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In Higham Gobion church is a memorial to one of its rectors – Edmund Castell [Z1244/29]. A summary of the Latin inscription reads: Edmund Castell S.T.D Regius Master of Charles II, canon of Canterbury Cathedral, Professor of Arabic at Cambridge University, Fellow of the Royal Society, author of the Lexicon Heptaglotton, and rector of this church. His mortal remains lie with those of his wife Lady Elizabeth Bettelworth, widow first of Sir Peter Bettelworth and then of John Herris esquire (whose one son with Elizabeth, William, also lies here). In the year 1674, Edmund aged 68 and Elizabeth aged 64. The text ends with an Arabic inscription: 'The living here reads the buried'. The monument was put up by Castell during his lifetime, eleven years before his death in 1685.
Edmund Castell was baptised on 4th January 1606 at East Hatley [Cambridgeshire]. He went to Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1621, receiving his BA in 1625 and MA in 1628. In 1635 he received his Bachelor of Divinity and became Vicar of Hatfield Peverel [Essex], which he resigned in 1638. The next record of him is in 1647 when appointed Rector of Woodham Walter [Essex]. He married his wife Dorothy (née Fytch) in 1648 but she pre-deceased him without children.
From 1653 he resided in London: he had acquired knowledge of Arabic and other languages and was engaged in helping to produce a Bible in various languages, being responsible for correcting text in Samaritan, Syriac, Arabic and Ethiopian and translating sections into Ethiopian and Syriac. He also produced, with Samuel Clarke and Alexander Huish though most of the work was his, a lexicon in the seven languages into which the Bible had been translated: Hebrew, Samaritan, Chaldean, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopian and Persian. This was finished in 1670 but nearly bankrupted him in the process; he claimed it cost him £12,000 of his own money, millions by today's standards. As partial recompense Charles II (1660-1685) made him a royal chaplain and Canon of Canterbury Cathedral.
In 1666 Castell was appointed Professor or Arabic at Cambridge but he only seems to have had one pupil! In 1671 he finally left London for Higham Gobion, to which rectory he had been appointed in 1663. He held the living in plurality with Woodham Walter until resigning the latter in 1670. He spent his last years in some poverty and by 1684 he was effectively blind. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1674, resigning in 1682.
He married his second wife, Elizabeth Herris, widow, before 1666. He had no children of his own but she had several children from a previous marriage. Castell died at Higham Gobion in January 1686 and was buried in the church on 5th January, eighty years and one day after his baptism. On 1st June 1986 the four hundredth anniversary of his death was marked with a service at the church [CRT130Higham2]. | <urn:uuid:a1f4f242-4ab9-4b63-8028-24f6954f2f4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bedsarchives.bedford.gov.uk/CommunityHistories/HighamGobion/EdmundCastell.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.985787 | 673 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Energy giant BP will permanently shut down one of Australia’s last remaining oil refineries, triggering hundreds of job losses and increasing the nation’s reliance on imported fuels.
BP on Friday announced it would shut its 65-year-old Kwinana refinery in Perth and convert the site into a fuel import terminal, saying the refining business was no longer economically viable.
“Having explored multiple possibilities for the refinery’s future, BP has concluded that conversion to an import terminal is the best option,” the company said in a statement.
BP and the nation’s other refiners in Brisbane, Melbourne, Geelong – which process crude oil into refined fuels – have been under enormous pressure since the onset of travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders to curb the advance of COVID-19 wiped out demand for petrol and jet fuel and sent their profit margins crashing.
The Kwinana refinery employs about 650 people – 400 permanent staff and 250
contractors. Refining activities will wind down over the next six months, the company said.
Once the new fuel import terminal is completed, the site is expected support about 60 jobs.
“Today’s decision to cease refining is a difficult one and not in any way a result of local policy
settings,” BP head of Australia Frédéric Baudry said.
“It comes in response to the long-term structural changes to the regional fuels market.”
In the past decade, three refineries have shut across Australia, increasing the country’s reliance on imported fuels, as the local sector struggles to compete against the mega-refineries of south-east Asia with their vastly larger scale and lower operating costs.
Following months of industry consultation, the Morrison government last month revealed a series of measures to buffer against potential supply shocks caused by global events such as wars or pandemics, and to help keep refineries open “wherever commercially possible”. Under the plan, refiners would receive a direct payment of 1.15¢ a litre for locally made fuel.
However, oil refiners have warned the measures may not be enough to support the viability of their businesses amid the unprecedented pressure caused by the virus-driven fuel oversupply.
The other operators including Ampol, ExxonMobil and Viva Energy have all implemented measures including production cutbacks and extended maintenance closures.
Ampol, formerly known as Caltex Australia, said it had launched a review of its Lytton refinery in Brisbane on Thursday examining options including permanently closing the plant which employs 500 staff and converting the site to a fuel import terminal.
Source: Thanks smh.com | <urn:uuid:1f177640-d693-4492-ba88-2df70763cc0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aufinancenews.com/2020/10/30/bp-to-shut-australian-oil-refinery-leaving-just-three-in-the-country/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.942006 | 552 | 1.828125 | 2 |
The WWF is run at a local level by the following offices...
- WWF Global
- Central African Republic
- Central America
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- European Policy Office
The critically endangered black rhino is a flagship species for creating larger blocks of land for conservation purposes, resulting in wider protection of other wildlife too.
Black rhino were once widely distributed across Africa but the population plummeted from possibly 100 000 in the 1960s to fewer than 2 500 by the mid-1990s through poaching and habitat loss.
Since then, through intensive protection, black rhino numbers have doubled to over 5 000. Approximately 2 000 black rhinos are now found in South Africa. However poaching remains an ever present threat and it is essential to increase numbers of the critically endangered animals as quickly as possible.
As part of a long-term strategy, WWF runs the Black Rhino Range Expansion Project (BRREP) aimed at increasing growth rate and numbers of the critically endangered species.
We work with private and community landholders as well as state conservation agencies to identify large blocks of land on which to establish new black rhino populations.
WWF facilitates partnerships with landowners who have good black rhino habitat for creating new breeding populations. This often involves encouraging neighbouring landowners to remove the internal fences between them.
BRREP then coordinates the translocation of groups of up to 20 or more black rhino to these new sites. Managing for rapid population growth is an important element of conservation of critically endangered species.
WWF has been involved with conserving African rhinos, black and white, since the 1960s. The Black Rhino Range Expansion Project began in 2003.
Since 2003 the project has successfully created 13 new black rhino populations in South Africa, covering more than 310 000 hectares. Six of the 13 sites have community involvement.
270 black rhino have been moved to these project sites.
There are more than 100 surviving calves on project sites to date.
Black rhino are a flagship species. Because of BRREP’s work, many landowners have consolidated smaller pieces of habitat into more ecologically viable blocks. Other critically endangered species which need large areas of land, such as wild dog, vultures and cheetah, also benefit.
In November 2019, the Black Rhino Range Expansion Project undertook its first cross-border translocation when a group of black rhinos was moved from South Africa to Malawi’s Liwonde National Park | <urn:uuid:cfd5f2f5-86bd-4a87-8f38-a9e849624820> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wwf.org.za:443/our_work/initiatives/black_rhino_expansion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.925278 | 588 | 3.625 | 4 |
You will shoot amazing night photos that impress your family and friends with this complete night photography course!
What you’ll learn
- You will learn how to take beautiful night photographs – like the pros!
- You will be happier with the photos you shoot than ever before!
- You will learn how to shoot light trail photos with your camera
- You will know how to use Bulb mode and a shutter release remote to shoot long exposures
- You will know what equipment you need to shoot great night photos
- You will understand how to set your camera’s ISO, shutter speed, and aperture (f-stop) while shooting night photographs
- You will learn how to edit night photos to make them look even better
- While this course was created for beginner photographers, it would be beneficial for you to understand basic photography concepts such as aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. We have included a refresher lesson that will get you up to speed if you need it.
- This is a great follow up to our Photography Masterclass, which will get you up to speed to dive right into this course.
- You can use any camera to take great night photos. We’ll be using Canon, Nikon, Leica, and Fujifilm DSLR and Mirrorless cameras + smartphones like the iPhone
YOU CAN TAKE BEAUTIFUL NIGHT PHOTOS!
That’s why you’re here right?
We’re excited to show you how to take your own amazing night & low-light photos.
With this complete night photography course, you’ll learn the ins and outs from the gear we recommend, the settings we use, the composition tips we have, and the photo editing process we use to end up with award-winning night photos.
Follow us as we head out to Joshua Tree National Park to teach this night photography course!
In this course we combine entertainment + education in this complete behind-the-scenes course. We’re not just sitting behind our computer desk, showing you slides. We’re out in the field, showing you exactly what we do to shoot our own night photos.
Key things you will learn in this night photography course:
- What gear you need for night photography
- How to prepare for your photography trip
- Basic camera settings such as shutter speed, aperture, and ISO
- How to compose beautiful night photos
- Using a shutter release remote to shoot long exposures
- How to shoot light trail photos
- Composing creative night photos of the stars
- How to shoot photographs of the moon
- How to edit night photos to make them look even better
- Downloadable cheat sheets
- Behind the scenes lessons
- Full editing case studies
- Practical assignments
- Quizzes to test your knowledge
Why learn from us?
We are three instructors who love photography, and love teaching. We’re the teachers of the best-selling Photography Masterclass. We always take our student’s feedback, and use it to improve our courses. That’s why we created this course in the first place – because fellow students wanted us to create a night photography course.
What students are saying about our courses:
Absolutely loved loved loved this course. – Ashonti
I really like this course. Its the best course I have ever taken on photography. I have come to really like Phil and Sam, and I think if you take the course you will to 😀 – TJ
I loved this course! The basics of photography were fully covered, plenty of practical examples, the tutors were very clear in their explanations and very quick in answering to any question. – Ornella
Perfect course for beginners and intermediate photographers. Duration of the lessons is great you can move at your own pace without needing to sit for hours for just one class. – Omar
If you want to take great night photos, this is the course for you.
Remember, there is a 30-day 100% money-back guarantee. There is no reason to hesitate. Enroll now, see if you enjoy the course, and start shooting better photos today!
Phil, Will, and Sam
Who this course is for:
- Beginner photographers – you want to take your skills to the next level
- Intermediate photographer – you want to develop skills in a particular craft
- Anyone who wants to take better photos on at night or in lower light situations
Created by Phil Ebiner, William Carnahan, 2 others
Last updated 9/2020
English English [Auto]
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On the occasion of International Holocaust Remembrance Day, the Chair of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, Ambassador Mihnea Constantinescu, and the Director of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Mr Michael O'Flaherty, issue a joint statement on the importance of educating for the future through learning from the past.
The rising tide of intolerance spreading across Europe demonstrates the vulnerability of human rights and the need to be ever vigilant in their protection. On the eve of International Holocaust Remembrance Day on 27 January, the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) call for greater efforts to acknowledge and reflect on the horrors of the past and to stand up against all forms of xenophobia and intolerance.
“I am very worried about the increasing prevalence of intolerance and acts of hatred around Europe,” said FRA Director Michael O’Flaherty. “To forget the victims of the Holocaust would be to dishonour them. At the same time, a keen sensitivity to the past can be harnessed for the present. This appalling episode in human history demonstrates the non-negotiable need for respect and tolerance across our societies today.”
“It is important to remember that the Holocaust did not begin with murder – it began with words and progressed to the denigration of fundamental rights, culminating in genocide. This is why the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance feel so strongly about combating all forms of hate speech, including antisemitism. Hate speech does not respect national borders so we stand united with our international partners, including the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, to tackle this scourge at the roots,” said Ambassador Mihnea Constantinescu, Chair of the IHRA.
In the wake of the Second World War and the terrible tragedy of the Holocaust, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was developed as a comprehensive corpus of rights to which everyone is entitled on the basis of the humanity we all share. The rights set out in the Universal Declaration subsequently evolved further in international treaties, national constitutions, policies and laws.
However, despite the strong international and European human rights framework, we are witnessing massive backsliding on human rights commitments in many places. This makes it all the more important to fight Holocaust denial and distortion, and to learn from the past in order to ensure future generations in Europe are not confronted with the horrors of war and genocide.
The Fundamental Rights Agency is one of the IHRA’s seven permanent international partners. Together, we are committed to honouring the victims of the Holocaust and raising awareness of the past today in order to prevent the fundamental rights violations of the future. The Holocaust shows us the potential consequences of policies that deprive people of their fundamental rights and trample on human dignity. Holocaust and human rights education can therefore teach us much about the role of remembrance and good citizenship, which is so needed today. | <urn:uuid:f30f9073-8721-46ce-b0ac-13f933bdd52f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/statements/joint-statement-european-union-agency-fundamental-rights-occasion-international | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.916313 | 592 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Alberte was raised on a farm in Cumberland where she helped her dad in the fields. As a child, she loved nature and was a tomboy. Public school was a one room schoolhouse where she was called upon as the older student, to teach the younger students. This started her love of teaching.
During her free time, Alberte read books. She read all the books in the schoolroom and when done, read all the books in the back room of the schoolhouse. When she graduated from grade school she won all the school prizes at Le Concours and was awarded a book – The Diary of Anne Frank. This inspired her to start keeping her own diary and gave her a love of writing.
Alberte married at 19 and had a daughter. After ten difficult years of marriage she made the decision to leave and fend for herself; she became a teacher. During her summers off, to heal from the difficult relationship, she wrote her story. This became her first novel: Le jardin négligé. She encouraged her daughter to write as well, sending both their works in to a writing contest which they both won. “This gave me credibility and confidence, since I wasn’t sure if my writing was very good,” she said.
At 30 Alberte became a widow. “I had to learn what love was really all about and it wasn’t about control,” she said. Her story resonated with many women and she started attending (and speaking) at conferences dealing with difficult relationships and how to cope. After these conferences, she ended up staying behind to talk to the women and hear their stories. After one such a conference, in Sudbury, she was so popular that they called ahead to her next booking and cancelled it, so she could stay behind to answer questions.
In the meantime, her first book was so successful that it was translated into English titled The Neglected Garden. She was encouraged and next she wrote Une prière pour Hélène about 2 women friends (one an unwed Catholic mother) and their transformation.
Alberte joined many organizations and got involved with the Ottawa Independent Writers (OIW). This gave her the opportunity to write for their online paper. She was given free rein to write on any topic of her choice and post her own pictures. It turned into a once a week assignment. Other papers, Canaan Connexion, True North Perspective and Perspectives Vanier asked her to write for them as well.
After a few years, Alberte started to collect the articles published in these papers. On March 24, 2018 she launched Muses from the Blue Shack , a first compilation of some of her favourite articles. By this time, Alberte had a grand-daughter and encouraged her to write as well when at age 6 she wrote with five of her friends a story on bullying. It was put into book form, published, sold and translated into English.
Alberte continues to live and write in Cumberland, contributing to Perspectives Vanier’s Seeds for Thought. She started painting after retirement and didn’t think she could do that either. She took a class and exhibited her work in a class show. One of the local artists came and liked her portrait the best..
When asked where she gets the inspiration for her columns Alberte said: “Three days before the deadline I’ll get an idea for a column and I’ll write it, but I always wait a day and read it before sending it in.” She mentioned that she keeps a book of quotes “to insert into articles when needed. If a quote speaks to me, I add it to the book.”
Alberte’s first books were sold through Chapters, Indigo and other major publishers. “But they take 45% of the sales”, she said. “I chose to go with smaller, independent publishers. Book fairs are also important to make contacts”.
When asked about writer’s block, Alberte said that when writing her bio, she found it difficult to move forward. Around that time she went on a trip to Barbados and decided to integrate the trip into the book to balance out the seriousness of the content. “So try approaching the piece from a different angle or add in a new thing”, she suggests. “Also, believe in luck!” While in Barbados she met the Ambassador. Back in Canada he came to her book launch and was so impressed by her portrayal of his country that he invited her to a free promo tour.
Alberte ended her talk with some good advice: | <urn:uuid:02c612f8-a1ce-45d4-b7b8-2575097c9408> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mediaclubofottawa.ca/en/2021/11/21/alberte-villeneuve-sinclair/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.989041 | 980 | 1.976563 | 2 |
The potential for fuel savings and emission reductions in offshore applications has proven significant.
In both the vessels that support offshore operations and onboard the rigs themselves, batteries are increasingly being used in hybrid-power and propulsion systems. This effectively reduces fuel consumption, maintenance costs and environmental footprint. With the increase in environmental regulations surely being a foreshadowing of what is to come we are proud to present the solution for both the environment and the industry.
Batteries support the diesel generators in all parts of the offshore operation. This is done by keeping the machine at optimal efficiency whilst the battery functions both as a peak-shaver and a load leveller not to mention their ability to act as a spinning reserve and supplier of backup power. This results in a need for fewer and different generators directly saving fuel cost and maintenance cost.
From the North-sea to the Gulf of Mexico, from offshore construction to drilling operations, Corvus Energy is supplying energy storage systems (ESS) to many diverse segments around the globe. | <urn:uuid:fe1ea656-1bab-49e1-b51c-1af436f9bd1a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://corvusenergy.com/segments/offshore/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947623 | 203 | 2.015625 | 2 |
One of the questions that are often asked when it comes to nutrition is how do I know what supplements to take? People swear by certain supplements and their effect on their bodies, however in most cases after a certain amount of usage that particular supplement no longer seems to help the individual.
The reason for that is because some supplements are actually stimulants that will work until your body gets adjusted to them and then for that particular supplement to keep on working you need to update dosage.
The very first question I ask when someone inquiries about the type of supplements they should take, is what is it that they have been eating for the past several years and what does your nutrition look like today. It’s important to understand that you can’t put garbage in your system and then try to correct it with a lotion, a potion or a pill.
Understand that the current chemicals in your everyday food will destroy a great amount if not all of the minerals and vitamins that you put in your system. That is without taking into account the depleted nutrition of any food that is not organic. Taking supplements is an individual task. You cannot go buy what somebody else takes and benefits from and thus think that would work for you. Your body actually talks to you, and the way that it talks with you or to you is by pain, headaches, depression, fear, excitement, panic, confusion, etc.
Each and every one of those conditions is a cry from your body telling you that it is unbalanced and needs certain nutrition. There is over a million chemicals that help compose your complete body and if we don’t put into it the right nutrition all those chemicals will begin to go off balance. The very first step would be to consult your family physician an ask for a test that would tell you the deficiency of the vitamins and minerals in your system.
Then it is important to understand that if you are highly active in your daily activities you will need more of certain vitamins or minerals than if you are the sedentary type. So if you are an active person and work out all the time you will definitely need more minerals, for they are normally expelled out of the body by sweating or urination. Certain vitamins are important such as vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, and minerals such as calcium and magnesium, zinc, and recuperative amino acids such as L-Glutamine and BCAA.
These are a few examples of some of the supplementations you might need, however without knowing your daily routine, what type of nutrition you have on a daily basis, and your current medical condition, it would be impossible to determine what is that your body needs. Once you figured what supplementation you need, then you should make sure of how much of those supplements you should take.
© Copyright – Hector Sectzer | <urn:uuid:7a068221-9dff-4436-ac76-9e34f9f59eb6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.smartnesshealth.com/lifestyle/how-do-i-know-what-supplements-to-take/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.970854 | 571 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Humans a Dangerous Species
Overseas visitors view Australia as a risky place thanks to Steve Irwin and Crocodile Dundee. As far as risk of accidental death goes humans face greater danger from themselves than from animals. Martyn Robinson from the Australian Museum (www.austmus.gov.au) provides the following statistics collected from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and a range of other sources.Accidental causes of death 1980-1990:-
Nature: Spiderbite = 1, Crocodile Attack = 8, Shark attack = 11, Marine Animals other than sea snakes crocodiles and sharks = 12, Snakebite = 18, Bee sting = 20, Struck by lightning = 19
Humans: Poisoning = 1,998, Murder = 3,106, Drowning = 3,367, Suicide = 18,836, Road accidents = 32,772
...so the most dangerous animals walk on two legs and drive cars.
Posted Wednesday, 12 November 2003
- Sunday, 20 Mar 2022 - Discombobulation Decade
- Friday, 27 Nov 2020 - RIR and Why Oz needs a Heath System Tax (HST)
- Saturday, 11 Apr 2020 - Back to Work with Covid-19? - Not so Fast!
- Tuesday, 7 Apr 2020 - Key people charting the Australian Recovery
For past news items, visit the News Archive. | <urn:uuid:86870aed-687f-4adf-8238-8f0754459448> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.findem.com.au/news/displayArticle.php?id=258 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.873799 | 286 | 2.921875 | 3 |
BuddhaSasana Home Page
Starting Out Small
- A Collection of Talks for Beginning Meditators
Phra Ajaan Lee Dhammadharo
Translated from the Thai by
Restraint of the Senses
August 5, 1958
Restraint of the senses means making sure they're in harmony with their objects. In other words:
Cakkhu-samvaro: Exercise restraint over the eyes. Don't let your eyes be bigger than their visual objects, and don't let the visual objects be bigger than your eyes. An example of small eyes and big objects is when you see something and the heart latches onto it for days on end. This is called not being straightforward in your practice, because you've let the visual object get bigger than your eyes. As for big eyes and small objects, that's when you can't see enough of an object. When it disappears, you want to see it again and again. You can't let go of it. This is called eyes bigger than their objects. This is what gives rise to greed. When objects are bigger than your eyes, that also gives rise to greed and delusion. Anyone who doesn't know how to exercise restraint over the eyes gives rise to the three fires of passion, aversion, and delusion, which burn the eyes and give rise to suffering.
Sota-samvaro: Exercise restraint over your ears and their sounds so that they're the right size for each other. Sometimes your ears are bigger than the sounds they hear, sometimes the sounds are bigger than the ears. For example, someone says something and you take it to think about for many days. That's a case of the sound being bigger than the ears. This gives rise to liking or disliking. The fires of passion, aversion, and delusion burn the ears of people like this, for they haven't watched out for evil, and so evil can come flowing into their hearts.
Ghana-samvaro: Exercise restraint over the nose and smells. If a smell smells good, don't fall for it. If it smells bad and you can't stand it, get away from it. Don't hate it. If you contemplate the nose and its smells, you'll see that sometimes a smell is bigger than the nose, i.e., one whiff and it gets stuck in the heart for many days, months, and years. The smell may have been over and gone for many days, months, and years, but the nose hasn't gotten over it. Passion and aversion get provoked, and then delusion goes running after the smell. This is called not exercising restraint over the nose.
Jivha-samvaro means restraint over the tongue and flavors. If the food you get is edible, don't go struggling to look for things to make it more special than it already is. If you like it, eat your fill. If you don't like it, eat just a little. Choose foods that benefit the body. Otherwise, you'll suffer. Don't follow your taste buds. Sometimes the flavors are bigger than the tongue. You sit thinking about eating chicken or duck, pork or fish, and so you go looking for them. When you get them, your tongue shrivels up and you can hardly eat them at all. This is called not having a sense of enough, not exercising restraint. In addition to eating, the tongue plays a role in speaking. Sometimes the tongue grows large: what you say goes way beyond the truth. You speak without stopping and it's all nonsense. Other times, the topic is big but the tongue grows small: there's a lot to be explained, but you hem and haw so that no one can understand the truth. This is called not exercising restraint so that the tongue is the same size as its topics, and it's one way of bringing on suffering.
Kaya-samvaro means restraint over the body and tactile sensations. Sometimes they feel comfortable together, sometimes they don't. In other words, the place where you're staying may be big, but the body is small. Sometimes the place is small, but the body feels big. They don't go together. The tactile sensations that touch the body don't fit. Sometimes the body is small but the sensations are big. For example, you come across a sensation you like. Then, even when it's vanished for many days, you still miss it. Sometimes the body is big but the sensations are small. For example, you don't feel comfortable wherever you sit or lie down, for the whole world seems narrow and confining. That's called not exercising restraint to keep the body and its tactile sensations in line with each other. And that gives rise to suffering.
Mano-samvaro: Exercise restraint over the heart to keep it on the right path in line with things as they arise. Sometimes your thoughts are bigger than the mind: you worry and stew about something, going way beyond the truth of the situation. This leads to misunderstandings, making the mind restless and anxious. Sometimes the mind is bigger than your thoughts: you take a minor problem and turn it into four or five big ones. In other words, you don't exercise restraint over the heart to keep it in line with your situation -- what they call "harvesting grass to roof the field." This leads to useless distraction, which opens the way for greed, anger, and delusion. This is why we're taught to exercise careful restraint over the heart to bring it to peace and calm. That's what's meant by restraint of the senses.
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Puppies typically get three sets of vaccines starting at approximately 8 weeks of age and then boostered every 4 weeks until they reach 16 weeks old. These vaccines are often separated so that a large number of vaccines aren’t given in the same visit. Doing this further lowers the risk of any vaccine-related adverse reactions. All vaccines are boostered at one year old. Depending on the vaccine type, they will be required every year or every three years.
What vaccinations do you provide to new puppies?
8 weeks – Da2PP
12 weeks – Da2PP, Bordetella
16 weeks – Da2PP, Rabies
18 weeks – Leptospirosis/Lyme
20 weeks – Leptospirosis/Lyme
Why is it important to vaccinate your puppy?
It is important to vaccinate your puppy to provide antibodies for them to protect from potentially fatal diseases.
At what age should I bring my puppy for their vaccinations?
Puppies should start their vaccine series at 8 weeks of age with DA2PPv. After this, they would need a booster and 12 and 16 weeks. At the 12 week mark, we would also include the Bordetella vaccine. At 16 weeks, we would consist of the first rabies vaccine. After the puppy series is complete, then your puppy would be due annually for a visit to our clinic for the respective vaccines that would be due. (See above in vaccine section for annual protocol).
How should I prepare my puppy for their first vaccination visit?
We strive to make puppy visits as positive as possible. To prepare your puppy for these visits, you can get them used to being handled and having their ears, feet and abdomens touched.
How much do puppy vaccinations cost?
For pricing, please contact the hospital and we will be happy to provide you with a quote. | <urn:uuid:411eb530-c8b7-4024-a9ae-5e1aaf4d2302> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.halifaxvethospital.com/dog/puppy-vaccinations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953409 | 389 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Whether you are about to face a career change, moving for a new job, or just want to be closer to family or for a change of scenery, there are a number of factors to think about when you are deciding where to live and where to move to. For most people, this can be a really exciting time, but it can also be quite stressful and a little overwhelming, as there is a lot to consider. No matter what your family status is, choosing a new home is a big and important decision. When you are thinking about moving and where to go, there are a lot of considerations to get you through the decision-making process. So here are some of those things to help you decide where you should move to and why.
Cost of living
For some people, moving to a cheaper part of the country could be the sole reason for the move. In other cases, where you might need to relocate for a new job, the cost of living could increase in a particular area, so you need to weigh up all of your options. Housing, schools, food, and other factors can change depending on where you live in the country, or the world, so you need to look into it and decide what is going to be best for you. When you’re looking at different locations, don’t forget to research the cost of living in that area.
The housing that is available where you are looking is going to be one of the biggest things that you look at when choosing your destination. Because housing is a big factor when it comes to cost of living, it is vital to do your research into the different housing options that are available to you in different locations. Will you be looking to rent or to buy? What are the neighborhoods like? Will you be looking for a home that is ready to move into, or how about a bit of a fixer-upper, that could involve doing renovations or even calling in pest control professionals? These are all things to think about as you embark on a big life change of moving house.
No matter your situation, it is important to think about the safety of the area that you are thinking about moving to. What are the crime rates like? Would you have a garage or driveway to park your car? What are some red flags in the area? Are there some good public transport routes in the area? Not only is this something that will give you a lot of peace of mind when thinking about moving to the place, but it can also impact things like your house insurance and car insurance costs, so it definitely needs to be considered.
Career and job prospects
If you are going to look to move elsewhere because of a new job, then this is less of something to consider as you’re already lined up somewhere to work at your destination. However, if you are looking to move to a cheaper area or to be closer to family, then you need to think about what options there will be for you where you are. Will you be leaving your current role or will you be able to work remotely? What major businesses are there in the area, or that are at least commutable? As well as this, think about other careers and jobs that could work out afterwards. If you are going to move to quite a touristy area, then you have a number of job options when it comes to the tourist trade. If you’ll be moving to quite an industrial area, then there will be job options in that kind of industry too. You need to think long-term with your move, unless you are planning to move around on a more regular basis.
This might not be something that is on your radar if you don’t have children, but you never know if you will have them down the line, so at least making this a consideration is important. Look at the schools in the local area and what school district you would be living in. Make a note of all of the criteria that you need, especially if you have children already, such as nursery schools or being close to good high schools, to see how the area stacks up and if it will suit your needs.
Although criteria can vary from person to person and family to family, these can give you an idea of what you should be looking out for when it comes to moving house. | <urn:uuid:0522416f-4947-48e1-a57e-9c5776d96363> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://beingmrsc.com/being_mrs_c/2021/12/top-things-to-think-about-before-moving-house.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.972669 | 887 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Yves Tanguy was born in Paris in 1900. He traveled the world as a merchant marine, and he began sketching café scenes after his service. In 1924 he moved into a house that would become a gathering place for the Surrealists. Although he lacked formal training, Tanguy developed as an artist, presenting his first solo exhibition in Paris in 1927. He met the artist Kay Sage in 1939, and together the couple traveled to the American Southwest and settled in Woodbury, Connecticut.
When was the last time you used your imagination?
Tanguy’s paintings depict hallucinatory, imaginary worlds and fantastic landscapes. The topography of this work, the alien terrain typical of Tanguy, invokes a world of dreams, while the smoothly applied paint contributes to a feeling of strange liquefaction. In contrast to the invented setting, the forms within this strange world are painted with a vivid clarity and realism. They appear to occupy the scene as towering monuments, casting strong shadows across the ground.
Museum purchase, Mildred Anna Williams Collection | <urn:uuid:defb85c8-f702-4938-ace0-4402da8200c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lens.famsf.org/objects/one-night-another | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.957729 | 217 | 2.359375 | 2 |
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Fact check: Claim about using cats to detect Russian snipers was fabricated
The claim: The Ukrainian army uses cats to identify sniper laser sights
Amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a claim circulating on social media claims feline forces are helping Ukrainian troops.
“Ukraine army cats are trained to spot and direct the location of #Russiansniper laser dots,” a Feb. 27 Facebook post reads.
The post includes an image that shows a soldier in camouflage holding a cat. The post says the cat’s name is Mikael, nicknamed the “panther of Kharkiv” – in reference to Ukraine’s second-largest city – for helping Ukrainian forces identify the location of four Russian snipers.
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But there is no evidence to suggest the Ukrainian army is using cats to identify sniper lasers, as independent fact-checking organizations have reported. Lasers are not a common element of sniper warfare, and the photo in the post predates the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Most notably, the Twitter user who first posted this claim has since said it was made up.
USA TODAY has reached out to the Facebook user who shared the claim for comment.
Original poster said claim was fabricated
The image in the post has circulated online since at least 2018, when it first surfaced on Twitter. An account dedicated to posting images of Ukrainian soldiers with animals published the photo with minimal description.
The image reappeared in a Feb. 27 tweet, when a user first claimed the existence of Mikael, the supposed laser-identifying cat. The exact message of that tweet spread with copycat versions of the post. It accumulated more than 8,000 interactions.
The same day, in response to questions on the post, the original posting account wrote that the post was meant to "confuse and trigger."
"Too many people aren't smart enough to get it, over analyzed it," the user wrote in a comment.
The same account has since posted several other images of cats engaged in warfare.
Laser sights aren’t a common part of sniper warfare
There is also no established connection between lasers and sniper warfare in Ukraine, as the post claims.
Fact check roundup: What's true and what's false about the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Laser sights are one of many tools markspeople use to improve their aim. Ben Sobiek, author of “The Writer’s Guide to Weapons: A Practical Reference for Using Firearms and Knives in Fiction,” says on his website that laser sights are most often used in closeup fighting, not long-range combat.
For example, Sobiek wrote that manufacturers like Crimson Trace make laser sights for use on targets within 50 feet. They are not as useful for targets further away, as natural conditions like gravity separate the trajectory of bullets from that of laser sights.
Other experts have also doubted the basis of the claim. Liam Collins, former founding director of the Modern War Institute at West Point and a former defense advisor to Ukraine from 2016 to 2018, told Agence France-Presse that the claim was "complete garbage."
"I can't imagine a cat being trained to follow troops around and wait for lasers," Collins told AFP. "And then what is the cat going to do? Run around the room chasing the laser, like a toy? How is that helpful to the soldier?"
Collins said that though it is possible for for a sniper to use "a visible pointer" he doubts many would.
Our rating: False
Based on our research, we rate FALSE the claim that the Ukrainian army uses cats to identify sniper lasers. The person who originated this claim has acknowledged it was fabricated. The image in the post has circulated online since at least 2018. There is no evidence the Ukrainian military is using cats to identify laser sights, which are most commonly used in close-range combat.
Our fact-check sources:
- Agence France-Presse, March 10, 2022, Ukraine's army is not using cats to spot Russian snipers
- Lead Stories, March 3, 2022, Fact Check: ‘Panther of Kharkiv’ is not a real military working cat
- R. Mônzon, Feb. 27, 2022, Tweet
- The Writer’s Guide to Weapons, March 3, 2016, Laser Sights and Snipers: Don’t Mix ‘em
- ukrARMY cats & dogs, July 25, 2018, Tweet
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Our fact-check work is supported in part by a grant from Facebook. | <urn:uuid:dc6cfb3d-5e74-46f0-90ad-378a6a363071> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2022/03/22/fact-check-claim-cats-detecting-russian-snipers-fabricated/9437530002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.948413 | 981 | 2.5 | 2 |
A function is a defined bit of functionality that does a specific task and can be incorporated into a larger program.
In ArcPy, all geoprocessing tools are provided as functions, but not all functions are geoprocessing tools. In addition to tools, ArcPy provides a number of functions to better support geoprocessing workflows using Python. Functions can be used to list certain datasets, retrieve a dataset's properties, validate a table name before adding it to a geodatabase, or perform many other useful geoprocessing tasks. These functions are available only from ArcPy and not as tools in ArcGIS applications, since they are designed for Python workflows.
The general form of a function is similar to that of tool; it takes arguments, which may or may not be required, and returns something. The returned value of a nontool function can be varied—anything from strings to geoprocessing objects. Tool functions will always return a Result object and provide geoprocessing messages support.
The following example uses two ArcPy functions, GetParameterAsText to receive an input argument, and Exists to determine whether or not the input exists. The Exists function returns a Boolean value (either True or False).
import arcpy input = arcpy.GetParameterAsText(0) if arcpy.Exists(input): print("Data exists") else: print("Data does not exist")
The following example creates a list of feature classes using the ListFeatureClasses function, and then loops through the list, clipping each individual feature class with a boundary feature class.
import arcpy import os # The workspace environment needs to be set before ListFeatureClasses # to identify which workspace the list will be based on # arcpy.env.workspace = "c:/data" out_workspace = "c:/data/results/" clip_features = "c:/data/testarea/boundary.shp" # Loop through a list of feature classes in the workspace # for fc in arcpy.ListFeatureClasses(): # Set the output name to be the same as the input name, and # locate in the 'out_workspace' workspace # output = os.path.join(out_workspace, fc) # Clip each input feature class in the list # arcpy.Clip_analysis(fc, clip_features, output, 0.1) | <urn:uuid:47d595cf-0dbc-456c-ad95-d0d8f65b23a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/arcpy/geoprocessing_and_python/using-functions-in-python.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.781207 | 501 | 2.9375 | 3 |
- Chris Murphy wrote Kyrsten Sinema to see if she was interested in the gun reform talks, per the NYT.
- After she replied that she was interested in negotiations, Murphy texted back: "Are you serious?"
- Murphy has pushed for more gun control for years, but sidelined the more restrictive proposals.
Democratic Sen. Chris Murphy of Connecticut has long been one of the most forceful gun control advocates in Congress, seeking to forge consensus on an issue that for decades eluded lawmakers on Capitol Hill.
After 26 people, including 20 children, were killed in a 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown — a town in the congressional district that Murphy represented when he was a member of the House — the senator fought to tighten gun laws in a country where an aversion to such restrictions has become more entrenched in recent years.
However, after high-profile mass shootings at the Tops supermarket in Buffalo, New York, and Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, Murphy knew he'd need a new approach to get anything passed in the evenly-divided Senate.
While Democrats would normally have come to the table pushing for an assault weapons ban and expansive background checks, the senator kept the math in his mind, according to The New York Times.
"I've got a pretty clear sense of what can get 60 votes," he told the newspaper.
Republican Sen. John Cornyn of Texas, a conservative who would not have accepted a broad assault weapons ban and other sweeping restrictions sought by Democrats, said the bipartisan negotiators truly wanted to advance legislation that could pass the upper chamber.
"There's a couple of ways to do things around here: One is if you want a result; the other is if you just want to make a political statement," he told The Times. "I think the Democrats wanted to get a result and we wanted to get a result, so this is what we came up with."
Murphy reached out to other Republicans like Sens. Susan Collins of Maine and Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania, who had been involved in gun reform discussions in the past.
Per the Times, Murphy also reached out to Democratic Sen. Kyrsten Sinema, who has stymied some of President Joe Biden's biggest domestic agenda items and steadfastly resisted calls to abolish the filibuster.
Sinema remarked in the press that she wanted to work with members of both parties to write a bill to address the issue of gun violence, especially as it related to schools, so Murphy texted the Arizona lawmaker to gauge her interest in the bipartisan talks, per The Times.
She told Murphy that she was interested.
"Are you serious?" Murphy responded, according to the report.
Sinema replied that she was indeed on board with gun reform talks.
The bill that was crafted in the Senate in June included funding for mental health services, school security, and crisis intervention programs, while also providing $750 million for states to enact and maintain red flag laws, among other provisions.
Congress eventually approved the legislation and it was signed into law by Biden on Saturday. | <urn:uuid:d0dab17e-0bf4-435a-92e4-f8ef8f73050c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.businessinsider.com/murphy-texted-sinema-bipartisan-gun-reform-are-you-serious-2022-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.974288 | 629 | 1.5 | 2 |
Social media marketing have grown to be just about the most crucial small business applications for firms nowadays. It can provide you with an extremely strong promotion likewise. Social media are a variety of interactive technologies that enable the creation or discussingPer change of hobbies, suggestions and careers life-style passions, as well as other kinds of term via exclusive neighborhoods an internet-based systems. Today, social media is becoming an essential part of commercial way of life. You have to explore the options for social websites.
One of many most effective ways to push your company is by employing social media being a foundation if you have a profitable business as well as build your business enterprise increase. Various communities like LinkedIn, Youtube . com, Facebook and Twitter are widely used by firms and pros for various functions. Because of this, network web-sites like MySpace will also be becoming popular and are now connected with Google search serps. Facebook, google are listing internet websites in an effort to offer customers with much better search results.
There are many sorts of social networking communities now available, searching for individuals are utilizing online community cpa affiliate networks like LinkedIn. Such as: – Web 2 . 0 – Friend internet sites – Blogs – Forums – YouTube – Provides nourishment to – Mini writing a blog – Provides nourishment to – Multimedia Nowadays, it’s become quicker to discuss images, written text, video clips and audio by making use of information sites. Companies are applying websites in promoting their products. Blogs can be simply containing different types of application, which is often down loaded from the net.
About the most social networking cpa affiliate networks is – YouTube. It usually is easily utilized to write about different types of movies on a variety of mobile phone and computer’s desktop systems. You can even bring songs records photos to help make your multimedia system a lot more appealing and interesting. Many on the net business people are applying YouTube for offering their organizations in order to create something totally new with regard to their internet websites.
– Consumer Review Networks: These are typically large and favorite platforms. They accumulate data of assorted goods and categorize them. According to testimonials, distinctive web pages are structured. These websites are helpful for people to be familiar with services and products as well as hottest reports comparable. This is amongst the ways to of obtaining the most up-to-date news about things.
– Twitter: Typically referred to as minuscule-running a blog site, Twitter is really a speedy and highly fun foundation where individuals can converse together. Here, companies might get attached to their people and the other way around. It’s a great spot to interact with your web visitors on the additional very own level. Brand masters can reveal interesting things regarding their brand name and get opinions from their individuals. These are some of the best ways to build formidable human relationships with individuals.
– Multimedia Content: In order to convey their concept for the lots, presently, people are using multi media content. This is one of the most effective growing movements on the net. Actually, useful available by more corporations. Avoiding any ticket of proper rights.
– Multi media-precise Web-sites, but, it is important to continue with the proper tips of web 2 . 0 procedures: Social media marketing is focused on authentic-time connections. And the simplest way to generate a enduring effect on individuals is to create a social network that gives the user with to be able to indulge into different kinds of chitchats. The main social media communities allow end users to publish music, images, movie and text documents. A number of these systems also allows the consumers to get together via web cam, message planks and community forums. Thus, it helps in company advertising and marketing by calling an increased target audience concurrently.
– Discussion Forums: Different kinds of talk discussion boards can be obtained on different social networking tools. It includes the chance people to express different kinds of opinions. This will aid to advertise brand names correctly. A forum enables you to surroundings out almost any issues related to the goods. Insurance firms common talks, a brand name could possibly get opinions from its end users and then use it in bettering its products.
– Video Hosting Services: Media discussing is amongst the major positive aspects made available from on-line marketing giving. This is done as a result of video clip internet hosting internet sites where by customers can publish a digital training videos. These video clips can be seen by anyone around the world. Moreover, advertising revealing delivers the opportunity to increase targeted traffic into a web site.
– Brand Promotion Through Forums and Blogs: There are plenty of social media systems furnishing forums and blogs and forums for marketing a brand. They offer a platform wherever kinds of end users combine efforts to share their opinions and concepts. This gives an empty foundation for dialogue. This lets the manufacturer in the future on the spotlight and create a presence. Moreover, buyers also locate it simpler advertise their products through these boards and blogs and forums. It helps business to unfold its concept to everyone and build recognition about its items.
– YouTube: YouTube is definitely the most significant social websites foundation containing nearly turned into a residence of entertainment. It’s got virtually hit hundreds of dynamic people. This is mostly caused the increasing popularity of cell phone and world-wide-web looking at. The truth is, the YouTube video clip is amongst the most considered training video on-line today.
– Social Media Marketing: Today, facebook marketing has accumulated lots of importance as a way to market a product. This is certainly largely because of the big competition in this industry. To stay ahead of the group, it is very important to the brand name to generally be active on the many well-liked social media sites. A social media marketing marketer has got to 1st apply for on all popular web-sites which supply a software at no cost language. Every marketing expert gets to be well-known, they might encourage her or his small business in no time.
There are many other advertising platforms that are presently well-accepted more than modern times. Myspace, Myspace and MySpace have received enormous recognition among the people. While a social websites professional are not able to make best use of all, he or she should not less than do section of it. Certainly one of a software who has generally benefitted enterprises is Whatsapp. Having a whopping 300 million users, this messaging services are fast becoming a household name. | <urn:uuid:c29df325-3cd7-48f4-ac55-f3667c8db692> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sirviton.com/social-media-advertising-4-best-free-techniques-to-market-your-business-on-web-2-0/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.945997 | 1,316 | 1.867188 | 2 |
EEG EXAMINATION OF A MAN
Photo essay from hospital. Electroencephalogram : recording of the cerebral waves to search for an abnormal cerebral activity like in epilepsy. Placement of an elastic net on the skull to maintain the electrodes in place.
3543 x 5316 pixels
Print Size @ 300 dpi
12 x 18 inches / 30 x 45 cm
Property No you may not need it | <urn:uuid:f70f199d-a5a1-4c08-87e0-c14f5662bf2a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.diomedia.com/stock-photo-eeg-examination-of-a-man-image5710043.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.704536 | 96 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Kevin Avila: The Importance of Telemedicine through Satellite in Africa (Part 1): South Africa and Uganda
This is the first article of the three-part series: “The Importance of Telemedicine through Satellite in Africa”.
Telemedicine offers a new hope for medical patients in Africa. One of the biggest healthcare issues in Africa today is the poor level of medical services in the rural and remote regions. The rural areas generally have worse medical services compared to urban areas and large cities. This is a big problem especially since the demand for professional medical services and medical aid in rural areas is increasing, while medical services have not been able to keep up. Telemedicine is one optimal way to provide professional healthcare services to rural areas in Africa. It allows patients to get medical aid from a distance using data communications, making it very beneficial for patients living in isolated communities and remote locations.
Application of VSAT to Telemedicine in Africa
Satellite technology on VSAT platforms provides the most effective solution for telemedicine due to its unmatched coverage and service availability, especially for Africa with its very great land mass. VSAT provides the required connectivity between the users of medical applications, databases, video, and phones at remote or mobile sites. VSAT provides the crucial communication link between remote clinics with doctors engaged in on-site medical support, and the medical experts in various urban hospitals. Diagnostic data, images, and live videos can be transmitted between multiple urban hospitals and remote clinics in rural villages, regardless of how isolated or remote the locations are. VSAT also provides the bandwidth to remote sites so they can access logistical information regarding hospital and medical resources.
Telemedicine has enabled the remote regions of Africa to have access to medical information and medical expertise that are readily available in urban areas. A physician located far from urban hospitals can consult his or her colleagues remotely in order to solve a difficult medical case, follow a continuing education course over the Internet, or access medical information from digital libraries. Because of this remote access, telemedicine offers a great advantage to the population, and below we will go through the effects of telemedicine in South Africa and Uganda, and see the level of telemedicine infrastructure and the effects on the community.
1. South Africa
South Africa is one of the countries in Africa where telemedicine has gained wide acceptance, and numerous projects for private telehealth centers were implemented across the country. Working through a public-private partnership (PPP), the use of telemedicine ensured that patient waiting times in South Africa are reduced in an efficient and cost effective manner.
The South African Telemedical Resources (TMR) was formed in February 1998 as an entity that is owned by local and international shareholders, and employs medical specialists, the Medunsa School of Medicine, and a large group of private clinics. TMR`s mission is to provide multimedia products and systems that facilitate the healthcare decision making process. This is done through the development of telemedicine networks focusing on the transmission of images, sound, video and text based on the French-developed Mercury software telemedicine system. They have developed a Telemedicine Network linking medical resources (specialists in radiology, pathology, and dermatology, etc.) with medical needs (patients, rural or under-serviced clinics, etc.) across the public and private healthcare sectors.
Uganda lacks the elaborate broadband backbone that South Africa has, so their telemedicine infrastructure is present, but it is still in the initial stages. While corporate organizations are monetizing telemedicine in South Africa, telemedicine in Uganda is largely non-commercial and provided by the government. The Ugandan government sometimes collaborates with international institutions to use telemedicine to improve patients’ access to quality healthcare. An example of such collaboration was shown in the announcement by the Ugandan government about a new Telemedicine Center in Uganda , in partnership with Apollo Hospitals in India.
India’s Apollo Hospitals group is set to open a clinic, an information center, and a telemedicine network aimed at connecting doctors in Uganda to other experts around the world without having to travel there. The move is likely to reduce the amount of money spent by Ugandans to travel abroad for specialized medical care. In Uganda, breast and cervical cancers are some of the leading causes of death among women, and the telemedicine center and partnership with Apollo Hospitals aim to address this health issue in Uganda.
This article will be continued in the second part of this series titled: The Importance of Telemedicine through Satellite in Africa (Part 2): Ghana and Ethiopia.
This article was first published on Vizocom's blogpage | <urn:uuid:78cdab22-6eb7-4e71-a0e1-7026d3824ad7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://africabusinesscommunities.com/features/kevin-avila-the-importance-of-telemedicine-through-satellite-in-africa-part-1-south-africa-and-uganda.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.943156 | 987 | 2.4375 | 2 |
What is a Catalytic converter? A catalytic converter transforms harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases from your vehicle into less harmful ones. It does this by catalyzing an chemical reaction called an oxidation. To know more about what a catalytic converter is and how it works, read on. You’ll soon see the importance of this device to reduce your car’s emissions. This article will explain the numerous benefits of a catalytic converter.
This device is located behind the engine and on the underside of your car. It looks like a large metal box with two pipes that are coming out of it. The catalyst reacts with the substances in exhaust gas to break down harmful gases. The two pipes are connected to the catalytic converter where the toxins are broken down into less harmful gases. This reduces pollution. Once the process is complete the car will no longer emit harmful emissions.
The catalyst in a catalytic converter is what speeds up the chemical reaction, but does not alter the chemical itself. It functions in the same way that a coach would for the marathon runner. He doesn’t run faster; he just gets more done. The catalyst in a catalytic converter works by accelerating the removal of pollution. It is composed of platinum, a platinum-like metal or an equivalent platinum-like metal.
Another important component of a catalytic converter is the fuel it is using. Diesel fuel is more efficient than gasoline, but gasoline is cleaner. Catalytic converters focus on the soluble organic portion that is composed of hydrocarbons bound by soot. This can reduce emissions but it is not effective. Lead poisons the catalyst. By contrast, lead-free fuel does not make your car more eco sustainable.
You must immediately report any theft of your catalytic converter. Inform your local police department. If you can provide the scrapyard with the VIN number of the catalytic converter, they will be able to contact you. They will be able verify the serial number and inform you of the missing converter. Repair your vehicle if you don’t have enough money to buy a brand new catalytic converter.
Additionally Catalytic converters are valuable and can be sold for thousands of dollars in gold. Catalytic converters can be made of precious metals like palladium or platinum. These precious metals are now worth twice as much as gold. The value of these precious metals has reached a peak that makes them very lucrative targets for thieves. Furthermore, if your catalytic converter is stolen, the theft of the metal will be virtually impossible!
You might notice a decrease in gas mileage if your catalytic converter is not working. This is because the exhaust is unable to clear the blockage and the subsequent intake cycle doesn’t bring in the fresh air it needs. In the end, your car is using more fuel than it needs to and can result in frequent trips to the fuel pump. The emissions of your vehicle and the cost of repairs will rise if you don’t change your catalytic converter.
A catalytic converter’s cost is an additional disadvantage. It can be very costly to replace them, which is why it is worth considering comprehensive car insurance. The insurance company will pay the cost of replacing your catalytic converter. If you do not replace the converter, you’ll be able to avoid paying massive fines. So, when you are unsure, take your vehicle to a Toyota dealership. They’ll be glad to help you.
The technology behind the catalytic convertor is very old, as we have already discussed. It was first introduced in France in the latter part of the 19th century, but wasn’t widely adopted until the 1970s. The US E.P.A. has increased its emissions regulations in 1975. It became a mandatory requirement for all diesel and gasoline cars. The reason behind this was to cleanse the air. Catalytic converters helped control carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, as well as improve the quality of air.
However, thieves are trying to steal catalytic converters of cars. These thefts have been reported to have taken place on vehicles with high ground clearance. It’s possible to steal vehicles with higher ground clearance. However, these crimes might not be as visible as car thefts, which is the reason the theft of catalytic converters is an increasing issue in many cities. It is important to keep in mind that being green isn’t without its drawbacks.
know more about scrap catalytic converter price guide here. | <urn:uuid:8ac5075b-0466-4830-acd6-4e32d771e1f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://masianovales.com/top-guidelines-of-catalytic-converter-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.957033 | 923 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Memories can be destabilized by the reexposure to the training context and may reconsolidate into a modified engram. Reconsolidation relies on some particular molecular mechanisms involving LVGCCs and GluN2B-containing NMDARs. In this study we investigate the interference caused by the presence of a distractor - a brief, unanticipated stimulus that impair a fear memory expression - during the reactivation session and tested the hypothesis that this disruptive effect relies on a reconsolidation process. Rats previously trained in the contextual fear conditioning (CFC) were reactivated in the presence or absence of a distractor stimulus. In the test, groups reactivated in the original context with distractor displayed a reduction of the freezing response lasting up to 20 days. To check for the involvement of destabilization / reconsolidation mechanisms, we studied the effect of systemic nimodipine (a L-VGCC blocker) or intra-CA1 ifenprodil (a selective GluN2B/NMDAR antagonist) infused right before the reactivation session. Both treatments were able to prevent the disruptive effect of distraction. Ifenprodil results also bolstered the case for hippocampus as the putative brain structure hosting this phenomenon. Our results provide some evidence in support of a behavioral, non-invasive procedure that was able to disrupt an aversive memory in a long-lasting way.
A considerable amount of evidence has shown that consolidated memories can enter into a new labile state after reactivation, requiring a later restabilization process known as reconsolidation1. Specific molecular mechanisms were identified that trigger memory trace destabilization, including Ca++ influx mediated by Voltage Gated Calcium (VGCCs) or NMDA channels2,3,4, the action of CB1 receptors5 and protein degradation dependent on the ubiquitin/proteasome system6,7,8. Even in a labile state, memories remain susceptible to pharmacological and behavioral disruption9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20. The underlying hypothesis is that labilization-reconsolidation processes may enable the modification of pre-existing memories. To the extent that this is true, disrupting memory reconsolidation is expected to have an impact as a treatment strategy concerning fear-related memories.
“Distraction” – a concept that usually belongs to the realm of attentional studies – can be operationally defined here as a short-term, irrelevant and unanticipated stimulus capable of displacing the representation of a concomitant conditioning factor (context, shock, appetitive reward, etc) from working memory21,22. The resulting decay of the memory trace could take place without necessarily incorporating any distractor details as additional information23. In support of this idea, human studies have shown that distractor stimuli may impair unwanted memories in some specific situations24,25,26,27,28,29,30. Consistent with that, previous work from our lab where a fear conditiong memory is reactivated by pairing context with a highly palatable appetitive stimulus (chocolate), was able to labilize the aversive memory trace, modifying its emotional valence4. It is our hypothesis that, in these cases, distraction interferes with memory by disturbing the process known as reconsolidation.
In order to test if distractor may effectively disrupt fear memory reconsolidation, the stimuli were presented during the reactivation session and memory retention was measured. Additionally, we investigated if the observed effects actually rely on the well-described destabilization/reconsolidation neurochemical mechanisms in order to confirm their nature.
Material and Methods
Male Wistar rats weighting 250–350 g from our University breeding colony (CREAL/UFRGS) were used. Animals were housed in plastic cages, four to five in a cage, under a 12 h light/dark cycle and at constant temperature of 24 ± 1 °C, with water and food ad libitum. All experiments were conducted in accordance to local animal care guidelines (Brazilian Federal Law 11,794/2008) and approved by the Ethics in the Use of Experimental Animals Committee of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (CEUA, Project UFRGS #23,326).
Each experiment consisted of three or four phases – conditioning, reactivation, test and retest sessions – as described below (see also the diagrams in figure). Memory was measured quantifying freezing behavior: freezing is defined as the absence of all movements except those related to breathing and expressed as percentage of the total session time.
Conditioning chamber (context)
The conditioning chamber (context training) consisted of an illuminated Plexiglas box (20 × 25 × 22 cm, with a grid of parallel 0.1 cm caliber stainless steel bars spaced 1.0 cm apart) with constant fan background sound (white noise). The novel context was a rectangular box with dimensions similar to the conditioning one, with a smooth floor, one wall painted with black-and-white vertical stripes and without background white noise.
Contextual Fear Conditioning (CFC): training session
In the training session, rats were placed in the conditioning chamber to habituate for 3 min before receiving two 2-s, 0.7-mA footshocks separated by a 30-s interval (unconditioned stimulus); they were kept in the conditioning environment for additional 30-s before returning to their homecages.
Reactivation session: distractor stimulus presentation
Two days after training, rats were either re-exposed to the training context (reactivation session), or exposed to a novel context, for 5 min. The unconditioned stimulus (US) – footshock – was absent either during the reactivation session in the original and the novel context exposition: after the first minute of the reactivation session, a distractor stimulus (DIST) – a soft air puff from a wash bottle – was directed to the animal´s head and torso every time the animal expressed the freezing response.
Test consisted of measuring animal´s freezing response to a 4 min exposition to the same training context on day 5.
24 hours after test, subjects received two successive, non-paired footshocks of 0.3 mA (weak), each with 2 sec duration, in a 15 × 10 × 11.5 cm blue polypropylene box; they were retested (CFC training context) for reinstatement in the following day.
Animals were re-tested for 4 min in the same training context on day 20.
Stereotaxic surgery and cannulae placement
Animals were anesthetized with a ketamine and xylazine association (75 and 10 mg/kg, respectively) infused intraperitoneally. A 22-gauge guide cannulae was implanted bilaterally at AP = −4.0 mm (from Bregma), LL = ±3.0 mm, DV = −1.6 mm, positioned just 1.0 mm above the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus (according to Paxinos & Watson, 1998)31. After a recovery from the surgery of at least 5 days, behavioral procedures were performed. After that, all animals were sacrificed, their brains dissected and fixed on 10% formaldehyde in order to verify the cannulae placement under low magnification. Animals with inaccurate cannulae placements were excluded from the statistical analysis.
Nimodipine (Sigma), an antagonist of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LVGCCs) was dissolved in sterile isotonic saline solution with 8% dimethylsulfoxide to a concentration of 16 mg/mL. Nimodipine or its vehicle were injected systemically (subcutaneously - s.c.) 30 min before the reactivation session, both to a total volume of 1 mL/kg. Ifenprodil (Sigma), the selective antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of NMDAR, was dissolved in a phosphate-buffered saline solution to a concentration of 1 mg/mL and it, or its vehicle, was infused intrahippocampally (in CA1) at a slow rate (20 μL/h; 0.5 μL/side), 15 min prior to the reactivation session.
After confirming the homocedasticity (Levene test) and normality of the data distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), experiments were analyzed by ANOVA for Repeated Measures followed by a Newman-Keuls post hoc test, when applicable. Significance was set at P < 0.05.
Memory reactivation in the presence of distractor stimulus leads to an enduring fear memory impairment
In our first experiment, we evaluate whether distractor stimulus was able to disrupt memory reconsolidation – a labile state that follows the reactivation that makes it susceptible to disruption (Nader et al., 2009). Rats were trained in the contextual fear conditioning (CFC) and later re-exposed to the same context (reactivation) in order to induce memory destabilization. In the distracted group, a soft air puff (the distractor stimulus) was applied to the animals during their freezing, while in the control group, reactivation did not involve any distractor stimulus. Animals were tested at 2 and retested at 20 days after training, in the same context (Fig. 1A,B). ANOVA for Repeated Measures revealed a significant effect of group (F(1,21) = 9.3929, P = 0.0059), but not of session (F(1,21) = 0.5431, P = 0.5850) or group*session interaction (F(1,21) = 0.0105, P = 0.9896): notice that DIST group exhibited less freezing than its control along all sessions. Additionally, other animals were retest after exposure to the unconditioned stimulus, i.e. reinstatement procedure (Fig. 1C,D). ANOVA for Repeated Measures showed a significant effect of group (F(1,16) = 29.4724, P = 0,0001), but not of session (F(1,16) = 1.9626, P = 0.15704) or group*session interaction (F(1,16) = 0.0324, P = 0.9682): demonstrating that freezing levels of DIST group was maintained in lower levels when compared to control during all sessions, even after unconditioned stimulus.
Disruption by the distractor stimulus only takes place if animals are re-exposed to the original training context
Reconsolidation takes place only when reactivation is performed in the exact training context (see, e.g., Winocur et al., 2009), thus it is important to evaluate the context-dependency of the distractor effect. Two groups of rats (distracted and control) were exposed to a novel, different context, after which they were tested in the original training context (Fig. 2). ANOVA for Repeated Measures has shown significant effect of session (F(1,13) = 107.7779, P = 0,0000), but not of group (F(1,13) = 4.2672, P = 0.0611) or group*session interaction (F(1,13) = 0.1271, P = 0.7277), with no difference between groups in each session (only along them).
The distractor-induced memory disruption involves trace destabilization mediated by L-type voltage-gated Ca++ channels
One necessary step in the reactivation/reconsolidation process is trace destabilization, which is mediated by L-type voltage-gated Ca++ channels: nimodipine, a selective LVGCC antagonist, can prevent it without affecting concomitant processes such as memory storage or retrieval (de Oliveira Alvares et al., 2013; Suzuki et al., 2008; Sierra et al., 2013; Cassini et al., 2013). Accordingly, if memory disruption caused by the distractor stimulus actually relies on a memory reconsolidation process, then nimodipine should prevent the effect (Fig. 3). ANOVA for Repeated Measures has shown a significant effect of group (F(3,29) = 28.3694 , P = 0.0000), drug (F(3,29) = 8.3980, P = 0.0071) and session*group interaction (F(3,29) = 11.7974, P = 0.0019), but not of session (F(3,29) = 2.3873, P = 0.1332) and the remaining interactions: session*drug (F(3,29) = 2.9146, P = 0.0985) and session*group*drug (F(3,29) = 1.4041, P = 0.2457). In the test session, Newman-Keuls post-hoc analysis has shown that only the VEH + DIST group expressed lower freezing levels compared to all the other groups, VEH (P = 0.02757), NIMO (P = 0.01535), or NIMO + DIST (P = 0.0168). In the reactivation session, however, both VEH + DIST and NIMO + DIST groups have shown lower freezing levels compared to the other groups, VEH (P = 0.0030 and 0.0348, respectively) and NIMO (P = 0.0015 and 0.0243, respectively (Newman-Keuls post-hoc analysis). The only group to present a significantly different performance between sessions was the NIMO + DIST one (P = 0.0014; Newman-Keuls post-hoc test).
Dependency on GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors in the hippocampus also point to a trace destabilization mechanism behind the observed disruption effect
Trace destabilization was also shown to depend on NMDA receptors containing the GluN2B subunit (Ben Mamou et al., 2006; Milton et al., 2013; Haubrich et al., 2015), particularly in the hippocampus, a brain structure involved in contextual fear memory reconsolidation (Anagnostaras et al., 2001; Rudy, et al., 2004; Winocur et al., 2009). Thus, we infused the selective GluN2B antagonist ifenprodil bilaterally into the CA1 hippocampal area 15 min prior to reactivation session aiming to prevent memory destabilization, and, thus, gather support for the reconsolidation hypothesis (Fig. 4). ANOVA for Repeated Measures has shown a significant effect of group (F(3,42) = 17.0813, P = 0.0002), session (F(3,42) = 26.1011, P = 0.0000) and group*drug interaction (F(3,42) = 8.5353, P = 0.0056), but not of drug (F(3,42) = 0.2191, P = 0.6421), or the following interactions: session*group (F(3,42) = 1.6320, P = 0.2084), session*drug (F(3,42) = 4.0118, P = 0.0517) and session*group*drug (F(3,42) = 0.0454, P = 0.8323). In the test session, Newman-Keuls post-hoc analysis has shown that the VEH + DIST group expressed lower freezing levels compared to the VEH (P = 0.0326), but not to the remaining groups (P = 0.0987 and 0.0815, respectively). In the reactivation session, Newman-Keuls post-hoc analysis revealed that both VEH + DIST and IFEN + DIST groups were significantly smaller than the VEH control (P = 0.0032 and 0.0248, respectively), that, on its turn, was similar to IFEN (P = 0.5072). Similar to the nimodipine experiment, IFEN + DIST was the only group to present a significantly different performance between sessions (P = 0.0010; Newman-Keuls post-hoc test).
In the present study, we have investigated the disruptive effect of a distractor stimulus during the reconsolidation of the original fear memory, with its consequent impairment. In Fig. 1, we observe that the distractor stimulus was able to reduce the freezing to the lower levels observed in the test session. Perseverance of this modified response for almost 3 weeks (see test 2, Fig. 1B) supports the idea that the modified engram did not undergo anything resembling a “spontaneous recovery”: would this be the case, we could suspect of an extinction effect. Considering also that the effect was not sensitive to a reinstatement protocol (Fig. 1C,D) and the fact that the reactivation session was too short to extinguish any memory trace, our results clearly refute this possibility. All things considered, we interpret the observed fear memory change as the result of a reconsolidation process.
Consistently, Fig. 2 shows that the distractor effect requires the reexposition to the very same training context in order to be reactivated, i.e., destabilized/reconsolidated. That is why the lower freezing observed in the exposition to the novel context session (Fig. 2B) was only expected.
Notice that the significant reduction of % freezing during the reactivation session, as observed in our experiments (see “reactivation” in Figs 1,3 and 4) is, in itself, a trivial and expected effect, since reaction to the airpuff stimulus naturally competes with freezing behavior “stealing” some of its expression time.
To this point, however, our behavioral results do not prove that the distraction-induced effect was actually mediated by a reconsolidation phenomenon, so it was necessary to investigate some underlying mechanisms in order to support that conclusion. It is accepted by many authors that trace destabilization is a necessary step in the reactivation/reconsolidation process and blocking its neurochemical substrates should be a robust way of testing for the hypothesis of the presence of a reconsolidation process. Since L-type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels were shown to mediate destabilization without affecting concomitant processes such as memory storage or retrieval3,5,12,32 we injected (systemically) the selective antagonist nimodipine. Accordingly, if memory disruption caused by the distractor stimulus actually relies on a reconsolidation process, then nimodipine should prevent the effect, exactly as we have found (Fig. 3). As trace destabilization is likewise dependent on GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors2,4,33 and since this also takes place in the hippocampus, an area of paramount importance for memory reconsolidation34,35,36, we infused ifenprodil into CA1 before the reactivation session, having found the same prevention effect observed with systemic nimodipine (Fig. 4). In both experiments, memory destabilization was prevented, and, as a consequence, the distractor stimulus failed to disrupt fear memory (see Figs 3 and 4): these findings are fully consistent with the nature of a reconsolidation process. It is important to notice that both destabilization blockers were infused in concentrations that do not affect retrieval per se, in order to be useful to check for each specific dependence – upon L-VGCCs or GluN2B-NMDARs, respectively – by reverting the distractor effect. Ifenprodil results also bolstered the case for hippocampus as the putative brain structure hosting the phenomenon of memory reconsolidation.
The fact that performance of the distracted groups resulted in the reduction of the response naturally prompts the question of whether this was, or not, a simple case of “facilitation of extinction”. Reconsolidation and extinction have some markedly different properties: while the first seems to modify the engram in a more permanent way11,37,38 – either reducing or increasing its intensity or quality3, the second usually has only a transient inhibitory effect upon memory, usually involving a new, second trace39,40,41,42,43,44. In extinction, fear response may return through several routes, either by the passage of time (spontaneous recovery) or after exposure to the unconditioned stimulus (reinstatement), for instance39,45,46,47. Among other reasons, we believe our effect cannot be considered an extinction because the reexposure duration is too short to result in extinction. We have extensively studied and discussed this elsewhere3,4,48, but, in particular, we have shown that reactivation sessions lasting from 3 to 9 minutes may result in a protein synthesis-dependent reconsolidation process, while requiring a context re-exposure of at least 25 to 30 minutes4,48 to induce a true extinction. Thus, not only the 5-min re-exposure/reactivation session (with or without a distractor) lays precisely in the time window typical for reconsolidation induction, but the observed effect also does not involve neither reinstatement, nor spontaneous recovery, which would otherwise characterize an extinction process.
In this work, “distraction” was operationally defined as a short interference able to expel relevant contextual information from working memory21,22, enough to interfere with long-term memory formation. It does not imply, automatically, in the incorporation of any distractor information per se into the memory trace23. However, our results cannot discard completely the possibility that new information was inserted into the fear engram in order to reduce the aversive valence of the original memory: this would be interference by addition, not displacement, i.e., a form of updating, yet another possible reconsolidation outcome3,17,37. Indeed, we have previously demonstrated that the memory valence might be effectively altered by pairing a positive appetitive stimulus (chocolate in that case) with context-re-exposure4.
That reconsolidation can be pharmacologically disrupted is a well established fact1,49,50,51,52,53,54. Compared to this, its hard to overrate the clinical relevance of the availability of a behavioral, essentially non-invasive procedure able to modify the emotional valence of an aversive memory. There is an extensive literature on the beneficial effects of distractor stimuli upon unwanted memories in humans24,25,26,29,30, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques such as EMDR - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing27,28, but their mechanisms are still poorly understood. In EMDR, “reprocessing” was indeed suggested to involve reconsolidation to some extent28. In agreement with previous reports11,55,56, our results have shown that an aversive memory may be effectively modified by a drug-free approach – distractor stimulus presented during reactivation in a controlled context – able to modify the emotional valence of an aversive memory in a relatively long-lasting way.
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We acknowledge M.S. Fabrício Diniz Dutra for his contributions and thank Mrs. Zelma Regina Vasconcelos de Almeida for always resourceful and kind technical assistance.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Cite this article
Crestani, A., Zacouteguy Boos, F., Haubrich, J. et al. Memory reconsolidation may be disrupted by a distractor stimulus presented during reactivation. Sci Rep 5, 13633 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13633
Translational Psychiatry (2020)
Scientific Reports (2018)
Effects of Hippocampal LIMK Inhibition on Memory Acquisition, Consolidation, Retrieval, Reconsolidation, and Extinction
Molecular Neurobiology (2018)
Enhancement of extinction memory by pharmacological and behavioral interventions targeted to its reactivation
Scientific Reports (2017)
Forgetting of long-term memory requires activation of NMDA receptors, L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and calcineurin
Scientific Reports (2016) | <urn:uuid:88ace857-aeda-46e3-82f4-0669f1405bf6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nature.com/articles/srep13633?error=cookies_not_supported&code=9fddf7e4-383a-400f-9800-cf97e86376f3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.876888 | 8,024 | 1.757813 | 2 |
From July 15, the performing arts are again combined with the walls of the Aragonese fortresses in the fourth edition of Festivals of the Castles. Theater, music, magic… up to fifty performances make up a program with an important presence of Aragonese artists.
The castles are one of the most important treasures of Aragon. They tell our past and are living history of what has happened in this land for centuries. Every year they attract thousands of tourists who want to see these constructions up close, stroll through their rooms and feel part of the legacy they make up. But they have also shown that they can become a powerful stage on which to program concerts or theater performances. And that is precisely what Festivals of the Castles does: claiming the role of these spaces as venues for different shows.
This year the initiative celebrates its fourth edition, with the aim of recovering the pulse it had before the pandemic. In total there will be ten stages where theater, music, magic shows or humor will be programmed. As Toño Monzón, its organizer, explains, “some of the fortresses that could not open their doors in 2020 will reopen their doors and, in addition, new venues such as the castle of San Agustín, in Teruel, Fraga, in Huesca, and Alfajarín, in Zaragoza, will be incorporated”. The negative note is that of Monzón, since the temporary closure of its fortress after a collapse has meant that its participation in the festival has to be postponed until next year.
Between July 15 and August 29, ten castles of Aragon will host performances: in addition to the new additions, Valderrobres, Albalate del Arzobispo, Rubielos de Mora and Mora de Rubielos (which form the consolidated Festival Puerta al Mediterráneo), Illueca, Mesones de Isuela and Sádaba will repeat.
Aragonese arts and avant-garde proposals
This year’s program aims to maintain two of the hallmarks that this festival of festivals has defended since its inception: the commitment to Aragonese talent and opportunities for young artists, who have an opportunity here to put their proposals on stage.
As Monzón recalls, “the commitment to Aragonese creation has always been there. This year, of the 50 performances programmed, more than half are from our Community. And, as for new talents, there are many people who are doing new things and the festival has always brought them. This year, for example, there is a company from Madrid with a very modern version of Calderón de la Barca”.
Among the programmed artists we find, among others, in the musical section, Isabel Marco, O’Carolan, Aurora Beltrán, Nacho del Río with Beatriz Bernad or Delacueva. And as for theater, artists and companies such as Marisol Aznar and Jorge Asín, Teatro del Temple, Kulunka Teatro, Teatro Che y Moche, Nueve de Nueve Teatro or Rafa Maza.
The reduced capacity of 50% is maintained
As it happened last year, the stages located in the different castles of the three Aragonese provinces will see their capacity reduced by half. Toño Monzón assures that they have preferred not to increase it up to 75% to guarantee the best conditions, although he recognizes that, if the conditions improve, they could consider increasing the capacity at specific moments.
This limitation of public is also noticed, logically, in the collected box office, something that has prevented them from programming shows of great format. “Economically it is impossible, there are proposals that have had to stay in the drawer, theater, musicals… it is not the same to put 1,000 people in the audience than 500,” he regrets.
Festival complements the tourist offer
As its organizer explains, Festivales de los Castillos is an addition to the cultural program that different institutions organize around the Aragonese fortresses. “We are a complement, because most of the towns have their own plans of tourist dynamization. There are many activities, each village dynamizes its castles and we are the accompaniment or the incentive to keep things happening during the year”.
A spirit that is sublimated between the months of July and August, when the scenic offer wants to be only a part of a proposal of rural tourism: “We want to create the ritual of going to the theater at night and that during the day there are sports activities of nature, to visit the heritage of the villages and go to eat in them”, indicates Toño Monzón.
An offer that, every year, brings hundreds of visitors from inside and outside Aragon, who come to enjoy the show but also to know the cultural, natural and gastronomic heritage of the Community. | <urn:uuid:2df29ac5-32a8-4951-97b3-cbf2aa24d269> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.goaragon.eu/aragon-spain-tourism-castles-festivales-de-los-castillos-de-aragon-incorporates-three-new-fortresses-as-venues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.955372 | 1,035 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Main Article Content
The rapid spread and the easy availability of a free e-mail service have made it the medium of choice for the sending
of unsolicited advertising and bulk e-mail in general. These messages are called spam e-mail and are an increasing problem to
both Internet users and Internet Service Providers (ISPs). In this paper, a multi-agent based architecture is adopted to allow for
efficient on-line application of the developed filter while maintain the scalable design that lend itself to openness, a multi-agent
system (MAS) designed to implement a spam filter system based on mobile agent technology with SVM-filter that works
background, at client side, to improve classification accuracy of Gmail and to allow for distant classification. | <urn:uuid:3d93f0cb-6385-41ef-95e0-909487d453f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/10692 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.906676 | 154 | 1.90625 | 2 |
The National CERT warns the public of a scam directed against e-commerce platform users. This abuse targets the advertisers, contacted through an application by the supposed buyers interested in specific products. The communication is made in bad Serbian, with contact telephone numbers usually from abroad. The advertisers are asked to answer if the product is available, following which a link is provided to them on behalf of a supposed platform administrator, along with an explanation that the supposed buyer has already purchased the product via an application and that the advertiser is now required to enter their credit card number and CVV number in the offered field, so that the payment to the advertiser can be finalized. As soon as the advertiser enters the data, the funds from their bank account are transferred to the bank account of the supposed buyer, after which the latter leaves the conversation, blocking any further contact.
The National CERT advises all e-commerce platform users to be vigilant when asked to disclose their personal bank account data and to pay special attention to payment conditions on the platforms they use.
More on safe e-commerce activities can be found here. | <urn:uuid:d33ebacc-465d-4a29-b96f-31649889ed12> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cert.rs/en/obavestenje/610-Zloupotreba-platformi-za-e-trgovinu.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.972834 | 223 | 1.570313 | 2 |
An increased level of parent involvement in education has been identified as a predictor of positive postschool outcomes for students with disabilities who have traditionally experienced lower rates of employment and postsecondary education than their peers without disabilities. The purpose of this study was to explore the factor structure of scales adapted from the Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler Model of Parent Involvement that might be used to predict parent involvement in secondary special education. An iterative adaption process included adding and revising scale items to reflect parent beliefs and involvement activities related to transition planning and secondary education for parents of high school students with disabilities. Participants were 149 parents of students with disabilities, ages 16–21. Two exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the scales. Results of the EFA for involvement activities suggested a three-factor solution including: Future Planning; Home-based Involvement; and Agency/School-based Involvement. Results of the EFA for Motivators for Involvement suggested a seven-factor solution including: Parent Expectations for the Future; General School Invitations; Role Construction; Perceptions of Time and Energy; Knowledge, Skills, and Self-efficacy; Specific Child Invitations, and Specific Teacher Invitations. Implications and future research directions are discussed. | <urn:uuid:77aaf042-d278-454d-a8a6-2fcd5351bf48> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mijn.bsl.nl/parent-involvement-in-secondary-special-education-and-transition/10599164 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951223 | 266 | 2.359375 | 2 |
This study explores the efficacy of utilizing a novel ground penetrating radar (GPR) acquisition platform and data analysis methods to quantify peanut yield for breeding selection, agronomic research, and producer management and harvest applications. Sixty plots comprising different peanut market types were scanned with a multichannel, air-launched GPR antenna. Image thresholding analysis was performed on 3D GPR data from four of the channels to extract features that were correlated to peanut yield with the objective of developing a noninvasive high-throughput peanut phenotyping and yield-monitoring methodology. Plot-level GPR data were summarized using mean, standard deviation, sum, and the number of nonzero values (counts) below or above different percentile threshold values. Best results were obtained for data below the percentile threshold for mean, standard deviation and sum. Data both below and above the percentile threshold generated good correlations for count. Correlating individual GPR features to yield generated correlations of up to 39% explained variability, while combining GPR features in multiple linear regression models generated up to 51% explained variability. The correlations increased when regression models were developed separately for each peanut type. This research demonstrates that a systematic search of thresholding range, analysis window size, and data summary statistics is necessary for successful application of this type of analysis. The results also establish that thresholding analysis of GPR data is an appropriate methodology for noninvasive assessment of peanut yield, which could be further developed for high-throughput phenotyping and yield-monitoring, adding a new sensor and new capabilities to the growing set of digital agriculture technologies. | <urn:uuid:3d7b228e-8a44-4e3e-afea-43f5b27a3f78> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vivo.library.tamu.edu/vivo/display/n546615SE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.933858 | 330 | 2.234375 | 2 |
PLASTICS INFORMATION SHEET (supplied by WSCC)
The World’s annual consumption of plastic materials has increased from around 5 million tonnes in the 1950s to nearly 100 million tonnes today. We therefore produce and use 20 times more plastic than we did 50 years ago, with plastic being the material of choice in nearly half of all packaged goods.
Plastics are still being developed and improved upon, for example, yoghurt pots have reduced in weight from approximately 12g to 4g since the 1990s.
There are about 50 different groups of plastics, with hundreds of different varieties. In theory all plastics can be recycled but will depend on the available technology and markets for the recycled material.
A system of identification was produced by the American Society of Plastics to make sorting and thus recycling easier. However, the recycling triangle does not necessarily mean the plastic item can be recycled in West Sussex or by other local authorities.
• Extremely versatile and can be tailored to meet very specific technical needs.
• Lightweight; reducing fuel consumption during transportation.
• Extremely durable.
• Resistant to chemicals, water and impact.
• Good safety and hygiene properties for food packaging.
• Excellent thermal and electrical insulation properties.
• Relatively inexpensive to produce.
Fizzy drink bottles, squash and mineral water bottles.
Margarine tubs, ice cream tubs, microwaveable meal trays.
Milk bottles, shampoo, chemical and detergent bottles.
Yoghurt pots, vending cups, plastic cutlery, packaging for electronic goods and toys.
Food trays, cling film.
Plastics that do not fall into the six categories. An example is melamine, which is often used in plastic plates and cups.
Carrier bags and bin liners.
The production and use of plastics has a range of environmental impacts.
• Requires significant quantities of resources, primary fossil fuels, land and water.
• Produces waste and emissions.
• Involves use of potentially harmful chemicals, added as stabilisers or colourants, for example phthalates.
The disposal of plastic products also contributes significantly to their environmental impact. If plastics are sent to landfill they take a very long time to break down, possibly hundreds of years, because they are non-degradable.
Recycling plastics results in the following environmental benefits:
• Two-thirds of the energy needed to manufacture plastics is saved.
• 90% of water used in manufacture is saved.
• Carbon dioxide emissions are reduced by two-and-a-half times.
Plastics Recycling — Frequently Asked Questions
What plastics can I recycle in West Sussex?
Residents in West Sussex can now recycle plastic bottles and containers. Plastics are polymers, chains of molecules produced by smaller molecules called monomers. There are many different types of plastics depending on their molecular make up and shape. These plastics can be recycled and made into new products such as fleeces, pillows or new plastic bottles.
Does it matter what colour plastic bottle and containers I put in my recycling bin/box?
No, the colour of your plastic bottles and containers does not matter; it should be clean, dry and loose. No plastic bags and bottle tops, if in doubt leave it out.
Should I remove tops from the bottles?
Yes, bottle tops are often made from a different type of plastic to the rest of the bottle and will therefore have different chemical properties. If the two are recycled together chemical reactions occur affecting the end product. As the top is screwed on to the bottle it becomes difficult to remove automatically and so can readily contaminate the plastic by mixing the two types together.
Do I need to wash out my plastic bottles and containers?
Yes, after using your plastic bottle and containers, it should be rinsed out in used washing-up water to remove any liquid and food residue still in the bottle and container. As well as providing a clean material for plastic recyclers you will also help to prevent food contamination on other recyclables such as paper and card, which would make them unsuitable for recycling.
Can’t I recycle non-bottle shaped items like margarine tubs, yoghurt pots, food trays etc?
Yes, these items (PP and PS) are now suitable for recycling but must be clean, dry and loose; free from contaminated food debris.
Where do my plastic bottles and containers I send for recycling end up?
After the contents of your recycling bin/box are collected from the kerbside the material is sorted at a Materials Recovery Facility into the separate material streams. Plastic bottles and containers are then sent off either to be:
Reformed — whereby plastic is melted down and reformed into new material e.g. fibres for fleeces, pillows or new plastic bottles.
Reprocessed — whereby more brittle plastics are transformed into new plastic products such as recycled plastic furniture.
Plastics can be recycled into all kinds of materials, including polyethylene bin liners and carrier bags; PVC sewer pipes, flooring and window frames; building insulation board; fencing and garden furniture; water butts and composters; anoraks and fleeces; fibre filling for sleeping bags and duvets.
I’ve seen television programmes where waste is illegally exported, ending up in foreign landfill sites. Can you reassure me that West Sussex does not do this?
The exporting of waste materials is controlled by strict legislation and enforced by the Environment Agency. West Sussex does export some plastics for recycling as this route provides good value and a sustainable outlet for the material. All exports of recyclate from West Sussex comply with all relevant legislation.
The materials that are exported are sent as clean, sorted ’single stream’ materials. This means they do not require additional sorting and are sold for reprocessing into new products in the same way as ’virgin’ plastics.
What about carrier bags?
Some supermarkets offer plastic carrier bag recycling points but it can be difficult to recycle them because there is no easy way to separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastic bags, which cannot be recycled together. The best solution is to use re-useable or ’bag for life’ shopping bags, which reduces the amount of carrier bags in circulation.
Did you know?
- The energy saved by recycling one plastic drink bottle will power a computer for 25 minutes.
- Recycling plastic saves twice as much energy as burning in an incinerator.
- Plastic carrier bags can be returned to some supermarket for recycling.
- Recyclable materials should be placed in your recycling bin loose not in plastic bags.
- It takes 25 two litre plastic bottles to make an adult fleece jacket.
For more information on recycling, please visit www.recycleforwestsussex.org.
Learn more about the plastic waste resources you can recycle in your household recycling bin here. | <urn:uuid:ae47e6fc-b2f4-4870-bc81-af6d154c53c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.sussexgreenliving.co.uk/recycling-zone/plastic-information/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.93177 | 1,502 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Neither of them had the money to pay him back, so he forgave the debts of both. Now which of them will love him more? (Luke 7:42)
In the beloved classic It’s a Wonderful Life, George Bailey faces financial hardship and considers ending his life in a moment of desperation. Suddenly, an angel appears and shows George what his community of Bedford Falls would have been like had he never been born. In the final scene, all of Bedford Falls shows up at the Bailey home, donating more than enough money to cover the debt owed. George’s brother also arrives, declaring George, who is so clearly loved, “the richest man in town.”
Jesus taught Simon the Pharisee a lesson in forgiveness in this story about two debtors. Both owed debts to a moneylender, with one debtor owing significantly more. Yet both debts were graciously forgiven. Jesus asked Simon, “Which of them will love him more?” This word for love is agape, a deep, sincere love expressing profound appreciation. Agape love is rooted in gratitude.
God has forgiven a debt that we could never repay on our own, through the death and resurrection of Jesus. Our sin was great, but God’s love was, and is, far greater. As you consider how much you have been forgiven, consider also the depth of your gratitude. “Who will agape him more?" The one whose debt is forgiven—completely. The one who is grateful—profoundly. The one who is loved—abundantly.
Yes, he, indeed, is the richest man in town.
Consider the cost of your forgiveness with gratitude.
Jenn Petersen co-pastors Resurrection Life NYC, a Wesleyan congregation in Manhattan. Passionate about discipleship, worship, and justice, she also works for International Justice Mission.
© 2022 Wesleyan Publishing House. Reprinted from Light from the Word. Used by permission. Scriptures taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV®. | <urn:uuid:0d95c364-2449-4c3e-8f0c-ee5adfcf1985> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wesleyan.org/a-debt-forgiven | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.964287 | 422 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Still, there’s no doubt that drugged driving is a growing problem, and one that, coincidentally or not, dovetails with expanding decriminalization of marijuana around the country. Although state-by-state data that would allow us to better isolate the impact of legalization isn’t available, marijuana is the principal drug responsible for the growing proportion of drugged drivers.
Random sample data shows a 48% increase in positive tests for THC metabolites over the last decade,3 and more than one-third of drivers in drugged-driver fatal crashes have marijuana on board.
However, no one is quite sure of the actual extent to which drugged driving is problematic. Recent studies have shown that drivers under the influence of marijuana and alcohol are more likely to make errors than drivers under the influence of only one of those substances, and that drivers who have smoked up are more prone to mistakes than those who haven’t.4
But who’s to say that the growing prevalence of THC-positive drivers isn’t mostly a consequence of remote smoking by chronic users who aren’t intoxicated when piloting their vehicle? The reality is that the two positions aren’t mutually exclusive.
And none of this even begins to address whether there’s a connection between the burgeoning opioid epidemic and the spike in drugged driving. The Department of Transportation is, on record, downplaying the idea. The statistical link is tenuous at best. Both marijuana and amphetamines are substantially more likely than opioids to be found in the blood of drugged drivers.
But the coincidence feels too obvious to completely ignore. The position of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and other advocacy groups is that we’re best served by stricter surveillance and enforcement combined with more support for programs that are designed to help vulnerable people avoid drug abuse in the first place.5
That brings us back to Tiger. All things considered, it was pure serendipity that the police spotted him and pulled him off the road before anyone got hurt. And after the initial uproar surrounding his arrest had died down, he announced that he would be seeking “professional help” to aid in the management of prescription drug use for back pain. Together, those sound an awful lot like the solutions put forth by MADD and others. Maybe Tiger’s rock bottom is pointing to a way forward in the fight against drugged driving.
- Associated Press. “Tiger Woods DUI Arrest: Golfer Said He Took Xanax.” Time. Updated June 10, 2017. Available at: http://time.com/4813716/tiger-woods-xanax-dui-arrest/. Accessed June 23, 2017.
- Simpson I. “Drug Use Tops Booze for First Time in Fatal US Crashes: Study.” Reuters. Updated April 26, 2017. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-drugs-crashes-idUSKBN17S2P5. Accessed June 23, 2017.
- Berning A, Compton R and Wochinger K. “Results of the 2013-2014 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers.” Journal of Drug Addiction, Education and Eradication. 2015;11(1): 47.
- Diedrich S. “UI Studies Impact of Marijuana on Driving.” Iowa Now. Updated June 25, 2015. Available at: https://now.uiowa.edu/2015/06/ui-studies-impact-marijuana-driving. Accessed June 23, 2017.
- Bomey N. “Spate of Drugged Driving Deaths Alarms US Regulators.” USA Today. Updated October 27, 2016. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2016/10/27/drugged-driving-dui-nhtsa-auto-safety/92678186/. Accessed June 23, 2017. | <urn:uuid:401dbf61-b983-4cc7-8de3-54df191ce3ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medicalbag.com/home/medicine/a-closer-look-into-the-drugged-driving-epidemic/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934842 | 839 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Coalition’s Botched Fire Services Property Levy Now Fixed
The Andrews Labor Government has fixed the Coalition’s botched Fire Services Property Levy, so Victoria’s firefighters and emergency services workers can get the resources they need to protect our homes and save more lives.
The previous Coalition Government introduced the Levy in 2012, but set the Levy’s rates too low to fund our firefighters properly.
This error short-changed Victoria’s fire services by $21.8 million in 2014-15. Without any changes, firefighters and families would have been short-changed even further this year, with the cut set to blow out to $63.3 million.
The 2015-16 Victorian Budget covers up the shortfall the Coalition left behind, boosting resources for Victoria’s fire services.
It is a 0.2 per cent increase compared to the Coalition’s original estimate in the 2014-15 Budget in May 2014.
This adjustment is required and ensures that our emergency services are adequately funded and able to best service Victorians when we need it most.
All revenue collected through the Levy goes to supporting the State’s fire services.
As the 2015-16 Budget states, our Government’s significant additional support for the fire services is funded through general revenue, not the Levy.
Quotes attributable to the Treasurer, Tim Pallas
“The Coalition short-changed firefighters and put homes and lives at risk.”
“They botched their Fire Services Levy which would have left emergency services more than $63 million worse off.”
“We’ve fixed the mess and ensured there is no shortfall, because the safety of our communities matters most,.”
Quotes attributable to the Minister for Emergency Services, Jane Garrett
“These men and women do tremendous work in the face of danger.”
“We’re giving them the support and funding they need to protect Victorian homes and lives.”
Quotes attributable to Member for Eastern Victoria Region, Harriet Shing
“It’s unfortunate that the Coalition resorted to scaremongering on this issue – the Andrews government is absolutely committed to supporting CFA so it can continue to effectively protect our communities, including through providing 70 new fire trucks for the CFA around Victoria.”
“The Department of Treasury and Finance independently advises on the Fire Services Levy rate and in the first two years of the scheme, the revenue collected was first over, and then under the estimates. This year sees the forecast move into the normal range.”
“Fire Services Levy revenue goes into the operational budgets for CFA and MFB and as Treasurer Tim Pallas noted on 8 May, the Fire Services Levy will not be applied to fund election commitments.” | <urn:uuid:1dcd899f-e176-49f8-9826-ba4254a3529e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.harrietshing.com.au/media-releases/coalitions-botched-fire-services-property-levy-now-fixed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.920716 | 572 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Today we will look at a real-life example of howyou can arrange a living room on 14.6 square meters. The author of this project, designer Yekaterina Kokoulina, gave advice on inexpensive alteration of small living rooms and outlined the budget for such repair. If the corridor is considered the "face" of the apartment, then the living room is its "heart". An active life always takes place here - noisy gatherings, meetings with friends and family, evening movie screenings. When decorating this room, it is necessary to properly organize the space so that nothing interferes with a good rest. Designer Ekaterina Kokoulina told us and showed us how to do this. Ekaterina Kokoulina, designer A graduate of NARHI with a degree in environmental design. Member of the Union of Designers of Russia. Creative Director at R.V.K.DESIGN (rvkdesign.ru) - What is the area of this living room? - The footage of the room is 14.6 square meters. It is located in a three-room apartment (panel house), the total area of which is 70 square meters. - What is the amount planned for the implementation of the design project of this room? - About 300,000 rubles. - What influenced the formation of the interior concept and the choice of color solutions? - In standard apartments located in panel high-rise buildings, we often face two problems: low ceilings and insufficient illumination. These factors became key in the formation of the idea and the selection of the color palette. - What do you advise the owners of suchliving rooms? - There are several techniques. To make the ceilings appear higher, you should add relief to them. This is easy to do with a short and wide cornice (about 20 centimeters wide). To expand the space and add light, all walls in Europe are painted white. But this technique does not work well for us - due to the peculiarities of the lighting of the apartments, the white turns into gray. Therefore, in a pair to white, we need bright colors. You shouldn't be afraid of them. Autumn, winter and even partially spring lighting in Moscow and most Russian cities can muffle any saturated colors. - What color did you choose? - We chose sky blue, white and several variations of beige (light wood) as well as light gray as fill shades. The accent colors in this interior were sunny yellow and black. - Why black?- Black is necessary in order to remove the feeling of dullness. Our eyes are designed so that next to black, white becomes whiter, blue is truly heavenly, and yellow is bright. If we remove black, then the contrast and expressiveness of color will disappear. - What is special about this living room? - We have distributed the colors in such a way that when entering the room, the room seems bright, cheerful, dynamic. But one has only to sit down on the sofa, as a visual transformation takes place - light, calm colors that promote relaxation are revealed to the eyes. In the interior of this living room, we seem to have combined feminine and masculine views on design. - What textiles and decor did you use?- On the windows - lined plain blue curtains. Since the choice of such textiles is small, I advise you to first choose the fabric and tint the paint under it. It is much easier to choose a shade of paint for curtains than to look for the necessary light blue options. We decorated the sofa with HOME pillows. Attractive models in the amount of 4 pieces cost us 2,999 rubles. The kit can be bought in the online store happystation.ru. One of the walls was decorated with pictures printed on the principle of photo wallpaper, and the paper was stretched over a wooden stretcher. If you wish, you can decorate the living room with oil paintings. - Tell us about the furniture.- The sofa was chosen by a domestic manufacturer - the Moon factory. Its cost starts at 48,200 rubles. We supplemented the interior with an IKEA armchair - the Melby model cost us 11,999 rubles (cover - 1,999 rubles). Near the sofa is a Weimon table of the same Swedish brand (3,999 rubles). It is painted black. As a budget option, a Frost stool from IKEA for 199 rubles, also painted black, is suitable. I recommend acrylic paint or even regular gouache as a coating. The main thing is then to fix the coating with two layers of alkyd varnish. Then you won't even be afraid to spill something on the table. Under the plasma, we will place, for example, a Kratki biofireplace of the DELTA model (12,000 rubles). He brings notes of warmth and comfort to the interior of this living room. Furniture around the TV set from EGGER laminated chipboard (color - oak cremona champagne) and a partition with solid pine glass with a light brushing in a dense white tint will be produced at the furniture factory. - How did you select the light sources?- A lot of attention in this room is attracted by the Ray floor lamps from the Flos brand. They are stylish, beautiful, albeit quite expensive - 51 330 rubles for a tall specimen. For a budget option, pick up a floor lamp and a lamp with a black and white shade. For example, a floor lamp on a tripod from the Italian brand Arte Lamp. Such a pleasure will cost about 3,650 rubles apiece. A sconce was installed on the wall, which was ordered from the store svet.modul.ru. They also do not differ in low cost. But if you are not ready to pay a lot of money, make a budget version with your own hands. Use plaster and LEDs for this.
- Wallpaper. Collection Contemporary Restyled, code 95/6037, Cole & Son, (England) - 5 300 rubles per roll (wallpapermatch.com). You can replace it with a more budget option - the Dimensions collection, code 8106, EcoWallpaper (Sweden) - 2 640 rubles per roll.
- Dulux paint.
- Parquet board on the floor (light oak) - 3 000 rubles per square meter. It can be replaced with laminate, imitating light oak.
- What would you advise our readers?- If the budget is limited, but you liked the interior, then it is important not to give up, but to go step by step towards the intended goal, copying the design as accurately as possible. Yes, you will spend time searching for analogs, making something with your own hands, but you will save money and the result will delight you for a long time. Living room 3D visualizations provided by Ekaterina Kokoulina; ikea.com; artelamp.ru; cole-and-son.com | <urn:uuid:5b6ee391-82aa-4605-aa3f-7f4d71038197> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://etk-fashion.com/Budgetandrepairdesign-room14-square/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.937022 | 1,440 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Correlation between Obesity and Connective Tissue
Fascia & Nutrition Part 4 - Fascia and Obesity
Being overweight is bad for connective tissue. In order to keep the fascia as healthy as possible, excess weight should be avoided. Excess weight puts a lot of strain on the connective tissue. Adequate sleep is also important for connective tissue. By bedtime every night, you’re likely to be about an inch shorter than when you got up. But assuming you sleep lying down, each evening’s rest restores you to full height - connective tissue and intervertebral discs can regenerate and soak themselves up with new fluid.
Simply put, healthy fascia requires a healthy lifestyle including proper diet, exercise and sleep.
For those looking to improve their health, reduce pain and increase mobility Structural Elements® could be what you have been looking for.
THE (se)® APPROACH
Structural Elements® looks at the body differently. Through years of refinement we have created a treatment that addresses the cause of structural imbalances within the body.
We listen to your goals and bring your body to a level of peak performance representative of your ability, age, and fitness level.
Written by Dr. Joni Chapman
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TRAINING | PUPPIES
& Puppy Development
8 to 13 weeks
14 to 17 weeks
Congratulations! It’s so exciting to be welcoming a puppy into your life.
We’re so happy you’ve discovered Doglando.
Before you go any further, to help you decipher the differences in the programs we offer, think of your puppy as a living being that needs time, patience, and guidance in their learning from 8 weeks of age to 3 years of age.
Puppies are born with their eyes and ears sealed upon birth, opening somewhere between 2.5 to 3 weeks of age. Around 4 weeks of age, puppies will begin to prop themselves up onto their four feet, developing balance and strength in their core. This developmental milestone is in preparation for their ability to move around and eliminate on their own.
During the first 7 weeks of life, puppies are acquiring all their senses and learning to manipulate their whole body to become mobile.
Learning is occurring rapidly and a lot is about to change.
How our puppy training programs are structured
Puppies are fragile. They require sensitivity, guidance, and patience. At Doglando, our puppy training programs have been thoughtfully created with the whole dog in mind.
We don’t approach a puppy from the position of demonstrating control, and we do approach a puppy from the position of providing them the freedom to grow.
A puppy’s journey into adulthood should consist of:
- Developmentally-appropriate learning objectives
- Sequential learning structure
- Learning by having positive experiences
With this in mind, our goal is to take every puppy into adulthood as a confident, socially apt, well-adjusted, reliable, and content dog.
There are 3 components to Doglando’s puppy training:
In the traditional approach to raising a puppy, new puppy parents are advised to join puppy training classes right away. Such classes are structured to offer puppies and their human counter parts basic skills such as sit, down, walk on a leash, to drop something from their mouth, or to leave something of interest such as shoes etc.
More recently, many dog trainers have added some form of kindergarten to their programming, which involves time for puppies to play with each other – which they call “socialization.”
At Doglando, our program follows what we believe is a more natural and intuitive approach to a puppy’s development.
When a puppy begins with Doglando as early as 8-10 weeks of age, their experience solely entails exploration. They are “free” – in other words – given the opportunity to explore at free will, to explore our environment becoming richly stimulated by their use of all their senses: touch, taste, seeing, smelling, and hearing.
We believe, this invitation to explore and develop – offers them firm grounding for all learning that will occur later on in development and throughout their lives.
Street dogs, free roaming dogs and village dogs – dogs who have access to a more normal and natural (intuitive way) of living, raise their puppies with the ever changing environment – not exclusive of it. In other words, their puppies have unique (compared to our dogs) opportunities to become acquainted with all sorts of sensations and experiences from the time they are born, that allow them to build a warehouse of memories that they can use in their adulthood. On the contrary, our puppies are raised with such a diminishing and irrelevant manner that much of what they get exposed to in later years is unlike anything they had experienced in the past. This is the main cause of reactivity, stress, anxiety and even aggression.
Exploration is a need. All healthy puppies are curious about their environment and seek to investigate – they have the innate desire to want to know more about everything they encounter. At Doglando, we have created a safe place for them to do so, as we consider this the most normal and natural way a puppy behaves. This is enrichment.
2. Skill Building
There is a time in every puppy’s development where they reach a point of exploration that allows us to act as their guide. As their guide, we will act as mentors – continuing to offer them rich opportunities to express themselves as dogs, not in moderation but with rules that enhance the value of the human component.
It is at this point in their development that they are seeking to learn at a high rate and are intrinsically motivated to do so. At Doglando, we seek to maximize our effectiveness by recognizing this window of opportunity by teaching our dogs skills (behaviors on signal) that are related to our existence and experiences together. In other words, the skills we teach our dogs relate to the dog and the human as a cooperative team in action or in pursuit of a specific experience together. This is Canine Skill Building.
In Skill Building, we are building upon skills that the puppies will need to be able to better relate with their human counterparts. These skills are not taught inform of obedience (to demonstrate control) and are taught with meaning of how these skills are relevant or have function in the experiences they will be part of during enrichment, at home and in the real world.
Skill Building is an important element of our programming because it bridges the understanding of how the dog needs behave inorder to have access to greater freedom (enrichment) by offering behaviors we (humans) have deemed more favorable through reinforcement (training).
Unlike working dogs, companion dogs have many people in their lives, hoping to influence their decisions, behaviors, and actions. At Doglando, we believe it is hugely important for all the humans to be on the same level of communication using the same mode of communication. The third component of our programs is Training. When we use the word “training” we are really referring to the guidance given to our human students. Our training program offers people of all lifestyles (working, non-working etc) the opportunity to be hugely involved in their dogs lives; with ease!
Our training programs have been created with the you in mind! We offer video learning, live practices and virtual meetings to ensure comprehension of the lessons, proper practice and consistent performance on both ends.
You are your puppy’s advocate and we are the vehicle by which you receive that guidance.
Your puppy’s training will include:
- How to introduce your puppy to other puppies and dogs
- How to guide your puppy in his/her interactions with children
- How to teach your puppy to greet people
- How to expose your puppy to the big world without causing conflict with their biologically-occurring fear periods
- Holding space for your puppy to explore without danger to him/herself
- Exposure to different stimuli in a manner where rich learning happens and confidence grows
- With the guidance of our patient, gentle, socially-apt, and highly-effective adult teaching dogs
Learning to Live as a Companion Dog:
- Immediate response to their name
- Fast recalls
- Ability to endure and enjoy physical handling (such as vet checks, at the groomers, petting, brushing etc)
- Running away
- Resource guarding
What is the #1 thing that puppies need most?
You may be thinking of consistency, patience, or guidance… and you’re right!
YES to all of those!
But the one thing puppies need most is “continuity.”
Sadly, many puppies begin their lives without continuity. For them, life seems to take a fragmented approach, whether that is suddenly being removed from their mom and littermates, or enrolling in training for one or two series of a class, then ending just when things begin to make sense and the puppy forms a routine.
At Doglando, we define Continuity as: “an unbroken and consistent approach to learning, wellbeing, and care, that is tightly woven throughout every life stage, from puppyhood to senior dog and end of life.”
We strongly believe that continuity is part of our collective effort of ensuring a solid beginning, lifelong contentment and a peaceful end of life journey.
Come see why our puppy training programs set your furry friends up for a more fufilling life. | <urn:uuid:68967e95-3107-4385-8f80-f45c9b2f2044> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://doglando.com/puppy-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963418 | 1,745 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The results are in. Following weeks of nervous excitement going through all the possible outcomes of how results will turn out, it can feel like the whole year has been building up to this moment.
Having poured your heart and soul into ensuring that your school delivers the results you felt it could achieve, sadly it might be that they haven’t quite turned out to be what you had hoped for. It may feel like someone has not just let the air out of your balloon but has popped it.
When you have invested so much of yourself into the job, it’s all too easy to take the results personally as though they are a sole reflection of your ability to lead. It’s at times like these when all sorts of doubts and concerns may well creep into your head and you may begin to question the validity of role.
If this sounds familiar, then don’t despair. Now is not the time to give up on your dreams! Indeed, it is more of a time for deep reflection, a time to pause and re-caliberate, so that you can begin the new school year with a renewed sense of energy, purpose and commitment.
So, if your school results are not as you had expected and you have found yourself prone to negative and self-depreciating thoughts, read on and take encouragement from our seven tips on how to re-define what success really means for you and your school.
Seven key tips on how to re-define what success really means for you and your school
Tip 1: Remember that true learning lies in developing the ‘whole’ child
Over the past years, with an increased emphasis on results, some have lost sight of the true purpose of education. The truth is that schooling is about educating and nurturing the whole pupil and not just getting good exam results.
It is about instilling pupils with attitudes and behaviours that will prepare them for life. It is about allowing pupils to believe in their own potential and enabling them to see that there is world of opportunity open to them. It is about nurturing children so that they leave school with a strong sense of self-worth, hope and a zest for life.
Tip 2: Don’t define yourself purely on external factors
Whilst external judgement and scrutiny from governors may come, it is important to remember that these individuals don’t truly know your school as well as you do. You’ve seen the changes that have taken place in your school, where it was and where it is now. You’ve seen the pupils who have been transformed in the walls of your school. You know the hours you’ve poured into your job, the triumphs throughout the year, your strengths and skills in action.
Ultimately, just because your school’s exam results may not have been what you had hoped for, they are not an indication of your self-worth and the immense value that you are to your school and the community that your serve. Results don’t make a person. It’s what we know to be true about ourselves that defines who we are.
Tip 3: There are successes even in disappointments
When you are presented with a huge range of results as you will have been, particularly ones that are disappointing, it can be hard to see the triumphs contained within. Dig deeper beneath the performance trends and you’ll have stories of students that your school has helped to achieve results that they themselves probably didn’t believe were possible!
You’ll find staff who’ve made huge strides with their teaching methods and who have transformed pupils’ love for and engagement with the subject they teach. So, whatever you do, don’t forget to celebrate these triumphs. They need to be acknowledged as they are a part of your school’s narrative and they are an essential part of your school’s success story.
Tip 4: Stop comparing yourself and your school’s results with others
By comparing yourself and your school to others, you can never win. It is a simple fact that they’ll always be more successful schools and they’ll always be less successful schools than your own. So if you recognise this habit within yourself, make a commitment to yourself today, to break it.
Instead of comparing yourself to others, seek to compare and improve upon your own previous best. Focus on you. Focus on your results and on how you can make things better in this new academic year. Keep in clear sight your victories, the success stories and the praise you’ve received, this will give you a clearer perspective as to how you’re performing in your role and what else you can do to be the best that you can be.
Tip 5: Challenge and silence your inner critic
We all have an inner critic and when it’s on your side, it can spur you on to get things done. But more often than not it can turn from being a constructive force into a destructive one and drag your self-esteem down. As a result, we can often end up being more offensive and deprecating of ourselves than we’d ever have dreamt about being towards anyone else.
The good news is, if you want to challenge your inner critic, you can! It is possible to retrain your entire internal narrative and ultimately, change how you treat yourself. An effective first step is to simply say STOP whenever you hear your inner critic speaking loudly and negatively to you, respond to it with positive affirmations about your strengths and successes.
Tip 6: Become Your Own Best Friend
Another helpful way to retrain your internal narrative is to try and encourage the voice to treat you as though it were your own best friend. Instead of beating yourself up, ask yourself: “How would my best friend support me and help me in this situation?”
Then do things and talk to yourself like he or she would. It keeps you from falling into a pit of despair and helps you to be more constructive after the initial reaction to the disappointment. Learning how to handle and to replace the voice of your own inner critic and transform it into a caring and nurturing voice is a great place to start when raising your self-esteem.
Tip 7: Go back to your core
Reflect on who you are as a leader, what you stand for, your vision, motivation and goals. Consider whether you have been acting according to that vision and motivation.
For example, if what motivates you is to inspire a love of learning in your school, reflect on all the ways that you did that over the past academic year. This exercise could remind you that either you need to re-focus on your beliefs (which could be the key to your success) or alternatively, it could remind you that you have been successful in remaining true to your core purpose and passion.
I know how damaging any bad news, whether it is exam results or OFSTED report can feel as a School Leader. When you invest so much of yourself into the role and you know how good your school is and can be, bad news can hit even the most assured school leaders.
The important thing to remember is that as a school leader, you do an amazing job! Every day you invest enormous amounts of time, energy, passion and commitment – seeking to create better futures for our children and the communities you serve.
This isn’t easy to maintain and particularly, after a long week or a setback, it can feel as though your energy, hope and emotional reserves are in short supply.
That’s why I believe it’s vital that when these times comes (and they will) that you have someone who you can turn to, who can offer you a listening ear, support, encouragement to help keep you going towards your vision.
For me, the realisation came about, after a particularly challenging encounter with a parent. I had become so used to numbing out my emotions and wearing my ‘super-head’ cloak, that when my emotions did finally catch up with me, I was at a loss as to what to do.
All I could do was sit in my car and cry and cry and cry! It was only when this happened and after some deep soul searching, that I realised why I had got to this place and what had been missing from my life as a Head teacher … Support!
I’m not talking about the type of support Head teachers get from school advisors, governors or fellow colleagues. It was a different type of support that I realised had been missing.
I needed support that was confidential and non-judgemental. I needed a space where just for a while, I could take off my cloak and be me. A space where I could show my vulnerabilities and be supported to make sense of my own emotions in relation to the demands of the role.
We all need help sometimes, so that when the going gets tough (as it always does) and we fall down; we don’t remain on the ground – but instead are supported to get back up again and with renewed focus and energy, empowered to carry on towards our dream.
Sadly, some 15 years later, there is still a woeful lack of ‘proper’ support for those who are at the helm. As a result, there are many Heads for whom emotional overload is a still hallmark of the role.
It’s for this reason, why I now offer FREE “Coaching for the Soul” Calls to provide school leaders with a safe, non-judgemental space to talk through the challenges of the role.
This call offers a confidential space where leaders can:
– Talk through the challenges they’re facing and find solutions
– Receive support and encouragement in their current situation
– Reflect on recent events and the impact they are having
– Gain clarity around their thoughts and plan a way forward
If you feel like you’d benefit from a call like this or perhaps know someone who would, please follow the link above! | <urn:uuid:b2d45b90-6793-40ab-ac7e-6dea58af1790> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.integritycoaching.co.uk/goal-setting/shouldnt-allow-exam-results-define-success | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.971283 | 2,071 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Along with salt fish, Ackee is the national dish of Jamaica. It’s a versatile ingredient that when served with salt fish, is often accompanied by breadfruit, hard dough bread, dumplings, fried plantain, or boiled green bananas. It’s also often eaten with rice and peas, or white rice. Ackee can also be used in soups and desserts such as cakes and custards. Ackee is firm and oily to the touch when raw and soft when cooked, when it becomes smooth and tends to melt in your mouth.
Tinned Ackee 540g
Ackee is a soft and delicious yellow-orange fruit which is eaten as a vegetable, most commonly in the Ackee and saltfish dish that is widely regarded as the national dish of Jamaica.
* Place your order by/before Tuesday midnight for delivery on Friday. | <urn:uuid:84f84149-463e-4bbc-87e8-627cc904f790> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theblackfarmer.com/product/tinned-ackee-540g/?add-to-cart=2554 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96577 | 185 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Millennia after our era, tribes and potentates compete for control of the spice, a blend that prolongs life and offers prophetic powers. It is harvested on a planet of burning sand, infested with formidable giant worms, called Arrakis, or Dune. With the first of the six volumes of the cycle of Dune, Frank Herbert laid the foundations in 1965 for a “space opera” which would become a major work of science fiction, with considerable influence, in Star Wars notably.
Signed Denis Villeneuve, this 2:35 film which will be released on September 15 in France, brings together Timothée Chalamet, Rebecca Ferguson, Javier Bardem and Zendaya. “When I read the children’s book, I was struck by the trajectory of Paul (Atreides, the hero), the way in which his identity is confronted with another culture, his relationship with nature, his melancholy … “, the Canadian director of Hitman and Premier Contact.
Highly visible in Hollywood, he had already proven his ability to tackle the myths of SF, with Blade Runner 2049 (2017), sequel to Ridley Scott’s film. Without revolutionizing the genre of space-opera, but with state-of-the-art special effects, this time it puts a hell of a lot of old on the Dune by David Lynch (1984). With a budget of $ 165 million, the visual fireworks display is explosive, at the risk of appearing too generous.
A sought-after balance and simplification
Side actors, Timothée Chalamet appropriates the main role, that of Paul Atréides, young prince destined to become the prophet of Arrakis, taking up the torch carried by Kyle MacLachlan at Lynch. Play in Dune, was “a once in a lifetime honor”, said the 25-year-old Franco-American, whose juvenile and delicate air avoids in the film, punctuated by fights and action scenes, an overflow of testosterone. “The biggest challenge (of the shoot) was, by far, to manage and control the hair” of this young Hollywood star, combed hair, joked Denis Villeneuve.
Wishing to escape the pitfalls that the director of Mulholland Drive or filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky in their attempts to tackle Dune, he added, more seriously, to have sought “a balance between the details that give the book its strength ” and the necessary simplification on the screen.
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For over 75 years, the company has delivered on the promise of the InSinkErator brand: long lasting innovative products, superior grind and sound performance, trouble-free operation, fast, easy installation, and a We Come To You® In-Home Limited Warranty. Today, this brand promise still stands.
With its global headquarters in Racine, Wisconsin (USA), InSinkErator, a business unit of Emerson Electric Co., is the world’s largest manufacturer of food waste disposers and instant hot water dispensers for home and commercial use.
Emerson (NYSE: EMR), based in St. Louis, Missouri (USA), is a global leader in bringing technology and engineering together to provide innovative solutions for customers in industrial, commercial, and consumer markets around the world. The company is comprised of five business segments: Process Management, Industrial Automation, Network Power, Climate Technologies, and Commercial & Residential Solutions. Sales in fiscal 2013 were $24.7 billion. For more information, visit www.emerson.com.
In 1927 John W Hammes, a prestigious Racine architects was in his basement trying to make life better in the kitchen. After watching his wife clean up messy food waste after dinner, he had an idea. What if food scraps could be ground into tiny pieces and flushed down the kitchen sink? Before dark, he found himself tinkering with sheet metal, a make-shift grind mechanism, a small motor, and a big idea. He wasn't trying to change how the world worked, he was simply trying to change how his wife worked. But by the end of the night, he was on his way to accomplishing both. The food waste disposer was born. And kitchen clean up would never be the same. Thomas Edison once quipped, "There's a better way to do it. Find it!" That's exactly what Hammes did. He founded a better way to dispose of food waste. Over the next 11 years he perfected it. By 1938, he had not only built a brand, he had built a company. To read more click the link below.
The Practical Idea that Built a Powerful Brand
A History of the InSinkErator Brand | <urn:uuid:765b9b97-1498-4764-9ba5-752db522d8b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.insinkerator.com.au/about-us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.956002 | 472 | 1.546875 | 2 |
THIS is the moment Jeff Bezos’ £400m superyacht is moved in the middle of the night after the CEO asked for a historic bridge to be dismantled.
Billionaire Bezos saw his unfinished vessel towed away from a Dutch shipbuilding yard before dawn on Tuesday in light of public outcry.
It comes after Rotterdam residents threatened to pelt the luxury vessel with eggs if the city went through with plans to dismantle a landmark bridge to make way for the ship.
The enormous three-masted Y721 was stuck and could not get under the famous Koningshaven Bridge, locally known as De Hef, because the masts were too high.
The chronicled landmark was rebuilt after being bombed by the Nazis during WW2 and would have had to temporarily lose its central section to fit the luxury yacht underneath.
And the Amazon founder’s monster vessel has now been relocated from the Oceanco shipyard in Alblasserdam to the Greenport yard just 24 miles away in Rotterdam, according to Der Spiegel.
Oceanco last month announced that it had dropped its request for the Rotterdam city council to approve the temporary dismantling of the bridge.
Bezos – the world’s second richest man – had previously offered to stump up the cash for the work alongside the shipping company.
Officials previously said De Hef would not be dismantled again after it was renovated from 2014 to 2017.
A video of the towing was uploaded to YouTube by Dutch yacht enthusiast Hanco Bol.
Bol said: “We never saw a transport going that fast.”
According to Bol, it took less than three hours for the ship to travel southwest along the Noord canal even though it normally requires nearly twice as much time to traverse the route.
Bol claims that the yacht’s route was designed to avoid travelling through the Rotterdam city center and underneath Koningshaven bridge — even though it would have saved more time.
Billionaire Bezos was forced to deny ownership of a second $400 million superyacht in 2019.
An Amazon spokesperson told Business Insider that the Flying Fox was not owned by the businessman. | <urn:uuid:04438c49-9e07-4813-8d14-afa1e3150d60> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news360.co.ke/2022/08/04/moment-jeff-bezos-400m-superyacht-is-moved-in-the-middle-of-night-after-ceo-asked-for-historic-bridge-to-be-dismantled/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.979801 | 444 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Alongside Kim Jong Eun’s dysfunctional aunt and uncle, Kim Kyung Hee and Jang Sung Taek, Choi Ryong Hae is one of the most important elites in the North Korean regime. Yet there is limited understanding of Choi’s special status and role. Choi is even sometimes described as “one of Jang Sung Taek’s people” or “Jang’s closest ally.” This is incorrect, and reveals ignorance of historical reality.
In a system where blood lines and familial heritage are taken very seriously, Choi’s high status stems from his membership of the anti-Japanese partisan revolutionary line, which is only superseded in importance by the “Mt. Baekdu line” of the Kim family itself. Therefore, if we are to understand Choi’s status in the North Korean regime, it is vital that we know what kind of person his father, Choi Hyun, was.
▲ Partisan heritage of Choi Hyun
Choi Hyun was born into a partisan military family in 1907, and grew up in Hunchun, China. He lost his mother to Japanese imperialism at an early age, and thus took up arms in the fight for independence while still in his childhood. Choi was thus uneducated, something that would keep him from rising to a leading position in the early days.
In November 1925, when Choi was 18, someone in Hunchun informed against him and he was imprisoned, spending 7 years in detention in the regional city of Yanji. Thereafter, on September 18th, 1931 (while Choi was still in prison) the Manchurian Incident took place, providing Japan with a pretext to invade the region and ultimately prompting the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party to call for the overthrow of the nationalist government and revolution against all forms of imperialism. The CCP People’s Committee in Manchuria called a meeting in mid-November the same year, whereupon it ordered the creation of an anti-Japanese guerilla unit.
When he finally got out of prison, Choi took up the name Choi Hyun. It was July of 1932. The changing of names was common among participants in the anti-Japanese movement, since most didn’t want their families involved in their travails. Choi, whose original name was Choi Deuk Kwon, joined the war, and the Chinese Communist Party as well, right there in Yanji.
North Korea claims that Choi then joined a guerilla unit led by Kim Il Sung in August of 1932, and that he continued to fight under Kim Il Sung’s direct leadership thereafter. But this is not true. Choi didn’t even meet Kim until September of 1933, and even then they were in different units. All we can say on this score is that Kim and Choi’s forces would often go on joint operations, meaning that some indirect influence was possible.
▲ Choi Hyun’s strengths and limitations
In May 1937, a group led by Choi crossed the Tumen River, the border between Korea and Manchuria, to attack a rural North Hamkyung Province village. This was reported as Choi Hyun’s doing, and his name leapt to prominence. The following month, a unit led by Kim Il Sung attacked Bocheonbo in South Hamkyung Province. The latter battle was widely reported in every domestic newspaper in Korea, allowing Kim’s name to become even more widely known. Donga Ilbo reported at the time that “300 members of the Kim Il Sung and Choi Hyun groups” had been involved in the Battle of Bocheonbo, leading to Choi’s further rise.
Choi Hyun was lower down the pecking order than Kim Il Sung, but the Japanese Empire regarded him as a very threatening character all the same. A reward was put up for the capture of both Kim and Choi in which Choi was described as a “lion” and Kim as a “tiger.” Choi Hyun may have been ignorant and lacking in leadership skills, but his bravery frightened the Japanese.
After the collapse of the Japanese Empire in 1945, Kim Il Sung came ashore at Wonsan on a Soviet ship, riding with Kim Il, Choi, Ahn Gil and Kim Chaek. In November that year, Choi’s wife Kim Chul Ho, Kim Il Sung’s wife Kim Jong Suk, and their son Kim Jong Il all returned to the country, too.
▲ Wounds of a former fighter
North Korea says this of Choi Hyun’s activities during the Korean War: “He made a great contribution, and as commander of the 2nd Army and 2nd Infantry Divisions of the North Korean People’s Army he honored the commands of the Great Leader (Kim Il Sung) and commanded a great many battles from the front line of the southward advance in order to drive the American imperialist invaders down to the banks of the Nakdong River, liberating an extensive area of the southern half of the peninsula.”
Post-war, with his military exploits firmly in hand, in 1956 Choi was elected to the Party Central Committee, thus entering the power elite, which was limited to about 70 people at that time. In 1966 he was elected to the Politburo, thus becoming one of the top ten political figures in the country. Thereafter, from 1968 until 1976 Choi took the reins of the Ministry of the People’s Armed Forces, before dying in 1982 at the age of 75.
▲ Kim Jong Il’s trust in Choi Ryong Hae
Born in 1950, Choi Ryong Hae was on such friendly terms with the Kim family that he called Kim Kyung Hee “sister” and Kim Jong Il “brother”. Kim Il Sung appreciated Choi Hyun’s loyalty and bravery, and Choi responded by accepting Kim Jong Il as the successor to Kim Il Sung. This may well be why Kim Jong Il always backed Choi Ryong Hae’s advance.
In South Korea and the West, Choi Ryong Hae has been described as one of Jang Sung Taek’s men. However, Choi was elected to the Party Central Committee in December 1986, six years earlier than Jang. This meant that Choi entered the highest elite in North Korea at an extraordinarily young age, only 36. Jang, who is four years older than Choi, joined the same entity in December 1992, meaning that he was 46. The claim that Jang cultivated Choi politically is thus highly unpersuasive.
From 1986 to 1998, for fully twelve years, Choi also ran the Kim Il Sung Socialist Youth League, which has more than 5 million members and is charged with cultivating the youth of North Korea, a vital task in which such longevity is unheard of. However, he was removed in January 1998 for his complicity in the “Socialist Youth League corruption scandal,” and got sent to work for the Pyongyang Municipal Water and Sewage Management Office. Yet even at this low point his removal was publicized as being due to illness, a decision that must have been taken at the highest level, and appears to have been designed to soften the blow and allow for his return.
Wisely, Choi strove to recover Kim Jong Il’s trust, and in August 2003 was promoted to the General Affairs Department of the Party Central Committee. In April 2006 he was made Chief Secretary of North Hwanghae Province, and finally, at the 3rd Party Delegates’ Conference in September 2010, the event at which Kim Jong Eun was officially revealed as the successor to Kim Jong Il, Choi became the only non-member of the Kim family to be elected to the three major organs of the Party: the Central Committee Politburo, the Secretariat of the Politburo, and the Party Central Military Commission.
This was an impressive success. Kim Jong Il’s first official public appearance as successor to Kim Il Sung had been at the 6th Party Congress in 1980. There, the only figures voted onto the same three Party organs that Choi had ascended to in 2010 were Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il. Choi’s elevation to such heights proves the deep trust that Kim Jong Il had in him.
▲ Kim Jong Eun’s closest advisor
We can say with confidence that Choi Ryong Hae rose beneath the halo of Choi Hyun. He continues to rise; in fact, his status is higher in the Kim Jong Eun era than it was in the Kim Jong Il era. In 2012, Choi Ryong Hae took second place among the power elite in terms of accompanying Kim Jong Eun for his onsite inspections. Jang was first. But in 2013, roles were reversed and Choi overtook Jang into first place. This is because Choi now plays a crucial role in both the military and economic spheres, guiding the loyalty of military cadres while dealing with all kinds of public projects.
Choi Ryong Hae, like his father Choi Hyun and Cho Myung Rok before him, plays an active role in ensuring the military stays loyal to Kim Jong Eun and the Chosun Workers’ Party. At the same time, with his own form of “onsite inspection”, Choi plays a role in directing the military-led construction of memorials, apartment buildings, parks, sports facilities, farming complexes and more. In May, Choi also visited Beijing to meet Xi Jinping and other high-ranking Chinese officials, a trip on which he was characterized in the North Korean media as a personal envoy from Kim Jong Eun.
For the moment Choi enjoys special status, just as Jang Sung Taek has done since the Kim Jong Il era. Choi has been vice chair of the State Sports Guidance Commission, chair of the Chosun Youth Taekwondo Association, and chairman of the Chosun Football Association. If an accident were to occur within the next few years, Choi would be one among the core power elite who could emerge as the next leader. Choi was chairman of the Kim Il Sung Socialist Youth League, the de facto recruitment arm of the Party, for more than 12 years, and even if he does not become a leader in the future, he will still be well-placed to wield influence in the decision-making process.
Whatever happens hereafter, Kim Jong Eun is reliant on Choi Ryong Hae, and since his influence is expanding markedly there is a great need to take note of his roles and responsibilities.
* The viewpoints expressed in Guest Columns are not necessarily those of Daily NK. | <urn:uuid:9d7673e2-5962-424f-b261-626466ee1c7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dailynk.com/english/the-importance-of-choi-ryong-hae/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.979323 | 2,210 | 2.9375 | 3 |
You will hear a woman asking a tutor for more information about a Media Studies course at a university.
Questions 21 – 23
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
21 How long did Louise work at a radio station?
A 2 years
B 4 years
C 6 years
22 Why does Louise want to do a Masters?
A To get a promotion in her current job
B To go into TV
C Employers like post-graduate qualifications
23 How long will it take to do the Masters part-time rather than the modular route?
A 18 months
B 3 years
C 4 years
Questions 24 and 25
Choose TWO letters A-F.
Which two things must Louise have to join the course?
A A bachelor’s degree
B Work experience
C Either a bachelor’s degree or work experience
D Research experience
E A completed thesis
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/ OR A NUMBER for each answer.
How many questions did you get right in this listening test? Input it into the IELTS score calculator and see your IELTS listening band scores.
Related IELTS Resources
Take a practice test to find out what is your current weakness in terms of IELTS scale and allow more time to improve your weak spots. The following IELTS resources will help you to develop your skills faster: | <urn:uuid:bdcb37a5-cf80-4212-a927-0dd0541183a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ieltsscore.com/ielts-listening-test-2-section-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.881116 | 297 | 2.078125 | 2 |
A white rhino orphan named Kolisi was recently caught on camera running around after he suffered extensive trauma to the bone and tendons in his hind foot.
According to Getaway Magazine, Kolisi was attacked by hyenas in 2019 and rescued and rehabilitated by The Rhino Orphanage with a team of experts tending to his leg. Now, Kolisi got the go-ahead to have some time out in the “big boma” for the first time without the supportive brace he had worn for six months.
“And never have we seen a more exciting rhino. Not even much-loved pellets could keep him in one spot,” the orphanage said on Facebook. “Kolisi is allowed four hours big boma time per day for a few days to gradually introduce more exercise to his foot. We could see his foot was sore so he will be kept in tomorrow for a bit of rest.”
Kolisi is mostly kept in a smaller space so that they can monitor his foot and help it heal.
The Rhino Orphanage is a registered non-profit company based in the Limpopo Province and was founded by Arrie van Deventer in 2012. The orphanage is the first specialist, dedicated, non-commercial centre that cares for orphaned and injured baby rhinos with the only aim of releasing them back into the wild. It was created as the result of a lack of a specialized place for rearing baby rhinos who have been orphaned as a consequence of the current poaching crisis which feeds the illegal trade in horns.
Baby rhinos are hand-reared by the rehabilitation staff, a milk substitute is fed as well as supplementary food. Exercise is encouraged by daily walks in which the rhinos also have the opportunity to graze and browse in the bush. The rhinos are split in groups according to ages and how depending they are on their human moms. Natural behaviour such as playing and wallowing are highly encouraged and are developed normally if rhinos are socialized with other rhinos. Health checks, diets and medical problems are treated by specialized veterinary staff. Human contact is restricted to prevent the imprinting of rhinos to humans and in the future turn them into problem animals when in adulthood. | <urn:uuid:3c02c4e3-48af-4654-8296-277c12e1f3dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/baby-rhino-kolisi/amp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.980587 | 487 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Procedures - Three different techniques of Cirumcision
Circumcision is very common which is a great way to protect yourself or your baby son throughout life. Surgical removal of foreskin significantly reduces the risks of developing the following unpleasant illnesses:
In this method first an anaesthetic spray and local anaesthetic injection are applied to reduce the pain. The foreskin is eased out in front of the glans with surgical forceps. The required length of foreskin is then simply removed with a scalpel.
Afterwards, it is advisable to take a 7-14days off work to fully recover and allow the wound to heal.
CO2 Laser Method
The benefits of using a CO2 laser are: faster operation, limited or no bleeding, quicker healing, minimal post-op pain, pleasant experience and most aesthetically pleasing results.
After being local anesthetic, the prepuce is pulled forward and clamped. A CO2 laser is used to cut the excess foreskin.
After the clamp is released the remaining skin cut has been sealed with the laser, without a single drop of blood.
One Step Circumcision
This procedure will be performed at the clinic under local anesthesia. Our doctor will cover the glans first and put on the disposable equipment, then just press the handle for a second, and the operation will be done.
We can stop bleeding at the same time without cutting and stitching by using this technology, and the operation only last for 5-7 minutes. Patients can leave the clinic after the operation and come back for the follow up after a week. | <urn:uuid:2b904e0c-36a7-4e17-abd7-34c73ebde7da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.surgical.hk/en/procedures.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.920314 | 324 | 1.554688 | 2 |
The Menands Union Free School District Board of Education is made up of five volunteer citizens who are elected on the third Tuesday in May each year to serve five-year terms.
A school board member takes on one of the most important citizen responsibilities: overseeing the education of the community’s youth. School boards are composed of volunteers within the community who dedicate their time to better public education. The Board of Education oversees and manages the community’s public school system. It ensures the public schools are flexible and responsive to the needs of the community.
This year, there are three candidates running for two open seats, one for a term of five (5) years commencing on July 1, 2022 and expiring on June 30, 2027, and the second for the remaining balance of an unexpired term that commenced on July 1, 2018 and expires on June 30, 2023, with the successful candidate for such unexpired term being eligible to take office immediately upon being elected and duly qualified. On the ballot, you may vote for two persons, one for each of the vacant seats. The candidate receiving the highest number of votes shall be elected to the five (5) year term and the candidate with the second highest number of votes shall be elected to fill the remainder of the unexpired term.
Meet the Candidates
On May 17, voters in the Menands Union Free School District will elect two board members. Candidates must meet all of the other requirements to run for the Board.
Candidates are listed below in the order they will appear on the ballot:
Jennifer is seeking her first term on the Board. She currently works for the Social Security Administration’s Office of Disability Adjudication and Review as an Attorney Advisor. She has lived in Menands for over 10 years.
Charles is seeking his first term on the Board. He currently works for the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) as a Financial Analyst. He has lived in Menands for nine years.
Elangovan is seeking his first full term on the Board. He was appointed on Feb. 14, 2022 to the Board to fill a vacancy. He currently works as a Database Manager for the New York State Integrated Eligibility Systems (IES) program. He has lived in Menands for the past 21 years. | <urn:uuid:723bc591-308e-41b3-9f6e-d1235091bd11> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.menands.org/2022-2023-board-of-education-candidates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.968571 | 502 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Authors: Yasser Oussalah; Nadia Zeghib
Addresses: Lire Laboratory, Constantine 2 – Abdelhamid Mehri University, Constantine, Algeria ' Lire Laboratory, Constantine 2 – Abdelhamid Mehri University, Constantine, Algeria
Abstract: Web services give a standard way for interface definition, transport mechanism, description, discovery and integration of services. Although the heterogeneity among applications is reduced, mismatches may occur at different levels (structural, behavioural and non-functional) during web services composition process. These mismatches require adaptation to ensure the correct working between web services. In this paper, we propose an approach for dynamic web service composition and adaptation. We specify formally the flexible web service composition (FWSC) using a rewriting logic-based language namely Maude. We show how to adapt the interfaces of existing web services without having to operate on the source manually. As a result, existing web services may be easily reused in a broader range of applications, and services libraries do not need to store many variants of a component that differ only in how the interfaces are used.
Keywords: web services; formal specification; Maude; web service composition; flexible WSC; interface adaptation.
International Journal of Critical Computer-Based Systems, 2015 Vol.6 No.2, pp.81 - 99
Received: 08 Aug 2014
Accepted: 12 Mar 2015
Published online: 11 Dec 2015 * | <urn:uuid:b3177f29-7681-4377-b54f-0ba8dbb34e3c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=73517 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.837938 | 292 | 1.90625 | 2 |
QUETTA: Balochistan government has planned to establish Art and Cultural centres at Quetta, Nasirabad and Sibi with an aim to promote the diverse and rich culture of the province.
Talking to media, an official of the Balochistan government on Monday said the provincial government had also allocated Rs 200 million to protect the centuries-old heritage and civilizations of Mehrgarh, Mir Chakar’s Fort, Shahi Tump-Makran Civilization, Kech valley and other archaic heritage sites.
He said the government had earmarked Rs 100 million in the current Public Sector Development Programme for the up-scaling of tourist spots at Shuban Valley to attract millions of local and foreign tourists.
The incumbent government would be organizing cultural events where the artists would be awarded financial assistance for the economic well-being in the province, he added.
“The strong traditions and cultural values are important to the people of Balochistan and have enabled them to keep their distinctive ancient cultural identity and lifestyle with a little change to this day,” the official noted.
The Balochistan government, he said, had allocated Rs 760 million for the development and promotion of the tourism venues of the province.
The provincial government has also released a grant of Rs 393 million for the annual expenditures of tourism and culture department, he informed.
Highlighting the steps taken by the government to promote culture and tourism in the province, he maintained that the government had set up a culture and tourism policy first time in provincial history.
“However, measures will be taken to conduct survey and Geo-mapping for the preservation of historical sites in the province to revamp and develop the sector,” he added. | <urn:uuid:ca23e030-9fb9-405b-b4ed-260c31f02597> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/07/08/balochistan-plans-to-establish-art-cultural-centres-at-three-major-cities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.950776 | 354 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Robert Alexander Long. It is perhaps not generally known that the humble beginnings of the great Long-Bell Lumber Company was made in Kansas. The home of the corporation for a number of years has been in Kansas City, Missouri, where the splendid R. A. Long office building, one of the finest and most modern structures of its kind in the Middle West, furnishes the headquarters for the business whose operations are widespread all over the Southwest. But for forty years the retail business of the concern has been largely in Kansas and Kansas may properly claim Robert A. Long as one of its greatest business executives.
On April 30, 1875, a carload of lumber was unloaded at the little town of Columbus, in Cherokee County, Kansas. It was consigned to the firm of R. A. Long & Company. This firm consisted of Robert A. Long, Victor B. Bell and Robert White. The senior member of the firm was twenty-four years of age and his partners had not yet reached their majority. The members of the firm had neither surplus capital nor bank accounts. However, Mr. Bell’s father was president of the Kansas City Savings Bank and Mr. White’s father its cashier. The bank thus gave them the best of recommendations and when cash was required loaned it to them on open account.
In the original yard at Columbus, R. A. Long served as yard manager, bookkeeper and general utility man. He had only the most casual acquaintance with the lumber business. The story is told that when the first invoice was checked, the items “dimensions” and “S. S. & E.” were not understood. This was evidently a case in which the man emphasized the broad general and fundamental principles rather than a knowledge of the smaller technical details. In time Mr. Long knew what the details meant and he became a practical retail lumberman. The first year the firm at Columbus. earned only $800. In the second year its profits were $2,000. By that time the business was so flourishing as to justify the establishment of a branch yard. In the next six or eight years a number of different yards had been established over Southern Kansas. In 1877 Mr. White, the junior member of the firm, died, his interests being purchased by the surviving partners. In 1884 the company was incorporated with a capital of $300,000. This capital was fully taken up by the earnings of the business. Every year saw a notable increase in the establishment of new yards and the general enlargement of the scope of operations. Whereas, Mr. Long at Columbus forty years ago was content to sell lumber a few hundred feet at a time, the business of the present corporation in its retail department alone sells millions of feet of rough and finished lumber and mill work, and vast quantities of lime, cement, coal and other products.
In 1889 a wholesale department was added. In 1891 the capital stock was increased to $500,000. Up to that time Mr. Long had acted as superintendent and manager of the company’s interests, but with the establishment of the wholesale department Samuel H. Wilson, brother-in-law of Mr. Long, who had come into the old firm in 1887, took charge of the retail department and continued its supervision until his death on October 20, 1903.
It would require a book to describe the detailed development of the business or even to give a full account of its present ramifications. The Long-Bell Lumber Company is now the parent organization of a vast business system. Besides the Long-Bell Lumber Company there are nine allied corporations engaged in the manufacture of lumber, and several other corporations for conducting various activities of the business. The organization now owns immense land holdings in Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas. Its timber interests are chiefly Southern yellow pine and hardwood. The ten sawmill plants have an annual capacity of 500,000,000 feet. The vast extent of cutover timber lands are handled and marketed by the Long-Bell Farm Land Corporation and the Long-Bell Demonstration Farm Company has for its principal purpose to demonstrate the agricultural value of lands from which the timber has been removed.
While the favors of fortune have been so liberally bestowed upon Mr. Long, perhaps no man has worked harder to deserve them and to constitute his life and influence a more important agency for benefit to mankind. There was a time when he was poor, though never desperately so, and he had as close a fellowship with manual toil and with the adversities of life as thousands of men who have never been able to aspire to financial independence. He was born December 17, 1850, on a farm in Shelby County, Kentucky, near the Town of Simpsonville. His parents were Samuel M. and Margaret K. (White) Long. His mother was a cousin of Senator Blackburn and of Governor Luke P. Blackburn of Kentucky. Mr. Long’s father spent his life as a farmer. His father has been described as an intensely practical, methodical and ambitious man, and one who believed in doing, not dreaming. Robert A. Long inherited some of those qualities. He had the imaginative faculty. Imagination has been too frequently confused with idle dreams. As a matter of fact it is the most valuable asset of mental character. Mr. Long to a peculiar degree has been able to translate ideas and plans originating in his brain into practical achievements, has also had the courage of his convictions, and those characteristics perhaps more than anything else have been responsible for his career.
He acquired an education in the common schools of Shelby County and spent fifteen months in a school for boys at Shelbyville. In the usual sense of the term he did not have a liberal education. Some men have been credited with such an education merely because they went through a college and ever afterward ceased to interest themselves in the larger affairs of life. The reverse has been true of Mr. Long. His education really began after he left school and he has been an intense student of life ever since. As a boy he looked beyond the horizon of a simple farm existence, but beyond an unsatisfactory clerkship in a local store found no opportunity to broaden his interests until the age of twenty-two. Part of his boyhood had been spent during the period of the Civil war. Three of his older brothers, Thomas, E. S. and Belvard, had spent a few months in the Union army, but Mr. Long himself was too young for that service.
It was during a visit to Kansas City at the home of his uncle, C. J. White, then cashier of the Kansas City Savings Bank, that Mr. Long had his first big opportunity. How he and the son of Mr. White and the son of Dr. J. B. Bell, president of the bank, made their pioneer venture as lumber dealers has already been described.
Mr. Long is a man of ideas and ideals. He is a constructive thinker, and as a speaker his words are listened to with respect. He is not a one-subject man. He knows lumber but he knows other things as well. A remark of his has often been quoted and deserves quotation: “Every big business man should write a paper or make a speech at least twice a year on some live subject, not necessarily connected with his business, that would require investigation. Investigation means more knowledge and knowledge is an asset.” He has personally applied this truth in many ways. He is identified with many organizations, and his addresses have been listened to by the great bankers of the Nation, by lumbermen’s associations, and by many of the civic organizations of his home city. He has always realized the responsibility of wealth and position and has given his time and means unreservedly to the benefit of others. Another remark of his that has been quoted and expresses an important fact of his own character is the following: “No man will get much out of life who lives wholly for himself. The man who shuts himself away from the world and thinks that he and his family circle are all that matters will find he’s in a mighty narrow circle.”
The extent and variety of his interests were aptly indicated by an article that appeared in the Daily Banker and Stockholder: “To many who know something of the extent of the Long-Bell interests it is a matter of wonderment that Mr. Long and his associates should find time and capacity for direct and close personal supervision of all their manifold business affairs, and still be able to take an active interest in other things. Yet the heads of this big institution are associated with numerous other interests almost as prominently as they are with the lumber business and its allied activities. While consistently avoiding any hint of ostentation, Mr. Long has ever been profoundly interested in religious matters, and in the material advancement of the Christian church in the Middle West his efforts and money have had a larger influence than even his best friends suspect. True to his Kentucky nativity, he is a lover of fine horses, and maintains a lively interest in the famous stables that are under the direct supervision of his daughter, Miss Loula Long. Mr. Long is a breeder of blooded dairy cattle, and one of Kansas City’s principal sources of supply for certified milk is ‘Longview,’ Mr. Long’s wonderful country estate near Kansas City. As if these things were not enough to fully employ him outside of business hours, Mr. Long has given much attention to welfare work among the many thousands of Long-Bell employes in the sawmill districts, working with the International Young Men’s Christian Association in improving living conditions in the lumber camps and establishing club houses, schools and places of entertainment for workmen and their families.”
Mr. Long is a member of the Blue Hills Country Club, the Mid-Day Club, the Hill Crest Club, the Kansas City Club and the Chamber of Commerce. He is one of the most liberal benefactors of the Independence Boulevard Christian Church. On December 16, 1875, at Columbus, Kansas, he married Miss Ella Wilson, daughter of George and Eliza (Hughes) Wilson. They are the parents of two daughters: Loula Long, still at home and mentioned above as especially interested in looking after her father’s splendid stables, and Sally America, now wife of Lieut. Comm, Hayne Ellis of the United States Navy.
Mr. and Mrs. Long’s first home in Columbus was a small three-room cottage with his lumber yard only a short distance away on the same piece of ground. In that home his children were born and he and his wife lived there happily for several years. Later they built a larger and more commanding house also in Columbus, and they remained residents of that little Kansas town upwards of sixteen years. In 1891 Mr. Long came to Kansas City, and his city home here is one of the show places, while his country estate, Longview, comprises about 1,500 acres and is operated as a model dairy farm, with a prize herd of Jersey cattle. | <urn:uuid:11517d2f-aab4-4943-97ce-326aa83dfc1f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://accessgenealogy.com/kansas/biography-of-robert-alexander-long.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.987034 | 2,271 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Switzerland is one of the wealthiest countries in the world with Zurich and Geneva lined up as the second and third-highest quality of life cities in the world. The Swiss are relatively reserved, polite, and helpful people, but quite sporadic with highly respected privacy.
Respect their culture and etiquette, and remember the following travel tips in Switzerland.
Things to do
* Respect the traditional Swiss greeting with three kisses on the cheek, although a handshake is a standard in the first meeting.
* Please appreciate tolerance and patience in Switzerland. Switzerland is quite sporadic, let them follow their rhythm.
* Don’t ask for your tax-free shopping check and get the VAT back if your purchase cost is at least CHF. 500. Switzerland is a shopper’s paradise with many things irresistible around.
* Dress neatly and neatly. A business suit and tie for men, and a suit or dress for women.
* German (German-Swiss), a dialect that even Germans do not understand.
* Do you realize that German, French and Italian are widely used in Switzerland and Romansch is spoken in separate bags. Many French around the West and South are Italian. Other fields are more German-style, but say Schweiz-
* Hold both hands on the table during meals, but keep the elbow off the table. Eat everything from your plate and place the knife and fork side by side at 5:25 when you finish eating.
* Do not punctuate a dinner party, although a 15-minute delay is acceptable. Do not send flowers to your landlord before a party or the next day, along with a thank you.
* Do not use a fork to cut foods like salads and potatoes instead of knives and hands to break bread, but most other foods should be eaten with utensils.
Things not to do
* Don’t call someone by their name until invited to do so. Use surnames and alternative titles.
* But avoid white daisies and white lilies for funerals.
* Do not speak loudly in public places, especially on mobile phones. It is no noise or a joke. As a rule, Switzerland does not like noise and does not like other people making jokes about them.
* No personal questions, such as salary, age or religion. Switzerland respects high privacy.
* Don’t walk unless you think you’re fit. Bring jogging pants or any lightweight shoes.
* Don’t feel obliged to tip. A service fee included in restaurants and hotels.
* Not giving expensive or extravagant gifts can be considered difficult or bribing. Also don’t give anything sharp, such as knives or scissors, which means cutting off a friendship. Wine, high-quality chocolates, or flowers are good gifts.
* Don’t eat out can be very expensive. Make lunch for your main meal of the day. The same meals in the evening doubled.
* Don’t drink until after the landlord provides the first toast. Don’t ask salt and pepper if it’s not on the table yet.
* Don’t put your hands in your pockets when talking to people. Also do not chew gum, litter, or clean your nails in public places. | <urn:uuid:05b1efd2-59dc-4d3a-95ef-2b4b4cdd76d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yeuque.com/top-dos-and-donts-when-traveling-in-switzerland.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.941447 | 684 | 1.820313 | 2 |
How much longer are you going to beat yourself up for not being perfect? Perfection is a concept that isn’t even real, much less attainable. We waste a lot of energy, and thereby our precious time, comparing ourselves to some pedestal/idealized version of ourselves (it’s even worse if we are comparing ourselves to someone else but that’s for another blog).
Today’s practice is about shedding the idea of earning our own love. We will practice loving ourselves AS WE ARE… fully, and freely – with no bounds and no judgements.
Here’s the playlist:
We ended up in class also discussing how our perspective changes our experience. | <urn:uuid:27dbfb7d-d729-4c95-87b2-4ce18839be52> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://treenuhyoga.com/2020/10/22/coronayoga-10-22-20-45min-hatha-n-flow-being-good-enough/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.945345 | 145 | 1.617188 | 2 |
for Security and Sustainable Development
Prepared for the
Sixth Annual International Conference
Korea and the Future of Northeast Asia:
Conflict or Cooperation?
Portland State University
May 4-5. 1995
The environment is emerging as a “motherhood” issue in Northeast Asia. In a region imbued with hostile legacies, the environment is a relatively neutral arena for discussion. Regional discussions about environmental issues promise beneficial security spin-offs, both by promoting the “habit of dialogue,” and by reducing the potential for explosive interstate environmental conflicts.
In recent years, governments have taken small, steady steps toward collective action on cross-border environmental issues. The region’s environmental problems, however, are pressing and will become more so with expected high growth rates of GNP and intra- regional trade. The high costs of ecological degradation and the emerging trade- environment interface suggest that the domain of beneficial–indeed, necessary–regional cooperation is much larger than has yet been tabled.
This paper explores the domain of environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia. Part II develops an analytical framework in which the domain of regional environmental cooperation encompasses three broad categories: 1) the governance of common pool, transboundary resources and ecosystem services; 2) management of the trade-environment interface in the context of high levels of regional economic integration; and 3) building of human and technical capacities to manage within-border resources, as well as to respond to global environmental problems.
Part III examines regional environmental problems in Northeast Asia, including acid rain, marine degradation, and habitat/biodiversity loss; and the environmental implications of projected high rates of growth and intra-regional trade, including on forest development in the Russian Far East. Part IV outlines initiatives in environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia by governments and non-governmental organizations; and offers three proposals to extend the domain of regional environmental cooperation.
Environmental and resource management is largely the preserve of national governments. Crucial environmental issues such as the use of rivers and watersheds, emissions of industrial and household pollutants, and the management of farmlands, forests, and wetlands remain largely within the regulatory ambit of states.
On the other hand, international cooperation on environmental issues is growing rapidly. Dozens of environmental treaties were concluded in the 1970s and 1980s, encompassing issues such as the ozone layer, the prohibition of biological weapons and a ban on atmospheric nuclear testing. Two crucial global conventions, one on climate change and the other on biodiversity, were adopted at the 1992 Rio “Earth Summit.” Environmental issues have also come to the forefront in multilateral economic institutions, especially the GATT and the newly- formed World Trade Organization. The increasing globalization of trade and investment suggests the intensification of market-driven pressures on governments to create common regulatory regimes in a number of dimensions, including environment policy.
A third level of environmental governance is emerging at the regional level. In part, regional environmental governance parallels the emergence of regional free trade areas and economic groupings, such as the North American Free Trade Area and the European Union. In Asia, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is discussing environment policy convergence in parallel with moves to establish an Asean Free Trade Area. In addition to the pressures of economic integration, regional environmental governance is being propelled by international environmental diplomacy. Agenda 21, a sweeping plan of action adopted by the Rio Conference, emphasized the need to build regional institutions and frameworks to promote sustainable development
In Northeast Asia, the end of the Cold War provided an opportunity for long-time antagonists to seek new arenas for dialogue and cooperation. The embrace of market- oriented reforms and trade openness also prompted interest in regional economic cooperation. Beyond its intrinsic importance, environmental cooperation is perceived to offer economic benefits in the form of technology transfer and export markets.
What is the domain of regional environmental cooperation? What can–and should– governments accomplish through joint action at a regional level that they could not accomplish by acting unilaterally or in global concert?
In broad terms, the domain embraces three broad categories of environmental management: 1) governance of common pool, transboundary regional resources and ecosystem services; 2) management of the trade-environment interface. High levels of regional economic interdependence, especially in the context of rapid economic growth, subject within- border resources to common pool pressures through competitive markets; and 3) capacity- building, that is, joint welfare gains through cooperation in enhancing human and technological capacities to manage within-border resources and to respond to global environmental problems.
Before proceeding further, it is important to define a “region.” Common pool resources do not respect political boundaries, whether of one nation singly or many nations collectively. Seen through the lens of eco-system governance, a nation is not located in one geographical “region” with a fixed number of other nations. Rather, nations (and sub-regions within them) may be simultaneously part of many regions as defined by a common sea, watershed, desert, forest, air current system, etc. The governance of each common pool resource requires the participation of those who use it. . Likewise, nations and sub-national areas are part of multiple economic regions. The United States, for example, and especially the state of California, are simultaneously part of the Asia-Pacific and North American trading areas. Depending on the analytical or political problem to be examines, the boundaries of a “region” could be drawn on functionalist and bio-physical, as well as geographical, cultural, economic and political determinants.
The focus of this paper is on “Northeast Asia” as defined by the political boundaries of six particular nation-states: China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea , the Russian Federation, and Mongolia. This designation reflects the UN propensity to draw regional boundaries in politico-geographical terms and to promote within them cooperative relations across a broad spectrum of issues. It also reflects the interests of central governments in Northeast Asia to maintain control over foreign relations. Many environmental issues involving China and Russia concern primarily the Russian Far East and the Northeast Chinese provinces: on an ecological basis, the border of the “region” would bifurcate these two countries. Finally, the designation reflects political and security interests in excluding the United States, even though Alaska stretches well into geographical proximity. Nurtured by the UN Economic and Social Commission on Asia and the Pacific and the UN Development Program, the primary initiatives toward regional environmental cooperation have embraced these six countries.
1. Governance of Common Pool Transboundary Resources
Common pool resources are resources which are not exclusively utilized by a single agent or source. Generally, resources are considered common pool if de facto or de jure property rights to them are communal. Property rights consist of formal and informal norms, rules and institutions which specify who can utilize a resource, including who can appropriate income streams from it, as well as how they can utilize it, that is, user obligations. Examples of common pool resources include air, oceans, and atmosphere, as well as communal forests, pasturelands, fisheries, and local water management associations. In the context of international relations, common pool resources are those which extend across national boundaries; or which are not claimed exclusively by any nation.
Formal and effective forms of collective governance are required to ensure that common pool resources are utilized in ways which promote longterm sustainability. Without collective governance, common pool resources are “open access:” private welfare-maximizing decisions, especially to maximize income, will generate over-use and resource depletion. Individual users have no pecuniary or non-pecuniary incentive to limit their use and to invest in the long- term provisioning of the resource. Without use limits and investment, the resource will be undermined.
In short, without effective governance, common pool resources can generate a “prisoner’s dilemma” paradox , in which “individually rational strategies lead to collectively irrational outcomes.” Some researchers have concluded that any resource held in common inevitably generates a “tragedy of the commons” because of the free rider problem (i.e. those who conserve and invest in the resource cannot exclude others from enjoying the benefits of their investments). The solution, they believe, is either for the state to act as a leviathan to appropriate and control the resource; or to transform communal into private property by assigning private property rights to communal resources. In the context of state-centered international relations, this would suggest either that one state appropriate and regulate a transboundary common pool resource; or that states collectively allocate all resource rights to private citizens. Neither strategy is attractive or feasible.
Unlike prisoner’s dilemma games in economic theory, however, humans can voluntarily cooperate in designing and enforcing collective governance mechanisms: incentive structures which promote the sustainability of common pool resources. Rather than carve up or appropriate common pool resources, states can cooperate in establishing Common Pool Regimes (CPRs). CPRs specify property rights and create mechanisms to enforce them. CPRs are needed whenever non-excludable, transboundary resources are subject to prisoner’s dilemma- type resource degradation problems.
Some transborder common pool resources are global in nature and require international CPRs, including the atmosphere and ozone layer, the oceans, space, and biodiversity. Other resources span across a limited set of national territories, that is, a region. The domain of regional environmental cooperation encompasses the creation of CPRs for all transboundary common pool resources within the region, such as air systems, watersheds, seas, and habitats.
2. Economic Interdependence and the Trade-Environment Interface
A second category of collective action environmental problems emerges when national economies, especially resource-intensive sectors, become highly integrated in trade, investment and capital flows. Economic integration subjects states to two kind of pressures: 1) competitive market pressures which create prisoner’s dilemma-type problems for local resource and ecosystem management; and 2) regulatory pressures to converge toward the environmental standards and policies of large-market countries. In the absence of collective governance, environmental standards governing trade-exposed sectors will gravitate either towards those of the most competitive producer or the largest market country.
Economic integration means that firms compete across jurisdictional boundaries. Property rights and regulatory regimes in different countries specify different rights and obligations of resource users, including firms. Regulatory regimes, in turn, affect competitiveness. Yet, firms compete in common markets. Through competitive markets, producers with the lowest private costs of production win the sale. Higher private cost producers go out of business. Yet the difference between high and low cost producers may reflect, at least in part, differences in the property rights regimes under which they operate. Low-cost producers, for example, may create social costs including pollution, resource depletion, and irreversible ecological losses.
International market competition, in other words, is not just between firms but also between systems of rules including property rights regimes. Ceteris paribus, the rules which generate the lowest private costs will dominate. Rules systems in other countries delimit national control over resources. Through economic integration, ecological resources within national boundaries acquire common pool characteristics. Rational decisions by individual firms to maximize profits or market share can result in irrational social outcomes if longterm resource productivity is undermined. When there are net private costs to sustainable resource management, competitive, cross-border market pressures will promote resource depletion.
Two examples may illuminate the argument. The first is the rapid growth of the export- oriented shrimp industry produced by coastal aquaculture in many developing countries. Property rights to coastal resources are inadequately specified and/or enforced throughout Southeast Asia and Latin America, where the shrimp aquaculture industry has bloomed. As a result, competitive pressures have promoted highly-polluting, intensive aquaculture methods, generating widespread destruction of coastal mangroves and boom-bust industry cycles. Sustainable use requires semi-intensive and traditional harvesting methods. Companies, however, have no incentive to limit use; and a purely national regulatory structure would price national producers out of global markets. Competitive market forces, in short, mean that national coastal mangroves acquire common pool characteristics. Long-term sustainable use of national mangrove resources requires the creation of a Common Pool Regime, viz, cooperation among major producer and consumer governments to create and enforce a common property rights and regulatory framework.
Another example is the impact on agricultural sustainability of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA mandates the opening of Mexican agricultural markets to US-produced goods, including lower-cost American corn. But low production costs in the US are the result, in part, of the absence of agricultural policies mandating sustainable resource management. For example, corn production in the US is highly monocultural, which ecological scientists have found to be destructive of soil micro-organisms required for land productivity. In Mexico, on the other hand, the millions of peasant farmers who will be driven off the land by competitive market pressures grow a high diversity of corn and root crops. Without a regional Agriculture Agreement which specified common user rights and obligations, the rules system which will dominate will be that of the largest low-cost producer, the United States. As a result, biodiversity resources will be lost and the productivity of agricultural lands undermined.
Beyond competitive market forces, convergence in environmental standards among trade and investment partners is driven by national regulatory policies. Large market countries set product requirements for imports, including environmental, health and safety requirements. Large market countries also tend to be foreign investors. Many multinational firms find it cheaper to maintain the same production and mangement standards and practices in all international operations, standards typically generated in home countries. Import requirements and foreign investment act as transmission belts for standards set in the large market country.
Large market states have also taken initiatives to institutionalize convergence in environmental policy in the context of negotiations over trade liberalization, including in the European Union and North America. Convergence lowers transactions costs of trade which stem from a patchwork of differing national environmental requirements. It also reduces the potential that environment policies will be used as a protectionist device. As with market- driven convergence, however, policy-driven convergence may not promote sustainable resource use. Trading partners, especially at the global level, tend to be highly diverse economically, socially, politically and ecologically. Social and ecological diversity suggests that appropriate environment management policies should differ across and within nations. The issue is not so much whether standards will come “up” or “down” as what the specific local/national priorities, problems and requirements are and whether following standards developed elsewhere will address them.
There are thus two key issues in the trade-environment interface: first, the need to create and enforce common rules governing trade and investment which create incentives for sustainable resource and ecosystem management; and second, the need to design a framework of rules which allows for diversity in the context of commonality.
These are issues of governance and they can and most likely will be taken up at the global level by the World Trade Organization. The WTO has established a Committee on Trade and Environment which is considering, inter alia, the scope of national trade-impacting environment policy. However, these issues also fall within the domain of regional environmental cooperation whenever regions are highly integrated or when particular sectors are highly integrated within a region. Regional cooperation is easier and cheaper than global cooperation because there are far fewer negotiating partners and the partners tend to have cultural, linguistic, ideological, or political affinities. Regional initiatives can thus act to lead, rather than follow, global negotiations. Nonetheless, regional and global initiatives need to move generally in similar paths.
Some analysts argue that formal governance of the trade-environment interface is unnecessary because trade openness is itself beneficial for the environment. Trade openness, they argue, promotes income growth, which is positively related to environmental quality in two ways. First, higher incomes provide resources for environmental clean-up, restoration and management. Second, higher incomes and trade openness promotes technology transfer, including cleaner and more efficient consumer and producer goods. The seminal study shows an inverted-U relationship between economic growth and some air pollutants in Mexico City, with the “turn” pegged to a per capita income of about US$5000. That is, environmental degradation increased as income rose until income hit around $5000, after which environmental quality rose with income.
The study suffers, however, from three flaws. First, it derives general conclusions about environmental quality from very narrow indicators, viz, urban air pollutants. There is little doubt that higher incomes promote consumption of better, cleaner consumer and producer goods and services. In the case of Mexico City, higher incomes propelled new car purchases, primarily North American imports. Car exhaust is a major source of air pollution in the mountain city. However, the study did not assess the relationship between ecological “capital” as a whole and economic growth. The experience of the wealthy, industrialized countries suggests that economic growth is strongly and positively related to biodiversity loss through conversion of forests, wetlands, and other habitats, as well as to increasing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.
Secondly, the study suffers from a logical flaw. Even if the hypothesized U-curve relationship is correct, an evaluation of the net welfare result will depend on what is irreversibly lost during the rapid growth process. The conclusion is reminiscent of the logical conundrum popularized during the Vietnam War: “we had to destroy the village in order to save it.”
Thirdly, experience and empirical data increasingly show that the costs of environment- blind economic growth are likely to be higher than development paths which build in environmental protection. The experience of the Philippines and South Korea, for example, shows that “grow now, pay later” imposes high financial, social and ecological costs. Development strategies which promote income growth while preventing or minimizing pollution and ecosystem degradation could generate an entirely different relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. It could be less negative or even positive if strong environment protection policies promote product and process innovation and enhance investment in environmental infrastructure.
The point is not that trade openness is itself necessarily “good” or “bad” for the environment. Rather, it is that economic interdependence generates pressures which make within-border resources take on common pool characteristics. Sustainable management of the trade-environment interface requires collective governance, including at the regional level.
3. Building Capacities for National and Global Environment Management
The domain of regional environmental cooperation extends beyond managing common pool resources to the capture of joint welfare benefits in building domestic environment management capacities. The costs of capacity-building can be reduced through regional cooperation in three ways: 1) pooling of resources, including knowledge, information, and technology; 2) economies of scale and agglomeration in investment in environmental infrastructure; and 3) knowledge spillovers and accelerated learning curves. Increased domestic management capacities enhance capacities to respond to global environmental problems.
Environmental management is extremely information-intensive and knowledge- intensive. Few countries in the world have yet created a baseline ecosystem information base at a national level: biodiversity resources have not yet been mapped, pollution monitoring stations are not yet in place, etc. Pooling of resources can reduce the cost of creating an information management system, as well as collecting, storing, updating and disseminating information. Moreover, cooperation to standardize and intercalibrate information would increase the net benefits of information systems.
In some cases, there may be scale and/or agglomeration economies in creating joint management capacities across regional boundaries. For example, the costs of training environmental professionals may be reduced by creating a regional environment management training center or programs rather than many national centers. Regional cooperation can also accelerate learning by providing opportunities for people to communicate. Exchanges among scientists, businesspeople, environment organizations, educators, and policymakers could be especially fruitful.
A. Degradation of Common Pool Resources
Common pool resources require collective action in establishing governance mechanisms for sustainable utilization. In Northeast Asia, the primary common pool resources are the region’s seas, air systems, and habitats which support biodiversity, especially for migratory birds and fish.
Transborder Air Pollution: Acid Rain
The primary problem of transborder air pollution in Northeast Asia is the “routine” atmospheric transport and deposition of particulate matter emitted mostly in the course of energy production, known as “acid rain.”
The main sources of acid rain are high levels of sulphur emissions from coal-burning power plants and factories in China, North Korea and elsewhere in the region. The north and south eastern regions of China have especially high levels of sulphur dioxide emissions (Figure 1). One study of China’s largest coal-fired power plant showed that sulphur dioxide concentrations frequently exceed the State’s permissible releases because the coal that is burned contains more than two percent sulphur. However, even low sulphur coals can result in high levels of sulphur dioxide emissions when the coal is burned in inefficient plants. Acid rain may decrease biomass productivity and thereby reduce its carbon uptake, degrading existing forests and causing the recipient country’s carbon emissions to increase.
Many scientists believe that the Korean Peninsula and Japan suffer from transfrontier acid rain originating from Manchurian China. Some have also noted that Mongolia may receive acid rain originating over its northwestern border with Russia. Depending on the time of year, some countries may be originators and recipients of acid rain, especially North Korea. In winter (January), the air flows are generally from the Asian land mass to the ocean, while in summer (July), the opposite is the case (Figure 2). According to a study by the Asian Development Bank, Northeast China, Japan and the two Koreas are relatively vulnerable to acid rain degradation due to the combination of high deposition and sensitive soils, vegetation, and materials.
The scale and impact of transfrontier acid rain deposition remains unclear, in part due to the lack of monitoring stations and ecological studies. Initial studies indicate, however, that the levels may be on a par with Europe. China itself has noted the possibility that acid rain may be transmitted long distances and has seriously affected areas of China. In the area adjacent to the Yellow Sea, Chinese industry has been estimated to emit about 700,000 tonnes of sulphur dioxide per year, some of which could be transported across the Yellow Sea to Korea by the predominantly northwesterly winds. Fortunately, the problem is amenable to technological controls at source: a modern power plant with glue-gas desulphurization equipment can remove more than 90 percent of the emissions. Countries in the region are also establishing facilities to monitor acid rain deposition. Much remains to be done, however, in terms of establishing common monitoring methodologies, comprehensive baseline monitoring, and ecosystem impact studies.
Marine degradation encompasses two broad issues in Northeast Asia: the pollution of common seas, notably the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan; and the sustainable harvesting of fisheries in the north Pacific, including the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, and adjacent coastal areas.
Joint management of regional seas is hindered by regional jurisdictional disputes East Asian seas are also semi-enclosed and thus particularly subject to the effects of chemical pollutants including hydrocarbons, heavy metals, industrial and agricultural chemicals, radionuclides, sewage, heat wastes, and many other materials. The resultant ecological and economic damage includes commercial losses from fisheries and aquaculture, destruction of flora and fauna, tourism, red tides, etc.
Five of the six states in the region have coastlines along the Sea of Japan (only Mongolia does not). The most important sources of marine pollution are:
Coastal (urban, industrial, port and riverine) in-flows
Shipping and industrial waste dumping at sea
Radioactive waste disposal
Oil exploration and transport.
Projected high rates of regional economic growth imply that all of these sources could grow exponentially, while the assimilative capacity of the ocean may be stretched to its limit–or beyond. In the future, exploitation of seabed minerals may increase the stress on marine environments. In this section, we will address only two dimensions of chemical pollution, namely, the radioactive and oil-related pollution issues in the Sea of Japan.
In early 1993, Russia admitted that the former Soviet Union had dumped civilian and military radioactive wastes for decades in the Sea of Japan, in contravention of domestic and international laws. The total quantity of radioactive materials involved in this activity was relatively small compared with other radioactive pollution in the same period. However, the Russian activity was significant because it related to legal precedent and the integrity of the London Dumping Convention which precludes signatories from engaging in such wanton dumping. It also highlighted the possibility of additional uncontrolled radioactive pollution of the Sea of Japan arising from Russia’s military and reactors operating in the Far East.
Russia lacks the funds and facilities required to deal with the radioactive legacy of the Cold War. Among the urgent tasks are is the removal of nuclear reactors and fuel from decommissioned nuclear-powered warships, especially submarines, for safe storage and disposal. To end Russia rad-waste dumping at sea, interim storage facilities on Russian territory must be located and constructed. Other states in the region have complementary capabilities. Japan, for example, has significant experience in decommissioning its former nuclear powered ships.
Chemical pollutants, such as oil, in the Sea of Japan is a serious and growing regional environmental problem. On the basis of one measure of oil pollution–average levels of dissolved hydrocarbons–the open areas of the Sea of Japan contain about 1.5-1.8 more oil than that of the surface waters of the northwestern Pacific ocean. In coastal regions of the Sea of Japan, the level of pollution is much higher, often at 2.5 times the level of unpolluted ocean waters, and even exceeding maximum permissible concentrations on a permanent basis.Another measure of oil pollution–the concentration of tarballs in the ocean water–shows a high concentration along sealanes, especially south of Honshu. The prevailing winds concentrate the tarballs in different parts of the Sea of Japan, depending on the season. Japan reports that overall, tar ball concentration has dropped since 1985 but increased (since 1990) in areas of southern Honshu, Sea of Japan, and western Kyushu.
The rate of marine oil spills appears to be increasing. South Korea, for example, reports that the volume of oil spilled along its coastline nearly tripled between 1987 and 1991 (Table 1).
Models of oil pollution dispersal show that oil slicks in the Sea of Japan could move onto adjacent coastal regions or move out into the open seas, depending on tides and winds. Cooperation to reduce and control marine pollution could foster a dialogue on the overarching issue of managing holistically an oceanic ecosystem between parties who disagree on territorial boundaries and who are divided over the best way to manage fisheries stocks on a sustainable basis.
Territorial and management disputes hinder collaboration on reducing marine pollution, however, because the legal status of semi-enclosed oceans remains ambiguous under customary law and the Law of the Sea. As Mark Valencia puts it:
The most successful efforts to deal with marine environmental problems are carefully nurtured with simultaneous institution-building, scientific, and treaty-drafting activities at the regional level, but this can come about only with strong and sustained littoral state support.
A first step would be to obtain scientifically valid data on pollution levels, requiring a joint effort to develop a comprehensive regional monitoring program to determine the ecological status of the Sea of Japan. Valencia has argued that regional cooperation would be useful to intercalibrate measuring methods; to determine indicator species; to study the biogeochemical flows of pollutants at the river/ocean, water/sediment, and air/water interfaces; to monitor dump sites for dredged materials; and to automate the collection and analysis of data.
In terms of tonnage harvested, the north Pacific is the most important fishing region in the world. In 1984, for example, 32 per cent of the world catch came from the north Pacific, of which almost 90 percent was caught in the northwest Pacific. Regional states are highly dependent on this produce. Japan and the two Koreas derive about 90 percent of their respective catches from the region, and Russia and China about 30 and 10 percent respectively. An acute problem associated with high seas fisheries in the northwest Pacific and East Asian seas is that of straddling and highly migratory stocks, that is, species such as tuna and many kinds of groundfish and pelagic fish which migrate between the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of states, and between EEZs. Indeed, the majority of the fish now exploited by countries adjacent to the East Asian Seas are shared stocks.
A regional approach may be appropriate for jointly managing the fisheries of the enclosed seas of Japan and Okhotsk and adjacent coastal areas. Fishery agreements are bilateral and exist between Russia and Japan, and Russia and North Korea on the one hand; and between Japan and South Korea, and Japan and North Korea on the other. (A number of these agreements are non governmental). The agreements establish a delicately balanced set of reciprocal fishing rights with catch quotas, and specify that scientific and technical consultations should be held. In some cases, joint regulatory zones are prescribed as to number and size of trawlers, types of gear, dates of operation, and catch.
None of these agreements is region-wide and no regional fora exist in which to discuss allocation of catch. Thus, the management regime does not correspond to the inherently widely distributed and mobile fisheries resource. Consequently, a number of stocks are severely depleted. Unilateral actions to exploit or to manage the fishery stocks have even increased tensions between states–as occurred most recently between Russia, Japan, Poland and South Korea over the pollock stocks in the Sea of Okhotsk. Nor have larger regional or global agreements proven adequate to the task, as membership of the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission is limited to Japan, Canada and the United States.
Some experts have proposed a Northwest Pacific approach to the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk that would avoid finalizing the jurisdictional issues raised by the Law of the Seas and other territorial disputes, but would incrementally modify existing arrangements; create regional non governmental arrangements; and establish a regional scientific organization. Although it would require leadership–possibly by Japan or Russian fishery organizations–such an approach would build on existing bilateral agreements to secure information on coastal fisheries, especially in relation to collection of statistics, scientific research, depicting shared stocks, and identifying overfishing. An informal, consultative regional forum on fisheries issues along with related fields of maritime ecology, pollution, law, and security may also be productive.
Endowed with areas of high species biodiversity, the Northeast Asian region suffers from high levels of biodiversity loss. In Japan, over 700 plants are classified as threatened. Over 80 birds are classified as threatened in China and nearly 80 birds in South Korea. The main threats are the introduction of exotic species that out-compete endemic species; habitat destruction; hunting; overharvesting; and sometimes, deliberate extermination. Habitat destruction is particularly significant, arising from conversion to other uses, removal of vegetation or erosion, and/or fragmentation, wherein habitat is carved into areas too small to support endemic species. In addition, future changes in global climate may further stress regional habitats.
Northeast Asian countries have adopted two approaches to conserving and restoring biodiversity. First, they have attempted to protect so-called flagship threatened species such as the East Asian tiger, the Panda bear, and the Crane. Second, they have created networks of protected areas to maintain habitat. The region has an extensive network of nature reserves of many different types and status, including biosphere reserves, world heritage sites, national parks, prefectural parks, forest reserves and watershed reserves. The total protected area varies greatly between countries. Japan has the largest share of protected land, about 12 per cent of its total land area. North Korea is on the low end with 0.5 per cent.
Despite current efforts, many critical habitats for endangered plants and animals remain unprotected; and in some cases, protected areas are inadequate. Moreover, some critical habitats cross national boundaries, yet protected areas either stop at the border or are managed differently by bordering countries. The habitat of the Siberian Tiger, for example, extends across the borders of the Russian Far East, China and North Korea. Yet there is no crossborder management capacity, not even for the exchange of information.
One of the most significant transboundary biodiversity issues is the threat to migratory species, especially birds. Birds migrate over a variety of routes in and across Northeast Asia, respecting no national or political boundaries, not even the tense DMZ between North and South Korea. White-naped cranes, for example, have been tracked by satellite flying from Izumi in Japan, to stopover points in South Korea, the DMZ, and North Korea, before flying on to Russia and China.
Northeast Asian wetlands support over 150 species of waterbird, including ducks, geese, and cranes. Twenty seven are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red Data Book; some are nearly extinct. Pressures include the loss of wetland habit to urban, agricultural and coastal development. Nearly 40 percent of Japan’s thirty-two thousand km of coastline have been modified heavily. The total area of mudflats (beaches, estuaries, and lagoons) fell from about 82 to 53 thousand km between 1945 and 1989. In Korea, planned reclamation of estuaries, shallow bays, and inter-tidal mudflats threaten huge areas of highly productive coastal habitat. One study of South Korea anticipates the loss of 65 percent of total coastal wetlands if development plans are implemented. Massive coastal reclamation and river modification are also underway in North Korea, with little consideration for the impact on migratory species.
Preserving migratory birds requires governments to coordinate national policies which govern coastal and inland wetlands, as well as to create cross-border management regimes. The freshwater Khanka Lake, for example, which spans the China-Russia border about 220 kilometers north of Vladivostok is one of Northeast Asia’s most important stopping points for migratory birds. The Lake is threatened by draining and conversion to agriculture, especially rice, pesticide pollution, overgrazing, fishing, and recreational abuse. Governments have taken some action to protect migratory birds, including bilateral treaties. South Korea has proposed to supplement bilateral relationships with a regional, multilateral treaty. An important issue for a regional convention would be how to incorporate bilateral agreements between the states within the region; and how to design protocols for signature by extra-regional states. Moreover, the relationship would need to be determined between the a regional treaty and the proposed East Asian flyway under the Berne Convention. The biggest stumbling blocks, however, are likely to be regional disputes over island territories.
B. Regional Economic Integration and the Environment
Political and economic factors are generating momentum toward regional economic integration in Northeast Asia. Intra-regional trade apparently increased steadily throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, although data constraints inhibit precise estimates. According to one estimate, the (money) value of intra-regional trade among five Northeast Asian nations increased by 225 percent between 1981 and 1989, while the volume of world trade increased by only 160 percent. Increasing, but not documented, trade between China and South Korea and China and Russia in the past three years suggest even more rapid growth.
Rent by ideological and military divides for fifty years, Northeast Asian trade has been skewed away from the high level of integration which has emerged in other parts of the world where borders are friendly. The Russian Far East, for example, relied on western Soviet republics for the vast bulk of its import needs until the collapse of the Soviet Union. Japan and South Korea developed trade primarily with the United States, while North Korea relied on China and Russia. In Western Europe and North America, by contrast, the strongest trade relationships are with geographical neighbors.
With the end of the Cold War and increasing economic openness, trade and investment flows within the region are predicted to boom. The growth will be driven largely by markets, that is, by lower transport costs and the ease of contact afforded by proximity, in the context of rapid economic growth.There are also factor complementarities, , including low labor costs in China, primary resources in the Russian Far East, and high-technology capacities in Japan. Gravity and international norm models of international trade patterns predict phenomenal growth in intra-regional trade over the next fifteen years. According to one estimate, the value of trade flows within the Northeast Asian region will more than double by 2000 and triple by 2010 (Table 2).
The relationship between rapid growth, rising intra-regional trade, and the environment in Northeast Asia has not yet been charted. Studies elsewhere suggest that economic integration tends to pull environmental standards toward the large-market country. In Europe, where the large market country is Germany, policy convergence has tended to raise environmental standards. Market-driven processes, however, have been greatly conditioned and augmented by the array of institutions created by the EC and EU. The Maastricht Treaty, for example, raised the profile of environmental issues and expanded the realm of environmental cooperation.
Japan is by far the most important market and source of foreign investment in Northeast Asia. Japan’s trade with South Korea and China accounts for almost 70 percent of total intra- regional trade. The share of Japan’s exports going to Northeast Asia is predicted to increase from 9.2 per cent in 1990 to 12 per cent in 2000, while the import share will increase from 10.8 per cent to 13.0 per cent. Trade between China and South Korea is also significant and growing. By 2000, Chinese exports to South Korea are predicted to be nearly 5 per cent of its total exports, while China will take nearly 8 per cent of South Korea’s total exports.
Besides Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan are also important investors and traders in Northeast Asia. These countries tend to have high domestic sanitary and health product standards for imports. However, the region’s most important regional environmental problems stem not from the use of products but from the processes of their production or harvesting. Countries do not unilaterally regulate foreign production processes of imported products. Indeed, they are barred by GATT from doing so.
Moreover, the center of economic gravity in Northeast Asia is increasingly China. Already the largest economy in the region, China is growing at the rate of about 12 per cent per year. Under both high and low growth scenarios, China’s GNP is expected to triple that of second-place Japan by 2010. As a large-market country, increasing integration with China would likely pull environment standards down (or inhibit their rising) rather than up.
Environmentally unconstrained trade expansion in the region would bring both environmental benefits and costs. Under any scenario, trade openness in North Korea, for example, would likely improve energy efficiency and reduce pollution from what appear to be the world’s dirtiest and oldest coal-fired plants. North Korea’s juche policy has inhibited the transfer of more modern, cleaner and more efficient technology for nearly fifty years.
On the other hand, there is no regional investment code which would necessarily promote environmentally beneficial technology transfer through foreign direct investment. Anecdotal evidence from China suggests that, to reduce costs, local partners or purchasers ask foreign investors and exporters to strip away safety and environment protection components of their investments. In the Russian Far East, enforcement of environmental regulations is nearly non- existent, either for domestic or foreign investors. Moreover, without common frameworks to govern the sustainable use of the resources and ecosystem services within national boundaries, competitive market forces are likely to accelerate ecological degradation through increased intra- regional demand. Wetlands, coastlines, agricultural lands, and forests are prime candidates for trade-driven degradation.
Common frameworks would ensure a common floor for environmental management. The floor would be in place for the expansion of trade and investment not only within but outside the region. The key question is how to establish a common floor given that Northeast Asian countries differ greatly in terms of types and demands on ecosystems, levels of economic development, and political systems. The problematique, in short, is how to allow for diversity within commonality. Three approaches might be fruitful.
First, rather than adopt uniform standards, Northeast Asian nations could adopt common methodologies and decision rules for setting environment standards through instruments such as impact and risk assessment and Environmental Guidelines for Development Planning. Second, they could develop regional Environment Management Agreements at a sectoral level, especially for heavily-traded primary products. By conditioning trade on sound environmental management, such agreements would utilize trade openness as a mechanism to promote rising environmental commitments. Third, nations could establish common Environmental Guidelines for Development Planning. Such Guidelines could be developed in the course of common development projects, such as the Tumen River Economic Development Area (see below).
Sustainable Forest Development in the Russian Far East
Located primarily in the Russian Far East, the forests of Northeast Asia are an important ecological and economic resource for the region (and indeed, the world). Through increasing regional economic integration, Russian forests are likely to supply an every larger portion of a rapidly rising intra-regional demand for wood.
Demand for wood products is positively related to increases in income. Demand for wood and wood products has grown rapidly with high rates of GNP growth in the region and is projected to increase substantially in this decade. Between 1991 and 2000, total wood demand is expected to increase to about 217 million m3 (roundwood equivalent), an increase of nearly 20 percent. Increasing consumption of industrial wood in China alone accounts for more than two thirds of the projected growth in regional wood demand.
The challenge is to meet increasing wood demand in ways that are both ecologically and economically sound. There are three broad ways to meet the increased demand: 1) expanding domestic production; 2) expanding intra-regional trade; 3) increasing imports from outside the region. The primary source of extra-regional wood imports has been the West Coast of North America. Environmental concerns, however, are likely to restrict supplies from North America in the future, suggesting that other supply sources, including domestic and intra-regional, will become more important.
The Russian Federation is the only net exporter of roundwood and wood products in the region. About 80 percent of wood exports from the Russian Far East go to East Asia. The forests of the Russian Far East cover about 70 million hectares. With an estimated growing stock of nearly 9 billion m3, they are an immense potential wood resource. Much of the forest is old growth boreal or temperate, single species conifers. The forests provide important ecological services, including habitat for a wide range of endemic and migratory species, watershed protection, and a global store of organic carbon. Much of the forest area is wild and inaccessible, offering a vast potential for tourism, as well as support for indigenous cultures.
Russian and international environmental groups have raised concerns that the Far Eastern forests are under threat from foreign logging companies. Although concessions specify selective felling methods and require reforestation, scientists and environmental groups have documented clearcutting operations which destroyed extensive tracts of forsts and entire watersheds. In one internationally-known case, pressure from Territory governments and environmental groups suspended logging operations of the Hyundai Corporation near the Bikin River Watershed.
Is logging compatible with wildlife conservation and environmental protection? If so, on what scale and under what management regime? The estimated annual growth in the entire region is about 180 million m3 of wood, while the logging rate is only one million m3 per year. However, in many old growth forests, there is zero net annual growth, because annual increment is equal to mortality. Climatic and soil conditions in the Russian Far East make forests especially vulnerable to degradation. Cold temperatures and low levels of sunlight make tree growth rates very low. High levels of humidity prevent degraded forests from turning into deserts but can turn them into swamplands. The combination of forest fires and clearcut logging techniques dramatically decrease turnover of organic material on the forest floor.
There is potential to cut far more wood than is being removed today without squandering the forest resource — provided that forests are under sustainable, multiple-use management plans. Russian national and local governments have primary responsibility to develop and enforce such plans. However, concerted trade and investment policies of regional trading partners could play an important role in fostering environmentally sustainable and economically optimal forest management. Such policies could be crystallized in a Sustainable Forest Management Agreement.
A recent report to the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) stressed the importance of trade-related incentives for sustainable forest management. Although focussed on tropical timbers, recommendations pertain equally to temperate and boreal forest products. The report found that negative incentives, that is, trade restrictions, do not improve and even undermine sustainable forest management. Positive incentives, on the other hand, can complement and reinforce sound domestic management. The report recommended: a country certification scheme, which would certify that producer countries were implementing specified policies, regulations and management plans;
better market access for timber exports from producer countries which meet the requirements of the certification scheme;
additional financial assistance required for implementing national sustainable management plans and policies;
species protection for specific tree species in danger of over-exploitation through offtake export quotas.
Such recommendations are feasible in the context of the producer-consumer country framework of the ITTO. No such global framework exists for temperate or boreal forest products and there is no regional forest framework in Northeast Asia. Nonetheless, they provide a useful starting point for further research and regional discussion. Rather than countries, for example, a Northeast Asian scheme might certify individual producers/companies. Rather than providing better access for timber products, a regional approach might develop a broader strategy of Environment Trade Preferences which reward progress toward sustainable forest management with better market access for manufactured or other goods. Countries could also develop guidelines for their own companies undertaking logging operations in the Russian Far East.
Tumen River Area Development Plan
The primary arena for environmental cooperation in the context of economic development in Northeast Asia is the Tumen River Economic Development Area (TREDA). The lower reaches of the Tumen River have been designated as the site of a possible major development plan encompassing China, the DPRK, the Russian Federation, Mongolia and the ROK. As currently envisioned, TREDA consists of that terrain located within conceptual boundary lines drawn from Chongjin in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, through Yanji in the People’s Republic of China, to Nakhodka in the Russian Federation. Still in a formative stage, the vision for the Project is reflected in a recent “master plan” report to the UNDP:
A convenient, reliable, safe and cost-effective road, rail, air and seaport transportation infrastructure along with water, waste treatment and electrical energy will act as catalysts to facilitate trade and spur population growth and industrial development. Providing adequate utilities and improving transportation infrastructure for all modes to provide convenient freight distribution and travel links worldwide is a precondition to help transform the TREDA into a major international shipping, trading and manufacturing zone with a favorable investment climate. Such a climate will attract potential foreign investors and accelerate economic growth and prosperity.
The five participating countries are currently negotiating a Memorandum of Understanding on Environmental Principles (MOU). If signed, the MOU would represent the first regional environmental agreement in Northeast Asia.. To date, Mongolia, Russia and North Korea have signed. The MOU commits the project to the goals of “environmentally sound and sustainable development.” Reports suggest, however, that hinterland, deltaic and adjacent coastal areas are ecologically fragile, and note the paucity of environmental and resource data for the area. Baseline ecological data is crucial to an environmentally sustainable development plan.
A draft Preliminary Environmental Study completed in May, 1994 constitutes the first stage of environmental assessment. The UNDP-commissioned study concludes that the TREDA spans a region of “globally significant biodiversity values” and “includes a wide range of ecosystems, many of which are themselves regionally or globally significant.” It also suggests that the wetlands and marine environment of Posiet Bay in the center of the coastal area of the zone are highly vulnerable to pollution. Although existing levels of population and industry are apparently not degrading this ecosystem, their expansion, the report concludes, “may not be compatible with maintenance of the ecological, tourism and mariculture values.”
The draft Environmental Study concludes that an environmental assessment of the Tumen River Project is not “possible or appropriate at this stage in the project because of the nature of the project, the preliminary level of project definition and the lack of coherent and reliable background information” (our emphasis). The Study makes two recommendations. First, that regional strategic environmental planning be undertaken “to identify appropriate and inappropriate activities in specific environments.” Second, that institutional and human resource capacities be strengthened to “meet the challenges that will be generated by TRADP.” These include environmental quality control, enhancement of environmental assessment capabilities and procedures, and ecosystem and species management.
A Northeast Asian Consultative Commission for the Development of the Tumen River
Economic Development Area has been proposed. The Commission would aim to promote cooperative projects in environmental management, as well as trade, infrastructure and other areas. Adequate management of the Tumen River, however, requires management of the entire watershed which reaches into Mongolia. Moreover, the Tumen is already highly polluted, suggesting that restoration will be a crucial preliminary to development.
The longterm objective of regional cooperation is to develop coherent, coordinated, regional frameworks to govern management of transboundary common pool resources and the trade-environment interface, as well as to capture joint welfare benefits in capacity- building. Frameworks encompass agreed-upon rules and penalties for breaking the rules, as well as economic incentives, voluntary guidelines, standard operating procedures, and even custom. This ensemble of formal and informal constraints and incentives may be called an environmental management regime.
Several environmental management regimes are emerging in Northeast Asia. All six Northeast Asian countries are participating in the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) which currently targets the Sea of Japan/East Sea of Korea, and the Yellow Sea. Developed under the auspices of UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme, NOWPAP states have committed themselves to develop a regional convention to protect and manage the coastal and marine environment and resources of the Northwest Pacific region.
Northeast Asian countries are also participating in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission’s Sub-Commission for the West Pacific (WESTPAC). Established in 1989, the program is designed to increase local managerial and technical capacities for research into ocean climate, food resources variability, and geological processes. Since the geographical scope of WESTPAC is vast (stretching from Kamchatka to Wake Island, along the Tuamotu Archipelago and back to Antarctica south of New Zealand), a sub-regional approach was adopted. All the Northeast Asia states except Mongolia are members of a Northwestern sub-region of WESTPAC.
In addition to regional initiatives, Northeast Asian states have concluded a host of bilateral treaties and agreements to promote environmental cooperation, including between Japan and the Russian Federation, China and the Russian Federation, China and the ROK, and the ROK and Japan. There are also regional NGO initiatives to promote environmental cooperation, most notably the Northeast Asia and Pacific Environmental Forum.
One of the most effective ways to promote regional environmental management in Northeast Asia would be to establish an institutional vehicle to spearhead and/or coordinate regional environmental initiatives. The Northeast Asia Environment Programme, which brings together high-level officials primarily for foreign ministries, is an incipient regional institutional vehicle. Under the auspices of ESCAP and supported by the UNDP, the Programme has operated to date as a series of meetings of Senior Officials. Another emerging institutional vehicle is the Northeast Asian Conference on Environmental Cooperation. This Conference has brought together environment ministry officials, as well as academics and environmental NGOs, in a series of regional meetings.
To be robust, an institutional framework should develop from two directions: from the “bottom up” by undertaking cooperative activities incrementally in a range of areas; and from the “top down” by creating a regional coordination structure to select priorities, provide vision and act as a catalyst for project implementation. A coordination structure could consist of an ongoing Steering Committee composed of senior Foreign and Environment Ministry officials. The Steering Committee would oversee and coordinate ongoing projects and propose new projects. Rather than a centralized institutional structure, the functions of a secretariat would be undertaken at national or local levels by participating countries. A barometer of success would be the density of cooperative activity, both by government and non-government actors.
Regional efforts at environmental cooperation have been most successful when taken in an incremental, step-by-step approach. In the same spirit, we offer three proposals: 1) Regional Environment and Development Bank; 2) Regional Energy Network; and 3) Northeast Asian Trade and Environment Policy Task Force.
A Regional Bank would aim to mobilize both private and donor sources in providing loans and grants for investment in environmental infrastructure and environmentally- sound development projects. The Bank could offer loans at market rates of interest, as well as on concessional terms. Clients could include private firms, provincial and other local authorities, national governments, and regional groupings such as the TREDA. Private firms, for example, could borrow monies to upgrade or add technology or equipment which enhanced environmental management. The fundamental principle of the Bank would be to integrate environmental principles into development projects.
A Regional Energy Network would provide opportunities for researchers and activists to explore ways in which regional cooperation would enhance the efficiency of energy use and provide for cleaner sources of increased energy supply. The Network would function both to generate and disseminate original research, as well as to create opportunities for information exchange. Participants in the Network could interact electronically as well as hold workshops and seminars.
A Northeast Asian Trade and Environment Policy Task Force would begin to explore the emerging and potential environmental issue involved in the region’s increasing economic integration. Composed of researchers in universities and thintanks, the Task Force would consider ways in which increased economic cooperation could yield environmental benefits and the policy frameworks required.
1. A. La Vina,, M. Leonen and J. Santiago, “Free Trade in the ASEAN and Its Implications on the Environment: A Comparative Critique of Environmental Impact Assessment Systems,” Manila: Institute of International Legal Studies, 1994.
2. UNCED, Agenda 21, Paragraph 38:29, June 14, 1992
3. T. Teitenberg, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, New York: Harper Collins, 1992, p. 54.
4. E. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 5.
5. Ostrom, op cit
6. See L. Zarsky and J. Drake-Brockman, “Trade, Environment and APEC: Imperatives and Opportunities for Regional Cooperation,” Center for Asian Pacific Affairs, Asia Foundation, San Francisco, December, 1994; and L. Zarsky, Trade-Environment Linkages and Sustainable Development, Report to Department of Environment, Government of Australia, Nautilus Institute, October, 1991
7 J.H. Primavera, “Shrimp Farming in the Asia-Pacific Region: Environment and Trade Issues and Regional Cooperation,” and Mangrove Action Project, “The Environmental and Social Costs of Developing Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Asia,” papers to Workshop on Trade and Environment in Asia-Pacific: Prospects for Regional Cooperation, Nautilus Institute, September, 1994.
8 .J. Boyce, “Wiping Out 7000 Years of Biodiversity,” Nautilus Bulletin, December, 1993, p. 8.
9. G.M. Grossman and A.B. Krueger, “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement,” Discussion Paper #158, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princton University, 1991.
10. See L. Zarsky, “Lessons of Liberalization in Asia: From Structural Adjustment to Sustainable Development,” in Regional Financing for the Environment, Manila: Asian Development Bank, 1995.
11. See Associated Press, “Gates Warns of Contamination in Former Soviet Union, Washington Post, August 17, 1992, p. A7; W. Potter, “The Future of Nuclear Power in the Russian Far East,” paper to the Conference on U.S.-Japanese Cooperation in the Development of Siberia and the Russian Far East, Monterey, California, July 22, 1993.
12. D. Fang, F-G. Xu , and D-X. Qui, “Shentou Thermal Power Station: China,” in P. Hills and K.V. Ramani, eds, Energy Systems and the Environment, Asia and Pacific Development Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 1990, p. 146.
13. N. Bhatti and D. Street, “Acid Rain in Asia,” Enivronmental Management, 16, 4, 1992. For a description of this study, see J. Cofala, “Modeling Acid Rain in Southeast Asia,” Options, Winter 1993, pp. 10-11; the actual scope of this study is the whole of Asia, including Northeast Asia, not just what is commonly known as Southeast Asia.
14. N. Bhatti, D. Streets, op cit, pp. 541-562; H. Akimoto, H. Narita, “Distribution of SO2, NOx and CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion and Industrial Activities in Asia with a 1o x 1o Resolution,” Atmospheric Environment, 28, 2, 1992, pp. 213-225; and R.T. Crow, “Air Pollution and Capacity Building in Northeast Asia: Suggestions for Cooperative Action,” discussion document for the North East Asia Regional Environmental Program, February 25, 1994
15. People’s Republic of China, National Report of the People’s Republic of China on Environment and Development, report to the UN Conference on Environment and Development, (translation) August 1991, p. 30; see also Z. Feng and N. Ogura, eds, Proceedings of China-Japan Joint Symposium on the Impacts and Control Strategies of Acid Deposition on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; and Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan; Beijing, November, 1994.
16. M. Valencia, L.Chen, Z.Chen, “Yellow Sea Marine and Air Pollution: Status, Projections, Transnational Dimensions and Possibilities of Cooperation,” (mimeo), East West Center, Honolulu, February 5, 1991, p. 5
17. On the jurisdictional disputes, see J. Prescott, Maritime Jurisdiction in East Asian Seas, Occasional Paper 4, Environment and Policy Institute, East West Center, Honolulu, 1987
18. See Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, Facts and Problems Related to the Dumping of Radioactive Waste in the Seas Surrounding the Territory of the Russian Federation, October 24, 1992; translated by Greenpeace Russia, April 22, 1993.
19. See W. Broad, “Disasters with Nuclear Subs In Moscow’s Fleet Reported,” New York Times, February 26, 1993; J. Handler, “Russian Navy Nuclear Submarine Safety, Construction, Defense Conversion, Decommissioning, and Nuclear Waste Disposal Problems,” Greenpeace Nuclear Free Seas report, Washington DC, February 15, 1993.
20. “National Report from Russia Proposing UNEP Action Plan on the Natural Resources and Environment Management in the North-West Pacific,” Second Meeting of Experts and National Focal Points on the development of the North-West Pacific Action Plan, United Nations Environment Programme, Beijing, October 26-30, 1992, p. 4.
21. “National Report (Japan),” Second Meeting of Experts and National Focal Points on the Development of the North-West Pacific Action Plan, United Nations Environment Programme, Beijing, October 26-30, 1992, p. 3.
22. M. Valencia (Editor/Author), “International Conference on the Sea of Japan,” Occasional Papers of the East-West Environment and Policy Institute, Paper No. 10, East- West Center, Honolulu, 1989, p. 169.
23. M. Valencia, ed. “International Conference on the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk, Nahodka, USSR, September 1989: Transnational Resource Management Issues and Possible Cooperative Responses; Summary of Soviet Papers,” (mimeo), East West Center, April 1991, pp. 27-28.
24. A. Szekely and B. Kwiatkowska, “Marine Living Resources,” in P. Sand, The Effectiveness of International Environmental Agreements: A Survey of Existing Legal Agreements, Grotius Publications, Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1992, p. 270.
25. T.Yamamoto and H. Imanishi, “Use of Shared Stocks in the Northwest Pacific Ocean with Particular Reference to Japan and the USSR,” in J. Marsh, Resources and Environment in Asia’s Marine Sector, Taylor and Francis, London, 1992, p. 39.
26. D. Johnston and M. Valencia, “The Russian Far East and the North Pacific Region, Prospects for Cooperation in Fisheries,” paper for Workshop on Russian Far in the North Pacific Region: Opportunities for and Obstacles to Multilateral Cooperation, East West Center, Honolulu, August 19, 1993, pp. 3-5.
27. D. Pitt, “Fishing Countries Split on Harvests, Differences Over the Pollock Catch in Russian Waters Flare at U.N. Parley,” New York Times, August 3, 1993.
28. P.Johnston and M.Valencia, op cit, pp. 29, 42.
29 L. Zarsky, P. Hayes, and K. Openshaw, Regional Environmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia, Report to Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, UN Development Program, New York, August, 1994, Table 4.1.
30. L. Zarsky, P. Hayes, and K. Openshaw, Regional Environmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia, Report to Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, UN Development Program, New York, August, 1994, Table 4.1.
31. Unauthored, “Principles of Biological Diversity of the Khanka Lake Basin Ecosystem,” (mimeo) Vlaidvostok, Pacific Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, undated.
32. T. Akaha, “International Cooperation for the Sustainable Resource Development of the Russian Far East,” paper to the Workshop on Trade and Environment in Asia-Pacific: Prospects for Regional Cooperation, Nautilus Institute, September, 1994.
33. K-Y. Jeong, S. Kurbayashi, and H. Takahasi, “International Trade in NEA: Past, Present and Future,” Working Paper Number 1, Project on Economic Cooperation in Northeast Asia, Sasakawa Peace Foundation, February, 1995.
34. D. Vogel, The Greening of Trade Policy:National Regulation in a Global Economy, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
35. B. Verhoeve, G. Bennett, D. Wilkinson, Maastricht and the Environment, Arnhem, Netherlands: Instittue for European Environmental Policy, 1992.
36. Derived from K-Y. Jeong, op cit, Table 2, p. 32.
37. K-Y. Jeong, op cit, Table 1, p. 31.
38. L.Zarsky, P. Hayes, and K. Openshaw, op cit, Table 5.2.
39. V. Krever, E. Dinerstein, D. Olson, and L. Williams,eds, Conserving Russia’s Biological Diversity, An Analytical Framework and Initial Investment Portfolio, Washington: World Wildlife Fund, January, 1994, p. 120.
40. London Environmental Economics Centre, The Economic Linkages Between the International Trade in Tropical Timber and the Sustainable Management of Tropical Forests, Main Report to the International Tropical Timber Organization, March 19, 1993.
41. Stewart, J.B. and B.H. Sewell, “Background Paper on Regional Environmental Cooperation,” Prepared for Second Meeting of Senior Officials on Environmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia, Beijing, September 23-25, 1994. | <urn:uuid:413fa6f1-fe8c-42b9-9b75-806a2b59968c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nautilus.org/eassnet/the-domain-of-environmental-cooperation-in-northeast-asia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.924432 | 13,467 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A performative definition executed by Glenn Gould!
Maybe you would ask yourself what does this post has to do with my research?
Well it has to do regarding my reflection on what means excellence and how it is related with passion and how can one come closer to it? I am an admirer of great intellects and good performances, performances that exhale passion (what ever the performance is).
But when it comes to what defines something as “good or excellent” and what could be features to look at, things get subjective and tricky. Subjective because it dependes on the subject who is stating the “goodness-excellence” of something and tricky because subjectivity has always been a muddy terrain.
It is said that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Would it be also that truth is in the mind of the beholder? Well this is getting us into a muddy terrain I am afraid. Coming back to the starting point of excellence and good and its relation to passion, in my view, one of the ingredientes that makes me always awe is the extent to which a performer is connected to her/his piece of performance -no matter if the piece is a piano concert or if it is a theater play, or a research-. There is something in the performer that I do admire and value very much and it is the passion that (s)he exhales while performing. The face of Glenn Gould is a poem, a poem of love to music and clarity. His connection to the piano keys is absolutely marvellous. He talks to the piano, he whispers some words that connects him to each of the notes no matter if they are complete notes, semitones or octaves, he loves each and every note and harmony that comes out of his piano, even more, that is not jet out of the piano, the one he is willing to pull out the next second. His hands are connected to each key and at the same time to each note he plays and to the melody hi is creating while playing.
I am just a sneaky lover of classic music far from being an expert or a knowledgeable person but this performance embodies for me this connection amongst the original composer -Bach- and the executer; between each finger and the keys of the piano; between each note and his breath; between the movement of his mouth and the pace of his melody…
It is a vivid example of a profound love of what one does and of how passion and excellence walk hand in hand most of the times. It is an example that inspires me and in a sense guides my journey as a researcher. Bravo for Glenn Gould! | <urn:uuid:8f178350-5788-4ce9-acff-ce168604e7a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://carolinekuhn.net/index.php/tag/performance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.964033 | 572 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Andrew Dauber, M.D., MMSc., the division chief of endocrinology at Children’s National, spoke about epigenetics – how genes are expressed – and about all things related to pediatric endocrinology in a recent Ask Me Anything (AMA) chat with Reddit’s science community.
We’ve selected highlights from several questions Dr. Dauber received. You can view the full AMA discussion on Reddit.
Q1: What will the future of type 1 diabetes treatment look like?
As a pediatric endocrinologist, Dr. Dauber sees a lot of patients with type 1 diabetes. He predicts technology will pave the way for advancements with continuous glucose monitoring and encourage a ‘real-time’ interaction between patients and providers:
“I anticipate that within a few years, everyone will have access to continuous glucose monitoring technology and that these will be seamlessly connected to insulin pumps or artificial pancreas technologies,” types Dr. Dauber in response to the first AMA question. “I also think there will be more virtual interaction between medical providers and patients with doctors and nurses reviewing blood sugar data in the cloud.”
Q2: What height range is considered normal for a growing child? What is the difference between short stature and a height problem?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a growth chart, which shows ‘normal’ ranges, based on statistical definitions of height in the general population.
“The truth is that I know plenty of people who have heights below the ‘normal’ population, and they don’t think they have a problem at all,” says Dr. Dauber. “From a genetics point of view, the question can be reframed: When do we call a genetic variant a ‘mutation’ versus a rare variant in the population? For example: If there is a genetic change that 1 in a 1,000 people have that causes you to be 2 inches shorter – is that a problem? Is that a disease?”
“From a clinical perspective, I tend to have a discussion with my patients and their families and ask them how their stature is affecting their lives and whether changing that would really make a meaningful difference,” adds Dr. Dauber. “I believe that this is a very personal decision but people need to be realistic about expected outcomes.”
Q3: What are your favorite case studies about atypical growth or height patterns?
Dr. Dauber references two case studies about growth and puberty:
The growth case study refers to the PAPPA2 gene, which was particularly meaningful for Dr. Dauber since he got to know the family and was able to provide answers to a previously undiagnosed medical mystery about short stature. This research is also opening future studies and analysis about the regulation of IGF-1 bioavailability.
The puberty case study looks at the opposite end of growth and development: precocious puberty. In this case an inherited MKRN3 gene mutation resulted in new insight about the regulation of pubertal timing: Deficiency of MKRN3 caused central precocious puberty in humans. Girls who had inherited the mutated genes from their father (an imprint gene) started to develop breasts before age 6. The results were published in The New England Journal of Medicine.
Q4: What are the differences with consistent and inconsistent growth disorders? Could one arm or leg experience accelerated or stunted growth?
“Most genetic disorders that affect growth will have a uniform effect throughout the body as they are likely to affect all aspects of the skeleton,” says Dr. Dauber. “That being said, there are some notable exceptions such as Russell-Silver syndrome which presents with body asymmetry. There are also somatic mutations (mutations which are just present in some cells in the body) that can lead to segmental areas of overgrowth leading to asymmetry.”
Q5: Can you predict height and growth by looking at genetic factors? What are your thoughts about polygenic risk scores?
“Polygenic risk scores will probably play more of a role in the future to help determine risk of a certain disease,” says Dr. Dauber. “Right now, for most conditions, the risk score does not explain a substantial enough fraction of the variation to help with prediction.”
Dr. Dauber discusses how this works for height, a highly hereditable trait, in The Journal for Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. In the review, Dr. Dauber and the study co-authors note that individuals with extreme heights are more likely to have abnormal stature as a result of a severe mutation that causes a growth disorder. For these individuals, whole exome sequencing may reveal gene mutations.
However, the study authors note that for now, the role of these technologies in individuals with extreme stature but without any syndromic features has not been rigorously and systematically explored. (Dr. Dauber and a team of endocrinologists from leading children’s hospitals are currently using electronic health records to study and track these types of genetic clues over time.)
Q6: The general public is excited about genetics and ongoing research, especially with consumer applications – such as genetic tests, including 23andMe. What misconceptions about genetics do people have? What ethical concerns do geneticists share right now?
“Many people think that genetics is completely deterministic,” says Dr. Dauber. “In reality, most genetic variants influence a person’s predisposition toward a trait or disease but don’t actually determine the outcome. Also, the genetic sequence itself is just the first step. Epigenetics, gene regulation, and gene-environment interactions are all important and we are just scratching the surface of understanding these areas.”
“I think that people engaged in genetics research are very interested in the ethical questions,” adds Dr. Dauber. “The problem is that technology is advancing at such a rapid pace, that often consumers are using technologies in ways that we haven’t yet had time to figure out the ethics for. The medical community is often playing catch up.”
Q7: Aside from using gene modifications to cure diseases, where or when should we draw the line in terms of enhancement?
“I think genetic modification for enhancement is a very dangerous slippery slope that we should avoid,” says Dr. Dauber. “We really don’t know the full effect of many genes and by enhancing them, we could be causing lots of problems that we can’t anticipate. There is a reason that evolution is a slow process that happens over millions of years. I think we need to start with the most devastating diseases and try to cure those first.”
Q8: Would it be ethical to use CRISPR on the genes for short stature to produce tall offspring if the risks are sufficiently small? This would be similar to what Dr. He did, but without the ethical violations.
“This is a fascinating question and it will become more of an issue over time,” says Dr. Dauber. “Where do we draw the line between fixing, preventing disease and enhancing physical function? Personally, I think using genome editing to promote height is a terrible idea. Our current perception that taller height is more desirable is a social construct and varies by culture. This idea also changes over time.”
Q9: Overall, how does this fit into meeting unmet medical needs?
“I would be very wary about trying to design our children’s physical features,” Dr. Dauber notes. “We need to figure out as a society what diseases are sufficiently problematic that we feel comfortable trying to eliminate them via genome editing.”
Q10: How many genes control acromegaly? Is it possible (in theory) to Top of Formselect them just to gain the positive effects of gigantism without the health risks?
Dr. Dauber explains that acromegaly, a condition often referred to as gigantism, is caused by a growth hormone-producing tumor. There are a few genes known to cause these tumors, including the AIP, and there was recently a genetic cause of X-linked gigantism, which was published in The New England Journal of Medicine.
“This basic idea is a good one,” notes Dr. Dauber. “We can find genes that when mutated can cause tall stature – and then try to manipulate those pathways. A great example is the NPR2 gene, which when mutated can cause short or tall stature. This pathway is being targeted for therapeutics related to achondroplasia.”
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) refers to achondroplasia as ‘short-limbed dwarfism,’ which results in an average-sized trunk with short limbs, especially arms and legs, due to a lack of cartilage turning into bone. The average height of an adult male with achondroplasia is 4 feet, 4 inches, while the average height of adult females with achondroplasia is less than 4 feet, 1 inch. In this case, manipulating growth pathways may help alleviate health problems associated with achondroplasia: lack of mobility or range of motion, an enlarged head, apnea, ear infections and spinal stenosis, or a compression or pinching of the spinal cord.
Q11: Give us a history lesson. Why are there variations of height within populations, such as Asia and Latin America?
“The average height in a population is due to the influence of literally thousands of common genetic variants,” says Dr. Dauber. “These population differences have evolved over thousands of years due to a combination of migration and selection. There is a well-known difference in the genetic makeup of various populations which likely underlies the differences across the globe. There are even differences within Europe.”
Q12: Are there examples of pseudoscience or theories about growth, such as recommendations to eat a certain food instead of taking growth hormones to correct for a growth disorder, which runs contrary to scientific evidence, that drive you crazy?
“I don’t really get bothered by crazy theories, but it is upsetting when patients and their families get swindled into spending their money on therapies that aren’t truly effective,” says Dr. Dauber. “People ask me all the time if a certain food or exercise can make their child taller. The bottom line is that in a well-nourished (and healthy) child, there is no magical food that is going to make them tall.”
Q13: According to almost every theory of how life evolved on Earth, from religion to evolution, we all have one common ancestor. In theory doesn’t that make us all cousins?
“Yes, just very distant ones,” says Dr. Dauber. “People always point out the vast number of differences between races but in fact we are all more than 99.9 percent identical on a genetic level.” | <urn:uuid:7d78c71d-eba8-47a6-b1c5-e73dee2ec0bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://innovationdistrict.childrensnational.org/thirteen-questions-for-a-pediatric-endocrinologist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.955497 | 2,335 | 2.28125 | 2 |
- Google was handed a record €2.4 billion fine in June by the European Commission.
- The fine was issued for unfairly promoting its Google Shopping service.
- The Commission acts as the European Union's competition watchdog.
- Google was ordered to make changes to Google Shopping by September 28 or face further substantial fines.
Google is planning to separate its Google Shopping service from its main search platform to meet EU demands, according to a Bloomberg report.
Google Shopping will become a standalone unit that will have to bid against rivals for ads shown at the top of Google Search results, according to three anonymous sources cited by Bloomberg. Google declined to comment.
Google was fined €2.4 billion (£2.1 billion) on June 27 by the European Commission, which acts as the European Union's competition watchdog.
At the time, the company was told to change its behaviour within 90 days (by September 28), or fork out up to 5% of its parent company Alphabet's global daily turnover.
The Commission accused the California-based technology giant of abusing its dominant position and promoting its own shopping service in its search results over those of its competitors.
In a bid to keep the Commission happy, Google will reportedly make changes to a panel that contains 10 advertising slots at the top of the search results page, a Bloomberg source reportedly said.
Retailers will be given the chance to bid for advertising space in the panel. Google Shopping can also bid for space in these slots but it will be "run separately to ensure that its bids reflect its own operating costs and aren't subsidised by Google," Bloomberg reports.
Europe's Margrethe Vestager is clamping down on Silicon Valley giants
"What Google has done is illegal under EU antitrust rules," Europe's competition commissioner, Margrethe Vestager, said in a statement at the time. "It denied other companies the chance to compete on the merits and to innovate. And most importantly, it denied European consumers a genuine choice of services and the full benefits of innovation."
She added: "Google has come up with many innovative products and services that have made a difference to our lives. That's a good thing. But Google's strategy for its comparison shopping service wasn't just about attracting customers by making its product better than those of its rivals. Instead, Google abused its market dominance as a search engine by promoting its own comparison shopping service in its search results, and demoting those of competitors."
In a statement issued immediately after the ruling, Google said it "respectfully" disagreed and was considering whether to appeal.
In a blog post published in response to the ruling, Google's senior vice president and general counsel, Kent Walker, challenged the finding."Our ability to do that well isn't favoring ourselves, or any particular site or seller — it's the result of hard work and constant innovation, based on user feedback," he wrote."Given the evidence, we respectfully disagree with the conclusions announced today. We will review the Commission's decision in detail as we consider an appeal, and we look forward to continuing to make our case."
Google confirmed to Business Insider on September 11 that it had appealed the fine.
How Google Shopping works
If you're not familiar with Google Shopping, it's that graphical bar that shows up any time you search for a product. For example, if you Google the term "frock", Google will show you some pictures of dresses with some links to third-party retailers such as British department store House of Fraser.
Let's say you didn't want to buy a frock though, and were just searching for the term. Normal results still show up underneath Google Shopping, but it still takes up almost half of the screen.
Additional reporting by Rob Price and Shona Ghosh. | <urn:uuid:549c26ce-bf28-46d8-b1e2-c64d498eefb9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.businessinsider.com/google-to-split-off-its-shopping-service-to-meet-eu-demands-2017-9?r=US&IR=T | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.972476 | 766 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Converting all to eights, it gives three eights minus six eights, so the answer is minus three eights.
6/8 minus 3/4 is 0.
Three fourths is six eights, so subtract one eight and the answer is five eights.
Six eighths, or three fourths.
one and six eights or one and three fourths.
if 4 and eight eights is subtracted by 3 and three eights, then you get 1 and five eights
45.541667 or 45 and 13/24 | <urn:uuid:aeec0288-91ed-409d-976d-891c9e0f34a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://math.answers.com/other-math/What_is_six_minus_three_eights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.949797 | 136 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Since its inception in 1824 as the library of the Manchester Mechanics' institute, the University of Manchester Library and its buildings have adapted to reflect the changing landscape within the University, the broader information sector and the limitless knowledge economy. Academic libraries face continuous demands to evolve, the rate of which was never anticipated by the architects of early library buildings. These demands are driven by factors such as:
- Technology and digital development
- Changing user behaviour
- Financial pressure
- Knowledge structures
- Ways of working
'Far from disappearing, libraries are going through a transformation that puts them in a central role within the much-vaunted knowledge economy and moves them into areas as conceptually challenging as they are exciting.' (Jeffrey Schnapp, Faculty Director at metaLAB, Harvard).
At a time when there is mounting pressure for more, better quality and accessible services, research areas and study spaces across universities, libraries are rising to this challenge. However, many 'traditional' library buildings are struggling to cope with such pressure due to issues including:
- Large physical collections and limited storage space
- Inadequate infrastructure to provide ample power for users
- Poor ambient environments (particularly a lack of natural light and ineffective artificial light)
- Increasing maintenance requirements
These challenges may be related to the fact that we didn't follow Michael Brawne's advice back in 1970, found in his book 'Libraries; Architecture and Equipment' (Pall Mall Press, 1970, London):
'The more a library is planned around the notion of an individual study place, the more flexible it is likely to be in the future; it will be more capable of absorbing the technological changes which must inevitably relate to its prime function, the communication of an individual with the information source'
Library spaces are being reinvented to support changing knowledge structures, research methods, learning styles, social interaction and ways of accessing information. Academic libraries are merging traditional approaches to accessing information and curating knowledge with existing and emerging technologies and, along with it, attempting to create the best possible environment where this can be done (Bennet, 2005. Council on Library and Information Services, Washington). We are seeing huge shifts in library design from structured linear passages and uniform settings of the past to a selection of environments to suit the people using them and the activities they undertake.
'[academic] Libraries have moved from being a storehouse for printed materials to providing access to a vast network of information resources, workspaces and services that facilitate the creation of content' (Macallaster College, date unknown).
How might we see some of the points outlined in Dan Holden's recent blog post on future Library designs materialise? The future evolution of library spaces could be driven by a triangulated interaction between users, their experience and converged support services. Physical and digital boundaries are being removed; the points at which the library services stop and users experiences start are becoming blurred. Physical spaces in our buildings must be designed with dynamism and fluidity in mind – no longer is there one prescriptive manner in which academic library buildings serve their users. Communication, information flow, access and movement within the realms of academic libraries must be intuitive, effective, tailored and easy.
'University libraries have been faced with a great challenge of meeting those expectations and anticipating future changes, and often in the confines of buildings that were constructed with a particular view of the library in mind – that is a space for the quiet study of books and print journals.' (SCONUL report Analysis evolving spaces and practice 2015)
So what could we see emerging within library design within the next five years? I predict a shift towards libraries offering more personalised spaces within wider communal settings, which will be driven by four key trends.
Growing awareness of digital well-being will force libraries to provide technology free, nature enriched spaces for users
In many respects, academic library buildings shouldn't be judged on their aesthetic finishes, number of desks or footfall. Instead they should be measured on how they support the needs of each individual and how this adds value to their personal wellbeing, achievements and overall experience. They should be understood in terms of how enable the delivery of seamless, useful and innovative services. Spaces must deliver their core functions excellently but be prepared for future adaptation – to achieve this in some settings will require radical thinking. I believe that when these goals are met, the academic library – as a place – moves into an evolutionary period of being judged on how people-centred and performance driven they are.
Thanks for reading!
Library Space Development Manager, The University of Manchester Library | <urn:uuid:b1d5aef6-b483-4cdb-8b95-151d094ada9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fercoseating.com/news/education/guest-blog-mike-kelly-university-manchester | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.946026 | 947 | 2.421875 | 2 |
The Oneida Daily Dispatch (Oneida, NY)
Try ’n’ Find
Words that remind us of hummingbirds are hidden in this puzzle. Some words are hidden backward or diagonally, and some letters are used twice. See if you can find:
ACTIVE, ATTRACT, BRILLIANT, COLORS, ENDANGERED, ENEMY, FEATHERS, FEMALE, FLY, HUMMINGBIRD, INSECTS, LIGHT, MALE, NECTAR, PERCH, PIGMENT, SPECIES, TAIL, WINGS. | <urn:uuid:489abc12-9579-46e4-8583-e4c465fb3d25> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pressreader.com/usa/the-oneida-daily-dispatch-oneida-ny/20220419/281921661594726 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.66043 | 129 | 2.046875 | 2 |
- Apr 16, 2017
I think the chick in question is Ameraucana cross SS. It’s a really big chick. I’ve always thought it was a rooster. Anyway, it has red wattles starting to grow. The comb is still yellow. Can pullets have wattle development this early or is this mainly a cockerel thing?? I will be shocked if this chick isn’t a cockerel. | <urn:uuid:97f3776f-47ee-46ce-a581-2bff013400a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.backyardchickens.com/threads/wattles-at-3-weeks.1381617/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.948101 | 105 | 1.601563 | 2 |
No other car of the immediate post war touched the hearts of so many people as the 1946 Chrysler Town & Country. “It has,” said a Chrysler manual, “the grace and elegance of a yacht.” The steel front end looked “town” and the wood portion looked “country” so it was appropriately named the “Town & Country.”
Very little planning went into the development of the immediate post war 1946 Town & Country. Automobile production had ceased during World War II resulting in a dearth of new products for post war consumers. Most 1946 automobiles were continuums of their pre-war predecessors. The Town & Country was no exception. Chrysler had produced Town & Country station wagons between 1939 and 1942. Therefore, Chrysler seeking to freshen their post war product line simply took their New Yorker frame and chassis and built the Town & Country door, rear quarter and trunk panels from wood. The frame is made of oak and the veneer is made of mahogany plywood. The workmanship and time that when into the assembly of these automobiles truly defined reason. They were also more expensive to repair and equally perplexing to maintain. The notion of calling them land yachts was less of a compliment than it was a forewarning about the care these cars would demand from their owners. By 1950 it was apparent that wood was not the novelty it had been in 1945 and the line was discontinued.
The 1946 Town & Country convertible was built on a 127 inch wheel basis chassis. It sports a 135 horsepower 323 cu. In. Spitfire strait-eight cylinder, dual downdraft carburetor, Fluid Drive transmission, front independent coil springs with rear rigid axle and semi elliptical springs, four drum brakes.
Production of the 1946 convertible coupe was 1,935 units. According to The Town & Country Owner’s Registry only 33 remain today. Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price was $2,743.00, big bucks for a car at that time. | <urn:uuid:a13d6253-2f18-41c9-ae7b-d741668f7ccd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://flyingagarage.com/collection-detail/31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.975552 | 421 | 1.875 | 2 |
Muhammad Ali wears a towel and nothing else in ‘The Greatest’
Muhammad Ali stands in a boxing locker room in a scene from the 1977 movie The Greatest. Ali played himself in the biography of his boxing career of the 1960s and 1970s. The film was directed by Tom Gries and Monte Hellman. Muhammad Ali was born in 1942, so he turned 35 the year the film was made. | <urn:uuid:0bee236e-eeb4-41cb-ab92-fd38f45a8a82> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.who2.com/bio/muhammad-ali/wenn24529551/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.99296 | 85 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Exascale and Quantum Computing in Focus of the U.S. Department of Energy
Calculating the benefits of exascale and quantum computers
A quintillion calculations a second. That’s one with 18 zeros after it. It’s the speed at which an exascale supercomputer will process information. The Department of Energy (DOE) is preparing for the first exascale computer to be deployed in 2021. Two more will follow soon after. Yet quantum computers may be able to complete more complex calculations even faster than these up-and-coming exascale computers. But these technologies complement each other much more than they compete.
It’s going to be a while before quantum computers are ready to tackle major scientific research questions. While quantum researchers and scientists in other areas are collaborating to design quantum computers to be as effective as possible once they’re ready, that’s still a long way off. Scientists are figuring out how to build qubits for quantum computers, the very foundation of the technology. They’re establishing the most fundamental quantum algorithms that they need to do simple calculations. The hardware and algorithms need to be far enough along for coders to develop operating systems and software to do scientific research. Currently, we’re at the same point in quantum computing that scientists in the 1950s were with computers that ran on vacuum tubes. Most of us regularly carry computers in our pockets now, but it took decades to get to this level of accessibility.
In contrast, exascale computers will be ready next year. When they launch, they’ll already be five times faster than our fastest computer – Summit, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Leadership Computing Facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility. Right away, they’ll be able to tackle major challenges in modeling Earth systems, analyzing genes, tracking barriers to fusion, and more. These powerful machines will allow scientists to include more variables in their equations and improve models’ accuracy. As long as we can find new ways to improve conventional computers, we’ll do it.
Once quantum computers are ready for prime time, researchers will still need conventional computers. They’ll each meet different needs.
DOE is designing its exascale computers to be exceptionally good at running scientific simulations as well as machine learning and artificial intelligence programs. These will help us make the next big advances in research. At our user facilities, which are producing increasingly large amounts of data, these computers will be able to analyze that data in real time.
Quantum computers, on the other hand, will be perfect for modeling the interactions of electrons and nuclei that are the constituents of atoms. As these interactions are the foundation for chemistry and materials science, these computers could be incredibly useful. Applications include modeling fundamental chemical reactions, understanding superconductivity, and designing materials from the atom level up. Quantum computers could potentially reduce the time it takes to run these simulations from billions of years to a few minutes. Another intriguing possibility is connecting quantum computers with a quantum internet network. This quantum internet, coupled with the classical internet, could have a profound impact on science, national security, and industry.
Just as the same scientist may use both a particle accelerator and an electron microscope depending on what they need to do, conventional and quantum computing will each have different roles to play. Scientists supported by the DOE are looking forward to refining the tools that both will provide for research in the future.
Content may have been edited for style and clarity.[DISPLAY_ULTIMATE_SOCIAL_ICONS] | <urn:uuid:7c75f686-10e7-4d81-975f-3042c3594d1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://qubitreport.com/quantum-computing-technology-and-hardware/2020/08/26/exascale-and-quantum-computing-in-focus-of-the-u-s-department-of-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.930356 | 734 | 3.34375 | 3 |
In this episode, we are going to be teaching you some fun riddles in English so that you can get your brain thinking more in English. You can even test your friend with them later! Listen now to start practising!
At ABA English, in addition to the ABA Journal and podcasts, we also have a free online course. By signing up for free to the course, you will get unlimited access to 144 free video classes to help you to improve your English. Start studying with us today! | <urn:uuid:7cc29201-c2aa-44ac-9871-cc3f382cdfdd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.abaenglish.com/episode-11-a-riddle-aba-on-air/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.95181 | 103 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Plaques were treated with a topical 20% urea cream, resulting in a gradual resolution of pruritis and clearing of the lesions over several weeks. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Multiple annular hyperpigmented plaques with raised borders disseminated on right upper limbs. Open in a separate window Figure 2 Column of parakeratotic cells contained in invagination of epidermis and thinning of the granular layer, cornoid lamellae (Hematoxylin-eosin stain). Discussion Patients with diabetes mellitus develop a wide variety NSC 33994 of skin manifestations, such as gangrene, scleredema, xanthoma, necrobiosis lipiodica, disseminated granuloma annulare and Dupuytren contracture. examination.1 Usually, porokeratosis exhibits single or few lesions, and is occasionally inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis (DSP) is usually another rare type of porokeratosis. Although entire pathogenesis of DSP still remains unknown, it has been suggested that certain factors, including ultraviolet radiation and immunosuppression, may activate abnormal clones of keratinocytes, leading to the characteristic clinical and histological appearances of DSP. In fact, the development of DSP has been reported in renal transplant recipients,1,2 in a systemic NSC 33994 lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient receiving long-term corticosteroid treatment,3 and in individuals affected by numerous hematological disorders such as Hodgkin’s disease and B-cell lymphoma.4 Here we statement a case of sudden onset DSP associated with an exacerbation of diabetes mellitus due to an anti-insulin antibody formation. Case Statement A 75-year-old was referred to our hospital for evaluation of multiple, eruptive, itching annular lesions. One year before the initial visit to our hospital, the patient began to receive an insulin therapy with long-acting human insulin, detemir, for his type II diabetes mellitus. Six months after the initiation of insulin therapy, the patient felt an abrupt general fatigue and noticed to have itching skin eruptions around the extremeties and trunk. Blood examination revealed a high titer, more than 5,000 nU/ml, of anti-insulin antibodies (normal, less than 125 nU/ml) and high HbA1c (8.8%; normal, 4.3C5.8%). The patient stopped injection of this long-acting insulin and started a NPH insulin therapy with an intermediate duration of action. The blood glucose level became well controlled with a new insulin therapy, however, his eruptions persisted. Physical examination revealed an approximately hundred quantity of discrete plaques, 0.5C2 cm in diameter, with elevated borders around the trunk and extremeties (Fig. 1). A biopsy specimen obtained from the right forearm showed parakeratotic columns, cornoid lamellae, with invaginations of the underlying granular layer (Fig. 2). These clinical and histological findings led us to the diagnosis of DSP. Plaques were treated with a topical 20% urea cream, HSPA1 resulting in a progressive resolution of pruritis and clearing of the lesions over several weeks. Open in a separate window Physique 1 Multiple annular hyperpigmented plaques with raised borders disseminated on right upper limbs. Open in a separate window Physique 2 Column of parakeratotic cells contained in invagination of epidermis and thinning of the granular layer, cornoid lamellae (Hematoxylin-eosin stain). Conversation Patients with diabetes mellitus develop a wide variety of skin manifestations, such as gangrene, scleredema, xanthoma, necrobiosis lipiodica, disseminated granuloma annulare and Dupuytren contracture. Recently, a case of acquired ichthyosis associated with diabetes mellitus was reported.5 Excessive glycation and/or glycoxidation of proteins in keratinocytes in diabetic patients might lead to an abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes resulting in acquired ichthyosis and DSP. The simultaneous deterioration of diabetes mellitus and development of DSP provide a possibility that excessive glycation of proteins in keratinocytes contribute to the formation of DSP in our case. In addition, the patient began to produce antibodies NSC 33994 against the injected insulin. As several immunological disorders often underlie the pathogenesis of DSP, the immunocomplex of insulin and antibodies might also impact the proliferation of keratinocytes. Abbreviations DSPdisseminated superficial porokeratosis Footnotes Previously published online: www.landesbioscience.com/journals/dermatoendocrinology/article/11816. | <urn:uuid:90356065-3d87-447b-9a03-265eec61ae77> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://paccon2016.com/plaques-were-treated-with-a-topical-20-urea-cream-resulting-in-a-gradual-resolution-of-pruritis-and-clearing-of-the-lesions-over-several-weeks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.903392 | 1,009 | 1.742188 | 2 |
In 2017, the OBOR initiative became integrated into China’s constitution. In May of that year, the first ever Belt and Road Forum was heldin Beijing, attended by 1200 international delegates, 28 heads of state, 100 government officials and dozens of international organizations. A variety of deals were closed.
2017 also saw several new OBOR projects. A robot manufacturing and export hub was founded in the city of Horgos, a duty-free zone on the borderbetween China and Kazakhstan, attracting increasing businesses throughout the year. China invested over $20 billion in foreign seaports – twice as much the year before. New international rail lines to Europe, Iran, Central Asia and other destinations were initiated and plans for a‘hyperloop’- type connection between the port of Zarubino, Russia, and China’s Hunchun logistics zone were announced. At present, China is operating 77 sea terminals worldwide.
“Beijing will lead the construction of the digital era equivalent of the World Trade Organisation through its One Belt, One Roadinitiative,” stated Wang Huiyao, founder and president of the Centre for China and Globalisation at the International Cooperation along the Digital Silk Road Forum, held during the 4th World Internet Conference held in Wuzhen in December. Western technology firms were well represented during the event, with attendees including Apple CEO Tim Cook and Google CEO Sundar Pichai.
China’s National Development and Reform Commission andMinistry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) have $170 billion in Internet projects underway, to improve broadband and mobile network coverage, increasing data exchange speeds between East Asia and Europe. Submarine cablesaim to cut data packet travel times between Tokyo and London by 30 percent. 34 cross-border cables and international sea cables connecting Asia, Africa and Europe are planned.
Presently, China is focusing on developing the interconnected ‘Digital Silk Road’ together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, Laos, Serbia, and the United Arab Emirates. Under the ‘Internet Plus’ initiative the Chinese government and business community are also investing heavily in providing internet access to 90 percent of China’s less economically strong regions.
“The key to succeed in the Chinese market is to boost innovation.” With these words, Matteo Bavaresco, CEO of Prysmian China, sums up the approach of the Group to one of the world’s fastest growing markets. Prysmian Group is widely present in terms of its Energy and Telecom businesses in China and its surrounding markets, especially due to our Chinese branch’s large investments, with its stronghold represented by the Jiangsu plant.
The facility is located in Yixing, a city with more than 1.2 million inhabitants near Shanghai. Bavaresco stressed that Jiangsu “is very important for the Group and is an example of the results that investments in innovation can bring”. It represents “the absolute primacy of Prysmian in China in terms of dimension and quality for cable production and MV, HV and VHV power distribution”.
The manufacturing and logistics facilities consist of an area of more than 190,000 sqm and 5 production lines with a capacity of over 20,000 tonnes per year. The plant is also essential for Prysmian to supply new foreign markets. Bavaresco explains that “Prysmian Group aims to become a major player in the 21st-century Silk Road, offering innovative systems both for energy and telecom projects in the public and private sectors”.
The CEO adds that “nowadays, we are involved in investments in the technological infrastructure development sector, that is to say transport, bridges, tunnels, hospitals and schools both in the energy and telecom sectors with important data centres.
TECH GIANTS AS CUSTOMERS
The giant ecommerce company Alibaba is one of our most important customers in multimedia solutions, along with Huawei”. Multimedia is a growing sector for Prysmian China. The Group employs around 1,500 people working in 7 manufacturing plants, and is active in the HV and MV sectors, supplying municipalities and grids.
Bavaresco adds that Prysmian is also present in the industrial sector, in the Original Equipment Manufacturing business and in Cables, Rolling Stock, Mining, Crane, and Cruises. In this last business area, Prysmian recently signed cooperation agreements with China Shipbuilding and Italy’s Fincantieri. Abroad, Prysmian’s Chinese branch is developing important mechanisms of financing for the One Belt, One Road initiative that offers the Group the opportunity to expand production volumes and increase profitability. In fact, explains Bavaresco, “the Chinese government is pushing for the One Belt, One Road policy”, the project stemming from hundreds of years of commercial trading between China, the Middle East and Western countries.
ICT is the ‘highest priority’ and lists five areas in which progress is to be made: | <urn:uuid:34bf114d-ecad-4f66-8500-1ff9cdd4d869> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.prysmiangroup.com/staticres/insight-3-2018-en/tracking-the-future/digital-silk-road-forging-ahead.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951398 | 1,033 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Bovine TB herd incidence has reached its highest level in Northern Ireland since 2019, farm leaders in the province have warned.
Figures show that current herd incidence now exceeds nine percent - the highest level recorded since 2019.
The number of reactors removed in the last 12 months now sits at 14,632, an increase of 1,425 in the same period last year.
The Ulster Farmers' Union (UFU) has warned that the disease was causing the removal of more than 280 cattle per week from the industry.
It urged the Department of Agriculture (DAERA) to progress on the implementation of the Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) Eradication Strategy for NI.
UFU deputy president John McLenaghan said: “TB herd incidence rates are still increasing much to the distress of our members.
"We met with DAERA officials recently to ensure all parties are continuing their efforts to implement the revised TB strategy.
"While it’s extremely positive that we have this once in a generation opportunity to eradicate TB from NI, farmers are and will continue to suffer emotionally and financially until the revised strategy is put in place.
"We have made such progress up until this point, but we need to keep going to get this over the line.”
But he said there was ongoing frustration among farmers that controlled herds had a role to play to ease pressure on TB affected herds, similar to other parts of the UK.
It was 'essential' that DAERA continued to move forward on the development of this, Mr McLenaghan added, as well as removing TB reactor cattle from herds 'as promptly as possible after testing'.
"By implementing all of these measures, our livestock farmers can gain peace of mind knowing that we have an appropriate approach in place that will support us in eradicating this plight of a disease." | <urn:uuid:a4e4b530-5d93-4ef9-b03c-0586897cd643> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.farminguk.com/news/bovine-tb-herd-incidence-in-ni-reaches-highest-level-since-2019_60798.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963981 | 378 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Ailing Health System
Neuruppin/Brandenburg an der Havel, 27 July 2022
Our ailing health system and new ways to achieve patient-centred care are in the focus of this year’s summer school at the Brandenburg Medical School (MHB), campus Brandenburg an der Havel, from 19 to 23 September 2022 (event title: Patient Gesundheitssystem. Wege zu einer patient*innenzentrierten Versorgung).
Prof. Dr. Edmund Neugebauer who is in charge of the summer school points to the very special content alignment and the signal being sent by the MHB in its commitment to a non-profit kind of healthcare oriented towards human needs.
For many years Neugebauer has criticized the health system for having lost sight of patients and human needs in general: “The Corona pandemic has thrown into sharp relief the deficits of an obsolete system of healthcare, and we cannot carry on as before. We have no problem with resources in our health system nor with the providers of services. On the contrary: our medical and nursing professionals are among the best. But we need to realize that in international comparison our system is too expensive and – most important – has lost its powers of innovation. The entire system is outdated, unwieldy and dysfunctional. Digitization may help but does not solve elementary structural problems.”
Neugebauer underlines the particular responsibilities of medical schools in training prospective physicians who upon graduation “will be released into an ailing healthcare system. We share responsibility for their future. Our summer school provides opportunities to get rebellious! The idea is to discuss innovative models and concepts for a sustainable health system and devise new ways towards the patient-centred system of healthcare we all deserve. The time has come to heal the ailing system and make it fit for the future. Our summer school is intended to contribute to this objective.”
For programme details and registration see here. | <urn:uuid:d666ca33-0b1f-4e58-8334-773f7f7cd1a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mhb-fontane.de/newsarticle/ailing-health-system.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.934068 | 407 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The Connection Between Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability
With the rise of green building certification programs and increasing awareness around sustainability, new construction projects are increasingly focused on energy usage and indoor air quality. As a result, many buildings are now incorporating sustainable features that improve indoor air quality.
In general, indoor air quality, or IAQ, is a measure of the air in a building and its impact on human health. Specifically, it refers to the concentration of contaminants or dangerous gases inside a building as opposed to outside air. The standard for acceptable IAQ varies depending on the type of building. But in general, any location with a high risk of exposure to contaminants should implement systems that improve indoor air quality as part of their sustainability efforts.
To optimize the indoor air quality of your new custom or renovated home, you must understand how the quality of your indoor air relates to the sustainability of the materials you use. Let us explain the connection, along with the options you have, from a professional custom home builder point of view.
What Constitutes Good Indoor Air Quality In Your Home?
When people think about IAQ, they often focus on the contaminants in the air. But IAQ is more than just the air in your home. IAQ must also include factors like humidity, CO2 levels, UV light exposure, and noise pollution. When evaluating IAQ, it’s important to consider what is normal for your specific environment.
People in warm, humid climates will experience different IAQ issues than those in cold, dry places. Here in California, we often have heat to contend with, but that is not all that can pollute the air quality in our home. Outside factors, such as smoke from wildfires, can drastically increase the contaminants in our homes. Inside factors, such as pets and sprays, can have the same type of effect.
Many people are unaware that the materials they build or renovate their homes with can also lead to poor air quality. Items such as paints, carpeting, and solvents can also give off contaminants which pollute the air. Opting for sustainable building materials can cut these pollutants, improving the quality of air within your home.
How Sustainability Can Improve the Quality of Air
Indoor air quality is one of the most important aspects of a sustainable building. But what exactly does this mean? Indoor air pollution is a serious public health issue. In fact, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that poor indoor air pollution causes thousands deaths each year in the United States. No one wants to think of their home as a danger to anyone in the family. That is why using sustainable, high-quality building materials is vital to ensuring the best quality of air possible within your home.
Identifying Reasons for Low IAQ
There are many reasons why indoor air quality may be low. Some factors, like soil gases, are inherent to certain geographical areas. Other issues, like improper ventilation, come from human error. Even if your existing home was designed with sustainability in mind, you might still have issues with indoor air pollution.
IAQ is a measure of the air inside the building as opposed to outside air. These factors can negatively impact indoor air quality:
- Excessive dust or allergens in your home
- Pet dander
- Poor quality building materials
- Tobacco use
- Chemicals in common products
- New paint
- Treated fabrics, such as upholstery
- Moisture issues
Sustainability and Indoor Air Quality Together
Using green building practices when building a home can significantly improve indoor air quality by incorporating sustainable features like insulation and ventilation that filters the air. In fact, the highest level of green building certification requires that indoor air quality be monitored and maintained.
The connection between indoor air quality and sustainability goes both ways. Improving indoor air quality can help make sustainable buildings more effective, while adding sustainable features to your existing building can improve your indoor air quality.
One of the most important ways to combat indoor air pollution is through ventilation. Ventilation actively cleanses the air in your building, pulling any contaminants out and replacing them with fresh air from outdoors. However, it is vital to note that using the right materials and avoiding specific products can go a long way towards keeping the quality of air optimally maintained.
You Can Improve the IAQ of Older Homes
If you live in an older home, you may be concerned about your indoor air quality. If so, you aren’t alone. In fact, poor indoor air quality in older homes is likely the leading cause of indoor pollution.
Because older homes aren’t built to current standards, they tend to have less effective air filtration systems. As a result, indoor air pollution is much more likely in homes built before the 1980s.
If you’re living in an older home, one of the best options you have for improving the quality of air in your home is to renovate. Here at Conrado Home Builders, our team helps renovate older homes regularly to improve the quality of life people have in them.
We can remove old, dangerous products when we deconstruct the portions of the home we renovate. From there, we can use high-quality, sustainable building materials that will not off-gas in your home. What you get is a home that is safe for you and your family to live in, with IAQ that you can trust will not make anyone sick.
Start with the Right Home to Improve Your Indoor Air Quality
When you improve the air inside your homes, you also improve the air outside. By reducing indoor air pollution, you reduce the amount of pollution that is emitted into the natural environment. This helps keep our planet clean and healthy and provides a better environment for all of us to live in.
To renovate an old home for upgrades such as improved air quality, or to begin a new custom home that is safe from the start, contact the professionals at Conrado Home Builders. We know sustainability as well as we know how to build homes that last a lifetime. Why not get the process started today, so your lifetime in your healthy home can get started? | <urn:uuid:c59290d6-725e-4b41-9ebf-b8505731b894> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.conrado.com/the-connection-between-indoor-air-quality-and-sustainability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.945432 | 1,263 | 3.375 | 3 |
Europe Vaccines Market to 2027- Regional Analysis and Forecasts By Technology (Recombinant Vaccines, Conjugate Vaccines, Live Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated and Subunit Vaccines, and Toxoid Vaccines); Disease Indication (DTP (Diphtheria Tetanus toxoids and Pertussis), Influenza, Hepatitis, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), and Other Diseases); Route of Administration (Oral, Injectable, and Other Routes of Administration); Patient Type (Pediatric Patients, and Adult Patients), and Country
The Europe Vaccines Market is expected to reach US$ 16,291.0 Mn in 2027 from US$ 9,576.2 Mn in 2018. The market is estimated to grow with a CAGR of 5.5% from 2019-2027.
Vaccination saves lives and improves quality of life. For instance, Polio is an infectious disease caused by poliovirus and causes muscle weakness that results in the inability to move, which further hampers the quality of life. Polio vaccine protects an individual against polio. The vaccine produces antibodies in the bloodstream against the poliovirus. Due to the strong promotion of Polio vaccine in Europe, the World Health Organization in 2002, declared the European Region polio-free.
The countries in the European region are joining forces to eradicate infectious diseases like measles, diphtheria, rubella, pertussis, and others through vaccinations. There are several vaccination programs, campaigns, conferences, being held in the European region in order to raise awareness among the population. For instance, European Immunization Week (EIW) is renowned across the European Region and is celebrated every April to raise awareness of the importance of vaccination for people’s health and well-being. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) supports the European Immunization Week campaign undertook by WHO/Europe and provides scientific evidence on vaccination.
Furthermore, 38th Euro Global Summit and Expo on Vaccines & Vaccination will be held in June 2020 Frankfurt, Germany. The conference focuses on discussing novel strategies in vaccines and immunology research. The aim of the conference is to encourage quality research and to bring together the world-class researchers, international communities, and industrial heads to discuss the new developments and innovations in the fields of vaccines and immunology.
In 2018, the conjugate vaccines segment held the largest market share of 27.6% of the vaccines market, by type. This segment is also expected to dominate the market in 2027 owing to the advantages offered by the vaccines for diseases such as pneumonia and others. Furthermore, the conjugate vaccines segment is anticipated to witness the significant growth rate during the forecast period, 2019 to 2027.
Europe Vaccines Market by the disease indication was led by the other segments, which has included diseases such as poliomyelitis (polio), measles, mumps, rubella, pneumococcal infections, and others. The other segment has the largest market share in 2018, which accounted for 59.8% and is expected to dominate the market in 2027. Similarly, the vaccines market by the route of administration was led by the injectable segment. Whereas, the market of the vaccines in Europe by the patient type was led by the pediatric segment.
Some of the major primary and secondary sources for vaccines included in the report are Immunization Partners in Europe (IPAP), Food and Drug Administration, World Health Organization, National Polio Surveillance Project (NPSP), European Health Management Association (EHMA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Immunization Week (EIW) and Others.
Learn how to effectively navigate the market research process to help guide your organization on the journey to success.Download eBook | <urn:uuid:36e23b24-3e77-498b-8563-9452a800f3a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.marketresearch.com/TIP-Knowledge-Services-v4095/Europe-Vaccines-Regional-Forecasts-Technology-12528424/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.928474 | 784 | 2.078125 | 2 |
According to a recent U.S. Government Accountability Office report of public debt in the U.S. Territories, the CNMI’s total outstanding public debt declined from $166.3 million in fiscal year 2017 to $97.6 million in fiscal year 2019—a decrease of 16%.
GAO found that the decrease of 16% was mainly due to the repayment of outstanding debt. Total public debt outstanding is the sum of bonded debt outstanding and other debt held by the primary government and component units.
Total public debt outstanding as a share of GDP generally remained constant at about 8% between fiscal years 2017 and 2019. Total public debt outstanding per capita decreased from $2,308 in fiscal year 2017 to $1,958 in fiscal year 2019, the lowest among the U.S. territories.
“The decrease in our public debt is an indication of our commitment to fiscal sustainability, transparency, and accountability of funds for their intended purposes,” said Gov. Ralph DLG Torres. “It has always been a goal of our administration to take care of longstanding obligations to put our government in a better fiscal position than when we took office. We are committed to continuing this progress so that we can make sure our children and future leaders are in a better place.”
“Despite the fact the CNMI had two disasters, this GAO reports shows that we continued to improve on paying down our public debt. We will continue to put in all effort to rebuilding our economy and to provide opportunity for our people, despite the ongoing challenges of the global pandemic. We hope that we will continue to move in this trajectory and continue to lift up the lives of our people moving forward. Our financial goals are centered on addressing the needs of our people and at the same time reducing our obligations and liabilities,” said Lt. Gov. Arnold I. Palacios.
GAO is the supreme audit institution of the federal government and provides the U.S. Congress, the heads of executive agencies, and the American public with “timely, fact-based, non-partisan information that can be used to improve government and safe taxpayers billions of dollars.” The work of the GAO is “done at the request of congressional committees or subcommittees or is statutorily required by public laws or committee reports.”
GAO found that the CNMI’s total revenue fluctuated between 2017 and 2019 due to Super Typhoon Yutu and Typhoon Mangkhut. The CNMI’s total revenue was $516.6 million in fiscal year 2017, increased to $705.4 million in fiscal year 2018, and decreased to $656.5 million in fiscal year 2019.
The CNMI’s general revenue was $334.4 million in fiscal year 2017 and decreased to $266.0 million in fiscal year 2019, an overall decrease of 20%. In fiscal year 2017, the CNMI’s total expenses were $430.1 million, and increased to $689.8 million in fiscal year 2019, an increase of 60%. This significant increase in total expenses was mainly due to increases in expenses for health, public safety and law enforcement, community and social services, and CNMI’s Public School System component unit. Of total expenses in fiscal year 2019, $524.2 million were incurred by the primary government, while $165.6 million were incurred by component units. In fiscal year 2019, the CNMI had a deficit of $33.3 million due in large part to Super Typhoon Yutu. In fiscal year 2017, it had a surplus of $86.5 million.
“The fluctuation in revenue is [attributed] to our economic growth in 2017 and 2018 and the unfortunate decline in fiscal year 2019 was because of the typhoons that impacted our economy. This is why we had a deficit in 2019 after having a surplus in 2017, which was wiped out in order to address our immediate recovery needs following Super Typhoon Yutu,” said Torres.
GAO noted that the CNMI’s total public debt has continued to decline, however, worsening economic conditions and significant pension liabilities present fiscal risks.
“The Coronavirus Disease 2019 [COVID-19] pandemic had a significant negative impact on tourism, [the] CNMI’s primary industry. Territory officials told us tourism from Asia declined significantly beginning in January 2020 at the onset of the pandemic, leading to a sharp reduction in anticipated general revenue. Territory officials told us they are taking steps to diversify the economy in areas such as digital technology, cannabinoid products, and fishing,” the GAO stated in its report.
“Through our collaborative efforts with our Council of Economic Advisers, our business community, the Legislature, and people in our community who have shared their ideas with me, we have a policy plan in place to diversify our economy in order to recreate new revenue for our government and community so that new jobs can be created for our people,” said Torres.
The CNMI reported a net pension liability for the primary government of $529.3 million in fiscal year 2019, which was 44% of GDP in that year. The CNMI has already secured a pension obligation bond to ensure full retiree payments.
A copy of the June 2021 GAO report on the US Territories Public Debt Outlook is available online at https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-508. (PR) | <urn:uuid:bdcb8286-71d0-42be-b03c-3ee9bf3e3d53> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.saipantribune.com/index.php/gao-cnmis-public-debt-decreased-between-fy-2017-and-2019-by-16/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963386 | 1,139 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Religion is infused in all subject areas. From reading about a saint in English Language Arts, marveling at God's creations in Science, to learning about the early Church in Social Studies, students constantly find the connection between faith and subject areas.
In addition to this infusion, students' religious education involves liturgy and prayer, religious curriculum, sacramental preparation, and service to community.
Liturgy and Prayer
Liturgies and prayer are an integral part of the school day. Masses are scheduled weekly for all grades. During COVID-19 times, one class attends Mass in-person at St. Peter's Cathedral weekly, with the other classes tuning in virtually.
Students participate in weekly rosaries and Stations of the Cross. Various celebrations, including Our Lady of Guadalupe, All Saints Day, May Crowning, and Vocation Day, are also observed.
Students receive religious instruction from teachers on a daily basis. This curriculum is based on the scope and sequence established by the Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas. Among many things, students learn about the Holy Trinity, the Bible, Church teachings, the origins of Christianity, the liturgical calendar, Sacraments, morality, parts of the Mass, vocations, and saints.
In cooperation with parish communities, pastors, and parents, RCS helps students prepare for First Reconciliation, First Holy Communion, and Confirmation. Preparation for these sacraments includes instruction during religion classes. The sacrament is then celebrated as a class in a ceremony at one of the supporting parishes.
Service to Community
We believe in putting our faith into action through service. Each student is expected to earn a certain number of service hours each quarter (see handbook for hours required by grade).
Students are all assigned to a Faith Family, which is a group made up of students from all grades. This group stays together for the duration of a child's time at Resurrection, with 8th-grade students leading the group their final year. Together, this group leads faith-based activities and completes community service projects.
Teachers' Faith Development
One time per month, teachers have an in-service in which they participate in prayer and study, led by a School of Religion leader. Teachers grow and develop in their faith, just as their students do. | <urn:uuid:3d7963d6-7b33-483e-b4a0-c386f102431a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://my.rcskck.org/religious-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.948676 | 498 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Thursday: Manchin to Highlight Small Businesses on Day Four of 'Our Values, Our Priorities' Week
**NEW EVENT ADDED FRIDAY**
Washington, D.C. — On Day Four of the “Our Values, Our Priorities” tour, U.S. Senator Joe Manchin (D-W.Va.) today will highlight the importance of small businesses to West Virginia’s economy with visits in Braxton County and at a roundtable in Charleston with the U.S. Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Economic Development John Fernandez.
“I worked in small businesses all my life, and I know they are the job engine of our state and their importance in communities across West Virginia and to our economy as a whole,” Senator Manchin said. “Government needs to act as a partner to small businesses, rather than an obstacle. We can do that by creating certainty in our rules, regulations and tax code that will allow small businesses to make the hiring and investment decisions that are critical to their success. Helping small business and creating jobs is one of my highest priorities.”
Senator Manchin will visit Main Street in both Sutton and Gassaway, and then hold a “Coffee and Common Sense” event at the Red Rooster Café in Gassaway. In keeping with his philosophy of retail government, Senator Manchin launched his “Coffee and Common Sense” series as an opportunity for West Virginians to gather at local businesses and share their commonsense ideas, priorities and concerns. He has held numerous “Coffee and Common Sense” events across the state.
The Entrepreneurs’ Innovation Roundtable will take place at 2:15 p.m. and feature a discussion with local leaders in government, education and entrepreneurship.
In light of the ongoing budget negotiations in Washington, Senator Manchin is traveling the state this week and highlighting a different value or priority each day: creating jobs, strengthening our families, protecting our seniors, growing small businesses and achieving energy independence.
Highlights and themes for the week include:
- Monday: Creating Jobs: Speech at University of Charleston at 10 a.m. in Charleston
- Tuesday: Taking Care of our Children and Families: Tour of Head Start Facility, 9:45 a.m. in Dunbar
- Wednesday: Keeping our Promises to Seniors: Major Legislative Announcement and Roundtable on Seniors Issues, 10:15 a.m. in Charleston
- Thursday: Supporting Small Businesses: Visits to Main Street in Sutton and Gassaway, “Coffee and Common Sense” Event in Gassaway
- Friday: Achieving Energy Independence: Visit to the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory in Morgantown and a Town Hall meeting in Fairmont
A public schedule follows, with possible additions later in the week.
**For Planning Purposes**
Public/Media Schedule for Senator Joe Manchin
THURSDAY, March 24
Our Values, Our Priorities: Supporting Small Businesses
Entrepreneurs’ Innovation Roundtable
When: 2:15 p.m.
Where: Room 1220, Building 2000, Dow Technology Park, 1740 Union Carbide Drive, South Charleston
What: Senator Manchin will join Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce John Fernandez, members of the West Virginia Congressional Delegation and West Virginia entrepreneurs for a roundtable discussion.
FRIDAY, March 25
Our Values, Our Priorities: Achieving Energy Independence
Visit Westover All-Star Express
When: 10:30 a.m.
Where: Westover All-Star Express, 170 Holland Ave, Westover
What: Sen. Manchin visits local gas station to discuss high gas prices and the need for energy independence.
When: 11:30 a.m. – 1 p.m.
Where: U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory, 3610 Collins Ferry Road, Morgantown
What: Sen. Manchin tours NETL and speaks with officials.
Town Hall Meeting
When: 2:30 – 4:30 p.m.
Where: Marion County Knights of Columbus, 1529 Mary Lou Retton Drive, Fairmont
What: Sen. Manchin will hold a town hall meeting to hear West Virginians’ commonsense priorities and concerns.
Second Annual Basketball Game at the Kenneth “Honey” Rubenstein Juvenile Center.
When: 7 p.m.
Where: Kenneth “Honey” Rubenstein Juvenile Center, 141 Forestry Camp Road, Davis
What: Sen. Manchin will participate in Second Annual Basketball Game with Rubenstein Cadets.
Next Article Previous Article | <urn:uuid:ab52d6cd-8cee-48f5-9f13-4493565da7f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.manchin.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/thursday-manchin-to-highlight-small-businesses-on-day-four-of-our-values-our-priorities-week | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.894433 | 990 | 1.609375 | 2 |
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(contributor: Anna Cox)
What is the Algebra Programme Overview?
The Algebra Programme Overview came about at St Hilda’s Collegiate School when I met with the mathematics teachers at our school and we reviewed all of the information we had about our students’ achievement in mathematics. We identified barriers to student achievement, developed aims for our teaching programme, devised specific teaching activities to meet those aims, and suggested strategies for advancing the mathematical thinking of our students.
The Mathematics Programme in Years 9 and 10
How does Algebra Programme Overview help students?
View a video clip of Anna discussing Algebra Programme Overview and how data was used to support the redesign of the mathematics curriculum in Years 9 and 10 at her school.
Anna: Reasoning for the Algebra Programme Overview
How can Algebra Programme Overview be used?
- Donna explains she uses the Algebra Programme Overview to flexibly plan her lessons
The Algebra Programme Overview conatins an action plan that shows how we broke the curriculum in Years 9 and 10 into smaller chunks. These chunks are represented by the 23 curriculum planning documents below.
- Algebra Programme Overview
- Curriculum Planning Documents
How have Anna and her team used the Algebra Programme Overview?
The main teaching foci of the mathematics department at St Hilda’s over the past two years (2010 and 2011) have been:
Algebra Everywhere – Algebra is not just a topic for term two every year in the junior school, nor just for one unit per senior subject. Rather, we see algebra as the generalisation of concrete numerical examples. We encourage our students to develop good habits (the tool box) and to be able to choose and use appropriate tools to solve problems independently. This is a skeletal part of mathematics, so is inherent in every topic/unit of work…from fractions to geometry, from graphing to trigonometry, algebra is everywhere.
The Tool Box – the foundations of number and algebra are never ignored, rather, they are in every example/question/dialogue/problem…everywhere. We have identified key steps in manipulation (common to number and algebra), such as the use of multiplicative identities in our ‘finding the ones’ to simplify, or of the use of scales to represent equivalence.
Rigour – The clarity of communication and the accuracy encouraged by adhering to a vertically aligned, deductive approach to rearranging equations (to solve for unknowns) is necessary in every aspect of task work if students are to develop depth of understanding and skill.
Quality Teaching – The success of delivery is in the main part due to skilled and knowledgable teachers, who engage learners, meeting group and individual needs. | <urn:uuid:3703b73a-b337-4114-90c2-611c31ab9db3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/tac/our-suggestions/algebra-programme-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.915822 | 565 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Compilation of Section 13 of various vaccine package inserts
How Vaccines Can Cause Childhood Cancers
What health organizations say about childhood cancers
American Cancer Society
“Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that keep oncogenes turned on, or that turn off tumor suppressor genes …
“Some children inherit DNA changes (mutations) from a parent that increase their risk of certain types of cancer. …
“But most childhood cancers are not caused by inherited DNA changes. …
“Acquired mutations are only in the person’s cancer cells and will not be passed on to his or her children. … “
“But the causes of DNA changes in most childhood cancers are not known1.”
The National Cancer Institute:
“A number of studies are examining suspected or possible risk factors for childhood cancers, including early-life exposures to infectious agents; parental, fetal, or childhood exposures to environmental toxins such as pesticides, solvents, or other household chemicals; parental occupational exposures to radiation or chemicals; parental medical conditions during pregnancy or before conception; maternal diet during pregnancy; early postnatal feeding patterns and diet; and maternal reproductive history. Researchers are also studying the risks associated with maternal exposures to oral contraceptives, fertility drugs, and other medications; familial and genetic susceptibility; and risk associated with exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)2.”
What about vaccines?
Vaccines include many of the cancer risk factors cited above:
- Carcinogenic chemicals
- Foreign fragmented DNA which can cause DNA mutations and are tumorigenic.
- Infectious agents – Known and unknown viruses and retroviruses which can turn off tumor suppressor genes and which can be cancer causing.
Among the toxins in vaccines associated with cancers are:
Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen. It has been associated with several different types of cancers, particularly cancers of the hematopoietic and lymphatic systems, nasopharyngeal cancer, and lung cancer. Tests done on formaldehyde toxicity have focused on inhalation, drinking, and contact with skin; no tests have been performed to determine the toxicity of injected formaldehyde. It is a known DNA adduct, a chemical that bonds to a piece of DNA. This is a process which could be the start of a cancerous cell since when a chemical binds to DNA, the DNA gets damaged, resulting in abnormal replication3.
25 of the 53 vaccines listed by the CDC have formaldehyde in them, including DTaP, Hib, HPV, Hep A, Hep B, Influenza, Meningitis, and Polio.
“… No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of beta-propiolactone in humans. Squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach have been reported in orally exposed rats. In dermally exposed rodents, skin tumors have been observed4.”
Foreign DNA – Aborted fetal stem cell DNA:
Several live virus vaccines are cultured on human embryonic stem cell lines taken from aborted human fetuses in the 1960s. They are identified as MRC-5 and WI-38; the DNA in the aborted fetal cell lines had been fragmented under the supposition that injecting whole DNA is dangerous, but fragments are not5.
Through a process known as insertional mutagenesis, exogenous DNA can be incorporated into the cells of a host and cause carcinogenic mutations. Human embryonic stem cells are known to be tumorigenic6.
Insertional mutagenesis, called transcension at the time, was known since the 1960s when scientists Anker and Stroun discovered that exogenous bacterial DNA will be taken up and incorporated into the host DNA of animals. In the 1990s they discovered that free-floating DNA fragments were associated with cancers7 8.
Whole, tumorigenic DNA was recently found in the Priorix Tetra Vaccine (for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) by Corvelva, an independent lab. Below is an image of a normal human genome (complete DNA) and the one found in the vaccine9.
“Integration of new DNA into a cellular chromosome can alter the activity of nearby genes, sometimes affecting subsequent cell growth. A potent form of insertional mutagenesis involves integration of retroviral DNA produced by reverse transcription, a required step in the replication of retroviruses. In recent years retroviral replication has been adapted to allow new gene addition by retroviral vectors. Early in the history of retrovirus research, analysis of insertional mutagenesis in laboratory animals was found at times to result in transformation, leading to the discovery of cellular proto-oncogenes. In-depth analysis of the genetic consequences showed that integration of retroviral DNA could alter the gene activity in a variety of ways10.”
“Insertional mutagenesis is a major concern with all of the integrating viral vectors and has been subjected to intense scrutiny since four cases of T-cell leukemia occurred in human pediatric patients with X-SCID 31–68 months after they received γ-retroviral vector-modified autologous HSC. This concern was further heightened when linker-mediated PCR analysis of lymphocytes from these patients revealed that insertional mutagenesis had occurred in all four patients and was at least partially responsible for the observed leukemogenesis11.”
Virus-Chemical Carcinogen Interactions
Studies in the 1960s revealed a synergistic effect between viruses that would normally not form cancers and carcinogenic chemicals that were in too small doses to cause tumors. A 1961 report on a study in mice revealed tumor formation in rats that were simultaneously exposed to injected virus and carcinogens:
“Single doses of pairs of viruses and organic carcinogens (in amounts too small in themselves to induce tumors) were administered to male Swiss mice free of polyoma virus. Malignant tumors developed in groups of mice injected with five of the carcinogen-virus pairs. 12”.
The interaction between viruses and carcinogens was reviewed and confirmed by other studies13.
These studies raise the probability that vaccine viruses when combined with even small amounts of environmental pollutants, pesticides, and other toxic agricultural by products found in food, can induce cancer formation14.
Polio vaccine and cancer
In order to produce a vaccine, the virus first needs to be grown on a cellular medium. Salk initially used HeLa cells to grow the poliovirus and test the vaccine before it was manufactured for human use. HeLa cells were cells from the cervical cancer tumor of a women named Helen Lacks 15.
Cancer causing virus in the polio vaccine
In 1960, the Salk killed virus polio vaccine, grown in rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures, was discovered by Bernice Eddy, an NIH (National Institute of Health) scientist, to harbor a cancer causing virus. Later that year it was identified as SV40 (the 40th known simian (monkey) virus) which was shown to cause cancer in rodents. Despite her warnings, the vaccine was not withdrawn from the market and, with full knowledge of the health agencies, was given to more American children. In the US, 100 million children were given this vaccine between 1954 and 1963 when it was discontinued in favor of the live oral polio Sabin vaccine. The Sabin vaccine was grown on African Green Monkey cells since they were said to rarely be affected by SV4016. However, the vaccine seed stocks used for the Sabin vaccine were from the Salk vaccine. Despite the manufacturer’s claims to the contrary, it was discovered that the seed stocks from the Salk vaccine were not adequately tested to make sure that they were cleared of SV40. Potentially SV40-contaminated oral polio vaccine was given to children through 1999, when it was discontinued in the US and replaced by the inactivated vaccine.
“The absence of confirmatory testing of the seeds, as well as testimony of a Lederle manager, indicate that this claim of removal of SV40 and the testing for SV40 in all the seeds cannot be fully substantiated. These legal documents and testimony indicate that the scientific community should not be content with prior assumptions that SV40 could not have been in the oral polio vaccine. Only further investigation by outside scientific and independent researchers who can review the test results claimed in the January 1997 meeting and who can conduct their own independent evaluations by testing all the seeds and individual mono-valent pools will assure that SV40 has not been present in commercially sold oral poliovirus vaccine manufactured by Lederle17.”
Hilleman admits contamination and expects cancers
Maurice Hilleman, chief of Merck’s vaccine division at the time SV40 was found to have contaminated the polio vaccine, tested and found SV40 in the Sabin vaccine that was being put through clinical trials in Russia at the time. It was already known that other vaccines grown on living tissue contained carcinogenic viruses, such as the smallpox vaccine containing the leukemia virus. Hilleman felt that SV40 could have even worse long term cancer effects. There was no press release about these findings. Hilleman said this was a scientific affair within the scientific community. Watch the interview with Dr. Hilleman below as he describes this period.
An analysis of the SEER government database from 1973-1993 showed greater rates of ependymomas (37%), osteogenic sarcomas (26%), other bone tumors (34%) and mesothelioma (90%) among those who were administered SV40 containing vaccines that those of an unexposed birth cohort18.
In 2001, the Institute of Medicine Immunization Safety Review Committee stated that:
“… in light of the biological evidence supporting the theory that SV40 contamination of polio vaccines could contribute to human cancers, the Committee recommends continued public health attention in the form of policy analysis, communication and targeted biological research19.”
Molecular biology and epidemiologic studies suggest that SV40 may now be passed from person to person by horizontal infection, in absence of a SV40 containing vaccine. SV40 footprints have been found in high prevalence in human brain and bone tumors, mesotheliomas, and lymphomas and with kidney diseases, and at lower prevalence in blood samples from healthy donors20.
When Eddy discovered the tumorigenicity of the vaccine in 1960, her boss at the NIH did not believe her. Her discovery also threatened one of the country’s most important public-health programs and she was removed from her vaccine regulatory duties and her laboratory.
In the 1990s another NIH employee, Michele Carbone, studying the way SV40 induces cancer in animals, tested human mesothelioma tumour biopsies at the National Cancer Institute. He discovered that 60% contained SV40 DNA and in most of them, the monkey virus was active and producing proteins. He published his findings in the May 1994 edition of Oncogene; the NIH refused to publicize them; other employees promptly contested his findings. After leaving the NIH, Carbone discovered that SV40 disables tumour suppressor genes in human mesothelioma. In July 1997, he published his results in Nature Medicine21.
CDC on the polio vaccine and cancer
This page on the relationship between the polio vaccine and cancer caused by SV40 (image on right), web archived but removed from the CDC website in October 2019), denied that the OPV contained SV4022. However, another CDC webpage acknowledges that the Sabin vaccine also contained SV40: “Most of the contamination was in the inactivated polio [Salk] vaccine (IPV), but it was also found in oral polio [Sabin] vaccine (OPV)23.”
To this day, despite a plethora of evidence showing otherwise, the CDC contends that the evidence is not sufficient to show that SV40 causes cancers in people24.
Vaccine strain polio virus shedding
In March 1959, Albert Sabin published a paper in the British Medical Journal, Present Position of Immunization Against Poliomyelitis with Live Virus Vaccines25, where he acknowledged that vaccine strain shedding of the polio virus was a known fact.They were monitoring the situation carefully and testing the feasibility of the oral polio vaccine in trials with hundreds of thousands of children.
Growing vaccines on human tumor cell lines
In 2001 an FDA document, “Designer” Cells as Substrates for the Manufacture of Viral Vaccines, discussed the use of cell lines made tumorigenic in order to grow particular viruses for vaccines which do not grown well on the standard substrates, such as the AIDS virus. Potential dangers of using these vaccines were reviewed, including the ability to cause cancer or infections in the recipient and mitigating factors, contamination by adventitious agents (toxins and viruses that are often infectious) for which assays to detect unknown agents may become available, and the risk of TSE, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, and possible methods of detection 26 27." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170404095417/https:/www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3750t1_01.pdf[/ref].
In 2014 the FDA convened a meeting to discuss the use of tumorigenic cell lines from human tumors in the production of vaccines.
“…three examples of human tumor derived cells that are proposed for use as vaccine cell substrates.vaccine cell substrates. … The A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line, which is proposed for use for adenovirus-vectored vaccines for antigens like influenza, HIV or anthrax.CEM derived cells, which come from a lymphoblastic T cell leukemia, proposed for use in an inactivated HIV vaccine, and HeLa cells, which comes from cervical carcinoma, proposed for use for an AAV-vectored HIV vaccine.
“So the big question that we really have to consider, then, is: Is there a potential risk for making vaccines in tumor derived cells? The theoretical risk comes from the fact that, in contrast to many other products, vaccines are often difficult to purify to high levels. And that then leads to the question of whether residual cellular components from tumor-derived cells could pose a safety concern28.”
Sometime afterwards, the FDA initiated a biologics research project to investigate the dangers of latent cancer causing viruses in tumorigenic cell lines.
“The use of tumorigenic and tumor-derived cells is a major safety concern due to the potential presence of viruses such as retroviruses and oncogenic DNA viruses that could be associated with tumorigenicity. Therefore, detection of persistent, latent DNA viruses, and endogenous retroviruses in vaccine cell substrates is important for vaccine safety, particularly in the development of live viral vaccines, where there are no or minimal virus inactivation and removal steps during vaccine manufacturing29.”
Vaccine safety testing
“Mutagen and carcinogen are two physical, chemical or biological factors that may cause changes in normal cell division in organisms. Approximately, 90% of the carcinogens are mutagens. The somatic cell mutations can cause cancers. The main difference between mutagen and carcinogen is that mutagen causes a heritable change in the genetic information of an organism whereas carcinogen causes or promotes cancer in animals and humans. Mutagenesis is the mechanism by which the change in the genetic material occurs…” 30
Per section 13 of all vaccine package inserts, vaccines have not been tested for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or impairment of fertility [in humans]31.
Related: Increase in Childhood Cancers | <urn:uuid:b3b1baaf-5214-4cd2-81ae-5c06cbaebacf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rodefshalom613.org/2020/04/vaccines-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.950813 | 3,331 | 3.46875 | 3 |
In Deptford in south east London, local campaigners have occupied a 20-year old community garden to prevent it from being boarded up and razed to the ground by Lewisham Council and the housing association, Peabody. They are also highlighting the absurdity of proposals to demolish 16 structurally sound council flats next door to build new social housing.
Originally published by Squat Net.
Note: Enough is Enough is not organizing any of these events, we are publishing this text for people across the US and Europe to be able to see what is going on and for documentation only.
What’s happening in Deptford reflects two pressing concerns in the capital today. The first is the prioritising of house-building projects over pressing environmental concerns. The second is the destruction of social housing to create new developments that consist of three elements: housing for private sale, shared ownership deals that are fraught with problems, and new social housing that’s smaller, more expensive and offering tenants less security than what is being destroyed.
The proposed destruction is part of a plan to build new housing not only on the site of the Old Tidemill Wildlife Garden and Reginald House flats, but also on the site of the old Tidemill Primary School, which closed in 2012. Peabody intends to build 209 units of new housing on the site, of which 51 will be for private sale, with 41 for shared ownership, and 117 at what is described as “equivalent to social rent”, although that is untrue. The rents on the latter will fall under London Mayor Sadiq Khan’s London Affordable Rent, which is around 63% higher than existing council rents in Lewisham.
When the council and Peabody put out these figures, they conveniently neglected to mention that 13 of these homes are replacements for those being destroyed in Reginald House, where tenants currently pay real social rents, and have tenancies that offer them far greater protections than their replacements. Three more residents of Reginald House are leaseholders, and, as is typical for redevelopment plans involving social housing, they will have to fight hard to try to get the developers to pay them market value for their homes.
In addition, the council has no interest in balloting residents, even though 80% of the residents of Reginald House recently informed the council and the GLA that they don’t want their homes destroyed. Although Jeremy Corbyn promised ballots to all tenants on estates facing demolition at the Labour Party Conference last year, and Sadiq Khan has endorsed this policy for estates whose regeneration involves GLA funding (as Tidemill does), Green Party GLA member Sian Berry revealed in March this year that Khan had stealthily approved the destruction of 34 estates — including Reginald House — before his new policy took effect.
Since 2015, shortly after the community was given a lease on the garden for “meanwhile use”, campaigners have been calling on the council to consult with the local community and to go back to the drawing board, increasing the density of housing on the old school site, and sparing the garden and Reginald House. The council, however, has refused to engage.
Instead, Lewisham Council’s cabinet approved the current plans last September, and terminated the community’s lease on the garden on August 29 this year. Instead of handing the keys back, however, members of the local community occupied the garden, and almost immediately secured a PR advantage when the BBC filmed a balanced feature about the occupation for the evening news.
The creation of the garden — designed with the involvement of parents, pupils and teachers at the school — began in 1997 and was funded by Groundwork, the London Development Agency, the Foundation for Sport & Arts, Mowlem plc, Lewisham College — and Lewisham Council, which invested £100 000 in it in 2000.
The investment paid off. In the years since, the garden has matured, and now contains 74 well-established trees. In August 2017, it was cited as a case study for the importance of “Children at Play” in the GLA Greener City Fund prospectus, and it also has the support of organisations including the CPRE and the London Wildlife Trust, and GLA members Len Duvall (Lab.), Caroline Pidgeon (Lib Dem), and Caroline Russell (Green).
In addition, in 2016, before any planning application had gone before Lewisham Council’s Strategic Planning Committee, campaigners made an application for the garden to be made into an Asset of Community Value. Officers agreed that the garden was indeed an asset and said “the evidence provided demonstrates that the Old Tidemill Wildlife Garden furthers social well-being or social interests of the local community currently.” However, the application was declined on the basis that the land was part of a key site for delivering new housing.
Nevertheless, by refusing to engage with the community on a new plan that spares the garden, the council, in its determination to proceed with its existing plans, is actively engaged in environmental destruction.
In 2016-17, data compiled by Citizen Sense, a science research project at Goldsmith’s, showed that the garden’s large canopy of trees had significantly reduced the levels of carbon emissions that are prevalent in nearby Deptford Church Street, where, on multiple occasions, the levels of carbon emissions have been up to six times higher than World Health Organisation guidelines.
The Tidemill campaigners hope to hold out in the garden until Lewisham Council and Peabody change their minds and go back to the drawing board. They have legally squatted the garden, and are also engaged in a judicial review of the redevelopment plans, for which they crowdfunded support.
There is something of David v. Goliath in this struggle — not just because plucky local campaigners are up against a council and a large housing association, but also because the struggle reflects what is happening across London and elsewhere in the country.
Housing struggles are being fought across the capital — most noticeably in Southwark, where the immense Aylesbury Estate is currently being destroyed by the Council and Notting Hill Homes, and in Lambeth, where tenants and leaseholders are fighting to save two architecturally-acclaimed estates, at Cressingham Gardens and Central Hill, as well as a handful of other estates.
However, few boroughs are free of the blight of regeneration. From West Hendon to Westminster, Hackney to Newham, estates are being destroyed and tenants displaced, by both Labour and Tory councils, to make way for new developments.
Campaigners across the capital recognise that what is happening is social cleansing and realise that tens of thousands of tenants and leaseholders (usually those on low incomes) will be priced out of the new developments unless the current crisis caused by regeneration can be stopped.
Earlier this year, campaigners in north London scored a victory in Haringey. The council’s proposal to enter into a £2bn deal with international property developers Lendlease was defeated when, under pressure from a well-organised grass-roots campaign, councillors in favour of the deal were deselected prior to May’s council elections, and replaced by new candidates opposed to the plans. However, even in Haringey, the new councillors are already under pressure to proceed with plans involving the destruction of estates.
Could a small corner of Deptford, where environmental concerns and social cleansing are both under the spotlight, be the next location for a significant victory?
The campaign’s Crowd Justice fundraising page is here: https://www.crowdjustice.com/case/save-reginald-save-tidemill/.
Andy Worthington is an independent journalist and activist, a member of the Save Reginald, Save Tidemill campaign, and the founder of No Social Cleansing in Lewisham. His website is: http://www.andyworthington.co.uk.
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Even if the Internet trend is being mined for facial recognition data, it’s beneficial to further machine learning
2019’s first Internet trend has probably been the #10YearChallenge, which encourages people to post contrasting images of themselves today compared to what they looked like 10 years ago. As with everything, activists who like to visualise an uncomfortable future questioned its motivation. They suggested this challenge was created by online social networking organisations to enable them to gather more data for facial recognition.
This idea is usually championed by the beneficiaries of social media who want to use the services for free with an unreasonable expectation that their data lies idle on a bunch of servers for years with tons of security. Any attempts to use the data for good purposes are met with fierce resistance.
I have reservations regarding the promotion of facial recognition as an evil, which remarkably resembles how GM foods and vaccinations are viewed today. Scientists are battling huge perception problems regarding topics like these, which only highlights the importance of scientific communication to the masses.
In machine learning, pattern recognition is an important problem. Unlike human brains which have billions of neurons and trillions of connections, machine learning models have far fewer of both. To compensate for structural deficiencies, one needs more instances of data to train machine learning models. Upon feeding enough images, the algorithm achieves better classification accuracy wherein it is able to recognise that object with fewer errors. The classification accuracy increases with an increase in the number of data instances.
In addition to the volume of data, diversity of data also matters. With diverse datasets, a machine learning model becomes good at identifying multiple objects as opposed to a single object. In order to ensure generalisability of the model, the datasets are usually balanced where equal instances of each object are provided. For example, if a dataset contains 100 images of apples, it is balanced by adding 100 images of all other fruits so that the model becomes better in classifying a wide range of objects.
Hence in a supervised learning environment, the accuracy of the learning model increases with an increase in data. The ability to detect multiple objects effectively also increases with an increase in a diverse set of data.
Social network organisations are a wonderful platform to gather image-based data. The genius move was to introduce the “tag” option. Tagging a person, object or animal basically provides images with labels and in supervised learning, images without labels are useless. This feature helps scientists use a vast number of images to improve machine learning models.
Platforms like Facebook, which started with image processing, improved algorithms and introduced novel computational methods to accurately process a vast number of images. These learnings were then passed on to other domains to address very important problems. In healthcare, machine learning boosts diagnostic services where advanced deep learning models are able to detect different abnormalities in scanned images. Current machine learning models are capable of accurately processing thousands of medical images in a day, surpassing the human ability to perform the same feat. In public health and social science, satellite images taken during the day and night are fed through a convolutional neural network which enables the prediction of socioeconomic and health indicators like GDP, household income, literacy, nutrition and mortality.
Although not fully developed to do so, machine learning models in the future will develop to partially replace surveys amounting to millions of dollars in savings. In transportation, autonomous vehicles have drastically improved our ability to perform machine learning inferences in real time. There are many more examples of these applications which illustrate its tremendous potential to address current-day challenges. And a lot of this was made possible by your selfie.
One can hold the view that the #10YearChallenge is to advance data requirements for facial recognition. But we already have enough forensic knowledge to predict how a person will look in future even without machine learning. More importantly, we already have state-of-the-art facial recognition algorithms and voluminous image datasets with high racial and age diversity. I am in perfect agreement with Professor Cesar Hidalgo’s views on the #10YearChallenge.
Activists who oppose such challenges in the name of facial recognition must analyse deeper to understand how a novel technology like machine learning can help alleviate modern-day problems. They should exercise caution when promoting the idea that machine learning is evil and should refrain from signature campaigns that ban free Internet.
So the next time you face unlock your Apple iPhone X and rant on social media about the ill-effects of providing the same companies with data, just remember—this facial recognition helps protect your privacy. | <urn:uuid:5d1cee7c-b05d-49cc-91d1-986dda96cc0b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thepatriot.in/reports/using-data-for-good-6626 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.938531 | 927 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Padmé Amidala (born Padmé Naberrie, secretly known as Padmé Skywalker) is a major character in the Star Wars franchise. She was secretly married to Anakin Skywalker and the mother of the Skywalker twins, Luke and Leia and became an older sister figure towards Anakin's Padawan, Ahsoka Tano.
Star Wars: The Clone Wars
Padmé, who believed her friends to be innocent, became Ahsoka's representative in her trial. Everyone but Anakin had turned against Ahsoka, leaving Padmé sympathetic to her. Padmé won the case due to her husband capturing the real culprit, Barriss Offee. However, it was so in vain because Ahsoka choose to depart from the Jedi Order and find a new life for herself.
As Anakin's padawan, Padmé became an older sister figure to Ahsoka. During the Clone Wars, due to their close relationship with Anakin, Ahsoka and Padmé were the two most important women in Anakin's life. Ahsoka could tell there was a romance going on between Anakin and Padme but never acknowledged that she knew. Padmé defended Ahsoka during her trial, and like Anakin, believed Ahsoka to be innocent. | <urn:uuid:c269dd0d-dc07-4190-a90e-57839723aea1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://star-wars-animated.fandom.com/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.982785 | 286 | 1.804688 | 2 |
THE PANZER KILLERS: The Untold Story of a Fighting General and His Spearhead Tank Division's Charge into the Third Reich
Reveals the remarkable battlefield heroics of Major General Maurice Rose, the World War II tank commander, whose third armored division struck fear into the hearts of Hitler's panzer crews. This is a unique and masterful story of battlefield leadership, destined to become a classic. 16 pages of photos.
Publishing status: Current
Item #: 1943979
HITLER'S FORGOTTEN NAZIS: Foreign Soldiers of the Third ReichDVD$3.95 $19.98
THE SWORD BEHIND THE SHIELD: A Combat History of the German Efforts to Relieve Budapest 1945Paperbound$39.95 $65.00
WAFFEN SS IN FRANCE 1940DVD$7.95 $14.95
THE VOLKSWAGEN KUBELWAGEN TYPE 82 IN WORLD WAR IIHardbound$14.95 $45.00 | <urn:uuid:671bb52f-6af0-43b4-bd93-517578d2437c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hamiltonbook.com/the-panzer-killers-the-untold-story-of-a-fighting-general-and-his-spearhead-tank-divisions-charge-into-the-third-reich-paperbound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.717412 | 243 | 1.648438 | 2 |
CBD oil, liquid marijuana? Is CBD oil hazardous? Is CBD oil good for me? Exactly how do I take CBD oil? Are all great concerns. CBD baby shower.
CBD Baby Shower
Today we’re going to be talking about CBD, oil, cannabidiol oil. I think there’s a great deal of mistaken beliefs regarding CBD oil around and also honestly, CBD baby shower. I was actually oblivious regarding CBD oil till I started exploring it.
The huge question is what is CBD oil as well as really basically, CBD oil is an oil that originates from a cannabis plant.
Now wait a second …
I thought marijuana was cannabis, you’re right in some sense. What makes CBD oil not cannabis oil? The cannabis plant, marijuana sativa varieties has two different kinds.
It has the ‘not get you high’ kind, which is called ‘hemp’ and it has the ‘gets you a high kind’, which is called marijuana.
There’s a legal distinction of both plants based on just how much THC is contained in the plant. If there’s less than 0.3 percent THC consisted of in the cannabis plant, it’s taken into consideration a hemp plant.
If there’s above 0.3 percent THC had in the cannabis plant, it’s taken into consideration a cannabis plant.
A excellent example for this would certainly be pet dog types. You have a residential dog. CBD baby shower. It’s one varieties different breeds, can replicate with each other and also create feasible children, yet there’s different characteristics within that types that make different breeds, although it’s all the same varieties the exact same with the hemp in the cannabis plant.
CBD Baby Shower
It’s more of a spectrum from hemp to cannabis, all within the overarching umbrella of cannabis, Sativa plants.
That’s going to be an crucial difference due to the fact that CBD oil usually comes from a hemp plant. The suggestion is you obtain a great deal of the take advantage of a cannabis plant, yet without the THC element that is exceptionally high. That could offer you a psychoactive are high.
So why do we also respect CBD? Why do we care about the marijuana strategy in general? CBD baby shower. Well, extremely primarily, cannabis as well as the cannabinoids that are in it, interact with the endocannabinoid system in our body.
So this is a system in our body that are some related procedures that regulate different elements of our body immune system of pain, receptors of our state of mind. If you obtain these molecules in your body, it has some administration over those processes.
- There are three points that can communicate with your endocannabinoid system. CBD baby shower. The first thing is, you have endogenous, or your body makes its own cannabinoids that engage with that said system.
- The 2nd is phyto-cannabinoids, which is a whole lot we’re going to be discussing right here, which are cannabinoids. These particles are removed from plants Phyto plant cannabinoids, so those are particles that include THC the psychoactive component in cannabis plants, but also cannabidiol or CBD. One more type of cannabinoid that does not connect with the receptors that obtain you high, however does a great deal of the various other things that engage with that said endocannabinoid system.
- The 3rd thing is laboratory acquired cannabinoids, so these are medical substances like Marinol that have been controlled by the FDA, but likewise road drugs like flavor, which are laboratory manufactured THC.
That middle team is truly the focus of CBD oil, Phyto cannabinoids.
Exists any way we can extract this from a cannabis plant, placed it in some sort of vehicle that allows it to get in the body, and also ideally amass several of the positive benefits from the plant? That brings me to my following subject, which is CBD oil as a medication.
Well, there was a lot of boosted interest in 2008 when the FDA accepted a pure CBD.
Oil for epileptics, a unusual form of juvenile seizures, or pediatric seizure conditions. They found that this CBD oil, in its most cleansed kind, might actually decrease the amount of seizures these kids were having, therefore after a rigorous trial as well as rigorous safety and security researches it was in fact authorized. CBD baby shower. Now the general public interest has actually come to a head to where they’re suggesting that we must check out this and also see what advantages it might offer.
CBD Baby Shower
The existing body of clinical literary works surrounding CBD oil is a little bit sparse, however there’s more and more stuff appearing and also right now, there’s a great deal of pet research studies considering CBD oil and discomfort and mood in dependency. CBD baby shower. I think a great deal is going to be coming out over the next couple of years, however now, a great deal of it is unscientific.
We gave it to ten individuals as well as a great deal of them felt better completely up to the more energetic, randomized regulated tests, where you say: allow’s take CBD oil and compare it to one more therapy for pain, our mood, or clinical depression. And allow’s see if it’s far better or equal to that therapy. CBD baby shower. A great deal of those randomized regulated tests were still waiting ahead out, but we’re seeing a great deal of little size 10, 15, 20 people enlisted in these small trials of CBD oil, where there are some actually interesting end results.
Another question you should be asking is: is this stuff secure? Currently the biggest safety study was certainly performed with the epileptics as well as the FDA accepted CBD oil, but see various other types of CBD have had some smaller sized scale safety studies and no significant unfavorable results have actually really come out of those.
Yet a couple of things they have actually kept in mind is that it can hinder several of your laboratory tests, including your liver feature panels, and it can likewise conflict, potentially with blood slimmers like Coumadin or anti-seizure medications. It can influence the degrees of those in your blood stream.
Okay, next subject legality. This is a little bit of an progressing inquiry. In 1970 the illegal drug act, prohibited, cannabis, hemp and all associated items. They placed it under the territory of the DEA, made it a lawful material. CBD baby shower. It wasn’t until 2014, when an agricultural act was passed, also called the ranch costs.
These handwear covers are also which legalized hemp for study purposes, which was the bill that marked that the hemp plant, although still a cannabis plant, was lawfully defined as a plant that had less than 0.3 percent THC included in it. Currently, in 2018 there was some more progress made when the 2018 form expense appeared and also stated now hemp as well as hemp associated items like CBD oil are government legal. CBD baby shower. At a nationwide degree, they’ve claimed you can expand this item. You can grow hemp plants that have less than 0.3 percent THC and also you can begin making items from them.
The complicated component is when we come down to a state degree, so you require to inspect your state standards due to the fact that the government regulations still state the states can have governance over their very own territory. If you plan on purchasing CBD oil, I would truly come down to the basics of what your state claims right now, so you want to chance and try CBD oil.
CBD Baby Shower
What do I do? What I did? I pretended that I was somebody that wanted to acquire CBD oil from Ground Zero, never checked out items, as well as I began researching it online. CBD baby shower.
The first thing I located was the FDA: did a study back in when was it 2017 as well as they randomly picked 84 online products and they checked out the labels on the bottle.
So, oh, this item includes 0.1 % THC as well as whatever percent CBD. What they found was only 26 of the 84 were classified properly, the trim was, there was a lot more THC than they said remained in it as well as there was much less CBD than they said.
There are also a couple of case studies where children took it and they were actually intoxicated with the THC from these CBD oils. CBD baby shower. There’s been a little more development since then, since it’s regulated by the USDA and it’s not a illegal drug anymore, there have actually been some trends and the major pattern is that business that are producing CBD oil are sending their product every set.
They make it in a huge pot. That’s not truly just how it works, however that’s just how I picture in my brain and that set they send out to a laboratory, that’s unrelated to the company, as well as they say you examine this make certain it doesn’t have any impurities in it like heavy metals as well as see to it it has the amount of CBD, we state it does as well as it has the quantity of THC we say it does or none whatsoever.
So a great deal of these firms are linking those batch reports on their site or even on the label of their container. CBD baby shower. It’s where you can conveniently access it and also claim this is exactly what’s in this oil, so I’m mosting likely to discuss various products currently as well as a few of the guidelines. I believe you ought to comply with in picking a CBD item if you plan on acquiring some and additionally what the distinction between various items is.
There are three different sorts of CBD:
• broad spectrum.
• and after that purified CBD oil.
Full spectrum is, if you take the flower, the leaves you remove the oil as well as do not eliminate anything from it. CBD baby shower. There’s still a little bit of THC, there’s CBD in it, however also there’s all the various other components of the plant which we generally categorize as a compound called terpenes.
CBD Baby Shower
The entourage impact states we want every one of the useful products within this plant right into our product, since there have actually been some small-scale studies that reveal the CBD oil works best when there’s a little of terpene blended with it and also when there’s could be also minuscule quantities of THC blended with it So someone that desires all of those products from the plant in their oil would be trying to find a full spectrum oil. Broad spectrum is the whole plant, however they get rid of every one of the THC from it so it’s obtained 0 % THC, to make sure that could be crucial. If it’s completely unlawful for any type of THC web content in your state, then you could intend to try to find a broad spectrum.
The 3rd category is totally purified: CBD oil. They take all of the THC out of it and also it’s simply CBD. In that product, you would not obtain this entourage impact, because it would simply be the CBD as well as a whole lot of supporters of CBD oil out there really ham up this entourage effect and also say, and also you really do not want pure CBD oil.
Below’s my list of points you intend to seek when buying a CBD oil if you select to do so:.
Number one, just how is the oil extracted so there are much safer and much healthier methods. The most effective one is called co2 extraction as opposed to solvent or ethanol extraction. Look for a product that’s co2 removed.
You can scan with your iPhone to link to that certification of analysis from the laboratory, and that indicates, if you get drawn over as well as there’s this odd container of oil in your cars and truck and the authorities policemans like sir that’s some weed oil right there as well as you’re, like No, no, no rip-off. CBD baby shower. It in fact has absolutely no percent THC in it, as well as I can verify it so you know specifically what you’re obtaining those set certificates now.
Below’s number three, something you must seek also is to reveal that it does not have heavy metals or pesticides had in the item. All these points that you don’t wish to place in your body.
And also last but not least, is it certified by any kind of government managed company? Is it USDA natural accredited? Does it have excellent production practices accreditation? So these are some things that currently it drops under the USDA as well as not an prohibited compound that increasingly more companies are mosting likely to be obtaining certified with these practices that are approved by the USDA.
I browsed the web and try to make use of all four of those principles I just provided you to discover a product that I could try or inform somebody to attempt. Bear in mind please note, I’m not advising this product. There’s not enough information available for me to advise it. I’m simply claiming: if a person were mosting likely to try it these would be the items I would certainly consider now.
I look through thousands of sites. I check out every one of the concerning us as well as concerning the firms as well as what they were accredited in and what the sets resembled and also 2 of them I boiled it to, if I were going to get a full spectrum oil that had a little of THC, I would possibly utilize this business called New Leaf. If I were going to use, a broad spectrum that didn’t have any kind of THC in it that had set screening, no heavy metals was natural, etc, etc. I believe the number one brand name I select is a brand called Joy Organics.
I would certainly get a no THC, 0 % otherwise understood as a broad-spectrum CBD oil If you’re worried regarding it due to the fact that it has no THC. I’m pretty sure will not make your medication display positive, if you obtain a full spectrum that has small levels of THC in it, I assume you’re rolling. CBD baby shower. | <urn:uuid:0faa34be-e81c-4c35-bc4a-67ffa3773ef0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.baltbat.com/cbd-oil-near-me/cbd-baby-shower/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.978509 | 3,015 | 1.523438 | 2 |
National Express Coventry has ordered 130 electric double-decker buses to enter service in Coventry by early 2023. The order follows the city’s targets to go 100% electric by 2025. At present, charging infrastructure is being built at the depots and Pool Meadow bus station.
In their communications, neither National Express nor the West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA) specifies whom they have ordered the buses from. They only state that the new double-deckers will be made in Britain – a prerequisite to receive zero-emission bus funding. This means either BYD-ADL, Wrightbus or Switch Mobility (formerly Optare) will build the e-buses.
National Express already has ten electric double-deckers in its Coventry fleet; the press images show ADL-BYD Enviro400EVs painted grey-blue. However, the operator or manufacturers have yet to confirm whether the current significant order has also gone to the British-Chinese consortium.
The order is part of Coventry’s plan to put around 300 electric buses on the roads by 2025, converting its entire fleet to electric. National Express does not specify when it will order the remaining e-buses. The statement only says it plans to order more buses “at a later date.”
Last year Transport for West Midlands (TfWM), part of the West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA), secured £50 million funding from the Department of Transport to ensure every bus in Coventry is zero-emission.
“Buses are the backbone of transport in the West Midlands and a key part of the public transport revolution we have been undergoing in recent years,” said Andy Street, mayor of the West Midlands and chairman of the WMCA. “So I am delighted we have been able to make yet another landmark investment as we look to build on our pre-pandemic levels of patronage – where the West Midlands was the only region that saw a rise in bus passenger numbers.”
David Bradford, managing director of National Express Bus, is pleased with deploying the ten e-buses so far. “Ten of our existing electric double-decker buses have already driven over 850,000 miles and saved 1,400 tonnes of carbon dioxide,” he said. In winter, the range is 220 kilometres; in summer, 280 kilometres are possible. The charging takes four hours.
– ADVERTISEMENT – | <urn:uuid:d5753091-93e4-4d3e-abe6-91d3427d36d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.electrive.com/2022/01/23/national-express-coventry-expects-130-electric-double-deckers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.939364 | 501 | 1.585938 | 2 |
An amazing city founded in 1571 but inhabited since about 3,000 BCE, Manila is the capital of the Philippines. With 16 districts to explore, it’s a place of incredible diversity and beauty.
See the Angono Petroglyphs
An astonishing site with 127 carvings of humans and animals, the Angono Petroglyphs are believed to date back to the late Neolithic period. The site is maintained by the National Museum of the Philippines and serves as a unique introduction to the nation’s cultural heritage. A collection of artefacts is housed nearby.
Visit the Walled City of Intramuros
A historic walled area that covers 64 acres, Intramuros dates to the Spanish Colonial Period. Settled in 1571, it features a citadel and defensive stone walls, including the 1644 Bastion of San Diego. Among the buildings inside the walled city, you’ll find the 1607 San Agustin Church, along with the Intendencia Ruins, the Hospital de San Juan de Dios, and more.
Take Time Out at An Internet Café
Refresh yourself with a cool beverage and a snack while you take care of a few essential online tasks between outings. Take advantage of Viber rates to make cheap calls to people back home, and spend a little time transferring your photos to the cloud for storage. Most internet cafes offer monitors in case you need them; you’re welcome to use your own device with Wi-Fi as well.
Photograph Manila Cathedral
One of the most iconic buildings the city has to offer, the Manila Cathedral is beautiful inside and out. The original cathedral was built in 1581, and the latest renovations were completed in 2014. Works of art can be seen throughout the cathedral, including original stained glass windows by the artist Ocampo.
See Rizal Park
Also known as Liwasang Rizal, this historic urban park is located between the walled city of Intramuros and Manila Bay. The park spans 140 acres and is home to a musical dancing fountain as well as several statues, sculptures, and monuments. The National Planetarium is located here, along with a library, a café, a stunning Japanese garden, and more.
Take a Trip to Binondo
Renowned as the world’s oldest Chinatown, Binondo was established in 1594. It is located just across the river from Intramuros and features a number of canals that date back to the Spanish Colonial Period. Despite a troubling history, the area is a fascinating place to visit. Be sure to photograph the famous Binondo Chinatown Arch, which is best viewed from Jones Bridge. Additionally, take a few moments to pause at the Chinese Goodwill Arch, which celebrates the friendship between Filipinos and Chinese. A beautiful Chinese cemetery and a fascinating museum are two additional standout attractions.
Take a Tour of the City
If you’re not sure where to begin, why not take a guided tour of Manila? Different tour packages are available, with some offering a general introduction to the city, and others providing close-up experiences at sites like Intramuros and Chinatown.
Visit the Pinto Art Museum
With six galleries, beautiful outdoor art installations, and manicured landscaping, the Pinto Art Museum is home to works by many of the Philippines’ most prominent contemporary artists. You’ll find a wonderful café on site, perfect for resting during a leisurely afternoon spent exploring.
View Marine Life at Manila Ocean Park
If you’re interested in nature, then you’re likely to appreciate an up-close introduction to the Philippines’ marine life with a visit to Manila Ocean Park. While this is an educational and conservation facility first and foremost, it is also a fun destination for the whole family. Visitors can get up close to sharks and rays and watch from beneath the oceanarium as these beautiful animals swim overhead. For a closeup encounter with colourful fish and other reef animals, consider an aquanaut voyage. An evening show, onsite restaurants, and encounters with birds and reptiles will round out your visit. There’s even an aqua-themed hotel on site: An eco-spa, bars, and restaurants provide beautiful views while helping you relax after a long day of exploring.
Visit Malacanang Palace
Malacanang Palace dates back to the 18th century. While it is the official home of the President of the Philippines, it includes a museum and other features that are open to the public. It’s best to visit this venue with the help of an organized tour company since permits are required 7 days in advance.
Go Shopping at Divisoria in Tondo
With a reputation as the Philippines’ biggest shopping mecca, Divisoria is occupied by large stores as well as small vendors. The area is served by the Philippine National Railways and features the main transport hub that includes the Tutuban Center shopping mall. All sorts of bargains can be found here, from small appliances to clothing, so be sure to spend some time browsing!
Picture credit: Andrew Haimerl Unsplash | <urn:uuid:fcd578bb-edc9-4730-8155-6eb286ebbc4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inspiredcamping.com/10-things-traveling-manila/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.945151 | 1,061 | 2.203125 | 2 |
News & Events
European Consortium, APPETITE recruits first participants.
The AGE research group has recently been awarded funding to be part of a new European consortium APPETITE (Innovative plAnt Protein fibre and Physical activity solutions to address poor appEtite and prevenT undernutrITion in oldEr adults) under the Joint Programming Initiative PREVNUT call. Poor appetite is common in older age and associated with poorer health. However, causes of declining appetite are poorly understood and treatment options are currently limited.
APPETITE brings together experts from eight institutions in six European countries to collaborate on a three-year research programme. The programme includes five linked work packages, starting with work with older adults to improve understanding of the experience of poor appetite, and progressing to the development and testing of novel foods in later phases of the research. The overall aim of APPETITE is to prevent undernutrition in older populations by developing new approaches to enhance appetite through targeted nutrition and physical activity.
The first phase of the programme is being carried out in Newcastle. Working with VOICE, we have set up an advisory panel to help guide the research and, over the next few months, we will be inviting a group of older adults who have poor appetite to take part in in one-to-one interviews. We are really appreciative of the interest we have had in this new research programme - enabling us to start the interviews with our first participants this week.
Lorelle Dismore, Research Assistant working on the project explains why this work is important: “Poor appetite is often reported by older adults but is poorly understood. Working with this group will give us a better understanding of their experiences and the factors affecting poor/declining appetite which will help us in designing future interventions”.
Professor Sian Robinson, who is leading the Newcastle work package, commented: “Appetite screening is not part of routine healthcare, and there are limited prevention and treatment options to support older adults. We are delighted to be working with European colleagues on APPETITE and the opportunity to be part of this important collaboration”.
If you would like to hear more about this research updates will be posted here on the AGE website and you can follow the APPETITE programme on Twitter @APPETITE_JPI.
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Consumers survive on short-term debt
Compared to June 2019, the year before the Covid-19 pandemic, overdrafts and other short-term debt of households have increased by about N$2.6 billion or 26.2%. Measured against June 2016 - the first year of Namibia’s four-year recession – this debt has jumped by nearly N$5.4 billion or 74.2%. Short-term debt consists of credit card debt, as well as personal- and term loans.
Although only 4% higher than a year ago, June’s figures bode a challenge for consumers who already had to cope with three interest rate increases this year and will probably have to absorb a fourth later this month.
Local economists agree that the Bank of Namibia (BoN) will likely hike the rate by 75 basis points (bps) with the Monetary Policy Committee’s announcement on 17 August. Should this happen, it will mean a 175-bps bump since the beginning of the year. It will increase the current repo rate – the rate at which commercial banks borrow from the BoN – to 5.5%, while the prime lending rate of commercial banks will rise to 9.25%.
“This will weigh heavily on indebted households who already battle with higher living costs, as real disposable incomes deteriorate with rising inflation,” Simonis Storm (SS) said in their analysis of the latest private sector credit extension (PSCE) data.
Total PSCE – credit extended to households and businesses – at the end of June amounted to about N$115.86 billion, an increase of some N$10.5 billion or around 9% year-on-year (y/y).
The y/y growth is largely driven by the private sector, as the rebounding economy and need for short-term credit has driven larger uptake, Cirrus said in their take on the latest figures.
On an annual basis, households’ credit card debt, as well as personal- and term loans rose by 5.8%. This shows reliance on short-term debt to help sustain household consumption, Cirrus said.
However, overall PSCE to households, which also includes mortgage loans, was up a meagre 2% or N$1.2 billion y/y, totalling about N$62.48 billion. Mortgage loan growth was 1.5% y/y, while overdrafts shrunk by 3%.
“Credit extension growth to households remains subdued, unsurprising given the weak nominal wage adjustments over recent years, and the combined impact of higher inflation and interest rates reducing affordability for individuals,” Cirrus said.
Commenting on the subdued growth in mortgage loans, IJG Securities said: “Mortgage loans to individuals contracted by 0.5% month-on-month, but increased 1.5% y/y. This is the lowest year-on-year growth in mortgage loans observed since June 2019.
“Mortgage loan growth has been slowing since July 2020 on an annual basis, possibly indicating that the willingness of commercial banks to extend credit to individuals to buy, renovate or build new houses since the pandemic remains low.”
According to Cirrus: “Wage growth since 2021 (off the low 2020 base) is weak, particularly for civil servants who have not seen wage adjustments since 2017, while higher inflation (specifically some food items and fuel/transport) will decrease disposable income and thus leave less room for credit uptake.
“The affordability concern, particularly as banks incorporate higher future interest rates, will adversely impact tangible demand for credit from households,” the analysts said.
SS pointed out that growth in private sector debt has exceeded economic growth rates for the most past of the last 16 years.
“This implies that most of the private sector debt went towards consumption spending and not toward investments which enhance long-run productivity in the economy. While consumption spending fuelled growth in the short run, long-run economic sluggishness is likely to persist as the economy’s productive capacity is constrained,” SS said. | <urn:uuid:bdb474bd-52aa-4774-8bc8-4445621e18f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zone.my.na/mw-main/consumers-survive-on-short-term-debt2022-08-0426445 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96411 | 863 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Granularly mixed laterally spreading colorectal tumors (GM-LSTs) that are located in the rectum or are larger than 4 cm should be considered to be at high risk of developing into covert submucosal invasive cancer (SMIC), and should be treated by en bloc resection, according to a retrospective analysis of patients from seven Italian centers.
GM-LSTs are 1-cm or larger nonpolypoid lesions with lateral growth. They make up 1%-6% of colorectal lesions, and are important clinically because of the possibility that they are SMICs that aren’t visibly apparent.
On the one hand, homogeneous granular-type LSTs have been found to have a very low SMIC risk (0.5%) and are candidates for piecemeal removal, while non-granular LSTs present higher risk, suggesting that en bloc resection would be an appropriate strategy. Piecemeal attempts that discover a SMIC can lead to follow-up surgery because it may not be possible to evaluate submucosal invasion at pathology. Further surgery can be particularly onerous in rectal lesions, where it can reduce quality of life.
On the other hand, granularly mixed LSTs present a conundrum: SMIC risk falls somewhere between the granular and nongranular LSTs, and they make up about 25% of laterally spreading tumors.
A deeper look
To better characterize GM-LSTs and predict which might be covert SMICs,at Humanitas University in Milan and colleagues analyzed data from 693 patients with colorectal GM-LSTs at seven Italian centers, between 2016 and 2019. The results appeared in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Median age was 69 years, and 50.6% of patients were men.
Of patients in the study, 9.5% were found to have SMICs at histology. Of these, 62.1% occurred in lesions 4 cm or larger, and none in lesions smaller than 2 cm, and 63.6% occurred in the rectum. Overall, 24.2% of patients underwent en bloc resection.
A multivariate analysis found that lesion size was associated with risk of covert SMIC (odds ratio per mm, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.03). A cutoff of 4.0 cm yielded the optimal discrimination for SMIC risk, with a 6.0% risk below that size and 14.8% above (OR, 2.32; P = .002). The researchers also considered GM-LST location in this multivariate analysis, and found a greater risk of SMIC in those located in the rectum than for those in other colonic segments (15.1% vs. 5.8%; OR, 3.08; P = .004). A logistic regression model combining size and location yielded a sensitivity of 47.0%, specificity 82.6%, and area under the curve of 0.69.
When lesions of 4 cm or greater in the rectal area were compared with nonrectal lesions less than 4 cm, the number needed to treat (NNT) to detect one covert SMIC dropped from 20 to 5.
“The 22% risk of covert SMIC for ≥4-cm rectal GM-LSTs equals the 21.4%as the highest risk for nongranular LSTs, justifying the need for an aggressive treatment, especially when considering that the unexpected finding of a covert SMIC after piecemeal resection of a rectal lesion may result in an unnecessary surgery, with major consequences for the patient. Thus, referral of these patients to a center with adequate competence in advanced resection, including [endoscopic submucosal dissection], should be recommended,” the authors wrote.
They noted that the NNT of 5 is low enough to compensate for the risk of conducting ESD instead of piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection. Meanwhile, the NNT of 20 for smaller, nonrectal tumors puts them close to the risk category of homogeneous granular LSTs, which wouldn’t justify a more complex procedure and could instead be resected piecemeal.
For rectal lesions less than 4 cm or nonrectal lesions 4 cm or larger, SMIC risk is below 10%. In deciding which approach to take, endoscopists must weigh the low risk of surgery after discovery of an unexpected SMIC. The authors suggest use of dye or virtual chromoendoscopy for lesion characterization, along with optical magnification if available.
The study had some limitations. One is that the authors did not assess how frequently the SMIC was limited to the dominant nodule, which might affect resection strategies. Another is that the actual SMIC rate in GM-LSTs may have been underestimated: Not only were signs of overt invasion an exclusion criterion, but also patients with difficult-to-treat SMIC lesions might have been referred elsewhere.
The authors disclosed no funding source and declared that they had no relevant financial disclosures. | <urn:uuid:8e238c08-991f-4aad-b0cc-0811ff370e02> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medauth2.mdedge.com/gihepnews/article/241407/gi-oncology/size-location-may-help-reveal-smics?channel=69 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.944187 | 1,064 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Olive oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil. Which one do you use when? And with current hype about one oil or another, how do you know which oils are healthiest?
The truth is it’s confusing. Below is some more info about each kind of oil along with my own oil preferences.
First, a few oil facts you should know:
- All oils are 100% fat. Every single kind has 120 calories and 14 grams of fat per tablespoon. No matter which kind of oils you use, eat them in small amounts.
- Almost all oils are more heart-healthy than animal fats (butter, lard, fatty meat, etc) because they’re mostly unsaturated fat rather than saturated.
- Every oil has a different ratio of “monounsaturated” and “polyunsaturated” fats (omega-6 and omega-3), so to make sure you get some of each, use a variety of oils in your kitchen (2-3 kinds is fine).
The Best Oils
Extra Virgin Olive Oil— A good household staple. Great balance of mono and poly-unsaturated fats, mechanically pressed so not chemically refined, and great flavor. Different brands/regions have different flavors, so experiment to find the ones you like best. Use for drizzling, in salads and raw foods, or for cooking when you want added flavor.
Canola Oil — Another good household staple, if you buy organic. Has no flavor so it’s great for baking, Asian & Mexican cooking and pan-frying. Canola oil has gotten a bad rap, but I personally still think it’s a good choice. Make sure to buy organic, since canola is almost always genetically modified in the U.S.
Grapeseed Oil — Very light flavor and high smoking point, so good for many types of cooking. More polyunsaturated fats than most oils, which is good because most Americans don’t get enough polyunsaturated fats.
Sesame Oil — Intense sesame flavor, so a little goes a long way. Fantastic for Asian sauces and dressings, because you don’t have to use much and therefore can keep the fat/calorie content of these dressings low. One of my favorite recipes using sesame oil.
Walnut Oil — High in Omega-3 fatty acids, and delicious nutty flavor. Use in salad dressings and when only lightly cooking something that you want to have lots of flavor.
Coconut Oil — The only oil that’s high in saturated fat — in fact, it has twice as much saturated fat per tablespoon as butter. This oil has been getting lots of hype lately, partly because the saturated fats are thought to be healthier than saturated fat in meat. More on coconut oil here.
Safflower/Sunflower Oil — Flavorless like canola or vegetable oil, and a good mix of unsaturated fats. Low in saturated fat. Good for the same uses as canola and vegetable oils. Try to buy organic.
Regular Olive Oil — Chemically refined (unlike virgin & extra-virgin) which means it loses some polyphenols (antioxidants), but cheaper and lighter in flavor than extra virgin olive oil. You could use this one in cooking and extra virgin for salads or raw foods where you want more flavor.
Vegetable Oil — Flavorless, high smoking point (so it’s good for high heat cooking & frying) and good for baking. I’d choose canola over vegetable oil for the mono/poly fat ratio, but vegetable oil is cheap.
Peanut Oil — Light flavor and very high smoking point, so best oil for frying (not that I recommend frying as a cooking method).
Flaxseed Oil — Most people buy this as a supplement because they want more Omega-3 fatty acids. Yes it’s healthy, but it’s probably better to eat fish, walnuts and avocado for Omega-3’s, rather than add this oil to things you already eat. (Note: unless you’re reducing calories and fat somewhere else in your diet, you may gain weight using flax oil as a supplement).
Soybean Oil — Best to avoid, since it’s in nearly every commercial/processed food we eat. And, it’s almost always genetically modified.
Palm Kernel Oil — This is what most processed & packaged food companies are now using in place of trans fats, which have become taboo. Beware of products that have palm kernel oil, because 80% of it’s fat is saturated–worse than butter.
What I use
- Extra virgin olive oil – I use this for almost everything – especially salads, sautés, drizzling and dipping
- Organic canola or grapeseed oil – for baking, Mexican and some Asian dishes
- Sesame oil – for Asian dishes & dressings – delicious flavor
- Coconut oil – I use this once in awhile in baked goods, granola, pancakes and for Asian cooking
One last tip
Most oils get rancid – a.k.a. they spoil – after a few months in the cupboard. Buy oils in small amounts so you can minimize waste. | <urn:uuid:48c31447-a0c0-4ec1-923e-0d450c9a6371> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eating-made-easy.com/the-best-cooking-oils-and-when-to-use-them | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.938964 | 1,103 | 2.234375 | 2 |
“Five Cents a Spot” circa 1890. Photo by Jacob A. Riis, Museum of the City of New York Collection
In modern-day Chinatown, Jacob Riis photographed lodgers in tenement apartments like the above on Bayard Street near Mulberry Street. As Riis writes in How The Other Half Lives, “5 Cents a Spot” refers to the price paid for a place to stay, likely on the floor since the legal minimum charge was actually 7 cents a spot, which came with a bed. Riis uses the title of the photograph to denote the illegality of the the lodging house pictured.
The famous photograph shows Riis’ use of flash photography. Though the room was in near pitch darkness, “[Riis] barges in, says exhibit curator Bonnie Yochelson, “takes a picture with the flash, scares the living daylights out of the people – you can see it in their faces – the flash actually makes a burst of light and a boom – so it’s terrifying. Those were the first pictures.”
Riis also explored the opium dens of Chinatown, as seen in this image taken between 1877 and 1888:
“Chinatown, Smoking Opium in a Joint,” photo by Jacob A. Riis, Richard Hoe Lawrence, and Dr. Henry G. Piffard. Museum of the City of New York Collection | <urn:uuid:73b5ffea-14b3-4a51-806b-0e66bb06ddbc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://untappedcities.com/2015/12/09/the-nyc-photographic-haunts-of-jacob-riis-from-exhibit-at-museum-of-city-of-new-york/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.941435 | 303 | 3.171875 | 3 |
One Control Little Copper Chorus
Little Copper Chorus is designed more to give the playing feel of a Fender Vibratone than a typical chorus and as such shows a modern use of an effect that otherwise has been overused for decades.
Back in the 1980's you just had to have a chorous or be sacked from the band.
Secretly in the mid 80's I listened to SRV and Lonnie Mack on my way to rehearsal and likewise secretly practiced using chorous ahead of distortion to get the sounds more of an organ.
Typical chorouses run triangular wave oscillators while the LCC runs a sinewave oscillator and sinewave is also what is producedc by an electrical motor such as one in a Vibratone cabinett.
That said LCC can produce standard chorous sounds.
LCC sports three controls
Width that sets the width or depth of the modulation
Colour that is tone control that allows a mild midboost- chorous as an effect has a slight tendency of becoming scooped and so to allow settings that protrudes Colour knob has been added.
Speed that allows control of speed from almost standing still to rotary and at full speed there's a sound of a rotary speaker rather than a detuned sound | <urn:uuid:73a633fd-586e-4164-bfbf-f2f543f09337> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.stevesmusiccenter.net/products/one-control-little-copper-chorus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.948571 | 263 | 1.601563 | 2 |
|Chang, Perng Kuang|
|LUO, MENG - US Department Of Agriculture (USDA)|
Submitted to: Toxins
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 1/6/2011
Publication Date: 1/12/2011
Citation: Chang, P.-K., Scharfenstein, L.L., Luo, M., Mahoney, N.E., Molyneux, R.J., Yu, J., Brown, R.L., Campbell, B.C. 2011. Loss of msnA, a putative stress regulatory gene, in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus increased production of conidia, aflatoxins and kojic acid. Toxins. 3:82-104.
Interpretive Summary: The molds Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus produce carcinogenic aflatoxins that pose a great risk to human and animal health. The synthesis of aflatoxins is considered a defense mechanism against oxidative stress in cells. To better understand the molecular mechanisms that mediate oxidative stress, we disabled a stress related regulator and examined the effect on growth, development, and production of secondary metabolites. Impairment of the regulatory gene severely decreased vegetative growth but elevated sporulation, a process initiated by oxidative stress. The impairment also caused increased production of aflatoxins and kojic acid, a known free radical scavenger. The findings show that oxidative stress is a major determinant of aflatoxin production. This information, used along with other preventive strategies, may help to reduce aflatoxin contamination of host plants in the field.
Technical Abstract: Production of the harmful carcinogenic aflatoxins by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus has been postulated to be a mechanism to relieve oxidative stress. The msnA gene, the ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSN2 associated with multi-stress response, of the two species was disrupted. The msnA mutants ('msnA) exhibited retarded colony growth and increased conidiation. They produced slightly increased amounts of aflatoxins and highly elevated levels of kojic acid, an antioxidant. Microarray assays showed that expression of genes encoding oxidative stress defense enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase A, and cytochrome c peroxidase in A. parasiticus 'msnA and catalase B gene in A. flavus 'msnA was up-regulated. The msnA gene appears to be required for the maintenance of the normal oxidative state. An impairment of msnA resulted in the aforementioned changes, which might be used to combat the increased oxidative stress in the cells. | <urn:uuid:670d1deb-ba51-4f56-9392-bf66a83424cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=254451 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.872618 | 635 | 2 | 2 |
In our lives, the thing that is most important to being a better person is aligning ourselves with others in a way that both yourself and others benefit and prosper. In ALL of our lives, it is a crucial aspect that we remain communal and empathetic with everyone, as cooperation and development of relationships is a key into finding success and moving forward in your life. These morals are how I want to live my life, as it would define me as someone who lived their life through their own personal values, not by how others see them. I would want to be remembered as someone who displayed kindness and compassion to everyone I came across, and at the same time, wise and courageous in helping others. Doing this would leave a legacy of someone who lived a fulfilled and generous life.
At my funeral, I would hope that it is said about me not the things that I did for myself, but how my life impacted the lives of those around me, and what legacy I left to those who knew me and those I cared about. I would want to be recognized not for how I lived, but how I changed other people. | <urn:uuid:b5a802d9-b551-4b3d-8d8e-46da228c4922> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ycaimpact.com/ambassadors/peyton-smith | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.985287 | 245 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Another excellent YouTube video from “Living with Schizophrenia.” I think it’s relatable to all of those with a serious mental illness, but especially those battling schizophrenia.
Born Sigismund Schlomo Freud in Freiberg, Moravia, Freud was openly his mother’s favorite child; she called him “Golden Siggie.” When Freud was four years old, the family moved to Vienna and Sigismund became Sigmund. Sigmund completed a medical degree and in 1886 he opened a medical practice specializing in neurology, and married Martha Bernays. Eventually, he developed the “talking cure” that was to become an entirely new psychological approach: psychoanalysis.
In 1908, Freud established the Psychoanalytic Society, which ensured the future of his school of thought. During World War II, the Nazis publicly burned his work, and Freud moved to London. He died by assisted suicide, after enduring mouth cancer.
1900 The Interpretation of Dreams
1904 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
1905 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
1930 Civilization and Its Discontents”
Acknowledging: The most basic level of self-validation is simply acknowledging the presence of the emotion rather than judging it; for example, telling yourself, I feel unhappy. Just acknowledging or naming the emotion and putting a period on the end of the sentence rather than going down the road of judging it validates the emotion.
Allowing: The second level of self-validation is allowing, which is essentially giving yourself permission to feel the feeling; for example, telling yourself, It’s okay that I feel unhappy. This takes not judging the feeling one step further, affirming that it’s okay to feel this way. This doesn’t mean liking the feeling or wanting it to hang around; it just means acknowledging that you’re allowed to feel the emotion.
Understanding: The highest (and hardest) level of self-validation is understanding. This level, which goes beyond not judging the emotion and saying it’s okay to feel it, involves having an understanding of it; for example, It makes sense that I feel unhappy, given the difficulties I have managing my emotions and the chaos this causes in my relationships and my life.
Source: DBT Made Simple
Justice system and mental health:
~ 2 million people with mental illness are newly incarcerated each year.
~ Recent findings show that there are 10 times more individuals with serious mental illness in prisons and jails than in state mental hospitals.
~ 83% of inmates with mental illness did not have access to treatment after release.
~ In a recent outcome study, 64% of inmates with mental illness released from prison were rearrested within 18 months, and 48% were hospitalized within the same time period.
Three Styles of Thinking in DBT
Marsha Linehan outlines three states of mind, or ways we have of thinking about things: the reasoning self, the emotional self, and the wise self.
The Reasoning Self:
The reasoning self: the part of ourselves that we use when we’re thinking logically or reasoning something out. When we use this part of ourselves, there are few or no emotions involved. If there are emotions present, they don’t significantly influence how we behave. Rather, the focus is on thinking logically about something: organizing your day at work, leaving instructions for the babysitter, deciding whether you should drive or take the subway to work, taking minutes at a meeting, and so on. It may take a while and you may need to help, but you can usually come up with at least one example.
The Emotional Self:
Usually we have more difficulties coming up with examples of times when we’ve acted from their emotional self—the part that often gets us into trouble, as our behaviors are controlled by the emotion we’re feeling in the moment. Some general examples, such as feeling angry and lashing out at someone, feeling anxious and avoiding whatever is causing the anxiety, or feeling depressed and withdrawing and isolating. Try to come up with some examples of your own: When have you acted from your emotional self? Usually you can relate to this thinking style and examples come rather easily.
The Wise Self:
The difficulty often lies in being able to see that you have a wise self, which is the combination of the reasoning self, the emotional self, and intuition. In other words, we feel our emotions and are still able to think straight, and we weigh the consequences of our actions and choose to act in a way that’s in our best interests in the long run, even if that means behaving in a way that’s quite difficult. Again, some examples: You’re having an argument with your partner, and instead of saying something hurtful that comes to mind, you bite your tongue because you know you’ll regret it later. You have an urge to drink, but part of you recognizes this as an ineffective way of coping, so you call your mother or go to an AA meeting instead.
It’s also important to understand that acting from your wise self doesn’t necessarily entail a humongous achievement. Some smaller examples: You wake up in the morning and feel down; it’s cold, it’s still dark outside, and your first impulse is to call in sick. But instead you roll over, turn off the alarm, and get out of bed. This is your wise self. Or say it’s 5:00 p.m., your “partner’s going to be home from work soon, and you promised you would cook dinner, but you’re exhausted and don’t feel like it. Yet you do it anyway. This is your wise self.
Sometimes you’ll say something like, “But I have to go to work because I have to pay the bills; that’s not acting wisely. But the truth is, no one has to go to work, we choose to go to work. We could choose to not go and the bills wouldn’t get paid. When you make a choice to get out of bed and go to work, that choice comes from your wise self. You weighed the consequences and decided what would be more effective in the long run, even though it wasn’t necessarily the easy thing to do.
Sources: DBT Made Simple by Sheri Van Dijk
If you’ve been treated for depression but your symptoms haven’t improved, you may have treatment-resistant depression. Taking an antidepressant or going to psychological counseling (psychotherapy) eases depression symptoms for most people. But with treatment-resistant depression, standard treatments aren’t enough. They may not help much at all, or your symptoms may improve, only to keep coming back.
If your primary care doctor prescribed antidepressants and your depression symptoms continue despite treatment, ask your doctor if he or she can recommend a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health conditions (psychiatrist).
The psychiatrist reviews your medical history and may:
• Ask about life situations that might be contributing to your depression
• Consider your response to treatment, including medications, psychotherapy or other treatments you’ve tried
• Review all of the medications you’re taking, including nonprescription drugs and herbal supplements
• Discuss whether you’re taking your medications as prescribed and following other treatment steps
• Consider physical health conditions that can sometimes cause or worsen depression, such as thyroid disorders, chronic pain or heart problems
• Consider a diagnosis of another mental health condition,such as bipolar disorder, which can cause or worsen depression and may require different treatment; dysthymia, a mild but long-term (chronic) form of depression; or a personality disorder that contributes to the depression not getting better
Treatment-resistant depression symptoms can range from mild to severe and may require trying a number of approaches to identify what helps.
If you’ve already tried an antidepressant and it didn’t work, don’t lose hope. You and your doctor simply may not have found the right dose, medication or combination of medications that works for you. Here are some medication options that your doctor may discuss with you:
• Give your current medications more time. Antidepressants and other medications for depression typically take four to eight weeks to become fully effective and for side effects to ease up. For some people, it takes even longer.
• Increase your dose, if indicated. Because people respond to medications differently, you may benefit from a higher dose of medication than is usually prescribed. Ask your doctor whether this is an option for you — don’t change your dose on your own as several factors are involved in determining the proper dose.
• Switch antidepressants. For a number of people, the first antidepressant tried isn’t effective. You may need to try several before you find one that works for you.
• Add another type of antidepressant. Your doctor may prescribe two different classes of antidepressants at the same time. That way they’ll affect a wider range of brain chemicals linked to mood. These chemicals are neurotransmitters that include dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine.
• Add a medication generally used for another condition.Your doctor may prescribe a medication that’s generally used for another mental or physical health problem, along with an antidepressant. This approach, known as augmentation, may include antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anti-anxiety medications, thyroid hormone or other drugs.
• Consider the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genotyping test, if available. This test checks for specific genes that indicate how well your body can process (metabolize) a medication. Because of inherited (genetic) traits that cause variations in certain cytochrome P450 enzymes, medications may affect people differently. But a CYP450 test isn’t a sure way to tell which antidepressant will work — it only provides clues. And this test is not always covered by insurance.
Psychological counseling (psychotherapy) by a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health professional can be very effective. For many people, psychotherapy combined with medication works best. It can help identify underlying concerns that may be adding to your depression. For example, psychotherapy can help you:
• Find better ways to cope with life’s challenges
• Deal with past emotional trauma
• Manage relationships in a healthier way
• Learn how to reduce the effects of stress in your life
• Address substance use issues
If counseling doesn’t seem helpful, talk to your psychotherapist about trying a different approach. Or consider seeing someone else. As with medications, it may take several tries to find a treatment that works. Psychotherapy for depression may include:
• Cognitive behavioral therapy. This common type of counseling addresses thoughts, feelings and behaviors that affect your mood. It helps you identify and change distorted or negative thinking patterns and teaches you skills to respond to life’s challenges in a positive way.
• Acceptance and commitment therapy. A form of cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy helps you to engage in positive behaviors, even when you have negative thoughts and emotions. It’s designed for treatment-resistant conditions.
• Interpersonal psychotherapy. Interpersonal psychotherapy focuses on resolving relationship issues that may contribute to your depression.
• Family or marital therapy. This type of therapy involves family members or your spouse or partner in counseling. Working out stress in your relationships can help with depression.
• Psychodynamic treatment. The aim of this counseling approach is to help you resolve underlying problems linked to your depression by exploring your feelings and beliefs in-depth.
• Dialectical behavioral therapy. This type of therapy helps you build acceptance strategies and problem-solving skills. This is useful for chronic suicidal thoughts or self-injury behaviors, which sometimes accompany treatment-resistant depression.
• Group psychotherapy. This type of counseling involves a group of people who struggle with depression working together with a psychotherapist.
Procedures to treat depression
If medications and psychotherapy aren’t working, you may want to talk to a psychiatrist about additional treatment options:
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). While you are asleep, a carefully measured dose of electricity is passed through your brain, intentionally triggering a small, brief seizure. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can relatively quickly reverse symptoms of major depression. Although there are potential side effects, such as temporary confusion or temporary memory loss, a series of ECT treatments may provide significant relief of severe depression.
• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).Generally only used when ECT isn’t effective, rTMS uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression. An electromagnetic coil is placed against your scalp near your forehead. The electromagnet used in rTMS creates electric currents that stimulate nerve cells in the region of your brain involved in mood control and depression.
• Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Generally, VNS is only tried after other brain stimulation therapies such as ECT and rTMS have not been successful in improving symptoms of depression. VNS stimulates the vagus nerve with electrical impulses. This treatment uses a device implanted in your chest that’s connected by a wire to a nerve in your neck (vagus nerve). Electrical signals from the implant travel along the vagus nerve to the mood centers of the brain, which may improve depression symptoms.
Be sure to find out whether your insurance covers any treatment that’s recommended.
Other steps you can take
To make the most of depression treatment:
• Stick to your treatment plan. Don’t skip therapy sessions or appointments. It’ll take time to get better. Even if you feel well, don’t skip your medications. If you stop, depression symptoms may come back, and you could experience withdrawal-like symptoms. If side effects or drug costs are a problem, talk with your doctor and pharmacist to discuss options.
• Stop drinking or using recreational drugs. Many people with depression drink too much alcohol or use recreational drugs or marijuana. In the long run, alcohol and drugs worsen depression and make it harder to treat. If you can’t stop drinking alcohol or using drugs on your own, talk to your doctor or mental health professional. Depression treatment may be unsuccessful until you address your substance use.
• Manage stress. Relationship issues, financial problems, an unhappy work life and many other issues can all contribute to stress, which in turn worsens depression. Try stress-reduction techniques such as yoga, tai chi, meditation, mindfulness, progressive muscle relaxation or writing your thoughts in a journal.
• Sleep well. Poor sleep may worsen depression. Both the amount of time and how well you sleep can affect your mood, energy level, ability to concentrate and resilience to stress. If you have trouble sleeping, research ways to improve your sleep habits or ask your doctor or mental health professional for advice.
• Get regular exercise. Exercise has a direct effect on mood. Even physical activity such as gardening or walking can reduce stress, improve sleep and ease depression symptoms.
Don’t settle for a treatment that’s partially effective at relieving your depression or one that works but causes intolerable side effects. Work with your doctor or other mental health professional to find the best treatment possible, even though it may take time and effort to try new approaches.
Sources: The Mayo Clinic, McLean Hospital, NAMI, NIH, NIMH
Psychotherapy is a general term for treating mental health problems by talking with a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health provider.
During psychotherapy, you learn about your condition and your moods, feelings, thoughts and behaviors. Psychotherapy helps you learn how to take control of your life and respond to challenging situations with healthy coping skills.
There are many types of psychotherapy, each with its own approach. The type of psychotherapy that’s right for you depends on your individual situation. Psychotherapy is also known as talk therapy, counseling, psychosocial therapy or, simply, therapy.
Why it’s done
Psychotherapy can be helpful in treating most mental health problems, including:
• Anxiety disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias, panic disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Mood disorders, such as depression or bipolar disorder
• Addictions, such as alcoholism, drug dependence or compulsive gambling
• Eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia
• Personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder or dependent personality disorder
• Schizophrenia or other disorders that cause detachment from reality (psychotic disorders)
Not everyone who benefits from psychotherapy is diagnosed with a mental illness. Psychotherapy can help with a number of life’s stresses and conflicts that can affect anyone. For example, it may help you:
• Resolve conflicts with your partner or someone else in your life
• Relieve anxiety or stress due to work or other situations
• Cope with major life changes, such as divorce, the death of a loved one or the loss of a job
• Learn to manage unhealthy reactions, such as road rage or passive-aggressive behavior
• Come to terms with an ongoing or serious physical health problem, such as diabetes, cancer or long-term (chronic) pain
• Recover from physical or sexual abuse or witnessing violence
• Cope with sexual problems, whether they’re due to a physical or psychological cause
• Sleep better, if you have trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep (insomnia)
In some cases, psychotherapy can be as effective as medications, such as antidepressants. However, depending on your specific situation, psychotherapy alone may not be enough to ease the symptoms of a mental health condition. You may also need medications or other treatments.
Generally, there’s little risk in having psychotherapy. But because it can explore painful feelings and experiences, you may feel emotionally uncomfortable at times. However, any risks are minimized by working with a skilled therapist who can match the type and intensity of therapy with your needs.
The coping skills that you learn can help you manage and conquer negative feelings and fears.
How you prepare
Here’s how to get started:
• Find a therapist. Get a referral from a doctor, health insurance plan, friend or other trusted source. Many employers offer counseling services or referrals through employee assistance programs (EAPs). Or you can find a therapist on your own, for instance, by looking for a professional association on the Internet.
• Understand the costs. If you have health insurance, find out what coverage it offers for psychotherapy. Some health plans cover only a certain number of psychotherapy sessions a year. Also, talk to your therapist about fees and payment options.
• Review your concerns. Before your first appointment, think about what issues you’d like to work on. While you also can sort this out with your therapist, having some sense in advance may provide a good starting point.
Before seeing a psychotherapist, check his or her background, education, certification, and licensing. Psychotherapist is a general term rather than a job title or indication of education, training or licensure.
Trained psychotherapists can have a number of different job titles, depending on their education and role. Most have a master’s or doctoral degree with specific training in psychological counseling. Medical doctors who specialize in mental health (psychiatrists) can prescribe medications as well as provide psychotherapy.
Examples of psychotherapists include psychiatrists, psychologists, licensed professional counselors, licensed social workers, licensed marriage and family therapists, psychiatric nurses, or other licensed professionals with mental health training.
Make sure that the therapist you choose meets state certification and licensing requirements for his or her particular discipline. The key is to find a skilled therapist who can match the type and intensity of therapy with your needs.
What you can expect
Your first therapy session:
At the first psychotherapy session, the therapist typically gathers information about you and your needs. You may be asked to fill out forms about your current and past physical and emotional health. It might take a few sessions for your therapist to fully understand your situation and concerns and to determine the best approach or course of action.
The first session is also an opportunity for you to interview your therapist to see if his or her approach and personality are going to work for you. Make sure you understand:
• What type of therapy will be used
• The goals of your treatment
• The length of each session
• How many therapy sessions you may need
Don’t hesitate to ask questions anytime during your appointment. If you don’t feel comfortable with the first psychotherapist you see, try someone else. Having a good fit with your therapist is critical for psychotherapy to be effective.
You’ll likely meet in your therapist’s office or a clinic once a week or every other week for a session that lasts about 45 to 60 minutes. Psychotherapy, usually in a group session with a focus on safety and stabilization, also can take place in a hospital if you’ve been admitted for treatment.
Types of psychotherapy
There are a number of effective types of psychotherapy. Some work better than others in treating certain disorders and conditions. In many cases, therapists use a combination of techniques. Your therapist will consider your particular situation and preferences to determine which approach may be best for you.
Although many types of therapies exist, some psychotherapy techniques proven to be effective include:
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps you identify unhealthy, negative beliefs and behaviors and replace them with healthy, positive ones
• Dialectical behavior therapy, a type of CBT that teaches behavioral skills to help you handle stress, manage your emotions and improve your relationships with others
• Acceptance and commitment therapy, which helps you become aware of and accept your thoughts and feelings and commit to making changes, increasing your ability to cope with and adjust to situations
• Psychodynamic and psychoanalysis therapies, which focus on increasing your awareness of unconscious thoughts and behaviors, developing new insights into your motivations, and resolving conflicts
• Interpersonal psychotherapy, which focuses on addressing problems with your current relationships with other people to improve your interpersonal skills — how you relate to others, such as family, friends and colleagues
• Supportive psychotherapy, which reinforces your ability to cope with stress and difficult situations
Psychotherapy is offered in different formats, including individual, couple, family or group therapy sessions, and it can be effective for all age groups.
For most types of psychotherapy, your therapist encourages you to talk about your thoughts and feelings and what’s troubling you. Don’t worry if you find it hard to open up about your feelings. Your therapist can help you gain more confidence and comfort as time goes on.
Because psychotherapy sometimes involves intense emotional discussions, you may find yourself crying, upset or even having an angry outburst during a session. Some people may feel physically exhausted after a session. Your therapist is there to help you cope with such feelings and emotions.
Your therapist may ask you to do “homework” — activities or practices that build on what you learn during your regular therapy sessions. Over time, discussing your concerns can help improve your mood, change the way you think and feel about yourself, and improve your ability to cope with problems.
Except in rare and specific circumstances, conversations with your therapist are confidential. However, a therapist may break confidentiality if there is an immediate threat to safety (yours or someone else’s) or when required by state or federal law to report concerns to authorities. Your therapist can answer questions about confidentiality.
Length of psychotherapy
The number of psychotherapy sessions you need — as well as how frequently you need to see your therapist — depends on such factors as:
• Your particular mental illness or situation
• Severity of your symptoms
• How long you’ve had symptoms or have been dealing with your situation
• How quickly you make progress
• How much stress you’re experiencing
• How much your mental health concerns interfere with day-to-day life
• How much support you receive from family members and others
• Cost and insurance limitations
It may take only weeks to help you cope with a short-term situation. Or, treatment may last a year or longer if you have a long-term mental illness or other long-term concerns.
Psychotherapy may not cure your condition or make an unpleasant situation go away. But it can give you the power to cope in a healthy way and to feel better about yourself and your life.
Getting the most out of psychotherapy
Take steps to get the most out of your therapy and help make it a success:
• Make sure you feel comfortable with your therapist. If you don’t, look for another therapist with whom you feel more at ease.
• Approach therapy as a partnership. Therapy is most effective when you’re an active participant and share in decision-making. Make sure you and your therapist agree about the major issues and how to tackle them. Together, you can set goals and measure progress over time.
• Be open and honest. Success depends on willingness to share your thoughts, feelings and experiences, and to consider new insights, ideas and ways of doing things. If you’re reluctant to talk about certain issues because of painful emotions, embarrassment or fears about your therapist’s reaction, let your therapist know.
• Stick to your treatment plan. If you feel down or lack motivation, it may be tempting to skip psychotherapy sessions. Doing so can disrupt your progress. Try to attend all sessions and to give some thought to what you want to discuss.
• Don’t expect instant results. Working on emotional issues can be painful and may require hard work. You may need several sessions before you begin to see improvement.
• Do your homework between sessions. If your therapist asks you to document your thoughts in a journal or do other activities outside of your therapy sessions, follow through. These homework assignments can help you apply what you’ve learned in the therapy sessions to your life.
• If psychotherapy isn’t helping, talk to your therapist. If you don’t feel that you’re benefiting from therapy after several sessions, talk to your therapist about it. You and your therapist may decide to make some changes or try a different approach that may be more effective.
Sources: The Mayo Clinic, NAMI, NIH, NIMH
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression. TMS is typically used when other depression treatments haven’t been effective.
This treatment for depression involves delivering repetitive magnetic pulses, so it’s called repetitive TMS or rTMS.
How it works
During an rTMS session, an electromagnetic coil is placed against your scalp near your forehead. The electromagnet painlessly delivers a magnetic pulse that stimulates nerve cells in the region of your brain involved in mood control and depression. It’s thought to activate regions of the brain that have decreased activity in depression.
Though the biology of why rTMS works isn’t completely understood, the stimulation appears to impact how the brain is working, which in turn seems to ease depression symptoms and improve mood.
There are different ways to perform the procedure, and techniques may change as experts learn more about the most effective ways to perform treatments.
Why it’s done
Depression is a treatable condition, but for some people, standard treatments aren’t effective. Repetitive TMS is typically used when standard treatments such as medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy) don’t work.
Repetitive TMS is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation used for depression. Unlike vagus nerve stimulation or deep brain stimulation, rTMS does not require surgery or implantation of electrodes. And, unlike electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rTMS doesn’t cause seizures or require sedation with anesthesia.
Generally, rTMS is considered safe and well-tolerated. However, it can cause some side effects.
Common side effects
Side effects are generally mild to moderate and improve shortly after an individual session and decrease over time with additional sessions. They may include:
• Scalp discomfort at the site of stimulation
• Tingling, spasms or twitching of facial muscles
Your doctor can adjust the level of stimulation to reduce symptoms or may recommend that you take an over-the-counter pain medication before the procedure.
Uncommon side effects
Serious side effects are rare. They may include:
• Mania, particularly in people with bipolar disorder
• Hearing loss if there is inadequate ear protection during treatment
More study is needed to determine whether rTMS may have any long-term side effects.
What you can expect
Repetitive TMS is usually done in a doctor’s office or clinic. It requires a series of treatment sessions to be effective. Generally, sessions are carried out daily, five times a week for four to six weeks.
Your first treatment
Before treatment begins, your doctor will need to identify the best place to put the magnets on your head and the best dose of magnetic energy for you. Your first appointment typically lasts about 60 minutes.
Most likely, during your first appointment:
• You’ll be taken to a treatment room, asked to sit in a reclining chair and given earplugs to wear during the procedure.
• An electromagnetic coil will be placed against your head and switched off and on repeatedly to produce stimulating pulses. This results in a tapping or clicking sound that usually lasts for a few seconds, followed by a pause. You’ll also feel a tapping sensation on your forehead. This part of the process is called mapping.
• Your doctor will determine the amount of magnetic energy needed by increasing the magnetic dose until your fingers or hands twitch. Known as your motor threshold, this is used as a reference point in determining the right dose for you. During the course of treatment, the amount of stimulation can be changed, depending on your symptoms and side effects.
During each treatment
Once the coil placement and dose are identified, you’re ready to begin. Here’s what to expect during each treatment:
• You’ll sit in a comfortable chair, wearing ear plugs, with the magnetic coil placed against your head.
• When the machine is turned on, you’ll hear clicking sounds and feel tapping on your forehead.
• The procedure will last about 40 minutes, and you’ll remain awake and alert. You may feel some scalp discomfort during the treatment and for a short time afterward.
After each treatment
You can return to your normal daily activities after your treatment. Typically, between treatments, you can expect to work and drive.
If rTMS works for you, your depression symptoms may improve or go away completely. Symptom relief may take a few weeks of treatment.
The effectiveness of rTMS may improve as researchers learn more about techniques, the number of stimulations required and the best sites on the brain to stimulate.
After completion of an rTMS treatment series, standard care for depression ― such as medication and psychotherapy ― may be recommended as ongoing treatment.
It’s not yet known if maintenance rTMS sessions will benefit your depression. This involves continuing treatment when you are symptom-free with the hope that it will prevent the return of symptoms.
However, if your depression improves with rTMS, and then later you have another episode of symptoms, your rTMS treatment can be repeated. This is called re-induction. Some insurance companies will cover re-induction.
If your symptoms improve with rTMS, discuss ongoing or maintenance treatment options for your depression with your doctor.
Source: The Mayo Clinic
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure, done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental health conditions.
ECT often works when other treatments are unsuccessful and when the full course of treatment is completed, but it may not work for everyone.
Much of the stigma attached to ECT is based on early treatments in which high doses of electricity were administered without anesthesia, leading to memory loss, fractured bones and other serious side effects.
Why it’s done
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can provide rapid, significant improvements in severe symptoms of several mental health conditions. ECT is used to treat:
• Severe depression, particularly when accompanied by detachment from reality (psychosis), a desire to commit suicide or refusal to eat.
• Treatment-resistant depression, a severe depression that doesn’t improve with medications or other treatments.
• Severe mania, a state of intense euphoria, agitation or hyperactivity that occurs as part of bipolar disorder. Other signs of mania include impaired decision-making, impulsive or risky behavior, substance abuse, and psychosis.
• Catatonia, characterized by lack of movement, fast or strange movements, lack of speech, and other symptoms. It’s associated with schizophrenia and certain other psychiatric disorders. In some cases, catatonia is caused by a medical illness.
• Agitation and aggression in people with dementia, which can be difficult to treat and negatively affect quality of life.
ECT may be a good treatment option when medications aren’t tolerated or other forms of therapy haven’t worked. In some cases ECT is used:
• During pregnancy, when medications can’t be taken because they might harm the developing fetus
• In older adults who can’t tolerate drug side effects
• In people who prefer ECT treatments over taking medications
• When ECT has been successful in the past
Although ECT is generally safe, risks and side effects may include:
• Confusion. Immediately after treatment, you may experience confusion, which can last from a few minutes to several hours. You may not know where you are or why you’re there. Rarely, confusion may last several days or longer. Confusion is generally more noticeable in older adults.
• Memory loss. Some people have trouble remembering events that occurred right before treatment or in the weeks or months before treatment or, rarely, from previous years. This condition is called retrograde amnesia. You may also have trouble recalling events that occurred during the weeks of your treatment. For most people, these memory problems usually improve within a couple of months after treatment ends.
• Physical side effects. On the days of an ECT treatment, some people experience nausea, headache, jaw pain or muscle ache. These generally can be treated with medications.
• Medical complications. As with any type of medical procedure, especially one that involves anesthesia, there are risks of medical complications. During ECT, heart rate and blood pressure increase, and in rare cases, that can lead to serious heart problems. If you have heart problems, ECT may be more risky.
What you can expect
The ECT procedure takes about five to 10 minutes, with added time for preparation and recovery. ECT can be done while you’re hospitalized or as an outpatient procedure.
Before the procedure
To get ready for the ECT procedure:
• You’ll have general anesthesia. So you can expect dietary restrictions before the procedure. Typically, this means no food or water after midnight and only a sip of water to take any morning medications. Your health care team will give you specific instructions before your procedure.
• You may have a brief physical exam.This is basically to check your heart and lungs.
• You’ll have an intravenous (IV) line inserted. Your nurse or other team member inserts an IV tube into your arm or hand through which medications or fluids can be given.
• You’ll have electrode pads placed on your head. Each pad is about the size of a silver dollar. ECT can be unilateral, in which electric currents focus on only one side of the brain, or bilateral, in which both sides of the brain receive focused electric currents.
Anesthesia and medications
At the start of the procedure, you’ll receive these medications through your IV:
• An anesthetic to make you unconscious and unaware of the procedure
• A muscle relaxant to help minimize the seizure and prevent injury
You may receive other medications, depending on any health conditions you have or your previous reactions to ECT.
During the procedure:
• A blood pressure cuff placed around one ankle stops the muscle relaxant medication from entering your foot and affecting the muscles there. When the procedure begins, your doctor can monitor seizure activity by watching for movement in that foot.
• Monitors check your brain, heart, blood pressure and oxygen use.
• You may be given oxygen through an oxygen mask.
• You may also be given a mouth guard to help protect your teeth and tongue from injury.
Inducing a brief seizure
When you’re asleep from the anesthetic and your muscles are relaxed, the doctor presses a button on the ECT machine. This causes a small amount of electric current to pass through the electrodes to your brain, producing a seizure that usually lasts less than 60 seconds.
• Because of the anesthetic and muscle relaxant, you remain relaxed and unaware of the seizure. The only outward indication that you’re having a seizure may be a rhythmic movement of your foot if there’s a blood pressure cuff around your ankle.
• Internally, activity in your brain increases dramatically. A test called an electroencephalogram (EEG) records the electrical activity in your brain. Sudden, increased activity on the EEG signals the beginning of a seizure, followed by a leveling off that shows the seizure is over.
A few minutes later, the effects of the short-acting anesthetic and muscle relaxant begin to wear off. You’re taken to a recovery area, where you’re monitored for any potential problems. When you wake up, you may experience a period of confusion lasting from a few minutes to a few hours or more.
Series of treatments
In the United States, ECT treatments are generally given two to three times weekly for three to four weeks — for a total of six to 12 treatments. Some doctors use a newer technique called right unilateral ultrabrief pulse electroconvulsive therapy that’s done daily on weekdays.
The number and type of treatments you’ll need depend on the severity of your symptoms and how rapidly they improve.
You can generally return to normal activities a few hours after the procedure. However, some people may be advised not to return to work, make important decisions, or drive until one to two weeks after the last ECT in a series, or for at least 24 hours after a single treatment during maintenance therapy. Resuming activities depends on when memory loss and confusion are resolved.
Many people begin to notice an improvement in their symptoms after about six treatments with electroconvulsive therapy. Full improvement may take longer, though ECT may not work for everyone. Response to antidepressant medications, in comparison, can take several weeks or more.
No one knows for certain how ECT helps treat severe depression and other mental illnesses. What is known, though, is that many chemical aspects of brain function are changed during and after seizure activity. These chemical changes may build upon one another, somehow reducing symptoms of severe depression or other mental illnesses. That’s why ECT is most effective in people who receive a full course of multiple treatments.
Even after your symptoms improve, you’ll still need ongoing depression treatment to prevent a recurrence. Ongoing treatment may be ECT with less frequency, but more often, it includes antidepressants or other medications, or psychological counseling (psychotherapy).
Source: The Mayo Clinic | <urn:uuid:7690ff9b-b3f0-490a-84a2-6fd0f42427a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://markberepeterson.com/category/mental-health/mental-illness-treatments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.933158 | 8,406 | 2.828125 | 3 |
What is social marketing? Social marketing is a form of marketing, which seeks to create community within the user community. The term community is used broadly to refer to people or groups who share the same interests. The focus of this type of marketing is increasing the visibility and relevance of the users within the user community. It also attempts to establish and build trust in the users.
The primary aim of social marketing is to achieve “social good.” This is achieved by providing an experience which encourages the user to engage with the product or service. Traditional commercial advertising aims are mainly financial, although they can also have positive social impacts as well. In the case of public health, social media would promote general wellbeing, increase awareness about diseases and motivate individuals to take control of their life. Below we look at four PSH goals for an individual or company social media campaign.
The first of the four Ps for what is social marketing is to define and create a memorable symbol or brand. The purpose of creating a brand is to associate the product with a specific experience. This creates a bond between the user and the product, in a way that is non-obtrusive but powerful. Branding helps establish and support a positive reputation. For example, a video posted on YouTube can quickly gain more than a million views, driving the company exposure and helping create a positive reputation and influence.
The second of the four Ps for what is social marketing is to engage users. This requires that your marketing campaign and your target audience have become real, as opposed to an abstract concept. For instance, the use of a graphic image in a tweet may not be appreciated by everyone, but it can convey the desired message to those who do. A video may not be suitable for all types of internet users, but a well-designed commercial can be made to cater to any demographic.
The third of the four Ps for what is social marketing campaigns is to be consistent in the message you deliver. In other words, if the target audience already understands what is expected of them, then it is unnecessary to provide additional information or detail. Likewise, if your product or service is not valuable to the audience, then providing this information will have little benefit. Therefore, sticking to the same old thing and repeating it will help establish a better reputation.
The fourth of the four Ps for what is social marketing campaigns is to ensure that what is being offered is of value to the audience. In other words, customers want to know that they are getting something of real worth. Therefore, a great promotional method is to offer a product or service that solves a problem and thereby leaves the audience with a real good reason to buy or use the product or service. For example, a promotional campaign to raise money for a local cancer research center could feature a family doing a car wash for a benefit, which would provide much needed financial incentive for the audience.
The fifth of the four Ps for what is social marketing campaigns is to know the audience and what works for them. In other words, if an established marketing strategy is not working, then simply change it to incorporate social media marketing. There are many tools and platforms available to test and tweak anything you are doing online. In fact, even if a social media marketing campaign is not immediately effective, it can be used to improve the site’s popularity, which will lead to more audience visitors and more positive reviews.
Lastly, remember to reward customers who contribute to the success of a social marketing campaign. This can be done through various forms of payment including PayPal and Google Checkout. Also, consider adding a donation button to the site or donate information form, which allows viewers to leave their contact information. The more useful the donation bins and donation page became, the more likely that viewers will be motivated to contribute to your cause. | <urn:uuid:8f3f167f-44a5-409d-9ef7-19b9fcd4d5fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.globalbankingandfinance.com/5-great-tips-for-what-is-social-marketing-and-how-you-can-master-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.957955 | 771 | 2.28125 | 2 |
The Hebrew University student union has decided to allow segregation of men and women at the events it organizes. During such events, partitions would be erected in certain areas, with another area reserved for mixed participation. The union says this will allow religious students who wish for segregation to participate, without offending their religious beliefs. âThis is a continuation of our approach, which tries to show consideration and inclusion,â explains the union.
According to the rector of the university, Professor Barak Medina, the university authorities will have to approve such segregation on the campus. “Our overall policy remains unchanged,” he said. âUniversity events are not separated, by gender or by community. Segregation sends a hurtful message of exclusion, which is discriminatory.
Sources from the student union say it will be difficult to oppose segregation after it is officially recognized. A few years ago, a tumultuous session at the university law school student union ended with a decision not to allocate separate space for female students.
Under the sign of “the integration of religious populations” and “the promotion of egalitarian spaces as far as possible”, a conference organized by the student unions last week approved by a large majority a proposal to operate spaces separated for men and women, in addition to a common space. . In the explanatory comments on this decision, it was noted that there had recently been requests to allow participation in events by creating separate areas for men and women. The students said that without it they would not be able to participate in the events, which would reflect the fact that the student union was not representing them as well. The document states that allowing such segregation at events such as Students’ Day or during graduation celebrations is “an important step on the way to building bridges between different groups and the student union.” .
According to the decision, the establishment of separate areas would allow men and women to dance separately. The establishment of such zones would be based on technical considerations (such as limiting the number of participants), as well as examining the request for such segregation before each event. The union promises that if such zones are established, they will not be located in a central zone, there will be no enforcement at the entry points in these zones and gender equality will be maintained. Past experience shows that in publicly organized events where gender segregation was introduced, these principles were not respected. Other clauses stipulate that the character of the events would not be changed and that no event would take place for which there would be only one option of segregation. “This is not a precedent for the segregation of people in a public space, but a mark of consideration and establishment of links between unrepresented groups and the union,” said the document.
The agreement allowing the establishment of separate zones for men and women contradicts a 2016 resolution taken by the student union of the faculty of law, which stipulated that no barriers would be erected between men and women during the the faculty’s annual ball (this was a separate student union). Then the problem arose after some religious students requested a separate space for the dance, so that they could participate as well. The request was criticized by students and faculty alike, and the issue of segregation has not been raised since. Unlike the previous occasion, this decision mentions the erection of two separate areas for both sexes.
Professor David Enoch of the Hebrew University Law School criticized the student union’s decision. âSegregation has an impact on the flavor of an event and gives a clear message about the place of women in the public sphere,â he says. “Anyone who claims this is a trivial matter, showing consideration for a weak minority, should be suggested to consider a situation in which part of the area is allocated to Jews only, or couples only. heterosexual. Gender segregation in events, even if only partial, hurts all those who value gender equality. The “consideration” is always one-sided, and it is disappointing to see students, most of whom are apparently liberal, once again fall into the trap of this false rhetoric. ”
Senior university professors expressed unease over the student union’s decision, but noted that it was an autonomous body. According to the rector Medina, âit was a decision of principle which did not determine its modalities of implementation nor the events during which it would be operated. If and when the union asks to implement the decision at campus events, the university leadership will need to approve it. This issue has not yet been discussed. The university affirms that it does not interfere and is not a partner in the decisions taken by the student unions.
The student union says different events will be tailored to the needs of religious students, allowing the entire student body to participate. They added that each event will be assessed separately and that students who do not want segregation will not be affected. | <urn:uuid:4e24bdc1-b76c-4c92-8d53-debe2a38cfa4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mednet-students.org/hebrew-university-student-union-endorses-gender-segregation-at-events-israel-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.974997 | 989 | 2.03125 | 2 |
The city of Boise is the county seat of Ada County, in southwestern Idaho. It is also the state capital. Dry Creek Cemetery was established in 1865. With the 1990 addition of Syringa Gardens Cemetery, Dry Creek grew to its present size of 130 acres. The following 15,895 burials are recorded in the cemetery from 1865 until today. | <urn:uuid:52862ba7-bb24-40ec-9785-075dec46c631> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://idahogenealogy.com/cemeteries/dry-creek-cemetery-boise-idaho.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.981068 | 71 | 1.8125 | 2 |
The interplay of global and polar regimes
AbstractThe growing salience of interactions between the functionally broad but geographically narrow regimes for the polar regions and the geographically broad but functionally specific regimes emerging to deal with global environmental changes directs attention to the issue of institutional interplay. Interplay among regimes can cause mutual interference or foster synergy. Adopting a pragmatic stance that assumes no fundamental changes in international society, this essay suggests ways to: (1) adapt global regimes dealing with ozone depletion, climate change and biodiversity to the conditions prevailing in the polar regions; and (2) ensure that concerns arising in the polar regions receive serious consideration in global forums. Specific suggestions range from modest initiatives involving monitoring and assessment to more ambitious initiatives, such as the establishment of a chamber of regions in global regimes.
Authors contributing to Polar Research retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to the Norwegian Polar Institute. Read the journal's full Copyright- and Licensing Policy. | <urn:uuid:199a4514-d10e-401d-ae26-6738a1a46d9e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/2257 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.90072 | 196 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Luke 2:1-7 NIV
In those days Caesar Augustus issued a decree that a census should be taken of the entire Roman world. (This was the first census that took place while Quirinius was governor of Syria.) And everyone went to their own town to register.
So Joseph also went up from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to Bethlehem the town of David, because he belonged to the house and line of David. He went there to register with Mary, who was pledged to be married to him and was expecting a child. While they were there, the time came for the baby to be born, and she gave birth to her firstborn, a son. She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger, because there was no guest room available for them.
NIV: New International Version | <urn:uuid:c220db70-a2cb-48f1-be5b-98cc96c11e45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bible.com/bible/111/LUK.2.1-7.NIV | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.993871 | 174 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Methods 41419_2020_3173_MOESM1_ESM. The novel variables we could actually observe included results on the precise time to focus on cell killing, get in touch with times, and prospect of serial-killing by Compact disc8+ T cells. We discovered that inhibition of LAG3 with TSR-033 led to a significant upsurge in calcium fluctuations of CD8+ T cells in contact with dendritic cells. We also found that the combination of TSR-042 and TSR-033 appears to synergistically increase tumor cell killing and the single-cell level. This study provides a novel single-cell-based assessment of the effect these checkpoint inhibitors have on cellular relationships with CD8+ T cells. strong class=”kwd-title” Subject terms: Cancer models, Cellular imaging, Phenotypic screening, Immunotherapy, Malignancy immunotherapy Intro The checkpoint pathway is an integral component of the immune system, keeping self-tolerance FR194738 free base and avoiding unneeded swelling and cytotoxicity. It also presents a mechanism of immune evasion utilized by many cancers via high manifestation of checkpoint ligands, inducing exhaustion and anergy in cytotoxic immune cells that might normally identify and destroy the tumor cells1. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1) is currently probably the most well-characterized and recorded checkpoint receptor. PD1 and/or PDL1 inhibition offers resulted in impressive medical success in some patients, however, only a limited subset successfully responds to PD1 treatment only. The remainder of patients experiences little to no beneficial health results2,3. Several potential pathways have already been identified which should create a synergistic impact with PD-1 inhibition4,5. The lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) receptor facilitates yet another checkpoint pathway, and it is co-expressed with PD1 on T cells typically, and presents a significant target appealing for mixture therapy3,6C10. Two book antibodies had been previously created for the purpose of mixture therapy: TSR-042, an anti-PD1 antibody, and TSR-033, an anti-LAG3 antibody. Early pre-clinical studies show appealing efficiency for the healing potential of the two antibodies in tumor decrease in vivo in rats and raising Compact disc8+ T-cell secretory activity in vitro11. It really is unclear, however, if the tumor-killing seen in rats will be matched up in humans. There is certainly popular consensus that improved pre-clinical versions may lead to higher predictive FR194738 free base potential and better therapies in scientific trials. Pet versions result in confounding species-specific outcomes frequently, and in vitro lab tests for immunotherapies are targeted at quantifying supplementary final results such as for example cytokine discharge frequently, mass cell cytotoxicity or proliferation, and surface area marker evaluation10C12. Many in vitro lab tests cannot sensitively see tumor cell eliminating and immune system cell activation. Additionally, subpopulations of cells will screen trends that may be dropped in mass cell culture employed in regular in vitro strategies13. To get over this, cell pairing on the single-cell level offers a appealing technique14C18. Pairing focus on and effector cells in unbiased environments indeed supply the possibility to detect useful final results and kinetics (e.g., cell-cell get in touch with, cell killing, etc.). We have previously explained a single-cell droplet-based microfluidic platform allowing capture and time-lapse imaging of solitary cells or cell pairs to observe parameters such as cancer cell killing and synaptic contact between cells19C21. We here describe the use of our droplet-based single-cell platform assay to test the effects of TSR-042 and TSR-033 on several aspects of T lymphocyte anti-tumor functions. We analyzed calcium signaling of CD160 CD8+ T cells combined to dendritic cells to determine the antibodys effect on immune communication and T-cell activation. Additionally, we FR194738 free base tested the effect of TSR-042, TSR-033, and their combination on CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity and relationships with malignancy cells by co-encapsulation of T cells with two cell lines FR194738 free base of interest. MDA-MB-231 adenocarcinoma cells, a triple-negative breast tumor (TNBC) cell collection, and SKOV3, and ovarian malignancy cell line, were selected as both TNBC and ovarian malignancy are targets of interest for checkpoint inhibitor therapy but have shown inadequate medical success with PD1/PDL1 inhibition only22,23. To compare the predictivity of our advanced model to a standard in vitro model, additional cytotoxicity experiments were performed using a commercial 96 well LDH launch assay. Our results displayed an increase in calcium peak rate of recurrence in anti-LAG3-treated T cells. We also observed a significant increase in the cytotoxicity of T cells towards TNBC cells with anti-PD1 treatment that was further enhanced with the co-administration of antibodies, but a lack of increase in cytotoxicity towards ovarian malignancy cells. Importantly, this result did not emerge from standard in vitro assays. These findings support the potential of these antibodies as combination immunotherapy and focus on the potential of advanced assays for providing enabling. | <urn:uuid:db8a6b90-8bd4-485a-bf8b-5bd059537ebe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://studioinathens.com/%EF%BB%BFsupplementary-materialssupplementary-methods-41419_2020_3173_moesm1_esm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.926721 | 1,125 | 1.710938 | 2 |
If you have watched the progress of new ways of shopping, Click’n’Collect would surely have come to your attention and there is a good reason why it might be one of those shopping innovations that sticks.
Let’s imagine a typical shopping scenario where you head off to the store to select a product. You have a fair idea of what you want but you need to find out more, do some comparisons, and generally browse the aisles for what is available. That process will take you some time, perhaps valuable business time.
But let’s say you decide to browse online the night before. You go to a website, do your research, check the options, and make a decision. Then you check the websites Click’n’Collect button with the knowledge that you simply call in at the retailer the next day, pick up your goods without delay, and the job is done.
You can see why that is becoming a popular way of shopping. But how does that work at QVM? Does your business offer click’n’collect? Do you offer anything like that convenience? Remember that click'n'collect usually means paying in advance as well. Maybe this is a subject for your next discussion with a mentor. | <urn:uuid:d44335bd-d621-472d-83f3-0d7e0e237085> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.victraders.com/2018/12/convenience-is-kingor-queen.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.956261 | 259 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Ecology and sociotechnical systems research – motivations for theoretical and methodological integration across fields
Övrigt konferensbidrag, 2017
Currently, we are witnessing a number of global trends that do not promise well for the future. Accelerating climate change, loss of biodiversity, chemical pollution, disappearance of natural forest and degradation of fishing grounds and agricultural lands are just a few of the serious environmental problems that threaten the functional and structural integrity of ecosystems, to an extent that also human societies risk collapse. The scale of human impact is now such that scholars suggest that we live in the Anthropocene. The trends are driven by several linked factors, which are not easily disentangled into manageable specific problems to be solved by specific policies. More than ever, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaborations are needed in order to address these urgent challenges.
The objective of this paper is to argue for the importance of research on socio-technical-ecological systems (STES) rather than social-ecological (SES) and sociotechnical systems (STS) separately. Hence, we address researchers in both the social-ecological and sociotechnical fields. We organize the argument around six reasons why “technology” should be integrated into SES studies. We call these reasons: (1) the interface and mediation aspect, (2) ambivalence, (3) the agency aspect, (4) the question of scale, (5) the question of governance and politics, and (6) the question of epistemology and framing. We also highlight potential conceptual conflicts and mistranslations. Our discussion is primarily a theoretical argument, exemplified with empirical examples.
Among the conceptual challenges, we note that SES scholars, if they consider technology in their analyses, generally treat it as an exogenous factor or as a passive background element. Similarly, STS scholars tend to neglect ecological dynamics and refer to the ecological domain mainly in terms of inputs and outputs, e.g. natural resources, environmental and health problems caused by human activities. In light of the discussion, we conclude that the importance of collaborating across the two fields goes beyond each field adding pieces together. We argue that integration and translation across these domains will lead to qualitative change in the theoretical and methodological approaches of both fields; and that technology, society and ecology should be given symmetric analytical attention. | <urn:uuid:fddd7038-50dc-466f-9026-c859d1fc4dd4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://research.chalmers.se/publication/249320 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.915625 | 509 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Are the four madhhabs true only in the abstract?
Question: Some people are unable to fathom the validity of imitating another madhhab. One day I asked one of this kind of people, “Are the four madhhabs true?” He replied, “Of course, they are true.” I continued, “Well then, are they true only in the abstract?” He said, “No, they are true in reality.” I countered, “All right, if that is so, then why are you abstaining from imitating one of the Mâlikî or Shâfi’î Madhhab, both of which are also true, when you encounter a difficulty in an act of worship in the Hanafî Madhhab?” He answered, ”A man of religion said that it was not necessary, so I believed him.” Thereupon I said, ”It is necessary to believe in what dependable religious books write, not in what every man of religion says. If, while doing something in accordance with the madhhab you have been following, there arises a difficulty, if it causes you trouble and if you cannot find a way out in your own madhhab, you can imitate another madhhab.” Were what I said to him correct?
Yes, they were correct. Your explanations suffice for people who have knowledge and a real sense of fairness. Not every religious man’s words are held in high esteem. For example, some of them deny tasattur [covering oneself]; some of them state that music is halâl [permitted] and also say that one can sacrifice a cock in the name of qurbân; some of them claim that the prayer times are three, not five; some of them say to the owner of the religion, that is, to our Master, the Prophet (‘alaihissalâm) who was sent as rahmat-al-lil-‘âlamîn [the mercy and compassion to the worlds], “(Hâshâ) He was a postman, and his mission was completed. Now ONLY THE QUR’ÂN.” It is possible to increase the number of such examples. The religion has not come recently. Nor has it come incompletely. You have to refer to the four sources of Islam, i.e. adilla ash-Shar’iyya, and you must not be governed by what people say.
It is not an inconvenience at all
Question: As today’s Muslims, we have nearly no knowledge of fiqh; that is, we have so little. You are writing with proof-texts and documents that people who have filled or crowned teeth must imitate the Mâlikî or Shâfi’î Madhhab. In the same way, other people put forth proofs to the contrary. You, too, prove that those are wrong. However, we, who do not have knowledge of fiqh, do not understand much from those proof-texts and documents. Could you explain it to us logically?
In religious rules, where to refer to are 4 sources (i.e. adilla ash-Shar’iyya) of religion. For you, suffice it to say: Our four madhhabs are true. If we encounter difficulty in doing a thing in our own madhhab, we can carry out this thing by imitating one of those other madhhabs. Just as it is idiocy not to act with discretion in our worldly affairs, so it is idiocy not to act with discretion in our acts of worship.
In the Hanafî Madhhab, it is fard [obligatory] to wash inside the mouth in a ghusl [ritual washing]. If even a tiny part as large as a point of a pin is left dry, a ghusl will not be sahîh [valid]. For this reason, people who have filled teeth must imitate the Mâlikî or Shâfi’î Madhhab, both of which state that it is not fard to wash inside the mouth in a ghusl. If what we have conveyed were wrong, it would not do any harm to imitate another madhhab. What is more, we earn thawâb as a result of our observing another madhhab’s conditions. In fact, when Muslims perform the conditions in their own madhhab, if they also try to observe the conditions of another madhhab, it will be mustahab. If what we have conveyed in the Hanafî Madhhab were true, then people not believing this would remain junub [a person who needs a ghusl] during their lifetimes, and their namâzes [ritual prayers] would not be valid.
[mustahab: an act for which there is thawâb (blessing) and if omitted there is no sin.] | <urn:uuid:d7a994d1-9992-4ee6-b05f-ebdeae4efac4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://beliefandislam.com/are-the-four-madhhabs-true-only-in-the-abstract/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.970354 | 1,063 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Suppose a philosopher builds a system of ideas based on our mortality. It is the risk of dying, the vulnerability of all things in life, that allows us to find our lives meaningful and our life projects engaging. If we did not believe in the risk of dying and the vulnerability of all things in life, we would not care about anything at all. Therefore, we must believe what the system requires, in order to live meaningfully and be caring. In fact, everyone already believes what the system requires, argues the philosopher, even those who question it. They do it in practice, because they live committed and caring lives. This would be impossible if they did not believe what the system requires.
However, our mortality is more than a risk. It is a fact: we will die. Death is not just a possibility, something that can happen, a defeat we risk in our projects. What happens when we see the reality of death, instead of being trapped in the system’s doctrines about necessary conditions for the possibility of meaningful and committed lives? We can, of course, close our eyes and refuse to think more about it. However, we can also start thinking like never before. If I am going to die, I have to understand life before I die! I have to investigate! I have to reach clarity while I live!
In this examination of the starting point of the system, a freer thinking comes to life, which wonders rather than issues demands. What is it to live? Who am I, who say that I have a life? How did “I” and “my life” meet? Are we separate? Are we a unity? Is life limited by birth and death? Or is life extended, including the alternations between birth and death? What is life really? The small, which is limited by birth and death, or the large, which includes the alternations between birth and death? Or both at the same time? These are perhaps the first preliminary questions…
The mortality on which the system is based raises passionate questions about the concepts with which the system operates as if they had been carved in stone for eternity. It gives birth to a self-questioning life, which does not allow itself to be subdued by the system’s doctrines about what we must believe. Even the system itself is questioned, because the passion that animates the questioning is as great as the system would like to be.
However, if the questioning cares passionately about life, if mortality and vulnerability are part of the commitment – does the system thereby get in the last word?
(This post is inspired by Martin Hägglund’s book, This Life, which I recommend as a great stumbling stone for our time.)
We like challenging questions | <urn:uuid:7c76fb21-41aa-402e-8ee2-44fc74b456e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ethicsblog.crb.uu.se/2020/11/04/trapped-in-a-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.975519 | 565 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Using a new type of “vocal signature” technology that focuses on sound patterns rather than words in child vocalizations and baby talk, researchers in the US say they have proved in principle that it is possible to screen for autism spectrum disorders in young children; they also hope the new method will greatly enhance the study of language development because it can collect day-long recordings in children’s natural environments and automatically analyze the sound patterns considerably more cheaply and efficiently, compared to more traditional labor intensive methods.
The research behind these findings was led by Dr D. Kimbrough Oller, professor and chair of excellence in audiology and speech language pathology at the University of Memphis, and you can read an online report on it published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on 19 July.
Oller and colleagues said that LENA (Language Environment Analysis) was 86 per cent accurate in distinguishing very young children with autism.
The system can also distinguish among typically developing children, children with autism, and children with language delay, they said.
LENA relies on new “automatic acoustic analysis” technology to enable “large-scale statistical analysis of strategically selected acoustic parameters” in the sound recordings.
In this study, Oller and colleagues used LENA to analyze 1,486 all-day recordings made by 232 children (amounting to more than 3 million automatically identified utterances).
LENA is essentially a language processor and some analysis software. At the heart of the software is an algorithm that Oller and colleagues developed themselves, which recognizes 12 acoustic paramaters or distinct sound patterns associated with vocal development.
The processor fits in a pocket of specially designed children’s clothing and records all day long what the child says and the sounds it makes, and reliably distinguishes vocalizations (ie when the child talks or tries to talk) from cries, other voices and background noises.
The participant children came from families whose parents responded to an advertisement asking for volunteers to take part in the study. When they signed up, the parents indicated whether their children had been diagnosed with autism or language delay. The project also offered parents of children with language delay or autism further independent evaluations by speech-language clinicians who were not linked to the research; the parents sent in the clinician’s reports to the researchers.
The all-day recordings started in 2006 and took place in natural home environments when the parents switched on the recorders that were already in the pockets of the children’s specially made clothing.
Oller and colleagues found that the most important of the 12 acoustic parameters turned out to be ones that targeted the ability of children to produce well-formed syllables (syllabification), by moving the jaw and tongue rapidly during vocalization. Babies start doing this when they are a few months old, and improve the skill as they get older and learn to talk.
The researchers found that the sound samples from the autistic children showed little evidence of development of syllabification, in that the relevant acoustic parameters did not change much as the children got older (from 1 year to 4 years). This compared with statistically significant development with age of all 12 parameters for both typically developing children and those with language delays.
Oller and colleagues concluded that this was a proof of concept that a method like LENA that uses automatic analysis of huge samples of vocalization recordings can make a valuable contribution to the field of vocal development research.
Scientists have been studying the presence and absence of speech aberrations in children with autism spectrum disorders for over 20 years, but to date, standard criteria for their diagnosis have excluded vocal characteristics, said co-author Dr Steven F. Warren, professor of applied behavioral science and vice provost for research at the University of Kansas.
Among the first scientists to see the potential of a method like LENA in screening for autism, Warren told the press that:
“A small number of studies had previously suggested that children with autism have a markedly different vocal signature, but until now, we have been held back from using this knowledge in clinical applications by the lack of measurement technology.”
In their background information, Warren, Oller and colleagues described the traditional, laborious way that scientists study vocal development and its role in language, and compared it with the automatic, fast process of a system like LENA. In the traditional method, human transcribers and analysts code and take measurements from small recorded samples, whereas LENA is completely automated, “with no human intervention”, they wrote, “allowing efficient sampling and analysis at unprecedented scales”.
Warren said that a tool like LENA, which collects and analyzes unimaginable quantities of data relatively cheaply, will make a huge impact in the fields of language research and behavioral science, and also in areas like screening, assessment and treatment of autism.
Also, because the technology analyzes sound patterns and not words, in theory it could screen for autism in any speaker, regardless of the languages they speak.
“The physics of human speech are the same in all people as far as we know,” said Warren.
Currently in the US, the median age of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children is 5.7 years: with this kind of technology it could be brought down to 18 months, suggested Warren.
“This technology could help pediatricians screen children for ASD to determine if a referral to a specialist for a full diagnosis is required and get those children into earlier and more effective treatments,” he added.
LENA could also be used as a way to help parents to supplement language enrichment therapy at home, said Warren. For example, they could use it to assess for themselves how well their interventions were working, he explained.
“Automated vocal analysis of naturalistic recordings from children with autism, language delay, and typical development.”
D. K. Oller, P. Niyogi, S. Gray, J. A. Richards, J. Gilkerson, D. Xu, U. Yapanel, and S. F. Warren.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Published online before print 19 July 2010.
Additional source: Univesrity of Kansas.
Written by: Catharine Paddock, PhD | <urn:uuid:20c1ec77-5606-4719-8866-daa784b246fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/195465 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.955957 | 1,301 | 3.296875 | 3 |
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