray Keepers
On their way to Rainbow’s Edge to seek the help of the Ray Keepers, Professor Plano, Zed and Zee meet a flight of sickly, grey dragons. They’re all caught up using their Bottle-Bottle screens that give off a strange, eerie glow. Lord Myopic must be up to no good again! The trio rush to find the Ray Keepers to save the dragons, but are they too late? Myopia (short-sightedness), device dependency and lack of outdoor activity are public health concerns worldwide. Stories from the plano adventures are based on years of scientific research, written specially to empower young readers.
Dr Mohamed (Mo) Dirani is a world leading expert on myopia, or short-sightedness. At age 26, Mo earned his PhD with the world’s largest twin study on myopia in Australia. His research showed that the environment can influence the development of myopia even in twins who share 100 per cent of their genes. In 2009, Mo led a national study on myopia in Singapore, which confirmed that myopia can occur in very young children, putting them at risk of developing sight-threatening myopia later in life. Therefore, early prevention is important. The Professor Plano Clear Vision Recipe is strongly based on this science. Today, Mo heads plano Pte Ltd, a company with a single mission to help families all over the world manage device use and myopia. | <urn:uuid:eed6ff63-a739-472a-a885-0866ee2f66ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.marshallcavendish.com/our-books/categories/books/the-plano-adventures-the-ray-keepers-p9789814828697 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.924257 | 331 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Lower-wage workers in 2019 were least likely to remain employed in 2020: Share of employed workers in 2019 were employed (or not) in 2020, by wage quartile
|Employed in 2020||Not employed in 2020|
View the underlying data on epi.org.
Note: “Not employed” refers to individuals who are either unemployed or not in the labor force.
Source: Authors’ analysis of merged EPI and IPUMS Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. | <urn:uuid:655c54d9-bbaf-4f6d-b0a6-83d1e416adf1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.epi.org/chart/elise-figure-d-lower-wage-workers-in-2019-were-least-likely-to-remain-employed-in-2020-share-of-employed-workers-in-2019-were-employed-or-not-in-2020-by-wage-quartile/?view=embed&embed_template=charts_v2013_08_21&embed_date=20220703&onp=219418 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.949402 | 168 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Labrador Color Chart: Three Shades Or More?
The Labrador Coat is one of the most popular breeds. They are considered to be “the dog for everyone”. However, there are some very unusual colors in the breed. Labradors with three different shades or more of color than normal are extremely rare.
There are two types of these colors. One type is called “Three Shades” and the other type is called “Four Shades”.
There are no purebred Labradors known to have any form of Four Shades. The reason why they are so rare is because all four shades of Labrador must come from a single litter. If only one shade was present, it would not be considered a true Four Shade Labrador.
If you want to learn more about these rare colors, read on…
What Are The Oddest Colors Of Labrador?
Black Labradors: Black Labradors are the most common color in the breed. They are found in every state except Hawaii and Alaska. There is no genetic test that can tell if your puppy comes from a black lab. These dogs do not produce any white hairs (or any hair at all) when they shed their coats.
Yellow Labradors: Yellow Labradors are the second most common color in the breed. Some consider the yellow lab a golden lab, but it is not an accepted color of the American Kennel Club.
These dogs tend to have a much thicker coat than other colors of the breed. These are also the only colors of lab that have a tendency toward sunburn.
Chocolate Labradors: The rarest of the Labrador colors, the chocolate lab is also known as the brown lab. These dogs tend to have a shorter coat than other colors of the breed.
These dogs can also produce a whelp with one or two spots of white fur when they shed their coats. This color is not recognized by the American Kennel Club.
Do You Want a Black, Yellow or Chocolate Labrador?
Black Labs: These are the most common of the Labrador Retriever Colors. They are also known as “the Captain.” Black is a dominant color in dogs, meaning that it only takes one black parent to produce a black puppy. There is no genetic test that can prove your dog’s color.
Sources & references used in this article:
TYRP1 and MC1R genotypes and their effects on coat color in dogs. by SM Schmutz, TG Berryere… – Mammalian …, 2002 – search.ebscohost.com
Identification of a premature stop codon in the melanocyte‐stimulating hormone receptor gene (MC1R) in Labrador and Golden retrievers with yellow coat colour by RE Everts, J Rothuizen, BA Van Oost – Animal genetics, 2000 – Wiley Online Library
Lithic source areas in Northern Labrador by RM Gramly – Arctic Anthropology, 1978 – JSTOR
Color Symbolism in Lope de Vega. by WL FICHTER – Romanic Review, 1927 – search.proquest.com
On Certain New Phenomena of Colour in Labrador Felspar, with Observations on the Nature and Cause of Its Changeable Tints. By David Brewster by D Brewster – 1829 – books.google.com
Notes on the sea trouts of Labrador by AC Weed – Copeia, 1934 – JSTOR | <urn:uuid:971546cd-a983-4c9b-8212-6558b50cadc4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dogpuppysite.com/labrador-colors-three-shades-or-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.925643 | 707 | 3.171875 | 3 |
After a few weeks of suspense, the winner of the 2nd drawing contest organized jointly by the TD Friends of the Environment Foundation (TD FEF) and Earth Day Canada is revealed. Emily-Alexandra Sarabia-Tellez, a Grade 6 student at École Cœur-Vaillant in Quebec City, stood out. Tomorrow, November 22, we will give a lunch box without waste to each of the students in his class and, at the same time, a check for 7,500 $ to his school to develop a project related to the environment. .
The theme of the competition was "What connects me to nature?" and nearly 4,000 elementary school students from across Canada submitted an original drawing. Emily-Alexandra was the only finalist in Quebec. She will see her drawing displayed on the TD FEF limited reusable bag in addition to receiving a camera.
Each of the nine finalists will receive an environmental grant of 500 $ for their school, 25 $ in cash as well as a waste-free lunch box. In addition, they will have the chance to have their drawing featured in Earth Day Canada's 2013-2014 EcoKids calendar. | <urn:uuid:47713e35-f5fd-4759-91fa-865950ac6bb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ecolebranchee.com/english/une-eleve-de-quebec-remporte-un-concours-de-dessin-pancanadien/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.974505 | 240 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Tax Clearance for Employers 雇主清税表
1. Overview on Tax Clearance 清税概述
What is Tax Clearance? 什么是清税?
Tax Clearance is a process of ensuring that your non-Singapore Citizen employee pays all his taxes when he ceases employment with you in Singapore, or plans to leave Singapore for more than three months. 税务清关是一个确保你的非新加坡公民雇员在终止在新加坡的工作或计划离开新加坡超过三个月时缴纳所有税款的过程。
Tax Clearance obligations apply to all work pass holders including Personalised Employment Pass. 所有工作证持有人均须履行清税义务，包括个人就业准证。
What you need to do as an employer? 作为雇主，你需要做什么?
1. Notify IRAS by filing of Form IR21 at least one month before your non Singapore Citizen employee ceases employment with you in Singapore, or goes for overseas posting, or leaves Singapore for more than 3 months; and 在你的非新加坡公民雇员终止与你在新加坡的雇佣关系，或前往海外任职，或离开新加坡超过3个月前最少一个月，向税务局提交IR21表格，通知税务局；和
2. Withhold all monies due to your employee from the day the employee notifies you of his intention to cease employment/leave Singapore or you notify him of the termination of employment or posting to an overseas location. Monies withheld may not be just the last month’s salary. 从雇员通知你他打算终止受雇/离开新加坡，或你通知他终止受雇或派驻海外地点之日起，保留应付给雇员的所有款项。扣留的钱可能不仅仅是上个月的工资。
When do you need to seek Tax Clearance? 你什么时候需要办理税务清关?
You are required to complete Form IR21 and submit it to IRAS at least one month before your non Singapore Citizen employee ceases employment with you in Singapore or plans to leave Singapore for more than three months. There are, however, exceptions where Tax Clearance is not required. 在你的非新加坡公民雇员终止与你在新加坡的雇佣关系或计划离开新加坡超过三个月之前，你必须填写IR21表格并提交给IRAS。然而，也有一些不需要清税的例外情况。
How much do you need to withhold from the employee? 你需要向雇员扣多少钱?
You are also required to withhold any monies (including overtime pay, leave pay, all allowances and reimbursements, gratuities and lump sum payments, etc.) due to your employee from the day he notifies you of his intention to cease employment or when you notify him of the termination of employment or posting to an overseas location. 你还必须从雇员通知你打算停止工作之日起，或当你通知他终止工作或派往海外工作地点之日起，扣留任何应付给他的款项（包括加班费、假期工资、所有津贴和报销、酬金和一次性付款等）。
2. How to e-File Form IR21 如何以电子方式提交IR21表格
You are encouraged to e-File the Form IR21 via myTax Portal for faster tax clearance. 鼓励您通过myTax门户以电子方式提交IR21表格，以便更快地清税。
To get started, your CorpPass Admin will need to authorise you as a Preparer or an Approver for e-Tax Clearance via the Singapore Corporate Access (CorpPass). 首先，您的CorpPass管理员需要授权您通过新加坡公司电子通行证(CorpPass)作为电子税务通关的准备人员或批准人员。
Please note that: 请注意:
- Only the approvers are given full access rights to view, edit and submit a Form IR21 electronically; 只有审批者才可使用电子方式查看、编辑和提交IR21表格;
- Preparers are only given the access rights to prepare draft Form IR21 for approver’s review and submission. They would not have the access to submit a Form IR21 or view the Form IR21 records created by approvers. 准备人员只被授予准备IR21草案供审批人审阅和提交的访问权限。他们将不能提交IR21表格或查看由批准人创建的IR21表格记录。
3. What you need to do after filing Tax Clearance 报税后你需要做什么
When can I expect the Form IR21 to be processed? 我什么时候可以拿到IR21表格?
Generally, 80% of the e-Filed Form IR21 are processed within 7 working days. For paper filing, 80% are generally processed within 21 days. The processing of tax clearance may take longer if the information given in Form IR21 is incomplete or when IRAS needs to seek clarification on the employment details submitted. 一般而言，80%的电子表格IR21会在7个工作天内处理完毕。对于纸质文件，80%的文件一般在21天内处理完毕。如IR21表格所提供的资料不完整，或税务局需要澄清所提交的就业资料，则清税程序可能需要较长时间。
How do I check the filing and processing status of the Form IR21? 如何查阅IR21表格的存档及处理情况?
You can check both the Form IR21 filing status and the tax clearance processing status online at myTax Portal. 您可以在myTax门户网站上在线查看IR21表格的提交状态和税务清关处理状态。
How do I change Form IR21 filing details? 如何更改IR21表格的资料?
You are required to complete another Form IR21 if there are changes or further remuneration payable to the employee after tax clearance has been sought. Please use an appropriate form type per the description below. Do not release any monies to the employee until tax clearance is given. 如雇员的报税表有任何更改，或在申请清税后再获发薪酬，你必须再填妥另一份IR21表格。请根据下面的描述使用适当的表单类型。在获得税务许可之前，不要向雇员发放任何款项。
4. What you need to do after getting clearance directive 获得许可指令后你需要做什么
Types of Clearance Directive 清除指令的种类
- If you received a Directive to Pay Tax, you are required to remit the amount payable to IRAS within 10 days from the date of the notice. Please pay promptly to avoid late payment penalty. 如你收到缴税指示，你须在收到通知后10天内将应缴税款汇往税务局。请及时付款，以免迟交罚款。
- If you received a Notification to Release Monies, please release the monies withheld to your employee. However, if you have filed an amended/additional Form IR21, you should not release the monies to the employee until you have received another Clearance Directive in respect of the amended/additional Form IR21. 如果你收到了一份释放资金的通知，请释放被扣留的资金给你的员工。然而，如果你已提交经修订/附加的IR21表格，在你收到另一份有关经修订/附加的IR21表格的批准指示前，你不应向雇员发放款项。 | <urn:uuid:5a5550c3-2a01-49a0-8cdb-32ea5201305a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bfbs.sg/tax-clearance-for-employers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.746725 | 2,989 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Marc Savoy- In the mid 40s a tenant farmer, who farmed for my grandfather, lived in a catalpa grove across the fields from the farm that I grew up on. Every afternoon after his work he would sit on the porch of his old home and play his accordion. The music would drift across the fields and my ears would involuntarily point in the direction it came from. The tenant, Hiram Courville, was a little skinny old man with unusually large hands and long fingers. He would visit my father very often to talk about the crops, but he never brought his accordion. So one day I asked him if he would please bring his "music box" the next time he came for a visit. I had never seen an accordion before, but I had heard the music from across the fields and was so interested to see what sort of contraption made those beautiful sounds.I finally got to see his " music box" that Christmas Eve at a party given by my father at my home. All the other kids were outside shooting fireworks, but fireworks were going off in my heart. I was hooked for life. At age twelve I got my first accordion, a Hohner from Sears for $27.50.
By age fifteen I began thinking about how my little Hohner might be improved to sound more like the famed pre-war Monarch and Sterling accordions, which had such a gutsy, rich tone compared to my little Hohner. I began gathering information from accordion players in the neighborhood and with my father opened up my Hohner to see what was inside. Everything looked so complicated to a 15 year old kid and his rice farming father, that we quickly closed up the accordion and forgot about that for a while.
Several months after that, a spring broke on the keyboard, so its back inside the accordion again. My father told me that he had seen accordion players replace broken springs in their accordions with safety pins, so I raided mom's pin cushion for something that looked like it might fit, reassembled the whole thing and it worked very well. Success! That wasn't so difficult after all. This fact that Joel Savoy's kid had repaired his accordion spread through the neighborhood like wild fire, and soon I was repairing accordions for many accordion players in the neighborhood and surrounding area.
One day when I was about 17, some neighbors came to pick me up to go to a nearby campsite to entertain them while they had a cookout. It was in the late fall, and during the evening a storm came up and the wind turned to the north and the temperature dropped about 30 degrees. We were all huddled around the campfire when the proprietor of the campsite came overto invite us into his house to get out of the cold. I continued playing my accordion, and pretty soon the old man said to me, "Son, you're a good player for your age, but you need a better instrument. My son plays steel guitar with Sidney Brown of Lake Charles and Sidney just built himself a brand new accordion. You ought to buy yourself one of those Sidney Brown accordions, because they sound a lot better than that thing you're playing on. In fact, I just remembered that all the band's instruments are in the trunk of my son's car outside. Let me find the car key and I'll bring that accordion in." Before I could question him about what he meant by "making an accordion" the old man went out to look for the accordion. I thought that surely I must have misunderstood him when he said "made an accordion.
For a normal human being to build an accordion from scratch was totally impossible, or so I thought! The old man came back inside with a wooden case, opened it, took out a shiny black accordion with white trim, put it in my lap and said, "Here, play this!" First of all I looked it over very closely and saw that it was indeed brand new and looked identical to the famed pre-war Monarchs and Sterlings. I kept turning it over and over looking at everything while the old man was standing over me. Finally he said, "Play, play, play!" I ran my fingers over the keyboard a few times and then tried a tune.
After playing my first song on the Sidney Brown accordion, I was very very impressed, not just with the fact that it was handmade, but also with the way it handled. It had the response of my Hohner, but with a much smoother keyboard action. The tone was also a major improvement, but unfortunately it did not quite have the bass response that the old pre-wars had. I don't remember sleeping at all that night, and it was during this long sleepless night (which was destined to be one of many) that I decided to build an accordion also.
The idea remained dormant with me until 1960. During that interval I had figured out how to tune reeds and had also polished my accordion playing skills. In 1960 I built my first accordion using the pre-war accordion as a guide. I built something that looked like an accordion and first I was so proud of my job. But the more I looked at it, the more I realized how bad it was. So one day not too long after I completed it I lit a fire in the barbecue pit and burned it. I knew I could do a better job on the next one. So with a hand drill, an electric circular saw, and a lot of elbow grease and patience I built #2, which actually I was pretty satisfied with.
I was playing house dances around the area using my #2 accordion, and the word began to get around that I was playing an accordion that I had built myself. It was at one of these house dances that a man came up to see my accordion, and after looking it over for some time, asked me how much I would charge to build one for him. My first customer! Number three led to number four and......
By the fall of 1965 I had pretty much taken up my father's outdoor kitchen with my accordion building hobby. Accordion parts were scattered all over the place. Sawdust from the woodworking covered all the surfaces, so my father, who realized that I had developed a pretty good little business with accordions, told me one day, "Well, it looks like you want to be a musician and instrument maker, and since I would like to have my outdoor kitchen back, would you please re-establish yourself somewhere else?"
On November 19, 1966 I opened the doors to Savoy Music Center. Since that time nearly 1000 Acadian accordions have gone out to accordion players all over the world. Today, myself along with luthier Tina Pilione, continue to build Acadian accordions. Even after those many years of discovering "what makes it tick", we continue to make improvements as better materials are found and techniques refined. We look forward to creating a special instrument for you. | <urn:uuid:7ad7ebe1-cb0f-4675-8e0a-cfa63faf9b3e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.savoymusiccenter.com/bios | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.990452 | 1,457 | 1.570313 | 2 |
It is never too early to start thinking about your child’s education and how you want them to learn. However, the best way to set them up for success is to ensure they have a solid foundation in the early years.
You might be wondering, one approach to education that has gained popularity in recent years is the kindergarten education approach.
Kindergarten education is a philosophy and method of schooling focusing on the comprehensive development of a child’s abilities rather than just their academic potential.
This type of education focuses on preparing children for the challenges of kindergarten and beyond.
Let’s jump right in the kindergarten education approach in more detail, including its advantages and disadvantages.
So here we go,
What Do You Mean by Kindergarten?
A kindergarten is a preschool educational institution for children who are four to six years old, depending on the country.
The word “kindergarten” comes from the German word “Kindergarten,” which means “children’s garden.” This name was chosen because it was thought that children would benefit from a garden setting where they could learn and play.
It is also used to refer to the type of school children attend before starting first grade.
In the United States, kindergarten typically lasts for one school year and is designed for children who are five years old by the September 1 start date.
Some schools offer a half-day kindergarten program, and some offer a full-day program.
The curriculum in kindergarten programs varies from state to state but generally includes cognitive skills (such as math, reading, and writing), social-emotional development, and creative expression.
A Brief History of Kindergarten – Let’s Talk About the Past
German educator Friedrich Froebel founded the first kindergarten in the early 1800s.
He believed that all children are creative and have the potential to develop their talents and abilities.
So he created a curriculum that included singing, playing games, and working with natural materials to encourage this development.Froebel’s ideas spread to other countries, including the United States, where they were adapted and expanded.
The first American kindergarten was founded in 1856 by Massachusetts educator Elizabeth Peabody.
How Did the Kindergarten Educational Approach Start?
The kindergarten educational approach is a relatively new concept.
The first kindergarten was founded in 1837 by German educator Friedrich Froebel.
Froebel believed that children learn best through play and hands-on activities.
He also believed that all children are creative and can think abstractly.
Froebel’s ideas were ahead of his time and were not widely accepted in the early years.
It wasn’t until the late 1800s that kindergarten became more popular in the United States.
The first public kindergarten in the US was opened in Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1856.
By the mid-1900s, kindergarten had become a standard part of the American public education system.
The kindergarten education approach has its roots in Froebel’s philosophy of child development.
However, it has been adapted and expanded over the years to meet the needs of modern children.
Did You Know Where Kindergarten Teachers Are Paid the Most?
Delaware is the best state to be a kindergarten teacher, followed by Wyoming and Vermont.
These states offer the highest average salary for kindergarten teachers.
There are many great benefits to working in Delaware, including high salaries and a relaxed work environment.
Kindergarten teachers have it easy with their $55K median salary, which puts them at the top of all 50 states’ lists!
Frequently Asked Questions About Kindergarten Education (FAQs)
Choosing kindergarten for your child is an important decision.
It’s the start of their educational journey, and you want to make sure they’re in a good program that will set them up for success.
There are plenty of questions to ask when researching kindergarten programs, and we’re here to answer some of the most common ones.
So please keep reading for answers to FAQs about kindergarten education.
We have prepared answers to the questions you have in mind!
1. What Is Kindergarten Meaning?
The word kindergarten comes from the German word meaning “children’s garden.”
The first kindergarten was opened in Germany in 1837 by Friedrich Froebel.
The kindergarten education approach is based on Froebel’s belief that children learn best through play and exploration.
This type of education emphasizes the importance of social, emotional, and physical development and cognitive learning.
It is designed to give children a well-rounded education that will prepare them for the challenges of kindergarten and beyond.
2. What Is the Age of Kindergarten Students?
The average age of kindergarten students is five years old.
However, some students may be younger or older depending on their birthday and when they enroll in school.
Many schools have a cutoff date for kindergarten enrollment, typically sometime in the late summer or early fall.
If a child’s birthday is close to the cutoff date, they may be one of the older students in their class.
Meanwhile, if a child’s birthday is early in the year, they may be one of the younger students.
Therefore, age can vary significantly from class to class, even within the same school.
3. What Is the Best Age for Kindergarten?
The answer to this question depends on many factors, including the child’s maturity level, readiness for school, and the family’s preference.
For example, some children may be ready for kindergarten at age 4, while others may not be ready until age 6.
Ultimately, the best age for kindergarten is when the child is most likely to thrive in an educational setting.
4. What’s Another Name/Word for Kindergarten?
The word kindergarten comes from the German word meaning “children’s garden.”
So the German word for kindergarten is kindergarten.
The word kindergarten is also used in other languages, such as Spanish (jardín de infantes), French (jardin d’enfants), and Italian (giardino d’infanzia).
In the United States, the word kindergarten refers to both the educational program and the schoolroom where kindergarten classes are held.
In other countries, such as Germany, kindergarten refers to the educational program.
5. Can a 4-Year-Old Start Kindergarten in Virginia?
There is no hard and fast rule about when a child can start kindergarten in Virginia.
However, most schools require that students be five years old by September 1 to enroll.
Some schools may make exceptions for students who turn five later in the school year, but this is generally at the discretion of the individual school.
If you have questions about your child’s eligibility to enroll in kindergarten, it is best to contact your local school district for more information.
6. Is 6 Too Old for Kindergarten?
No, six is not too old for kindergarten.
However, the age of kindergarten students varies from country to country.
For example, in the United States, the age of kindergarten students is five years old.
In Germany, the age of kindergarten students is six years old. In Japan, the age of kindergarten students is three years old.
Some children are ready for kindergarten at four years old, while others may benefit from waiting until five or six years old.
Most schools in the United States consider five years old to be when a child is ready for kindergarten.
However, some schools are now offering kindergarten programs for children as young as four years old.
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as each child is unique and will develop at their own pace.
7. Are 7 Years Old Too Old for Kindergarten?
Most people believe that kindergarten should start at age five, but some experts say seven is the new five.
They argue that the earlier children start school, the better they will do academically.
There is some evidence to support this claim.
For example, a study in the journal “Pediatrics” found that children who started kindergarten at age seven scored higher on reading, math, and general knowledge tests than those who started at age five.
The study’s authors say that the difference is because seven-year-olds can better focus and pay attention in class.
They also have a better understanding of the material being taught.
However, not all experts agree that seven is the new five.
Some say that when to start kindergarten should be based on each child’s individual needs.
8. What Is Kindergarten Called in the UK?
In the United Kingdom, kindergarten is called reception.
Reception is the first year of compulsory schooling in England and Wales and is equivalent to kindergarten.
The term reception refers to the first year of primary school.
In the United Kingdom, children start primary school the September after they turn four years old.
9. Why Is Kindergarten Spelled With At?
Kindergarten is a German word meaning “children’s garden.”
The Germans were the first to formalize early childhood education into a state-sponsored program.
The word was eventually adopted into English, and the spelling was changed to reflect how it is pronounced in English.
10. What Is the Abbreviation for Kindergarten?
Kindergarten is often abbreviated as “K” or “kg.” You can also sometimes see it abbreviated as “Kind.”
KGD is another potential abbreviation for kindergarten. It stands for “kindergarten and daycare.”
You might also see the terms “preschool” and “early childhood education” interchangeably with kindergarten.
Keep in mind that the abbreviations and acronyms for kindergarten can vary by region.
11. Can You Skip Kindergarten and Go to First Grade in Virginia?
There is no set answer to this question as it can depend on the individual school district and/or state regulations.
However, it is typically possible to skip kindergarten and go straight to first grade if a student demonstrates the required academic skills and abilities.
Some schools may also require a formal assessment or testing before allowing a student to bypass kindergarten.
If you consider this option for your child, it is essential to check with the schools in your area to see their specific requirements and policies.
12. Should I Hold My 5-Year-Old Back From Kindergarten?
It’s a tough decision, and there isn’t an easy answer.
Ultimately, you’ll need to consider your child’s readiness for kindergarten, both academically and emotionally.
If you think your child could benefit from another year of growth and development, holding them back may be the right decision.
However, if you feel they are ready to begin kindergarten, sending them off to school on time is probably the best option.
Of course, both choices have pros and cons, so it’s essential to weigh all the options carefully before deciding.
Ultimately, the best thing you can do is what you feel is best for your child.
13. Is Kindergarten American or British?
There is no one answer to this question as kindergarten can be found in American and British schools.
However, the educational philosophies and practices of each country may differ slightly.
In general, American kindergarten programs tend to be more focused on preparing students for elementary school, while British kindergarten programs may emphasize play and socialization.
Ultimately, it is up to the individual school or program to decide which approach to take.
14. How Do You Spell Kindergarten Plural?
The correct spelling of kindergarten plural is “kindergartens.”
15. What Does Kinder Mean in German?
Kinder is the German word for “children.”
It can also be used as an endearment, much like “kid” in English.
When used in this way, it is often followed by a noun or pronoun, such as “kindergarten” or “men kind.”
16. Which Is Right Kindergarten or Kindergarden?
Kindergarten is the correct spelling of this word in English.
Kindergarden, on the other hand, commonly misspells and should be avoided if possible because it’s never pronounced like that!
17. What Is Kindergarten, According to Froebel?
Kindergarten is a place where children can play and learn simultaneously.
It is based on the principle that children learn best through doing.
Therefore, children are encouraged to explore, experiment, and use their imagination in kindergarten.
There is no set curriculum in a kindergarten – instead, the focus is on providing a range of activities and experiences that will stimulate learning.
Froebel believed that children learn best through play.
He believed that play is essential for children’s development and helps them make sense of the world around them.
He also believed that play is a child’s work and should be enjoyable.
18. Does Kindergarten Need to Be Capitalized?
No, kindergarten does not need to be capitalized because it is not a proper noun.
There are cases when it should be capitalized: for example, if it is the first word in a sentence or part of a title.
However, in general, kindergarten should not be capitalized.
19. How Do You Abbreviate Pre-kindergarten?
The most common abbreviation for “pre-kindergarten” is “PK.”
Other less standard abbreviations include “PKC,” “PKK,” and “PKE.” PKC is the most common abbreviation outside the United States.
PKC full form is “Pre-Kindergarten Class.” PKK stands for “Pre-Kindergarten Kids.” PKE stands for “Pre-Kindergarten Education.”
20. What Should Your Child Know by the End of Kindergarten?
Most children enter kindergarten with a basic understanding of numbers and counting. But by the end of the year, they should be able to do much more.
Here are some of the things your child should know by the end of kindergarten, according to the Common Core State Standards:
- Read and write numbers from 0 to 20.
- Count to 100 by ones and tens.
- Identify and describe basic shapes, such as squares, circles, and triangles.
- Sort and classify objects by attributes, such as size, color, and shape.
- Recognize and name some familiar objects in the environment, such as trees, houses, and cars.
- Begin to understand and use basic concepts of print, such as recognizing the difference between a letter and a word.
- Listen attentively to stories and respond to simple questions about them.
- Speak clearly and express ideas and feelings in complete sentences.
- Demonstrate an understanding of basic rules for school behavior and personal hygiene.
Your child should have a solid foundation to build future academic success by the end of kindergarten.
21. What Year Did Kindergarten Become Mandatory in Virginia?
Kindergarten became mandatory in Virginia in 1869. Before that, it was not required by law for children to attend school until they were seven years old.
Kindergarten was initially designed for children who were five and six years old, and it wasn’t until later that it became mandatory for all children in Virginia.
This law was not immediately enforced, however. It wasn’t until 1892 that there was a large enough push from the people of Virginia to force the government to require that all children had to attend kindergarten.
This was also when it became illegal for a child to be home-schooled before seven.
Before that, it had been perfectly legal for parents to choose whether or not they wanted to send their child to school.
22. Should You Hold a Child Back in Kindergarten?
My opinion on this question is that I believe students should not be held back in kindergarten if they are advanced and ready to move up to first grade.
However, if a child is not ready for first grade, I think it would be beneficial to hold them back in kindergarten to develop further before moving on.
I believe that students should not be held back in kindergarten because it can cause them to become discouraged.
When students are advanced and move on to first grade, they are usually excited about their new school experience.
However, if they are held back, they may feel like they are not good enough and discouraged.
23. Is It Better to Start Kindergarten Early or Late?
There are many different opinions regarding this question, and the answer will depend on various factors.
For example, some people believe that it is better to start kindergarten early, as this can help children develop essential social and learning skills at a young age.
However, others believe that it is better to start kindergarten later, as this can help children avoid the potential stresses of starting school too early.
Ultimately, when to start kindergarten will depend on the individual child and what will work best for their individual needs.
24. When Should You Send Your Kid to Kindergarten?
The age at which a child may enter kindergarten depends on your state, but it’s typically around 4 or 5 years old.
25. Is Kindergarten Free in the USA?
Yes, kindergarten is generally free in the United States.
However, some schools may charge tuition or other fees for specific programs or materials, so it’s always best to check with your school district to find out what fees may be associated with attending kindergarten.
26. Does the UK Have Kindergarten?
The United Kingdom does not have a formal kindergarten system, but many schools offer early years programs for children aged 3-5.
These programs vary in length and structure but typically involve some combination of play-based learning, academic instruction, and socialization opportunities.
27. What Is the Correct Way to Spell Kindergarten?
The correct way to spell kindergarten is “kindergarten.”
28. How Do You Teach Singular and Plural to Kindergarten?
Kindergarten is the perfect time to teach your students about singular and plural nouns. There are a few different ways that you can approach this subject.
- Start by teaching your students about the different types of nouns. Explain that a singular noun is a word that refers to one thing, and a plural noun is a word that refers to more than one thing.
- Once your students understand the concept of singular and plural nouns, give them some examples. For example, you could write a few sentences on the board and have your students circle the plural nouns.
- Another way to teach this concept is through songs and rhymes. There are many kids’ songs that talk about singular and plural nouns. You could also create your rhymes or use ones you have used in the past.
- One of the most effective ways to teach students about singular and plural nouns is through hands-on activities. There are many different ways to do this, but one idea is to have your students sort objects into groups based on their singular or plural nature. You could also have them build objects using play-Doh or other small manipulative.
Ultimately, the key to teaching singular and plural nouns is to provide your students with a lot of practice.
Include as many hands-on activities as possible, and encourage your students to use their newly acquired knowledge.
29. Is Kindergarten Latin or Greek?
The word kindergarten comes from the German word “kindergarten,” which means “children’s garden.”
The German educator Friedrich Froebel is credited with creating the first kindergarten in the early 1800s.
30. What Age Does Kindergarten Start in Germany?
Kindergarten usually starts at age three or four in Germany.
However, some schools may offer an earlier start for children who turn three by a particular date.
31. Who Is the Father of the Kindergarten?
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel (1782-1852) is a German educator credited with creating the concept of kindergarten.
He believed that all children are creative and can learn from their environment.
His methods were designed to encourage a child’s natural curiosity and desire to explore.
32. What Shapes Should a Kindergartener Know?
A kindergartener should be familiar with several different shapes to navigate their academic career effectively.
Some of the essential shapes that a kindergartener should know to include:
-Circles: A circle is defined by its nearly perfect roundness. It has no sharp corners or angles and is often used to symbolize things like the sun, moon, or earth.
-Squares: A square is a geometric shape defined by four straight sides and right angles. It is one of the most basic shapes, and it can be used in various applications.
-Triangles: A triangle is a three-sided shape with three corners or vertices. It is a solid shape and is often used in construction or engineering.
-Rectangles: A rectangle is a four-sided shape with two sets of parallel sides. It is similar to a square, but its sides are not equal in length.
-Ovals: An oval is a slightly different version of a circle in that it is not ideally round. It has two points on either end, called the poles, making it different from a circle.
-Stars: A star is a five or more-sided shape with points at the end of each side. Stars are often used as symbols and can be found on things like the American flag.
-Pentagon: A pentagon is a five-sided shape with five corners. It is frequently used in architecture to create building facades that are eye-catching and unique.
-Hexagons: A hexagon is a six-sided shape with six corners. It is a very stable shape and is often used in architecture or engineering.
Many more shapes exist, and kindergartners need to learn about as many of them as possible.
By being familiar with a wide range of shapes, they will be better equipped to understand the world around them and solve problems.
33. What Is the Most Important Thing to Learn in Kindergarten?
There are many essential things that students should learn in kindergarten, but I believe that the most important thing is to foster a love for learning.
If students develop a love for learning early on, they will be more likely to succeed in school and life.
There are many ways to foster this love, including offering a wide range of hands-on activities, providing positive encouragement and feedback, and fostering an environment where students feel safe to take risks.
In addition, by focusing on the whole child and not just academics, kindergarten teachers can help set students up for a lifetime of success.
34. How Do You Teach Kindergarten at Home?
Teaching kindergarten at home can be a challenging but rewarding experience.
One of the most important things to remember is that every child learns differently, and there is no “right” or “wrong” way to approach teaching kindergarten.
Depending on the child’s learning style, you may need to use a more hands-on approach, or you may choose to use more traditional teaching methods.
For example, some children need more hands-on activities and projects, while others may thrive when they’re allowed to complete more traditional worksheets.
One of the biggest keys to teaching kindergarten at home is to ensure that you’re providing a balance of activities. Make sure to include opportunities for both active and passive learning.
For example, some children will benefit from having an organized classroom environment, while others may thrive in a more relaxed atmosphere. It’s essential to try different things and find out what works best for each child.
Another essential factor to consider when teaching kindergarten at home is creating a schedule and sticking to it. This will help the child.
35. Can You Skip Transitional Kindergarten?
Many parents are unsure whether or not their child is ready to start kindergarten at the age of five. An extra year of preschool, or transitional kindergarten (TK), may be the best option for some children.
TK is designed to prepare students for a more rigorous kindergarten environment and offer additional literacy, math, and social skills support.
36. Can You Skip Kindergarten in Virginia?
There is no statewide policy in Virginia regarding kindergarten attendance, so it is up to each school district to set its own rules.
Some districts permit parents to request for their child to be allowed to skip kindergarten and start attending school in first grade instead.
However, allowing a student to skip kindergarten is often based on factors such as the child’s grade in preschool, age, and academic preparedness.
Therefore, parents should check with their child’s school district to see if skipping kindergarten is an option.
37. Is Kindergarten Full Day in Virginia?
Yes, kindergarten is a full day in Virginia.
All students in Virginia must attend school for a minimum of 180 days each year, including kindergarten.
Most kindergarten programs in Virginia are full-day programs, lasting from 8 am to 3 pm.
Some schools may offer half-day kindergarten programs, and some may offer extended day kindergarten programs.
38. How Do You Fail Kindergarten?
There is no precise answer to this question since failing kindergarten can happen for various reasons.
- Some children may struggle with the academic material and fall behind their classmates.
- In contrast, others may have behavioral issues that make it difficult to function in a traditional school setting.
- Finally, in some cases, failing kindergarten may simply result from a child being developmentally delayed and not ready for the rigors of a formal educational setting.
Regardless of the reason, it is essential to work with your child’s teacher and school to try and get them back on track to succeed in their education.
39. How Do You Tell Your Child They Are Repeating Kindergarten?
If you are worried that your child is not ready for first grade and maybe repeat kindergarten, it’s essential to talk to them about what this means.
It’s also important to have a conversation with their teacher to see if they are struggling in any specific areas.
Sometimes, repeating kindergarten can be the best thing for a child.
It gives them another year to mature and grow emotionally and academically.
If your child has trouble in school, it’s also an excellent time to seek support, such as tutoring or therapy.
Ultimately, whether or not your child should repeat kindergarten is up to you and your child’s teacher.
If you think it would benefit your child, don’t hesitate to ask about it.
40. Can You Do Kindergarten Twice?
Sure, you can do kindergarten twice! But, unfortunately, some people do it multiple times!
There are many reasons why someone might choose to do kindergarten again.
For example, maybe they missed out on critical social skills when they were young.
Or perhaps they need to master a specific skill before moving on to the next level.
Another reason could be that there is some aspect of kindergarten that they enjoyed and would like to do more of.
Whatever the reason, there’s no shame in going back to kindergarten! It’s a great way to learn and grow.
41. Is Kindergarten Easy?
Kindergarten can be easy, depending on what the student is learning.
Kindergarten can be a breeze if a student has a good teacher and other students willing to help.
However, kindergarten can be challenging if the student struggles to learn the material or doesn’t have any friends in class.
Overall, kindergarten is relatively easy and enjoyable if the right conditions are in place, but it requires some work to be successful.
42. Why Do Kindergarteners Get Held Back?
One of the main reasons kindergarteners get held back is because they are not reading at grade level.
According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress, only 40 percent of kindergarteners are reading at a proficient level.
This means that most kindergarteners are not reading at the level they should be, and they may struggle with schoolwork as a result.
Other factors contributing to kindergarteners being held back include difficulty adjusting to school, learning difficulties, and poor social skills.
These issues are often linked to developmental problems, such as ADHD or autism spectrum disorder.
Teachers and parents need to take action early by providing extra support and guidance to struggling kindergarteners.
Many kindergarteners can catch up and succeed in school with the right resources and support.
43. Can a Child Go to Kindergarten Not Potty Trained?
Yes, a child can go to kindergarten even if they are not potty trained.
However, some schools or daycare centers may give preferential treatment to potty-trained children.
Additionally, the child may have to wear diapers or pull-ups while at school.
Therefore, it is essential to talk to the teacher, school administrator, or daycare center director about your child’s situation to determine the best course of action.
Ultimately, it is up to the parents to decide when their child is ready to be potty trained and start kindergarten.
44. How Do I Delay Kindergarten in Virginia?
There is no single answer to this question since every family’s situation is different.
However, some parents choose to delay kindergarten for their children if they feel their child is not ready emotionally or academically.
Other parents may delay kindergarten if they feel their child would benefit from an extra year of preschool.
45. Is It Mandatory to Go to Kindergarten in Virginia?
There is no statewide mandate in Virginia for kindergarten attendance.
However, many school districts require students to attend kindergarten before enrolling in first grade.
Depending on your child’s age and development, you may decide whether or not they attend kindergarten.
Some families choose to enroll their child in a private kindergarten program or delay their child’s start to formal schooling by home-schooling them for a year.
Ultimately, the decision is up to you and your child, but it is essential to consider their readiness for school before enrolling them.
46. How Do I Make Kindergarten Fun?
There are many ways to make kindergarten fun for students.
Some of the most effective strategies include using games and activities that help students develop their academic skills while also allowing them to have fun.
Additionally, making sure that the classroom is well-organized and engaging can help keep students interested and excited about learning.
Finally, providing opportunities for students to interact with one another can help create a fun and supportive environment in the classroom.
By using some or all of these strategies, teachers can help make kindergarten an enjoyable and meaningful experience for their students.
47. What Skills Should Kindergarten Have?
Kindergarten should have a range of skills to help them develop and prepare them for the future.
Some of these skills include:
- Basic numeracy and literacy skills
- The ability to communicate and interact with others
- Fine motor skills
- Gross motor skills
- Creativity and imagination
There are many other essential skills that kindergarten can help children develop, but these are some of the most important.
As kindergarten students grow and progress, they will rely more and more on these skills to succeed throughout their academic careers and life in general.
48. What Should I Teach My Kindergarten at Home?
An excellent question to ask when teaching kindergarten at home is what your child needs to know to succeed in a classroom setting.
Many school systems now use a common core curriculum based on specific learning standards.
To decide what to teach, you will want to look at these standards and make sure you are covering all of the bases.
In addition, there are many excellent resources available online and in libraries that can give you ideas about what to teach.
One of the most important things you can do when teaching kindergarten at home is to make sure your child is engaged and interested in the material.
This means that you need to vary how you present your lessons so that they are not too repetitive or boring.
You may also want to incorporate hands-on activities into your lessons to make them more engaging.
For example, you could have your child do a science experiment or make a craft related to your teaching topic.
Another critical aspect of kindergarten learning is reading and writing skills.
While many children begin school with an essential ability to read, there may be some skills that they have yet to master.
You can help your child by reading to them regularly and providing them with opportunities to practice their writing skills.
For example, you could have them write a short story or essay about something they have read.
49. What Is Learned in Kindergarten?
In kindergarten, children learn the basics of reading, writing, and math.
They also learn to socialize with their peers and follow the rules of their school and classroom.
Additionally, kindergarteners learn about cooperation and sharing and begin to develop critical problem-solving skills.
These things work together to prepare children for a successful transition into first grade.
By the end of kindergarten, most children will have a strong foundation for academics and social skills, paving the way for future success.
50. What Are Sight Words for Kindergarteners?
There is no definitive answer to this question as each child develops differently and will learn sight words at their own pace.
However, some common sight words kindergarteners may learn include: the, is, are, of, and, to, in, it.
These words are often referred to as “high-frequency” words because they are often used in English.
By learning these words, kindergarteners can develop reading fluency and comprehension.
51. Is Kindergarten Free in Berlin?
Kindergartens in Berlin are not free; however, some offer subsidies.
Kindergarten fees can cost around 100 EUR per month and sometimes more.
52. Are Kindergartens Free in Germany?
Yes, kindergartens are free in Germany.
All children between the ages of three and six are entitled to a place in a public kindergarten, and parents don’t have to pay any fees for their children’s care.
53. How Do You Teach Nouns to Kindergarten?
One way to teach nouns to kindergarten students is to have them identify and classify objects around them.
For example, students can sort objects by their function (e.g., furniture, clothing, toys), material (e.g., plastic, metal, wood), or size (e.g., big, medium, small).
Another way to teach nouns is to have students create a list of things they see around them and then challenge themselves to find as many things as possible that fit into each category.
Students can also role-play different situations and use the objects around them to act out the scene, practicing their noun vocabulary.
Additionally, teachers can incorporate games and puzzles into their lessons to engage students and help them practice identifying and using nouns.
By providing ample opportunities for students to practice using nouns in various contexts, kindergarten students will be able to develop a strong understanding of this essential grammatical concept.
54. In Which Language Does Kindergarten Mean Children’s Garden?
Kindergarten is a German word that means “children’s garden.”
In Germany, kindergarten is the first year of school for children.
55. Is Kindergarten Capitalized?
No, “k” is not capitalized in “kindergarten.”
Because “kindergarten” is a noun describing the school, not an acronym.
There are many debates over whether kindergarten should be capitalized or not.
Some people argue that since kindergarten is a word describing the actual school itself, it should be capitalized as a proper noun.
Others argue that since “kindergarten” is not an acronym, it should not be capitalized.
Ultimately, it comes down to preference and style, as there is no absolute right or wrong answer.
Regardless of what you choose, it is essential to stay consistent and true to your style guide.
Whether you choose to capitalize “kindergarten” or not, just make sure you are consistent with your formatting and stick to the rules you set for yourself!
56. Is Kindergarten American or British?
It is not easy to say because it depends on the country and whether you are talking about preschool education or primary school.
For example, British kindergarten is similar to an American preschool.
A child will usually start between the ages of 3 and 4, focusing on socialization and learning through play.
However, kindergarten is part of the primary school system in some countries.
For example, it is part of elementary education in the US, and children are aged between 5 and 11.
In the UK, it is part of early years learning, which is for children aged 4 to 5.
57. What Is the UK Equivalent of Kindergarten?
The UK equivalent of kindergarten is called a nursery school or preschool.
Nursery schools and preschools are places where young children between the ages of two and five or six are taught basic skills, including reading and writing.
58. What Should Kids Know Before Entering Kindergarten?
There are several important things that kids should know before they enter kindergarten.
- Some of the most important include listening and following directions, being able to socialize with other children and adults, and having a good sense of self-confidence.
- Furthermore, kids should also be comfortable using computers and other technology, as this will become an increasingly important skill in the years to come.
- Additionally, it is also important that kids understand numbers and essential math skills, as these will be necessary for success in later education.
Overall, there are many important things that kids should know before they enter kindergarten, but these are just a few of the most essential.
While this guide is by no means exhaustive, it should give you a good starting point as you begin your search for the right kindergarten education approach for your child.
Remember to ask lots of questions and visit multiple schools before making your final decision.
The best way to find the right school is to get out there and explore!
So, there you have it – a comprehensive guide to kindergarten education.
We hope that this blog has helped clear up any questions or concerns you may have about the approach used in your child’s upcoming educational journey.
Are you feeling excited and optimistic about what the future holds for your little one? We sure are!
If you have any further questions, please don’t hesitate to reach out to us through the comment box below. | <urn:uuid:dfc22914-b256-4213-88f0-2d1e7fa2fbf8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.educationly.xyz/kindergarten-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.95426 | 8,247 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Posted on 22 July 2019
She joins The British Academy, a community of over 1400 of the leading minds that make up the UK’s national academy for the humanities and social sciences. As well as a fellowship, the British Academy is a funding body for research, nationally and internationally, and a forum for debate and engagement.
Head of the Department of Archaeology, Professor Milner's research has changed understanding of British and northwest European prehistory, in particular, the character of pre-farming Mesolithic hunter-gatherer (forager) societies. Her research has been rooted in archaeological practice, making full use of new technologies, in imaging, geochemistry and field archaeology.
Professor Milner is also being recognised for her modern interdisciplinary approach to archaeology, her skills in combining humanistic and scientific approaches in the analysis of the deep past, and her formidable leadership and management qualities.
Professor Milner said:
"I am absolutely delighted to have been elected to the British Academy. It is a huge honour and I look forward to working with other Fellows in promoting the humanities and social sciences." | <urn:uuid:ae41c36a-2e77-4efa-bb89-65d13ff2eea2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/news-and-events/news/external/news-2019/professornickymilnerelectedasbritishacademyfellow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.954009 | 226 | 1.6875 | 2 |
MS1E1 - Lauryn Hill: An Education
Today we begin our 8 episode mini-series on of The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill. We start with Ms. Hill's upbringing in New Jersey, her rise with The Fugees, and the events leading up to the creation of Miseducation. Follow @dissectpodcast on Twitter and Instagram. Subscribe to our newsletter at dissectpodcast.com.
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices | <urn:uuid:73ba2aff-08c2-4757-aa6c-b1c806b315d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://castbox.fm/episode/MS1E1---Lauryn-Hill%3A-An-Education-id1358289-id99609373?utm_campaign=a_share_ep&utm_medium=dlink&utm_source=a_share | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.810838 | 109 | 1.65625 | 2 |
|Step-down converter based on LM2596. Note the damaged chip|
Ok, now I’ve done the test. My QRPLabs U3S runs off a 12 Volt power supply. There are two step-down converters, one for 5 Volts for the processor and another adjustable one for the power amplifier, if one can call 0.2-0.5 Watts a power amplifier. See picture of these voltage converters in this post.
I happened to make a new cable for 12 Volts which had the polarities inverted – and puff – there was a noise and absolutely no response from the U3S. I feared that I had blown the entire circuit. As my power amplifier was turned off, only the 5 Volts supply was affected and upon inspection I found that the voltage converter had a destroyed chip.
Since since they are so cheap, I had a spare. Luckily for me, the U3S worked as it should after replacement. So the LM2596 can take a reversed polarity and sacrifices itself in order to protect the rest of the electronics. Nice!
This post first appeared on the LA3ZA Radio & Electronics blog. | <urn:uuid:4e187b7f-4818-4e94-82e2-a2926656b16f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.amateurradio.com/power-regulator-works-as-polarity-protection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.961854 | 241 | 2.109375 | 2 |
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Though there are no sufficient research study done on CBD benefits, studies reveal that CBD is being utilized for centuries now for dealing with numerous health ailments like persistent pain, sleeping disorders, anxiousness and far more when consumed. When used topically CBD has been utilized for dealing with skin conditions like dermatitis, psoriasis, sunburn, acne etc.,
cbd skin treatment and also various other CBD skin items like, balm, lotion and oil can be helpful to your skin as a result of the anti-oxidants and also anti-inflammatory properties that help in reducing dryness, inflammation, breakouts, sores or irritated skin. Researches also reveal that CBD has an all-natural means of non-toxic anti-bacterial component too.
You can take pleasure in the adhering to advantages by using CBD infused soap.
Deal with Acne: Acne is the most common skin trouble encountered by people all around the world. Acne is triggered by excess secretion of sebaceous glands. The linolenic acid in CBD oil normalizes this secretion and helps treating acne like, whitehead, blackhead, papules etc.,
Creases: CBD infused soaps connects with the endocannabinoid system in our body and assists reduce the aging process. You can obtain a vibrant and radiant skin in an economical means by utilizing CBD soaps.
Sunburns: when there is excessive of direct exposure to the sunlight, the UV rays harm the DNA in our skin cells. Sunburns are intolerable. With the assistance of CBD soaps, you need not worry about sunburns any longer. CBD oil keeps the skin moist and also avoids skin from blistering. CBD infused soaps are coming to be so preferred for treating sunburns.
Hydrating: as a result of the crucial fats like omega 3, 6, and also 9 CBD soaps provides you exceptional skin-related advantages and assists keep your skin supple as well as soft.
Dermatitis & Psoriasis: hemp-based CBD soaps are so much handy in dealing with scratchy and flaky skin problem like dermatitis, psoriasis as well as various other inflammatory skin problem.
Reducing Discomfort: CBD oil has excellent pain reliever residential properties like that of analgesic and also is a good substitute to various other medicines that try this out have possible side effects. CBD oil permeates through the skin when applied rigorously and also assists minimize any kind of persistent inflammatory discomfort.
There are so lots of business emerging to market CBD products. Selecting the authentic one is a tough job. Besides discovering about CBD items, you must additionally know exactly how to find the most effective firm.
Real firms will be transparent to their consumers and also reveal details concerning, where the plants are expanded, are they legally sourced or not, whether their CBD products were examined by 3rd party laboratory, whether it consists of any type of impurities, the amount of CBD and THC that it includes.
Allueur is an emerging company to offer CBD products derived from organically sourced hemp plants. You can get top quality CBD skin treatment items from here.
That's why CBD is ending up being so prominent and also is used in wellness and also skin care products. CBD is there in tablets, creams, beverages, vapors and also even used in salad clothing.
The linolenic acid in CBD oil normalizes this secretion and aids dealing with acne like, whitehead, blackhead, papules and so on,
With the aid of CBD soaps, you need not worry about sunburns anymore. CBD oil maintains the skin moist and also protects against skin from blistering.
This coffee taste has long been blended with a light-weight tobacco taste offering it a matured taste. This Kentucky tobacco on the exhale is actually genuine and full of flavor. Flue cured tobacco is often a course of action exactly where the tobacco leaves are hung in a very barn and little by little heated without having such as any smoke. This causes the tobacco to become richer in sugar, offering it a sweet style, and better in nicotine levels. This sweet tobacco blends correctly with that coffee flavor earning this e-juice great for any tobacco click here or coffee fanatic. Lemon Ice
Red USA blend has a real tobacco style and excellent throat strike, find out here now an incredible option for tobacco lovers. from the States those American folk like their tobacco to get robust. Chibi Bar by Yami Vapor
I have been a Vaper for over six decades now and also have a Dessert Palate but like a great deal of the dessert flavors which are out there, we can say that a great deal of them are merely as well sweet. I have for very a while now been visiting the evenly flavored tobacco Custards and Milky Caramel types, I have possibly four that are kinds which are on my desk at all times and “Django” by 13th Floor Elevapors is at the highest of my list.
Django E-Liquid, especially, continues to be dubbed the “King of Tobacco”, as it’s received numerous awards for its special and really attractive tobacco taste. Upon the inhale when vaping this wonderful taste, you straight away taste The sleek vanilla milk, and a perfectly paired gooey caramel to deliver the initial flavor knowledge. before long after, you’re bombarded by a hint of genuine Kentucky flue-cured tobacco leaf. The company describes it as “a caramel vape-uccino with delicate tobacco around the exhale.”
VCT, in case you weren’t informed, stands for Vanilla Custard Tobacco – Which practically informs you everything you have to know concerning this juice. The seductive vanilla pairs wonderfully Along with the sweet tobacco base, and also the ending Take note of sleek custard bathes the palate in luxury with each individual puff.
nursing Gals; children; people with, or in danger, for heart disease; significant blood pressure level; diabetes; asthma; or All those
Flue curing can make the tobacco leaves large in sugar, offering it a sweeter flavor, and creates larger nicotine ranges in addition. This sweet tobacco blended having a silky milk is actually fulfilling. Not only does this e-juice have a savory mixture of sweet and creamy, an added taste of that sticky caramel presents this e-juice a experienced coffee flavor. to the inhale this milky caramel espresso flavor will dance alongside your style buds delighting them with Each and every puff. about the exhale the sweet Kentucky tobacco flavor delivers a perfect exhale and offers this e-juice a savory twist. Levitation
It’s a typical British tobacco flavor and so is common to your ordinary British cigarette. It’s a common, responsible juice that’s been among our largest sellers for the past 7 a long time.
When you think about it, tobacco vape juice is essentially the granddaddy of Chibi Bar by Yami Vapor your entire vaping business. the initial inventors from the e-cigarette made nothing but tobacco e-liquids to go together with it, reasoning that if folks have been about to use e-cigarettes to Stop smoking cigarettes, they’d want a thing that replicates the flavor of cigarettes as closely as feasible.
Headquartered in Southern California, 13th Floor Elevapors provides Django E-Liquid, a uniquely Chibi Bar by Yami Vapor crafted blend that’s just as remarkable given that the brand name driving it. This award-profitable brew begins off in Orange County and it has made its way all all over the world, offering a just one-of-a-form style that significantly exceeds those in its class.
Warning: in no way use a short or flat 510 link on any hybrid or hybrid design gadget. If Uncertain no matter if this pertains on your individual established-up, DO NOT assemble and use. normally use right safeguards and handling.
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Expanded Chibi Bar by Yami Vapor variety of SaltNic 20mg e-liquids We've an at any time expanded variety of SaltNic 20mg e-liquids in stock, Look at them out … go through much more
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Hey, this your first time? Don’t worry, we’ll go slow - the climb to Vape Mountain’s peak is steep, but it’s where the best clouds are! Don’t worry if your first steps into vaping seem to be mainly coughing, cursing and more coughing, vaping is a cloudy business and one that is unique even from regular cigarette smoking. Just remember, vaping is something you’re supposed to enjoy, not force yourself to learn, so take your time and keep in mind all the great flavours you can reward yourself with once you get over the learning curve!
The Artful Vaper
The way you vape can affect your enjoyment, or success in the early stages, in fact most vapers admit that their introduction to vaping was less baptism of fire and more coughing fit of clouds, so you're not alone! Unlike smoking a regular ‘analogue’ cigarette, which can be inhaled in short puffs for quick ‘lung hits’, vapour should be inhaled slowly from your vape-pen, with each inhalation lasting around 5 seconds compared to the much shorter time needed for tobacco. Here are some top tips to make sure you’re vaping right:
Breathe slow: Vapour inhalation should be done with the same amount of effort as you would normally inhale.
Don’t suck: Words to live by, Vape-pens do not require the sucking motion you may practise with a cigarette and vapour should be ‘breathed in’ rather than sucked in, treating your vaporiser like a cigarette can cause your tank to flood and leave you cleaning it out and starting again.
Step by step: Rather than the short motions of inhale-exhale you use when smoking normal cigarettes, vaping should be done in more distinct stages. Gather vapour into your mouth, hold it there, inhale slowly and exhale.
Have a Mouthful: Vapour should be held in the mouth and then slowly inhaled. Doing so too fast can lead to even the most seasoned smoker spluttering strawberry-scented smoke everywhere. Not cool.
Water Way to Vape: Keeping hydrated when vaping is not only key to keep your tongue from drying out, keeping flavours more vivid and fending off the dreaded Vaper's Tongue, it also helps stop your throat from becoming dry and more likely to leave you with a sore throat or suffering from a fit of the coughs.
Pick Your Poison
Being aware of what you're putting in your tank is key to getting the best vaping experience, Vegetable Glycerine (or VG) e-juices produce more vapour than Propylene Glycol (PG), so higher PG content liquids might be a good starting point if you're getting overwhelmed by vapour. If you're graduating to vape pen from e-cigarette then you should be warned that you'll be getting more vapour bang for your buck than in neat 'cigalike' products.
Nicotine levels are also important, picking a level that is too high can lead to coughing and too strong a hit for your tastes, too weak and you’re sure to just feel disappointed. For tobacco smokers, nicotine levels of your e-liquid should be matched to your smoking habits:
Smokers of high nicotine/strong cigarettes
Suitable for most smokers (smoking less than a pack a day)
For smokers of light cigarettes
For smokers who have successfully quit nicotine
For vapers who have never smoked, zero is the recommended dose – no reason to become addicted to nicotine to enjoy vaping!
Practise Makes Perfect
Alright, so we've covered the theory, now it's on to the practical! Head over to our online store and find just what you're looking for! | <urn:uuid:250805c8-c914-47cd-b18c-509e7635081c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vapemountain.com/news/how-to-vape.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.923462 | 830 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Although conservatives tend to think of capitalism and the free market as being as American as apple pie, many of the biggest players in either don't see it as such.
It's easy for the average American to forget, but the primary concern of big business is their bottom line. Of course, this is just as true for small business owners, who understand that their livelihood is dependent on their ability to maintain it. What such small businesses understand, however, is that the dollar isn't the only consideration: this is why many shop owners will close their stores on Sundays even though they know they could make even more money by working. It's because they view themselves as not just players in an economy, but a community as well.
Large multi-nationals and special interests, however, tend to view their success as the only consideration, even if it means hurting ordinary Americans.
Learn more on the next page: | <urn:uuid:92969e2c-8477-491d-a331-bda8300149c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.truthandaction.org/fired-workers-sue-disney-discrimination/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.991933 | 184 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Argentina Banknote 1,000,000 Pesos year 1981 P310 Used F
Country and Pick Number: Argentina pick 310 Used Fine (F)
- Banknote Series: 1981-83
- Bank / Issuer: Banco Central de la Republica Argentina
- First Year of Issue: 1981
- Denomination and Currency: 100000 Pesos
- Issue Type: Regular Issue
Description of Paper Money / Banknote:
Front: Blue and pink on multicolor underprint. General José de San Martin at right. SERIE A, B. 3 signature varieties.
Back: Independence Declaration with 25 de Mayo at left center. Watermark: Multiple sunbursts..
Note: Images are for reference. The the banknote number shown in the image won't be sent.
1981 - Argentina P310 1.000.000 Pesos used banknote F
- Product Code: Argentina Pic 310 BC
- Availability: In Stock
- Ex Tax: 7.50€
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The thrust of the Expo is to encourage all who attend to be proactive in taking charge of their own health and wellbeing, and improve the quality of their lives. Educational talks and workshops bring together leading WA authors, health and nutrition experts and accomplished health practitioners. The public will have the opportunity to meet these leading authors and experts, who will address the key challenges individuals and families are facing in a rapidly changing economic and social environment. Health issues to be covered include: anxiety, depression and stress-related diseases, obesity, diabetes, addictions, and more.
• Health products and supplements • Health checks • Clinics for hearing & vision, sleep, fertility,• Natural Medicine : herbal, homeopathy, naturopathy • Chiropractic, podiatry, acupuncture, allergy testing, iridology,• Weight management • Allergy Testing and allergy treatments • Health insurance & preventative health programs
Afro American couple doing
Mindfulness, yoga, fitness, stress reduction and retreats are areas of major interest in WA today. This festival provides the ideal environment to showcase new products and services and offer experiential sessions and classes.
• Spas & de-tox programs • Yoga training • Health retreats • Massage equipment • Float tank relaxation clinics • Stress management, mindfulness and meditation • Fitness and exercise programs , equipment,• Health coaching • Fitness wear • Supplements • Gyms, and personal trainers
There is a huge trend in chemical free and organic personal care products for women and men. This is the place for clean, green locally produced West Australian skincare and personal grooming products to be showcased including the latest trends in:
• Male grooming • Skin treatment clinics • Anti-Aging • Organic skincare , beauty products and cosmetics • Natural fibre clothing • Natural hair treatments.
Visitors love being pampered and having relaxing body treatments . This is a nurturing place where men and women can sample a wide range of natural therapy treatments :
• Kinesiology ,Bowen Therapy, Acupressure • Indian Head Massage &Ayurveda • Aromatherapy and Essential Oils • Music and Sound therapy • Vibrational Healing & Chakra Balancing • Colour & Light Therapy
Living Well in WA is the place to sample, sell and demonstrate :
• Vegan, vegetarian, raw and organic food, allergy free • Herbal healthy teas, juices and coffee /Nutritionals, Supplements & superfoods • Juicers , deyhdrators /Food education & cooking classes /Healthy cookware • Organic beer & wine/kombucha
Living Well in WA is the showcase for :
• Artists & Musicians /Fashion and Clothing/Graphic Design and Marketing
• Authors , Books and Publishers,Photography /Artisan products made in WA
There is now a huge demand for professional training in fulfilling occupations such as counselling, fitness, coaching, mindfulness, natural medicine and nutrition. Living Well in WA is the place for educational institutions to showcase their training courses and vocational career programs. Visitors are also looking for personal growth and education.
• Life /Business Coaching ,Counselling Training Courses • Mental Health Training Programs / Mindfulness & Meditation Courses • Natural Health Training Colleges • NLP/Hypnotherapy /Feng Shui Courses/Men’s development
Western Australia is a wonderful place to grow a family but in some cases social and family fragmentation could be ruining the experience . Exploring reasons for autism and ADHD and discussing their treatments will be extremely helpful for parents dealing with these two disruptive conditions. Bullying online and in schools is a problem for many families. Strategies that work can be discussed with educators specialising in parenting. With an interactive kid’s play zone and talks by leading authors and experts which address the needs and concerns of parents , this festival will be a popular destination for families.
• Fertility & Birthing clinics • Schools and education programs /Youth development/Nature based education • Parenting programs/Relationship counselling /community support groups • Anti-bullying/ADHD & Autism programs/Additive free products
Last year’s Committee for Perth projected that from 2015 to 2050, Perth’s population of people aged more than 65 is expected to be 22 per cent, almost doubling the current 13 per cent.
Living Well in WA is the place to showcase lifestyle options for ageing well.
• Retirement villages • Aged Care Facilities • Mobility equipment • Carers & Training
• Active Ageing programs
ECO LIVING & COMMUNITY
In WA, there is an increasing awareness of a need to care and respect the environment. Just as important as land, is maintaining healthy waterways. Chemicals that impact negatively on human wellbeing and the environment can be eliminated through switching to earth friendly products.
Living Well in WA us a place to showcase eco friendly lifestyle options that support sustainable living.
• Innovative low cost sustainable house design • Solar & wind energy and off grid energy systems • Electric bikes and cars • Earth friendly cleaning products and services for healthy, sustainable homes and gardens • Eco tours and holidays • Permaculture , organic garden systems & native waterwise gardens/ Community groups | <urn:uuid:e8f3159b-a115-4d42-8346-1ea96459c380> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://livingwellinwa.com.au/who-can-exhibit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.909466 | 1,062 | 1.625 | 2 |
“Buy or Sell, God’s Land Remains the Same”
Almost the entire parsha of Be’har talks about the rules and regulations for the Yovel year. Basically, everything returns to its original status – slaves return to their families, lands return to their original owners. The subsequent laws in the parsha enumerate the details governing the returning of the lands, i.e. whether it is a hereditary land, a purchased land, property of the Leviim, etc. Even upon purchasing land from another, the years left in until the Yovel year are specifically taken into account as to the price the land is ultimately sold for. Easily recognizable is that the theme of almost this entire parsha is the returning of bought lands, making sure no one has eternal ownership over any property in Eretz Yisrael.
The haftarah for Be’har (not read this year because of the double-parsha), read from Yirmiyahu 32, tells the story of God’s command to the prophet, immediately before the exile from Eretz Yisrael, to buy land from his cousin in front of all the citizens, making sure they are all witness to the exchange. He is then told to place this deed of sale in an earthenware jar so that it will be ‘protected from the elements for a long time’. Yirmiyahu then challenged God’s command: how could it be that the very God Who has brought the destruction of the Land due to the sins of His children also demands a complete and eternal record of a purchase of a territory within that same land? Yirmiyahu questions the seeming inconsistency of a God Who on the one hand wrought an exile from the very same land of which He then also subsequently demanded an acquiring! In response, God opens by saying, “is there anything too wondrous for God?” and continues by explaining to Yirmiyahu that the command to buy of the land and secure an eternal record of said purchase is to serve as the perfect proof of God’s promise to return His people to their Home. He refutes Yirmiyahu’s claim of inconsistency by illustrating that it in fact had to be the very same God Who catalyzed both seemingly contradictory actions: the God Who punished with exile is the also the God Who guarantees that exile’s end! It is only because of the power to enact the former which provides for the complete faith in His ultimate bringing of the latter.
However, strangely, Chazal decided to end the haftarah before God’s dramatic rebuttal to Yirmiyahu, choosing instead to conclude the reading with God’s rhetorical quandary: “is there anything too wondrous for God?” Why not include the powerful lesson of God’s promise of geulah? What is gained from ending mid-conversation, cutting out what is arguably one of the greatest testaments of God’s unwavering love for His children? The only other time in TaNaKH where this rhetorical expression is used by God is when Sarah laughs aloud, upon hearing of His promise of a son, despite the couple’s old age. There, God conveys a very clear rebuke to any non-believer: the natural system of things has no bearing on Divine will – when it comes to God’s word, there is nothing in man’s world that will limit the carrying through of that promise.
By dramatically interrupting the conversation in our haftarah, Chazal created a brilliant focus on this phrase, assuring that we, the readers, appreciate its message, by removing any of the subsequent, focus-shifting (albeit significant) conversation. By concluding the reading of the haftarah where they did, Chazal left us with one specific idea: no matter what we may think, no matter how much our natural world seems to defy the logic of God’s commands, there is nothing beyond God’s ability. We must trust, as Avraham and Sarah were ultimately shown, that despite any seeming hindrance to His Divine plans, “nothing is too wondrous for God”.
Be’har is all about the returning of Land while the chosen haftarah’s theme is exactly the opposite – the buying of the Land. Usually, the haftarah is chosen to specifically parallel the parsha so as to recall, understand and/or appreciate the lesson of the parsha more deeply – but this haftarah has the complete opposite theme? The haftarah’s concluding line assuages this quandary: there is something much greater being taught than the mere seeming contradictory messages of the parsha and haftarah. God has a more dynamic lesson for us to glean, above and beyond, but still founded upon, the technical details of returning and purchasing the Land.
Eretz Yisrael to the Jewish nation, unlike any other national homeland, is not a land that we live in, which then serves to define us, labeling us ‘Israelis’; rather, it is we who define the Land – it was called Eretz Yisrael (previously named Cannan) once we became Am Yisrael. It is very easy to see Eretz Yisrael as the place where Jews live (like any other ‘homeland’), but, in truth, for us Jews, it is much more than that: it is an essential component of our lives. Included in the message to Bnei Yisrael before leaving Mitzrayim, the event that defined us as a nation, were three essential steps: taking us out of Mitzrayim (creating us as a nation), giving us the Torah (signing the ‘national contract’) and inheriting and settling Eretz Yisrael – the final component of our national character (which is certainly why Rav Kook and so many others state that our truest connection to God is in Eretz Yisrael – because that’s where we are the most complete)! And the seemingly contrasting lessons of the parsha and haftarah clarify this very understanding. For us, it’s not about whether we return the Land or buy it, rather, it’s what we are expressing when we do so. For whether it’s the demonstration of our awareness of God’s complete ownership of ‘our world’ (as exhibited when we return the land after a designated time because it’s not truly ours) or a demonstration of faith in God’s promises (as exhibited when we are told to buy the Land for our future return) it’s not what actions we are performing with the Land, but what we are expressing for ourselves when we complete those actions using the Land. It is not the Land itself that defines us, but our connection to and relationship with it, which truly completes us as God’s chosen nation.
Rav Jonathan Bailey | <urn:uuid:4a8135e4-58e5-41b8-8b65-2f4d7136e5f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.harova.org/online_torah_books/behar-bechukotai-5770/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.946878 | 1,472 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Health care administration covers numerous administrative positions within the health care industry concerned with the management of physical and human resources, finances and policies necessary for the smooth and efficient operation of medical organizations. Health care administrators and managers plan, coordinate and supervise the delivery of health and medical services.
During this decade, health care in the U.S. alone is estimated to become a $3 trillion industry. If you have what it takes to provide strong, flexible and ethically compassionate leadership in health care, consider earning your online degree in health care administration.
Although a bachelor’s degree is often enough of a credential to land an entry-level position in a small organization, most executive positions in health care require a master’s degree. Degrees can reflect a business concentration, but job candidates with a background in both health care and business will often have an advantage.
If earning an online degree in health care administration sounds interesting, check out some of the jobs below that can benefit from a degree in the field.
Clinical managers are medical personnel who are highly trained in their specialty and who have moved into the position of managing others in that profession. One example might be a surgeon who has been promoted to head of the department of surgery of a hospital. The clinical manager is in a position to understand the unique concerns of his workforce. In a managerial role, the clinical manager determines and enforces policy, procedures, budgets and departmental goals and manages employees on his staff, among other functions.
Health information managers are charged with overseeing and managing patient records. This executive ensures that all records are up to date and are securely stored electronically.
If you are interested in pursuing a career in this field, consider enrolling in an Advanced Start Healthcare Administration program. The program combines classroom instruction and hands-on training in the field.
Are you fascinated with cutting-edge clinical research conducted on a wide range of diseases and disorders? Would you like to be in the thick of the action, combining your business skills with your passion for helping others achieve a healthier, higher quality of life? If this sounds like the kind of work you are cut out for, we have an area of study to peak your interest.
Adrenalin is your middle name. Whenever you see an emergency situation, you run to offer your help. If this sounds like you, we may have the perfect field of study waiting.
You want a career in a high growth industry where your knowledge is appreciated and rewarded, but you also want to make a positive difference in the lives of others. Does this sound like you? If so, we’ve found an area of study you just might find extremely satisfying.
Health informatics is in the intersection of information technology (IT) and health care. The program teaches skills to analyze information needs within a medical setting and then design optimized solutions for data acquisition, storage and retrieval.
Health information technology prepares students to enter the competitive and growing field of health information management. The program gives students the skills to acquire, process, compile and report health information data that can be used for patient care, planning, marketing, research and more.
You’re concerned about health – not just your own health, but the health and well-being of the general population. You’re passionate about helping others discover healthier lifestyles. If this sounds like you, we’ve found a degree program that you’re sure to love.
When faced with a crisis, you’re the first to take a deep breath, assess the situation and start calming others down. You’re a natural leader who understands the importance of communication under fire. Does this sound like you? If it does, we’ve found an area of study that you might love.
You dream of making a difference in people’s lives. You are organized and enjoy the atmosphere of doctor’s offices and clinics. If this sounds like you, read on for an area of study you just might love.
You are an administrator at heart who loves working behind the scenes. Your head for numbers and natural organization abilities are the envy of your less orderly friends. If this sounds like you, we have a field of study in the healthcare industry that you just might love.
You are a behind-the-scenes kind of person with a passion for ensuring people get the healthcare they need. Your organizational skills are the envy of all your friends, and you dream of using your Type-A personality to help doctors and other healthcare professionals do their jobs a little more efficiently. If this sounds like you, we have an area of study that might be a perfect fit.
A case management degree or certificate can help prepare medical or mental health professionals for a move up the career ladder.
Health care executives, also known as medical and health services managers or health care administrators, make sure health care services are delivered efficiently and effectively. | <urn:uuid:3c0a80da-84b3-4d18-9c0d-9ed33dd9d10d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.degreesfinder.com/information-online-degree-programs/health-care/health-care-administration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951045 | 998 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Explore the medications listed in our database.
How does this medication work? What will it do for me?
Elvitegravir belongs to the class of medications called antiretroviral agents. It is used in combination with other antiretroviral medications to treat the infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for people whose current medication therapy is not working. HIV is the virus responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection destroys CD4 (T) cells, which are important to the immune system. The immune system helps fight infections.
Elvitegravir works by blocking an enzyme called HIV integrase, which the virus needs to multiply. When combined with other antiretroviral medications, elvitegravir reduces the amount of HIV in the blood and increases CD4 (T) cell counts. This may help to delay the development of problems such as infections related to AIDS or HIV disease.
This medication does not cure AIDS and does not reduce the risk of passing HIV to others through sexual contact or blood contamination.
This medication may be available under multiple brand names and/or in several different forms. Any specific brand name of this medication may not be available in all of the forms or approved for all of the conditions discussed here. As well, some forms of this medication may not be used for all of the conditions discussed here.
Your doctor may have suggested this medication for conditions other than those listed in these drug information articles. If you have not discussed this with your doctor or are not sure why you are taking this medication, speak to your doctor. Do not stop taking this medication without consulting your doctor.
Do not give this medication to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you do. It can be harmful for people to take this medication if their doctor has not prescribed it.
What form(s) does this medication come in?
Each green, pentagon-shaped, film-coated tablet of dimensions 8.9 mm x 8.7 mm, debossed with "GSI" on one side and "85" on the other, contains elvitegravir 85 mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and magnesium stearate; coating: indigo carmine (FD&C Blue No. 2) Aluminum Lake, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, titanium dioxide, and yellow iron oxide.
Each green, triangle-shaped, film-coated tablet of dimensions 10.9 mm x 10.5 mm, debossed with "GSI" on one side and "150" on the other, contains elvitegravir 150 mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and magnesium stearate; coating: indigo carmine (FD&C Blue No. 2) Aluminum Lake, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, titanium dioxide, and yellow iron oxide.
How should I use this medication?
The recommended dose of elvitegravir depends on the protease inhibitor you are taking in addition to the medication ritonavir. The daily dose of elvitegravir is 85 mg taken once daily, if you are taking atazanavir or lopinavir along with ritonavir. If you are taking darunavir, fosamprenavir, or tipranavir along with ritonavir, the dose of elvitegravir is 150 mg taken once daily.
Swallow the tablet whole, with plenty of water.
Elvitegravir should be taken with food. This increases the amount of medication absorbed by the body with each dose and therefore improves the effectiveness of the medication.
Many things can affect the dose of medication that a person needs, such as body weight, other medical conditions, and other medications. If your doctor has recommended a dose different from the ones listed here, do not change the way that you are taking the medication without consulting your doctor.
It is important to take this medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor. The amount of HIV virus in your blood can increase if this medication is stopped for even a short period of time. Taking this medication exactly as prescribed will also decrease the chance of drug resistance (i.e., the medication stops working to fight HIV).
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as possible with food and continue with your regular schedule. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. If you are not sure what to do after missing a dose, contact your doctor or pharmacist for advice.
Store this medication in its original container at room temperature, protect it from light and moisture, and keep it out of the reach of children. Keep the container tightly closed.
Do not dispose of medications in wastewater (e.g. down the sink or in the toilet) or in household garbage. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medications that are no longer needed or have expired.
Who should NOT take this medication?
Do not take this medication if you are allergic to elvitegravir or any ingredients of the medication.
What side effects are possible with this medication?
Many medications can cause side effects. A side effect is an unwanted response to a medication when it is taken in normal doses. Side effects can be mild or severe, temporary or permanent.
The side effects listed below are not experienced by everyone who takes this medication. If you are concerned about side effects, discuss the risks and benefits of this medication with your doctor.
The following side effects have been reported by at least 1% of people taking this medication. Many of these side effects can be managed, and some may go away on their own over time.
Contact your doctor if you experience these side effects and they are severe or bothersome. Your pharmacist may be able to advise you on managing side effects.
- abdominal pain
- back pain
- muscle and joint pain
- trouble sleeping
Although most of the side effects listed below don’t happen very often, they could lead to serious problems if you do not seek medical attention.
Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur:
- signs of depression (e.g., poor concentration, changes in weight, changes in sleep, decreased interest in activities, thoughts of suicide)
- signs of infection (e.g., fever, chills, sore throat, mouth ulcers, cough)
Stop taking the medication and seek immediate medical attention if any of the following occur:
- signs of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., hives; skin rash; itchy skin; trouble breathing; or swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat)
Some people may experience side effects other than those listed. Check with your doctor if you notice any symptom that worries you while you are taking this medication.
Are there any other precautions or warnings for this medication?
Before you begin using a medication, be sure to inform your doctor of any medical conditions or allergies you may have, any medications you are taking, whether you are pregnant or breast-feeding, and any other significant facts about your health. These factors may affect how you should use this medication.
Immune reconstitution syndrome: This medication may cause immune reconstitution syndrome, where signs and symptoms of inflammation from previous infections appear. These symptoms occur soon after starting anti-HIV medication and can vary. They are thought to occur as a result of the immune system improving and being able to fight infections that have been present without symptoms (such as pneumonia, herpes, or tuberculosis). Report any new symptoms to your doctor immediately.
Liver function: Liver disease or reduced liver function may cause this medication to build up in the body, causing side effects. Elvitegravir should not be used in people with severe liver impairment. If you have liver problems, discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed. Your doctor may want to test your liver function regularly with blood tests while you are taking this medication.
Resistance: The HIV virus appears to be able to change to make elvitegravir less effective, if this medication is not used appropriately. To maximize the effectiveness of elvitegravir, it must be taken as part of a group of HIV medications that also includes ritonavir.
Stopping the medication: If you stop taking this medication, your HIV infection could get worse. Take the medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor, and do not stop taking the medication without checking with your doctor first.
Pregnancy: This medication should not be used during pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks. If you become pregnant while taking this medication, contact your doctor immediately.
Breast-feeding: It is not known if elvitegravir passes into breast milk. Women who have HIV infection are cautioned against breast-feeding because of the risk of passing HIV to a baby who does not have the infection.
Children: The safety and effectiveness of using this medication have not been established for children.
Seniors: Seniors may be at an increased risk of side effects of this medication.
What other drugs could interact with this medication?
There may be an interaction between elvitegravir and any of the following:
- antacids (e.g., aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide)
- certain "azole" antifungals (itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole)
- estrogen birth control pills
- HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs; e.g., delaviridine, efavirenz, etravirine, nevirapine)
- St. John’s wort
If you are taking any of these medications, speak with your doctor or pharmacist. Depending on your specific circumstances, your doctor may want you to:
- stop taking one of the medications,
- change one of the medications to another,
- change how you are taking one or both of the medications, or
- leave everything as is.
An interaction between two medications does not always mean that you must stop taking one of them. Speak to your doctor about how any drug interactions are being managed or should be managed.
Medications other than those listed above may interact with this medication. Tell your doctor or prescriber about all prescription, over-the-counter (non-prescription), and herbal medications you are taking. Also tell them about any supplements you take. Since caffeine, alcohol, the nicotine from cigarettes, or street drugs can affect the action of many medications, you should let your prescriber know if you use them.
All material copyright MediResource Inc. 1996 – 2021. Terms and conditions of use. The contents herein are for informational purposes only. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Source: www.medbroadcast.com/drug/getdrug/Vitekta | <urn:uuid:0a768bb5-0d49-43d9-abd1-81b051b3d349> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rxhealthmed.ca/medication_search/vitekta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.90699 | 2,590 | 1.734375 | 2 |
UV – FAQ’s
How does ultraviolet light purify water?
UV-C rays penetrate the cells of harmful bacteria and viruses in water, destroying their ability to reproduce. Without this ability, these organisms die and no longer pose a health threat. It is a simple but very effective process, with the system generally destroying 99.99% of harmful microorganisms.
What are the beneficial uses of Germicidal UV?
Ultraviolet technology is a non-chemical approach to disinfection. In this method of disinfection, nothing is added which makes this process simple, inexpensive and requires very low maintenance. Ultraviolet purifiers utilize germicidal lamps that are designed and calculated to produce a certain dosage of ultraviolet (usually at least 16,000 microwatt seconds per square centimeter but many units actually have a much higher dosage). The principle of design is based on a product of time and intensity – you must have a certain amount of both for a successful design.
Does UV really work?
UV has been proven under numerous studies for its ability to destroy the DNA of germs, viruses, mold, spores, fungi, and bacteria. UV works on different levels depending on what one wants to accomplish. Westinghouse Electric, General Electric, Penn State University and Harvard School of Public Health conducted laboratory tests on the effectiveness of UV light on microorganisms. UV light has been used in wastewater plants and commercial settings for over 60 years.
Does the age of my UV lamp affect its effectiveness?
Yes! Your germicidal ultraviolet lamp’s effectiveness will decrease with age and hours used.
How often should I replace my UV lamps?
At least once a year or to ensure maximum effectiveness every six months. Your lamp’s effectiveness will be influenced by the machine it is operating in and the environment surrounding the lamp’s use. Due to a frequent switching ON/OFF of the germicidal UV lamps, the service life of UV lamps is greatly diminished. This is caused by a surge of an electrical current that wears out the elements in the UV lamp(s). Always follow your UV device manufacturer’s safety and handling instructions. When new lamps are installed they should be clean.
What industries use UV water treatment?
It is a well-proven technology and pretty much every industry that utilizes water for process or production could employ UV technology for water treatment. Examples include microelectronics, life sciences, food & beverage, aquaculture, recreational water, municipal drinking water, etc.
Describe a typical UV water treatment unit and how it works.
A typical UV unit works by irradiating flowing water using UV lamps strategically placed within the treatment chamber. Although the water resides within the chamber for only a few seconds, it receives sufficient UV dosage to be lethal to microorganisms present in the feed water. A dosage of 30 mJ/cm2 is more than sufficient to destroy most water-borne microorganisms. UV treatment requires only a fraction of the contact time required by other disinfection methods.
Why are two different wavelengths used in water treatment?
Two different UV wavelengths are employed in water treatment 254 and 185 nm. 254 nm UV light is called the germicidal light because of its ability to destroy microorganisms. It is used to disinfect and to destroy ozone. It penetrates the outer cell wall of the microorganism, passes through the cell body, reaches the DNA and alters the genetic material, destroying the organism. The 185 nm light carries more energy than the 254 nm light. It generates hydroxyl (OH·) free radicals by cleavage of the water molecules, and is used in TOC reduction to decompose organic molecules into carbon dioxide and water.
Explain the need for TOC reduction for the ultrapure water used for the semiconductor industry
Residual Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in semiconductor rinse water streams causes a haze over the wafer surface that contaminates the wafer and leads to wafer defects. UV treatment renders the rinse water cleaner and virtually devoid of the undesirable TOC.
UV treatment is a proven method of Ozone destruction. Why is that so important to the beverage industry?
Beverage companies use residual ozone in their water systems to sanitize/disinfect the storage tanks, plumbing and pumps and to insure that they remain bacteria free. The residual ozone needs to be destroyed prior to contact with the product so that it does not contaminate. UV is ideal because it is a non-chemical process and it’s fast.
RO – FAQ’s
What is osmosis?
A process of diffusion of a solvent such as water through a semi-permeable membrane which will transmit the solvent but impede most dissolved substances. The normal flow of solvent is from the dilute solution to the concentrated solution. Osmosis causes the stronger solution to become more diluted and tends to equalize the opposing solutions.
What is reverse osmosis (RO)?
A process for the removal of dissolved ions from water, in which pressure is used to force the water through a semi-permeable membrane, which will transmit the water but reject most other suspended and dissolved materials. It is called reverse osmosis because mechanical pressure is used to force the water to flow in the direction that is the reverse of natural osmosis, namely from the dilute to the concentrated solution.
What is the primary filtering in RO?
The primary filtering media in these systems is an RO membrane. Depending on your application, we offer different reverse osmosis membranes suited for sea water desalination, brackish water, and high flow commercial applications.
Filter Cartridges – FAQ’s
What are some applications for filter cartridges?
RO pre-treatment, pure water filtration, food and beverage, oil and gas, electronics, chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, medical and general industry.
What are the features of a pleated filter?
Flotrex* pleated microfiber filters – combining precise micron ratings with exceptional solids-holding capacity and long service life. Nominal and absolute micron retention ratings: 0.2 to 40 m. Memtrex* pleated membrane filters – absolute micron ratings for the ultimate in product safety and purity. Absolute micron retention ratings: 0.05 to 0.45 m. Available with PES, Nylon, PCTE, Polyproylene and PTFE membranes.
What are the features of a depth filter?
Long life, low pressure drop, superior dirt holding capacity, high efficiency, and consistent quality. | <urn:uuid:1e7be3c7-a769-40ff-bb01-a8a85d4e4cf5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://onlinewaterparts.com/resources/faqs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.923217 | 1,374 | 2.859375 | 3 |
See startup mode for an introduction startup mode
MaskRom pattern is the last line of defense equipment burn out. Forced entry
MaskRom involved hardware operation, have certain risk, so only in the equipment into the
Loader mode, can try
Please read carefully and operate carefully!
The operation steps are as follows:
Disconnect all power supplies.
Unplug the SD card.
Connect the equipment and host machine with Type-C data cable.
Use metal tweezers to connect and hold the two test points as shown in the following figure on Firefly-RK3399 (as shown in the figure below).
Plug the device into the power supply.
Wait a moment, then loosen the tweezers.
At this point, the device should go into | <urn:uuid:2a00e5e8-d0c3-40d1-9df3-087b5a29df31> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wiki.t-firefly.com/en/Firefly-RK3399/04-maskrom_mode.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.842933 | 173 | 1.84375 | 2 |
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued an important decision today, strengthening the law related to software patent eligibility under Section 101 of the Patent Act. Software technologies are at the center of our economy and playing a role in helping to transform industries in so many fields, including manufacturing, retail and health care. Recently, the federal courts have been grappling with the issue of which software innovations are eligible for protection under U.S. patent laws in the wake of the Alice v. CLS Bank decision. Today, in McRO (d.b.a. Planet Blue) v. Bandai Namco Games, the court issued a significant decision that gives us useful guidance for determining which software innovations qualify for protection and helping provide greater stability to the U.S. patent system, a foundation for our digital economy.
In short, the ruling today offered guidance in three key ways. First the court made clear that patent claims need to be considered as a whole, offering “We have previously cautioned that courts ‘must be careful to avoid oversimplifying the claims’ by looking at them generally and failing to account for the specific requirements of the claims.”
Second, the court emphasized that claims may be patent eligible if they represent a technological improvement. Per the opinion, “we therefore look to whether the claims in these patents focus on a specific means or method that improves the relevant technology or are instead directed to a result or effect that itself is the abstract idea …”
Third, the court made clear that data processing claims may be eligible even if they produce information rather than a physical product or result. In other words, today’s decision confirmed that there is no requirement of “tangibility.” As stated by the court, “While the result may not be tangible, there is nothing that requires a method “be tied to a machine or transform an article” to be patentable…. The concern underlying the exceptions to § 101 is not tangibility, but preemption.”
Of course, eligibility is only one aspect of patent protection, and whether the invention in this case is actually valid and infringed remains to be determined by lower courts, where important safeguards in the patent law may apply.
Overall, today’s major ruling will provide additional certainty to industries that generate more than $5 trillion in U.S. economic activity and 40 million American jobs. | <urn:uuid:7e4c8b9c-997e-4547-b5c4-7d7a00483945> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2016/09/13/federal-circuit-rules-software-patent-eligibility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.937158 | 493 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Both थीं and थी make for a valid translation. The plural verb "गाती थीं" used with the singular noun phrase "उसकी नानी" acts as an honorific plural and is only mandatory when the speaker doesn't want to come off as disrespectful towards the person being referred to.
Why is उसकी दादी गाती थीं "wrong"??? From the English sentence it is impossible to tell if it´s the paternal or the maternal grandmother, so both दादी and नानी must be accepted, or am I completely wrong?
On Windows, you just have to add the language in Settings -> Time & Language -> Language. You can then switch your language by pressing Win key+Space. (It takes a while to learn which key gives which letter though.) | <urn:uuid:bebb78a5-6c49-43c0-9df6-3a02aee7c811> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/28161751/His-grandmother-used-to-sing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.906052 | 216 | 1.585938 | 2 |
If your kid loves playing online games, is actually very important that you lay down a few rules for your kid. Guidelines that you set, will help your kids enjoy activities without affecting their heath and research projects. In this article, I have highlighted several rules that parents can enforce when their kid plays activities.
Make certain that you possess latest online browser. Content articles don’t, in all likelihood you in a position to missing the Flash plugin that is required for playing the applications. The plugin is really a third party browser application that allows you to stream Flash movies, and most games tend to be in this structure. Usually, modern browsers come pre-installed with this plugin.
The Internet is together with literally countless thousands of free games online. Get busy playing free games for free and start playing naughty games to have out your naughty segment. This type of free entertainment can a person entertained forever. You must of course ask rrn your parents’ permission because free online games genuinely are within the verge to be banned. In the area Pokemon Go Coordinates Discord why games like this are so fun and swarming the online world. They have to be created just right so which will remain family hospitable. Some of these games are certainly an a part of the popular online gaming trend.
Furthermore,games provide healthy fun for small children. They have a lot of learning elements in them other than entertainment on your own. Games such as coloring pages, cooking games, puzzles etc. help to perk up the creativity and problem solving skills within children. They get to discover many new things by involving these console games. The learning element in the online games causes them to an ideal source of fun and learning children.
There usually no end to just how much of free online games out there. Board, racing, car, arcade, and classic games are all well-liked. Any style of game involving being careful of a dog is currently desirable. An end user can groom, feed, train, and exercise their fish, cats, dogs, or ponies. Other recent online flash games that instances are played include farming online games. The user is operator various other type of horticulturist, and cultivates crops of grains, fruits, or plants. Youda Farmer 2 is many pregnant women free gameplay. The user can experience a virtual country world, and needs good effective time management skills.
So where can discover free games to play online anytime, day or night? Perhaps you cannot sleep and are sick and tired of all of those very informative infomercials. What’s that? Oh man, no friends are online games on Facebook – BORING! What now? Hmmm, let’s see. Maybe a free online game will be order! In case you enjoy multi-player games, discover always have fun, whether day or night – as someone will automatically be online perform against your!
Dancing games are also great excellent. The ones online may look a bit drab in contrast to actually dancing a good electronic mat, but the principles are similar. Simply use the arrow fundamentals for tap out the required tempo. This is a perfect game for long car rides or sessions in the waiting room at a doctor or dentist appointment.
If you want to play arcade, strategy, word or some other types of games try the sites mentioned in this article, which have been done without any bias or do a search to learn what you need for. | <urn:uuid:c65dfd3a-d0af-4603-8cce-551f18e0aeba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gentilmattress.com/advantages-of-free-games/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.946207 | 700 | 1.65625 | 2 |
The 25 Recent species and subspecies of the Xenophoridae are reviewed. Three sub genera are recognized within the only genus, Xenophora: Stellaria (with 5 species and 1 subspecies), Onustus (with 4 species), and Xenophora s.s. (with 13 species and 2 subspecies). A brief outline of the fossil history of the group and a general account of the anatomy and habits are given. A new species (X. granulosa sp. nov.) from the central Indo-Pacific and three new subspecies are described, one from the Hawaiian Islands (X. peroniana kondoi subsp. nov.), one from the Gulf of Aden (X. testigera profunda subsp. nov.), and one from the Kermadec Islands (X. neozelanica kermadecensis subsp. nov.). The fossil Xenophora known from Australia are reviewed and a new Upper Pliocene—Lower Pleistocene subspecies (X. flindersi ludbrookae subsp. nov.) and an unnamed Upper Cretaceous species are described.
The shell, and where known the radula, operculum and anatomy, are described for each species. The distribution and synonymy of each species is also given in detail. All of the species group names of fossil Xenophota are listed (Appendix, with J. Cooper).
Fossil species occurring outside Australia are not revised with the exception of a few which have relevance to the taxonomy of Recent species. | <urn:uuid:e61b4ef4-9e7d-4c21-b005-79e6d3de6ef6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://journals.australian.museum/ponder-1983-aust-mus-mem-17-1126/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.884018 | 327 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Fluid Filtration for Complex Systems
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FUEL CONTROL SYSTEMS
Our filters are critical components in fuel control units that protect a turbine engine from wear particles and debris.
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Our wire mesh screens purify hydraulic fluid before it is ported to an actuator.
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Our filters aid small vehicle manufacturers to reduce emissions from their 2-stroke injection systems.
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Success Depends on Smart Partnerships
Contact us today to put over 50 years of experience to work for you. | <urn:uuid:8537d5b9-e5bf-4695-84a3-97fc514e9dca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://reccofilters.com/systems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.883208 | 347 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Creator: Tsubaki Level Range: 1-20 Repop Message: Water ripples on the surface of the lake.
The sun shines brightly in the blue skies over Sen'narre Lake. Birds chirp and the insects buzz around over the water. The water is a clear blue; the ripples indicating the presence of life beneath the surface. Along the edge of the lake is a worn path that crosses several roads. Underwater, however, is a society all its own.
Learn more about Sen'narre Lake. (Designer: Tsubaki)
The tritons of Sen'narre Lake are an old race. They understand the waters like no one else. There is much to learn from them, and the elder is happy to talk to visitors. In your quest for knowledge, you can put his teachings to use as you explore the rest of the lake and surrounding land. But do not neglect the other water-dwellers, for the simplest of creatures may sometimes reveal ancient secrets, even without the aid of speech.
Level Range : 1 to 20 Goal Difficulty : Difficult Goal recommended at : Level 15
I hear the shopkeeper has a way of making reeds into flutes that have brilliant sound! Talk to one of them if you need one. | <urn:uuid:3a9f0deb-fb8d-4f3e-b868-8368d7074dc5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.aardwolf.com/wiki/index.php/Area/SennarreLake?action=print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.941654 | 272 | 1.9375 | 2 |
DeLong, J. M., Hodges, D. M., Prange, R. K., Forney, C. F., Fan, L., Bishop, M. C., Elliot, M. L., Jordan, M. A. and Doucette, C. 2013. The influence of cold water storage on fatty acids, antioxidant content and activity, and microbial load in ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) fiddleheads. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 683-697. The influence of upwards to 42 d of cold water storage (CWS) on selected bioactive compounds and microbial populations in ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) fiddlehead tissue was investigated. Following harvest, the fiddleheads were stored in cold deionized water (1°C) with removals occurring at 1, 8, 18, 28 and 42 d. Post-removal analysis showed fiddlehead tissue had a unique fatty acid composition including γ-linolenic, dihomo-γ-linolenic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Post-storage tissue concentrations of ascorbic acid, a- and γ-tocopherol, a- and ß-carotene, the xanthophyll pigments (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein) and phenolic compounds ranged from high to very high for green plant tissue. High antioxidant activity values were also recorded and were likely due to the elevated phenolic compound content. Site differences were also apparent for several of these measurements. The microbial data showed that the fiddleheads had relatively high populations of bacteria as well as yeast and fungi resident on the tissue and in the surrounding storage water. Significant linear and quadratic CWS effects (both positive and negative) occurred for many of the bioactive compound and microbial measurements. A CWS period of a month or perhaps longer at 1°C appears possible for ostrich fern fiddleheads before the nutritional content markedly declines.
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Vol. 93 • No. 4 | <urn:uuid:7c666751-d583-4d6a-986f-c0f681e4e070> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bioone.org/journals/canadian-journal-of-plant-science/volume-93/issue-4/CJPS2012-165/The-influence-of-cold-water-storage-on-fatty-acids-antioxidant/10.1139/CJPS2012-165.short | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.931923 | 568 | 2.0625 | 2 |
If a person is not interested in buying an electric bike any not care to find out about them, once s/he would recognize, then they would certainly offer a second thought to acquiring one. The clients of the nation where electric bikes are not manufactured or not also exported by the producers of various other nations, must be warned of the relevance, attributes as well as importance of electric bike, to ensure that they could additionally know about such sort of bikes and purchase online straight from other nations.
There are numerous companies all over making several type of electric bikes. Each bike has its very own significance as well as specialty. Electric bikes fall in various classifications of which 2 are the primary. There is a distinction as on just how the electric power is started in various kinds of electrical bikes. The majority of firms describe electrical bikes in these two primary groups: pedal turned on and throttle turned on. Some business make the electric bikes attached with electric motor which supplies help to the motorcyclist only when they pedal. These kinds of bikes aid the cyclist traveling quicker using much less energy. Pedal activated electric bikes are wonderful choices to a cars and truck, buses and also trains as the riders can obtain any place they need to go faster and also less costly. Additionally, these sorts of electrical bikes play an essential duty in enhancing the fitness of the cyclists. It likewise decreases the work as well as develop extra stamina and strength.
The other electric bikes do not have pedals at all to turn on the electrical power which is provided by the battery. The rider has just to button to begin the bike as well as utilize the throttle to move on and manage the rate with the exact same throttle. The rate in some bikes is controlled by applying brakes taken care of with control cord. The Power-on-demand electric bikes included throttle and gear and also these sorts of powerful electrical bikes can conveniently climb up also a steep hillside. These sorts of electrical bikes are extremely beneficial for those that need to take a trip a much longer distance. At anytime, they can click on the power of the motorised bike and let the electric bike do the rest of the benefit them.
The firms alter kinds of models with various brand names, layouts, colours and styles in both the above categories of electrical bikes. Furthermore, the electric bikes are now sold online either straight by the makers or by the dealerships.
know more about fat bike elettrica economica here. | <urn:uuid:40d5b2db-6385-4c45-919d-e7dbe102bf32> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://thecocktailpage.com/top-guidelines-of-electric-bikes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.976827 | 491 | 2.171875 | 2 |
By David Leck
It’s a short journey from Chiang Rai in Thailand to the north-eastern corner of Laos – and to a border crossing that evokes the days before the onslaught of soulless airports and mega-brand domination.
Despite the recent opening of the “Friendship Bridge” spanning the Mekong River the small town of Houeyxai is still a good place to drop your gear, grab a Beer Lao and sit on the banks of the Mekong watching life unfold.
Landlocked, serene, almost shy, Laos goes about its business blissfully indifferent to the aspirations of its more swaggering neighbours. Those who head for the Far East often overlook this land of tropical forests, waterfalls, mountains, Khmer ruins and deeply ingrained Buddhist traditions in favour of its more established regional counterparts. If Thailand is the reigning heavyweight boxer of south east Asian tourism, Vietnam the challenger and Cambodia the lean young prospect, then Laos looks on from ringside. It goes about its business in an understated way, and as a result it’s certain to rekindle the curiosity of even the most cynical traveller.
Before joining our boat for the two-day journey east to Luang Prabang we spent a couple of days at the Gibbon Experience, an eco tourism project set deep in the forest. After reaching our tree house accommodation via a network of zip line cables, we tucked into traditional home cooked meals and explored the Bokeo Nature Reserve in search of the elusive black gibbon.
But it was when cruising the Mekong – the twelfth longest river in the world and one that also takes in Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia – that we saw Laos at her most alluring.
As our boat – an inauspicious but perfectly functional vessel – set sail, the landscape transformed from industrious to barren and back again. Fishermen cast their nets while a lone figure patiently tinkered with a temperamental outboard motor. Villagers bathed and, on the banks, locals went about their daily rituals as they have done for generations.
Laos boasts more ethnic minorities than any of its neighbours, making it one of the most diverse countries in south east Asia. The village we visited was typical of those dotted along the Mekong – wooden houses perched on stilts, discs of palm sugar on bamboo sheets drying in the midday sun, and school children heading home eager to meet strange visitors bearing gifts of pens and note pads.
As the sun set, our base for the night appeared on the horizon. Docking at Luang Say feels like entering a frontier town. There was a hive of activity on the water and surrounding land as a group of porters arrived to collect our luggage and escort us to a lodge nestling at the top of a steep bank.
Our accommodation was one of 20 bungalows tastefully crafted in traditional Laotian style complete with hot showers and large, comfortable beds. After dinner overlooking the Mekong – and after a glass or two of Ban Baw whiskey – it was time for a peaceful night’s sleep. The following morning, after a look around the colourful Pakbeng market, it was back on board for the final leg of our journey.
Later that day we docked at Luang Prabang. It’s become almost obligatory for writers to dub this small city “sleepy” and for good reason: explore the numerous temples and head to the top of Mount Phou Si simply to gaze at the views and soak up the chilled atmosphere. Luang Prabang remains the perfect place to relax, recharge and wile away a couple of days.
Apart from a brief occupation by the Japanese towards the end of World War II, Laos was in the hands of the French from 1893 until it gained independence in 1954. And that influence can still be felt today. As you sip on a fine cup of coffee and tuck into a freshly baked croissant, children in crisp white shirts and neatly pressed shorts pass by en route to school; Buddhist monks in signature saffron-robes serenely parade down the main street as locals prepare for the day ahead.
It would be wrong to suggest this is a place untouched by tourism. When it comes to dining there’s more choice than when I first visited in 2001 – and Luang Prabang has expanded to accommodate a growing selection of (often high-end) hotels. But as you breakfast in one of the many cafés, you instantly feel life’s speedometer decrease. That’s Laos – the zen capital of south east Asia.
Selective Asia (01273 670001; selectiveasia.com) offers an 11-day Essential Laos trip costing from £1,256 per person based on two people sharing and arranged on a tailor-made basis (private arrangements throughout). Flights are not included and cost from around £725 (including taxes). The company also offers a 12-day Laos in Style itinerary from £1,927 per person plus flights. | <urn:uuid:198e91e0-c683-4f9a-bdc9-9fc1da1c4841> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cityam.com/enjoy-tranquil-escape-down-mekong-laos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.94677 | 1,041 | 1.585938 | 2 |
12 Hyundai safety features that make driving today safer than ever.
Hyundai is always on the lookout for ways to make driving not only more enjoyable, but also safer. Our researchers and engineers are constantly working to develop technologies that minimise the risk our drivers face on the road.
By now you probably know all about traditional safety features like seat belts, airbags, anti-lock brakes and traction control, but what are some of the newer safety features that are making Hyundai vehicles safer than ever?
Here, we run through 12 you should know about.
3. RCT – Rear Cross Traffic Alert
When you reverse out of a parking space, your rear sensors will monitor approaching traffic and gives you an audio and visual warning if a vehicle is approaching, helping you to avoid parking-related accidents.
5. LCA – Lane Change Assist
While LKA warns you when you begin to change lanes without indicating, LCA kicks in when you do indicate to change lanes. Rear sensors activate to scan for any approaching vehicles in your blind spots and give an audio and visual warning if there is a potential to safe merging.
6. HBA – High Beam Assist
When you’re driving on unlit roads at night, HBA scans the road ahead for lights and automatically switch between high and low beam depending on what is in front of you.
7. SCC – Smart Cruise Control
While regular cruise control keeps your vehicle at a set speed, SCC uses the mounted camera or front radar sensor to monitor the speed of the vehicle ahead. If you get too close to the vehicle, it brakes to maintain a safe distance before accelerating back up to your pre-set speed when it is safe to do so.
11. SEA – Safe Exit Assist
SEA uses the front and rear sensors to check for any approaching hazards – for example, an approaching vehicle or cyclist – and gives an alert that it may be dangerous to exit the vehicle. If you have children and have the doors on child safety lock, the SEA system intervenes and prevents the doors from being unlocked.
12. ASPAS – Advanced Smart Parking Assist System
It’s not uncommon for drivers to be somewhat uncomfortable with parking, particularly when it comes to reverse and parallel parking. ASPAS is a steering assist system that helps you to manoeuvre in and out of parking spots – you simply select Reverse Parking (90°), Parallel Parking, or Parallel Exit mode, and then your vehicle does the rest.
Safety features vary according to each vehicle. Please refer to your owner manual for specific vehicle details. | <urn:uuid:7c872d22-f4b3-447e-9665-62eef61c3618> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hyundai.com/au/en/news/safety/12-hyundai-safety-features-that-make-driving-today-safer-than-ever | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.929347 | 527 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The USDA's January: World Oilseeds and Trade shows a modest 917,000 metric ton (mt) upward revision in global canola/rapeseed production, with production estimated higher in India, European Union and Australia. The result is global production estimated at 69.269 million metric tons (mmt), the highest monthly estimate in five months.
At the same time, global consumption was revised 1.143 mmt higher this month, the highest seen in six months. Seed is disappearing quicker than it can be found on paper. Global stocks are estimated to fall for a third straight year to 4.084 mmt, the lowest seen since 2003-04.
As a percentage of global use, stocks are calculated at 5.7% of global use, poised to fall for a third year, while close to the 2003-04 low of 5.6%.
This number can fall further. In five of the eight crop years for 1990-91 to 1997-08, this ratio ranged from 3.1% to 3.9%.
Cliff Jamieson can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org
Follow him on Twitter @Cliff Jamieson
(c) Copyright 2022 DTN, LLC. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:440e4c8d-67b5-457c-a349-3d64c24ee463> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/blogs/canada-markets/blog-post/2022/01/12/usdas-global-canolarapeseed-balance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.898831 | 260 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Roger Weatherby, CEO
Creating The Future
“The future is up for grabs in a way it hasn’t been before. The impossible has become possible, clearing the way for bold ideas and new ways of being.”
Creating The Future
Creating The Future explores some of the world’s most challenging and exciting issues: how to bring an end to conflict, the future of money, artificial intelligence, education, regenerative medicine, plastic pollution and climate change.
At Weatherbys Private Bank we believe that we hold an important role, not only as a trusted adviser to our clients, but also in the corporate social responsibility space. Through our flagship conference and a series of smaller events, we hope to stimulate broader discussion and debate about important issues that will affect future generations.
Creating The Future Conference, Summer 2021
Last year brought unique challenges both socially and economically which will shape our lives forever. The COVID-19 pandemic is considered to have accelerated innovation trends in several sectors and, as the central player in managing the crisis, healthcare stands near the top of the list.
On the one hand, the world has leveraged technology and its lasting impact will without doubt shape the future, but on the other, education and many other key priorities have suffered.
While the way we currently work and live may look very different, many of the other important challenges we face have remained the same, including the looming climate crisis, which we simply cannot afford to ignore.
The world cannot ignore the opportunity to address the climate change crisis in the wake of Covid-19 in the way it failed to after the 2008 Financial Crisis.
There is more clarity on the economic and human benefits of getting to net zero emissions by 2050 compared to it taking much longer. The question now is whether we can build enough sense of momentum in the real world and in the real economy.
“This decade couldn’t be more important. If we don’t get on top of current issues by 2030, we have lost control of the climatic system.”
What you missed this year
Our third Creating The Future event took place on 12th May 2021. The morning of insights from leading minds from across the world, gave us the opportunity to not only listen but also raise our concerns and join the debate.
Topics under the spotlight included:
- What businesses and governments should do to enable a sustainable future.
- How pioneering technology will transform the future of healthcare.
- What the future of food looks like and its potential impact on our society and cultural behaviours.
- A future information landscape in which fake information is impossible to distinguish from the truth. | <urn:uuid:79f53cc9-3430-4c50-b7a7-46a8f023202c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.weatherbys.bank/about-us/corporate-and-social-responsibility/creating-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934997 | 544 | 1.820313 | 2 |
A brief introduction to the MESA and their experiences in WWII.
Writing in the early 2000's, Nelson Lichtenstein argued that:
The New Deal provided a set of semi-permanent political structures in which key issues of vital concern to the trade union movement might be accommodated. Although the industry codes negotiated under the National Recovery Administration were declared unconstitutional in 1935, the Fair Labor Standards Act set new wage and hour standards three years later. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) established the legal basis of union power and a mechanism for its state sanction...
In the 1940's Walter Reuther, Sidney Hillman, and others in the CIO and AFL fought for and acquired a role in managing labor in the context of World War II, with hopes of retaining this privilege for the post-war period. This struggle was often regarded as getting a voice for labor in the political sphere. In the process, the CIO and the AFL signed onto a no-strike pledge for the duration of the war, which resulted in the leadership of these unions repeatedly putting down wildcat strikes by their members, in the name of a cross-class alliance. Many of the local union bodies that led a reform drive in the United Auto Workers – CIO to get rid of the No-Strike Pledge were formerly part of the Mechanics' Educational Society of America, a mostly skilled tool and die workers' union founded in 1933. In a 1934 editorial in The Nation, Secretary-Treasurer of the Mechanics' Educational Society of America, Matthew Smith, summarized the ideological core of the organization, “The M.E.S.A. refuses to accept the principle that the employers are entitled to profits at all costs; it demands that the men be paid decent wages and work fair hours, and does not worry about the employers. Its function is only to win for the workers; if the employers find their dividends on the down grade, that is their concern.”2 The MESA, even during World War II defense production, articulated a vision of direct, rank and file union control and strength through the use of economic or industrial action to make gains for members and establish an organization. Alongside this commitment to independent strike action, the MESA found itself more and more drawn into the representational politics of the CIO and War Labor Board, through a shared conceptualization of the political and economic spheres and their assumed disconnect.
While the strike tool was not foreign to the UAW-CIO or the workers in that organization, MESA founder Matthew Smith, a tool and die worker, was from Britain, and a former member of the syndicalist inspired shop-steward movement in the post World War I period. Smith placed special emphasis on the MESA's role as an industrial, not craft, organized entity, it's rank and file organizational philosophy, it's socialism, and it's commitment to local shop-floor power and autonomy.
The MESA's foundational strike occurred on September 21st, 1933, when machinists in plants at GM, Packard, and a number of other auto-manufacturers and tool and die shops in Flint, Detroit and Pontiac went out on strike for higher wages and recognition. Smith, assisted by labor lawyer Maurice Sugar, hoped to use the National Recovery Administration’s newly formed apparatus to bring the manufacturers to the table to bargain but they soon realized that the National Labor Board set up by the NRA was effectively useless. By October, the MESA had tried to meet with government and business representatives numerous times but business refused to show. On October 29th, after over a month on strike and awaiting negotiations, strikers formed a “riotcade” and attacked shops all over Detroit, burning tool blueprints, smashing windows and giving the police fake tips as to where they would strike next.3 By the next day, the riot had subsided, and by Nov. 2nd various shops began to concede to 5 cent wage increases as well as representation by the MESA. Fisher Body, Packard, and Hudson Motor conceded to representation in a town and industry where unionism had struggled to get a foothold for decades.4
The 1933 foundational strike of the MESA is the most commonly cited piece of it's history. Often regarded as a pioneering event in the Auto industry, it combined a swirl of historical forces prevalent in organizing unskilled workers at the time. Part of the MESA strategy was for the skilled tool and die makers who were essential for the unskilled mass production side of auto-manufacturing, to strike right before the new model of cars were scheduled to be released. This put extra pressure on the auto-companies as well as encouraged workers on the production side of things to join in the strike. The fact that it attempted to organize craft workers alongside production or unskilled workers was a big influence on the emergent UAW. It would be inaccurate to suggest that they spent their main focus on organizing production, but they never the less allowed for production workers full membership in the union at a lower dues rate, at first as a separate body, and latter alongside the craft workers.5 Not only that, but their strategy of applying skilled workers' strike activity strategically around production schedules is one the UAW would further exploit.
The MESA and the CUA in the War Years
In the latter war years and during the post-war strike wave, the MESA continued to make gains for it's members. These gains demonstrated the MESA's commitment to rank and file direct action and refusal to accept an “Equality of Sacrifice” that benefited employers at workers' expense. This was not an anti-war policy, though the MESA Educator condemned aspects of the war and pulled no punches in comparing politicians and bosses to Hitler and the Nazis. Cleveland worker Fred Tracy wrote in regard to a strike being carried on by MESA members at another plant, “Personally I hope and pray that we do not have a strike at the Bomber Plant during the war, but if such an occasion does arise as that of the present Cleveland Graphite-Bronze strike, here is one who will be a striker that is willing to stick until it is settled in the interest of the workers and not according to the arbitrary dictates of our Nazi-over-lords...”6
The union never engaged in strike activity or active sabotage for the sake of a political statement of opposition to the war, however some members wrote in to protest the war.
Fourteen-Year-old Peter Rettich Jr., son of Kelvinator Local 9 Secretary wrote in to protest the war:
Are we going to stand for this? Are we going to allow our boys to be killed or mutilated for the rest of their lives? Is this going to be...merely a prelude to more human suffering? Will the people of the world finally get wise to themselves...and realize that it's just a handful of men that are running this whole bloody mess? I doubt it! All that these men have to do is to slap a flag in our hands, stir up hatred for another country by fair means or foul and tell us that our very lives, liberty and country are threatened.7
It isn't clear that any strike activity happened in direct protest of the war however, with the Educator condemning fascism. When summoned in March of 1945 to Washington before a Senate Special Committee Investigating The National Defense Program Matt Smith explained:
The Chairman. Has your organization signed the nonstrike pledge?
Mr. Smith. Oh my goodness, no.
The Chairman. You haven't?
Mr. Smith. We would not, and we don't intend to refrain from striking, as we have not as yet met any employers that are worthy of being given that pledge. I am afraid they might be tempted to touch some of our members and discriminate against them, and if they ever do that, the full weight of our organization will be used, peacetime, wartime, in season or out of season to protect our membership.
Senator Ferguson. No matter what happens with the country, your membership comes first.
Mr. Smith. Listen, Senator, I come from a country that had 91 wars in 100 years. I am getting a bit cynical about them. I know we have always been right, but just expect me to be slightly disillusioned.
The ideological justifications openly criticized management and the social relations of capitalism, but expressed themselves in concrete, or economic demands. At another point in the Manpower Problems Inquiry, the Chairman pressed:
The Chairman. I am glad to have this theory of yours, and I want to pursue it just a little further with reference to the ultimate objective of your educational organization.
I can see from what you have said the you organize a plant and secure benefits for the workers, in better working conditions and in higher rates of pay, and then in usurping, if I understood you right, the managerial prerogatives-
Mr. Smith. (interposing). “Encroaching” is the word I used.
The Chairman. Yes-until you have absorbed them all.
Mr. Smith. Yes
The Chairman. Now, then, would you take us on from there a little? For instance, let us assume that we are now in a plant where your organization has met with such marked success as to have finally taken over complete control.
Mr. Smith. That cannot happen. Anything we do in out plants has a relationship to what is done in all other plants. Nobody is allowed to get that far in front, and I am not going to write a political blueprint for the future.
I haven't the slightest idea whether this system is going to develop into collectivism, or whether it is going to develop into a free-enterprise system with some of the guarantees usually associated with collectivism.
The Chairman. So you don't go any farther than that?
Mr. Smith. Study the history of Russia and find out...I am certain that it is inevitable that there will be an ethical revolt against people taking out, that don't make any contribution...whether we are going to have State control, Government control,...cooperative control, I haven't the slightest idea. I know the trend. The trend is toward guarantees.
Raises and vacation pay, work rules and scheduling were all the evidence needed that the MESA way was the right way, and were stepping stones toward a transformation in the economic system into one where workers had particular “guarantees.” But even common union demands for reinstatement or schedule changes aren't essentially economic “guarantees” in nature, as strikes at the Graphite Bronze illustrate.
On Monday July, 10th of 1944, MESA workers in Cleveland walked out after management tried to enforce a schedule change which saw a reduction in workers in a certain area of the shop. Laborers working at the pour-in and tip-up furnaces in the casting department at Graphite Bronze had been meeting with management to negotiate the change. Originally, there were four workers on the pour-in and three on the tip-up furnace with relief for both furnaces. Management wanted to shift to three workers on each spot with only one alternate, effectively eliminating two paid positions. The day management went to enforce the new schedule the workers walked off.
On July 12th, U.S. Reconciliation services intervened and ordered the striking workers back to work on the management's schedule for the next three days, in which time the workers were to negotiate again with management to resolve the conflict. If the conflict could not be resolved, it would go before the Regional War Labor Board for arbitration. Graphite Bronze workers resumed work, but came up with no resolution regarding the staffing of the castings department. The workers then decided that the old schedule of four and three workers plus two alternates would be worked until arbitration took place. Management refused, and the MESA workers decided to go back to work anyway and be ordered off the job. When they returned to work on July 20th, the bosses fired the first shift of workers, then the next, and the rest of the workers at the works walked out, refusing to work the new schedule.
The MESA called a mass meeting on Saturday, the 22nd and were gearing up to take a strike vote when a proposal from the Regional War Labor Board came forth to rule on how the department would be run until arbitration could take place. The workers agreed to meet the Board on Sunday, the next day and resume work on Monday the 24th. The panel set up by the board determined in the workers' favor that the old scheduling would be stuck with until arbitration could be carried through.10
This fight was emphasized in the Educator as a dispute centered on the company's refusal to follow contractual grievance procedure. Writing in the August 1944 edition of the Educator, Ernie Coken, National Representative reported on the initial dispute at Graphite Bronze, “The Company posted a notice stating that effective July 10, 1944 the furnaces would be operated according to the new schedule. Monday, July 10 the men walked off the job in protest. The walkout was not so much a protest against the proposed schedule as it was against THE VIOLATION OF THE CONTRACT BY THE COMPANY.”11
The staffing change and other economic reasons were hardly touched on, never the less this fits the case of a classic economic demand, with the boss changing conditions in the shop to the workers' detriment. Their response can surely be understood as narrowly self interested, in the same vein as presented by the MESA's August 1945 appeal to members on dues policy:
A Labor Union is a “Business”, a common law corporation, organized to sell “Labor Power” for the highest compensation. Dividends are to be found in the pay envelopes of the individual workers and in the working conditions in the shop or plant in which they work.
To carry on, the workers get together (theoretically) and all “chip in” to defray the expenses involved and form their “business” institution, the labor Union...
But at the same time the workers were asserting a political stance about what was acceptable social policy in the often circumscribed economic sphere. That the political constitutes in a major way the “economic” foundations of the workplace, is made all the more clear by the struggles of workers for “guarantees”. It's not clear from reading the Educator whether arbitration regarding the schedule change ever bore fruit, but by September it became a secondary issue. MESA workers showed that they weren't afraid to go further for guarantees that might be assessed to be more intensely political.
On September 1st, Elmer Torok, a tool and die worker, was fired for breaking a lock on his locker. Five days later the United States Army took over management at Graphite Bronze. In those five days, MESA workers at Local 5 engaged in strike activity calling out the five-thousand workers at Graphite Bronze. On September 6th, Roosevelt ordered the United States Army to take over the plant and the MESA workers agreed to return to work without Torok while the case awaited arbitration.13 The September 1944 issue of the MESA Educator points out that the National Administrative Committee had passed a resolution that if private management were to take control of the plant again without reinstating Torok, the entire MESA would strike, stating, “The delegates to the NAC accept the injury to our Brother at Graphite Bronze as an injury to all, and bind the organization to mass strike action, in their own defense, should such action become necessary.”14 The U.S. Army would retain control of the plant until November, thanks to delays in appointing arbitration as the MESA contested Cleveland's mayor being picked to appoint the third arbitrator. Democratic Mayor Lausche, who at the time was campaigning for governor of Ohio, ordered a 400 strong segment of Cleveland police to break the strike, unsuccessfully.15 By November, Torok had returned to work still pending arbitration, according to the Educator.16
While the workers at Graphite walked out when faced with what was effectively the elimination of certain positions in July which meant less work to pass around the workers, the full force of the MESA was used to threaten a strike in the case of Torok's firing. In contrast to the first case which might be classically economic, amounting to a cut in hours, or a wage cut by forcing the men to work harder, Elmer Torok's firing only affected Torok directly, leaving him jobless but the position and conditions of the work process itself untouched. While the other workers' jobs weren't directly threatened, the entire union responded more militantly to the firing. This dynamic on the ground, while placed in the language of a purely economic “guarantee” was at times conceded political. Fred Tracy, a worker in Cleveland wrote a letter to the Cleveland Press reprinted in the Educator, stating the following, “...That the 7,000 workers are willing to back up one man in his stand for human rights, is one of the finest demonstrations of genuine Americanism in every sense of the word, and the over-whelming majority of our soldiers now over there would back them up of they were told the truth, instead of being bombarded with editorials which make a false pretense of being fair.”17 The NAC and the entire organization promised to stop work in defense plants across Detroit, Toledo, and Cleveland citing the slogan “An injury to one is an injury to all,” and articulating that the threat of a firing was an urgent problem that threatened not merely the conditions of the shop but the political foundation of the labor movement. Sure, the firing caused an economic harm but that such economic harms were the result of a particular social relation with politics as part of it's economic foundation is clear from the context into which MESA placed such struggles. Recounting the history up to that point, the October Educator ran a history of the Torok case:
We have been told that the matter in dispute is not an important one. To this we agree. It is our position that the matter is so insignificant that we cannot agree to a worker losing his job over it. We believe that if any punishment is to be meted out, the punishment should be no stronger than if Torok had broken a lock outside the shop...Torok has eleven years seniority...Over period of five years Torok's job will be worth about $10,000. We do not think a $10,000 fine is justice for breaking a two-bit lock.
Presented in the metaphor of a civil case outside the confines of the “economic” sphere of production, the punishment doesn't seem to fit the crime. In one sense, calling in the Mayor of Cleveland, not to mention the U.S. Army, to have a voice in the firing of a tool and die worker, could be seen as the point of politicization, as Lichtenstein might see it. But isn't the demand for reinstatement the animating dispute? Often expressed in the language of guarantees or rights, the inherently political struggle around shop-floor social life is only granted “politicization” where the force of government bureaucracy is so prevalent as to be conceived of animating the dispute and it's arbitration. The language of the above metaphor is convincing to the extent that one finds the circumscription of the right of management to hire and fire a valid political shift, and in the case of the schedule change, the political call advocated was one of contractual relations among unions and employers and their social enforcement, whether through direct action or government arbitration. The struggle to keep Torok in the shop was a struggle for political “human rights” in the language of MESA member Fred Tracey, and the broader union movement is often conceptualized as one solidifying and consolidating certain “rights.”18 But the struggle to attain and defend these rights or guarantees can play out in different areas of social life, on the economic or political field, and it's not clear at all that one sphere is ever actually disembedded from the other.
One could also argue that on the other hand, this was in line with the MESA's policy as a “business enterprise”, to protect it's membership, and that any failure to do so in the face of “discrimination against members” would cause the membership to loose faith in the organization and stop paying dues. Further, the fact that a union worker gets fired anywhere, does pose a threat as a figure of attrition to the rest of the union members. If Torok could get fired, what's to stop the bosses from firing other union workers? But this is precisely the place where an economic interpretation of the activity of the members can be seen to express a political position of keeping union workers in their jobs, or “encroaching” on management prerogatives of hiring and firing. In the same way, even the schedule change is ultimately a political question about who determines how the workplace is run and to what end. The traditional economic-political divide breaks down as the traditionally economic struggle is clearly being waged to constitute a new political reality on the ground, a social policy change regarding an aspect of wage relations, namely the boss' political right to fire employees, or manage schedules. That the MESA saw it's own efforts in contradictory terms, at times political and other times economic has to do in part with the challenges it faced in it's own period, and the political thought of the time.
This activity is mentioned in detail because it demonstrates at once the MESA's readiness to support it's workers in taking direct action during the war as well as the conflicting expressions outlining the political and economic spheres. In the 1944 September issue of the Educator, the MESA ran a column on the political vacuity of mayor Lausche: “There is a major lesson that we members can learn from Lausche's traitorous activities, if labor is to be represented on the political front, it will be necessary to form a party of its own and to elect men who represent labor alone, instead of phony politicians of the two major political parties...”19 The MESA advocated for the formation of a Farmer-Labor Party at different points, to intervene in the political sphere and make society wide concessions from capitalists, but little materialized.
The cases also show the bureaucratic state apparatus connected to labor disputes, with which the MESA engaged, in the conventionally political sense. Virtually all grievance procedures ended in War Labor Board arbitration, with the board being staffed by representatives of the AFL, the CIO, business, and “the public.” This pained Matthew Smith and the MESA who took up the cause of the unaffiliated unions throughout the war period, in attempts to gain what they saw as representation in the political sphere for their members. As labor had organized in the 30's, policy had been for various kinds of government board to arbitrate disputes in particular industries. While the MESA's organizational fight in 1933 had shown the real limits of such government bureaucracies there was still much effort put on pursuing representation, as the rise of the UAW-CIO and more managerial oriented bureaucracies emerged.
The Confederated Unions of America was founded in 1942 with Matthew Smith elected president. Eventually getting up to eighty member unions in 1944, the CUA in part saw it's efforts not only as an alternative representational body, but as a competitor to the CIO.20 21 In this light, the CUA and the MESA fought jurisdictional battles in Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland and elsewhere with the UAW and the URW of the CIO. They also attempted organizing the skilled workers of several CIO shops out of their union and into the MESA. This was done in line with an ideology of labor union organizing that saw the CIO as structurally irredeemable.
In February of 1944 the MESA and the CUA led a strike that made headlines, accusing the CIO and AFL representatives on the War Labor Board of using their position to raid MESA organized workplaces. The CUA would declare at their national convention that same month a commitment to gaining representation on the War Labor Board nationally and regionally.
By June of 1944, the MESA had succeeded in getting the WLB to appoint Robert Haughton as special liaison on independent unions.22 Further, the 2nd edition of the June 1944 Educator reported that:
George White National President of the MESA and Executive Board Member of the CUA was appointed as a permanent member of the Tool and Die commission of the National War Labor Board...Hereafter, whenever an unaffiliated union has a case before the WLB Tool and Die Commission, Brother George White, will be the labor representative on the commission to consider the case...This victory is the outcome of the fight that was started by the MESA last February...
Also announced was the “...unbroken record of 15 NLRB election victories...” of CUA affiliated unions, against the AFL or CIO. By this point, beyond George White's representation of Detroit area tool and die workers, the CUA had gotten members onto War Labor Hearing Panels and Appeal Boards.24
The MESA consistently printed calls for the CUA to amalgamate along industry lines and stressed the representative power that the CUA had, as it was estimated that some three million workers were unaffiliated with either the AFL or CIO. From looking at the Educator alone it isn't clear what happened exactly regarding the MESA's call to integrate the CUA beyond affiliation besides failure. In June of 1945 the Educator reported that the Interstate Copper and Brass Workers Union affiliated with the CUA has recently used the services of two experienced MESA organizers and were considering closer association with the MESA, and indeed by September of 1947, the MESA had absorbed the then Interstate Metalworkers Union, representing ten-thousand workers.25 26 27 The 1946 February Convention of the CUA resulted in MESA Secretary-Treasurer Matthew Smith resigning from his position as President of the CUA, citing the lack of experience and dedication of the officers coming from affiliated unions. The MESA would later withdraw it's membership.28
MESA workers articulated a set of principles meant to keep the MESA independent, militant, and democratic. They refused the closed shop and dues-checkoff, the National Administrative Committee was made up of workers still working in shops, and paid officials got a salary no higher than the highest wages in the shop. For instance, the National President, George White was also an Executive Board Member of the CUA throughout affiliation, the permanent independent union Representative on the Detroit area Regional War Labor Board for the last year of the war, chief shop steward at Michigan Tool Co. and Secretary of Local 6. in Detroit.29 30 For the MESA the proof of the effectiveness of these policies were the results they got, which were consistently higher wages and vacation pay for workers when compared to CIO locals, or so they often claimed.
The MESA focused on making concrete gains in the shop, continually fighting for higher wages and vacation pay before the WLB in the war and post-war years. Often viewed as a kind of competition with the UAW-CIO and other unions, this activity was argued as only possible given their rank-and file democracy in structure and spirit, and their refusal to compromise on the issue of the no-strike clause. The June 2nd edition of the Educator carried a column reporting that MESA shops made 20 percent more wages over CIO and non-union shops in the same industry. The article states:
The general policy followed by the CIO has brought their members to a wage level below that paid to non-union workers...By making blind promises and shouting from the housetops, the officialdom of the CIO was able to corral millions of workers into their phoney organization...By giving away the gains of labor over a number of years, the CIO was able to get grants of maintenance of membership and closed-shop check off contracts to force these workers in line... By making speeches of objection and passing resolutions they have been able to pretend that they are opposing the government setup...The truth is...that CIO and AFL officials are part and parcel of these government setups.
During the war, the CIO had negotiated maintenance of membership policies as well as automatic dues checkoff policies with the employers and the government, in exchange for giving up the right to strike. This meant that dues came out of the workers' paycheck, like an income tax, and that workers would be members of the CIO unions throughout the contract. Often this is referred to as a closed shop, where workers can only leave the union in a particular window when the contract is renewed. It also meant that as more workers joined for heightened war production they would be automatically enrolled into the unions.32 While seen as a capitulation of the shop-floor power and independence of the workers from the view of the MESA, this was in line with the ideological conception of the union movement as an appendage to political maneuvering, dominant in the CIO. The MESA explicitly criticized this viewpoint:
The present move by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) to make political action the major weapon of labor, is a dangerous move. It is a move that is welcomed by the barons of industry inasmuch as it weakens their greater fear, the shop union. While some concessions can be made through political action, the basis of our economic system is the private ownership of the means of production and distribution and the use of those means through the exploitation of labor...The possibility of labor protecting it's interests and making further gains is dependent on labor's strength on the industrial front and not on what kind of deals can be made with politicians.
As MESA organizers pointed out at the time this was a kind of labor conscription which created a disconnect between the salaried union officials and the members. The MESA raised figures like George White up as examples of the organization's commitment to the workers in the shop and how in touch the administrative body was with it's base.
The MESA was still drawn into some form of political action in it's pursuit of representation on the different permutations of the War Labor Board, out of a necessity to see it's disputes between workers and employers fairly represented. As Lichtenstein points out, the CIO was indeed fully committed to putting down wildcats in it's unions, in Detroit heading off a reform movement which called itself the Rank and File Caucus which sought to rescind the no strike pledge and push the union to the left, organized in part by the dissident-Trotskyist Workers Party. The reality on the ground that caused the “bureaucratic imperative” in the CIO and the contradictory politics of the MESA was in part a common understanding of the political sphere as the state bureaucratic nexus. This is the social sphere where the MESA could advocate for a Farmer-Labor Party, pursue Board representation or the CIO could fund a Political Action Committee to give to Democratic candidates. While the MESA viewed it with considerable skepticism, the fact that the government now had constituted a body to manage and intervene in the economic sphere in the form of the War Labor Board but also the National Labor Relations Board, meant a concrete change on the ground for workers everyday. The state's policy could be said to have shifted from one overwhelmingly reliant on injunctions and the support of business through physical force in the late 19th and early 20th century, to one of government management of labor alongside organizations who contracted with employers.34
The government appeared to “give it's blessings” in the form of the National Recovery Administration which set out industrial codes for arbitrating labor disputes, but as in the case of the MESA's formative strike, this body was effectively toothless, eventually replaced by the Wagner Act with the NLRB. Even the NLRB and WLB responded to bargaining on behalf of the CIO and the AFL in the form of adopting the no-strike pledge, political campaign contributions to the Democratic Party, and lending the force of labor to the national war time cause. The formulation of the NIRA or the NLRB as “giving their blessing” or “sanctioning unions” is itself superficial and suspect. It isn't the case that the government even-handedly administered the law regarding all cases of unionization. As in the case of the NRA Industry Codes, it could hardly be said to have administered the law at all.
Nelson Lichtenstein articulates his vision of the interaction of state and class politics in the period:
The political economy of World War Two is embedded within a larger New Deal order that stretched from the early 1930s to the late 1970s. This was an era characterized by Democratic party dominance, Keynesian statecraft, and a trade union movement whose power and presence was too often taken for granted, not the least by historians of "state development." Industry-wide unions sustained both the dominance of the Democratic party and a quasi-corporatist system of labor-management relations whose impact, far transcending the realm of firm-centered collective bargaining, framed much of the polity's consensus on taxes, social provision, and industry regulation. The system of production, distribution, and social expectations that characterized both union strength and business enterprise was uniquely stable, resting on both a well-protected continental market and a technologically and ideologically dominant mass-production model.
In this context, the economic power wielded by American trade unions was by its very nature political, for the New Deal had thoroughly politicized all relations between the union movement, the business community, and the state.
For Lichtenstein, it is in a particular historical context that the relations between the union movement, the business community and the state become politicized, namely, when they are politicized! Though this takes the form of an elongated truism in Lichtenstein, the trouble is to make the case as to what changed in those periods to make certain actions or spheres of action become “political” and that means facing what changed about the definition of the political. The MESA's fight for political representation on the WLB and more economic “guarantees” demonstrates the link between the political and economic in the historical sense, why a conceptualization that obliterates their connection creates blinders. Later in his essay, Lichtenstein waxes somewhat nostalgic over the same organizations he provided much criticism for:
All across the business spectrum, from brass hat conservatives on the right to corporate-liberal statesmen on the left, postwar executives sought to privatize and ghettoize bargaining relationships and economic conflict. The abolition or devaluation of the war era's mobilizing bureaucracies: the War Labor Board, the NLRB, the OPA, and the FEPC, stood near the top of the postwar Republican/business agenda. Conflict over the degree to which the unions could still enlist the state in recalibrating the relation ship between capital and labor constituted the heart of so many of the celebrated struggles of the postwar era: the 1946 strike wave, the subsequent fight over OPA, enactment of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947, and the battle over company paid health insurance and pensions during the 1949-1950 collective bargaining round.30 By the 1950s, the divorce of the collective bargaining system from American politics was far greater than in any other industrial democracy. Although mid-century strike levels remained comparatively high, the industrial relations system of that era was so "free" that liberal Democratic political victories in 1948,1958, and 1964 had virtually no impact upon this increasingly insular collective bargaining regime.
Rather than the bureaucracies being recognized as the stultifying and politically charged force that they were, they retain a character within a “mobilization dialectic” a concept not entirely clear, but that appears to attribute to the bureaucracies the power of social mobilization. An examination of the political content of the ideology of CIO leadership and workers and their dynamic cannot be replaced with a conception of the state-apparatus as a tool to be used, whether by Democrats “for” labor or Republicans “against” labor, because in either case a particular politics is being advanced, a particular activity engaged on concrete issues involving the ownership and control of the means of producing society and effecting workers in organizations that formally advocate for conventional political activity, or those that advocate for the classically syndicalist industrial or economic action. Both spheres are intimately bound, as writers from the political Marxist historians have pointed out, with seemingly political issues constituting in part what 2nd International Marxists and historians in the Orthodox Marxist tradition often regarded as the economic base of a society. Property relations were ratified and upheld in the halls of government and they have a concrete economic effect.37 38
Efforts to parse out the meaning of periods of considerable political-economic change must take great care to get past classical notions of a clean divide between the political and the economic in order to better understand the ideologies of historical actors, and the material conditions limiting their actions, derived in part from the political conditions.
- 11Nelson Lichtenstein, “Class Politics and the State during World War Two,” International Labor and Working-Class History, No. 58 Wartime Economies and the Mobilization of Labor (Fall 2000), 261-274
- 22 Matthew Smith, “Militant Labor in Detroit,” The Nation, Vol. 138, No. 3593, 560-562
- 33Christopher H. Johnson, Maurice Sugar: Law, Labor and the Left in Detroit 1912-1950 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988) 140
- 44 Harry Dahlheimer, A History of the Mechanics Educational Society of America in Detroit From Its Inception In 1933 Through 1937 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1951) 13
- 55Ibid. pg 16
- 66Fred Tracy, “Untitled-Letters to the Editor,” MESA Educator, September 1st ed. 1944
- 77Peter Rettich, “Civilization,” MESA Educator, May 2nd ed. 1944
- 88Hearings before a Special Committee Investigating the National Defense Program: Pt. 28, Manpower Problems in Detroit, 79th Congress, (March 9, 10, 12, and 13, 1945) (Testimony of Matthew Smith, Secretary-Treasurer of the Mechanics Educational Society of America) 13247
- 99 Ibid. 13257-13258
- 1010 MESA Educator July – August 1944
- 1111Ernie Coken, “Coken Reports on Graphite Strike” MESA Educator, August 1944, emphasis theirs.
- 1212“Do You Pay Your Dues When Due?” MESA Educator, August 1944
- 1313Manpower Problems in Detroit, 1945, Testimony of Matthew Smith.“Mr. Smith. “...We have automotive plants in Cleveland; the Eaton Axle, which is the biggest plant. We have the Cleveland Graphite Bronze, which make 80 percent of the bearings in the country.” No discussion concerning 1944 the plant seizure was had, however.
- 1414“N.A.C. Resolution On Graphite-Bronze Strike” MESA Educator, September 1944
- 1515Ibid. “Government Acts When Mayor and Company Fail To Break Strike”
- 1616“Torok Reinstated At Graphite Bronze Two bit Lock Case Ends In Victory” MESA Educator, December 1944
- 1717Fred Tracy “Untitled-Letters to the Editor” MESA Educator, September 1st ed. 1944
- 1919“Lausche A Strikebreaker,” Ibid.
- 2020“14 Unions Affiliate Shipyard Alliance Joins With 90,000 Members,” MESA Educator, July 1944 2nd ed.
- 2121 “CUA on the March” MESA Educator August 1944
- 2222“War Labor Board Action Unacceptable as Substitute for Representation,” MESA Educator June 1st ed. 1944
- 2323“WLB Appointment Puts M.E.S.A. in Position To Protect Independents,” MESA Educator, June 2nd ed. 1944
- 2424 Ibid.
- 2525“Independents Move Toward Amalgamation,” MESA Educator July 1945
- 2626“U.E.-C.I.O. Doesn't Like Interstate-M.E.S.A. Merger,” MESA Educator, October 1946
- 2727“Interstate Metal Union Amalgamates With the M.E.S.A.,” MESA Educator, September 1947
- 2828“M.E.S.A. Secretary Resigns As President of C.U.A.,” MESA Educator, April 1946
- 2929“President of M.E.S.A. Worker at Tools of Trade,” MESA Educator, June 1st ed. 1944
- 3030“Who's Who In the M.E.S.A.?” ibid. See picture
- 3131“20 Percent Over CIO and Non-Union Shops in Area,” MESA Educator, June 2nd ed. 1944
- 3232Nelson Lichtenstein, Labor's War At Home: The CIO in World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 78-81
- 3333“Politics-A Poor Substitute For Unions,” MESA Educator, July 2nd ed. 1944
- 3434Christopher L. Tomlins, The State and The Unions: Labor Relations, Law, and the Organized Labor Movement in America 1880-1960
- 3535 Lichtenstein, Class Politics and the State During World War II
- 3737Ellen Meiksins Woods, “The Separation of the Economic and the Political in Capitalism” New Left Review I/127, May-June 1981. This is a clear formulation of the political Marxist theoretical approach. Wood writes: “These considerations again raise questions about the sense in which it is appropriate to regard working class ‘economism’ in advanced capitalist societies as reflecting an ‘undeveloped’ state of class-consciousness, as many socialists do. Seen from the perspective of historical process, it can be said to represent a more, rather than a less, advanced stage of development. If this stage is to be surpassed in turn, it is important to recognize that, in a sense, the so-called ‘economism’ of working class attitudes does not so much reflect a lack of political consciousness as an objective shift in the location of ‘politics’, a change in the arena and the objects of political struggle inherent in the very structure of capitalist production.”
- 3838Robert Brenner, “Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe” Past and Present, No. 70 (Feb. 1976) 30-75 This is the generally accepted as the genesis of the political marxist school. | <urn:uuid:8f7bb3ef-811a-4262-9255-097f02c8bba3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://libcom.org/article/mechanics-educational-society-america-and-world-war-ii | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.964082 | 8,984 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Interview with Luay Eljamal for our monthly snapd Wood Buffalo artist feature Centre Stage with Arts Council Wood Buffalo!
Theatre has been a prominent part of Luay Eljamal’s life since the tender age of 12, when he first performed in elementary and high school productions. He viewed his theatre practice as a hobby, but after gaining provincial acclaim directing a one-act play, Luay was encouraged to pursue the arts into his post-secondary degree studies. In 2015, he moved to London, UK to complete his Master of Arts in Contemporary Performance Making, remained in London, working with various theatre artists as an assistant director, audiovisual designer, as well as general managing an independent theatre. Luay is now bringing his wealth of theatre experience to the stages of Wood Buffalo, launching his new theatre company called Symmetree Theatre.
“To start my own theatre company has been a dream of mine for 9 years now. I have always felt that the beauty in theatre is that it shows the world through a lens that looks beyond what we can or have already achieved in reality,” he says. “It has the power to show us what a more inclusive world would look like and inspires audiences across the world to work towards achieving and celebrating those ideals. I also think it’s important to empower audiences to think and feel.”
Symmetree Theatre’s debut performance is a new play called Freeing Heaven’s Secrets, written and directed by Luay. This immersive audio theatre performance follows Scheherazade, a young blind girl on her deathbed, who promises her father that she will visit him in his dreams and let him know what her heaven is like. On her journey to the other side, Scheherazade passes her blindness onto the audience, and gifts herself with sight, inviting the audience to experience her heaven through the element of sound alone, and allowing them to experience her heaven the way she would have experienced our earth.
“A lot of the time, theatre operates showing us the hardships that marginalized groups have had to endure in order to thrive in our society,” explains Luay. “This is important—plays such as Rent, and Angels in America exposed audiences to new groups of people and the hardships that the struggles that they were fighting to overcome. While it is important to shine a light on these issues, I also felt it was important to show people what the world would look like should these people be seen in stories that are not about those hardships. Stories where, despite their differences, they fight to overcome issues that plague us all as humans.”
When first arriving in Fort McMurray, Luay was surprised to learn that this small town had a state-of-the-art theatre, and expresses pride to see our arts community continue to grow: “I have always felt fortunate to be exposed to the theatre world through the Wood Buffalo arts community” he says. “We have been blessed to have the support of the oil and gas industry here, which has given a lot of our artists the agency to explore their own skills and talents, whatever their medium may be.”
Freeing Heaven’s Secrets will be performed on November 1st and 2nd, 2019, at the Suncor Energy Centre for Performing Arts. For more information on Freeing Heaven’s Secrets and Symmetree Theatre, visit www.symmetreetheatre.com. If you would like to learn more about Arts Council Wood Buffalo, our programs and events, visit www.artscouncilwb.ca, and follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn and YouTube. | <urn:uuid:66f40375-8804-4938-9b9b-5774431f6645> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://artscouncilwb.ca/community/acwb-blog/page/5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.979257 | 759 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Do you have toddlers at home? Too many parents forgo the family vacation for the first few years of children’s lives due tight finances and the infamous difficulties of traveling with tiny tots. Vacationing with infants and toddlers, however, is more than possible — if you do it right. Choose inexpensive family vacations, like camping, and enjoy all the wonders of the great outdoors. Here are some ways to make the trip a little easier on the youngest members of the family:
Experts recommend the opposite of diving right in. In other words, if you camp in tent without any nearby bathrooms or running water the first time you camp with toddlers, you are going to have a bad time. Start small; look into RV rentals and RV supplies for your first few trips. RV loans, used campers, and rental campers are all relatively inexpensive, and they give you a solid place to sleep and retreat if it should rain.
Two Words: Portable Playpen
“Take a pack n’ play. Otherwise it’s just dirt — they’re eating dirt, sniffing dirt up their noses,” mother of two, Lori Schilling-Davis, tells The Travel Channel. A portable playpen will also give you somewhere nearby, safe, and within sight to put the kids while you set up the tent or make a fire. Some models may also double as a cushion or bed for sleeping.
Don’t Forget the Fundamentals
Campground managers remind parents not to forget the most critical thing: your kids are safest when they are with you. Do not let kids out of your sight, even if it is just for a few seconds. There are plenty of things kids can get into outside, and it is important to always keep an eye on them.
Vacationing with toddlers is more than possible. Make it a reality by always watching young kids, bringing a portable playpen, and investing in worthwhile RV rentals and RV supplies. This is a great source for more: www.midstatescampers.com | <urn:uuid:9ee6e536-1228-4c0e-acb2-68a9f817df8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://familyvideocoupon.com/three-ways-to-make-camping-with-toddlers-happen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.949608 | 423 | 1.6875 | 2 |
- September 12, 2017
- Roger Darashah
This is not my workplace, this is my own company
Arwa Husain Director
- April 11, 2018
- Roger Darashah
Facebook’s was a ‘Perfect Storm’, but the Signs of ‘Algorithm Fatigue’ were Evident Long Ago
The issue of users’ private records being passed to third parties is not limited to the social media platform; it’s fundamental to the nature of how we currently see the Web
Yesterday’s news that Facebook had effectively handed over data from 87 million subscribers to a third party (GSR)1 which subsequently sold to Cambridge Analytica, and not the 30 million figure originally cited by the latter did little to change the overall narrative. Twenty million…100 million…the scale is incomprehensible to most of us, particularly when considering the level of personal data retained; bank details, phone numbers, audio conversations, ‘likes’, ‘pokes’, even private conversations.
The fact that Facebook is monetising user content (or, more precisely, behaviour) is hardly news; even the most naïve user would appreciate that no service can run on thin air, and those brilliantly targeted adverts require fuel from somewhere. I believe that the real outrage is a combination of factors:
The opaqueness of the privacy controls ensured that even the most informed user was unable to really understand the terms and conditions associated with the same.
These were presented across 8 pages and 14,000 words of fine print, which were impenetrable to most users. For a consumer product designed to ‘make the world more transparent’, this is bordering on consumer ‘entrapment’.
1. Facebook’s reluctance to engage publicly on the issue in a timely, transparent manner served to exacerbate the situation further. COO Sheryl Sandberg’s absence is even more notable; in any other company the COO would be leading the response to such an incident2; particularly since she is credited with creating the very advertising model behind the scandal.
2. I also believe that Facebook’s much lauded purpose – ‘to make the world more open and connected’ – has obscured the (equally laudable) commercial rationale for the company. Communities, which are transparent and share more frequently, are easier to monetise. There’s nothing wrong with this message, which underpins Facebook’s business model. In reality (and business terms) concepts such as ‘sharing’ and transparency’ are simply synonyms for ‘surveillance’ and ‘monitoring’, and probably should have been presented as such.
3. Finally, the fact that the data was used for political means in a series of highly polarised elections, apparently involving the influence of a third nation (Russia), added a more sinister note to the scandal. Perhaps, this was the critical factor; the fact that people may be willing to share their data at the cost of being bombarded adverts to influence their shopping decisions; the idea of their political views being similarly manipulated leaves most people scandalised and – importantly – deceived.
4. Combining the above, deception is the overriding sentiment associated with the Facebook/Cambridge Analytica revelations. People trusted the former, whose stated mission, after all, was simply to make the world more open. But the cost of such services to the consumer in terms of privacy may now be too much to bear.
5. The hidden costs of such free online services are not limited to Facebook; they actually define social media as it currently exists; it’s based on a trade-off between a user’s privacy and the perceived benefits they derive from a particular service. Only now, that trade-off is being brought into sharp relief.
I’ve written extensively on this idea of ‘algorithm fatigue’ over the last couple of years3; a phenomenon which corresponds precisely to the growth of ad blocking software present in today’s devices. The image below (courtesy of Page Fair4) speaks for itself.
I’ve spoken about prospect ‘clean feed’ apps, devoid of advertising or any form of traceability5, of the fact that brands who try and ‘game’ consumers into entering their timeline will be far less effective than those which take the trouble to listen to them and engage on their (the audience’s) terms.
If there is one unanticipated lesson from the Facebook scandal it is this: narcissism – gratification, recognition, perceived prestige is probably the primary driver of social media conversations, today. The sooner the brands recognise consumers as the protagonists and start engaging them accordingly, the greater value all parties will derive from such platforms as Facebook.
Published by Roger Darashah
Roger Darashah brings close to 23 years of international communications experience with stints in the UK, France, Spain, India and Brazil. He is part of the senior management team at Adfactors PR, working in the capacity of Chief Operating Officer. | <urn:uuid:a9835ce7-9209-44f2-a6a8-6eecc8bf9fb5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.adfactorspr.com/blog/facebooks-was-a-perfect-storm-but-the-signs-of-algorithm-fatigue-were-evident-long-ago | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.946676 | 1,324 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Apple restored the leak of Meltdown not long ago and recently published 3 updates (macOS High Sierra 10.13.2、Safari 11.0.2、iOS 11.2.2) in one time aimed to fix the Spectre issue, mainly focus on Safari and Webkit maintenances in order to reduce the attacks from hackers. Apple suggested that all Apple users to install this Apple security updates.
Why is it so important to update iOS? It is because of Spectre. Spectre works on either personal computers, mobile devices or in the cloud which depends on the cloud provider's infrastructure and it can be possible to steal data from other users. It might including your passwords stored in browser or password manager, your personal instant messages, photos, emails, and even business-critical documents.
The isolation between different applications can be broken by Spectre. Spectre allows the hacker to follow best practices to trick error-free programs into leaking their secrets. Actually, the safety checks of said best practices may make applications more susceptible to Spectre and increase the attack surface.
Spectre is harder to exploit compare with Meltdown, but it is also harder to mitigate. Anyway, it is possible to prevent specific known exploits based on Spectre and it is important to install security updates. | <urn:uuid:7a1497e0-aeee-4949-9445-d9d4dc4ddcb2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.icon-centre.com/why-is-it-so-important-to-update-ios/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.927757 | 256 | 1.8125 | 2 |
90th Anniversary: A Future Vision
The History of a Family Bookstore
The culture shifts that parallel our 90-year bookselling journey are quite dramatic. Founder Gustav Weller would hardly recognize the contemporary environment of our industry. His era of bookselling occurred after the industrial/capitalist revolution permitted the growth of an educated middle class, after we discovered how to make cheaper wood-pulp paper from trees with machines and long after we automated the printing press, but before television had mesmerized and dulled our senses. Despite these luxuries, Gustav’s term was burdened by the Great Depression. Sam and Lila Weller would have different experiences.
In 1939, Gustav Weller moved to a farm, leaving the business in the hands of his children. After World War II, Gus made his 23 year-old son Sam run the bookstore. In the 1940s, Lila Nelson worked at the Deseret News. Late in the decade, she met Sam Weller. In 1953 they married and Lila began working in the store doing the accounting. She also invented a smart inventory system that sharpened operations. Those who knew Sam remember him as a whirlwind of charismatic energy. He was passionate and chaotic. Lila became the nucleus holding the atom called Sam in orbit. My parents were conditioned by the hardships of the Depression, but their bookselling years occurred after the war when the economy was recovering. In the 1950s television was distracting readers but the era also brought the paperback revolution, which moved books into ever more hands in convenient, affordable, and hip packages.
When I started working in the bookstore in the 1970s, many of our sections were still sorted old-school, by imprints, the word publishers use to side-step the complexities of corporate tiers. That was in the era when publisher’s sales reps visited stores to assist with restocking. Also, books from imprints like Penguin or New Directions looked so very enticing when displayed as a series. By the late 1980s I was buying second-hand book collections and hiring for the bookstore. I had known Catherine Cheves for several years before we became happily entangled in 1988. She then worked at the Eccles Health Sciences Library. She had worked in the Marriott Library before and would move to the University of Utah Law Library before joining Sam Weller Books in 1994, just in time to navigate the digital, economic, and social changes that would alter nearly every aspect of the book industry, and just a couple years before Sam lost his vision and retired. He passed away in 2009, before Catherine and I selected Trolley Square for our transition to Weller Book Works. Fourth-generation bookseller Lila Ann Weller’s childhood was imbued with books, reading, and the dreams and thought such entails. She started selling books in 2013 and her grandmother, Lila, born in 1915, still works in the store today. No bookseller’s view is longer than hers.
From the 1930s until the 1990s, we had a few branch stores. For a time we operated three branches and employed 60 booksellers. In the 1990s, when the nation lost 60% of its privately owned bookstores, we contracted and closed the last two branch stores in Bountiful and Sandy. In 2012, we released the fifth edition of our bookstore in Trolley Square. We go by Weller Book Works now and still have smart booksellers and a thoughtful selection of books in an environment that inspires exploration and discovery.
The Next 90 Years
I was asked what we might be in another 90 years. Though I usually avoid speculation, I embraced the inquiry as a challenge. I do this because of my belief in the catalytic potential of books and the pleasure of working with the persons who read them. I was encouraged in my Utopian hopes by reading the recently published graphic biography from City Lights, Herbert Marcuse: Philosopher of Utopia by Nick Thorkelson. Marcuse understood the value of progressive vision. William Blake once wrote, “What is now true was once only imagined.” Da Vinci never flew in a helicopter but he drew one.
I hope you will forgive me for presenting a grand vision of a gracefully designed society as home for Weller Book Works in the year 2109. I cannot conceive of our bookstore without envisioning the world around it. Photography altered but didn’t eradicate painting, and in the same way, books will endure. Even now, a generation into the digital era, books are settling into their new position in our lives.
I believe in the possibility of an equitable, free, peaceful and sustainable society. Even though I make decisions with dice, I am not a gambler and moment by moment, I spend more energy perceiving and understanding than projecting. So I am casting my hopes as future facts. Concepts must precede action and the good old days were not so good and gone anyhow. Permit yourself grand visions! They give you navigational clarity and protect you from stumbling into puny beliefs.
A Future Vision
In 2109, survival depends on stable population and consumption. Long ago, the human race surpassed the paradigm of hardship that created necessity for large families in primitive eras when injury and death visited at seemingly arbitrary moments. We have largely overcome the excessive materialism of the industrial/capitalist era. We diminished garbage accumulations and pollution and the bedraggled ecosystems are healing. Paper is made from hemp, reducing paper acidity, water waste and chemical pollutants; and allowing forests to repopulate. We have accommodated our lives to the climate damage from past centuries but we have at least finally stalled the increasing temperature that put the millennial generation into an existential panic.
Weller Book Works is in its eighth location and 6th generation of operations. WBW shares sales and performance space with a music store and our eatery serves coffee in the morning and converts into a bar at night. The shared stage area hosts authors, musicians and small scale artistic performances of provocative diversity. The location is embraced as a cultural hub and recovered interest in the physical world and human interaction fills seated areas even when the stage is not in use.
Stabilizing climate, consumption and waste required a total overhaul of the extractive economic systems that funded our near disastrous climate emergency and stupidly, fought attempts at remedy. Capitalism is remembered as an engine of past progress but a flawed and divisive force, relegated to history. Wiser social principles have created equitable distributions of wealth, eliminating former mechanisms that enabled the non-productive plutocrats to extract value from others. The last tragic corporations have become nearly irrelevant as humans discovered the limits of material happiness and our inevitable fragility and commonality.
After bringing Earth’s temperatures into new balance, the ancestral genetic fear of scarcity and violence between persons diminished to the acts of a few whose behavior is caused by factors more complicated that fear, hardship or abuse. Philosophy eclipsed its stubborn sibling religion, and found its position within the constellation of the whole. Looking for ego has become a party game like pin the tail on the donkey.
We embrace difference as our glory, and greed, like violence, is just an occasional aberrant problem. The greedy, like the violent, are managed by a compassionate society that has been weaned from delusional securities. So few citizens are incarcerated that the for-profit prisons of the second dark era disappeared, but for good measure, we made their former owners reside there for a time as a form of rehabilitative therapy.
Having balanced labor, need and income, most persons work around 20 hours per week. Weller Book Works serves morning and evening browsers, taking a siesta afternoon. Homes are smaller than in the last century and desired amenities are close. Cities and towns were thoroughly re-proportioned to human scale and carbon-neutral transit serves most movement needs. Mass transit wends its way through populated towns and residents are nearly never more than a kilometer distant. Yes, we use metric now. Remaining electric automobiles are shared and few citizens own them. We make energy with no-impact technologies and enjoy universal health care, which was embraced as a human right back in 2026 not long after the last facets of tribal insecurity fell away and the general dissolution of geographically conscribed truths.
Our free society has eliminated laws except those negotiating rights between persons. The media tumult of the millennium broke a few publishing traditions and new books are now first released in inexpensive editions and digitally. Although Weller Book Works is smaller than in the 21st century, we supply more books than we did in the 20th century with great advances in print-on-demand technology enabling the near full canon of our culture to be printed for readers in minutes. The most important and beloved books are made into gorgeous durable volumes, totems worthy of the vessels that hold the polished products of perceptive minds. What pleasure to get to choose great books from such thoughtfully made editions!
Books are simple magic, enabling depths of exchange and complexities of thought that informed our recent recovery. Thoughtful and artistic groups choose to do their things here where the vastness of experience and potential are as unavoidable as dust. No former culture could not fathom our joy and security since we shed culturally instilled dogmas and fear that clouded the decisions of our ancestors and made them mean. We embrace the diversity of the planet and in reversal of mores of the past, we are suspicious of uniformity.
After breaking up the disastrous concentration of economic power that occurred during the second dark era, communities and diversity gradually recovered. It was hell wresting property from the land hoarders but now we enjoy regulations prioritizing firsthand use of property. It was even harder breaking up the UberCorps that cast such darkness at the turn of the 21st century. After millennia of confusion and rationalization, we finally lifted life’s necessities - food, air, water, housing, education and healthcare – from their socially regressive capitalist binds.
With general security came a diminishment of fear and dissolution of the ego delusion. Once admired, confidence was supplanted by perceptual curiosity and bookstores are understood to be the nexus for ideas and cultural exchange. The most joyous aspect of our recovering world is the abandonment of consumer capitalism. As a few old-time thinkers understood, we don’t need to work as much as earlier people to meet our needs and our pleasures. It took nearly eight generations to finally embrace both forms of profit and we now enjoy lives filled with art, games, recreation, gardens, and gatherings. Once homogenized industries had to be forcibly torn apart and now every community has unique style as citizens nurture sundry dreams. Society’s priority shifted from capital to goods. Book publishers discontinued stripping, discarding, and reprinting paperback books nearly 75 years ago, almost two generations after the digital-quake displaced paper with electrons and light. Restocking warehouses costs a bit more, but less than was saved by reducing what had grown to 40% waste in the 2020s.
Weller Book Works is valued for having taken the widest embrace with books. Our booksellers are as comfortable with the unknown as they are well-read and friendly. Generations of wise bookselling instilled a culture here that taught them how to dance with ignorance and use it as a tool for discovery. Cultures have become comfortable with differences. We are fortunate to have survived the era of subordination and fear. We nearly smothered our planet in toxic garbage, but in the year 2109 we are saner, happier, and less destructive than any of our ancestors.
As booksellers, we sell ideas, dreams and stories. We sell art, knowledge and vision. I wish my foregoing vision were already true. Now in 2019, we are pleased to celebrate 90 years of service in Utah, and look forward to 90 more. Join us for our celebration on Saturday, August 17th. Thank you for being a part of the community of Weller Book Works. | <urn:uuid:b3403b18-15ae-4fd1-85fa-b6bae78e96a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wellerbookworks.com/90th-anniversary-future-vision | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.968408 | 2,445 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Every era tells itself a story: a cautionary tale written to guide a mass audience. These can be religious texts that explain the origin, nature and destiny of the world. Or they can be chronicles of great deeds that exemplify rare virtues and enviable values. In the end, whether they are essential tomes of a formal faith or narrative poems espousing the incentives of heroism and courage, they ultimately serve us in the same way: by revealing an existential trajectory worth emulating.
At least, that is what thinkers like Carl Jung and Joseph Campbell believed. Campbell’s 1949 book, The Hero of a Thousand Faces,sought to prove the fundamental similarities between seemingly distinct mythologies. Its keenest reader was a young George Lucas, and he applied Campbells’ distilled formula for penning a compelling moral plot to his ambitious sci-fi project, Star Wars.
In a time when almost every corner of the map has been explored, when many of the terrestrial mysteries have been dispelled, Lucas realised his myth needed to be particular: set in a realm separated from our daily experiences but familiar in its atmosphere and adornments. The Space Race of the Cold War era turned humanity’s attention to the heavens. But unlike previous epochs, it wasn’t warring gods and titans that were given imagined sanctuary among the stars: it was the journeying of our species through the vast community of planets and moons that inspired awe. Lucas spotted an opportunity to condense the salient themes, characterisations, and outcomes of earlier myths and scatter those scenarios across the opaque distances that hang over our heads. This was his chance to promulgate the Jungian idea of ‘universal myth’: stories that have an eternal application to the plight of human existence.
A brief look at the core symbols and personas that constitute and populate the Star Wars saga shows a myriad of references to diegeses as disparate as the Bible, the Arthurian cycle, and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. Luke’s lightsaber in A New Hope serves his character in the same way Excalibur assists Arthur in his travails. Luke and Leia’s twinship alludes to the tradition of divine twins in Proto-Indo-European mythology. And the conception of teachers like Obi Wan Kenobi and Master Yoda proffers the mentor-student dynamic ubiquitous throughout global folklore.
Lucas’s chance to refresh the treatment of mythological characters also allowed him to breed hybrid archetypes. Anakin Skywalker, for example, is a combination of several fictional personalities. Like Jesus, he is an immaculate virgin insemination, born to redeem the sins of his people. Like the swift-footed Achilles, he is near-invulnerable to attack and is presented as a perfect warrior. The Achilles-Christ portrayal of Lucas’s primary protagonist gives modern viewers the thematic resolution that Homer, consciously or otherwise, impresses on hearers of his epic.
The importance of Star Wars as a modern masterpiece should not be undervalued. The religiosity of the Star Wars story has a rare social utility: secular observers can gain the same life lessons from watching this sci-fi masterpiece as, say, students who study the Abrahamic faiths.
There are of course considerable differences between indoctrination into established religions and the causal watching of a film, but the central tenets that ensure the appeal of parables and fables are to be found in Lucas’s magnum opus. In this respect, Lucas has supplied a generation of secular people with the arresting moral assertions and messages found in the scriptures of many major religions.
During his conquest of Persia, Alexander the Great reportedly slept with a scroll of Homer under his pillow and surmised that his route from Greece to India was the same his hero, Hercules, had taken. The fireside stories that made the mind of that Macedonian prince changed the fate of man forever. We now live under the rule of women and men who watched Star Wars as children. The current British prime minister confessed he has a lightsaber on his mantlepiece in his parliamentary office and his chancellor of the exchequer has admitted he currently occupies his second most desired role, his first being made a Jedi knight. When next you watch Lucas’s modern epic, be aware that you are looking at the moral compass of our times. | <urn:uuid:01f1c0d0-2716-4b61-85fe-5eccc98fb5c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://engelsbergideas.com/notebook/star-wars-the-mythos-of-our-times/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953136 | 893 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A choice of healthy meals are cooked on the premises and are very popular. The school Cook, Mrs Leanne Rawsthorn, works hard to accommodate individual dietary needs. The cook takes a personal interest in terms of children’s eating success and issues of concern are related to parents via teachers.
School Meals are £10.50 a week for all KS2 children. Children in Reception, Year One and Year Two are entitled to a school meal free of charge.
Meals are £2.10 per day.
Packed Lunches and Healthy Eating
We do all that we can to support Parents in their attempts to encourage their children to eat healthily by setting good examples as adults. This principle has come out of our work on gaining ‘Healthy Schools Status’.
At lunch we encourage parents to provide healthy choices in lunchboxes.
Our School Council sought the views of parents and pupils and consulted with Knowsley Healthy School Team, after which school adopted a healthy approach to packed lunches.
The contents of lunchboxes are monitored on a regular basis.
Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Primary School rules for packed lunches are as follows:
During the afternoon fruit is available for KS1 and Foundation Stage children.
KS2 children can bring a piece of fruit from home to eat at morning play. Healthy eating is taught directly as part of the curriculum.
KS2 children can pay £2 per half term for a biscuit at morning break.
KS1 pay £1,00 per week for morning snack, they have a range of snacks including yogurts, fruit, biscuits, cheese and crackers etc.
Milk is provided free for children under five. Infant children receive milk at a cost of £1.50 per child per year, payable at the beginning of each new school year.
If you think that your child may be eligible for free school meals / milk please contact Knowsley Council benefit section; tel 0151 443 4042 | <urn:uuid:9a0f393c-dc8c-4b2c-9bee-41772c72427f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://saintspeterandpaulcps.org.uk/?page_id=44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.963382 | 418 | 2.703125 | 3 |
to discuss possibilities of nursing contribution for universal health coverage.
a qualitative study, performed by means of document analysis of the World Health Organization publications highlighting Nursing and Midwifery within universal health coverage.
documents published by nursing and midwifery leaders point to the need for coordinated and integrated actions in education, leadership and partnership development.
this article represents a call for nurses, in order to foster reflection and understanding of the relevance of their work on the consolidation of the principles of universal health coverage.
Enfermería; Cobertura Universal; Educación; Liderazgo; Conducta Cooperativa; Salud Global | <urn:uuid:98f9420c-8d9e-4fd4-80d0-c15538a26834> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.scielo.br/j/rlae/a/6qCRrT5NL955fDWjjkGfRyS/abstract/?format=html&lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.880452 | 146 | 1.921875 | 2 |
How safe are your kids online?
Parents encouraged to monitor children's Internet activity
Kids in Nebraska are Using the Internet Every Day . . .
to do homework, to talk to their friends, and to have fun. Unfortunately, predators and pedophiles use the Internet every day as a tool to find their next victim. In fact, one in seven children who regularly use the Internet is sexually solicited.
Talk to your kids. Know what they are doing online. For more tips on keeping kids cyber-safe, visit our Web site at safekidsnebraska.org. Working together, we can protect our children.
Know the Facts . . .
Many parents believe if their children are using the Internet at home, they are protected. But an Internet connection is all a predator needs to invade your home and threaten your child's safety. According to a report by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children:
**1 in 7 children who regularly use the Internet is sexually solicited.
**1 in 11 is harassed or threatened.
**31 percent receive an aggressive sexual solicitation or are asked to meet.
**79 percent of solicitations occur in the child's home.
**56 percent of children do not tell anyone about the solicitations.
What's Being Done?
The Attorney General's Office is committed to catching and bringing to justice those who use the Internet to prey on our children. In addition to prosecutions, the Nebraska Department of Justice:
**Works with the Nebraska State Patrol's Internet Crimes Against Children Unit to capture and convict Internet predators.
**Works with the state's Educational Service Units (ESUs) to educate kids about the dangers that lurk online.
**Worked with the Legislature to pass LB 943 which created the crime of online enticement of a child under age 17.
**Created safekidsnebraska.org where parents, kids, and teachers can go to learn more about Internet safety.
Some Internet Safety Tips for Parents . . .
**Explore the Internet with your children and help them find kid-friendly sites.
**Tell children they should avoid giving our personal information like name, address, and phone number in chat rooms, to online pen pals, or on electronic bulletin boards.
**Use an online filter. Most Internet providers offer a filter to customers; if yours does not, consider purchasing software that can filter online activity when you're not around.
**Set online rules and make sure your children understand and follow them.
**Teach your children the meaning of private and personal information, such as details about your family and where they attend school.
For more information about keeping your kids cyber-safe, visit safekidsnebraska.org.
Nebraska Department of Justice
Attorney General Jon Bruning
Phone: 402-471-2682 or 1-800-727-6432
To parents of Wahoo Public Schools: If you are not familiar with the Internet, and would like instruction on how to monitor your child's activity online, please contact WPS Media Director Dave Privett at 443-4332, ext. 3232. | <urn:uuid:8e6efc4a-9f9c-4083-96dc-7ddf03dd07e3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wahooschools.org/vnews/display.v/ART/45be1d77e840f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.911439 | 657 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Have you or a loved one been arrested, or are curious about how bail bonds work in California? You’ll be happy to know that the process for California bail bonds and posting bail is similar to other states. Everything is regulated by the Department of Insurance in the state, creating a standardized process that is easy to follow.
After the Arrest
When someone is arrested, there is a standardized process. First they are taken into a jail and booked in the system. Then they wait for instructions, which include a bail hearing date if they need to have bail set for their release. For small crimes and certain situations, bail may not be required and people can be released on their own recognizance, as it’s assumed they’re a low risk for flight or other complications.
After being arrested, bail will be assigned at a bail hearing, which typically takes place within 48 to 72 hours of the arrest. Each county in California sets its own bail schedules, based on the type or severity of the crime, but those are not set in stone. Many people will get the standard bail amount. Others will have to pay more (or might be able to pay less) depending on the input of the arresting officer, the county prosecutor, and others.
Bail will also be higher if someone is considered a flight risk, which means that they could disappear while awaiting trial. That is a big risk the courts want to avoid.
Contacting a Bail Agent
Once bail is set, the person has the choice to pay the amount or to contact a bail bonds agent who can help them make the payment. Bail bond companies in California generally charge 10-15% of the bail amount as a service fee (non-refundable). They will then use the assets of the arrestee or those applying for bail on their behalf, to secure the bond, which they present to the court.
A bail bond isn’t a payment—it’s a promise to pay if the person doesn’t appear. That’s why you see TV shows about bounty hunters looking for people who have “skipped bail”—if someone had a $20,000 bond and they disappeared, that is left for the bail bondsman to pay. They don’t like losing that kind of money, so they’re going to protect any client who skips bail and costs the bondsman money.
Of course, if you skip bail, it’s not going to be as big of a show as it is on TV—you won’t have some rogue agent coming after you and chasing you down at all hours of the day and night. You will have people looking for you, however, and you will pay for the consequences of skipping bail if they find you.
Bottom line here? Just don’t skip out on bail and you’ll be fine.
What About Denials and Conditions of Release?
There is the option that the judge will deny bail and they don’t even have to tell you why. However, an attorney can also be helpful to suggest, instead of denial, that they impose certain conditions that prove the person will be okay to release. Certain conditions may be more fitting for certain situations than others, but common ones include:
- Electronic monitoring
- House arrest
- Sobriety monitoring
- License and passport surrender
- Inability to leave the state
These are conditions that will have to be discussed between the attorney and the judge—only then will they decide on the appropriate course of action.
Completing the Process
Ok, so you’ve applied for a bail bond, paid the fee, and are now able to walk freely around the world while you await trial. What’s next? All that you have to do is attend the court hearings that are mandated and follow the guidelines that you are given, and then you will complete the legal process and the bail bond will be released. Bear in mind that you will not get the fee back that you paid to the California bail bond company, even if you do everything right on your part—that’s the price you pay for getting the bond.
The best thing that you can do to get through this process with ease is to enlist the help of a trained, experienced California bail bond company that can walk you through the process and help you learn what to expect every single step of the way. Getting arrested and getting through the legal process is difficult enough—when you’ve got a good bail bond agent on your side, it will be much less stressful. | <urn:uuid:702ae959-419f-4b65-895f-d15195edecac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bailagentnetwork.com/blog/how-does-bail-bond-work-in-california/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96059 | 946 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Chen Tai Ji Quan
Tai ji quan (also written as Tai Chi Chuan) is a sequence of graceful movements which relax and strengthen both body and mind. The gentle stretching and turning in each movement helps reduce tension, improve circulation, and increases strength and flexibility.
Chen style tai ji quan is the original tai ji quan from which all other forms derive. It dates back some 300 years but has antecedents in older martial and qi cultivation practices. It was little known in the West until the 1990s.
Chen tai ji quan is renowned for its spiral energy. The spiral is an essential pattern throughout nature. In the body it is expressed in the twists of the double helix, the corkscrew motion of blood in the arteries, and the spiral organization of muscle tissue both micro and macroscopically. The body is a continuous web of connective tissue- muscle, tendon, bone, fascia and viscera. The strength of these tissues, individually and collectively, in form and in function, are the result of spiral structures.
On the physical level, Chen tai ji quan instruction begins as patterns of movement learned by the body. As the practitioner advances it becomes more an exploration of physical structure and the spiraling energies stored and released as the body discovers its innate elastic, tensile, and recoil forces.
On the spiritual/emotional level Chen tai ji quan is an exploration in honesty, a shedding of old patterns, and an unlocking of hidden energies. At times this tastes like magic, but it is simply the reality of being. The reality of harmonizing mind, qi and body.
CLASSES COMING SOON | <urn:uuid:2f82f5c9-f82c-4f60-b3c8-2986c017be71> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.pacifica-acupuncture.com/chen-tai-ji-quan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.92962 | 355 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Recent changes to state laws means stamp duty and land tax surcharges now apply to foreign persons buying residential land in three states of Australia. Rolled out from June 2016, the new legislation sees certain property acquisitions and holdings of discretionary trusts in Victoria, New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (QLD) hit with the levy increase.
How much? Well, the increase varies from state to state, as does the nature of the property to which the surcharges apply. To be clear, the new law doesn’t affect all property purchases through discretionary trusts—it focuses on trusts that have ‘foreign persons’ as potential beneficiaries.
As you can expect, this simple question doesn’t have an easy answer and the definition of a ‘foreign person’ is slightly different in each state.
In Victoria, the term ‘foreign purchaser’ is used. A foreign purchaser is defined as a trustee of a foreign trust under the Duties Act 2000 (Vic). And a foreign trust? It’s where a foreign corporation (incorporated outside of Australia) or a foreign natural person has more than 50% control in the trust estate. Note that if the class of beneficiaries is broad enough to include a foreign person (whether known to the trustee or not), the trustee will be deemed a foreign purchaser. Your discretionary trust may be deemed a ‘foreign person’ without you even realising it!
In NSW, the Duties Act 1997 (NSW) defines a ‘foreign person’ as a trustee of a trust in which a foreign person holds a substantial interest of 20% or more. However, the method and outcome is similar to that of Victoria. Therefore, any potential for a foreign person to be a beneficiary will classify the trustee as a foreign person.
In QLD, under the Duties Act 2001 (Qld), a ‘foreign person’ include trusts where 50% of the ‘trust interests’ are held by foreign persons. The trust interest is simply the proportion available to each taker in default. So, to classify foreign persons you’ll need to identify the default beneficiaries. If there are two takers in default and one is a foreign person, then the trust will also be a foreign person.
An absentee person:
An absentee corporation:
It’s important to be informed—but don’t fret! If you’re wondering whether your discretionary trust may be impacted by these broadly drafted provisions (and you hold or intend to acquire the relevant type of property in Victoria, NSW or QLD) we advise you to review your trust deeds. CCASA can help you with this. We can help you determine whether or not the class of beneficiaries within your trust is likely mean that your trust is treated as a ‘foreign person’ or whether there are amendments we can put in place to protect you from paying the levies unnecessarily.
Sign up to the CCASA newsletter to stay on top of all this and much more. | <urn:uuid:62e83416-2fb5-43a0-801e-b46675f186ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.ccasa.com.au/new-surcharges-for-property-purchased-through-trusts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.937281 | 621 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Anybody when they come to know, there is anything like MAGNETIC THERAPY. One is curious about this therapy.
Will it really work?
What is it exactly?
So, let’s define it first;
Magnet therapy or Magnetic therapy “is a pseudo-scientific alternative medicine practice involving use of static magnetic fields.” Practitioners claim that subjecting certain parts of the body to magneto-static fields produced by permanent magnets has beneficial health effects to achieve a healthy line.
Magnet Therapy is used as a new method for the treatment of Chronic and acute pain of different origins due to its analgesic abilities. It claims to be therapeutic for various conditions like arthralgia, myalgia, arthritis, limb pain, cramps and spinal pain. It can be used to hamper inflammation. It claims to treat depression.
Efficacy of Magnet therapy is quite proven in MYALGIA that is muscular pain. So, let’s have a look at various FAQs (frequently asked questions).
How is it done?
In this therapy, various forms of magnets are placed near or over the human body in order to boost overall health and healthy line. It is the application of the magnetic field of electromagnetic devices or permanent static magnets to the body for purported health benefits.
It is done by using various symmetric products including magnetic bracelets, jewelry, magnetic straps for wrists/ankles, magnetic blankets, magnetic creams and magnetic plasters and patches.
How many types of Magnet Therapy are in use?
It is believed that magnets can restore the body’s hypothetical electromagnetic energy balance but no such balance is medically proven. It’s various types are detailed below;
- Static Magnetic field Therapy.
- Electromagnetic Therapy.
- Magnetic Therapy with Acupuncture.
What is the mechanism behind its therapeutic benefits?
Naturally, human body has its own electromagnetic fields. It is believed that imbalances in these fields cause pathologies. If a magnet is placed near an individual, it can strengthen the body’s own magnetic field which in turn supports vital functions to achieve a healthy line.
What are its Therapeutic benefits?
It can be used as Analgesic for different kinds of ailments detailed as:
- Arthritis (knee pain, sciatica etc.)
- Wound healing/repair.
- Back pain.
Researchers are looking for ways to treat pain without having to use drugs. One reason drugs can sometimes create more problems, you have these side effects. One of those side effects for pain relievers is addiction and GIT disturbance. So the solution is to try magnetic therapy.
Is this Magnet Therapy scientifically proven?
Some clinical trials have proved its therapeutic benefits. There is a very close interrelationship between magnetism and electricity like the brain essentially is an electrical organ. The magnets create electric currents that stimulate nerve cells in turn to promote healthy line.
Can Magnetic Therapy be used for treating Cancers?
There is no credible proposed mechanism and clinical research that is promising magnet therapy has been promoted as a treatment for cancer. No evidence supports these claims.
Magnetic Therapy a Depression reliever
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, is the newest option for treatment resistant depression. When you say this uses magnets, a lot of people will get an image of a dime store magnet and people holding it up to their head and that is not TMS. TMS involves a powerful electromagnet that is similar to electromagnets that are used in MRI machines.
5 things, You should know about Magnetic Therapy?
On a concluding note, 5 things about magnetic therapy are;
- It is an ANALGESIC.
- It brings hope to people suffering from DEPRESSION.
- It`s a NERVE STIMULATOR & REGENERATOR.
- It might become miracle to cure PAIN.
- Scientifically proven to cure MYALGIA.
- The Journey of Electronic Health Records’ Essentially Symbolizes the ‘Health-IT’ Strides
- Future of Health software Development
Taylor is a freelance SEO copywriter and blogger. His areas of expertise include technology, pop culture, and marketing. | <urn:uuid:b7bd12aa-d599-4ff2-8762-e4e442058238> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://techsmartest.com/health-technology-of-magnet-theraphy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.91651 | 899 | 2.59375 | 3 |
You CAN homeschool preschool on a budget! I’ve created more than one hundred free preschool printables for you to teach your littlest learners at home.
Not every preschool is ready for academics. But many are! So, if you are looking for activities to do with your children ages 2-5, you’ve hit the jackpot here.
Discover over 100 preschool printables that you can use with your young learners. You’ll find printables that teach beginning math and literacy skills.
There are holiday-themed preschool printables. And, you’ll discover printables based on your favorite preschool picture books.
This page is a work in progress. I’m adding to it daily! As I create new homeschool preschool printables, I’ll add them all to this page. Bookmark or pin this page so you can come back to it often to find what you need to supplement your learning time.
Free Preschool Printables
The preschool printables featured below are listed in alphabetical order by theme. I thought this would be the easiest way to organize them since there are so many.
Another trick is to hold down the “command” and “f” keys on your computer. You should see a little search bar pop up on your computer screen. Type your topic in that search bar, and it will search for that word on this page.
And, don’t forget to check back often. Each week, as I add new printables to the site, I’ll add them here. Bookmark this page so you can find it as you move from theme to theme in your homeschool preschool.
All About Me Printables
These All About Me preschool worksheets can be bound into a mini-book for a fun keepsake.
These free printable alphabet worksheets are the perfect way to engage young learners with handwriting practice, beginning sounds, letter recognition, and more!
This amazing collection of letter tracing worksheets is perfect for helping children focus on letter recognition, letter formation, and beginning sounds.
Start a new preschool year with a fun and engaging apples preschool theme! This amazing collection of apple printables is just what you need to get started.
If you plan to teach a bear theme, don’t miss this collection of bear activities for preschoolers. You’ll find find bear books, bear crafts, and a great collection of bear printables.
This amazing collection of free bee printables is just what you need to round out your preschool bee theme activities.
Bible Story Printables
This pack of Jonah and the Whale preschool printables will help you extend the learning after reading your favorite version of the Bible story.If
Don’t miss these book activities for preschoolers. Printables, crafts, and more based on the most popular preschool books on the market.
Whether you’re looking for worksheets, templates, or activities to do with your kids, you don’t want to miss this collection of preschool Christmas printables!
If you’re working on colors and/or color words with your little ones, you’re going to love these preschool color matching printables.
Community Helpers Printables
Free firefighter printables for preschool kids! Focus on community helpers and fire safety with these printable learning activities.
Work on early math and literacy skills with this community helpers preschool learning pack. Counting, addition, handwriting, and more!
These free firefighter math worksheets will provide an opportunity to practice counting, identifying shapes, and more.
Kids can practice counting while building fine motor skills with three dino-mite dinosaur counting activities for preschoolers!
What child doesn’t love dinosaurs? Kids love them, and they’ll love this dinosaur matching game printable that helps develop visual discrimination skills!
These dinosaur printable activities are dino-mite! Your preschoolers will love practicing math and literacy skills with their favorite dinos.
If you are looking for printable animal games to do with preschoolers, this dog memory matching game is sure to be a hit!
Dr. Seuss Printables
Discover fifteen hands-on One Fish Two Fish printables and activities to use alongside the Dr. Seuss book. Your preschoolers will love them!
Little ones will love sitting down to learn with this Dr Seuss printable! This free preschool printable includes 17 pages of Dr. Seuss-themed learning fun!
These free Easter printables for preschoolers include educational worksheets, scavenger hunts, printable crafts, and more.
Earth Day Printables
Enhance your Earth Day preschool celebrations with this mini-learning pack. Add these Earth Day worksheets for preschool to your upcoming lessons.
Free farm animals activities for preschoolers! Entertain your kids with a fun farm-themed activity pack with coloring pages and games!
It’s so much fun to learn about flowers with these worksheets that teach the life cycle of a flower for preschool. Perfect for spring and summer learning!
Spring is the perfect time to learn about frogs. This printable frog life cycle book is perfect for preschool and kindergarten students!
Groundhog Day Printables
Groundhog Day is just around the corner. Your little ones will love this free printable pack of Groundhog Day activities for preschoolers!
Insects and Bugs Printables
Preschoolers will work on early math and literacy skills with this pack of preschool insect theme printables. 50 pages of learning fun!
Summertime brings picnics, and picnics bring ants. Teach your little ones about ants with this mini pack of A is for Ant preschool printables.
Do your preschoolers love animals? Do they roar like lions and jump around making monkey sounds? If so, they are going to love these free jungle animal printables!
Letter of the Week Printables
This preschool letter of the week printable is the perfect addition to your Letter B activities!
Exploring money with preschoolers is fun with these preschool coin sorting activities. Preschool math is fun when you use real money!
Your kids will beg for these Ninja Turtle printables! This worksheet set is packed full of early math and literacy activities for preschoolers.
Star Wars fans will celebrate Star Wars Day on May 4. Engage your young learners with a Star Wars preschool learning pack.
Print out and sort all types of foods with this pack of preschool food theme sorting activities. Sort by color, fruits and vegetables, healthy and unhealthy foods.
Want to introduce or practice measurement with your little learners? Check out these preschool measurement activities your kids will love!
Are you looking for a fun resource to teach rhyming? These hands-on rhyming clip cards focus on rhyming words and fine motor skills.
Alice in Wonderland is such a funny story to read with preschoolers. These Alice in Wonderland printables and activities are a great addition to the story.
These Preschool Coloring Pages are the perfect addition to your preschool unit studies or quiet time activities. You’re definitely not going to want to miss these awesome free printables!
Focusing on the letter M or studying monkeys and zoo animals? This pack of free printable preschool monkey activities makes a great addition to your theme.
Mother’s Day Printables
Mother’s Day is quickly approaching. Here are some free printable Mothers Day coloring pages kids will love personalizing for Mom!
Nursery Rhyme Printables
Add these nursery rhymes printables to your preschool lesson plans. Discover coloring pages, sequencing activities, and much more!
Looking for ocean-themed math, science, and literacy printables? These ocean printables will help you round out your preschool ocean theme.
Looking for a new printable pack to use with your preschoolers? Don’t miss these pet activities for preschool! Fun math and literacy activities.
Fall is just around the corner. With it comes all things pumpkin! As you begin planning your preschool pumpkin theme, be sure to make time to share these pumpkin patch printable activities with your preschoolers!
Focus on early math and literacy skills when you add these printable nutcracker activities to your holiday preschool lessons.
Teach young learners what the Pledge of Allegiance means with this set of free Pledge of Allegiance printables! It contains an anchor chart, vocabulary cards, and a mini-book!
Celebrate World Penguin Day with some penguin ABC handwriting practice pages. Available in both cursive and print for all ages!
Do your preschoolers love pirate theme activities? If so, they’ll love this pack of I Spy pirate themed printables. There are two versions included in this pack.
Teach visual discrimination and practice counting with this super fun, low-prep I Spy Pirate Monkey Activity for preschool kiddos!
These playdough mats are a great way to get your little ones to practice their counting skills while having fun this spring and summer.
Sequencing cards help preschoolers recognize patterns and order in their everyday life, and these sequencing activities will make learning fun!
Snow in the forecast? There’s no better time to study snowmen, and you can with these engaging snowman preschool activities!
You don’t want to miss these spring printables for preschoolers. They’ll spice up your preschool lessons about flowers, bugs, and more!
St. Patrick’s Day Printables
These free St Patrick’s Day printables are sure to keep your preschoolers engaged in the learning process through the month of March.
Kids will love sorting, counting, and graphing with Lucky Charms. These St Patrick’s Day math worksheets for preschoolers are festive and fun!
Your little ones will enjoy this St Patricks Day Preschool Pack! It features leprechauns and rainbows, and it’s packed full of learning fun!
Star Wars Printables
Star Wars fans will celebrate Star Wars Day on May 4. Engage your young learners with a Star Wars preschool math and literacy pack.
Story Sequencing Printables
Story sequencing cards help kids order story events as they retell the story. These free printable sequencing cards are a great tool to have on hand!
Have fun while teaching children early literacy skills with our fun Strawberry Letter Identification Cards! Great printable for preschool and kindergarten!
It’s so much fun to learn about strawberries with this strawberry life cycle worksheet pack. It’s perfect for spring and summer learning!
Are you looking for a fun resource to teach pre-primer sight words to your preschool and kindergarten students? This hands-on beginning sight words sorting activity is just what you need!
You can see all of my summer printables in one place when you click to visit my Summer Printables page.
This collection of free printable toddler worksheets offers kids ages 2-3 an opportunity to work on letters, numbers, shapes, and colors.
These airplane activities for kids are perfect for kids who love airplanes and for families who are planning to fly with young children.
Check out these FREE preschool transportation theme printables! They’re packed full of fun math and literacy learning activities for preschoolers.
Preschoolers will love working on colors with this unicorn color matching worksheet. Hands-on fun for little ones!
Valentine’s Day Printables
Animal-themed printable Valentine cards for kids just in time for the big day! Print and pass these cards out to friends and family!
You’re going to love this super simple Valentine idea. All you need is this set of cereal Valentines and some small boxes/pouches of cereal!
These Minecraft Valentines Day cards are perfect for classroom parties or sharing with loved ones. Just print them out, sign them, and go!
These preschool Valentines Day worksheets are sure to put your little ones in the mood to learn while they celebrate the ones they love!
Valentine’s Day is just around the corner! Inspire your little learners with these free printable Valentine worksheets for preschoolers.
Construction-themed Valentine letter sorting mats are perfect for your Valentine’s Day literacy centers! Letter recognition fun for little ones!
Looking for Valentine themed preschool printables? These engaging Valentine worksheets are great for your Valentine lesson plans.
Virtual Activities for Kids
Are your kids bored already? These virtual playdate ideas are a great way to let kids of all ages connect while keeping their distance from others.
This watermelon printable is perfect for your summer lesson plans! Kids ages 3-6 can practice fine motor skills, counting, and the letter Ww.
They say that April showers bring May flowers. Little ones will can focus on early math and literacy when you add these Rainy Day-themed spring preschool printables to your lessons.
Check out these FREE weather worksheets for preschool. They will help little ones learn colors, ABCs, and beginner math. They’re perfect for summer learning!
Preschoolers will work on letter recognition, handwriting, phonics, and more in these engaging, printable winter literacy activities!
Gratitude isn’t just for November! Kids can spend some time this winter focusing on the things they’re thankful for with this winter gratitude journal for kids.
Fans of Ana and Elsa are sure to love these free Frozen worksheets for preschoolers. They’re packed with lots of math and literacy fun for winter!
Whether you’re working on math or literacy, don’t miss this collection of winter printables for preschoolers. There are over twenty-five to choose from!
Learning about zoo animals is so much fun for preschoolers. This I Spy Zoo Animals game is a great way to practice counting with their favorite animals.
Download these free zoo math worksheets which focus on counting, adding and subtracting, and sequencing by attribute.
Summer’s a great time to visit the zoo. Keep your kids on the lookout for animals and their features with these printable zoo scavenger hunt pages.
These printable binder covers and spine labels are perfect for organizing your preschool printables. There are 80 covers/labels that cover a multitude of subjects and topics.
As early childhood educators, we all know how important it is to stay organized and get our planning done. Get organized and finish planning with this digital teachers planner printable. This is a great option to organize lesson plans by theme or topic for future reference as well. | <urn:uuid:267f6160-e2d6-4634-b4b2-8611edb95c06> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://homeschoolpreschool.net/free-preschool-printables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.876181 | 3,208 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals last week decided to hear the challenge to Alabama’s minimum wage and employment benefits preemption law en banc, meaning that all of the Court’s judges will hear the case.
The triggering event for this preemption battle occurred in February 2016 when the City of Birmingham passed an ordinance increasing the minimum wage within the city. The next day, the state legislature responded by enacting the Uniform Minimum Wage and Right-to-Work Act, which prohibits a political subdivision from requiring an employer to provide any wage or “employment benefit” not required by federal or state law, including paid and unpaid leave. It also voided the Birmingham ordinance.
The plaintiffs challenged the preemption law, arguing that it was unconstitutional and violated the Voting Rights Act. In 2017, a federal district court rejected the plaintiffs’ challenges and dismissed the case. Last July, a three-judge panel of the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the dismissal of all but the plaintiffs “equal protection” constitutional claim. That panel held that the plaintiffs had plausibly alleged both that the law “burdens black citizens more than white ones” and that it was enacted with a discriminatory purpose. Last week’s order to hear the case en banc vacated the three-judge panel decision.
The case is Marnika Lewis et al v. State of Alabama et al. Docket No.17-11009 (11th Cir.) | <urn:uuid:1ede18fe-7cec-41f8-8aa2-3ef993451876> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pslatwork.wordpress.com/2019/02/06/appeals-court-en-banc-to-decide-alabama-preemption-challenge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.932089 | 300 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Exploring Global History HIST5151
- Academic Session: 2022-23
- School: School of Humanities
- Credits: 20
- Level: Level 5 (SCQF level 11)
- Typically Offered: Semester 1
- Available to Visiting Students: No
- Available to Erasmus Students: No
This course is an introduction to key themes in Global History, giving students a solid grounding in the historiography of a growing discipline. In a series of weekly seminars, students will discuss critical pieces of scholarship, which have defined the study of Global History in the twenty-first century, paying special attention to the themes of global inequalities, empires, migration, slavery, and the environment.
10 x 2 hour seminars as scheduled in Mycampus
Requirements of Entry
Standard entry to Masters at College level
1 x Review essay (3,000 words) 70%
1 x Seminar presentation: book-review length (10 min) 15% + written book review (1,000 words) 15%
This course aims to:
■ Explore debates on the theoretical and methodological approaches underpinning the field of Global History.
■ Engage with critical works of scholarship, which have developed and defined the discipline of Global History in the 21st Century.
■ Investigate themes of global inequalities, empires, migration, slavery, and the environment.
Intended Learning Outcomes of Course
By the end of this course students will be able to:
■ Appraise current trends in Global History and explain their relationships to each other;
■ Apply rigorous critical analysis to scholarship in the field of Global History;
■ Engage with peers in a critical, open-minded and respectful discussion of recent work in Global History
Minimum Requirement for Award of Credits
Students must submit at least 75% by weight of the components (including examinations) of the course's summative assessment. | <urn:uuid:bfd8c191-38e5-4ef0-9127-7aa1739f78d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gla.ac.uk/coursecatalogue/course/?code=HIST5151 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.886082 | 417 | 2.34375 | 2 |
The Youtube channel Art Assignment hosted by Sarah Urist Green made a video titled Remake The Met. The host, a former museum curator who has a master’s degree in art history, encourages us the viewers to rethink how we curate museum collections. She said that instead of categorising them based on their geographical origins or time periods, why don’t we use other kinds of categorisations?
Personally, I prefer themes and emotions. I love it when we can see beyond the tangibility. I find it more fun and more rewarding.
Even though I didn’t bother to check, I already knew my idea was not original. There is no way I was the first person to conceive something that basic!
Note: After watching the video again, which I did after I almost finished this article, I noticed that Sarah suggested categorising items thematically. Basically, not only my idea is unoriginal, I unconsciously stole hers. Oops!
But, despise the things I said above, I can credit myself for one thing: I also propose that every section of the museum to be ‘unlabelled’; therefore, visitors have to fathom what every item object in a certain section has in common.
Sarah made the video because she wanted museum experiences to be divorced from the long-established rigidity. Unless you are an ultra-traditionalist, it is undeniably a good motivation. But, I also have another one: fostering human connections.
Yes, I know, Even I find my own writing nauseating.
Categorisation based on cultures of origins means we subconsciously encourage visitors to keep focusing on how different we are from each other. If it is based on intangible entities like themes and emotions, we are encouraged to see beyond the tangible and focus on what we profoundly have in common.
Obviously, direct contacts are way more effective in encouraging people to pop their sectarian bubbles; even then, they can also results in increasing sectarianism when the participant have no desire to open up in the first place.
So, it is naive to think that my proposal, which does not require any human contacts, will fight prejudice. I even don’t have any anecdotes to back me up, let alone studies done by actual researchers.
But still, I would be thrilled if my idea somehow gets implemented.
I believe encouraging others to reconsider their life perspectives is always worth it, even if many do not end up doing so and will never do…
… And I genuinely think my idea sounds a lot more fun and compelling than using the usual approach.
Donate to this deadbeat, preachy blogger on Patreon. | <urn:uuid:2cbb41f9-f553-4af0-a165-943f23ecce8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dachmad.wordpress.com/2019/11/22/redesigning-a-museum-by-a-non-expert-who-will-never-be-a-curator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.9533 | 550 | 1.835938 | 2 |
3.2 The Keynesian Model
The Classical Model assumed that aggregate supply would always equal aggregate demand, in essence, because of Say’s Law: supply creates its own demand. While in the mid- 19th century to the late 1920s there had been a series of ‘depressions’ – extended troughs in the business cycle – they had not lasted long enough in any one country nor embraced all countries at the same time. Prior to WWI it can in fact be argued that the level of ‘globalization’ was in fact greater than even today but it was characterized by a significantly greater ‘division of labour’. Thus ‘industrial’ manufacturing tended to concentrate in western Europe and the United States while the rest of the world served essentially as a source of raw materials and markets for goods manufactured in the ‘developed’ countries. The ‘mercantilist’ policies of the European colonial powers strived to ensure this division of labour.
With the Great Depression of the 1930s, however, the trough was both long (1929 to 1939) and extensive, i.e. the entire world suffered. The productive capacity of the developed nations in effect vastly exceeded the demand for their manufactured output. Similarly, much of agriculture and the other primary industries around the world had an enormously greater output than demand. Unemployment (of labour and other factors of production) was so great that political revolution was in the air.
It soon became clear that the Classical Model’s confidence in the equilibrating power of perfect price and wage flexibility was misplaced. Large scale industrial enterprise and industrial trade unions both presented rigidities to the automatic re-establishment of full employment and output. The change in industrial structure was highlighted in Gardiner Means and Adolf Berle's path breaking text The Modern Corporation and Private Property in 1932. Something had to be done but what? John Maynard Keynes offered the answer for the ‘liberal democracies’ in his General Theory of 1936; Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin and Tojo offered an alternative answer for totalitarian states around the world.
We begin our analysis of the Keynesian Model with the simplifying assumption (7th Ed. Fig. 5.2; 8th Ed Fig. 6.2; n.b. the following equations are numbered according to the 8th Ed) that:
· all factors of production (K, L, E, N where N stands for natural resources) are owned by ‘households’ (not atomistic ‘workers’ as in the Classical Model);
· all output is produced by private sector firms, i.e. there are no ‘cottage industries’ and government buys from private firms and does not produce any output itself;
· the economy is ‘closed’, i.e. there are no imports or exports, and there is therefore no difference between GDP and GNP. Furthermore, National Income (income earned by factors of production) is therefore equal to GDP (purchases of current goods and services); and,
· the aggregate price level is fixed and therefore all variables are ‘real’ and all changes are ‘real’ changes.
A central objective of the Keynesian Model is to insure that aggregate output (Y standing for supply) equals aggregate expenditure (E standing for demand), i.e.
(6.1) Y = E
In this simplified world, there are three types of demand: consumption (C), investment (I) and government spending (G). Accordingly in equilibrium:
(6.2) Y = E = C + I + G
Unlike other expenditure items that are ‘earned’ one way or another, (C by the provision of factors of production by households to firms and I by subsequent borrowing from households and paying interest), government spending (G) is financed by taxes (T) that, assuming a balanced budget, will equal G. In this sense taxes are considered a forced expenditure by households. Given this and the assumption that national product (Y) equals national income, we can say that an identity exists between output and all forms of expenditure, i.e.:
(6.3) Y C + S + T
One of the key concepts of the Keynesian models is ‘expectations’, i.e. decision are taken today in anticipation of conditions that will exist tomorrow. J.R. Commons introduced a similar concept called ‘futurity’, i.e. people live in tomorrow but act today. The concept of expectations is critical because it allows the Keynesian Model to handle the discrepancy that can (and usually does) occur between planned and actual or ‘realized’ outcomes. While such a discrepancy affects all expenditure items – C, I and G – Keynes placed special emphasis on the difference between planned (I) and actual or realized investment (Ir) by private firms. With this concept in mind we can say that:
(6.4) Y = C + Ir + G
By netting out common terms in Equations 5.3 and 5.4, we can conclude that:
(6.5) S + T = I + G
Similarly using Equations (6.2) and (6.4) we can conclude that in equilibrium:
(6.6) Ir = I
As we will see later in this course, the mechanism whereby realized investment is always equal to planned investment is business inventories in the Keynesian Model. (This assumption is, however, under question at present because of the recent dot.com bubble and the potential role of changes in physical capital rather than in inventories.)
There are, given our assumptions, three alternative ways of expressing equilibrium in the simplified Keynesian Model:
(6.2) Y = C + I + G
(6.5) S + T = I + G
(6.6) Ir = I
Let us quickly examine the implications of these three equilibrium conditions. First, Equation 6.2 implies that production of Y generates an equivalent level of income for households. Part of this income returns to firms: directly through the purchasing decisions of consumers (C); indirectly through the investment of consumer savings by firms; and, indirectly through the purchases of goods and services from firms by government (G) that is financed by taxes levied on households.
Second, Equation 6.5 implies that leakages from direct consumption (S +T) are exactly offset by injections (I + G) [(7th Ed. Fig. 5.2; 8th Ed Fig. 6.2]
Third, Equation 6.6 implies that planned and realized investment must be equal in equilibrium through the mechanism of adjustments in business inventories. If C + G are less than expected then business inventories will build up; if C + G is greater than expected business inventories are run down. To understand how planned and realized inventory invest can differ consider the case where:
(6.7) Y > E
C + Ir + G > C + I + G
Ir > I
In this case, actual inventories are larger than planned. Alternatively, consider the case:
(6.8) E > Y
C + I + G > C + Ir + G
I > Ir
In both Equations 6.7 and 6.8, firms will change their output decisions for the next planning period. If there are higher than desired inventories, output will fall; if there are lower than desired inventories, output will increase. The question remains: what is the desired level of inventories? This question in the Keynesian Model is answered by the experience of firms over many time periods. They learn that a certain level is optimal to allow for fluctuations in demand.
As we have seen aggregate demand in the Keynesian Model is made up of three components:
i - consumption (C);
ii - investment (I); and,
iii - government spending (G).
i – Consumption
Consumption accounts for 60 to 70% of aggregate demand. Keynes believed consumption was a stable function of disposable income, i.e. after tax income (YD = Y-T) where “T” represents ‘net taxes’, i.e. taxes minus transfers from government, e.g. UI payments. Other factors can influence consumption, e.g. expected increases in income or wealth as well as expected price changes. Such factors are not, however, generally considered significant. In summary, consumption is ‘induced’ by changes in the level of income, i.e. if income goes up C goes up and visa versa.
In the Keynesian Model the consumption function can be expressed as:
6.9 C = a + bYD where
a > 0
0 < b < 1
With respect to the terms of the consumption function: “a” represents ‘non-discretionary’ consumption or ‘survival’ spending. Thus even if you earn no income you still must eat and satisfy ‘survival requirements’, clothing, shelter etc. And how is this possible? One way is by selling off one’s assets; the other borrowing from friends or family. Non-discretionary consumption is visible in 7th Ed Fig. 5.3 and 8th Ed Fig. 6.3 as the intercept of the consumption function with the x-axis; and, “b” represents the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) or the slope of the consumption function relative to disposable income.
6.10 b = ΔC/ΔYD
It measures the increase in consumption from a unit increase in disposable income. Keynes assumed that any increase in disposable income YD would be split between consumption and savings, i.e. the increase in consumption would be less than the increase in YD. It is important to note that for individual households MPC varies according to income level. Thus the rich have a lower MPC than the poor. For the economy as a whole, however, an overall MPC can be calculated.
To sum up, it is assumed in the Keynesian Model that disposable income forms an accounting identity with consumption and savings as follows:
Through manipulation we can also establish the savings function (Fig. 5.4) as:
(6.12) S = -a + (1-b)YD
and the marginal propensity to save (MPS) , i.e. the increase in savings for a unit increase in disposable income as
6.13 ΔS/ΔYD = 1 – b
ii - Investment
For Keynes the change in the desired level of investment (I) by firms was a critical variable in insuring Y = E. While C was considered an induced variable by Keynes (induced by changing Y), he considered I an autonomous variable that changed not in response to ΔY but for other reasons. The two dominant factors in determining the level of I were the interest rate (r) and expected business condition, i.e. the expectation of earning a profit (π). The interest rate measured the direct or indirect cost of financing a project, i.e. investing. The anticipated profit to be earned was calculated relative to the cost of funds that must be paid to undertake the project. Given that an investment in a new plant may have to produce output for 20 or 30 years there are great uncertainties concerning investment. Some uncertainties are subject to ‘probabilistic calculation’; other, however, are what Keynes consider ‘true uncertainty’, i.e., there are risks involved. It was the willingness to accept these risks that Keynes’ summed up as ‘animal spirits’. Needless to say, such ‘spirits’ are fickle.
iii – Government Spending and Taxes
As with I, Keynes assumed that government spending and taxation were not direct functions of income, i.e. they are autonomous not induced variables of Y. Both are in fact ‘political’ variables and hence not necessarily related to ensuring Y = E.
We now have the necessary components to determine the equilibrium level of income. We begin with:
(6.2) Y = E = C + I + G
Y is the endogenous variable to be determined. Autonomous or exogenous variables: I, G & T are given from outside the model. Consumption, for the most part, is dependent or induced by changes in disposable income, i.e.
(6.9) C = a + bYD or
C = a + bY – bT
Substituting Equation 5.9 in 5.2, we get:
In 7th Ed Fig. 5.5 and 8th Ed Fig. 6.5 we can see the resulting curve. On the x-axis we measure Y. Along the y-axis we measure components of aggregate demand (C, I, G). When we plot the consumption function we have an upward positively sloped curve that intersects the y-axis at the level of non-discretionary consumption (a-bT). The slope of the curve is the Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC = b) reflecting how much of income will be spent on consumption, and, by deduction, how much will be saved and available for investment purposes.
If we add autonomous aggregate demand (I, G) they simply shift the consumption function up vertically by the exogenously determined value of I and G. The slope of the resulting Aggregate Expenditure Curve (AEC) remains the same as the Consumption Curve. I and G do not vary with Y.
A 45 degree line from the origin marks all points where Aggregate Expenditure equals output. The intersection of AEC and the 45 degree line indicates where equilibrium will be achieved (A in 7th Ed Fig. 5.5 and 8th Ed Fig. 6.5). Any point above A and the AEC indicates that demand exceeds output and business inventories will be run down forcing the system back to equilibrium. Any point below A and the AEC indicates that aggregate demand is less that existing output and inventories will be built up forcing the system back into equilibrium.
From Eq. 6.2 we know that Y = E = C + I + G, i.e., E = C + I + G. Replacing C using Eq. 5.9 we know E = a + bY – bT + I + G. Put another way: E = a – bT + I + G + bY where (a-bT +I + G) is the autonomous components of expenditure and the intercept while b is the slope of the curve, a coefficient of Y equal to the MPC. Every time an autonomous expenditure changes, Aggregate Expenditure will shift, vertically, by an equal amount reflected in the change of intercept.
Equilibrium aggregate demand, however, will change by an amount greater than the change in autonomous expenditure. The first indication becomes visible by comparing the vertical change in aggregate expenditure (due to a change in autonomous expenditure) with the horizontal change in equilibrium output. Due to the slope of the Aggregate Expenditure Curve the horizontal change will be greater than the vertical. How much greater?
This is where Keynes introduced one of his most important additions to economic thinking – the multiplier. In this case the aggregate expenditure multiplier. Using
we can separate out (1/1-b) from changes in autonomous spending (a-bT+I+G). In fact 1/1-b is the aggregate expenditure multiplier where b = MPC. If b is less than 1 then the denominator is less than 1 and when divided into 1 will generate a number (the multiplier) that is greater than 1. That is any change in autonomous spending, especially usually more unstable investment will lead to a larger change in output equilibrium.
It is important to note that in equilibrium it is assumed that I + G = S + T. If there were no government this would mean that I must equal S for equilibrium. One of Keynes criticisms of the Classical Model was that the ‘loanable funds doctrine’ was not necessarily true. On the one hand individuals might, due to fear and insecurity, hold cash without investing it. On the other, firms might be unwilling to invest as much as consumers are willing to save. This potential instability of investment lay at the heart of Keynes’ call for an interventionist government.
In 7th Ed Fig. 5.6 & 8th Ed Fig. 6.6 we can see the effect of the multiplier at work due to an increase in autonomous spending, specifically an increase in I. The increase in I shifts the AEC upwards by the ΔI but equilibrium output increases by more than ΔI. In effect income increases by ΔI which then increases consumption (ΔC) because part of increased Y is spent (specifically b ΔY). Therefore
ΔY = ΔI + ΔC may be expressed as
ΔY – ΔC = ΔI, and,
(6.19) ΔS = ΔI
Thus with T and G fixed, to restore equilibrium S must increase enough to balance ΔI. As ΔS = (1-b)ΔY and using Eq. 6.19
(1-b) ΔY = ΔI and, therefore,
(6.20) ΔY/ΔI = 1/MPS or
The same result will occur for ΔG. Thus,
ΔY = (1/1-b) ΔG, and,
(6.21) ΔY/ΔG = 1/1-b
There is a difference, however, with respect to a change in taxes, i.e. ΔT (Fig. 5.7).
ΔY = (1/1-b)(-b)ΔT, or,
(6.22) ΔY/ΔT = -b/1-b
Thus an increase in T reduces disposable income causing C to fall at every level of Y (7th Ed Fig. 5.7 & 8th Ed Fig. 6.7). However, a dollar increase in T causes C to fall only by (b) with the residual (1-b) absorbed through decreased savings. Thus unlike changes in autonomous expenditure that has a multiplier effect on Y, tax change has a less than one-to-one effect. It is assumed however that changes in T are ‘flat rate changes’, i.e., a fixed amount. A somewhat different result occurs if a change is made in tax brackets. Thus if under a system of progressive taxation those who earn more pay a higher rate a change in the rate structure will have differential implications. For example lower taxes on low income earners will have a larger impact on consumption (because low income earners tend to have a higher MPC). A tax change focus on high income earners will have a greater impact on savings because high income earners tend to have a higher MPS (unless they spend on luxury goods)
Given that changes in G or T can affect equilibrium income they can be used as conscious tools of macroeconomic policy to offset undesirable changes in I. In 7th Ed Fig. 5.8 & 8th Ed Fig. 6.8 we can see that a drop in I can be offset by increasing G.
So far we have assumed a ‘closed’ economy in which there are no exports or imports. Assuming X stands for exports and Z for imports we can specify the national income and expenditure equation as follows:
(6.23) Y = E = C + I + G + X – Z
Exports represent sales of current domestic production to foreigners. Accordingly it is part of aggregate demand. Imports, however, are purchases made from foreigners and not from current domestic production. In effect they represent a reduction in demand for domestic goods and services and are subtracted from aggregate demand.
But what is equilibrium in an open economy? We begin as before assuming G and I are autonomous of changes in Y. C , however, is induced by changes in Y, i.e.
(6.24) C = a + bY
But what determines exports and imports? Are they induced or autonomous to changes in Y? In the case of exports, demand is autonomous in that it is determined by foreign income not domestic; by the exchange rate and international prices, not domestic.
In the case of imports they depend on Y, i.e. they are induced by ΔY like C, i.e.
(5.25) Z = u + vY where
u represents the autonomous level of imports, i.e. analogous to (a)
v represents the marginal propensity to import, i.e. the percentage of additional income spent on imports
Of course if Z is induced by ΔY and C is induced by ΔY then the two are related, specifically any increase in Y will be split between consumption of domestically produce or imported goods and services. Starting with:
(6.23) Y = E = C + I + G + X – Z
And substituting : C = a + bY and Z = u + vY
(6.26) Y = (1/1-b+v)(a+ I + G + X + u)
Ignoring T, this compares with the closed economy equation
(6.27) Y = (1/1-b)(a+I+G)
The implication with respect to the expenditure multiplier is clear. The higher the propensity to import (v) the lower the multiplier. This, of course, reduces the effects of changes in autonomous expenditures, e.g. G. In effect imports act a ‘leakage’ from the system. The more leakage the less leverage is available to government, monetary authorities and domestic forces to effectively exercise macro-economic policies. | <urn:uuid:ca4c8827-4ce0-4b64-97c7-a10ce20d6ec2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.compilerpress.ca/ElementalEconomics/211%20&%20214%20Micro%20&%20Macro/Macro%20+%203.2a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.942913 | 4,609 | 4.09375 | 4 |
A sponsor is the individual who signs an affidavit of support for a family member or other qualifying individual immigrating to the United States. First and foremost, a sponsor accepts financial responsibility for the immigrant in addition to other legal responsibilities. If your relative or employee is coming to live in the United States permanently, an experienced immigration attorney could walk you through the sponsorship process and explain to you all of the responsibilities and obligations of a sponsor in Oak Brook.
Affidavit of Support
A prospective sponsor’s first responsibility is to complete an affidavit of support. This is a legally enforceable document that remains in effect.
In order to sponsor an immigrant relative, the sponsor must be at least 18 years of age and be either a citizen or a permanent resident of the United States. In the majority of cases, this also means that the sponsor must reside in the United States—or alternatively, in a United States possession or territory.
Providing Financial Support
Any individual acting as a visa sponsor for a relative or other immigrant must fulfill certain duties. One of the responsibilities and obligations of the sponsor in Oak Brook includes taking on financial responsibility for the immigrant.
An individual who signs an affidavit of support and serves as a sponsor becomes legally responsible for all the immigrant’s financial support. This support lasts until either the immigrant becomes a citizen of the United States or completes 40 quarters—which equates to approximately ten years—of work.
A sponsor’s financial obligations for the immigrant may come to an end under certain circumstances. For example, the sponsor’s obligation would end if the sponsored immigrant decides to leave the United States and is no longer a permanent resident. Divorce, on the other hand, does not act to end a sponsor’s legal obligations to the immigrant in question.
Moreover, in the event the sponsored immigrant receives certain public benefits, the sponsor is responsible for repaying those benefits in full to the agency which supplied them. If the sponsor fails to pay back those benefits, the agency can file a lawsuit against the sponsor and take the case to court. In court, the agency may be able to recover the money owed from the sponsor.
In some cases, the incomes of other household members and joint sponsors may be used to help satisfy the minimum income requirements for sponsors. In those instances, these other household members and joint sponsors may also be responsible for providing financial support to the sponsored immigrant.
Change of Address
In the event the sponsor changes their address after becoming a sponsor, they must notify United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) of that address change within 30 days. The sponsor does this by filing a Form I-865. If the sponsor fails to take action within the applicable time period, the government may impose a monetary fine.
Call an Attorney about Responsibilities and Obligations of the Sponsor in Oak Brook
The immigration laws and rules for sponsoring a relative or other individual on an immigrant visa can be convoluted and confusing. A knowledgeable immigration lawyer could assist you by explaining all the responsibilities and obligations of the sponsor in Oak Brook and making sure that you take all the necessary and appropriate legal actions. Call today to schedule an initial consultation. | <urn:uuid:c79e54ce-30e3-49d5-94b3-8497cda783b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://godoyolivieri.com/oak-brook-family-immigration-lawyer/sponsoring/responsibilities-and-obligations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947607 | 646 | 2.25 | 2 |
Descendants of Henry Hollingsworth (born
1598), father of Valentine Sr.
and the County Wexford - Wicklow families. Failte!
A Bit of Irish Quaker History
More Quaker History from Bob
For the first time in our family's history
all 112 "Hollingsworth Registers" are available online FREE.
Thanks to Cousin Don Hollingsworth
in Edmonton, Canada.
Some researchers think Henry
was born in
England , or even
Scotland . Henry was listed in an English
militia (as Hen Hollinworth) and could have
gone as a member of the
Ulster Plantation & Ulster-Scots
This activity was arranged
by the CROWN and the "undertakers" or landed gentry between
1609 - 1630 for the sole purpose of taking
(stealing) the land from the Irish
using any means
such as murder and starvation.
Henry is listed in the 1630 muster roll for Onealland
Barony, Ulster Plantation in County Armagh.
..John..of Giles...Valentine , has
my sincere thanks and gratitude for finding Valentine's
true IRISH official seal
on his 2005 trip to Belfast PRNOI.
In Ireland the Stag was one of the most
ancient of charges and was regarded as the most handsome.
The Stag represents the very ancestors of the Celtic race.
Compliments of Daniel S. Hollingsworth,
Waco, TX (email@example.com)
I took the image of our COA to a jeweler and had a ring
made of it and thought you would like a pic to show on the site....
He now has a mold of our Family COA and if anyone else
is interested in a piece, he would be happy to help, I'm sure.....
Irish toast. "May you be in heaven before the devil knows
you are dead."
1878 Brooklyn, New York
1897 Millville, New Jersey
About 1927-1928 Millville, New Jersey
after arrival in Boston. Same
family 19 years later.
About 1925 Millville, New Jersey
DNA Project Newsletter - Thanks to John & Doug
Wonderful 24/7 Irish internet music:
Thanks to the following
generous contributors of family history.
Harry Hollingsworth : Editor
of the Hollingsworth Register (Posthumously)
Clarence Miller Hollingsworth (Posthumously)
Donald Page Hollingsworth
Catherine Hollingsworth Murdock
Donna Hollingsworth Hocking
Betty Hollingsworth Sefcilk
Diane Hollingsworth Anderson
Elayne Hollingsworth Fitzner
Dolores Langley Solberg
John Hollingsworth (John of Giles........of Valentine)
Sheila Sue Cannon Justice
Douglas R. Hollingsworth's
NEW Valentine site:
Thomas Edgar Hollingsworth
Jo Hollingsworth & Simon Hollingsworth (
Where did our ancestors come
Bill Hollingsworth - Dublin/Blackrock
Bill's family history blog
Earl Jones's Family Site
Possible Henry Hollingsworth
origin theory by Harry Hollingsworth in his "Hollingsworth
Volume Two, December 1966,
this can't be set aside as not plausible.
kin to the family at Hollingworth Hall? By Douglas R.
Harry Hollingsworth had the idea there was a Pirate in the Hollingsworth
family line in March of 1967. PIRATE
Cousin Bill Hollingsworth expands on that thought in his research
Want to read more about our ancestor, Thomas the Pirate?
Cousin Bill Hollingsworth
of Blackrock, Ireland "Thomas the Pirate" research.
Thomas the Pirate
OUR HOLLINGSWORTH RELATIONSHIP TO ARTHUR COLLEY,
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON:
Church Vestry Book, Parish of Ballycanew, County Wexford,
Vestry Book PDF file
Descendants of Addison Hollingsworth
Dr. Harold Graham's Descendants of Addison
Decendants of Samuel F. Harlan and Elizabeth
Hollingsworth (Valentine Jr., Valentine Sr., Henry b: 1598)
Tackaberry family of Wexford/Wicklow Counties, Ireland
curiosity of Wally McMahon, Queensland
(Update June 2014))
Colley family history going back to
1400s Thanks to our cousin Wally McMahon, Down Under (September 2016)
Our cousin the actor
Elizabeth Ann Hollingsworth
, Lee's grandmother on his father's side.
T he Cranwills and the Kilpatricks from Dublin
by Virginia "Cranwill" Rundle
A Newly Discovered Hollingworth
Hall Related Y-DNA Signature
..... by Simon Hollingworth
NEW November 2015: Diocese of Ferns Marraiges
1661-1806 and Ferns Wills 1601-1800
Our thanks once again to: Henry (Harry) Hollingsworth
Decendants of Achsah
Hollingsworth & Reuben King Tanquary
email me at bluejay2000@
(SPAM) mail.com Tele: 508 430 1112
Table of Contents | <urn:uuid:e2c5eafa-7f2d-44f8-aa89-b7146974175c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.hollygardens.com/hollingsw/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.843054 | 1,326 | 1.695313 | 2 |
What is Technical SEO?
The process of preparing your website for the crawling and indexing phase is known as technical SEO. With technical SEO, you can easily assist search engines in accessing, crawling, interpreting, and indexing your website.
It’s called “technical” since it has nothing to do with the website’s real content or its promotion. The infrastructure of a website should be optimized as the primary objective of technical SEO.
How can Technical SEO elevate your website?
On your website, you could be producing the most insightful, engaging content ever; the kind of content that instantly turns site visitors into paying customers. However, your efforts would be in vain if search engines can’t properly browse and index your website. Technical SEO is crucial for this reason. Some elements, such as how quickly the page loads, are based on the user’s experience. Other elements aid search engine robots in understanding the content of your pages. Structured data accomplishes this among other things. Therefore, by enhancing technical elements, you aid search engines in scavanging and comprehending your website. If you succeed in doing this, you can be rewarded with improved ranks or even wealthy outcomes.
The opposite is also true: if you create severe technical errors on your website, they could cost you. By inadvertently inserting a trailing slash in the incorrect location in your robots.txt file, you wouldn’t be the first to completely prevent search engines from indexing your website. A website’s technical aspects should be your primary concern in order to appeal to search engines. A website should, first and foremost, function well for its users. It should be quick, clear, and simple to use. Fortunately, building a solid technical basis frequently results in a better user and search engine experience.
Characteristics of a technically optimized website
A technically optimized website loads quickly for users and is simple for search engine robots to crawl. A good technological foundation makes it easier for search engines to comprehend the purpose of a website and reduces confusion brought by, for example, duplicate material. Additionally, it doesn’t use broken links to direct users or search engines to dead ends. Here, we’ll briefly discuss some key traits of a website that has been technically optimized.
· It’s rapid
In this rapidly moving world, it is almost next to impossible to hold someone’s attention for a while which is why websites need to load as quickly as possible. Google is aware that slow websites don’t always provide the best user experience. They, therefore, favor websites that load quickly. A slow website thus receives even less traffic because it is listed lower in the search results than its speedier counterpart.
· Lesser dead links
Waiting for a website to load is better than landing on a page that does not even exist. When you move or delete a page, you should always redirect the URL to avoid needless dead links. Redirecting it to a page that replaces the previous page is ideal.
· Eradicates the skepticism on duplicate content
Unluckily, you can be struggling with duplicate material without even realising it. Different URLs may display the same material due to technical limitations. Visitors won’t notice a difference, but search engines will notice since they will view the same material on a different URL. To sum up, Technical SEO is essentially about building websites that search engines can crawl, read, and comprehend. Google indexes, crawls, and ranks pages in three different ways. The accuracy of all three processes is ensured by good technical SEO. Without being properly sorted and indexed, you cannot rank well. | <urn:uuid:81690b99-d488-40dc-bdb1-31f44b96ea7c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.digistreetmedia.com/blog/technical-seo-optimization-a-boost-for-your-website/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.929676 | 746 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Effective teachers know their content and continue to improve their own understanding within the disciplines to ensure student learning. Are there subjects or topics that you struggle to teach? What do you do to ensure you have the correct knowledge and skills to improve student comprehension and depth of knowledge?
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Discount code SAVE25 | <urn:uuid:f0b65bfd-029b-4e56-9ebe-55705b9bb106> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://graduatednurses.org/2021/05/22/topic-14-dq-1-effective-teachers-know-their-content-and-continue-to-improve-their-own-understand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.924408 | 320 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Itchy skin driving you nuts? You may have one of these conditions
If you’ve got an itch to scratch, working out what it is and how to fix it is half the battle. Here are a few causes of itchy skin.
Most of us have experienced the irritating discomfort of itchy skin from time to time.
Known medically as pruritis, it may come and go, affect a small part of our body, or be more widespread.
Causes of itchy skin are many and varied, and can include insect bites, internal diseases, nerve disorders or allergic reactions.
Here are some common triggers for itchy skin and ways to find relief.
- Calendula cream: A soothing remedy for itchy skin
Dry skin is one of the most common causes of itchiness.
“(It occurs when) grease glands in our skin that naturally moisturise it don’t work as well,” dermatologist Dr Warren Weightman says.
To help manage the problem, minimise use of soaps, as these can further dry the skin, and opt for soap-free cleansers, and choose thicker, greasier moisturisers that can help seal in moisture.
- Skin blemishes: 7 reasons for dots, spots, or blotches
Hives or urticaria are red, raised bumps often triggered by an allergic reaction, medication or an infection.
Hives are rarely caused by a serious underlying problem and usually disappear within a few hours or days.
Treatment may include actions to relieve the discomfort, such as a cool bath or cold press, or over-the-counter antihistamine medication.
Many people have an underlying tendency for eczema says Dr Weightman, a Fellow of the Australasian College of Dermatologists.
“It’s common in children but most grow out of it, however it can present again as skin gets older and drier,” Dr Weightman says.
Eczema causes red, scaly patches on the skin – mostly on elbows and behind the knees – and it often goes hand in hand with hay fever or asthma.
“Some things make eczema worse, like chlorine in swimming pools and spas, and overheating,” Dr Weightman says.
Grass, dust mites, pollen, perfumes, soaps and woollen or synthetic fabrics can also aggravate eczema.
To manage eczema flare-ups, your GP or dermatologist may recommend regular moisturising with emollients and you may also be prescribed a anti-inflammatory treatment such as a topical steroid.
- Skin microbiome: How rewilding can work wonders for your skin
RACGP Dermatology chair Dr Jeremy Hudson says dry weather, air conditioning and heaters can also cause dry, itchy skin.
“Have cooler or shorter showers, gently pat skin dry with a towel and use a basic moisturiser to protect the skin during the day,” Dr Hudson recommends.
Another common cause of itchy skin, psoriasis is characterised by thick red, scaly patches — most often on the scalp, knees and elbows.
Research suggests psoriasis is caused by a problem with the immune system, which may be influenced by factors such as genetics and environmental triggers such as infections, stress, pregnancy and some medications, like beta-blockers and lithium.
Treatment can involve avoidance of potential triggers, as well as medications prescribed by a GP or dermatologist.
“Topical steroids are often the first line treatment,” Dr Weightman says.
“Cold tar creams are an old-style but effective treatment and ultraviolet light therapy may also bring relief.”
- Wound care: Why jojoba needs to be part of your skin routine
If your skin comes into contact with a harmful fungus, it may cause a rash to appear.
Common fungal rashes include tinea, Athlete’s foot, jock itch, scabies and ringworm.
Fungal rashes can be managed by taking general measures such as cleaning the potential exposure sites (such as bathrooms, floors), washing any potentially infected towels, clothing or footwear in temperatures of at least 60C, and using topical or oral antifungal medication to control the outbreak.
Written by Sarah Marinos. | <urn:uuid:f29cf06b-f7c7-41e0-85ed-392fa52fe847> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.houseofwellness.com.au/health/conditions/itchy-skin-driving-you-nuts-conditions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.940645 | 928 | 2.609375 | 3 |
We have developed a simple and effective means of using alkylammonium ion-pairing agents, such as cetyltetramethylammonium bromide, to recover matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric (MALDI-MS) signals from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-containing protein and peptide samples. A two-layer method of matrix preparation, with a bottom matrix layer of ion-pairing agents and a top matrix layer of SDS protein samples, is essential for reproducible MALDI mass spectra with good recovery. Both buffer ions and ion-pairing agents have profound effects on signal recovery and can be rapidly and systematically optimized. This practical technique, termed ion-pair assisted recovery (IPAR), is compatible with major SDS-based biotechniques and can be easily incorporated into high-throughput proteomic analysis.
- Ion pair
- Mass spectrometry
- Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
- Sodium dodecyl sulfate
ASJC Scopus subject areas | <urn:uuid:cf427489-64b5-4e2c-8536-52374a573e3e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/ion-pair-assisted-recovery-of-matrix-assisted-laser-desorptionion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.812062 | 240 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Do any of you remember the old monster movies? You know the ones that begin by showing the front of an old nostalgic movie theater, and all of the sudden crowds of people come rushing out onto the streets screaming for their lives. Soon after this scene we usually see the monster come bursting out through the front of the movie theater, usually tearing down the “now showing” sign (which ironically bears the monsters own name). Do you remember these images? I do, and I always like what happened next. The movie pauses with the monster front and center while large diagonal letters come across the screen saying, “It came from within!” This imagery of a monster coming forth devouring all in its path is quite descriptive of what is happening in our text today.
In this passage, James describes the anatomy of temptation, and contrary to popular opinion, James says the origin of temptation comes from within. | <urn:uuid:85c9d755-2ced-46d5-9605-bd9b37248ed2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sonrisecc.com/2015/07/13/james-113-18-it-came-from-within/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.936671 | 184 | 1.757813 | 2 |
While it may seem astounding that some people still believe The Lord of the Rings is just a book, this is perhaps only to be expected when you consider the wealth of misinformation that is out there. What I would like to make clear today is not *that* The Lord of the Rings took place on the earth (a fact opposed only by the most rabid of “Red-book-deniers”), but rather *when* The Lord of the Rings took place on earth.
First let us look at the most prevalent theory of The Lord of the Rings‘ place in our prehistoric timeline, that is, the theory presented by its chronicler J.R.R. Tolkien himself. Tolkien has hinted that we are living in the beginning of the 7th age. Where then does this put the timeline of The Lord of the Rings? Assuming that each age ends with the fall of a tyrannical ruler/nation (as the 1st-3rd ages end), I would say that the following timeline is reasonable:
- 8055 BC – Beginning of the Third Age (the first age of the world as we now know it).
- 5034 BC – Beginning of the Fourth Age (following the fall of Sauron and the destruction of the one ring).
- 2018 BC – Beginning of the Fifth Age (following the fall of Sumer)
- 395 AD – Beginning of the Sixth Age (following the fall of the Roman Empire)
- 1945 AD – Beginning of the Seventh Age (following the fall of Nazi Germany)
Astute readers will notice that this puts about 10,000 years from the changing of the world from flat to round at the end of the second age. 10,000 years is also in keeping with the type of creationism that the devoutly religious Tolkien would have espoused. Perhaps he too fell upon the creationist crutch of “long years in the beginning” to explain such a relatively short time period for our earth. Either way, I see no way to reconcile Tolkien’s world with our own were we to use this abbreviated 10,000 year timeline. Archaeological findings, modern science and geological evidence would all quickly disprove any attempt to place the fall of Sauron and the destruction of the One Ring anywhere near 5000 BC.
So where then shall we look? The answer I say lies back, way back. Based on close readings of the many maps of Middle-earth along with geological reconstructions of pre-drift continental plates, the time period of The Lord of the Rings could only have existed in the late Triassic era–around 200,000,000 BC. “Surely the book could not have taken place this long ago!” you may say, but this was undoubtedly the time period.
The first and most obvious evidence for placing the book in this prehistoric time period is in the map evidence. The ancient Numenorian sailors were excellent mapmakers and their maps all clearly coincide with one and only one landmass: Pangaea before its split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland. Keep in mind this was a time when the earth had newly been made round and Valinor was no longer present in the physical realm (being only reachable by the mystical “straight road”) thus leaving only one land mass surrounded by a great super ocean Belegaer (or Panthalassa as it is called today). The scientifically reconstructed coastline of Pangaea is an exact match when compared to the ancient maps of Middle-earth.
‘But what of the pleasing theory that Numenor was the lost land of Atlantis?’ you might say. That too can be reconciled. If we continue with our Pangaea theory then that would put Numenor off the Western Coast of South America at the end of the Second Age. Suddenly it becomes apparent that Atlantis and the even more legendary Pacific continent of Mu are positioned in the same place. This is the final proof that the two fabled lost continents of Mu and Atlantis were actually one and the same! At long last SCIENCE has solved that age-old riddle!
Irrefutable map evidence is only half of the equation though. Our other nagging questions are: what became of the myriad other races of middle earth that are no longer with us, and how did the race of man fall from what appeared to be a thriving position at the beginning of the Fourth Age?
As it turns out, these two events are catastrophically connected. If we continue with our Late Triassic era timeline it soon becomes apparent that even the hardiest of dwarven warriors and even the bravest of the Rohirrim could not hold out against a world wide extinction even that occurred 200 million years ago (the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event as it is called today) that wiped out about 20% of all marine families as well as most non-dinosaurian archosaurs, all humans, most therapsids, the last of the elves and dwarves, the last of the large amphibians, and most Hobbits.
The cause of this event is still mostly unknown, but recently some evidence has been retrieved from near the Triassic-Jurassic boundary suggesting that there was a rise in atmospheric CO2 and some researchers have suggested that the cause of this rise, and of the mass extinction itself, could have been a combination of volcanic CO2 outgassing and catastrophic dissociation of gas hydrate. But what would cause such a catastrophic volcanic event? Oh I don’t know, it couldn’t have had anything to do with some crazy hobbits throwing the last great magical ring of power into the depths of the most active volcano center on the planet could it!? If you play with fire, you should expect to get burned. If you throw a source of infinite evil and unlimited power into the fire, you should expect everyone to get burned. It seems to make perfect sense that the repercussions of the destruction of the One Ring had not fully been seen by the end of The Lord of the Rings.
So what are we left with at the end of this great destruction? Only the dragons (or dinosaurs as they are called today) with their jewel encrusted underbellies and natural love of all things firey were left standing and went on to rule the rest of the fourth age. Nearly all bipeds went extinct, condemned to not rise again for a couple hundred million years, while all evidence of the great civilizations built by Man, Dwarf, and Elf were completely wiped out in the volcanic holocaust brought about by the destruction of the One Ring.
So the next time you catch yourself thinking that history starts with The Epic of Gilgamesh, you might want to keep in mind that there is an “epic” history of a time long before Gilgamesh, and it’s called The Lord of the Rings (now PROVEN by SCIENCE!) | <urn:uuid:b969e165-646b-4588-865a-4cf8703d81e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://isleyunruh.com/examination-when-lord-rings-took-place-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.967143 | 1,420 | 2.890625 | 3 |
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How to calculate your mortgage qualification
What’s behind the numbers in our ‘How Much Can I Borrow?’ mortgage calculator
When buying a home, the question “How much can I borrow?” should be the second question you ask. The most important consideration is, “How much house can I afford?” That’s because, even with all the angst involved in applying for and being approved for a home loan, lenders are often inclined to loan you more money than you expect.
That’s a surprising — and important — reality.
As much as you want to buy a home, lenders want to loan you money. And the bigger the loan, the happier they are. You’ll know why when you see the estimate of the interest you’ll pay over the life of the loan. It’s a really big number.
But if you know how much home you can afford, of course, you’ll want to learn how much you can borrow. The NerdWallet “How much can I borrow?” calculator can give you a solid estimate.
The calculator considers standard mortgage payment elements, such as principal and interest. Then, we take things a few steps further, factoring in taxes, insurance — even homeowner association dues — to help determine a real-life monthly payment.
We also examine your income and debt, just as a lender would, to determine the maximum home loan amount you’re likely to qualify for.
What a ‘How Much Can I Borrow?’ calculator does
The NerdWallet “How much can I borrow?” mortgage calculator utilizes an easy step-by-step process:
To begin, input:
Your annual income (before taxes)
The mortgage term you’ll be seeking
Your monthly recurring debt
If you don’t know how much your recurring debt payments add up to in a month, click the “No. Help me!” button. We’ll walk you through typical debts, like car loans and student debt.
At this point, we’ll estimate your property taxes and insurance. You can also adjust those numbers if you have specific estimates.
Enter monthly HOA dues (if applicable) if you know what they’ll be. If not, you can always come back to this later.
Now, your results will appear, including:
An estimate of the maximum mortgage amount that NerdWallet recommends
A ballpark of your monthly mortgage payment
The maximum amount a lender might qualify you for
And how much your monthly mortgage payment might be for that amount
How to use a ‘How Much Can I Borrow?’ mortgage calculator
With this calculator, you can run some “what-if” scenarios. For example, you may consider:
How long will I live in this home? That can greatly impact your decision on whether to choose a 30-year fixed rate loan or a shorter term. The longer term will provide a more affordable monthly payment, but you’ll pay a lot more interest over the long term. A 15-year fixed-rate mortgage will cost you way less interest over the life of the loan, but your monthly payment will be considerably more.
Is an adjustable-rate mortgage a better option for me? If you plan on being in this home for just a few years, a 5/1 ARM could be a good option. You’ll enjoy a lower initial interest rate that’s fixed for five years, but the rate changes annually after that.
Am I trying to buy too much house? Sure, lenders may be more than happy to put your name on a big loan, but how do you feel about it? Are you comfortable with how it may impact your monthly budget, or are you feeling a bit stretched? Consider how your new home costs may impact your other spending goals, such as travel and savings.
How much of a down payment should I make? It’s always the big question. Are you putting down as little as possible and having to make up for it with larger monthly payments — and possibly having to pay mortgage insurance?
Mortgage affordability 101
It’s not what you can borrow, it’s what you can afford
In some respects, the mortgage lending industry is working against your best interest. If you are deemed a qualified borrower, a lender is prone to approve you for the maximum it believes you can afford. But in some cases, that amount may be too generous.
Buying a home always means dealing with big numbers. And the impact to your budget may seem to be a stretch, particularly in the beginning. The challenge is buying a home that meets your current and future needs, without feeling like all of your money is in your home — leaving you without the financial freedom to travel, save for other priorities and have a cash flow cushion.
Now that the NerdWallet ‘How much can I borrow calculator’ has given you an idea of your buying power, you may want to gut-check the number by:
Run affordability scenarios. You can get another view of your home-buying budget by running some what-ifs through the NerdWallet home affordability calculator.
Talk to more than one lender. You are more likely to get a better interest rate by comparing terms offered by multiple lenders, and it might be illuminating to see the loan amounts different lenders will qualify you for.
Consider all homeownership expenses. It’s not just what’s built into your monthly payment — such as insurance, taxes and the rest — but the other having-a-home expenses, like structural upkeep, new furniture, maybe even yard maintenance equipment.
What factors impact the amount you can borrow
Lenders consider several factors in determining the amount you qualify for, including:
Your debt-to-income ratio. Our ‘How much can I borrow calculator?’ depends on an accurate input of your income and recurring debt. You’ll want to really hone those figures down to a fine point, because lenders will be using them too.
Your loan-to-value ratio. This ratio is a function of the amount of money you put down. If you want to drill down on this calculation, use NerdWallet’s loan-to-value calculator.
Your credit score. This number impacts the pricing of your loan, more than how much you’ll qualify for. But that’s really important. If you don’t know your score, get it here.
How can I qualify to borrow more?
If you’re disappointed by the ‘how much can I borrow’ results, remember that there are many factors at work. Small improvements in one or more can make a substantial difference:
A bigger down payment always helps. The more money you put down, the better you’ll look in the eyes of the lender.
Be a tactical buyer. If school districts won’t play a role in your family for years, consider finding a home in a transitioning neighborhood; maybe buying a starter home rather than a forever home. You’ll likely get a better home value and won’t need to borrow as much.
Reduce debt; even a little. Paying off — or down — a credit card or two can help in several ways. Your debt-to-income ratio will go down and you may even get a nice bump in your credit score. | <urn:uuid:dbaef3e1-6d89-4457-8ae2-6c91c074bd27> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/mortgages/how-much-can-i-borrow-calculator?trk_channel=web&trk_copy=Mortgage%20Calculator%3A%20How%20Much%20Can%20I%20Borrow%3F&trk_element=hyperlink&trk_elementPosition=1&trk_location=PostList&trk_subLocation=next-steps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947395 | 1,618 | 1.585938 | 2 |
West Africa Needs Better Response To Control Ebola Outbreak
Washington Post: West Africa can’t manage the Ebola outbreak
“…West Africa had not seen a major Ebola outbreak and was unprepared. Its public health infrastructure is weak. There was no quick incident response system with a command-and-control structure, and no comprehensive public health plan for a mobile population. … Other West African countries must heed the lesson of Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. Deaths can be prevented if their leaders face the danger and implement complete, proven methods of control” (6/29). | <urn:uuid:cb716a46-af30-4e34-b9ef-1b38447e18d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kff.org/news-summary/west-africa-needs-better-response-to-control-ebola-outbreak/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.91319 | 117 | 2.390625 | 2 |
There are two strategies to play tennis. One strategy is that you play offensively and go for a winning shot often. The other strategy is to play defensively and only aim to return the ball while hoping that the other person will himself/herself hit the ball out.
Now if you are an expert and have years of practice then the first strategy might work for you, but it always comes with the risk of hitting the ball out or on the net. If you are not an expert though, then you are much more likely to win if instead of trying to get a lot of winning shots you just try to avoid a lot of losing ones.
While we like to believe that after 12 years of investing in the stock market we have developed some expertise in the field, we make it a point to avoid as many land mines as possible.
In this email, we talk about a few red flags in companies that every investor must stay cautious of –
Low Promoter Holding – If the company you are investing in has a low promoter holding then that indicates that the management has little skin in the game. We prefer that the companies we invest in have its management well incentivized to take decisions for the long term well being of the company. Our minimum requirement for Promoter holding is 40%.
Major growth from inorganic sources – Sometimes you might notice that a company is delivering excellent growth; however, on a deeper look you find that it’s mostly from acquisitions. Such growth from inorganic sources like acquisitions etc. might not be sustainable in the long run. More over, acquisitions come with bigger challenges of their own.
Major CAPEX – If a company is planning a huge CAPEX (~1.5-2 times or more than the current fixed assets) then that is something to be cautious of. Major capital expenditures come with their own challenges of funding issues, time-delays, over supply, down-cycle, etc. Highly leveraged balance sheets can prove to be highly risky if not managed properly.
Dishonest Management – Investing in a stock is no different from partnering with a company. And if your partner is dishonest then there is little to no chance that you will be able to make money. If the management is getting involved in questionable related party transactions or taking decisions that do not reflect the long term benefit of the shareholders then it is a big red flag.
Poor Capital Allocation – In order to generate good returns on a sustained basis, a company must be good at allocating the capital earned. If a company has a poor record of investing earned money into unprofitable and unrelated ventures then that is a red flag. The company should be good at expanding its core business and generating good ROCE (Return on Capital Employed).
Constantly increasing working capital cycle – If the company is constantly increasing its credit line in order to inflate sales numbers then that is a red flag and often not sustainable. A constantly increasing working capital cycle (in terms of number of days) is often a sign of such a scenario.
Note – These pointers are just red flags that demand thorough attention from a stock analyst/investor. This list is not complete and there are many more red flags to stay cautious from.
You can subscribe to premium memberships Alpha or Alpha + HERE | <urn:uuid:cfe45f18-b977-4406-94a0-bd78d9c0db46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://katalystwealth.com/2021/04/24/companies-to-stay-away-from/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.956544 | 682 | 1.523438 | 2 |
- Research article
- Open Access
Temporal dynamics in total excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths in Italian cities
BMC Public Health volume 20, Article number: 1238 (2020)
Standardized mortality surveillance data, capable of detecting variations in total mortality at population level and not only among the infected, provide an unbiased insight into the impact of epidemics, like COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease). We analysed the temporal trend in total excess mortality and deaths among positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 by geographical area (north and centre-south), age and sex, taking into account the deficit in mortality in previous months.
Data from the Italian rapid mortality surveillance system was used to quantify excess deaths during the epidemic, to estimate the mortality deficit during the previous months and to compare total excess mortality with deaths among positive cases of SARS-CoV-2. Data were stratified by geographical area (north vs centre and south), age and sex.
COVID-19 had a greater impact in northern Italian cities among subjects aged 75–84 and 85+ years. COVID-19 deaths accounted for half of total excess mortality in both areas, with differences by age: almost all excess deaths were from COVID-19 among adults, while among the elderly only one third of the excess was coded as COVID-19. When taking into account the mortality deficit in the pre-pandemic period, different trends were observed by area: all excess mortality during COVID-19 was explained by deficit mortality in the centre and south, while only a 16% overlap was estimated in northern cities, with quotas decreasing by age, from 67% in the 15–64 years old to 1% only among subjects 85+ years old.
An underestimation of COVID-19 deaths is particularly evident among the elderly. When quantifying the burden in mortality related to COVID-19, it is important to consider seasonal dynamics in mortality. Surveillance data provide an impartial indicator for monitoring the following phases of the epidemic, and may help in the evaluation of mitigation measures adopted.
The first COVID-19 cases in China were reported in December 2019, spreading quickly first to neighbouring countries like Japan and South Korea and, then across Europe, including Italy. On the 13th of July, the WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic currently affecting 210 countries and a death toll of almost 600,000 deaths and around 13 million cases . A recent estimate suggested the burden can reach 1.0 to 2.4 billion people with severe COVID-19 cases, among those more vulnerable due to underlying clinical conditions .
The COVID-19 epidemic has been unique from several points of view in Italy , starting well before other European countries, with over 200,000 cases reported and one of the highest fatality rates worldwide (from 0·3% in the 30–39 age group to 20·2% in the 80+ age group) and with males at greater risk [4, 5]. From the first stages of the epidemic, the burden on hospitals and intensive care units was significant [6,7,8]. Moreover, the epidemic had a heterogeneous geographical distribution, with northern Italy being hit hardest with 90% of the COVID-19 death toll .
Standardized mortality data from rapid surveillance systems, capable of detecting variations in total mortality at population level and not only among the infected, can provide an unbiased and independent insight into the impact of epidemics like COVID-19 [10,11,12]. At the European level, the EuroMOMO surveillance network which includes 24 countries (including Italy) and is part of ECDC surveillance, estimated an overall excess from week 1 to 18 of 2020 of 185,287 deaths thus higher than the official COVID-19 estimates .
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, data from the Italian rapid mortality surveillance system (SiSMG), has been used to estimate the impact on mortality in near-real time in terms of excess deaths, and results have been published in weekly reports and publications [14, 15]. To date, a comparison of total mortality and COVID-19 deaths has not been carried out in Italy and can help quantify the overall burden and evaluate the direct and indirect effects of the epidemic.
SiSMG reports have shown a greater excess in mortality among the elderly (+ 49% in 15–64 age group to + 103% in the 85+ in northern cities) and among males as shown in previous studies on COVID-19 deaths in Italy. Recent patient cohort studies confirm a higher infection and mortality risk among males and in the elderly [16, 17].
When quantifying the overall burden, the seasonal dynamics in mortality and the role of concurrent risk factors that influence mortality trends, especially among the pool of frail elderly with a compromised health conditions and short life span [10, 18] that are at greater risk, need to be considered. Specifically, the potential role of below-average mortality in months prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, possibly associated to the moderate influenza intensity and above average winter temperatures, need to be accounted for when estimating excess mortality.
The paper aims to analyse the temporal trend in total excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths defined as deaths among subjects with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reported to the Italian National Surveillance system . Furthermore, the study estimates the burden of total mortality taking into account the potential role of the mortality deficit in months prior the outbreak, by geographical area (north and centre and south), age and sex.
SiSMG mortality data
Since 2004, an ad-hoc rapid mortality surveillance system (SiSMG) for the real-time monitoring of daily deaths has been operational in major Italian cities and allows for the routinely evaluation of the health impact of extreme weather events and influenza epidemics [10, 20]. SISMG data was provided by DEPLAZIO who manages the system on behalf of the Ministry of Health [14, 21]. Individual records include: date of birth and death, sex, place of death (in-hospital, out-of-hospital), and municipalities of birth, residency and death. SiSMG data includes deaths occurring among residents dying in the municipality of residency. The study period was comprised between 1/12/2020 and 20/04/2020.
COVID-19 deaths data
Data on COVID-19 deaths was provided by the Italian National Health Institute (ISS) that coordinates the Italian National Integrated COVID-19 Surveillance System that collects laboratory RT-PCR confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Italy through an online secure database . A COVID-19 related death is defined as any death with a laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of pre-existing disease. Each record also reports information on the municipality of residence, region of death, sex, and age. Data is published in near real-time and epidemiological reports are provided weekly. Data was available for the same period as SiSMG data.
The 31 Italian cities included in SiSMG, corresponding to 53.8% (10,593,915 residents) of urbanized Italian areas, were grouped in into two geographical areas: north (12 cities) and centre and south (19 cities). The two areas had extremely different patterns of COVID-19 onset times, absolute numbers of cases, velocity of infection spread and mortality toll, therefore were analysed separately. Daily baseline mortality was computed as the average number of deaths registered in the same week and weekday of the previous five years for each area, age group and sex. Excess daily mortality was calculated as the difference between observed and baseline mortality counts. We then split the time-series into a pre-COVID and a COVID period starting from the date in which consecutive COVID-19 deaths were recorded (north: 29th of February, centre and south: 11th of March). For the COVID period, we calculated total excess mortality and compared it to the number of COVID-19 deaths. Residual deaths were derived by difference.
Deficit mortality in the pre-COVID period was quantified to have a measure of the potential mortality displacement in the pool of susceptible individuals which were then exposed to the virus. Finally, we computed the ratio between the deficit mortality in the pre-COVID period and the total excess in the COVID period as an estimate of the mortality displacement phenomenon.
All analyses were conducted using R statistical software (version 3.6.0) .
Figure 2 shows a consistent deficit in mortality in the pre-COVID period (green area) in both geographical areas. In northern cities total mortality increased abruptly from the beginning of March, reaching a peak at the end of the month, mirrored by the trend in COVID-19 deaths but not in absolute numbers. The plot on the right shows the temporal trend in the proportion of excess deaths not reported as COVID-19 deaths. At the beginning, when total numbers were low, the residual component was limited, while it reached its maximum in correspondence to the peak of the epidemic and greatest excess in mortality. In central and southern Italy, total excess mortality due to COVID-19 started later on and was more contained, and the gap between total excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths was limited with no clear trend.
Total excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths by age and sex, for the two periods, are shown in Fig. 3 and Table 1. In the north of Italy, excess mortality in the COVID-19 period (red bars) was greater than COVID-19 mortality (yellow bars): out of a total of 5028 excess deaths, only 52% were coded as COVID-19. The excess was only marginally explained by the deficit in mortality in the pre-epidemic period (green bars, Fig. 3). The harvesting fraction, quantified as the portion of the excess needed to fill the gap in mortality occurred during the pre-COVID period, was, of 16% overall (Table 1).
Results by age showed very diverse patterns, with COVID-19 deaths explaining almost all the excess among the youngest groups and only a minor portion among the very old (aged 85+ years). Conversely, the proportion of excess explained by the mortality deficit in the pre-COVID period rapidly declined from 67% in the youngest to 1% to the oldest age group. Results by sex showed a negligible displacement in both men and women (16% of the total excess mortality), with a higher fraction of excess explained by COVID-19 deaths among males (63%).
In central and southern cities, deficit mortality in the pre-COVID period was greater, and excess mortality during the epidemic was more contained (Fig. 3). Overall, COVID-19 deaths accounted for 62% of the total excess mortality, with similar differences by age group as in northern cities. The mortality deficit in the pre-COVID period was greater than the excess mortality registered during the outbreak among those aged below 85 years and among females, resulting in proportions of potential displacement greater than 100% in these subgroups (Table 1).
Our study provides a useful insight on the impact of COVID-19 in Italy both in terms of total excess mortality and the proportion of COVID-19 deaths. Standardized total mortality surveillance data and laboratory confirmed COVID-19 cases are important tools for public health, not only for monitoring the impact but also for a more efficient response of health services towards those most at risk. Moreover, total mortality data paralleled by COVID-19 laboratory confirmed deaths can provide a more detailed picture of infection severity on a population, and the possible indirect effects (e.g. due to containment measures). Results confirm that cities in the North of Italy had the greatest mortality burden and only half of the excess deaths were reported as COVID-19 deaths. Moreover, a consistent difference by age group was observed: in the youngest groups (15–64 and 65–74 years) COVID-19 deaths account for all the excess, whereas among subjects aged 85+ years only 37% of excess deaths were reported as COVID-19 deaths. It should be noted that in the younger age groups the excess is mostly among subjects aged 50 years or more, as reported in other studies [4, 5].
The mismatch between excess mortality and COVID-19 reported deaths may be attributed to differential testing strategies and to hospital and health system overload especially during the epidemic peak as documented in previous studies both from Italy and other countries [12, 25]. Different aspects need to be taken into account when interpreting the difference in the portion of the excess explained by COVID-19 deaths by age group. In fact, at the beginning of the epidemic, the test was recommended for patients with more severe clinical symptoms related to COVID-19 and required hospitalization, while it was uncommon among subject with mild symptoms, or symptoms not directly attributable to COVID-19. This could be the case for the elderly population due to the difficulties of recognizing COVID-19-like symptoms or even to a non-regulated discrimination in favour of the youngest for the limited testing offer. Furthermore, among those residing in nursing homes, testing was possibly carried out with some delay when the epidemic had already spread in the closed setting of high-risk patients. In the province of Bergamo in the Lombardy region, more than 600 elderly residing in nursing homes died between the 7th and the 27th of March, 2020 .
In this study, age and sex were confirmed as risk factors for COVID-related mortality. The elderly (aged 65+ years) and males show a higher mortality, confirming previous findings [5, 16, 27,28,29]. A possible explanation of the excess in mortality in the oldest age group can be due to multiple comorbidities which rapidly deteriorate with virus infection and cannot be distinguished from COVID-19 clinical signs. Moreover, the excess in males could be related to a greater susceptibility to viruses related to male hormones [17, 28]. In our study, the overlap between total and COVID-19 related mortality was greater among males, suggesting a more severe clinical progression requiring hospitalization, as suggested by the pro-inflammatory pathway activated in old men by the reduced testosterone levels [16, 28].
In parallel, the COVID-19 epidemic produced an unprecedented mobilization of the health system to respond to this emergency, thus reducing elective treatments in all settings. While on the other hand, the use of emergency services saw a dramatic decline during the COVID-19 outbreak, suggesting a collective fear of being infected within a hospital setting. A study conducted in the Lazio region, Italy showed a drop in emergency room visits during the COVID-19 epidemic, with a 50% reduction in acute coronary syndrome and acute cerebrovascular disease with a possible impact on mortality . Similarly, a US study showed a reduction in emergency room visits during the containment period suggesting that underlying determinants are not affected by population characteristics . Interestingly, the study also found a larger reduction in myocardial infarction among males and in the 65–74 age group, providing another potential explanation of the observed heterogeneity in the proportion of COVID-19 deaths by age and gender . An increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests was also reported in the Lombardy Region during COVID-19 outbreak . Other studies suggest a reduction in cancer screening rates during lockdown periods in some countries . Maintaining continuity of essential services and empowerment of citizens is essential to protect the population especially elderly, with chronic diseases.
Furthermore, our study provides estimates of total excess mortality taking into account mortality deficits in previous months. Below average mortality was observed mostly in the 75–84 age group in previous months and was greater in central and southern cities. It is interesting to note is that the mortality deficit during the COVID-19 epidemic was exceeded in the northern regions, while in central and southern cities, when taking into account the mortality deficit of previous months, no excess was observed. Among the very old (85+ years) there was hardly any displacement in mortality as one would expect among this frail population. Results show that when quantifying the mortality burden related to COVID-19, it is important to consider seasonal dynamics in mortality and possible deficits in previous months.
The Italian Government issued national lockdown on the 9th of March, with an escalation of mitigation measures such as staying at home, closure of schools, shutting down of non-essential businesses such as restaurants and bars, and the transition to smart working where possible across public and private sectors . From the 4th of May measures were relaxed across Italy and we entered the re-opening phase. Epidemic models suggest that mitigation measures in Italy, probably had a key role in reducing the impact in central and southern regions compared to the north suggesting their potential effectiveness in containing the epidemic [35, 36].
Whether the new coronavirus is similar or not to other viruses of the same family is still unclear. Other coronaviruses had a strong seasonality with a winter peak and very limited virus circulation in the May to November period . Some scenarios have been hypothesized for the coming months, one possibility is that the higher temperature of the coming months could reduce virus transmission as suggested by a few studies .
Our results underline the importance of considering both total excess mortality and COVID-related death, the temporal trends and the potential displacement in mortality of the pre-pandemic period when assessing the impact of the epidemic in order to account for indirect effects and the potential under notification of cases due to testing policies put in place. Data from SiSMG and the National COVID-19 Surveillance System are valuable tools for the monitoring of the following phases of the epidemic, and will allow the evaluation of mitigation measures adopted at both local and national level.
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Ministry of Health and the National Health Institute but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of the two public authorities.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Italian rapid mortality surveillance system
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Authors would like to thank the Ministry of Health, the National Health Institute and regional members of the Italian Integrated Surveillance system of COVID-19.
The Italian Mortality surveillance system is included in the National Heat-Health Prevention Plan funded by the The Ministry of Health Center for Disease Prevention and Control (contract number for year 2020 CUP: J85J19000390005). The Ministry of Health contributed to the design of the study with author PR, but had no role in data collection and data analysis.
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Not applicable, mortality data are daily counts and did not require consent of ethics approval.
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Michelozzi, P., de’Donato, F., Scortichini, M. et al. Temporal dynamics in total excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths in Italian cities. BMC Public Health 20, 1238 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09335-8
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Co-designing an intervention to prevent rheumatic fever in Pacific People in South Auckland: a study protocol
International Journal for Equity in Health volume 21, Article number: 101 (2022)
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune condition that occurs in response to an untreated Group A Streptococcus throat or skin infection. Recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever can cause permanent damage to heart valves, heart failure and even death. Māori and Pacific people in Aotearoa New Zealand experience some of the highest rates globally, with Pacific children 80 times more likely to be hospitalised for rheumatic fever and Māori children 36 times more likely than non-Māori, non-Pacific children. Community members from the Pacific People’s Health Advisory Group, research officers from the Pacific Practice-Based Research Network and University of Auckland researchers identified key health priorities within the South Auckland community that needed to be addressed, one of which was rheumatic fever. The study outlined in this protocol aims to co-design, implement, and evaluate a novel intervention to reduce rheumatic fever rates for Pacific communities in South Auckland.
This participatory mixed-methods study utilises the Fa’afaletui method and follows a three-phase approach. Phase 1 comprises a quantitative analysis of the rheumatic fever burden within Auckland and across New Zealand over the last five years, including sub-analyses by ethnicity. Phase 2 will include co-design workshops with Pacific community members, families affected by rheumatic fever, health professionals, and other stakeholders in order to develop a novel intervention to reduce rheumatic fever in South Auckland. Phase 3 comprises the implementation and evaluation of the intervention.
This study aims to reduce the inequitable rheumatic fever burden faced by Pacific communities in South Auckland via a community-based participatory research approach. The final intervention may guide approaches in other settings or regions that also experience high rates of rheumatic fever. Additionally, Māori have the second-highest incidence rates of rheumatic fever of all ethnic groups, thus community-led approaches ‘by Māori for Māori’ are also necessary.
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune condition that occurs in response to an untreated Group A streptococcal (GAS) throat or skin infection, primarily affecting children aged 4–19 years . Recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever can lead to rheumatic heart disease, resulting in heart valve damage, heart failure and even death. Although cases have steadily declined across most developed countries, high incidence rates continue to persist for Indigenous and Pacific populations across Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) and Australia . In an analysis of hospitalisation data from 2000–2018, Māori and Pacific people in NZ comprised 92.6% of acute rheumatic fever cases below the age of 30 years . Among 5–14-year-olds, Pacific children were 80 times more likely to develop acute rheumatic fever and Māori children were 36 times more likely compared to non-Māori non-Pacific children . Within the 20 District Health Boards (DHBs) covering specific geographical areas in New Zealand, Counties Manukau DHB serves South Auckland, including a high proportion of the Pacific population . Since at least 2009, Counties Manukau DHB has had the highest incidence rates nationally, reporting first episodes of rheumatic fever at 14.7 per 100,000 in 2018 .
Factors contributing to these health inequities have previously been identified including socio-economic deprivation, inadequate access to healthcare, racism, negative experiences with healthcare professionals, overcrowding, low health literacy and genetic susceptibility [5, 6]. In 2011, the Ministry of Health invested approximately NZD 65 million in the multifaceted ‘Rheumatic Fever Prevention Programme’, aimed at reducing national rheumatic fever rates via mass media awareness campaigns, sore throat swabbing services, healthy homes referrals and enhanced clinical tools and training for health professionals . As part of this programme, the NZ Government set a target in 2012 to reduce national incidence rates to 1.4 per 100,000 by 2017, however, this was not achieved. A range of interventions have been implemented over the years, including the school-based throat swabbing programme ‘Mana Kidz’ led by the National Hauora Coalition (a Māori primary health organisation). This nurse-led programme identifies and treats superficial GAS infections in South Auckland schools and has contributed to stabilising rates for Māori [5, 8]. However, inequities still exist and there is a need for a ‘by Pacific people, for Pacific people’ approach in the community.
The Pacific People’s Health Advisory Group (PPHAG) and the Pacific Practice-Based Research Network (PPBRN) are working together to address such health inequities faced by Pacific communities. PPHAG was set up after a South Auckland-based general practitioner and a Pacific patient attended a patient and clinician engagement programme in North America, focused on the importance of co-design and empowering communities to engage in research . PPHAG is comprised of South Auckland community members from a range of age groups, Pacific ethnicities and professions and aims to identify where research is most needed for Pacific communities in South Auckland. PPBRN was established through Alliance Health Plus, a Pacific-led Primary Health Organisation (PHO). Through the PHO, each general practice designated a staff member to act as a research officer, such as a general practitioner, nurse, or manager . Senior researchers from the University of Auckland, with considerable expertise in Pacific health and primary health care research, then collaborated with PPHAG and PPBRN to provide training on different Pacific methodologies and how to ask meaningful research questions. What resulted from this process was a series of priority research questions developed by the community members and practices. The first research priority related to ensuring Pacific people could access and take medication to prevent gout, and we have previously published a protocol paper for this research project . The second research priority identified was reducing the inequitable rheumatic fever burden faced by Pacific communities, particularly in South Auckland. PPHAG and PPBRN recognise the devastating outcomes rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease has on their own families, communities, and Pacific people in general.
With a research question set by the community, this project is based on co-design and community-based participatory research principles. This approach de-centralises research expertise and recognises the knowledge of community members as equally valid and critical throughout each stage of the research in order to achieve social change . Ensuring the project is led by the community for which outcomes are intended is important and also can ensure relevancy and acceptability of the final intervention. This paper presents a protocol for a co-designed novel intervention led by Pacific community members, clinicians and general practice staff, and researchers.
Aims and objectives
This study aims to co-develop, implement, and evaluate an innovative intervention to reduce rates within Pacific communities. The objectives are:
To determine the burden of GAS infections, acute rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease in Auckland general practices, comparing Pacific, Māori, and non-Pacific non-Māori groups over the last five years.
To co-design a novel approach to prevent GAS infections progressing to rheumatic fever within Pacific communities in South Auckland.
To evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the co-designed intervention using an implementation science approach.
To create an implementation framework that can guide future implementation roll-out within other settings in NZ.
This mixed methods study utilises the Fa’afaletui paradigm. Traditionally a Samoan conversational practice relating to serious discussions, fa’afaletui was first introduced as a research method by Tamasese and colleagues as a way of facilitating the gathering and critical validation of different knowledge types [12, 13]. It centres on fa’a, the ways of sharing and validating knowledge from different groups or fale (houses), and tui, weaving these together to reach a consensus . Tuia and Cobb emphasise that understanding the cultural practices and social structures in a traditional fa’afaletui can strengthen its use as a research method . To discuss important issues within the family and wider village, each Samoan family will meet, allowing for the matai (chief) to hear all perspectives. The fa’afaletui a matai, which refers to a highly important meeting of the chiefs, can then be described from three levels: top of the mountain, top of the tree and from the canoe. The ‘top of the mountain’ perspective relates to the high chief who opens and closes the meeting, the ‘top of the tree’ perspective relates to the chief orator who presents discussion topics and provides opportunities for matai to present, and the ‘persons in the canoe’ represent the matai who bring forth the voices and perspectives of their families . Collective decision-making and mutual respect are key principles both in a traditional fa’afaletui and when applied in a research sense. The method allows for researchers and participants to work collaboratively together towards a shared goal, ensuring that all voices, opinions, and conflicting perspectives on a serious topic are discussed in a respectful manner. In this project, we consider the fa’afaletui approach for the issue of rheumatic fever and how different perspectives and data sources can help to achieve positive outcomes. This will include a national overview of the issue (view from the top of the mountain), a regional outlook (top of the tree) and local community perspectives such as community members, patients, and primary care clinicians (people in the canoe).
The intervention that is co-designed by groups will be informed by a stocktake of current and past interventions as part of a broad scoping review, focusing on Pacific and Māori populations. Interventions will be charted to compare the type of initiative (e.g., awareness, throat swabbing), who is leading it (e.g., nurse, iwi, health organisation) and the outcomes it has had in relation to rheumatic fever.
Phase 1: Quantitative assessment of rheumatic fever burden
Phase 1 will be focused on a quantitative assessment of rheumatic fever burden nationally, regionally and for different sub-groups. Observational time series will be used to determine the incidence of GAS infections, acute rheumatic fever cases and related hospitalisations over a five-year period. We also wish to identify what medication is prescribed after a diagnosis and whether this is adhered to for the appropriate length of time. Progressions from rheumatic fever to rheumatic heart disease will also be explored.
To explore these trends, we will use secondary anonymised data from the National Minimum Dataset, the national collection of hospital discharge information . This overview will include incidence rates of first episode rheumatic fever hospitalisations for each year nationally, by DHB and by prioritised ethnic group. To further explore the burden in Auckland, we will be requesting de-identified, routinely collected clinical data from four PHOs (Alliance Health Plus, National Hauora Coalition, ProCare and Tamaki Health) which serve the majority of Pacific and Māori populations in Auckland. Alliance Health Plus is a Pacific-led PHO with approximately 120,000 enrolled patients (28% Pacific, 12% Māori) across 40 general practices while the National Hauora Coalition, a Māori-led PHO, serves around 136,000 patients (14% Pacific, 14% Māori) in 26 clinics . ProCare is a large PHO supporting almost 800,000 patients across Auckland (12.7% Pacific and 9.6% Māori) while Tamaki Health is based in South Auckland and serves 230,000 enrolled patients (33% Pacific and 16% Māori) across 45 general practices .
De-identified data will be requested from the PHOs including demographic variables, numbers of sore throat or skin swabs taken, numbers of GAS positive swabs positive, rheumatic fever diagnoses, rheumatic heart disease diagnoses, and related medication or treatment pathways (see supplement for full overview). The incidence rate denominator will include all patients enrolled in the four PHOs at the point of data extraction. De-identified data will be transferred into a password protected file within a secure University of Auckland drive using an encrypted memory stick. Data will be analysed in R and descriptive statistics used to explore the incidence of GAS positive swabs and rheumatic fever/heart disease cases by ethnicity, age group, year, and deprivation level for 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018. We will also explore what proportion of patients accessed prescriptions and associated medications. Differences between ethnic groups will be estimated using a generalised linear mixed models with binomial or Poisson distribution. Phase 1 of this project will provide a clear overview of the burden of rheumatic fever in NZ and for Pacific and Māori.
Phase 2: Co-designing and implementing a novel intervention
Phase 2 of this project will include a stocktake of programmes and interventions aimed at preventing GAS infections and progressions to acute rheumatic fever in NZ, focusing in particular on Pacific and Māori populations. This will occur as part of a scoping review and build on previous reviews [17, 18] to explore the range of approaches, whether they have been successful, and the implications for Pacific and Māori communities. The stocktake will include the Ministry of Health’s ‘Rheumatic Fever Prevention Programme’ initiated by the NZ Government in 2011, and many other initiatives including school-based throat swabbing programmes such as Mana Kidz and awareness campaigns at a local community level [7, 8]. Concise summaries of the scoping review results will be produced using a variety of techniques such as PowerPoint presentations, brochures, posters and storyboards. This will aid in informing workshop participants of what has been tried before, what has been successful and what might be useful for the design and delivery of the intervention. Participants will also have an opportunity to consider the known environmental risk factors linked with acute rheumatic fever such as family history, household crowding and damp and mouldy housing.
A series of day-long workshops will be conducted with PPHAG, PPBRN and other relevant Pacific community members and stakeholders to explore their views of current and past rheumatic fever interventions and to co-design alternatives. Participant information sheets and consent forms which provide a background of the study, why it is being conducted and what participation includes will be provided to all participants. Participation is completely voluntary. Consent forms will need to be signed and returned to the research team either in person or via email for online workshops before participation in workshops can occur. Upon learning together about data trends and previous rheumatic fever interventions, participants will then collaboratively workshop innovative solutions using their expertise as members of the Pacific community in South Auckland. Groups may be provided with large sheets of paper and whiteboards to brainstorm, and these data will be collected at the end of the workshop. Thematic analysis of data using NVivo software will utilise a general inductive approach to ensure the development of the intervention comes from the data rather than preconceived theories or ideas . Once an intervention has been workshopped, a group of advisors including Pacific and Māori experts in rheumatic fever will help refine it.
Where possible, workshops will take place in-person (or virtually depending on COVID-19 restrictions) using cultural protocols and approaches. Dialogue within the workshops will follow Talanga, a Tongan participant-centred approach that means “interactive talking with a purpose” and enables empowering and interactive dialogue towards action . Throughout the series of workshops, data will be analysed and synthesised to be presented back to the participants. This ensures participants are respected as owners of their data and provides an opportunity to review the data collected and how it has been analysed. The final co-designed intervention will be informed by the Fonofale model which outlines the core pillars of Pacific ways of life including physical, spiritual, mental and overall wellbeing, while being grounded by family and supported by the cultural values of community, collectiveness and reciprocal relationships .
In order to map the implementation of the final intervention, a framework will be developed using a logic model of change [22, 23]. This will outline the inputs (such as resources, personnel and funding required), activities (encompassing the tasks necessary for implementation), outputs (measures demonstrating implementation has occurred) and short-term outcomes (the expected changes).
Phase 3: Evaluating the implementation of the intervention
Phase 3 will comprise an evaluation of the implementation of the co-designed intervention. The exact details of the evaluation including the type of evaluation, study participants and duration will depend on the nature of the intervention constructed from Phase 2. Study participants may include patients with rheumatic fever, their families, health professionals and/or the wider community. Overall, the evaluation will likely focus on:
Process: This refers to the implementation, delivery, and adaptation of intervention components to achieve the desired outcome. For this project, measures will assess the implementation of the intervention in terms of how feasible it is, its acceptability to the intended population (for example Pacific rheumatic fever patients, families, and communities) and its accessibility. In-depth interviews and focus groups may be undertaken with these groups to explore their experiences and use of the intervention and discuss any access barriers or opportunities for improvement. During this process, the Fonofale model will assess how successfully the intervention has connected with the physical, mental, spiritual, and cultural needs of participants. Further data may be collected from the personnel administering the intervention, via surveys, interviews or focus groups.
Mediators of change: This includes assessing whether the intervention is addressing perceived barriers or enhancing enablers. Depending on the nature of the intervention, this may include collecting data on the frequency and duration of the intervention, how much it costs and the events or resources that influenced its delivery. Changes to the delivery of the intervention may occur in response to feedback and process data analyses.
Outcomes: This refers to how effective the intervention is at achieving the intended outcomes. While the long-term goal for this study is to reduce the incidence of acute rheumatic fever for Pacific populations, the short-term outcomes that may be assessed will depend on the nature of the intervention, for example, increasing awareness of rheumatic fever in Pacific families or improving accessibility of related healthcare and medications. Data collected here may include surveys, interviews or focus groups, patient data on rheumatic fever diagnoses, uptake of prescriptions, and/or hospitalisation data.
The evaluation framework RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance) will be used to guide analyses and evaluate the impact of the intervention within the community . In order to achieve the outcomes in this study and enhance knowledge translation, we will engage with all relevant stakeholders to explore the impact on the intervention in the real-world setting. We acknowledge that although the logic model and stepwise plan presented are linear and straightforward, the implementation in reality may be complex and impacted by a variety of external factors. An iterative feedback loop with providers, patients, families, and the wider community is therefore important to ensure that challenges are being identified, addressed and adapted to.
In order to guide the implementation of the intervention for other settings, a framework based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research model will be developed . This model consolidates key constructs from a range of implementation theories into five core domains: intervention characteristics, process, individuals involved, inner setting and outer setting . These provide a system for synthesising and building knowledge about what approaches work where, while assessing the potential barriers and enablers in a particular setting. This model will help to guide a framework for adapting this intervention for use in other settings.
First and foremost, this study aims to reduce health inequities faced by Pacific populations in NZ related to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Pacific people consistently experience the highest incidence rates of rheumatic fever in NZ among all ethnic groups which is influenced by a range of complex factors such as housing, racism, access to health care, and health literacy . It will be important to ensure that the co-designed intervention acknowledges the historical and structural factors that have maintained inequities to date and does not create further stigma or blame for the affected communities . Addressing rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease rates will not only improve health outcomes for Pacific families and communities but will also have long-term benefits for reducing hospitalisations and health system related costs in NZ.
Knowledge created from this study may be translated to guide approaches in other settings and populations. Māori populations experience similar inequitable outcomes related to rheumatic fever with the second highest incidence rates in NZ. Interventions which adopt a Kaupapa Māori ‘by Māori for Māori’ approach have shown success and ensure that healthcare is delivered equitably and appropriately . In addition to DHBs within the Auckland region, hospitalisation rates for first episodes of rheumatic fever are also high in Northland, Waikato, Lakes and Hawkes Bay . Community-led approaches are needed in each context to ensure interventions are appropriate, relevant, and effective for the local community. The participatory research process outlined in this protocol empowers the community to set research directions from the beginning, ensuring that projects are relevant, needed in the community and can lead to better health outcomes.
Availability of data and materials
District Health Board
Aotearoa New Zealand
Primary Health Organisation
Pacific Practice-Based Research Network
Pacific People’s Health Advisory Group
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This work was supported by a Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Science Whitinga Fellowship #21-UOA-104 administered by the Royal Society Te Apārangi. The funder plays no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data nor in writing the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical approval has been given by the Auckland Health Research Ethics Committee for three years on 21/03/2022, reference number AH23838. Informed consent will be required from all participants prior to taking part in the workshops via returning a signed consent form.
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Tu’akoi, S., Ofanoa, M., Ofanoa, S. et al. Co-designing an intervention to prevent rheumatic fever in Pacific People in South Auckland: a study protocol. Int J Equity Health 21, 101 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01701-9
- Rheumatic fever | <urn:uuid:38fd181f-0acf-4064-aa04-e759a1635484> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-022-01701-9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.891052 | 6,798 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Executive Order 13112 defines an invasive plant as a non-native species "whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health." State invasive plant lists in the Midwest include all invasive plants which are listed in the federal noxious weed list, as well as plants which are invasive in ecosystems specific to Midwestern ecosystems. While the federal list also includes native plants, the state invasive plant lists concentrate on non-native plants which do not provide a benefit to society which is equal to or greater than any negative impact.
Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is near the top of every Midwestern state's list of invasive plants except Illinois’. It can also be found on the noxious weed lists of the neighboring Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba.
This plant is notorious for crowding out native plants, such as cattails, in the wetlands it prefers.
Once it gets a toehold, purple loosestrife is very difficult to control. Each plant can produce up to 2 million seeds each year. At the same time, its rhizomes, or underground stems, can grow up to a foot each year. Even after the plant is removed, it can regrow from any piece of a rhizome which has been inadvertently left behind.
Even after allowing for its natural rate of propagation, the main problem with controlling purple loosestrife is that it is difficult to see it as a dangerous weed. Because it is a beautiful plant, many people want to plant it in their gardens or let it keep blooming in the wetlands in which it thrives.
Many cultivars have been developed for use in its native Europe, Asia and southeast Australia, but they should not be planted in the Midwestern U.S., or in any part of the U.S., for that matter. In some parts of the Midwest, sterile cultivars of purple loosestrife may be acceptable for container planting.
A good degree of biological control has been achieved through two species of leaf beetles (Galerucella) and three species of weevil (Hylobius transversovittatus, Nanophyes breves, Nanophyes marmoratus). In particular, the leaf beetles are capable of defoliating all of the purple loosestrife plants in an area without harming native plants.
Purple loosestrife can be recognized by its upright purple or pink-purple flowers, which have six petals and 12 stamens. It can be distinguished from similar native species, such as fireweed or spirea, by its angular stalks and paired, unserrated leaves.
Queen Anne’s lace
Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota) is listed as a noxious weed or secondary noxious weed in Iowa, Michigan and Ohio. It can also be found in most other parts of the Midwest.
This is another garden cultivar which has found local conditions to its liking. It is still sometimes considered a beneficial weed which can be a useful plant companion to some crops. However, its leaves can cause contact phytophotodermatitis, which is a danger in pastures.
It is related to the domesticated carrot (Daucus carota sativus) and is similarly edible, but only when it is very young. In older plants, the root is too woody to be eaten. This confusion can cause problems in harvesting some root crops.
The lacy flowerheads of Queen Anne’s lace gave rise to its name. Each head is made up of hundreds of individual flowers, which are usually light pink when immature and white when mature. Many flowerheads have a single scarlet flower at the center, which may represent a drop of blood after Queen Anne pricked her finger while tatting lace.
Queen Anne’s lace is very similar visually to poison hemlock, which may be the main reason Queen Anne’s lace is on invasive weed lists. Because of this similarity, Queen Anne’s lace should never be harvested except by an expert.
Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) is listed as a noxious weed in Iowa and Ohio. It can also be found in most other parts of the Midwest.
This plant is much more dangerous than Queen Anne’s lace. This is the same hemlock which was used to kill Socrates after he was condemned. Every part of the plant is poisonous.
Even more dangerous, livestock which have been mildly poisoned by poison hemlock and recovered will return to feed from it again. This makes it an extremely dangerous invasive weed in pastures. | <urn:uuid:bbbae321-3777-4f34-ac45-0403f38885a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sciences360.com/index.php/what-kinds-of-invasive-species-of-plants-are-in-the-us-midwest-299/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.949509 | 974 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Recommended Age, Grade, and Reading Levels
- Age: 6 to 9
- Grade: 1 to 4
When the mysterious and eccentric Miss Charlotte arrives in the village of Saint-Anatole to take over the tiny library, the locals are surprised to find out that she does things differently. Wearing a long blue dress and a giant hat, she takes her books out for a walk in a wheelbarrow and shows the children that reading can be fun and useful. Sometimes she is so caught up in the magic of the stories she shares with her audience that she forgets all sense of reality – so much so that one dayshe loses consciousness and the children must find a way to bring her back.
The second in Dominique Demers's popular The Adventures of Miss Charlotte series, The Mysterious Librarian, brilliantly illustrated by Tony Ross, is a wonderful story about the magical and inspiring power of books.
About the authors
Dominique Demers is a professional communicator. She worked as a journalist for L'actualité, as a teacher at the University of Quebec at Montreal, and as literary critic for Le Devoir, before becoming an author, speaker, and scriptwriter. She has written more than 30 children's books and also writes for adults. She has been nominated four times for the Governor General's Literary Awards. She was the honorary president of the Salon du livre de Montréal for three years and, since the fall of 2003, she has starred on Radio-Canada's programme Dominique raconte, where she reads books to young children. | <urn:uuid:0e504ea1-745a-4af0-bbd9-0b4c58da8c8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://49thshelf.com/Books/T/The-Mysterious-Librarian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.967801 | 320 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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