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A phenomenon has appeared on the market recently. This product contains black and white pages, which display patterns and sketches, waiting for color to flood their forms.
Coloring books. Geared toward adults. Simple, beautiful, childlike.
Remember grasping a new crayon? Feeling the gentle pressure of your hand to the page? The surge of pleasure at the sight of an exotic color in the box? The surge of coloring book sales indicates that we are yearning to experience this joy again.
Since we left our childhood, we have roamed in search of replacements for our playthings. We sold our stuffed animals and bought responsibilities. We left our building blocks, and gained stuffy desks and tight shoes. We forsook the tea sets and Tonka trucks, and tackled tax forms and paycheck stubs.
We forgot to bring our wonder with us into adulthood.
A quick Google search of the word, “wonder”, provides us with a straightforward definition. Wonder: a feeling of surprise mingled with admiration, caused by something beautiful, unexpected, unfamiliar, or inexplicable.
As we grow older, we often only associate with familiar faces, try to live up to what people expect of us, and focus on the negative. We are boxed in by our own restrictions. Our necks suffer from looking at our phones. Our minds ache with the influx of pointless information from the Internet. Our faces are pinched with the strain of bills, kids, jobs, education, and the economy of the world. William Wordsworth, a poet in the late 1700’s to early 1800’s, penned the words:
“The world is too much with us; late and soon,
Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers;—
Little we see in Nature that is ours;
We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon.”
I commiserate with Mr. Wordsworth. Our hearts are hard and chipped and ragged. We know how to criticize and cut each other down. We are strong in condemnation and weak in admiration. One need only listen to the politicians debating to understand that we are masters at undermining and defeating each other. The news only focuses on the horrible things humans attempt to afflict on other humans. Indeed, we have drifted far from Eden.
In the beginning, God moved upon the waters, and the Spirit brought life to all creation. The dance began as God wove together animals, put the stars in place, and formed Adam from the dust. Creativity, inspiration, and joy abounded. Energy burst forth in sparks that resounded all through the earth. Then, God rested to enjoy His work. To sit in wonder at it.
The wonder of Eden beckons us.
Deep in our souls, we know we were made to experience more than a dusty office or dim warehouse of work.
When I was 15 years old, we lived next door to an elderly couple in our small village in Germany. Johann taught my brother, David, and I to plant a garden. We watched lettuce, carrots, and sunflowers grow. Yet we could never master tomatoes quite like Johann. His plants always produced bright-red, plumb tomatoes that popped in your mouth. More than once, I observed Johann bend over the plants, his white hair frizzed out and waving in the wind, and sneak a cherry tomato in his mouth. He would close his eyes as though in prayer. A small smile would form on his lips. Fresh produce enchanted him.
I learned to marvel at tomatoes from Johann.
These days, I’m marveling over a few ideas, people, and experiences I’ve had in my life. I’m tired of the dry, stagnant life I’ve been enduring, so I’m opening my eyes a little wider to peer at the wonders around me.
Here’s what I’m in awe of:
In the plaza across the street from my work, the trees are shooting forth green buds, awakening to life from winter’s death grip.
When I climb stairs, my heart rhythmically beats a steady, “Thump, thump, thump.”
Every 35 days, the outer layer of my skin replaces itself. I’m like a human version of a snake. (Actually every human does. Sit with that for a while.)
When a meal is served, and people gather to eat, a divine connection happens. Energy is exchanged. Ideas are hashed out. Opinions are heard. Common grace abounds. I love sitting at a table, watching this kind of scene unfold before me.
When I remove my headphones during a walk or run, the earth rumbles and sings. “The heavens declare the glory of the Lord,” the Psalmist wrote. I can hear it whenever I unclog my ears and learn to listen. If there are such beautiful sights and magnificent sounds found in this part of the 4 percent of the known universe, what other mysteries are waiting to be observed in the 96 percent that we haven’t explored?
On a bus ride home, a few weeks ago, a young teenager picked up the cane of a disabled man when the cane had fallen to the floor of the bus. The young man didn’t have to help, but he acted swiftly and graciously, as though he was heeding an inner voice of good. I gratefully observed his kindness and hoped for a better future with more selfless acts.
Chances for wonder are springing up all around me.
The other evening, my son Rafael donned a cape, made by his grandma, and ran the length and breadth of our house continually for a long time. The cape billowed behind him, a grin split his face, and he crowed, “Ohhhhh!!!!” as loud as his lungs could muster. For him, all that existed in that moment was the excitement of moving his limbs, the hilarity found in a piece of cloth sewn by his grandma, and the sound of his own giggles.
Despite life’s brevity and hardships, we can learn to revel in the moment. We must reevaluate what truly matters. Emails, texts, Facebook, Twitter, chores—all of these can wait for a short time while we regain our balance. Our spirits need the breath of fresh air, blown in by the God of love and creativity and laughter.
Look up and see the world. It’s good, very good. The Creator said so Himself.
Go. Find your experience with wonder.
Don’t forget to bring a coloring book.
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In the year 70 AD a physician named Pedanius Dioscorides published a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine. “Within his papers is a detailed description of the use of juniper berries steeped in wine to combat chest ailments,”. 1600 years later, the Dutch began producing a spirit called “genever.” It essentially consisted of a malt wine base and a healthy amount of juniper berries to mask its harsh flavor. It was, of course, a “medicinal” liquid like its predecessors. By the 1700s, however, it had taken on a new form: Gin.
Anyone who has read a few of my posts on here may have noticed that I do occasionally mention a love of gin. However, one has to be very careful about this. For my part I do not consider myself to be remotely close to being an alcoholic! My taste for gin extends to approximately 1 or at most 2 double G &Ts a week – some weeks even less than that! So, for the moment at least, I don’t think I am in any danger of over doing it.
History, however takes a different view. The first known written use of the word ‘gin’ appears in a 1714 book called ‘The Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices, Publick Benefits’ by Bernard Mandeville. He wrote, ‘The infamous liquor, the name of which deriv’d from Juniper-Berries in Dutch, is now, by frequent use… shrunk into a Monosyllable, intoxicating Gin.’ The suggestion is that the British were too drunk to pronounce genever so they abbreviated the word to ‘gen,’ which eventually gets anglicized to the word that we use today.”
The beginnings of choral music are a little less clear. Some would say the earliest examples date back to Ancient Greece. The Delphic Hymns of the 2nd century BC survive in reasonable fragments. Recent scholarship has shown it likely they were both written for performance at the Athenian Pythaides in 128 BCE.
The earliest masses, such as the four-part setting by the 14th-century French composer Guillaume de Machaut, were intended for soloists. Although choirs existed throughout Europe in the Middle Ages, their role was restricted to unison singing of plainchant. Polyphony was the exclusive preserve of soloists.
700 years later and some might argue that singing was enjoying its most popular period ever. Some research carried out in 2019 suggested that singing in a choir was the most popular past time in the UK, second only to sport. Similarly, according to data from Kantar’s Worldpanel division, gin is officially the nation’s favourite spirit (having overtaken whisky) – over a quarter of the population have purchased Gin (including flavoured/gin liqueurs) in the last 12 months, up from just over 10%.
Whether these two statistics are in any way interchangeable I will leave you to decide for yourself. With 2020 already being a very challenging year for singers, I am not suggesting you should swap your choir for a gin bar. However, if we have learnt anything from recent events, it is that life is there for the taking. Even in these very challenging circumstances, it is important to keep enjoying things where you can. Just remember, sing responsibly!
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FWC Presents Draft For Black Bass Management Plan
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) staff will introduce a concept for a new black bass management plan on Oct. 26.
Reporter: Press Release
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Press Release:
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) staff will introduce a concept for a new black bass management plan on Oct. 26 at the Florida Freshwater Fishing Coalition meeting in Orlando. The plan addresses the long-term needs of this group of sport fish, which includes Florida largemouth, shoal, spotted and Suwannee basses.
Black bass are the most popular recreational fish in the world. In Florida, they provide 822,000 anglers over the age of 16 with 14.7 million days of healthy outdoor recreation and generate more than a billion dollars in economic impact for Florida, according to the 2006 National Survey of Hunting, Fishing and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
The FWC seeks public input at the unveiling of the draft plan. The meeting starts at 9 a.m. in the Orlando Bass Pro Shop’s conference room during the inaugural meeting of the Florida Freshwater Fishing Coalition. FLFFC is a partnership of freshwater fishery organizations and anglers, representing a cross-section of businesses, nonprofits and individuals, who have a stake in ensuring the future of Florida’s outstanding freshwater fisheries. Collectively, they want to learn about and discuss lake management issues, fisheries data and research, so they can provide an informed voice to achieve the coalition’s vision. Their mission is “To serve as a coalition of freshwater fishery organizations and anglers to protect our rights by providing representation in Florida government on pertinent issues that affect recreation and conservation.” For more information, visit www.FLFFC.org.
“The FLFFC is ecstatic to be able to discuss Florida’s black bass management plan with the FWC at our inaugural meeting. The FLFFC and its partners are faced with many issues, including access, habitat protection and water quality,” said Todd Kersey, FLFFC President. “We feel developing a plan to protect the most popular fish in Florida will go a long way in helping these issues and preserving the state’s title as “Fishing Capital of the World,” which is critical to Florida economy.”
The FWC’s Black Bass Management Plan will ultimately provide the blueprint to ensure Florida’s recognition as “The Bass Capital of the World,” said Darrell Scovell, FWC’s director of the Division of Freshwater Fisheries Management.
If you’re interested in representing a fishery-dependent business or organization or are an avid angler with time to commit to helping the coalition, please visit www.FLFFC.org to reserve a seat and to provide input and guidance to the FWC on this comprehensive and innovative new plan. During the afternoon session, FWC staff will host a round table forum to solicit stakeholders’ thoughts, reactions, ideas and suggestions to help craft the final draft that will be presented to FWC commissioners in December.
The public also may provide input at www.MyFWC.com/fishing. Sign up for the FWC’s stakeholder newsletter “FWC 4-1-1” by selecting “Contact FWC” and then “FWC 4-1-1” from the left-side pop up menu.
Till next time tight lines and good fishing….
Posted From BASSonline Staff Writer
BassOnline.com / 888-829-BASS
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First 30 by Joe Mullich, AmericanWay Magazine, 11/15/94.
HTML conversion by Farokh Irani <email@example.com>
- Your stationery is more cluttered than Warren Beatty's address book. The letterhead lists a fax number, e-mail addresses for two on-line services, and your Internet address, which spreads across the breadth of the letterhead and continues to the back. In essence, you have conceded that the first page of any letter you write is letterhead.
- You have never sat through an entire movie without having at least one device on your body beep or buzz.
- You need to fill out a form that must be typewritten, but you can't because there isn't one typewriter in your house -- only computers with laser printers.
- You think of the gadgets in your office as "friends," but you forget to send your father a birthday card.
- You disdain people who use low baud rates.
- When you go into a computer store, you eavesdrop on a salesperson talking with customers -- and you butt in to correct him and spend the next twenty minutes answering the customers' questions, while the salesperson stands by silently, nodding his head.
- You use the phrase "digital compression" in a conversation without thinking how strange your mouth feels when you say it.
- You constantly find yourself in groups of people to whom you say the phrase "digital compression." Everyone understands what you mean, and you are not surprised or disappointed that you don't have to explain it.
- You know Bill Gates' e-mail address, but you have to look up your own social security number.
- You stop saying "phone number" and replace it with "voice number," since we all know the majority of phone lines in any house are plugged into contraptions that talk to other contraptions.
- You sign Christmas cards by putting :-) next to your signature.
- Off the top of your head, you can think of nineteen keystroke symbols that are far more clever than :-).
- You back up your data every day.
- Your wife asks you to pick up some minipads for her at the store and you return with a rest for your mouse.
- You think jokes about being unable to program a VCR are stupid.
- On vacation, you are reading a computer manual and turning the pages faster than everyone else who is reading John Grisham novels.
- The thought that a CD could refer to finance or music rarely enters your mind.
- You are able to argue persuasively the Ross Perot's phrase "electronic town hall" makes more sense than the term "information superhighway," but you don't because, after all, the man still uses hand-drawn pie charts.
- You go to computer trade shows and map out your path of the exhibit hall in advance. But you cannot give someone directions to your house without looking up the street names.
- You would rather get more dots per inch than miles per gallon.
- You become upset when a person calls you on the phone to sell you something, but you think it's okay for a computer to call and demand that you start pushing buttons on your telephone to receive more information about the product it is selling.
- You know without a doubt that disks come in five-and-a- quarter-and three-and-a-half-inch sizes.
- Al Gore strikes you as an "intriguing" fellow.
- You own a set of itty-bitty screw-drivers and you actually know where they are.
- While contemporaries swap stories about their recent hernia surgeries, you compare mouse-induced index-finger strain with a nine-year-old.
- You are so knowledgeable about technology that you feel secure enough to say "I don't know" when someone asks you a technology question instead of feeling compelled to make something up.
- You rotate your screen savers more frequently than your automobile tires.
- You have a functioning home copier machine, but every toaster you own turns bread into charcoal.
- You have ended friendships because of irreconcilably different opinions about which is better -- the track ball or the track *pad*.
- You understand all the jokes in this message. If so, my friend, technology has taken over your life. We suggest, for your own good, that you go lie under a tree and write a haiku. And don't use a laptop.
- You email this message to your friends over the net. You'd never get around to showing it to them in person or reading it to them on the phone. In fact, you have probably never met most of these people face-to-face.
- You convert this into HTML and put it up on your Web Server, which you run for fun.
(Now that wouldn't be true life, would it?)
Farokh's Humor Page | Farokh's Rest Area
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- Published: August 6, 2022
- Updated: August 6, 2022
- University / College: University of Calgary
- Level: College
- Language: English
- Downloads: 7
of the of the of the Is Mill Your Cup of Tea? QUESTION: Why didn’t he, say, found the idea of democracy on religion instead? ANSWER: Mill founded the idea of democracy over religion because according to his instance of democracy every individual possessed sovereignty of his particular rights and was not to be harmed by any other person or thought or action. While Christianity and many other religions emphasize upon the sovereignty of God and maintain the principle that if any one slaps you on one side of your face then the other side should also be put in front of that person. This thought is not encouraged by Mill. Mill stresses that injustice should not be done with an individual at any cost and if it is not his fault in a particular scenario then he should never be unjustly treated. QUESTION: But, irrespective of its factual inaccuracy, what about the claim itself? Why does Mill say his first principles are a better basis for democracy than Christian (or any other religion’s) principles? ANSWER: Mill Argues that his principles of democracy are better than those of any other religion including Christianity because he maintains the notion of the preservation of sanctity of rights for each being as an individual and a society as a whole. Mill emphasizes that as long as an individual does not harm another person or things around himself it is okay for him to exercise whatever he wants to do. QUESTION: But what about unpopular minority viewpoints or the viewpoints of (oftentimes obnoxious) nonconformists? Mill in fact states that there are at least 4 good reasons why their views (despite being noxious) should be given a fair hearing. What are these 4 reasons? ANSWER: If all mankind is at one side and a single individual is on the other, then either the man would be so powerful that he would overpower the rest of the world with his thought or would otherwise get crushed by their thought paradigm. The disadvantage of putting a certain viewpoint to silence would result in the following scenario: Either the point of view being silenced be correct or would be incorrect. If it is incorrect then the benefit of truth would not be delivered to that person since he would forcefully be silenced. On the other hand, if the viewpoint that has been silenced is true in nature then this would be an act of depriving an entire race of mankind with the truth that could so very rightfully be delivered to them. Truth can never be suppressed on the whole. It would always re-emerge despite multiple silencing attempts in one form or the other. Being heretic opens mind and assists mental development. Those practicing otherwise never got to escape their behavior. Another reason why non conformists should be listened to is personal intellect makes a person a great thinker. Great thinkers are often only in minorities. By hearing others’ point of view and pondering over it actually leads towards great thinking. QUESTION: Mill wants to place restrictions upon the state. But what kinds of restrictions? Would he think laws against private gun ownership are consistent with a liberal democracy? Would he think laws against gay marriage are consistent with a liberal democracy? Would he think laws against drunk driving are consistent with a liberal democracy? Would he think laws that mandate seat belts while operating an automobile are consistent with a liberal democracy? Although Mill doesn’t address these questions specifically in ‘ On Liberty’ (he’s writing in the pre-automobile age!), you should be able to have a pretty good idea why he answers with an unqualified _____!!!! To each and every question above. What do you think? Would he answer YES to them all? Or NO to them all? (It really is all or nothing here.) What is the basis for you selecting either YES or NO? (Just to be clear: I’m not asking you whether YOU think these are good laws or not; I’m asking whether you think MILL thinks these are good or bad laws. Once we get Mill sorted out, then you can go back to the drawing board in terms of your own thoughts on the matter.) ANSWER: In my opinion Mill would have the following respective instances about each of the questions asked above: Mill would think that laws against private gun ownership are not in line with a liberal democracy. He would say that it should be permissible for every individual to privately own a gun so as to protect himself the possible threat of harm being caused to him by oppressors or unjust people. Mill would believe that laws against gay marriages should not be there. He wanted to emphasize that as long as an individual’s actions do not harm others around him he should be permitted to execute them. Thus, according to Mill Laws against Gay marriages are not in line with liberal democracy. Laws against drunken driving would definitely be considered in line with liberal democracy. This is because drunk driving may result in the possible injury of not only the individual himself but also of many others. A drunk driver may hit his car to others on the road and may even harm other sitting with him in the vehicle. This there should be no means by which drunk driving should be permitted. Laws that mandate seat belts are not consistent with liberal democracy because they do not safeguard the safety of the individual himself. Liberal democracy, according to Mill, emphasizes that one should not be restricted by scuffling him in seat belts. One’s sanctity should be given utmost priority. Thus mandatory wearing of seat belts is not in line with liberal democracy. Thus the answer to all put questions in a unified NO! WORKS CITED: Mill S. John, “ On Liberty”. 1859. Web. September 14, 2011. Cave Peter, “ Birthday Special: John Stuart Mill”. 2006. Web. September 14, 2011. Democracy Web. “ Majority Rule/Minority Rights: Essential Principles.” n. d. Web. September 14, 2011 Todd Robert. “ Chapter One-Critical Thinking.” 2004. Web. September 14, 2011. White, T. J. “ The non-Conformist’s Bible” December 04, 2004. Web. September 14, 2011.
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Over the years, people have said a lot of things about the French. Good or bad, we know this next one is true: they know how to relax!
Did you know that most French employees get six weeks of paid vacation? Four weeks if they’re less lucky.
What would you do if you had a month of paid vacation every year? Heck, what if you even had two weeks? They know what they’re doing in France.
Want to go see what all the French fuss is about? It’s not all about the Eiffel tower. There’s gorgeous French countryside all over the nation you won’t want to miss.
Which five places are a must-see and a must camp? Learn below.
Why Vacation in France
Coming off this World Cup win, France is an exciting place to be. Current news aside, the costs of visiting France aren’t as bad as you’d think.
Food is cheaper, public transport is extensive, and camping is cheap anyways. Take your low-cost food and freshly baked bread to one of these campsites.
Le Garangeorie: The Vendee
In west-central France, there’s a classic campsite not unlike those you’ll find in the States. A pool, campsite amenities and wide open spaces make this a beautiful place to spend a few nights.
For day trips, it’s an hour drive away from the famous French theme park Puy du Fou. It’s not what you expect with roller coasters, though.
It’s a historical theme park, with reenactments, races, and role-playing actors. You will need to know some French to fully understand, but you’ll get the basic ideas from the demonstrations and body language.
It’s not typically for American tourists, so it’s not subbed in English like other French attractions. Be nice and apologetic that you don’t speak the language, the French take intense English in high school. Just don’t walk up to them, yell English, and expect them to want to help.
Chateau de Marais
Want to experience classic France castles and countryside beauty? Check out the Chateau de Marais campsite in the Loire valley.
The Loire (luh-Wahr) valley is where you’ll find all the most famous storybook castles. The Chateau de Chambord is closest and you’ll recognize it from pictures.
It’s the one built over a river with arches reflected below. It’s said to have inspired Marlinspike Hall from the French Comic Tintin. There’s Tintin information along with historical exhibits inside.
You’ll also find vineyards in this region, so don’t be afraid to stop at a “cave” or wine cellar. This is a high tourist area, so you can expect a good level of English.
Again, be kind about it-you’re in their country, you’re the guest!
The campsite of Chateau des Marais itself is very high-class, with waterslides and pools galore.
They have restaurants, bars, and even a spa. Laundry on site and other amenities will make you feel like you’re living the luxe French life.
Long, long ago in the 1500s, Louis the 14th moved the court of France from Paris to just outside. The first Parisian palace is now the Louvre, along with a few government offices.
He decided to move out to the country because the hustle and bustle of the city weren’t luxurious enough for him. This is the French King who ruled right before the revolution. His death put Louis the 15th and Marie Antoinette in power.
Anyways, you can camp out by the historic French Palace, called Versailles. It’s about a twenty-minute train ride out of Paris, with easy public transportation.
You may want to rent a car to bring camping supplies, but it’s doable with camping backpacks.
Not into tents? You can rent little cabins or use a portable camper. This little site has a pool, bar, and restaurant with board games you can rent.
Horses are on site for those with equestrian interests. It’s historical – though we can’t promise the horses are that old. The stables are where the King used to keep his royal horses!
Le Ranolien, Brittany
If you’re into World War Two history, the north of France is a good place to go. Close to Normandy, Brittany is a province with gorgeous (but cold) beaches.
One of those is Le Ranolien. It looks straight out of a storybook, with rock formations and moss growing right into the water. In some places you’ll find coves that look like Irish moors, in others, it’s all white sand.
Depending on which way you walk, the coastal path from your campsite has the marks of weapons from the second world war. These are very historic bullet holes!
Don’t forget to visit the famous sea-side resort Perros Guirec while you’re there. It’s a good day trip and you need to see the pink granite rock formations!
The campsite itself has a small pool, a restaurant, a spa, and a playground. They host activities and offer a range of entertainment options.
Click here to learn more about Brittany’s WW2 involvement in this beautiful French town.
Sunelia L’escale Saint Gilles
If you aren’t thrilled by rocky Ranolien, check out this other Brittany campsite. You’ll fall in love with its fishing village like feels.
Don’t miss four pm at the harbor, the fishing boats race each other to port and it’s a sight to see!
Camping with Family in France
The best camping tip we can give you about France is to learn some key phrases. Excuse me, do you speak English is a good place to start.
Phonetically, you say – Pardon, ESS-Kuh Voo Parlay Anglay? That one’s on us. The rest you can learn from any French phrase book.
The people in France rely on tourism, so they’re happy to have you – if you’re a good guest!
Check out other vacation tips compiled especially for dentists on our blog.
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The past five years have been filled with news that progressive web apps (PWAs) are either the future of the Internet, or they are as dead as a doornail. The truth is somewhat less sensational than that, as it turns out.
PWAs have an excellent niche that is slowly growing. Emergen Research puts their market cap at over $10 billion by 2027. Not bad. And by tracking how often progressive web app ‘service workers’ are being invoked in a popular browser like Chrome, we get some idea of the percentage of sites that are making use of PWA tech, in whole or in part.
For anyone who does not speak ‘graph’, that represents around 19% of Chrome page loads invoking a service worker. Knowing that PWAs really are a growing market, we can now examine what makes them interesting, and how they are implemented.
What Is a Progressive Web App?
Simply put, a progressive web app has the simplicity of an app, without the need for an app store download. Instead, it works within an existing web browser. It does not require separate bundling or distribution, it responds rapidly, and the same version of the app’s code will work across multiple operating systems and devices.
Some seasoned programmers might shudder, thinking about the old days of cross-platform code; also known as Java. But PWAs are fairly spry, making use of service workers and web app manifests to run standard, browser-friendly code.
The advantages are clear: No need to maintain a bunch of different code bases for iOS, Android, and Windows. No need to mess with app stores unless that is desirable. And a clean, responsive interface that is largely the same between all supporting web browsers.
Progressive Web Apps - What Is Their Business Impact?
Because PWAs are more rapidly developed, and maintaining their codebase is so much simpler than traditional cross-platform apps, there are a lot of business models that they fit into.
One popular role of progressive web apps is ‘made to order’ productivity applications, particularly for small and medium-sized businesses. If, for example, a business needed a cut-down version of a shared accounting and inventory platform, that could be quite easily done. Within a year, they are likely to save money when compared to the big subscription services.
Another is self-contained helper apps that use an affiliate model. For example, a fast, simple mortgage calculator could then ask the user if they want to get comparative quotes, and the owner would take a small percentage of every referred sale. The same would be true for insurance calculators. And a variation on the theme might be something that suggests fishing sites in the user’s area, and makes their money off of the Amazon affiliate program (or a chain of pro shops, etc.) by selling the correct gear and lures for the typical game fish in the area.
The common theme here is: Fast simplicity that works on any device. Whether the business is making its money off of custom design fees, code tailoring and maintenance, or offering a free service with an affiliate or sales backend, they’re delivering what the user wants: Money and time savings as the progressive web app delivers the level of information management that they require.
The Future of Progressive Web Apps
The ability to offer ‘lite’ versions of traditionally complex web subscription services means that there are a lot of verticals to explore. Starbucks, Uber, and Spotify might have their particular PWA niches sewn up, but there is a lot of room in other industries. Fashion, travel, retail, sports, gambling, productivity, and even games (such as the addictive ‘2048’ PWA) have plenty of room for PWA innovation.
The simplicity of a browser interface means that no matter how devices evolve in the near future, there’s likely to be a role for progressive web apps. There are already experiments with incorporating real-world web browser displays in the wildly popular VR chat rooms. Virtual Market 4 allowed VR users to touch a product on the web, and bring up a 3D image of it in their environment. That product, such as a couch, could then be used or modelled by the avatars in the simulation. When they were done with it, a simple click on the virtual browser made the product vanish.
But PWA applications for future user interfaces do not even need to be that complex. Augmented Reality (AR) already allows for enhanced browser-based interfaces that work with real or virtual touch-screen controls. Progressive web apps will seamlessly operate in such an environment.
The growth numbers over the last five years are certainly no fluke. Expect progressive web apps to make up a significant chunk of commercial web space for many years to come.
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Diabetic cats are becoming dangerously more common. As nearly 60% of cats are overweight, eating a bad diet, and more cats are older, increasingly cats cannot produce enough insulin to manage the glucose levels in their blood.
You are a crucial part of the journey back to health after a vet diagnoses your cat with diabetes. Diabetic cats can live long and happy lives with a proper diet and timely medications. This article offers a guide on how to feed the diabetic cat, including the best food for diabetic cats.
Diabetic Cats: Why Do Cats Get Diabetes?
The exact cause of diabetes is still largely unknown, but obesity appears to be a major risk factor. We do not know for sure that a bad diet is a factor, but it likely does play. Other factors include medical conditions such as hyperthyroidism or Cushing’s disease.
However, we find that diet is linked to most conditions related to diabetic cats.
As more cats are inactive house cats, and many owner free feed their felines, obesity is certainly on the rise in cats. However, we sometimes overlook one factor in feline obesity:
Are pet food companies making our cats fat?
Pet nutrition guides often point out that cats and dogs naturally regulate their own food intake to meet their energy needs. Some experts suggest that in a natural environment, pets will even select foods for the specific nutrients they need most.
The issue is that, like humans, companies fill processsed food with palatants or flavors like animal digest, and fats. The high fat content in cat food and all the additives that make it enticing, encourages cats and dogs to eat more than they need.
If you are looking for help with your overweight cat, you can read our article here.
However, other conditions can cause diabetic cats. But if we take a closer look we can see that these conditions are also connected to diet.
Related Medical Conditions that cause Diabetic Cats
Pancreatitis can damage the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas, causing diabetic cats. In short, pancreatitis happens when the enzymes that the organ produces to break down fat (lipase), proteins (protease), and carbohydrates (amylase) are activated too soon and damage the tissue in the pancreas.
Infections and injury can lead to pancreatitis, but it is also often connected to a high fat diet.
Hyperthyroidism and Diabetic Cats
Hyperthyroidism is another condition that is on the rise in cats. This disease is closely linked to diabetes because it causes the thyroid to be more active, and dump stress hormones in the body. These hormones lower insulin and raise blood sugar, causing diabetes.
Hyperthyroidism is likely more common in cats because of processed food, particularly canned food. In fact, feeding commercial canned food is the leading risk of hyperthyroidism in cats. Studies indicates that this may be because of:
- Particular flavors of canned food, namely, fish, liver, and giblets.
- Canned food with plastic linings in easy-open (pop-top) lids, that may contain the thyroid disruptor chemical bisphenol A (BPA).
- Soy products in cat food that are well known for being goitrogenic and interfering with the uptake of iodine
- Iodine levels in cat food that are typically too high or too low.
Cushing’s Disease and Diabetic Cats
Cushing’s disease or hyperadrenocorticism is another endocrine disorder that can cause diabetes. This is because it releases too much of a hormone called endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) that disrupts the body’s ability to regulate glucose. This one disorder is not directly tied to diet, since it is usually caused by a tiny tumor on the pituitary gland.
Dental issues and Diabetic Cats
In general, low-grade inflammation in the body is linked to diabetes. One source of chronic inflammation is poor dental hygiene. Inflammation in the gums and problems like periodontitis in cats weakens a cat's ability to regulate blood sugar, leading to diabetes.
You can read our article on how to brush a cat’s teeth here.
Leaky gut and inflammation
Another insidious cause of diabetes in cats is bad digestive health. A cat with a healthy digestive tract has a thin layer of mucus and epithelial cells that allow nutrients into the bloodstream, but stop pathogens and undigested food.
However, if the mucus lining is stripped away, or the cells in the epithelial layer become inflamed, it opens up gaps that allow bacteria, endotoxins, and other unwanted particles in the gut through, causing inflammation. This inflammation also wreaks havoc with blood sugar and ultimately can result in diabetes.
Common causes of leaky gut include saturated fats, such as those in beef and pork fat, or even coconut oil. It can also be in additives such as polysorbate 80 or CMC.
Most feline parents find out their cats are diabetic when they have a ravenous appetite coupled with reduced weight. Other signs of diabetes in cats include increased thirst, increased urination, and sticky urine. Visit the vet for an official diabetes diagnosis when your cat exhibits the signs listed above, and you suspect that they have diabetes.
Other risk factors for diabetes include:
- Use of glucocorticoids (steroids)
- Physical inactivity - A sedentary lifestyle eventually leads to obesity. Overweight cats are likely to develop diabetes.
- Genetic predisposition - Certain breeds like the Burmese may be at a higher risk of developing diabetes.
- Age progression - senior cats are more likely to get diabetes because of lower activity levels.
What Is the Best Kind of Cat Food for Diabetic Cats?
The best kind of cat food for diabetic cats is as anti-inflammatory as possible, and low in carbohydrates and certain fats. Good fats, such as those from marine oils such as krill and fish are ideal. Avoid any high-saturated fats, such as beef, pork, palm oil, or coconut oil.
Food should be minimally processed, so freeze dried, frozen, or raw and fresh foods are ideal. These foods have less inflammatory compounds from processing, and raw-meat based foods can even be anti-inflammatory.
Taking care of your cat’s digestive health is also vital. This means less carbohydrates, and slightly more fiber, particularly soluble fiber that can help restore the mucosal gut lining. Insoluble fiber also lowers the overall glycemic index of the food, helping to keep blood sugar levels steady.
Finally, when it comes to cats, we must never forget the importance of quality protein. Look for plenty of white meat sources, such as different fish and poultry.
Do You Need to Start a Special Diet for Diabetic Cats?
Diabetic cats need special focus on the food they eat. The diet for a diabetic cat must be low in carbohydrates and rich in protein. Cats are obligate carnivores meaning that animal proteins must form the biggest chunk of their diets.
This need for protein increases even more for diabetic cats. A special diet for diabetic cats includes low-carbohydrate foods and animal meats. Carbs should ideally form less than 10% of the total calories in a diet tailored for the diabetic cat.
What Is The Best Food for Diabetic Cats?
Some of the foods we can recommend for a diabetic cat are :
Water added to this dehydrated cat meal turns it into wet cat food that is much better for your cat’s liver and other organs. The cat food is dehydrated, meaning it has fewer inflammatory compounds that can affect blood sugar. The high protein content of chicken and fish is good for diabetic cats.
This is a raw cat food that is high in quality animal protein (chicken). The nutrient content is still mostly intact because the food is still uncooked. It comes with probiotics for gut health, and is free of fillers and additives. This is an excellent choice for diabetic cats.
Instinct Raw Meals Cage Free Chicken Recipe
This cat food is heavily packed with chicken protein and is free from grains. The low-carbohydrate composition makes it an excellent choice for feeding diabetic cats. Freeze-dried food is also a more natural option for diabetic cats.
How Does Diabetic Cat Food Work
Diabetic cat food aims to provide the cat with adequate glucose for energy after the body breaks it down. Hypoglycemia is a common side effect of diabetic medications where the glucose levels in the blood get too low.
Diabetic medications can cause a spike in the absorption of glucose into cells, causing the sugar levels to drop too much. Diabetic cat food ensures that the blood sugar level is normal and constant.
It is advisable to feed your diabetic cat twice a day after giving your cat the insulin shots. Feeding your feline friend after diabetes medications helps maintain blood sugar levels in case the insulin is too much.
Even when your cat's diabetes goes into remission, continue feeding a diabetes-appropriate diet. Low-carb, diabetic cat foods maintain a healthy weight in cats with diabetes that keep the disease at bay.
Where to Buy Diabetic Cat Food
Pet assistant’s marketplace is a great way to compare prices and find the ideal cat food for your diabetic cat.
Diabetic cats can live long and satisfying lives with a proper diet and timely medications. A diet low in carbs and high in protein is crucial in maintaining good health for a diabetic cat. Obesity places a cat at major risk of developing diabetes mellitus
Administering insulin shots to your cat may seem daunting at first, but it gets easier with time. Wet cat foods are better for diabetic cats because they contain more moisture for hydration.
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Phytoviruses encode viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) to counteract the place antiviral silencing response, which relies on virus-derived small interfering (si)RNAs processed by Dicer RNaseIII enzymes and subsequently loaded into ARGONAUTE (AGO) effector proteins. antiviral AGO1 and AGO2. Turnip crinkle disease P38 displayed the additional and unique home to bind both synthetic and RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase-generated long dsRNAs, and inhibited the processing into siRNAs. Solitary amino acid substitutions in P38 could dissociate dsRNA-processing from AGO-loading inhibition in vitro and in vivo, illustrating dual-inhibitory strategies discriminatively deployed within a single viral protein, which, we further show, are bona fide suppressor functions that evolved individually of the conserved coating protein function of P38. (TCV), BY-2 cell lysate (BYL) Intro Eukaryotic organisms use RNA silencing to regulate development, stress reactions, defense against pathogens, and safety of genomic integrity (Bologna and Voinnet 2014). In vegetation and invertebrates, antiviral defense relies upon RNA silencing pathway parts (Pumplin and Voinnet 2013) and, like a counter-defensive strategy, viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) have been evolved individually by diverse disease genera (Csorba et al. 2015). In RNA silencing, RNaseIII family enzymes, including Dicer-like proteins (DCLs) in vegetation, mediate the processing from longer double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors of small RNA (sRNA) duplexes bearing diagnostic 2-nt 3 overhangs and 5-monophosphates. In RDR6, RDR1 and, to some extent, RDR2 (Garcia-Ruiz et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2010; Csorba et al. 2015). Antiviral PTGS also requires the cooperative and special functions of AGO1 and AGO2 in (TuMV) and Y (PVY), also sequesters siRNA duplexes by sensing the sizes, like P19, and also recognizes the 2-nt 3 overhang diagnostic of DCL-dependent products (Lakatos buy Abiraterone Acetate (CB7630) et al. 2006). Consistent with an siRNA-sequestering mode of action, both P19 and HC-Pro were shown to prevent AGO2 RISC loading and/or activity inside a heterologous take flight embryo draw out (Lakatos et al. 2006). Besides these two examples, size-independent connection with dsRNA has been described for many VSRs including (TCV) P38 (Mrai et al. 2006), 2b (Chen et al. 2008), and (PoLV) P14 (Mrai et al. 2005), but whether dsRNA binding is indeed genetically required for VSR function offers remained unaddressed in most cases, especially since proteins from RNA viruses may display natural affinity to dsRNA as part of replication or structural functions self-employed of RNA silencing suppression (for review, observe Pumplin and Voinnet 2013). For instance, earlier studies have shown the reduced build up of 21-nt siRNA varieties upon manifestation of TCV P38, consistent with a model in which P38 might antagonize dsRNA control by binding long dsRNA (Qu et al. 2003; Deleris et al. 2006). However, TCV P38 functions not only like a VSR but also as a coating protein (CP) encapsidating virion RNA (Hogle et al. 1986; Bakker et al. 2012), which may underpin its affinity to dsRNA in a manner unrelated to silencing suppression. Mrai et al. (2006) have shown that transient ectopic manifestation of P38 strongly reduces hairpin-derived siRNA build buy Abiraterone Acetate (CB7630) up in vivo and also stabilizes hairpin dsRNA transcripts. Although this result could be interpreted as evidence that P38 directly inhibits dicing of long dsRNA, it could equally be that P38 binding to long dsRNA is in fact unrelated to its VSR activity and buy Abiraterone Acetate (CB7630) that, rather, siRNA loading into RISCa step not investigated in the studyis antagonized by P38, leading to siRNA destabilization in vivo. Further consistent with the idea that long dsRNA binding by some VSRs might not be relevant to their function, PoLV P14, despite its strong affinity for dsRNA in vivo and in vitro, prevents accumulation of hairpin-derived siRNAs without stabilizing hairpin dsRNA transcripts when expressed ectopically (Mrai et al. 2005). Thus, it remains generally unknown if, and how, phytovirus-encoded VSRs buy Abiraterone Acetate (CB7630) exhibit direct inhibitory activities against the Dicer-mediated dsRNA processing step of antiviral RNAi, and, if so, whether the affinity of VSRs for long Rabbit Polyclonal to KITH_EBV dsRNA is indeed relevant to this function. Addressing these and other questions has been hampered by the lack of a suitable and universal plant biochemical platform in which the effects of VSRs and mutant derivatives can be assessed in parallel and systematically against each major reconstructed step of the PTGS antiviral pathway, like the most upstream and least characterized dsRNA-processing stage. Lately, a lysate of vacuole-free buy Abiraterone Acetate (CB7630) protoplast from BY-2 cells (BYL), which shows effective in vitro translation activity, was effectively put on recapitulate RNA disease replication (Komoda et al. 2004), RISC launching with exogenous sRNAs (Iki et al. 2010, 2012; Ye et al. 2012; Endo et al. 2013), RISC-mediated translational repression by miRNAs (Iwakawa and Tomari 2013) also to show how the stabilization of RISC-cleaved fragments can be a critical stage for supplementary siRNA creation by RDRs (Yoshikawa et al. 2013). A recently available study offers advanced the BYL-based program by demonstrating the antiviral activity of RISC as well as the suppressor function of (TBSV) P19 within the recapitulated TBSV replication (Schuck et al. 2013). Right here, we’ve reconstructed the main element measures of antiviral PTGS within the BYL to systematically investigate the.
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- "Out of an abundance of caution, customers should continue to park their vehicles outside immediately after charging and not leave their vehicles charging overnight," GM warned.
NEW YORK: General Motors announced Friday a second recall of the all-electric Chevrolet Bolt to address a battery defect blamed for recent car fires.
GM cited "two rare manufacturing defects" in the high-voltage batteries, which are produced by LG Chem in South Korea.
The automaker said it will notify 2017-2019 Bolt owners when replacement parts are available. The recall affects about 69,000 cars globally, including around 51,000 in the United States.
"Out of an abundance of caution, customers should continue to park their vehicles outside immediately after charging and not leave their vehicles charging overnight," GM warned.
The announcement follows a July 14 consumer alert from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) urging Bolt owners to park their cars outside and away from homes due to fire risk.
NHTSA said it knew of two recent fires involving the vehicles. According to news reports, one of the recent fires occurred in Vermont and another in New Jersey.
While the fix is being rolled out, GM directed Bolt owners to adjust vehicle settings to enable a maximum charge of 90 percent.
Customers also were urged to charge their vehicle after each use and avoid letting the charge dip below 70 miles of available range.
This is the second time the company has had to address a fire risk in the cars: GM recalled the same population of vehicles in November 2020.
The recall comes as the manufacturer ramps up its push to remake itself as a leader in electric vehicles. In June, it boosted its capital spending plan by 30 percent to $35 billion through 2025 to accelerate efforts on EVs and autonomous driving technology.
Shares of GM fell 1.2 percent to $54.97 in morning trading, but later recovered some ground.
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The presence of pesticides in the air is worrying since they are suspected of being endocrine disruptors and sometimes mutagenic, carcinogenic and reprotoxic. The available data do not allow us to conclude on the quantities observed at the scale of the whole territory. They are mainly limited to an identification of known compounds, often at very low concentrations, but it is difficult to overlook as we do not know the acceptable limits from a health perspective.
It is interesting to note that many compounds are derived from pesticides that have been banned for decades. To explain this, several possibilities. The use of "tank bottom" for many years after the ban, which is quite possible given the few checks carried out. The other reason, and probably by far the most likely, is the presence of pesticide residues in the soil for many years after their use. Pesticides are very often poorly biodegradable compounds, of the semi-volatile type, which accumulate in the soil and can be re-emitted several years later, by simple volatilization when the temperatures increase in hot season.
If it is illusory to hope to clean the atmospheric air, we can however improve the quality of the air we breathe inside by taking advantage of the solutions offered by evO 2 !
For more information :
Quivet, E., Faure, R., Georges, J., Païssé, J. O., Herbreteau, B., & Lantéri, P. (2006). Photochemical degradation of imazamox in aqueous solution: influence of metal ions and anionic species on the ultraviolet photolysis. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(10), 3641-3645.
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Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.
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This work is being done on Lkwungen and Xwsepsum territory by Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Acknowledging Indigenous people and lands is only a starting point; respect means ending colonial violences.
What can i do?
If you already know that things are bad for the street community and you’ve come to this website to find out what you can do, jump ahead to our page on how you can get involved.
We’ve got lots of ideas for people in a variety of situations, including if you are sick & under quarantine, housebound but not sick, or able to be out in the world. Our ideas were put together by a group of people with a range of identities, skills, incomes, and bodies. Everyone has something valuable to contribute – whether that’s cash for survival supplies or a sex worker relief fund, time and energy on various tasks, doing political work, or donating needed items. Our list of options includes things you can do autonomously on your own, and also ways you can be part of a coordinated collective approach.
We have from the start been working closely with the Indigenous Harm Reduction Team (IHRT) to support the amazing things they are doing on the ground, and are stoked to expand to provide ways for more people to contribute to IHRT’s efforts. We’ve also been working with Peers Victoria, SOLID, and AVI Health and Community Services to explore what volunteers can do to support their mobile outreach to people in the street community who are unhoused, use drugs, and/or work in the sex trade. (Not everyone who uses drugs or is a sex worker is part of the street community – those folks deserve support too but that’s not where we’re focusing our efforts.)
I want to get involved, but i want to know more first
Many people care about the street community but aren’t 100% sure what’s been going on and want to find out more before jumping into action. To learn more, check out our background information page. We’ve put together info about what’s been happening locally as well as some thoughts about how the current COVID crisis fits into the bigger picture.
i want to do something, but i feel overwhelmed
That’s totally understandable. It is a lot to know how messed up things are, and how much people in the street community are getting hurt.
Sandra Kim offers some practical tools on how to deal with feeling overwhelmed:
4 Ways You Can Take Caring Action Around Coronavirus – Even If You’re Overwhelmed
Part of the reason we created this grassroots network is to provide a way for people to have the option to do solidarity work collectively, so we can look after each other. As IHRT is always saying: “how we do is as important as what we do”. This is an emergency but we also know from other large-scale health emergencies — HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C, the overdose crisis — that we have to sustain and prepare for the long haul. This includes helping each other stay grounded in love and care, pacing, accepting the limits of what we can accomplish given the many things not in our control, mourning the losses and failures, and taking breaks.
Nobody has a checklist for “how to organize perfectly during a global pandemic”. Unsurprisingly, we have made a lot of mistakes. But as people who have been part of the street community, have loved ones in the street community, and/or have worked with the street community, we know that people are TOUGH AS FUCK. The suffering is real and the risks are high, but people are, as always, resilient, creative, and amazing. People have already survived so much and have incredible capacity and determination to keep going. We can too! ❤
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Orthostatic hypertension, also known as postal hypertension is a medical condition consisting of an abrupt and sudden rise in blood pressure when a person stands up or upon assumption of upright posture. In orthostatic hypertension, there is an increase in Blood pressure of 20 mm Hg upon standing in an upright posture.
Explaining orthostatic hypertension by an increase in diastolic blood pressure is less reliable than systolic blood pressure. In diastolic orthostatic hypertension usually BP rise by 5 to 10 mmHg upon upright posture or standing up because of peripheral vasoconstriction and decrease in cardiac stroke volume.
Orthostatic hypertension is also linked with morning blood pressure surge and intense nocturnal blood pressure dipping both of which are responsible to increase pulsatile hemodynamic stress of central arterial pressure and blood flow in patients with the systemic hemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome
An abnormality in the cardiovascular autonomic mechanism triggers orthostatic hypertension. In healthy individuals, blood pressure decreases upon standing due to blood being pooled in capacitance vessels below the diaphragm.
Also, 10% to 20% of plasma volume from the intravascular compartment is forced by hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial spaces within 15 to 20 minutes of standing. In presence of such a mechanism, an increase in blood pressure is medically too shocking and unexpected.
- Due to increased vascular resistance
- Due to the increase in blood viscosity and its contributions to vascular resistance
- Excessive plasma shifts
- Excess venous pooling
- Reduction in cardiac preload
Orthostatic hypertension relates to essential hypertension
Recently clinical studies observe the relation of orthostatic hypertension with essential hypertension by choosing two groups. One is elderly patients with essential hypertension plus orthostatic hypertension.
Another group is hypertensive patients with orthostatic hypertension who show abnormal diurnal variation in blood pressure. Results reveal the following results
- The risk of silent cerebrovascular infarct was high in patients with orthostatic hypertension than in hypertensive individuals without orthostatic hypertension.
- Orthostatic hypertensive patients have an increased prevalence of CNS lesions detectable by MRI
- Orthostatic hypertension may be associated with measurable neurocognitive deficits and cerebrovascular infarction independent of essential hypertension.
How Orthostatic hypertension is linked with other disorders
Orthostatic hypertension is directly or indirectly related to other medical disorders mentioned as follows
- Essential hypertension
- Type 2 diabetes
- Anorexia nervosa
- Renal arterial stenosis
- Vascular adrenergic hypersensitivity
- Postural orthostatic tachycardia
- Other types of dysautonomia
Its pathophysiology and the exact cause are still unknown. Research and studies are in the process to explain and define its mechanism of occurrence and etiology in a more definite and authentic way with enough clinical and statistical evidence.
Orthostatic hypertension symptoms
There is no sign and symptoms in mild or moderate orthostatic hypertension. However severe orthostatic hypertension may exhibit typical symptoms of hypertension.
According to clinical findings the most common, orthostatic hypertension symptom associated with diastolic orthostatic hypertension is orthostatic venous pooling. It occurs in legs upon upright posture.
Diagnosis of this undefined medical disorder is fortunately straightforward, i.e to measure the blood pressure of the patient in the supine and upright position and evaluating the difference between these two values gives an idea about the presence or absence of orthostatic hypertension.
However standardized value for the increase in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure is lacking in terms of diagnostic criteria.
Usually, an increase in 20 mm Hg of BP in an upright position is considered as an indication of orthostatic hypertension.
Readings should be taken more than one time to check the reproducibility of results as patients with essential hypertension show more variable BP readings as compared to healthy normotensive patients.
Currently, there is no official treatment for orthostatic hypertension. Treatment for this disorder still follows a trial and error experiment strategy. However, some medications that have been successfully used for its treatments are
- Propranolol hydrochloride
In severe cases, specialists go for the infusion of normal saline through IV for hypovolemia to bring the blood pressure and volume to safe levels. Blood pooling issues along with this disorder can be managed by pressure garments over the pelvis and lower extremities.
Patients having other underlying conditions such as essential hypertension or diabetes Mellitus type two should be treated accordingly.
How to measure orthostatic blood pressure
Orthostatic blood pressure can be determined by observing the difference in blood pressure while sitting and in an upright posture. It is relatively simple and consists of the following steps
- Ask the patient to lie down for 5 minutes
- Measure blood pressure and blood rate
- Ask the patient to stand in an upright position
- Again measure blood pressure and pulse rate after 1 to 3 minutes of standing.
Change in blood pressure greater than 20 mmHg or greater than 10 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure is considered abnormal.
Here are a few medical conditions where orthostatic hypertension is a notable feature.
Chronic primary conditions
Essential hypertension in the elderly
■ Essential hypertension with abnormal diurnal variation (‘extreme dippers’)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Postural tachycardia syndrome with a disorder of mast-cell activation
- Norepinephrine transporter deficiency
- Baroreflex failure (acute)
Potentially surgically-correctable conditions
- Medullary vascular compression
- In orthostatic hypertension, there is an increase in Blood pressure of 20 mm Hg upon standing in an upright posture.
- Its diagnostic criteria and treatment is still under study
- Orthostatic hypertension involves a hyperactive response to orthostatic stress that increases the risk for CVS disease or organ damage.
- Orthostatic hypertension is considered to a form of prehypertension and an alarming sign of mask hypertension in individuals with normal supine blood pressure.
- OTH leads to hemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome by increasing pulsatile hemodynamic stress of central arterial pressure and blood flow.
- Studies reveal that alpha-adrenergic vascular disease is a potential cause of OTH.
- Further studies are required to understand more about the complications and risk factors of orthostatic hypertension disease.
Orthostatic hypertension is a definite clinical phenomenon linked with a variety of underlying conditions. At present, its pathophysiology is poorly understood with undefining orthostatic hypertension symptoms but seems to involve the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
A better understanding of its pathophysiology will be more helpful in its management and treatment. This illness has still many undefined questions that required focused basic science and clinical inquiry.
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Safety tips for buying tech toys after security breach
IT expert offers tips for parents buying technological toys this holiday season
With three weeks before Christmas, many parents are still looking for the perfect gift. But a recent security breach at a major toy manufacturer should give some consumers pause.
This week, it was reported that data of 6.4 million children had been compromised with a cyber attack on digital toymaker VTech Holdings Ltd. Among Canadians, 316,482 children's accounts and 237,949 adults' accounts were affected. Experts called it the largest known hack targeting youngsters.
Rick Ellson has been information technology field for 30 years. Here are his tips to make sure information about children stays safe.
1. Be careful with putting all of personal information online.
He said parents should always ask themselves two main questions when asked to sign up:
Why do they need this information?
What does this have to do with the service they're providing?
"Don't get too personal with the information that you're putting up there because you may lose control of that," said Ellson. "Once it's out there, you've already lost control of it."
2. Always use a secure transmission when signing up online.
If you have to register online or download an app for a toy, make sure you're using a secure HTTPS connection over a computer network.
3. Make sure the company you're purchasing from is valid.
Be cautious of revealing any information if you're purchasing a toy online from an unknown seller or company.
Ellson said big toy companies do have security in place but it's a leap of faith because you're not going to see it.
"You're just going by what [they say] their policies are," he said.
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If you have been ever thinking of getting a new pet, have you thought about all the alternatives open to you? The obvious choice people make, when it comes to a whole new canine is to go to a specialized dog breeder. A good dog breeder will be able to offer a pup that has been inspected for genetic issues, illnesses, etc. and definitely will often provide a top-quality pedigree pet that ought to be free from problems that plague plenty of dogs.
This is ideal for many people; nevertheless, it will come at a price. There is a substitute - adopting a pup or adult dog. It all depends on what you and your family need. We know puppies are cute and irresistible but some may prefer adult dog.
Several puppies are without homes at animal shelters or humane societies. These pets are often a target of circumstance. Either an owner has died, or even an aged individual cannot cope any further. Sadly, though no fault of their very own, they have wound up homeless. Adopting a dog could be a great way to offer a loving house to one of those pet dogs.
Many people are involved; they may end up getting a sick pet, or a canine that could be intense by obtaining one coming from a shelter. Most pet shelters will verify a dog's permanent health and a great personality; in case you can find any issues; you will be informed about them. Also, a lot of shelters provide in-house instruction to boost the likelihood of a pet dog getting a new home, which is excellent for every person!
The best way to begin adopting a pet dog would be to take a look at your nearby animal shelter. Convey to the employees there, what kind of canine would match yourself and your family. Bear in mind that in case you have small youngsters, acquiring a huge pet may not be a wise idea. Similarly, in case you have an apartment, perhaps think about obtaining a little dog that doesn't demand vast amounts of workout. Some forethought before you decide to get there can make choosing the ideal dog for you much easier.
When you take your brand-new dog to your residence, envision, and attempt points from her viewpoint. Your new canine has probably been through a lot in the past, so delivering her to one more new house may well be frustrating. A very important thing to do is keep her on the leash initially and then gradually introduce it to your home. Allow her to sniff each room until she has got a feel in her new environment. Also, take her to ease her bladder if she continues to be on a lengthy vehicle trip together with you. Once she has settled down, allow her to roam freely inside your house. This will give her the opportunity to discover 'her' spot. By this, I mean her favorite place. All of us have an ideal area where we love to travel; dogs are no different. For those who have purchased a new dog, your bed or blanket for the new coming, this may be the spot to put it. She will naturally go to that spot, so using a comfortable new bed there will help her settle in.
Your brand-new pet may be very quiet for the first few days, but don't worry; this can be part of the settling in the method. After a while, your puppy will undoubtedly be fully inclusive as a new member of the family. Adopting from a pet shelter is a great way to get yourself a new partner and a wonderful way to make a unique and satisfied upcoming for the dog. There’s always the feel good factor.
Now Let’s talk about naming your puppy
You've picked out the perfect pup. You put in several hours on the internet, investigating the best breed for yourself and your family. Then you certainly moved from breeder to breeder or human culture to humane society, meeting and greeting pups before you locate the right match.
Okay, now what? He needs a name! What is it going to be?
Over the course of life, you will make use of your dog’s name more than 35,000 times. So be sure you are choosing a pet name that you love. It is not that difficult actually.
With these easy steps, the real key to finding the ideal pup name is Close at Hand!
Pet dogs fully grasp brief instructions. Easy names with two or fewer syllables work nicely. Stacy and stay are far too close for convenience. This kind of name will simply mix up the problem. Bear in mind; you'll be utilizing your pup’s name in public. Stinky could be sweet among your fellow fraternity participants, but it won’t go over nicely in the veterinarian. Youngsters like it basic, too, in case contacting your Champ Cavalier Master Spaniel Bootsie works well with them, take into account maintaining the hoity-toity name strictly for AKC reasons. You may think it's a respect to name your pup after you’re favoured Grandfather Norbert. Naming your infant after him may keep you within the will, but naming your dog after him may well not. If you’re getting home a more mature pet, ideally, stay with the name it already has. Can’t imagine it because Barney was the first child who broke your coronary heart? Barney morphs into Farley very easily. As soon as you've picked a name, try it out for a day roughly. You'll know whether it’s a keeper. Or even, there’s always much more dog names on the list!
Take a peek surrounding you. Almost everywhere you happen to be; you'll discover several terrific ideas on things to name your pooch.
At first, a couple of things will stick out concerning your new dog. Appreciate your pug for a day or two and get these into account. Don’t get excited and name him the very instant you met him.
Physical appearance. What your puppy appears to be? His shade and size, and personal style inspire many different options. Stubbs might be a fantastic name for a dachshund pup. In a couple of days, your brand-new BFF character will sparkle. Try Cuddles for that sweet small guy who loves to get comfortable or Puddles for your pooch who can’t seem to find the doggie doorway.
To go beyond the fundamentals, many well-known canine names or international pet names can fit the bill. Consider these preferred puppy brands when creating your decision.
Celeb puppy brands. Pooches, today have more celebrity following than their well-known proprietors. Chew on Lola, a name used by both Hilary Duff as well as the Osbournes. Tv set dogs. Scooby and Astro come to mind to honour a famous TV puppy. Motion picture dogs. Great movies and cool pet titles manage to go Hand in Hand. High Hand, Lukes Blue, will be a fitting tag for a variety of pet dogs. Comic puppies. Snoopy will be a popular but additionally take into account Daisy or Odie German dog names.
To begin with, try out Fritz or Kaiser. Irish dog titles. Finn suits well for just about any puppy, as does Murphy, which just occurs to mean hound from the ocean. French puppy names. Pierre and Gigi are leading contenders for any dog, particularly those with a little oo-la-la inside their genes.
The options are limitless. Nonetheless, using these simple ideas plus some imagined, in a short time, you’ll have found the perfect dog name!
5 Top Tips on How to Train Your New Puppy
Aside from being adorable, puppies are naturally playful and curious - which can make training them a little challenging! But if you introduce basic commands when your puppy is still young, your training is more likely to be successful. With that in mind, here are five top tips on how to train your new puppy.
- It's Never too Soon to Start!
Puppies can take on board information from a young age. Since your pup is likely to be around 8 weeks old when you bring him home, this is an excellent time to start teaching him simple commands. Training will also keep him mentally stimulated and happy as he grows.
- Take Baby (or Puppy!) Steps at First
The best commands to begin with are "sit", "stay", "lie down", and "recall". These are vital for your pup's behavioural development and also his safety when you're out walking. Once he's mastered these, you could then introduce the concept of "fetch". As he or she progresses its time to add a few more words. Remember, do not rush, it is not about speed but how well your pup understands.
- Consider Puppy Training Classes
Once your pet has had his vaccinations, you could enrol him in training classes. This will help him learn more advanced commands while allowing him to socialize with other dogs and people, which is crucial for his development.
- Take the Time to Train and You'll Reap Rewards
Not only is training a way of moulding your pet's behaviour, but it's also a great way to strengthen the bond between you. Your pup will learn to trust and love you as you spend time with him and reward him for acing those commands!
- Never Give Up!
Remember that training your pet is an ongoing task and you may experience some hiccups along the way. Ultimately though, it is extremely rewarding for both puppy and you, in addition to being important for your pet's well being. Introducing new commands can be tough for your pup and you, be patient.
Training your new puppy won't always be plain sailing, but get the foundations right and he'll grow into a happy, well-behaved dog.
The Cute Dog House Trend You Need to See!
Paws and Me always aims to "fetch" you the latest products for your pooch. I know you like to stay on top of the trending must-haves and the items that are designed to make your pet's life more awesome. I also know that your dog likes to look his cutest at all times! With that in mind... sit, stay and read on to discover the dog house trend that will make you roll over with joy!
What's this trend all about??
Newsflash, dog owners: it's no longer enough to spread out a blanket for your buddy at sleepy time. Now, you have to up your game and give him a bed he can show off on his Instagram page! (I know he has one). So, get a nice picture of him and post it. Nowadays, dogs are getting more likes and shares than human.
What designs should I be looking for?
Basically, plain and boring is out and anything novelty, irreverent and adorable is in! Take this hot dog bed for example; it's cute, it's amusing and it's designed not only for your pet's comfort but also to boost his Insta-followers! He'll be one toasty hot dog snuggled down in this and his face peeking out of the end will make you LOL too. Isn’t that cool? Your guest will be amuse too seeing your pup popping out.
Not a junk food fan? Then how about this shark dog bed? More funny than fearsome, it's a colourful design with a wide-open mouth that will look so inviting to your pup. He can crawl in, curl up and sleep soundly knowing he's protected by a big ole' shark.
How do novelty dog beds benefit my pet?
Designs like the ones mentioned above provide a safe haven for your pet to hide in and sleep in. If your dog is a puppy, on the small side or just the nervous type, then an enclosed dog bed with a roof (like the shark) is the best option. If he's a lazy breed and likes to chill in plush comfort, then the hot dog is the bed of choice for him!
If you need something for your cats and dogs, visit our Online Pet Supplies Store at https://pawsandme.co/collections/all
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We are searching data for your request:
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Grow Melons And Pumpkins Vertically
By now, you probably know that you can grow melons and pumpkins on a trellis. You also probably realize that melons, in particular, need extra support on a trellis, in the form of slings, bags, or hammocks made of nylon pantyhose. Nylon produce bags or other suitable cloth containers traditionally have served the same purpose.
Most gardening writers seem to steer their readers clear of growing the larger melons and larger pumpkins vertically, due to their weight and resultant destructive strain on the trellis and its secondary cloth supports. What I am about to suggest might overcome such reluctance, as well as provide a general alternative to cloth bags and cloth hammocks.
I have grown muskmelons (“cantaloupes”) vertically, and I have grown small sugar pie pumpkins vertically, both with a fair degree of success. For supporting muskmelons, I have used the standard method where I cut pantyhose into individual bags and tied them (around the melons) to the trellis with strong twine. For supporting sugar pie pumpkins, I have re-used nylon produce bags from the grocery store (made for lemons, onions, etc.).
I was never satisfied with pantyhose for supporting muskmelons, because I usually could not figure the necessary amount of slack to take up, in order to prevent fruit from falling off the vine prematurely anyway. Pantyhose seemed far too flexible, since no matter how high up I positioned them, the developing melons seemed to sag to the point of breaking off before I was ready for them to. At some point, the height to which I could pull up the pantyhose seemed to exceed the height where I risked tearing off the critical part of the vine.
In the case of trellising relatively small sugar pie pumpkins, I never felt convinced that the extra fabric supports were necessary at all. I observed that pumpkin vines near their stems are extremely strong, and I suspected that these smaller pumpkins would have matured just fine without the nylon bags that I provided.
Make a Rigid Melon Cradle
Improved Method – Rigid Cradles Made Of Welded-Wire Fence Mesh
In 2016, I decided to try something different. For both the cantaloupes and pumpkins that I planned to grow, I constructed rigid cradles out of welded-wire fence mesh with 2” x 4” openings. I envisioned mesh with smaller openings being successful too. Chicken wire, I thought, might even work, but it lacked sufficient rigidity to form the critical hooks, and so a slightly different hooking strategy would have had to come into play. I proceeded to construct my cradles using fence mesh with 2” x 4” openings, simply because I found enough of it rusting in the woods, otherwise going to waste.
The wire cradle pictured in this article was designed to hang on a trellis made of concrete reinforcing wire, otherwise known as “remesh”. Since cattle panels are essentially the same thing as remesh, this cradle would probably work there too. Trellises made of thin slats might also accommodate the cradle. My trellises are made of remesh, and so this fact dictated how I shaped the cradle described here.
The Basic Idea
I will not describe how to make the trellis. I assume that you might already have the trellis down pat, and you just need to know a better way to support fruits that you want to grow vertically. ... My pumpkin trellis article ... might give you some ideas, if you are starting from scratch, though.
For now, let’s just focus on the cradle that hangs on the trellis. I want to emphasize that I made this cradle to be easily movable from place to place on the trellis, so that I could reposition it beneath the location of each developing fruit.
When you spot a baby fruit, you hang the cradle under it, in a way that the baby fruit rests on the cradle’s lowest curve. The fruit then matures in such a way that it never moves vertically from its original resting place on the cradle. Baby fruits might need a plastic top, a small piece of screen, or other suitable material to keep them from falling through the 2” x 4” openings at the start. Later, when the fruit diameter grows sufficiently large, these can be removed to improve air circulation and prevent slight pooling of rainwater on the support contact area that might encourage rot.
Instead of deforming a cloth support, the maturing melon primarily pushes downward on a rigid support, never altering the support’s position, but rather filling itself out vertically and horizontally on an immovable shelf, as it increases in size upward and outward (as if on the ground). In other words, the growing fruit shifts only with respect to its own increasing upward vertical movement against a solid base. Its connection to the vine only gets disturbed in a way that it would get disturbed growing more naturally on solid ground.
Theoretically, if a trellis and cradle are strong enough, and a cradle is the correct radius, a person could grow larger melons, like watermelons, or larger pumpkins, like the jack-o'-lantern type. In my case, I made smaller cradles for cantaloupes, and I made larger cradles for pumpkins that could have reached forty pounds each.
The design pictured in this article is the design of my cantaloupe cradle. Here is an actual photo of one that I constructed in 2016.
Photo of Actual Rigid Cradle for Trellised Cantaloupe
To make this cradle, you need:
- welded-wire fence mesh with 2” x 4” openings,
- bolt cutters,
- your hands,
- maybe some thick gloves,
- strength and willingness to sculpt semi-circular shelves with your hands.
That’s it. Cut pieces of fence wire and sculpt these pieces into the appropriate shapes.
When measuring the fence wire, you do not need a measuring device. Instead, just eyeball the mesh, counting three 4” prongs in width and four 2” prongs in thickness. Don’t forget to allow the extra 2” in thickness, so that when you cut away the unnecessary prongs in this thickness, you will have one prong remaining on each end of the semi-circle, to bend at a 90-degree angle for the hook at each end. It might look a little odd at first, but, trust me, when you hang it, it works – I first tested one using multiple landscaping stones stacked atop one another.
These two little hooks, although small, are actually very strong. They enable the trellis to exert an opposing force that stops rotation of the cradle at a potential hinge. The force of potential rotation at that hinge gets met by an equal-and-opposite force of an immovable trellis, which acts against the cradle. The result is a rigid shelf that can be easily re-positioned on the trellis wherever needed – similar to those chin-up bars that you can hook onto door frames. The weight of a developing fruit only increases the stabilizing force of the trellis against the cradle, which can be as much force as the trellis can support without deforming catastrophically or collapsing altogether.
Using Rigid Cradles In Actual Practice
I have determined that these rigid cradles work best with the addition of screen wire as liners to keep small fruits from falling through the openings. I used old, traditional, metal screen wire that I dug up out of the ground on some of my cradles, and plastic screen mesh salvaged from a broken back door on others.
What I have also discovered is that using the cradles in actual practice requires "sculpting" them in between vines of the fruits that you want to support. In other words, the placement of a cradle, in response to the emergence of a fruit is not a straightforward "hook-it-on" act. You might have to gently lift some of the vines or gently position the vines in and around the cradle to achieve the proper support.
Sometimes you might have to hook the cradle in such a way that it is on a diagonal, so that the developing fruit rests on an inside semicircular arc of the cradle. Sometimes you might have to extend the cradle a bit with flexible, strong wire ties used in chain link fence installation, because a developing fruit might emerge halfway between two horizontal wires of the trellis that you would use to hook on the cradle.
Bottom line, though, these things really work.
Trellis Set Up For Pumpkins
Nylon pantyhose or grocery-store produce bags are a lot quicker and easier to set up, but once you take the time and make the effort to construct rigid cradles, you do it once, and the cradles can last for years. All you do is take them down at the end of one growing season, bring them back out, and hang them again the next.
Robert Kernodle (author) on May 11, 2016:
The first absolutely most important steps are ... adequate sun exposure for the plants you choose, good soil, and adequate watering throughout the growth cycle.
Just focus on these three basic things, and you will do fine.
RTalloni on May 11, 2016:
Thanks for this idea on rigid supports. We're taking baby steps toward raised bed and vertical gardening and I just planted small watermelon as a first experience with them. Will try to look over your other gardening posts soon.
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Epson and Kamogawa Sea World Report on Loggerhead Sea Turtle Protection Project
Epson has been working with Kamogawa Sea World and the Japanese government since June 2010 in a project to help protect and preserve endangered loggerhead sea turtles. The project is part of the company's ongoing desire to preserve biodiversity and to test its sensing technology in the field.
Epson developed two new types of wireless sensor modules for this project. One is a temperature sensor module that measures the temperature of the sand at 10-cm intervals between a depth of 10 cm and 50 cm. The other is a hatching sensor module that detects when buried eggs begin to hatch.
Temperatures are automatically measured every 30 minutes. The temperature data is stored in memory within the sensor modules. Hatching is detected with miniature sensor placed above the eggs. The date and time that the hatchlings touch the sensor are recorded in memory within the sensor module.
This measurement system is built around Epson-made PCs.
Temperature and hatching data are automatically sent and received wirelessly five times a day from sensor modules buried in the sand at Turtle Beach, an artificial beach inside Kamogawa Sea World. These modules are part of a new automated wireless system that allows data to be collected remotely without entering and disturbing the nesting site. This system reduces the work load on Kamogawa Sea World personnel while also minimizing the impact on hatchlings still in the sand. Since measuring equipment cannot be permanently installed on the beaches of Kamogawa's Tojo and Maehara coastlines, Kamogawa Sea World personnel go around by bicycle or on foot once a day to collect data with an instrument known as an orange box.
What sets Epson's wireless communications technology apart from the pack is that it enables data signals to be sent and received from devices in the ground, sand, or water. This technology makes it possible for researchers to collect the detailed temperature data they need to understand egg development and to determine the date and time eggs hatched, without having to disturb the nesting environment.
The sand at Turtle Beach and along the natural coastline where studies are conducted is hot and humid under the summer sun and coastal rainfall. Sensor modules buried in these conditions have to be robust enough to maintain accuracy over long periods of time under changing environmental conditions. For this reason, the temperature sensors are placed in a watertight case that Epson created this year by borrowing manufacturing technology from its watch division.
In fiscal 2011, Epson offered technology and human support to a joint research project between Kamogawa Sea World and the Tokyo University of Agriculture to study the relationship between sand temperature, growth conditions, and hatchling gender.
In this project researchers studied the effect that differences in temperature at the top, middle, and bottom of a nest have on hormone levels in the blood. The Tokyo University of Agriculture announced the results of this study in August 2012 at the 18th Conference of the Japanese Society of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. The detailed temperature data provided by Epson's temperature sensor modules was indispensable to this research.
For 2012, Epson's third season of involvement in the project, Epson developed longer-lasting temperature sensors and more sensitive hatching sensors. The temperature sensors continue to provide stable measurements even after six months buried in the sand under harsh, changeable environmental conditions. The new hatching sensors, more sensitive and accurate than their predecessors, provide more accurate data and increase study efficiency. They are equipped with a pin that detects even very slight movements under the sand as the turtles hatch. Moreover, they use a tilt sensor with a high sensitivity angle to increase sensing accuracy. These improved sensors provide a better rate of detection and more precise data on the time it takes for hatchlings to reach the surface of the sand after breaking out of their shells.
Epson hopes to participate in the Loggerhead Sea Turtle Protection Project on an ongoing basis going forward.
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The aim of this study is development of a model for monitoring and control of vector-transmitted diseases, which manifest increasing tendency during the last few decades. Th e main infection reservoirs are domestic and wild animals as well as various birds, and the disease is transmitted to humans indirectly - by vectors. Recently detected epidemics of Dengue virus, Chikungunya and West Nile virus in countries where these diseases are not common strongly indicate the expansion of infections transmitted by mosquitoes and other vectors, and are the consequence of climatic changes, international trade and travelling. Currently, there are neither vaccines nor specific antiviral therapy for these infections, while the efforts put on vector control did not halt the rapid increase and global spread of the disease. Serological studies and molecular investigation on humans, mosquitoes, horses and birds have suggested the activity of flaviviruses in Serbia. The obtained information on fl avivirus infections in our region are of use in modelling the control and vector monitoring and the prevention of these infections in humans.
Arhives of Veterinary Medicine is an Open Access Journal.
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Xinhai can produce various flotation cells complete in specifications, including three types that Air-inflation flotation, Air-inflation mechanical agitation flotation, and Snifting mechanical agitation flotation. Total cross-section microvesicle flotation made by Xinhai is the main representative of air-inflation flotation. The following is a brief introduction of air-inflation float cells structure.
The most outstanding feature of Air-inflation flotation structure is having no mechanical agitation cells and no drive disc assembly. Adopting to the inflator, we can control the size of foam by adjusting inflator structure, and then foam and slurry mix in countercurrent. This float column is commonly used to process high-grade ore in scavenging and roughing. The float cells made by Xinhai adopt to total cross-section compressing air through microvesicle to bring air and add agent in pulverization way thus enlarge the contacting square of ore grain and agent and foam and improve flotation efficiency.
From the above, we can summarize that the quick-wear part is single direction valve, which mixes slurry by a lot of air that air-suspending way. After having used Xinhai wear-resistant rubber, the abrasion to single valve decrease greatly as a result that the cost of service is less. Besides this float cells center without power agitation cells is obviously energy-saving, and the float cells center can be produced according to customers demand, not only benefiting to cells development to big model and decreasing the investment to equipment.
Xinhai total cross-section air-lifting microvesicle flotation has national patent and is praised highly in public.
Please write your message here! We will send detail technical info and quotation to you as soon as possible!
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Like many Portland autumn skies, the gray Sunday clouds passed over us in one great low-hanging mass. The four of us, twenty-something college roommates from all over the United States, stood in front of the home of a chicken vendor we found on Craigslist. The home was thirty minutes east of the city. I expected a rural scene with wide pasture and a red barn; instead I found a prefabricated house in a subdivision of large, empty lots. I wondered if we were in the right place. A chubby young teen answered the door.
“Are you here to see the birds?” he asked.
The boy led us around back. The backyard was half the size of a football field and packed with wooden coops that contained hundreds of chickens, ducks, quails and geese. The place smelled of vinegar and gym socks.
“Here they are,” said the boy, pointing to four birds behind a wire fence. There they were. The birds were smaller than they appeared online. Only one of them looked like a proper plump and motherly hen. The other three looked more like crows with small heads and pencils for legs. My friends and I looked at each other, trying to hide our skepticism from our young salesman. The birds cost $20 a pop.
“Well,” I said, “we came this far out.”
So the four of us — a Vermonter, a Bostonian, a Texan and me, a Floridian — placed the birds in a cardboard box in the backseat of our car and returned to Portland. Thus began our three-year odyssey as urban farmers in the Pacific Northwest.
For Portland émigrés with an 800-square-foot backyard in the Southeast Portland neighborhood of Woodstock, urban farming was the fashionable thing to do. Anywhere else in the U.S., a house full of young male college students would probably play fantasy football; we played fantasy farmer. We weren’t the only ones. Portland boasts one of the most thriving backyard chicken cultures in the country.
Robert Litt started the Urban Farm Store in his garage on SE Powell Street six years ago. Litt was dissatisfied with the chicken feed he found in the area, so he started making his own quality feed. As word of his brand spread and demand grew, he opened a real storefront. The Urban Farm Store now has a database of between 10,000 and 15,000 customers in the Portland area, and it sells more than 100 tons of feed and more than 5,000 pullets (baby hens) per year — nearly all to backyard farmers. The store even developed its own organic soy- and corn-free feed, since many Portlanders have eliminated those ingredients from their own diets.
Obviously, backyard chicken culture is not limited to Portland. Major urban areas like Brooklyn, Los Angeles and Chicago have all experienced an increase over the last decade. It’s part of a growing nationwide urban farming movement, and the trend has less to do with poverty or hunger as it does the ecological and ethical benefits of producing your own food. But Portland is different. Portland is the kind of place where the city provides houses with compost bins, and dumpster diving is both a sexy pastime and a familiar way for the frugal to fill an empty stomach.
I wasn’t immune to the pull of Portland’s mystique, or the idea of urban agriculture. Yes, a sense of social and environmental responsibility inspired my roommates and me to live a greener life. But I also liked the idea of dirt under my fingernails, and having a reason to wear overalls without irony. Urban farming seemed fun and cool.
“Portland has elevated the chicken to pet status,” says Urban Farm store manager Jason Everly. Unfortunately, he added, some Portland chicken owners have no idea how to care for their animals. “Forty percent of my time is spent on the phone with people who don’t know anything about chickens,” Everly says. He could have been talking about us.
My roommates and I didn’t bother to do much research before buying chickens. Technically, we were outlaws. According to Chapter 13 of the Code and Charter of the City of Portland, a resident can have backyard chickens, ducks, doves, pigeons, pygmy goats or rabbits without a permit, as long as they keep fewer than three animals total. We had four. In order to keep four or more, owners just need to pay a $31 application fee and inform any neighbors within 150 feet about their stock. According to Chris Wirth, manager of the Multnomah Code Enforcement Program, there are currently more than 800 permits for chickens in the city of Portland, up from 95 in 2009 — but that’s a fraction of the total.
“We only see the tip of the iceberg,” Wirth says. Short of knocking on every door in the city, there’s no way to know who has more than three chickens.
Wirth and his department occasionally investigate complaints about chicken slaughter. Typically, the complaints relate to screaming birds and blood leaking onto a neighbor’s property. The amateur killing of chickens can be loud and messy. Fortunately for us, our neighbors didn’t mind our rule-breaking. Instead of complaining, they followed suit and built their own, superior chicken coop.
The chicken coop marketplace is filled with shockingly high-end structures. Williams-Sonoma’s Agrarian line sells an “exclusive” hand-built $1,500 coop made with “sustainably harvested western red cedar, custom-milled by a local, family-owned sawmill and delivered to the workshop via ferry.” Neiman Marcus offers a Versailles-inspired Le Petit Trianon coop that costs over $100,000. If you own this decadent unit, Neiman Marcus promises that when you “slip on your wellies” and head for the coop, you will be “greeted by the pleasant clucking of your specially chosen flock.” There, inside the world’s most expensive chicken coop, the company catalog says you’ll find your roost in a “living room,” or maybe in the “broody room.” If your chickens are out and about, you can just wait in the coop’s library, which is “filled with chicken and gardening books for visitors of the human kind, and, of course, an elegant chandelier.”
In place of an expensive abode, we gave our chickens distinctive names: Mama San, a Rhode Island Red, and the three, indistinguishable black bantams, Stacey, Lacey and Fat Rhonda. They lived in a coop that I thought resembled Rio’s favela architecture. Its sides were made from discarded pieces of wood of varying thickness, and the roof was comprised of three different slabs of corrugated metal. The entire structure stood about a foot-and-a-half tall. Despite its rickety appearance, the birds took to it when we’d usher them in at night and close the door.
To keep the girls safe, we chicken-proofed the yard’s nooks and crannies with hexagonal wire. The fence mostly worked, but one of the bantams (I always blamed Fat Rhonda, though I could never truly tell) frequently slipped out and onto the street. The chases that ensued reminded me of the scene from the first “Rocky” film, where Sylvester Stallone’s boxing coach, Mickey Goldmill, tells Rocky that he wants him to “chase this little chicken” because “if you can catch this thing, you can catch greased lightning.” I chased, and the loose bird dodged my attempts to capture it. She was like a feathery Barry Sanders. After long bouts of weaving and missed tackles, I’d give up, and the bantam would wander back home on its own volition.
In the beginning, mornings rewarded us for all our backyard husbandry. As the kettle warmed for the day’s first pot of coffee, one of us would head out to gather eggs. Our birds typically gifted us with three to four daily. The fresh eggs clustered in one corner of the coop, and we delicately reached in and brought them inside. They felt warm in my hands. Bits of scat and loose feathers often clung to them, but I got over that quickly. Our chickens’ eggs were strong. The thick shells required a serious thwacking to open them. The yolks seldom broke in the pan. We’d fry them sunny-side up and make sure the little wet sunsets were runny as hell. In our house, overcooking a backyard egg was a sin. Maybe they were tastier than store-bought eggs, or maybe I imagined they were tastier because of my personal relationship with the birds. Either way, over breakfast, we felt like stewards of the earth, and my investment fed a mild case of burgeoning self-righteousness.
On lazy days I studied our chickens for hours, seeking some anthropomorphic qualities. They had none. Instead, their behavior was predictably pleasant. Their walk combined a high-kicking Rockette with a tiptoeing Scooby-Doo. Their necks jutted forward in sync with each step. They kicked the dirt behind them and pecked at everything and nothing. They ate and shit a lot ─ about forty-five pounds of poop per chick, per year, to be exact. To drink, they stuck their beaks in a dish, threw their heads back and swallowed the water like my roommates and I gurgled mouthwash. And unlike their noisy male counterparts, the chickens made soothing coos, constantly mumbling among one another, though their wide eyes made them seem forever on edge. It didn’t take long for me to understand that chickens are not intelligent creatures. That made sense, since they sometimes ran around without a head. Take the famous story of Miracle Mike.
In 1945, on a small farm in Fruita, Colorado, Lloyd Olsen slaughtered chickens for a family dinner. Olsen knew that his mother-in-law liked neck meat, so he wanted to leave as much of it for her as possible. He raised his cleaver and chopped the head off of a five-month old cockerel, or young rooster. The headless bird ran around for a moment, as headless chickens often do, but instead of falling over dead, the bird gathered itself and went on being a chicken. It pecked for food and preened itself, with great futility. It even tried to crow but could only muster a gurgling noise. Olsen didn’t have the heart to finish the job; instead, the bird became a sideshow character named Miracle Mike the Headless Chicken and was flown to fairs as far away as England. Olsen kept Mike alive for eighteen months with an eyedropper that he used to feed Mike through his neck, and to remove the mucus build-up that eventually suffocated him.
The medical explanation for the headless chicken has to do with the bird’s skeletal anatomy. Chicken skulls have two large openings for the eyes that subsequently place the brain at a forty-five-degree angle. By leaving as much neck for his gizzard-loving mother-in-law, Olsen inadvertently left the bird’s brainstem intact. This allowed Miracle Mike’s basic motor functions to continue working as if it had a brain.
Personally, I had trouble developing an intimate relationship with a creature that can live without a head. Yes, our chickens gave us delicious eggs, and they ate our kitchen scraps and made us feel like less-wasteful members of society. But something was missing. And perhaps because everybody and their cousin had chickens back then, we wanted to separate ourselves from the masses. So we bought four ducks.
I still liked our hens, but the ducks were better. Their colorful names reflected our preference. There was the speedy black duck, Usain Bolt. There was a smaller, light brown duck with flecks of black at the end of her feathers, who we named Fidel Castro’s Beard. We named the elegant brown duck Benazir Bhutto, in honor of the late Pakistani prime minister and political activist. And then there was Einstein, the favorite, an inconspicuous white duck in all ways except for the frizzy white tufts that adorned the crown of his head. The Vermonter bought a kiddie-pool for the ducks to swim in. Our Bostonian roommate sang Leonard Cohen to them as they swam. They did as they pleased and always kept close to each other. They were even less interested in us than the chickens were. They’d never let us pick them up or even touch them, but they were much more spirited and independent, and the chickens suffered for it. Playfully intelligent, the ducks would harass the hens by biting their tails. Ducks are extremely messy, and they’d crap in the water dispenser, further stressing the chickens.
The stressed chickens stopped laying. The ducks gave us eggs, which were tastier and larger, but laid with less frequency. Soon we realized they were more pets than animals of utility, which made what happened next all the more unfortunate.
I’d heard that coyotes cruised the neighborhood and that raccoons scavenged garbage. But we made no extra effort to protect our flock. Then, one rainy morning, my roommates and I woke to find our roost massacred. Chicken and duck carcasses were strewn about the wet ground, their little necks broken and their livers gored. Wet and bloodied feathers mixed with earth. Only Fidel survived the assassination. She sat in silence. We could see the flesh of her neck from the clawed attack. The house fell silent. The mood grew somber. We discussed the situation: What kind of animal might be capable of killing six birds in one sitting? Raccoons? Possum? Coyotes? We weren’t skilled trackers. We had no way of knowing,
The previous night, we’d agreed to have brunch. It was unclear if anyone had an appetite, or if, out of respect for the dead, no one mentioned it. But I was hungry and needed some levity, so I spoke up. “Guys, I know everyone is bummed out. It really is a tragic event. But we can’t just sit around and be sad all day; the ducks would want for us to be happy, just like they were until they met their unfortunate end. Maybe we should go out and get some brunch.” I paused. No one responded. I continued. “So, if anyone would like to join me, I know this really great Chinese place that serves a fantastic Peking duck.” The joke did not go over well. The atmosphere got tense, and I thought it best to leave.
While I was eating, my roommates did the dirty work of collecting and burying our poor birds’ limp bodies in the cold, soaked dirt. It was poor judgment on my part, like my comic timing. As a group, we also failed to predict the obvious and fortify our yard, because whatever predator killed our birds came back for poor Fidel a few days later. Besides the equipment, empty coop and occasional loose feather, our backyard was empty.
Like the parent who hastily buys a cuter puppy to replace the dog that was run over by the mailman, we replaced the ducks — with goats.
Now, I was totally against this. But our newest roommate, who was also the new girlfriend of the Vermonter, was persistent. She sent us adorable pictures of baby goats and recipes for making our own cheese. The house committed to all of the responsibilities that come with large animals, but still, I protested. If we couldn’t even keep chickens alive, how were we going to deal with goats? But the group overruled me, and they built an impressive shed-sized barn out of five-ply and two-by-fours, into which they trotted not one, but two goats.
It was a mother and her kid — a package deal. The kid was a cute. It had auburn fur and white spots and a spunky energy, and like all miniature things, it was inherently adorable. Continuing our bizarre naming tradition, we called her JonBenét Ramsey. Mama Goat had thick grey fur and was over 200 pounds and intimidating, so we just called her Mama Goat.
Only the Vermonter had previous milking experience. Some of us weren’t even breastfed as children. It took a lot of tugging and YouTubing to get the milk out of those swollen udders, but in the end, it was only me and the Vermonter who could manage. You’d grab one or both teats with your thumb and forefinger. Then you’d pinch the teat at its base where it connects to the udder, kind of like when you’re holding the end of an untied water balloon. Then, you’d roll your fingers in descending order, and presto! Warm and creamy goat’s milk. Between the challenge of squeezing and the metallic rumble of the aluminum bucket, keeping goats made me feel like a real farmer.
My mother didn’t approve of us drinking raw milk. On the phone, she told me it was reckless, and it might have been. Unpasteurized milk can contain harmful bacteria like E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella and Cryptosporidium. In 2012, three Portland-area children were hospitalized with E. coli infections from drinking raw milk from a farm in Clackamas County.
To protect the public from bacteria, twenty states have banned the sale of raw milk, and thirteen have restricted purchases. Retail distribution of raw goat’s milk is permitted in Oregon, but you can get unpasteurized sheep or cow’s milk by directly purchasing it from an Oregon farm. Still, my roommates and I went on drinking it. We made goat-milk lattes and homemade goat cheese and poured goat milk over late-night bowls of Cap’N Crunch. Although I didn’t go deep into the science, I believed that certain bacteria and nutrients in unpasteurized milk helped with my digestion. Cow’s milk always gave me unpleasant after-effects. The goat milk had no consequences. None of my roommates got physically sick either, but we did start to lose our minds.
Turns out goats require significant attention. When deprived of it and kept in a relatively small yard, they began to bleat incessantly and would stare through the back windows with their devilish, flattened eyeballs. It was creepy and annoying, but it was our fault because we hadn’t done our research, so the goats didn’t get what they needed, and we got more than we bargained for.
To give them exercise, we once took them on a walk with leashes to a nearby park. Fifty feet ahead of us, a mother was pushing her baby in a carriage. Our mama goat got excited and lunged at the woman’s baby, her udders swinging back and forth. It took all our might to stop her, and after apologizing to the frightened woman profusely, we slunk back to the house and decided we couldn’t walk goats on leashes. But we were only able to offer them 800 square feet of backyard.
That couldn’t solve the problem we’d created. When the Bostonian broke his tibia and fibula in a basketball game, he was immobilized for more than three weeks; unfortunately for him, his upstairs room faced the backyard. The goats, normally home alone throughout the day, somehow sensed that someone was present. So they bleated at the Bostonian for hours on end. Their shrill cries sounded exactly like a candy-fiending little boy shouting “Mom!” in a supermarket. In constant pain, the bedridden Bostonian couldn’t escape. No earplugs would muffle the sound. If he tried to drown them out with music, they only seemed to bleat louder. There was one moment when he looked to his bedside table and his month’s supply of codeine. I could end it, he thought. I could end it all right now.
We were ill-equipped goat stewards. We admit that. Since we were young and hungry, we formulated the most self-serving and simple plan we could: butcher the goats for Thanksgiving. To me, JonBenét looked tasty. Mama looked chewy and gamey. But this was just bravado. We couldn’t do it. We wouldn’t even know where to cut on their throats, let alone how to carve up their carcasses. Instead, we found saviors at an animal sanctuary who vowed to take good care of Mama and JonBenét, though I suppose they could have eaten them for Thanksgiving as well. When the sanctuary staff picked up our girls, they said they had never seen such overfed and fat goats. I couldn’t help but feel vindicated because I knew that the goats were a bad idea in the first place. Still, there was some shame in our inability to take care of sentient and social animals. They deserved better. It wasn’t the goats’ fault that they were caught up in the crossfire of house politics.
We took comfort knowing that we weren’t the only city dwellers desperate to get rid of goats and poultry they shouldn’t have bought in the first place. Many people in the Portland area fail at raising fowl and livestock. The plight of these unwanted animals moved Kit Collins and her husband, John, to create Out to Pasture Sanctuary ten years ago.
“Do what you can with what you got,” Kit Collins says. The Collins live in Estacada, a small town thirty miles southeast of Portland. Set on some extra acreage, their all-volunteer, nonprofit sanctuary costs the couple $1,000 a month in food, plus vet bills and hay. In September, Out to Pasture housed more than 150 animals, including thirty chickens and ducks, twenty-two pigs (eighteen were potbellies that people no longer wanted and the other four were regular pigs that someone mistook for potbellies), twenty-five cats, two dogs, ten goats, a sheep, a donkey, a couple of llamas and more than fifty roosters. There are so many unwanted roosters that the sanctuary was no longer accepting them this fall.
“I’ve been getting three calls a week because of roosters,” Kit said. Due to their loud cock-a-doodling, roosters are illegal in Portland, and can incur a $200 fine. What upsets Kit, especially about the recent backyard chicken fad, is that, in his words, “half the chickens are born roosters. People don’t realize. It’s just so frustrating to see people buy on a whim. If you’re going to take an animal, it’s a lifelong commitment.”
So what to do with the other half? For most baby roosters, life ends once their sex is determined. Most stores order their chicks a year in advance from hatcheries. In order to establish sex, some hatcheries “sex link” the chicks — a breeding system in which males and females come out as different colors — so future roosters are immediately removed. The other, more accurate, way of sorting the pullets from cockerels is something called “vent sexing.” To do this, a vent sexer must examine what is called the vent, a part of the anatomy where both the eggs and poop exit. Only females have vents. Apparently, this method is ninety percent accurate, and a vent sexer spends over eight hours looking at chicks’ anuses. Depending on the policy of the hatchery, the unwanted cockerels are disposed of with CO2 gas or fed to raptors. Before this, we never considered the end of a baby rooster’s industrial life. We didn’t think much. We just plowed on.
Undeterred by our previous failings or Kit Collins’s comments, we purchased a new flock. The house welcomed Joan of Arc, Bizarro Joan of Arc, Madonna, Mohamed Bouazizi and Roberta F. Kennedy. These new chickens were great layers. “We’re seasoned urban farmers now,” I thought, imagining myself squinting into the distance with a blade of wheat in my mouth. That was until one evening when we found Joan of Arc with a broken neck. She was walking around the garden enclosure, dragging her limp head by her side. She tried to act normally, to play it cool and hang with the rest of the roost, but a void in the pecking order had opened, and the rest of the chickens pecked callously at her and shooed her away.
We knew we had to help her. We couldn’t take her to a vet, unable to imagine such a thing as a chicken neck brace. We decided on a mercy killing. But who would do it? When the question arose, most of us kept silent. My experience with killing was limited to filleting fish. No one seemed able. Then, the most recent addition to our abode, a twenty-three-year-old outdoorswoman from Houston, stood up.
“I’ll do it,” she said.
“Do you know how?” I asked.
“Of course. Just get me a knife and a cutting board.” She took Joan of Arc in her arms, comforting her with soft words and the gentle bounce you give to babies. I handed her a kitchen knife and lay the cutting board on top of a table outside. Quickly, she put the forsaken bird on the block and put the blade to her neck. This event was the most traumatizing part of our urban farm experiment. Joan of Arc’s beheading was less the clean lethal stroke of a guillotine and more like cutting a tomato with a blunt knife. Rather than raising the blade and striking with one quick blow, the Texan pressed her palm down on the blunt edge of the knife. She tried her best, but her ability was limited. Joan of Arc’s neck crunched, but her head did not separate. That took some sawing with a knife that, in hindsight, should have been sharpened. Our bird deserved better, but there was no turning back at that point. Finally, with the butchering complete, the now headless corpse began to violently shake. Our roommate held our bird by the legs as her wings flapped and blood spurted in all directions for a very long thirty seconds. Then I saw the head. Joan of Arc’s eyes protruded and her tongue, which I didn’t even know chickens had, stuck out the side of her beak. Her mouth opened and closed like some animatronic Jim Henson nightmare puppet gasping for air. I didn’t know how anyone would have the appetite to eat the bird.
We meant for Joan of Arc’s end to be merciful, but we took it as an opportunity to learn how to properly butcher a chicken – which exists, of course, but Portland’s abundant vegan and animal activist groups can make that difficult.
The year before Joan of Arc’s death, one of my college classmates, Gabe Holt, planned to use school funds to teach a student-led class on properly slaughtering and preparing a chicken for consumption. Provocatively titled Chokin’ the Chicken, Gabe’s class invited controversy. The title was adolescent and probably regrettable, but the class’s contents were legitimate. One student protested and demanded Gabe cancel his course. When he ignored her pleas, she responded by contacting the Portland branch of the Animal Defense League. The ADL rallied members and like-minds with a mass email claiming they would “be bearing witness and protesting the Reed College chicken slaughter starting at 11:00 a.m. Please come around 10:30 if you are interested in letting Gabriel Holt know that his murderous lifestyle will not be tolerated as a college course. Let’s let the public know what is going on and let Gabriel know that he can not murder without consequence.”
The student who hoped to stop the course also gave the Portland ADL Gabe’s full name, address and contact information. Leading up to the class, Gabe started receiving threatening online messages from people who were enraged at the idea of someone killing a chicken for consumption. A sample:
“You somehow think your life matters more than theirs? I disagree. Unlike you, I am capable of looking past the differences to see who is really there. And in your case, you who would dismiss the lives of others because they are not like you, well you can rot. I choose to fight for the chickens. They are better than you are.”
“Yours would be the same voices telling me how ‘unimportant’ lynchings were a century ago. You would be asking why we don’t protest something more ‘important’ if we gave a shit about slavery. You’d be denigrating those who fought for the rights of women to be treated as equals, or those who fought against the Nazis in the 1930s. That’s just who you are. Sad”
In light of the passionate opposition, Gabe canceled the course. But on the Sunday morning when the course was originally scheduled, Gabe woke to find that someone had broken into his backyard in Southeast Portland and stolen his chickens. What made this even more upsetting was that those were not the chickens Gabe was planning to slaughter; those were his egg-laying birds. He had contacted a farm that sold old hens for slaughtering, but he canceled the purchase when the course was abandoned. Gabe never identified the thieves, who surely saw themselves not as thieves but emancipators, but he hoped that the birds were not “released into the wild” as they wouldn’t have lasted a day on the mean streets of Portland.
Eventually, my roommates and I all graduated college and made our way back east. We left the birds in the care of the new residents. Every few months or so I’d get word that another bird had passed, cause of death unknown. I felt sad. Not like my dog died sad, or even some formerly-relevant-celebrity-death sad. What I felt was closer to the grief one feels when your favorite dive bar gets foreclosed. It felt like the end of an era.
Now, across the continent in Brooklyn, the only creatures I shepherd are bedbugs and mice. For the former, I have no sympathy; for the latter, I attempt to humanely catch and remove them, only to fail and develop a bloodlust for killing the sneaky rodents.
Still, when I stare out the window of my New York apartment, I see a tiny plot of unused land and think, “I could totally put a beehive in that corner right there.”
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The law of war is a legal term of art that refers to the aspect of public international law concerning acceptable justifications to engage in war (jus ad bellum) and the limits to acceptable wartime conduct (jus in bello or International humanitarian law).
Among other issues, modern laws of war address declarations of war, acceptance of surrender and the treatment of prisoners of war; military necessity, along with distinction and proportionality; and the prohibition of certain weapons that may cause unnecessary suffering.
The law of war is considered distinct from other bodies of law—such as the domestic law of a particular belligerent to a conflict—that may also provide legal limits to the conduct or justification of war.
Early sources and history
Attempts to define and regulate the conduct of individuals, nations, and other agents in war and to mitigate the worst effects of war have a long history. The earliest known instances are found in the Mahabharata and the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament).
In the Indian subcontinent, the Mahabharata describes a discussion between ruling brothers concerning what constitutes acceptable behavior on a battlefield:
One should not attack chariots with cavalry; chariot warriors should attack chariots. One should not assail someone in distress, neither to scare him nor to defeat him ... War should be waged for the sake of conquest; one should not be enraged toward an enemy who is not trying to kill him.
An example from the Deuteronomy 20:19–20 limits the amount of acceptable collateral and environmental damage:
When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to employ them in the siege: Only the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it be subdued.
Also, Deuteronomy 20:10–12, requires the Israelites to make an offer of peace to the opposing party before laying siege to their city.
When you march up to attack a city, make its people an offer of peace. If they accept and open their gates, all the people in it shall be subject to forced labor and shall work for you. If they refuse to make peace and they engage you in battle, lay siege to that city.
Similarly, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 requires that female captives who were forced to marry the victors of a war could not be sold as slaves.
Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone.
Furthermore, Sura Al-Baqara 2:190-193 of the Koran requires that in combat Muslims are only allowed to strike back in self-defence against those who strike against them, but, on the other hand, once the enemies cease to attack, Muslims are then commanded to stop attacking.
In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church also began promulgating teachings on just war, reflected to some extent in movements such as the Peace and Truce of God. The impulse to restrict the extent of warfare, and especially protect the lives and property of non-combatants continued with Hugo Grotius and his attempts to write laws of war.
One of the grievances enumerated in the American Declaration of Independence was that King George III "(...) has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions."
The modern law of war is derived from three principal sources:
- Lawmaking treaties (or conventions) — see the section below called "International treaties on the laws of war".
- Custom. Not all the law of war derives from or has been incorporated in such treaties, which can refer to the continuing importance of customary law. (see Martens Clause). Such customary international law is established by the general practice of nations together with their acceptance that such practice is required by law.
- General Principles. "Certain fundamental principles provide basic guidance. For instance, the principles of distinction, proportionality, and necessity, all of which are part of customary international law, always apply to the use of armed force".
Positive international humanitarian law consists of treaties (international agreements) which directly affect the laws of war by binding consenting nations and achieving widespread consent—see the section below called "International treaties on the laws of war".
The opposite of positive laws of war is customary laws of war, many of which were explored at the Nuremberg War Trials. These laws define both the permissive rights of states as well as prohibitions on their conduct when dealing with irregular forces and non-signatories.
The Lieber Code, promulgated by the Union during the American Civil War, was critical in the development of the laws of land warfare. Historian Geoffrey Best called the period from 1856 to 1909 the law of war’s “epoch of highest repute.” The defining aspect of this period was the establishment, by states, of a positive legal or legislative foundation (i.e., written) superseding a regime based primarily on religion, chivalry, and customs. It is during this “modern” era that the international conference became the forum for debate and agreement between states and the “multilateral treaty” served as the positive mechanism for codification.
In addition, the Nuremberg War Trial judgment on "The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity" held, under the guidelines Nuremberg Principles, that treaties like the Hague Convention of 1907, having been widely accepted by "all civilised nations" for about half a century, were by then part of the customary laws of war and binding on all parties whether the party was a signatory to the specific treaty or not.
Interpretations of international humanitarian law change over time and this also affects the laws of war. For example Carla Del Ponte, the chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia pointed out in 2001 that although there is no specific treaty ban on the use of depleted uranium projectiles, there is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the effect of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there may be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violate general principles of the law applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict. This is because in the future it may be the consensus view that depleted uranium projectiles breaches one or more of the following treaties: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the Charter of the United Nations; the Genocide Convention; the United Nations Convention Against Torture; the Geneva Conventions including Protocol I; the Convention on Conventional Weapons of 1980; the Chemical Weapons Convention; and the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material.
Purposes of the laws
Some of the central principles underlying laws of war are:
- Wars should be limited to achieving the political goals that started the war (e.g., territorial control) and should not include unnecessary destruction.
- Wars should be brought to an end as quickly as possible.
- People and property that do not contribute to the war effort should be protected against unnecessary destruction and hardship.
To this end, laws of war are intended to mitigate the hardships of war by:
- Protecting both combatants and non-combatants from unnecessary suffering.
- Safeguarding certain fundamental human rights of persons who fall into the hands of the enemy, particularly prisoners of war, the wounded and sick, and civilians.
- Facilitating the restoration of peace.
Principles of the laws of war
Military necessity, along with distinction, and proportionality, are three important principles of international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict.
Military necessity is governed by several constraints: an attack or action must be intended to help in the military defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a military objective, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.
Distinction is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must distinguish between combatants and civilians.[lower-alpha 1]
Proportionality is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must make sure that the harm caused to civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated by an attack on a military objective.
Example substantive laws of war
To fulfill the purposes noted above, the laws of war place substantive limits on the lawful exercise of a belligerent’s power. Generally speaking, the laws require that belligerents refrain from employing violence that is not reasonably necessary for military purposes and that belligerents conduct hostilities with regard for the principles of humanity and chivalry.
However, because the laws of war are based on consensus, the content and interpretation of such laws are extensive, contested, and ever-changing. The following are particular examples of some of the substance of the laws of war, as those laws are interpreted today.
Declaration of war
Some treaties, notably the United Nations Charter (1945) Article 2, and other articles in the Charter, seek to curtail the right of member states to declare war; as does the older Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 for those nations who ratified it.
Lawful conduct of belligerent actors
Modern laws of war regarding conduct during war (jus in bello), such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, provide that it is unlawful for belligerents to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements, such as wearing distinctive uniform or other distinctive signs visible at a distance, carrying weapons openly, and conducting operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war. Impersonating soldiers of the other side by wearing the enemy’s uniform is allowed, though fighting in that uniform is unlawful perfidy, as is the taking of hostages.
Combatants also must be commanded by a responsible officer. That is, a commander can be held liable in a court of law for the improper actions of his or her subordinates. There is an exception to this if the war came on so suddenly that there was no time to organize a resistance, e.g. as a result of a foreign occupation.
Persons parachuting from an aircraft in distress
Modern laws of war, specifically within Protocol I additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, prohibits attacking persons parachuting from an aircraft in distress regardless of what territory they are over. Once they land in territory controlled by the enemy, they must be given an opportunity to surrender before being attacked unless it is apparent that they are engaging in a hostile act or attempting to escape. This prohibition does not apply to the dropping of airborne troops, special forces, commandos, spies, saboteurs, liaison officers, and intelligence agents. Thus, such personnel descending by parachutes are legitimate targets and, therefore, may be attacked, even if their aircraft is in distress.
Red Cross, Red Crescent, and the white flag
Modern laws of war, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, also include prohibitions on attacking doctors, ambulances or hospital ships displaying a Red Cross, a Red Crescent, the Red Crystal, or other emblem related to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It is also prohibited to fire at a person or vehicle bearing a white flag, since that indicates an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate.
In either case, persons protected by the Red Cross/Crescent or white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts. In fact, engaging in war activities under a protected symbol is itself a violation of the laws of war known as perfidy. Failure to follow these requirements can result in the loss of protected status and make the individual violating the requirements a lawful military target.
Applicability to states and individuals
The law of war is binding not only upon States as such but also upon individuals and, in particular, the members of their armed forces. Parties are bound by the laws of war to the extent that such compliance does not interfere with achieving legitimate military goals. For example, they are obliged to make every effort to avoid damaging people and property not involved in combat, but they are not guilty of a war crime if a bomb mistakenly hits a residential area.
By the same token, combatants that intentionally use protected people or property as human shields or camouflage are guilty of violations of the laws of war and are responsible for damage to those that should be protected.
Remedies for violations
During conflict, punishment for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in reprisal.
Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war lose the protections and status afforded as prisoners of war, but only after facing a "competent tribunal" (GC III Art 5). At that point, they become unlawful combatants but they must still be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and regular trial", because they are still covered by GC IV Art 5. For example in 1976, foreign soldiers fighting for the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) were captured by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the civil war that broke out when Angola gained independence from Portugal in 1975. In the Luanda Trial, after "a regularly constituted court" found them guilty of being mercenaries, three Britons and an American were shot by a firing squad on July 10, 1976. Nine others were imprisoned for terms of 16 to 30 years.
Spies and terrorists may be subject to civilian law or military tribunal for their acts and in practice have been subjected to torture and/or execution. The laws of war do not approve nor condemn such torture or execution. Spies may only be punished following a trial; if captured after rejoining their own army, they must be treated as prisoners of war. Suspected terrorists who are captured during an armed conflict, without having participated in the hostilities, may be detained only in accordance with the GC IV and are entitled to a regular trial. However, nations that have signed the UN Convention Against Torture have committed themselves not to use torture on anyone for any reason. Nationals of nations which have not signed the Fourth Geneva Convention are also not protected by it (Article 4: "Nationals of a State which is not bound by the Convention are not protected by it".), whether they are spies or terrorists. Also, nationals of nations which have not signed and do not abide by the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions are not protected by them. (Common Article 2: "[The High Contracting Parties] shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to [a Power which is not a contracting party], if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof" (emphasis added).)
If someone is (or is suspected to be) a national of a nation which has signed or abides by the Fourth Geneva Convention (see Art. 2 and Art. 4 citations above), or is (or is suspected to be) a "prisoner of war" (POW) per the definitions of such "protected persons" in the Third Geneva Convention (see Art. 4 and Art. 5), the following applies: A POW who breaks specific provisions of the laws of war may be penalized, but not penalized worse than the tribunal would penalize its own troops for the same offense (and usually a disciplinary, not judicial, punishment if its own troops normally wouldn't be brought to trial for a particular offense) and POWs may not be penalized based on rank or gender, nor with corporal punishment, collective punishments for individual acts, lack of daylight, or torture/cruelty (GC IV, Art. 82 through Art. 88).
After a conflict has ended, persons who have committed or ordered any breach of the laws of war, especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for war crimes through process of law. Also, nations which signed the Geneva Conventions are required to search for, then try and punish, anyone who has committed or ordered certain "grave breaches" of the laws of war. (see GC III, Art. 129 and Art. 130)
While it can be argued that the victors may be less strict on their own forces, it can also be argued that the signing of the treaties involved in the laws of war implies a good-faith promise to adhere to them equally. As with many facets of war, the aftermath and subsequent legal proceedings depend heavily on circumstance, and are different for each conflict.
There is an emerging trend in the US to hold private corporations civilly liable for aiding and abetting in war crimes, by knowingly providing substantial assistance in the commission of the crimes. Under international law, the mens rea element is knowledge, not intent that the crimes be carried out. This opens the door not only to hold private security contractors liable, but also other kinds of corporations which employ violent mercenary or terrorist groups as private security forces. Although conflict zones often lack functioning legal systems, and government may even have passed laws immunizing private mercenaries from criminal liability, aiding and abetting a war crime can still be the basis for civil liability in a foreign court with jurisdiction over the defendant corporation.
International treaties on the laws of war
- see also List of international declarations
- 1856 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law abolished privateering.
- 1864 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.
- 1868 St. Petersburg Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive projectiles Under 400 grams Weight.
- 1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War (Brussels Declaration). Signed in Brussels 27 August. This agreement never entered into force, but formed part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 Hague Peace Conference.
- 1880 Manual of the Laws and Customs of War at Oxford. At its session in Geneva in 1874 the Institute of International Law appointed a committee to study the Brussels Declaration of the same year and to submit to the Institute its opinion and supplementary proposals on the subject. The work of the Institute led to the adoption of the Manual in 1880 and it went on to form part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 Hague Peace Conference.
- 1899 Hague Conventions consisted of four main sections and three additional declarations (the final main section is for some reason identical to the first additional declaration):
- I – Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
- II – Laws and Customs of War on Land
- III – Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864
- IV – Prohibiting Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons
- Declaration I – On the Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons
- Declaration II – On the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases
- Declaration III – On the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body
- 1907 Hague Conventions had thirteen sections, of which twelve were ratified and entered into force, and two declarations:
- I – The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
- II – The Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts
- III – The Opening of Hostilities
- IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land
- V – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land
- VI – The Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities
- VII – The Conversion of Merchant Ships into War – Ships
- VIII – The Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines
- IX – Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War
- X – Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention
- XI – Certain Restrictions with Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War
- XII – The Creation of an International Prize Court [Not Ratified]*
- XIII – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War
- Declaration I – extending Declaration II from the 1899 Conference to other types of aircraft
- Declaration II – on the obligatory arbitration
- 1909 London Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War largely reiterated existing law, although it showed greater regard to the rights of neutral entities. Never went into effect.
- 1922 The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty (6 February).
- 1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare. Never adopted in a legally binding form.
- 1925 Geneva protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.
- 1927–1930 Greco-German arbitration tribunal.
- 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact (also known as the Pact of Paris).
- 1929 Geneva Convention, Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war.
- 1929 Geneva Convention on the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick.
- 1930 Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament (22 April).
- 1935 Roerich Pact.
- 1936 Second London Naval Treaty (25 March).
- 1938 Amsterdam Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. This convention was never ratified.
- 1938 League of Nations declaration for the "Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War."
- 1945 United Nations Charter (entered into force on October 24, 1945).
- 1946 Judgment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
- 1947 Nuremberg Principles formulated under UN General Assembly Resolution 177 21 November 1947.
- 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
- 1949 Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.
- 1949 Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea.
- 1949 Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War.
- 1949 Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.
- 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.
- 1971 Zagreb Resolution of the Institute of International Law on Conditions of Application of Humanitarian Rules of Armed Conflict to Hostilities in which the United Nations Forces May be Engaged.
- 1974 United Nations Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict.
- 1977 United Nations Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques.
- 1977 Geneva Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts.
- 1977 Geneva Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts.
- 1978 Red Cross Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts.
- 1980 United Nations Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW).
- 1980 Protocol I on Non-Detectable Fragments.
- 1980 Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices.
- 1980 Protocol III on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons.
- 1995 Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons.
- 1996 Amended Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices.
- Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V to the 1980 Convention), 28 November 2003, entered into force on 12 November 2006.
- 1990 Ottawa Treaty banning the use of landmines.
- 1994 San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea.
- 1994 ICRC/UNGA Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict.
- 1994 UN Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel.
- 1996 The International Court of Justice advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons.
- 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction.
- 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (entered into force 1 July 2002).
- 2000 Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (entered into force 12 February 2002).
- 2005 Geneva Protocol III Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem.
- 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions (entered into force 1 August 2010).
- Customary international humanitarian law
- List of Articles of War
- Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)
- Command responsibility
- Crime against humanity
- International law
- Islamic military jurisprudence
- Law of occupation
- Law of the Sea
- Right of conquest
- Total war
- Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict
- Targeted killing
- War crime
- The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University, "IHL PRIMER SERIES | Issue #1" Accessed at http://www3.nd.edu/~cpence/eewt/IHLRI2009.pdf
- "Deuteronomy, from The holy Bible, King James version". Etext.virginia.edu. http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=KjvDeut.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=20&division=div1. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- "Deuteronomy 20:10-12 NIV - When you march up to attack a city". Bible Gateway. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%2020:10-12&version=NIV. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- "Deuteronomy, from The holy Bible, King James version". Etext.virginia.edu. http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=KjvDeut.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=21&division=div1. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- Al-Muwatta; Book 21, Number 21.3.10.
- Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, Islamic Rulings on Warfare, p. 22, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, ISBN 1-4289-1039-5
- See, e.g., Doty, Grant R. (1998). "THE UNITED STATES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAWS OF LAND WARFARE". p. 224. https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/JAGCNETINTERNET/HOMEPAGES/AC/MILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF/20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830/6d99151e5dc7d05085256e5b00577b0d/$FILE/ATTR2A48/Volume156Doty.pdf.
- GEOFFREY BEST, HUMANITY IN WARFARE 129 (1980).
- 2 L. OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW §§ 67–69 (H. Lauterpacht ed., 7th ed. 1952).
- Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity contained in the Avalon Project archive at Yale Law School.
- "The Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Use of Depleted Uranium Projectiles". Un.org. 2007-03-05. http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/nato061300.htm#IVA2. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/38 Human rights and weapons of mass destruction, or with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering (backup)
- Article 52 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions provides a widely-accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage" (Source: Moreno-Ocampo 2006, page 5, footnote 11).
- Moreno-Ocampo 2006, See section "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4,5.
- Greenberg 2011, Illegal Targeting of Civilians.
- Jefferson D. Reynolds. "Collateral Damage on the 21st century battlefield: Enemy exploitation of the law of armed conflict, and the struggle for a moral high ground". Air Force Law Review Volume 56, 2005(PDF) Page 57/58 "if international law is not enforced, persistent violations can conceivably be adopted as customary practice, permitting conduct that was once prohibited"
- "Convention (IV)". ICRC.ORG. http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/xsp/.ibmmodres/domino/OpenAttachment/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/4D47F92DF3966A7EC12563CD002D6788/FULLTEXT/IHL-19-EN.pdf. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
- "Articles 30 and 31". Icrc.org. http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/full/195. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- "CRS-15" (PDF). http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/7951.pdf. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- Roberts & Guelff 2000.
- ICRC Treaties & Documents by date
- Joan T. Phillips. List of documents and web links relating to the law of armed conflict in air and space operations, May 2006. Bibliographer, Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center Maxwell (United States) Air Force Base, Alabama.
- Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864
- Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War. Brussels, 27 August 1874
- Brussels Conference of 1874 – International Declaration Concerning Laws and Customs of War Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Project on Chemical and Biological Warfare
- Brussels Conference of 1874 ICRC cites D.Schindler and J.Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nihjoff Publisher, 1988, pp. 22–34.
- The Hague Rules of Air Warfare, 1922-12 to 1923-02, this convention was never adopted (backup site)
- Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. Geneva, 17 June 1925
- Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. Amsterdam The meetings of forum were from 29.08.1938 until 02.09.1938 in Amsterdam
- Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War, Unanimous resolution of the League of Nations Assembly, 30 September 1938
- Explosive remnants of war and international humanitarian law on the website of the International Committee of the Red Cross
- by Louise Doswald-Beck San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea 31 December 1995 International Review of the Red Cross no 309, pp. 583–594
- Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict 30 April 1996 International Review of the Red Cross no 311, pp. 230–237
- "Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel". Un.org. 1995-12-31. http://www.un.org/law/cod/safety.htm. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- Greenberg, Joel (2011). "Illegal Targeting of Civilians". Crimes of War Education Project. http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/civilians-illegal-targeting-of/. Retrieved July 2013.
- Johnson, James Turner (198). "Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry". New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Lamb,, A. (2013). "Ethics and the Laws of War: The moral justification of legal norms". Routledge.
- Moreno-Ocampo, Luis (9 February 2006). "OTP letter to senders re Iraq". International Criminal court. http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/F596D08D-D810-43A2-99BB-B899B9C5BCD2/277422/OTP_letter_to_senders_re_Iraq_9_February_2006.pdf.
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- Roberts, Adam; Guelff, Richard, eds (2000). "Documents on the Laws of War". Oxford University press. ISBN 0-19-876390-5.
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- Witt, John Fabian. Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History (Free Press; 2012) 498 pages; on the evolution and legacy of a code commissioned by President Lincoln in the Civil War
- International humanitarian law- International Committee of the Red Cross website
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- 1976: Death sentence for mercenaries (source BBC).
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Elmer, Wilbur and a brave troop of elephants set out on a quest to find the famous Lost Treasure of the jungle. When they stumble across a beautiful forgotten temple, Elmer's friends rush inside, keen to find the Lost Treasure before him, but Elmer appears to have stopped searching... A new tale from master-storyteller David McKee that delivers just as much pathos as the very first, this is the twenty-eighth Elmer storybook.
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Wednesday, Dec. 22, 2021 | 2 a.m.
Air Force veteran Ally Schroeder, 27, will graduate in May from UNLV with a bachelor’s degree in nutrition sciences.
She has been paying for her tuition and housing through the G.I. Bill, which has provided money toward schooling or job training to service members since the 1940s. But due to COVID-19 moving classes to a remote setting, Schroeder and other recipients of the benefit were at risk of losing half of the allowance.
Schroeder, who joined the Air Force in 2016 and served both overseas as well as at the Nellis Air Force Base as a vehicle mechanic, typically gets a monthly housing allowance of $1,674. But when classes transitioned to the online setting, the VA was set to cut her allowance to $871.
“The VA is considering that (as) distance learning, or web learning still,” Schroeder said, “so you wouldn’t get the money for that.”
Schroeder won’t have to worry about losing part of benefit moving forward, as the Responsible Education Mitigating Option and Technical Extensions (REMOTE) Act signed Tuesday by President Joe Biden ensures veterans will be able to get their full Veterans Affairs housing allowances while pursuing education during the pandemic.
“I don’t want to say that it’s, like, giving us what we earned or what we deserve, but I’m happy that the VA is able to accommodate us veterans in these situations,” Schroeder said. “We’re still being affected by it. Maybe not as directly as we were in 2020, but still to this day we’re being affected by (COVID-19), and it’s great to see that they have our back in this situation.”
Cutting the benefits would have created “extreme uncertainty” for veterans who could have been forced to abandon their education in order to make up the cost of rent or a mortgage, said Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto, D-Nev., who introduced the act in the Senate along with fellow Democrat Jon Tester of Montana.
In the 2018-19 academic year (the latest year available), there were 6,030 student veterans across the seven Nevada System of Higher Education’s institutions, according to NSHE’s Office of Academic and Student Affairs, and about 3,800 student veterans were receiving payments from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
“I’m a very big planner,” Schroeder said. “I have been my entire life. This has been something that’s been factored in mine and my husband’s finances. … Not having that money, I don’t bring anything in to my family at all. We’d just be living off of my husband’s salary.”
The REMOTE Act will also extend remote learning waivers and simplify the VA verification process for tuition reimbursement to minimize unnecessary paperwork. It will also fix a technical error in current law to ensure that U.S. universities, including Nevada’s colleges, can continue to recruit foreign students without losing G.I. bill funding, according to Cortez Masto’s office.
“Nevada’s student veterans who are learning remotely deserve their full VA housing benefits, and this legislation will make sure they are not unfairly penalized for pursuing their education online during the pandemic,” Cortez Masto said. “This bill becoming law means that veterans in Nevada and across the country can celebrate the holidays without worrying about how they will pay rent during their upcoming semester.”
Democratic Sens. Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut, Jacky Rosen of Nevada, Mazie Hirono of Hawaii, Sherrod Brown of Ohio and Mark Kelly of Arizona cosponsored the bill, which was also endorsed by the Veterans of Foreign Wars.
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At The Learning Community School, we teach language arts through a balanced literacy approach anchored in Columbia University’s Reading and Writing Workshop model. Our students are deeply immersed in a literacy-rich environment. They participate in reading and writing every day across all subject areas, starting in the K/1 classroom. As a result, our students identify themselves as readers and writers very early on. They become adept at examining the world with a writer’s attention to detail.
Balanced literacy also means that skills for reading, writing, speaking, and listening are explicitly taught. Reading Workshop in middle school, for example, focuses on teaching students specific strategies for close reading and annotating to prepare them for literature discussions and book talks with classmates.
In K/1, students learn to read with a phonetically based, multi-sensory method rooted in the Orton-Gillingham sequence. This method incorporates those skills throughout the grades in teaching word study, which includes phonics, spelling, vocabulary, grammar, and mechanics. Students have several opportunities to share their work throughout the year, including all-school authors’ parties, school celebrations, in-class discussions, and submitting pieces to local publications.
Reading and Writing Workshops remain the cornerstone of TLC’s rigorous, student-centered academic program and help our students grow into reflective, articulate, empathetic, and self-aware young people.
Our K/1 language arts program provides instruction in phonics, handwriting, reading, writing, and speaking/listening. For our kindergarten students, teachers emphasize building phonemic awareness, sound-symbol correlation, and proper letter formation in to create a strong foundation for reading. First graders learn decoding strategies for increasingly complex words, starting with simple ‘cvc’ patterns, and progressing to words with blends, digraphs, simple suffixes, vowel teams, and two closed-syllable words. Sight words, spelling rules, and basic grammar are explicitly taught.
Emerging writers label their drawings with letters and simple words while verbally narrating their stories, while more established writers create sentences with capitalization and ending punctuation and develop their stories with a beginning, middle, and end. Writing is presented as a process from topic generation through editing and revision. Phonics and spelling are taught using the Wilson Fundations curriculum, and students progress through the Orton-Gillingham sequence with multisensory lessons. Students practice guided reading and learn comprehension strategies in small-group lessons and during read-alouds.
The ultimate goal of K/1 is to build fluency skills in both reading and writing based on a solid foundation of phonemic awareness.
Sample units of study in K/1 Reading and Writing Workshop include:
The second and third grade language arts curriculum delves deeper into the Reading and Writing Workshop Units of Study, while strengthening the foundation of phonics, spelling, and decoding skills. Students work their way through the Orton-Gillingham sequence for reading and spelling with the Wilson Fundations and Words Their Way curricula. They practice both guided and independent reading and are read to throughout the school day. Teachers instruct students in comprehension strategies, as doing so strengthens their writing.
A portion of each day is spent in the Writing Workshop process, which begins and ends with share time. Individual workshop time includes editing, revising, and conferring with peers and teachers.
Direct instruction in grammar, punctuation, and paragraph structure is interwoven into mini-lessons and reinforced during word study. Students learn to write in cursive and make the transition to using cursive in their written work. Genre and author studies immerse students in fiction and non-fiction reading and serve as mentor texts for their writing.
Students at TLC are passionate about literacy in all its forms. Sample units of study for Reader’s and Writing Workshop include:
Our fourth and fifth grade language arts curriculum supports our students as they transition from the decoding and phonics work of learning to read, to reading to learn and find information.
Reading strategies are still actively taught in Reading Workshop as students learn to construct meaning and make connections in individual reading responses and in group work.
Research skills are taught to support work across the curriculum, and students are introduced to annotating as a technique to practice close reading and improve comprehension.
In these grades, word work takes the form of more complex grammar, mechanics, vocabulary, and morphology, including prefixes, root words, and suffixes. Word work is taught through direct instruction and is also intertwined and informed by the units of study in the Writing Workshop.
Students learn the skill of keyboarding to facilitate a gradual transition to writing on the computer in middle school. Writing Workshop has students writing every day and the class moves through the writing process of drafting, editing, revising, and publishing. Paragraph crafting is emphasized as students write across a variety of genres.
Units of study in Reading and Writing Workshop in 4/5 includes:
Our middle school Reading and Writing Workshop emphasizes critical thinking and builds meta-cognitive skills through a challenging and collaborative approach to language arts.
Students are immersed in mentor texts as they develop the style and craft of their writing in different genres. They create living documents of their learning by recording reading responses, notes on mini-lessons, grammar, and word study topics in their Writing Handbook and journals. Each student curates personalized editing and revision checklists from their writing conferences with teachers, which are utilized as students move pieces through the writing process. Throughout the year, students add to their portfolios so they witness the progression of their work as it moves through the writing process of drafting, editing, revision, and publishing.
They read across a variety of genres and write extensively about their reading, while learning new tools for making meaning; including various methods of annotating for different purposes. Student-led book studies are conducted each semester. Word Work is rooted in the Writing Workshop, but is also taught through direct instruction and includes more complex grammar and mechanics, vocabulary, spelling, and morphology of Latin and Greek roots.
Middle school students read, write, and engage in discussions everyday in language arts.
Units of study in Middle School Reading and Writing Workshop include:
We appreciate Kiersten for helping settle the K/1 classroom into their new handwashing routine each morning; John, Dan, and Meggan for helping in the morning carline; and Daisy for her office/recycling/trash support!
-H and K
I would like to appreciate Mitzi for her calm, sweet, peaceful, and patient way in the K/1 classroom. She is the best!
I feel so grateful for this school. My kids come home happy each day!
TLC is even more of a home this year than it used to be!
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Who needs a collection of interface
connections to choose from when having a desire to use the Soundboard in their
computer to provide capability for using RTTY, PSK31, and SSTV modes on the
amateur bands? Well from my experience the answer is many of us, me
included. After a large amount of research I found the following circuits
helpful when setting up my own system. If you have problems setting input
and output levels to your sound card you should consider a resistive pad in the
input or output circuits as shown in following interfaces. Do you need the
pad? Well consider my level discussion (click here). Hope these
interface circuits and level discussions are of some value to all. Nothing
like ideas you know.
One of the best sources for interfacing both the soundboard and TNC's is contained on N1RCT's home page. Dick has done a great job both graphically and via words to describe interfacing. Try this URL as a real source to provide ease of headaches when it comes to interfacing: Dick Stevens, N1RCT .
The above circuit is recommended for use in SSTV applications with use of the sound card with a computer. This is the JVComm style of interface. This circuit may also be used for RTTY and PSK31 applications. Many users modify the above circuit to include 1:1 isolation transformers within the Speaker out and Line-in or microphone in lines. These isolation transformers are used to preclude ground loops within a system from introducing hum and interference on the transmitted signals.
The following circuit is used in applications of WinRtty for receiving RTTY signals using the sound card. This circuit is also applicable to SSTV and PSK31 modes and works well in all three applications. This circuit may be implemented into the JVComm interface shown above as discussed in the JVComm interface text. Note that the sound board and receiver are transposed in the two circuits.
The following circuit is used in applications of WinRtty for transmitting RTTY signals using the sound card. Notice this circuit does not have a PTT component and relies on VOX for transmit control. This circuit is also applicable to SSTV and PSK31 modes and works well in all three applications. This circuit may be implemented into the JVComm interface shown above as discussed in the JVComm interface text. Note that the sound board and transmitter are transposed in the two circuits.
So you say "I want FSK capability as well as Push-To-Talk" (PTT). The following circuit is used with WinRtty to provide capability for FSK Rtty and a PTT circuit for the program. This circuit may be used in many applications and may be substituted for the circuit contained in the JVComm interface shown above.
What goes in the "RS-232 conversion" box depends on your transmitters FSK input. Odds are, it can be exactly the same as the circuit shown for the PTT connect: use an opto-isolator with a series resistor to convert the RS-232 levels to open/close keying. The portion of this circuit related to PTT may also be used instead of the PTT circuit in the JVComm interface described above.
Another approach to interfacing is contained in the following schematic obtained from WM2U's home page related to PSK31 and should work for PSK31, RTTY, and SSTV.
The simplest and quickest computer to radio interface is to connect the Line
Output from the Sound Card to the transceiver audio input with a 100:1 voltage
divider to reduce the voltage output, and the Sound Card Line Input to the audio output of the radio. You can use the VOX to switch from Receive to Transmit.
To setup this arrangement, adjust the sound card output level using the computer 'mixer' control until maximum transmit power is reached, and the ALC is
just starting to read. Then tune to a strong carrier and adjust the soundcard input gain until the red line goes away as observed on the spectrum display.
(waterfall indicator) This procedure is covered in great detail in the PSK31 Help files under "setting up the sound card".
The circuit below shows the method WM2U used which isolates the Sound Card
Line In and Line Out from the Radio using a couple of Radio Shack transformers,
and a 2N2222
transistor to switch the PTT radio line triggered by the RTS line of the computer Com Port. All audio levels are equalized when running either the computer, the SSTV program
or PSK31. A switch is used to switch between Computer and the Radio Modes. To adjust this circuit, tune to a strong carrier and tweek RV1 until the red overload lines
disappear. At this point simply tweek RV2 to give the required output power from the transmitter.
The author of this information is WM2U.
To completely isolate the computer from the radio the PTT line schematic shown above should be replaced by the following optically coupled circuit. WM2U has this unit installed and it works great.
Another interesting PTT circuit from G3VFP to cover both the
RTS and/or DTR source.
You can use a 2N2222 in place of the BC337 transistor in this circuit.
Your comments and suggestions are encouraged: email@example.com
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Research and Action
INTERVENTIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT IN QUÉBEC PRIMARY SCHOOLS
The ReachforWater Intervention includes both school and home-based components designed to modify behaviours relative to drinking habits – specifically those regarding drinking water and sugar containing beverages. The main objective of this research project is to test the efficacy of the ReachforWater Intervention. The Intervention was designed to prevent excess weight gain among primary school children in Québec and to educate them on the impacts associated with the practice of using recyclable plastic bottles. The Intervention will favour the consumption of non-bottled drinking water and discourage that of sugar containing beverages. To do so it will modify the children’s physical environments, will act upon their knowledge, their capacity to take action and on their expectations.
Our study design requires that the Intervention be deployed in 36 primary schools and the homes of 3600 children prior to considering upscaling the deployment of the Intervention to the provincial scale. Schools will be randomly selected from partner school boards and a subset of their students will participate unless their parents or legal guardians decline consent for their child’s participation. Parents or guardians will also be invited to participate.
Drinking water in ReachforWater schools will be of very high quality. Firstly, a complete evaluation of drinking water points, and remediation as needed, will be undertaken in each of our schools by our team of specialists who have extensive experience in this field. As well, new water fountains providing filtered cool water will be installed and maintained. Finally, an evaluation of water use patterns will be undertaken in order to identify drinking water points which are not used much as these tend to provide water of poorer quality.
To test the Intervention, a randonised cluster (schools) study, with sequential permutations, called a stepped wedge cluster study with 3 arms was chosen given the logistical difficulties associated with delivering the Intervention in all 36 schools at the beginning of any given school year. So, 1/3 of the schools (1st arm) will receive the Intervention during the first year of the 3 year study; 1/3 (2nd arm) will receive it the second year and; 1/3 (3rd arm) will receive it the third year. As such, the schools from the 1st arm will be exposed to Intervention conditions over 3 years, while those of the 2nd and 3rd arms will be exposed over 2 and 1 years respectively.
As described by socio-ecological models of human behaviour, the ReachforWater Intervention will work on three levels : 1) the built environment; 2) the social environment; and 3) the individual.
To reach its objectives, the ReachforWater Intervention will:
1) Install new modern attractive water fountains in participating schools:
1.1) they will include filtration and cooling systems and a bottle filling dispencer (these fountains have had great success in schools and ensure water quality);
1.2) they will be attractive (with the use of decorative decals) and the choice of their locations within schools will be strategic (total number of students in school, number of stories and rooms, proximity to lunch space and gymnasium);
2) Give each student of participating schools one (or more) reusable water bottle(s) (per year) and a water carafe for meals at home.
3) Provide a standardized program underlining the role of water in terms of health lifestyle habits and in terms of environmental protection. Children will be exposed through their teachers, school administrators and their daycare service providers to a culture which favours non-bottled drinking water and discourages the consumption of sugar containing drinks. The built environment will reinforce and enable these practices.
Body composition and drinking habits
Biometrics measurements will be collected before and after each year of the intervention to assess the effects of the intervention. Segmented measurements (legs, trunk, arms) of child body composition (intracellular water, extracellular water, lean mass, adipose tissue) will be measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody570, GE Healthcare). The only result provided directly to children will be their % of body water on a human pictogram with ranges of % of body water.
Validated questionnaires will document child eating and drinking habits, parents’ drinking patterns, socio-demographic characteristics (income, education, number of siblings, etc.) and children’s lifestyle (puberty, physical activity, sedentary, etc.). These questionnaires will be filled out with parents/guardians on our cyberplatform.
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Juneteenth celebrations are going down all throughout the 5 boroughs and the tri-state space this weekend in honor of the lately acknowledged federal vacation.
Juneteenth marks the day in 1865 when the Emancipation Proclamation was delivered to enslaved individuals in Texas — greater than two years after President Abraham Lincoln issued it.
This yr would be the second one which america has acknowledged the day as a federal vacation.
Listed here are some upcoming occasions honoring this yr’s celebration:
Broadway Celebrates Juneteenth
Duffy Sq., Broadway between forty fifth & forty seventh Streets, Midtown, Sunday, 12 to 1:30 p.m.
Black performers, and allies, from quite a lot of Broadway reveals will carry out their very own works, together with tune, dance, and poetry in addition to reside music.
Juneteenth March/5K Run/Stroll/Roll
Begins on the Engineers Gate on ninetieth Road & fifth Ave, Sunday, 12 to 2 p.m.
Value: Cost is non-obligatory for registration, $25 donation is advisable
Initially based as The Juneteenth March again in 2020, a peaceable march from Harlem to Metropolis Corridor, it highlighted the wide selection of injustices and lack of reform for Black residents in New York Metropolis and throughout america. The march has since developed into the Juneteenth March/5K Run/Stroll/Roll. Following its change of objective, all proceeds at the moment are donated in the direction of funding for The Harlem Group Middle, which is a group heart that gives companies from greater than 30 community-based organizations.
Celebrating Black LGBTQIA+ Creatives at “The Center“
seventh Avenue and Greenwich Avenue, Sunday, 12 to five p.m.
The Lesbian, Homosexual, Bisexual, and Transgender Group Middle (generally referred to as “The Center”) has been generally known as a protected house and useful resource hub for the LGBTQIA+ group since 1983. They’re persevering with their Satisfaction Month celebrations with Black of Middle: a Juneteenth Block Pageant that includes Black LGBTQIA+ artists, storytellers, small companies, distributors, in addition to interactive actions like artwork workshops, readings, musical units by DJ Jamz, and dialogue boards from members of the group.
The Massive Payback Screening at The Apollo
235 W a hundred and twenty fifth Road, Sunday, screening begins at 6 p.m.
There will probably be a free group screening of Coloration Farm’s THE BIG PAYBACK, co-directed by Erika Alexander and Whitney Dow.
Summer time of Soul (…Or, When the Revolution May Not Be Televised)
Marcus Garvey Park, Friday, screening begins at 8 p.m.
This Friday Summer time of Soul (…Or, When the Revolution May Not Be Televised) will return to the Capital One Metropolis Parks Basis SummerStage to open their season of reveals in neighborhood parks, commemorating Juneteenth.
thirteenth Annual Juneteenth NY 2022 Pageant
Linden Park on Linden Blvd. & Vermont St. in East New York, June 18, 10 a.m. to six p.m., Prospect Park on the Fundamental Entrance – Lafayette Memorial – Prospect Park W & ninth Road, Sunday, 10 a.m. to six p.m., on-line, Friday, 9 a.m. to six p.m.
This three day pageant begins Friday. Well being & Wellness Day “Mind, Body & Soul” is the primary occasion when the celebration kicks off its digital summit on Friday and continues in particular person all through the remainder of the weekend with performances from native expertise, and distributors that includes a number of native, Black-owned eating places. There will probably be basketball clinics with The Brooklyn Nets and the New York Liberty, a trend exhibition and extra.
Brooklyn Museum, 200 Jap Parkway, Prospect Heights, Sunday, 12 to six p.m.
The Brooklyn Museum is honoring Juneteenth with a full day of actions. Since Juneteenth coincides with Fathers Day, this yr’s occasion will function actions for the entire household.
New York Metropolis Juneteenth/Freedom Day Celebration at Grand Military Plaza
10 Grand Military Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11238, on the steps of the Brooklyn Public Library, Sunday, photograph op and press convention at 9 a.m., celebration and festivities 8 to 11:30 a.m.
The family-friendly occasion will embody spoken phrase performers, poets and musicians.
André De Shields is Frederick Douglass: Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory
Flushing City Corridor, 137-35 Northern Blvd, Flushing, Sunday, 2 to eight p.m.
Value: $40; $30 members & seniors; $20 college students; $10 youngsters youthful than 12
Tony, Grammy and Emmy Award winner and Hadestown star André De Shields performs an excerpt from his self-made solo work and one-man present “Frederick Douglass: Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory.”
Queens Public Library, Richmond Hill, 118-14 Hillside Avenue, Richmond Hill, Saturday, 11 to 11:30 a.m.
Youngsters and caregivers are welcomed to the Queens Public Library for a particular storytime to study extra about Juneteenth by way of image books.
The Princess and the Frog Screening on the Museum of the Transferring Picture
Museum of the Transferring Picture , 36-01 thirty fifth Ave., Astoria, Friday to Sunday: Friday 2:30 p.m.; Sunday, 1 p.m. and 3 p.m.
Value: $15; $11 seniors 65 and older and college students over 18; $9 ages 3-17
The Museum of the Transferring Picture is celebrating Juneteenth with a film displaying that celebrates Black heritage together with screenings of the 2009 Disney animated movie The Princess and the Frog, which options the primary African American Disney princess, Tiana.
2nd Annual Juneteenth Household Day
Pelham Bay Park, Middletown Highway & Stadium Avenue, Bronx, Sunday, 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.
This occasion is household pleasant and consists of occasions similar to arts and crafts, face portray, reside performances, and extra.
Juneteenth Celebration and Ceremony at Van Cortlandt Park Alliance
Van Cortlandt Park, 242nd Road and Broadway, Bronx, Monday, 6 to 7:30 p.m.
The Van Cortlandt Park Alliance is commemorating Juneteenth with performances, together with music and spoken phrase. After the performances, you possibly can observe in a procession with drums to the Enslaved African Burial Floor for a libation ceremony, honoring the reminiscence of the enslaved individuals.
Juneteenth Freedom Parade
Lineup begins at 85 Cosy Harbor Rd. at 8:30 a.m. and step off is at 10 a.m., Saturday
The Jubilee Collective will host the primary Juneteenth Freedom Parade on Saturday. All are welcome to share within the jubilation to observe or walk in the parade.
Juneteenth Celebration Lively Efficiency
The Staten Island Youngsters’s Museum on Sunday, Sunday from 11 a.m. to three p.m.
Grammy-nominated music and social justice artist Fyütch will carry out behind the Museum on the South Meadow of Cosy Harbor Cultural Middle and Botanical Backyard as a part of the Juneteenth Freedom Pageant organized by the Jubilee Collective in celebration of Juneteenth.
NEWARK: Newark Museum of Artwork Juneteenth Pageant in Honor of Harriet Tubman
Washington Park (which can quickly be renamed Harriet Tubman Sq.), throughout the road from the NMOA (49 Washington St., Newark), Saturday, 12 to five p.m.
The Newark Museum of Art is internet hosting an outside pageant in honor of Harriet Tubman the place company can adorn ceramic tiles that may then be used to create the Harriet Tubman Monument in Washington Park. Jacari Harris, govt director of the George Floyd Basis, will converse, and performances by Black artists and dancers are scheduled all through the day.
MAPLEWOOD: MAPSO Juneteenth Pageant
Memorial Park (580 Valley St.), Saturday, 5 to 9 p.m.
MAPSO (Maplewood & South Orange) will host a pageant together with readings and performances by Ras Heru, Donyah Michelle, Rachelle Parker, SOMA Justice, Jané, Autumn Jones and extra. A fireworks present will finish the night time.
BLOOMFIELD: Black-Owned Enterprise Pageant
Between Bloomfield and Glenwood Avenues and Lackawanna, Saturday, 12 to six p.m.
Black-owned companies will probably be celebrated at Bloomfield’s 2nd annual Juneteenth celebration. All through the day, guests will take part in reside inspiration companies, dance lessons and musical performances. Hair stylists from the realm pays homage to Madam CJ Walker in The Giveback Hair Present.
WEST HAVEN: West Haven Celebrates Juneteenth
Brent Watt Park, Saturday, 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
The town of West Haven is celebrating Juneteenth with an occasion that includes native distributors, music, meals and a expertise showcase. Be taught concerning the historical past behind Juneteenth and have fun with residents and native officers.
OLD LYME: Jazz & Poetry Occasion: Juneteenth Celebration
Florence Griswold Museum, Saturday, 2 to 4 p.m.
The Juneteenth celebration takes place on the grounds of the Museum and options music by the Nat Reeves Jazz Quartet and readings by the Witness Stones Poets Marilyn Nelson, Kate Rushin, Rhonda Ward, and Antoinette Brim-Bell who created a tribute in verse to these remembered with Lyme Road plaques which mark former websites of enslavement and indentured servitude.
ENFIELD: Juneteenth Pageant Celebration
Enfield City Inexperienced, Sunday, 11 a.m. to six p.m.
UJIMA African American Alliance is internet hosting a Juneteenth pageant.
HAVERSTRAW: The Juneteenth Celebration
Clinton Road, Saturday, 3 to five p.m.
The Haverstraw African American Connection is internet hosting their seventh annual Juneteenth celebration. There will probably be a parade, meals, distributors, a youngsters zone, and reside music with particular musical visitor, Mietta Stancil-Farrar.
SPRING VALLEY: ForTheCulture Juneteenth Fest
Memorial Park, Sunday, 11 a.m. to six p.m.
The ForTheCulture Basis will host an occasion that may function leisure from native expertise, meals & drinks, in addition to video games & actions for the whole household to get pleasure from.
For extra data on Juneteenth and associated information, click on right here.
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At St John's we teach Phonics and Literacy with the programme Read Write Inc. The training and support from Ruth Miskin Training, rated Outstanding by the Department for Education, ensure the programmes have the best chance of success in schools.
The Read Write Inc. programmes are carefully matched to the curriculum, giving your children the best chance of success. They show teachers, teaching assistants and parents step-by-step how to teach all children to become fluent readers, confident speakers and willing writers.
Our school uses:
Read Write Inc. Phonics for our children in Nursery to Year 2
|Read Write Inc. Phonics is used by over a quarter of the UK’s primary schools. It is a comprehensive literacy programme, weaving decoding, comprehension, writing and spelling together seamlessly. Ruth Miskin developed the programme during her time as a headteacher in Tower Hamlets. She believes that in order for a school to be successful, every headteacher needs to adopt a consistent whole-school approach to teaching reading, writing and spelling. Fidelity to the teaching programme, rigorous assessment, tracking and one-to-one tutoring ensure that schools guarantee progress for every child.
For information and tutorials on how to support your child learning to read go to: Information for Parents : Read Write Inc
Early Years Curriculum - Nursery & Reception
KS1 Curriculum - Year 1 & 2
Please speak to a member of staff or email the school if you would like a copy of this half term’s curriculum planning or if you would like to visit the school and see the curriculum in action.
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The common story
There is a common story among children and families affected by Sanfilippo syndrome: it often starts in the first two years of life, when children experience frequent ear and respiratory infections. They might get grommets and have their adenoids removed. Then parents notice a speech or other developmental delay around two years, which progresses to behavioural and sleep issues when their child is around 3-4 years old. There might be a diagnosis of autism or ADHD, but things still don’t quite add up. Parents go from doctor to doctor to understand what is happening. Eventually, they may receive the devastating diagnosis of Sanfilippo syndrome, which tells them of the next stages of the disease - dementia, with the progressive loss of skills, speech, and thinking abilities, leading to death often before adulthood.
This story will affect one baby in around 70,000 births, but there is something that could change the story for those affected by Sanfilippo: access to an early and accurate diagnosis.
The challenge of early diagnosis
There are many reasons why early diagnosis is challenging for Sanfilippo and the group of related conditions known as mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS),1 as described in a recent article by researchers in Gdansk, Poland. MPS disorders are rare and diverse; even patients with the same type of MPS can show very different symptoms. Often, the early signs of MPS are not specific to these conditions or may only become severe enough to warrant attention over time. MPS diseases also affect multiple body systems, meaning various specialists may look at particular symptoms in isolation and not join the dots to recognise the underlying cause.
Why late diagnosis is a problem
A long diagnostic odyssey causes uncertainty and stress for families. Children may be subjected to multiple tests, medications and other therapies that are invasive, ineffective, and potentially harmful.2 Before a correct diagnosis is received, children with Sanfilippo are typically misdiagnosed with Autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, or another rare disease.1
Misdiagnoses and late diagnoses make it harder for clinicians to treat the neurological symptoms of Sanfilippo in time to make a difference. Results from pre-clinical studies and clinical trials indicate there is likely to be a limited treatment window – the younger the patient, the greater the chance a therapy will halt or slow neurodegeneration.3
The ideal time to treat patients is currently thought to be before two years, but, as the common story above illustrates, very few patients are diagnosed this early. Most are not diagnosed until at least four years of age. For individuals with slower progressing subtypes or attenuated forms,4 a diagnosis is likely to come even later - and some may remain undiagnosed for decades.2
How can we rewrite the story?
Raising awareness and educating primary physicians, other specialists, and allied health professionals on the collection of early signs and symptoms that could raise a red flag for Sanfilippo syndrome or other rare neurodegenerative diseases in children is vitally important.
However, newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) could provide the earliest chance to identify patients. Also known as a heel prick test, this non-invasive test screens babies for many rare yet devastating diseases within the first few days of life.
Many criteria need to be met to add conditions to the list of disorders tested for in Australia’s NBS program, and Sanfilippo is yet to be added. Pilot screening studies that include Sanfilippo types A and B have been run or are underway in Taiwan and New York and will help to make a case for NBS for Sanfilippo in those countries as well as Australia.5,6
These steps to improve early diagnosis would remove the long, distressing diagnostic odyssey for families. It would enable individuals with Sanfilippo to access better clinical care right from the start and access clinical trials of potentially life-changing treatments. It could provide families with choices for future family planning.
By providing an earlier diagnosis for patients and their families, we could rewrite the story for Sanfilippo.
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After Brexit every second Brit predicts the end to the United Kingdom within the next 10 years. These are the shocking data of survey conducted by BBC. It is clear, that such turmoil cannot but effect the future of the British pound as well – one of the major currencies being traded on the Forex market now.
GBP/USD pair steadily holds the third place in world hierarchy of currencies in respect of the liquidity level. The volume of transactions thereon before the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum made about 12% of all transactions on Forex, and one of the key factors determining popularity of this pair among traders is its high volatility.
Statistics for the recent years demonstrated extremely high sensitivity of GBP to fundamental factors including not only data on the state of British economy and decisions of the Bank of England, but also similar data from Europe and the USA. Significant rate fluctuations of the British pound constantly led to statements of European officials and their colleagues overseas.
And it all occurred prior to Brexit! What will happen to the ‘British’ in the conditions of a real force majeure?
“It is logical to assume,” the leading analyst of NordFX broker company, John Gordon says, “that until the authorities of Great Britain officially announce the beginning of procedure of exit from the EU and launch a specific implementation of this decision, the pound will try to circle the wagons and even make an effort to somewhat improve its positions. But as soon as the distance between Europe and the United Kingdom will really begin to increase, the pound will see truly 'rainy days'. Problems with the budget and serious current account deficit are evident. Under such circumstances it will be very difficult to slow down outflow of investment capital and at least to neutralize bull sentiment in the foreign exchange market.”
On the flip side, the specialist and Chief European Economist of the Bank of England, Johnathan Loynes, reckons that fall of exchange rate of the pound, conversely, can serve well to national economy. “The pound dropped more than by 11% against the currency basket”, J. Loynes stated, “and it is perceived as something negative. However the exchange rate of the pound prior to Brexit had been too high and hadn’t contributed to reduction of trade deficit of the country, making British export non-competitively expensive”. “Decline in the exchange rate of the pound can kick serious start to export of Great Britain again”, he comforted the British industrialists in his recent report.
These comments closely echo the opinion of the winner of the Wolfson prize, economist Roger Bootle, who – even before the referendum! – stated that if British citizens voted for exit from the EU and the pound sharply depreciated, in the long term it would have a positive effect – would help to balance trade and bridge the trade balance deficit by means of increase in export of Great Britain and reduction of the domestic demand for import.
As for the analysts of Credit Suisse Fixed Research, they, perhaps, do not share the optimism of their colleagues from the Bank of England and they announced a major revision of the forecasts for the major currency pairs.
The prevailing revision is that the forecast for GBP/USD decreased from 1.58 to 1.22. As for the three-months forecast for EUR/USD, according to Shahab Jalinoos from Credit Suisse, it is cut to 1.05. “Now, when the negative scenario became a reality,” the analyst says, “we believe that the market will continuously strive to sell this pair.”
The specialists of the Dutch financial conglomerate ING predict a bit deeper decline for GBP/USD. According to their forecasts, the pair can soon go down to 1.10-1.20. With this, in a longer term the analytics of ING paint a bleaker picture connected with a possible holding of the second Scottish independence referendum and loss of the status of the reserve currency by the pound. “It is clear that lack of clarity (in respect of the future of Great Britain), Head of FX Strategy at ING in London, Chris Turner, says, – will push GBP towards extreme devaluation.
As for investment bank JPMorgan, summarizing the results of Brexit, it also updated the forecasts, considering that as early as in the third quarter of 2016 GBP/USD will fall below the level of 1.29, and EUR/GBP will reach the mark of 0.8760.
“Even before Brexit”, – says John Gordon from NordFX, “analysts indicated the level of 1.30 against the US dollar as the critical level.
Therewith it is believed that if the pair is consolidated below it, then the pound might be expected to go down further to 1.15, and then even further down – down to parity with American currency. The pair had already tested the level of 1.28, the future, however, largely depends on those steps which will be taken by the authorities of Great Britain.”
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Repairs for commercial refrigeration are performed to help save money and energy.
1. Install a commercial freezer , or refrigerator that is Energy Star-rated. You may purchase the item from an local appliance retailer or put it in place the unit yourself.
2. To regulate the temperature in commercial kitchens, make use of the programmable thermostat. A thermostat with programmable functions allows you to control the temperature at which the commercial kitchen operating.
3. Install a fan in the commercial oven. Hood fans move hot air out of the area where food is cooking to reduce the amount heat that enters the building.
4. Keep your commercial kitchen clean. The spills that happen can be cleaned fast to decrease the likelihood being an ignition cause. Also, cleaning regularly helps keep bacteria from accumulating inside your commercial kitchen.
5. Appliances in commercial kitchens should come with seals that are secure. They prevent cold air from entering into the space around the appliance, and maintain it at a cool temperature. 8uoiprlfde.
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Dark Energy Measurement Sheds New Light on Universe's Expansion
(PhysOrg.com) -- Through observations of massive galaxy clusters, scientists have made the most precise measurements to date of the effects of dark energy and gravity on cosmological scales. This work is an important step toward understanding why the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Something is pushing our universe apart, faster and faster, with each passing moment, and future work using similar methods should determine whether that something is dark energy or a change in the way gravity works on cosmological scales.
The analysis, contained in four papers published this month in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, was led by a team based at the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, located at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University.
Clusters of galaxies, the largest gravitationally bound objects in the universe, began forming about 10 billion years ago. Because it takes a long time for light from the farthest reaches of the universe to arrive at Earth, the most distant clusters appear as they did when they were much younger, while the closest ones look more their actual ages. By looking at clusters both near and far, researchers were able to study the evolution of clusters and deduce how changes in the universe over billions of years helped shape their growth. The results offer insights into the forces that made the universe we see today.
"As space expands faster and faster, it becomes more difficult for gravity to pull matter together and form structures such as galaxy clusters," said lead author Adam Mantz, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and former graduate student at KIPAC. By observing clusters at a range of distances, the researchers found that the present-day universe contains fewer clusters than would be expected if the expansion of the universe weren't accelerating.
"At the same time," Mantz said, "whatever is causing the acceleration leaves a distinctive fingerprint on the resulting cosmic structure." Searching for a match to that fingerprint, the researchers compared their observations of galaxy clusters with various models of dark energy, a form of energy theorized to permeate all of space and drive the universe's accelerated expansion. Although the general idea of dark energy is relatively well accepted, there are a variety of models that try to explain what it is and how it works, and a detailed understanding remains elusive.
By combining their observations of galaxy clusters with other cosmological data, the scientists made the most precise dark energy measurements to date. The new measurements are consistent with the simplest model, in which dark energy is a "cosmological constant"—an energy field that is uniform throughout space and time. The idea of a cosmological constant was introduced by Albert Einstein in 1917, but soon fell out of favor. In recent years, the idea has become popular again as a way of explaining the accelerating expansion of the universe.
The observations also weigh against so-called “modified gravity" models, in which gravity is either stronger or weaker than predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. The new results show that the growth of cosmic structure is consistent with the predictions of General Relativity, supporting the view that dark energy drives cosmic acceleration.
“Measuring the histories of both cosmic expansion and structure growth allows us to start to distinguish between different dark energy and modified gravity scenarios,” said co-author David Rapetti of KIPAC, who is leading efforts to constrain modified gravity models.
Building on previous work that had examined only small patches of sky, the new study used data from the ROSAT satellite and NASA's Chandra X-ray observatory, which record X-rays emitted by the hot, multi-million-degree plasma that fills galaxy clusters.
"By searching the entire sky for this X-ray emission, we have identified the rarest and most massive clusters, which provide the cleanest and strongest cosmological signal," said Harald Ebeling of the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy, a coauthor on the papers. In addition to its large data set, the research incorporates modeling advances that make the results more robust.
Over the past decade, observations of supernovae, the cosmic microwave background and galaxies, as well as earlier X-ray observations of clusters, have all pointed to an accelerated expansion. Independently detecting the effects of acceleration on the growth of clusters provides an important consistency check.
"The suite of cosmological observations probe different physical systems, so the agreement between them is very encouraging," said co-author Steven W. Allen, associate professor of physics at KIPAC. "The combination of high quality and complementary observations offers our best chance to understand cosmic acceleration."
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According to Tschumi, architecture and performance is based upon space, and the movement within that space. Basically not only the space itself but what also happens with in that space. These two factors correlate as to what completes a design. To Tschumi, what completed a design was a combination between art, architecture, as well as other disciplines. He believed that there is no space without an event.
How I also interpreted this article was that potential doesn’t necessarily mean anything unless Connecticut or G is behind it. What this means is that a space is an empty space with nothing going on in it, however once action starts happening with in the space, this is when it’s considered a performance. To tschumi , what constitute architecture is the formula of space, event, and movement
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LGBTQ+ Mentorship Program
High school students who identify on the queer and/or trans spectrum and who are looking at colleges often have questions about life on campus, especially as it relates to issues of sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
Through the LGBTQ+ Mentoring Program, the LGBTQ+ Culture Center recruits current students who are interested in providing guidance on these questions to incoming students. Mentors connect with new students during their first year on campus. The LGBTQ+ Mentorship Program is one of the best ways for incoming students to receive guidance, support, and friendship from peers who already have experience with LGBTQ+ life at Indiana University.
The mentorship program is currently accepting applications for new mentors and mentees
Please direct any questions about the mentorship program to Maureen Wood at email@example.com
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The Queen gave a special televised speech on Sunday evening, encouraging the British public to "remain united" while tackling coronavirus.
"We will be with our friends again, we will be with our families again, we will meet again," she said.
Sunday was the fifth time Queen Elizabeth II has given a special message to the UK public during her entire 68-year reign.
In her speech she thanked "everyone on the NHS front line, as well as care workers and those carrying out essential roles," as well as the British public for staying at home "helping to protect the vulnerable".
She also said she was reminded of the very first public speech she gave with her younger sister, Princess Margaret, during the Second World War.
"We will succeed - and that success will belong to every one of us."
I hope in the years to come everyone will be able to take pride in how they responded to this challenge.
Did you watch the Queen's speech? If so, what did you think? Let us know in the comments below.
The Queen only normally speaks to the public for her yearly Christmas Day message, and she is also required to deliver a speech at the State Opening of Parliament at the start of every new parliamentary year.
So, on what other occasions has the Queen delivered one of these rare speeches? Read on to find out more.
Queen Elizabeth II gave a special speech in 2012 to mark her Diamond Jubilee. This occasion symbolised her being on the throne for 60 years.
She expressed that it had "touched her deeply" to see the thousands of people who celebrated together to mark her anniversary date.
The Queen gave a speech after her mother passed away in 2002.
She thanked the British public for the support she and her family had received during the difficult period, and also thanked people for the love and honour they had shown her mother during both her life and death.
The Queen delivered a heartfelt message to the nation following the tragic death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997.
Millions of people right across the world were saddened by Diana's sudden passing as a result of a car crash.
The Queen gave a televised message during the Gulf War which took place in 1991.
The war began when soldiers from Iraq invaded a neighbouring country called Kuwait.
The Queen expressed her hopes of success for the British troops involved and their allies, and she also hoped there would be lasting peace following the war.
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Wifi problem with release='1.20.2.rc9'
Our fipy has become reluctant to connect to wifi since we updated it to 1.20.2.rc9 While trying to find a reason for this new found reluctance to connect we stumbled across a problem with our wifi code
try: from network import WLAN wlan=WLAN(mode=WLAN.STA, antenna=WLAN.INT_ANT); nets=wlan.scan(); ss='??'; AP='our_router'; pwd='our_pwd' for net in nets: if AP==net: ss=net; print('ss =', ss) if not wlan.isconnected(): wlan.connect(AP, auth=(WLAN.WPA2, pwd), timeout=5000) while not wlan.isconnected(): pycom.rgbled(white); time.sleep(.5); pycom.rgbled(off); time.sleep(.5) print(' wifi connected') except TimeoutError as e: sys.print_exception as e
the problem is the code throws a 'TimeoutError: Connection to AP Timeout!' after 5s without connection but the except doesn't catch it, says TimeoutError is undefined. How can micropython throw an error that is undefined?
Thanks, I believe this is a bug that has gone unnoticed for a very long time. The timeouterror is defined in the C-interface only, but not ported over to a micropython object, meaning throwing the error works, as that happens in C, but reading it as a micropython object does not work. I now added it in micropython
I will submit the fix internally and it should be fixed by the next version!
Though, note that 1.20.2.rc9 is an older release, and, even though 1.20.2.r4 also has this bug, the next release will include the fix and we will no longer update the release candidates from the past.
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<urn:uuid:ed4e582f-cc55-442a-b40c-56e129254417>
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The United Nations panel overseeing compensation for victims of Iraq's 1990 invasion of Kuwait has paid out a US$248 million ( Ђ 200 million) installment to cover claims for losses and damages, the world body said Thursday.
The latest installment, which consisted of large payments to private individuals, governments, international organizations and corporations, brings the total amount paid in compensation to more than US$20.6 billion ( Ђ 16.5 billion), said the United Nations Compensation Commission.
The UNCC is made up of the 15 U.N. Security Council member countries. Money to pay the claims comes from Iraqi oil sales. The commission has approved US$52.5 billion ( Ђ 42.2 billion) in total compensation.
Payments are running well behind schedule, and it is expected to take years to complete the compensation. Last year, the UNCC said higher revenues from Iraqi oil sales had enabled the panel to speed up paying the claims, and it expected to pay off individuals by the middle of this year.
The funds in the latest payout went to individuals, corporations, international organizations or governments in six countries: Britain, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Turkey.
Until the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq that toppled Saddam Hussein in 2003, the commission received 25 percent of the proceeds from the U.N. oil-for-food program, which, in an exception to international sanctions, allowed the former Iraqi regime to sell oil and buy food, medicine and other humanitarian goods, reports the AP.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has refused to go to the 77th UN General Assembly in September
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It’s kind of funny actually, to put “housing shortage” into the same sentence with “such a soft market,” given that there over 40,000 vacant housing units in San Francisco, which has caused such an uproar that folks are now trying to put a vacant-home tax on the ballot. Add to these vacant housing units the completed but vacant and boarded-up 109-unit condo tower, The Oak, that Z&L Properties built.
The property development industry in China, tripped up by ridiculous speculation and leverage, has been in slow-motion government-controlled collapse. China’s Evergrande was the first big developer to shake up bondholders of foreign-currency bonds last year, and by now foreign bondholders have taken massive losses on their bets on China’s property developers.
Oceanwide’s huge project in Los Angeles, the Oceanwide Plaza, which is nearly complete, has been financially troubled but still hasn’t been seized by creditors. But Oceanwide’s Manhattan project has been seized by creditors. There are other projects in major US cities by property developers based in China that are now tangled up in the meltdown of property development in China that has been bleeding into the US real estate market.Vacant New Condo Tower in San Francisco: Tentacles of China’s Collapsing Property Developers Reach Deep into US Cities | Wolf Street
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Commercial property is an important asset class to consider as a way of spreading, or diversifying, risk in your investment portfolio.
What type of asset is commercial property?
Low volatility: Commercial property is considered a less volatile asset class than other investment options, such as equities. It can form a stable, long-term component of a well-balanced investment portfolio.
Is commercial real estate an asset class?
Real estate is an asset class, but it is not broken down further into asset classes. Instead, different types of real estate are categorized by property type and property class—not to be confused with asset classes.
What is commercial property funds?
Property funds traditionally invest in commercial real estate rather than residential property, and the space is more generally divided into retail, industrial and office. … A lot of properties have not offered rent concessions, so, while empty, the property is still making money.
What is the difference between commercial and residential property?
While residential properties are exclusively used for private living quarters, commercial refers to any property used for business activities. Commercial refers to hospitals, assembly plants, storage warehouses, shopping centers, office spaces, or any other location for a business enterprise.
What are the 3 types of assets?
Different Types of Assets and Liabilities?
- Assets. Mostly assets are classified based on 3 broad categories, namely – …
- Current assets or short-term assets. …
- Fixed assets or long-term assets. …
- Tangible assets. …
- Intangible assets. …
- Operating assets. …
- Non-operating assets. …
What are the three asset classes in real estate?
Asset Class vs Property Type vs Property Class
Equities (stocks), fixed income (bonds), and cash equivalents (money market) are the 3 traditional asset classes. Additionally, there are 2 alternative asset classes that are extremely common as well – real estate and commodities.
What asset class is property?
Real estate or other tangible assets – Real estate and other physical assets are considered an asset class that offers protection against inflation. The tangible nature of such assets also leads to them being considered as more of a “real” asset.
Is commercial property worth more than residential?
On average, commercial properties are far more expensive than residential properties, and cost more to maintain. For investors with the money to risk, commercial properties can also lead to far higher dividends than residential properties that are rented out or sold.
How do you make money from commercial property?
Commercial real estate investments can earn money through income or appreciation. Income is produced through the operation of the building, often through tenants making rental payments, while appreciation is earned through an increase in the property’s value over time.
How do you know if a commercial property is a good investment?
Net Operating Income
To determine the NOI of a property add all sources of revenue (rent, leases, parking) then subtract all expenses (utilities, maintenance, taxes, but not mortgage) from that number. A property with a high NOI is the better investment.
What’s considered a commercial building?
Commercial buildings are buildings that are used for commercial purposes, and include office buildings, warehouses, and retail buildings (e.g. convenience stores, ‘big box’ stores, and shopping malls). … When space allocated to multiple functions is significant, these buildings can be called multi-use.
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By Chris Ebener
COVID-19 isn’t the only pathogen that’s killing people today.
The legionella bacterium, which causes Legionnaires’ disease, recently led to the death of two people in the Bronx. Additional outbreaks in Hawaii, Palm Springs and North Carolina over the past few months have brought the disease fully back into the eyes of the public and local health departments.
Nearly 10,000 cases of Legionnaires’ disease were reported to the CDC in 2018, which is the most in U.S. history—and even that is likely an undercount, as some scientists estimate the annual case count at up to 70,000. Michigan’s Health Department recorded a nearly 600% increase in legionella cases in 2021 compared to the previous year, and a 261% increase from 2019. Similarly, the city of Chicago reported a threefold increase in legionella cases from its 2019 and 2020 numbers.
Theories for this rise include an aging population, a higher prevalence of conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, and the effects of climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic has also likely increased the prevalence of Legionnaire’s disease, as many buildings sat unused for months, giving legionella bacteria—which is growing increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatments—an optimal environment to proliferate.
The most frightening thing about legionella is that it spreads so easily, and in the unlikeliest places: People can contract Legionnaires’ disease in the shower, standing near a decorative fountain, or—in one case—visiting a hot tub display at a state fair. All it takes for a person to contract the potentially fatal disease is to breathe in microscopic droplets of water that contain the bacteria.
Legionella thrives in warm water environments and stagnant sections of water systems. Common sources include drinking fountains, hot tubs, sinks, toilets, sprinklers, showers and air-conditioning systems. Once the bacteria grows there, it only needs to be aerosolized and float into the air—via a showerhead, for instance—for it to reach a person.
That is why hotel management should have a thorough plan for managing water systems. Such complex strategies typically include constantly maintaining or replacing showerheads, faucets and mixing valves; maintaining plumbing infrastructure; heating water to excessively high temperatures; and dosing the system with disinfectant from now until eternity.
Thankfully, there are simple steps we can take to dramatically lower the risk of Legionnaires’ disease. For starters, we can integrate tankless water heaters across our national infrastructure, into schools, hotels, office buildings, retirement homes and more.
It’s only common sense: Consider that most hotels provide hot water via two massive tanks that hold thousands of gallons of water that must be heated, 24 hours a day. These tanks—which are often so huge that they must be installed by helicopter—necessitate stagnant water in their design. Tankless water heaters eliminate this still water, removing the murky areas where legionella thrives, while simultaneously decreasing high-risk system complexity.
And as we see the increasingly devastating impacts of climate change, we should note that tankless water heaters also decrease energy usage as there’s no need to keep water heated around the clock. For building owners, this equals the rare win-win-win—tankless water heaters reduce the likelihood of a legionella outbreak on their property while also decreasing overhead costs and doing their part to combat climate change.
As we’ve seen over the last few years, the world can be a very dangerous place. When we have the chance to make it safer, we should jump at it. Tankless water heating systems can be part of that change.
Chris Ebener is the manager of new product innovation at Intellihot.
This is a contributed piece to Hotel Business, authored by an industry professional. The thoughts expressed are the perspective of the bylined individual.
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The Kosovo Embassy Worldwide page indicates the comprehensive list of Foreign Embassies and Consulates from around the world located in Kosovo as well as Kosovan Embassies, Consulates and other Kosovan representations worldwide.
There are about 17 Foreign Embassies and 2 Consulates placed in the territory of Kosovo. Kosovo itself in total counts near 20 Embassies and 7 Consulates spread all over the world.
Kosovo is a new country located in the Southeast Europe, which has declared its independence from Serbia in February of 2008 and thus became known as the Republic of Kosovo.
Visa requirements for Kosovo are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of the state placed for the citizens of other countries.
Kosovo is still just a recent name introduced into the international vocabulary, although this country’s history stood strong against the hardships of the time. Well, if not for anything, then at least in the world to finally start understanding!
Having declared independence in 2008, Kosovo is the world’s second youngest nation. The country is also very young in the demographic sense, where 28% of the population are younger than 15 while 50% is younger than 28 years old.
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What the Heck Were Those Circles on Michael Phelps?
Michael Phelps' assault on destroying the Olympic record book has been overshadowed by a cosmetic quirk.
If you watched Phelps notch another gold medal on Sunday (his 19th overall, adding to his total as the most decorated medalist in Olympic history), you couldn't help but notice a series of discolored circles on his body. So, what exactly were they?
Cupping is a practice also done by the U.S. men's Olympic gymnastics team. According to USA Today, "The technique uses suction in cups to pull the skin away from the body and promote blood flow. It can be done with heat by lighting flammable liquid in a glass cup and suctioning that to the back once the flame goes out, with the decrease in temperature creating the suction."
Phelps has practiced cupping before and posted about it on social media.
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Unfortunately since the mortgage meltdown, foreclosed properties have become more common. Many home buyers see this as an opportunity to find a great home for a bargain price. While foreclosures can offer some nice discounts, understanding how foreclosures work and how this affects the buyer is critical to ensure you are getting a good deal and not a disaster.
What is a Foreclosure?
First it’s important to understand what qualifies as a foreclosure. A foreclosure is a property which has been taken back by the lender in order to satisfy an unpaid mortgage debt. It is owned by the bank or lender and they have now listed the property for sale.
Can I save money buying a foreclosure?
Yes and no! It’s true that lenders do not want to hold onto their foreclosed properties longer than they need to, but they also understand the value of the home in its current condition. While deeply distressed properties might be listed at very low prices, good homes in decent condition might not be listed below comparables in the same area.
Is the buying process different from a traditional sale?
The actual buying process is the same; you write an offer, obtain financing and close. The differences lay in the protections and opportunities for negotiation during the process. Most foreclosures are sold “as is” and the lender will not negotiate repairs of any kind. There could also be clauses which remove other contingencies, such as financing or appraisal. The buyer needs to read the agreement very carefully.
Buying a foreclosure can be a great way to find a nice property at a discounted price. Not all properties are a good deal however. Understanding the foreclosure market and reading the contracts very carefully is the key to buying a foreclosure – this way you get the most home for your money without buying a problem.
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Forgiveness part of recovery for woman burned by ex
Francine Wallace was burned over 85 percent of her body, spent more than four months in a coma and endured 18 surgeries after her abusive ex-boyfriend set off an explosion and fire in her home in June 2014.
For a long time after she awoke, she was sad and angry at Lamotte V. Scales, who died in the fire, for what he had done to her. But eventually, she came to realize that if she wanted to move forward on her path to recovery, she needed to forgive him.
"One day I just woke up and realized, 'This is just it,' " Wallace said last week. "I'm just going to move forward. And right now I have never felt so free in my entire life."
Forgiving can be a powerful tool for survivors and their loved ones to recover from and regain control after a violent crime, especially in cases of domestic violence.
When people let go and forgive, they can become empowered, said Kim Book, founder of the nonprofit Victims' Voices Heard, a mediation program that puts victims and their survivors in contact with offenders.
"It's a way of moving forward for people," Book said. "She's not forgiving him because he deserved it or because he's asked for her to forgive him. She's doing this because it's something she's doing for herself."
Through Victims' Voices Heard, Book has taken 35 people – survivors and family members of crime victims – to prison to confront the offenders. Thirty of them have forgiven the offender, Book said.
Book said that waiting for an apology that may never come gives the offender power over the victim. "So if I'm waiting for 20 years, I'm still not going to be able to move forward because I've not gotten that," she said.
"This is a way of people taking back their power so they can move forward," she said. "I know what that means because I've done that myself."
Book's 17-year-old daughter, Nicole, was murdered by then-16-year-old LeVaughn Walker in 1995. Book confronted Walker in prison and has forgiven him, even though he denies murdering her.
"When we don't forgive people, it can destroy us," Book said.
Not everyone thinks the same. For some, not forgiving is a way for them to feel empowered.
Armentha Morrow, 38, was watching television with Wallace when Scales set off the fire that leveled Wallace's home near Hedgeville. She said she can't forgive Scales for what he did to her friend.
"I’m not the type of person who has hatred in her heart," Morrow said. "But I’m really angry now because he could have taken me and Francine from our families."
Morrow, who spent almost two weeks at Christiana Hospital recovering from smoke inhalation and torn ligaments in her knees, said she and Wallace often talk about that day. When she hears Wallace tell her that she's forgiven Scales, Morrow said she thinks about forgiving him.
"But every time I look at her, I see what he did to my friend," she said. "And I don't know. Maybe it's still too close to the day."
No physical abuse
Wallace had been in a relationship with Scales for about three years. The first year and a half were fine, but after that, Wallace noticed troubling signs. This included Scales destroying her furniture and smashing out her car windows. After the fits, Scales would pay for the damages and apologize. Sometimes he'd buy flowers.
"And then you would think in your heart that he's OK," Wallace said, adding she thought she could help him.
But it would start over.
"He would never put his hands on me," she said. "He would just tear up things and verbally [abuse me]."
As bouts of instability increased, Wallace said, she ended the relationship about May 2014.
It is typical when one sees a pattern of violent, destructive or controlling behaviors without direct violence toward a person during a relationship turn to violence at end of a relationship, said Mariann Kenville-Moore, Delaware Coalition Against Domestic Violence's interim executive director.
"It's why for decades we have recommended and urged victims to have a safety plan when thinking of ending a relationship," she said. "The difficulty is oftentimes people don't view themselves as being victims, and they miss the danger signs around them."
That's why it's important for family and friends to contact help programs if they see their loved ones involved in this sort of relationship, Kenville-Moore said.
Wallace's family had seen some of Scales' outbursts, but thought she knew what she was doing.
"I saw signs of his temper," said Wallace's sister, Vanessa Allen. But "he never physically did anything, but his temper."
While there were some suggestions, no one in the family ever talked to Wallace about Scales' temper. The fire changed Allen's passiveness.
"I would definitely speak more and tell he or she that they need to get out of that relationship," Allen said. "Confront the situation."
Wallace and Morrow had spent the day together trying to work out some problems Morrow was facing. After a day of catching up and feeling better, Scales came by Wallace's house, he said, to pick up some of his belongings.
"He was trying to be nice this particular time," Wallace said. Even though they had broken up a month before, the two stayed cordial. Scales even paid for the Season's pizza Morrow ordered that evening.
As the women were in the front room watching the TV show "Power," Wallace said, she saw Scales outside the house getting a gasoline tank from his truck. Scales often filled her car up, so she didn't think much of it.
She was in her dining room when she smelled gasoline. She turned to see Scales, partly down the basement steps. When she asked what he was doing, Wallace remembers Scales saying: "This is why you and me cannot get together."
Wallace thinks today that Scales was not happy because Marrow was at the house. He had complained that she spent too much time with her friends.
"You think I'm playing," Wallace remembers him saying as she walked toward him and peeked over his shoulder. He was near the top of the wooden stairway on one knee, pouring gasoline into the basement. Wallace turned away and hollered to Morrow: "Call 9-1-1."
As she did, Scales lit the fuel then reached for her, grabbing the bottom of her black sundress.
"Boom," Wallace heard as a fireball engulfed her home.
She was on her back on the dining room floor. An immense heat washed across the left side of her face, then washed back.
"I can't tell you if I was on fire or not," she said.
Wallace tried to get up, but her legs were covered by debris. She kicked it off, turned over and began crawling over bricks and other debris that cut her flesh. Flames licked at her as she kept low, attempting to avoid as much of the thick smoke filling her nostrils and throat.
"I'm not going to die this way," she repeated to herself as she crawled toward the light where her backdoor had once been.
Wallace said she could hear Scales screaming somewhere in the house.
"I didn't look back or nothing," she said. She crawled through the dining room, then kitchen and finally the back of the house.
When she made it to her backyard, Wallace pushed through a fence and stumbled onto a common area. With most of her sundress burned off, Wallace stood on her feet, took in a deep breath and looked at her house.
All she could think of was her friend.
She didn't know if Morrow had gotten out.
After being thrown face-first into a brick wall, Morrow said, she started crawling to the front of the house where she saw an opening. It was where the dining room wall used to be. Smoke and a scent of gasoline filled her lungs and eyes as she kicked her way out of the hole.
"I crawled out of that opening, and people just started surrounding me and coming up to me," Morrow said. She remembers telling people: "My friend is still in there, and she needs help."
Meanwhile, in the back of the house, Wallace heard voices.
"Somebody help her," a woman said. "I got you," a man said before he placed his arm around her.
She didn't look at the man. She just stared at the fire lighting up the night sky.
Then she collapsed.
When she awoke, she was in an ambulance. She said she doesn't remember much other than the ambulance's inside lights and siren. Then she was out again. This time for months.
Wallace was first taken to Christiana Hospital before being transferred to the burn-care unit of Crozer-Chester Medical Center in Upland, Pennsylvania.
She underwent a number of surgeries, including for skin grafts and to reattach two of her fingers to her right hand. Doctors wanted to cut portions of her left hand and foot off, but family members would not allow that.
Wallace said she could hear voices and has some faint memories. "I remember my sisters and them talking. I remember a lady came, and she was praying. I remember hearing certain people's voices."
Wallace was told by family that she would react certain ways depending on the voices in the room.
"I could always remember hearing this nurse's voice that I hate to hear because every time she came I felt like it was pain," she said. "I remember saying, 'If you stop giving me this medicine, then I could move."
Wallace remained in a coma for about 4½ months.
Then one day she woke up. She was alone and the monitors went off, signaling to nurses that she had come out of her coma. There was pain throughout her body and tubes running into her mouth and down her throat. She could barely move and was wrapped in white bandages, "like a mummy."
While not certain where she was, Wallace said June 16 was still fresh on her mind. "I was mad. I was angry. I just couldn't believe this had happened," she said.
The first couple of months, she wallowed in anger. She cried often.
"Each day trying to figure out 'Why me?' " she asked. "You look at your life and say, 'OK, I didn't do anything mean to nobody. What did I do to deserve this?' "
But as time went on, along with support from family and friends and prayer, Wallace said, she knew what she had to do.
"After a while [I stopped] feeling sorry for myself and just realized this is what happened and now I just got to get myself better – for me," said the mother of six children and 12 grandchildren.
The first time she looked in a mirror was not easy.
"Ewww," she thought before starting to cry. "You remember how you used to look, and you look at yourself and you say, 'What happened?' "
The other question that nagged her – and still does – is: "Why would he do this?"
"I try so hard to find reasons to hate him or dislike him for what he'd done to me, but I just can't," she said last week as family sat nearby listening to her story. "I don't know what it is that makes me forgive him the way I have."
Contact Esteban Parra at (302) 324-2299, email@example.com or Twitter @eparra3.
Friends and family have set up fundraisers to help Francine Wallace:
- Family set up a Go Fund Me account at: www.gofundme.com/prayforfran.
- There will also be a comedy show in Wallace’s honor on Nov. 14. The Give Thanks Comedy Slam will take place at 7 p.m. at the Penn Cinema Theater on the Riverfront, 401 S. Madison St., Wilmington. For more information or tickets, contact Nakishia Bailey at (302) 354-9570 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
- The family has organized a 5K at 9:15 a.m. Nov. 21 in Wilmington’s Brandywine Park, near the zoo.
TO LEARN MORE
To learn more about domestic violence, visit any of the following sites:
- The National Domestic Violence Hotline offers tools and support to enable victims to find safety and live free of abuse. The hotline can be reached at (800) 799-SAFE (7233) or www.thehotline.org.
- The Delaware Coalition Against Domestic Violence has a brochure that can help friends or family see what they can do when a loved one is in an unhealthy relationship. The brochure can be found online: dcadv.org/sites/default/files/DV%20Understanding.pdf
- Anyone who has concerns about a relationship can call local hotlines: in New Castle County, (302) 762-6110; in Kent County, (302) 678-3886; and in Sussex County, (302) 422-8058. Abriendo Puertas, an emergency shelter program for Latina women and children in domestic violence situations in Sussex County, can be reached at (302) 745-9874.
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Main Article Content
University students are one of the group of people that will always learn new things every day. Unfortunately, most of them are unaware of national prosperity and unity fundamentals. One of the reasons why this happens is that these students only focus on their field of study, causing basic things like the concept of well-being and unity of the country not to be widely known to them. This is particularly significant because these kids will be the country's future leaders, as well as the ones who will decide the country's future by voting in general elections. The main objective of this study is to determine the level of understanding of national prosperity and unity among university students. The module will be tested on 100 students at a Malaysian public university. According to the findings of this study, this module is very effective in raising awareness about the country's unity and well-being among university students.
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The ancestors of many Black Americans came to America not as willing immigrants, but as captured slaves. As such, the promises of the Declaration of Independence for “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” were denied them and except for purposes of state representation, they were ignored by the original Constitution. Victims of a vicious system of slavery, they endured, resisted, and made many contributions to the United States, but the struggle for freedom and equality had just begun.
Abolitionists and the Constitution
The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
How Should We Judge Our
The legacy of slavery forces us to confront this question: How do we judge the founders of our nation who owned slaves? Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and our third president, owned slaves. George Washington,war hero and first president, was one of the largest slave owners in the nation. James Madison,the prime architect of the Constitution and fourth president, also held slaves. Download the reading and also the Civil Conversation guide.
Harriet Tubman and the End of Slavery
Nicknamed the ‘Moses of her People’ for leading runaway slaves to freedom in the north, Harriet Tubman was the most famous member of the Underground Railroad. She became a celebrity in her lifetime and a hero of the Civil War.
During the Civil War, the future of the Union and African Americans hung in the balance. Black men made a significant contribution to the eventual Union victory by providing some 180,000 troops out of the approximately 2.2 million men who served the Northern cause. One of the fruits of victory was the passage of the so-called Reconstruction amendments to the U.S. Constitution, one of which, the 15th Amendment, promised black men the right to vote.
The Era of Legal Segregation
The end of slavery did not bring equality to African Americans. Almost immediately, Southern states began passing laws to oppress Black people, and the end of Reconstruction in 1877 spurred even more legislation designed to segregate African Americans and deny them rights enjoyed by white Americans, including voting.
Ida B. Wells and Her Crusade for Racial Justice
The Civil Rights Movement
The modern civil rights movement in the United States took place from the mid-1950s through the early 1970s. This turbulent period transformed the country. This sprawling movement can be divided into three parts.
One is social activism—the protests, demonstrations, and boycotts. Another is the legal struggle that took place in courts. The third occurred in the legislative arena to enact civil rights laws.
Brown v. Board of Education
Building Constituencies: Case Study of The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King and the Philosophy of Nonviolence
Voices of Change
The civil rights movement could trace its roots to a variety of leaders and thinkers from different eras and regions; its successes, in turn, influenced leaders of other movements that would follow it. At the turn of the 20th century, W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and Marcus Garvey outlined different visions for the future of Blacks in America. Martin Luther King Jr. found inspiration for the tactics of civil disobedience in the works and actions of Henry David Thoreau and Mahatma Gandhi and in turn influenced Cesar Chavez. Thurgood Marshall, perhaps best known for being the first African-American U.S. Supreme Court justice, was an untiring lawyer who litigated many significant civil rights cases leading up to Brown v. Board of Education.
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Metallurgy Surrounding the Manufacture of Eisenhower Dollars
The production of Eisenhower dollars in 1971 by the US mint was a challenge in every way. The circulating business strike planchets were made of the same copper-nickel composition that the dime, quarter and half dollar were made from since 1965. While the process of striking that alloy had by now become common, the mint was entering somewhat of an unknown with a copper-nickel clad coin the size of the Eisenhower dollar. Some were to be struck in a silver-clad composition, but coins that same size having similar malleability were last struck in production during 1935 with the end of the Peace dollar. Coins of such large diameter coupled with the advent of copper-nickel planchets made the Eisenhower dollar new territory for the mint and its production operations.
Basic Striking Process and Metallurgical Terminology
The striking of coins is a cold-working method, which in essence is a forging operation. A slug of metal is placed between two die halves which are then pressed together, squeezing the metal slug into die cavities that have been cut as recesses in relation to the die faces (a negative in the surface of the die face). When the halves separate, the metal slug is removed and then has a positive (relief) image mirroring that of the die cavities.
Forging a slug of metal to become a coin is simply called “coining”. A typical forging operation often times refers to a basic shape of metal, such as a cube, sometimes being pressed multiple times through multiple die stages to achieve the final desired shape, which incidentally may not be anything remotely similar to the original cube. Coining is usually not a dramatic change in geometry from the initial metal disc shape (known as a planchet) to the final completed coin.
Metal used for coinage undergoes physical changes during manufacturing, especially the raw planchet on its journey to finished coin. The tool steel used to make dies and hubs, however, also under goes marked physical changes in order to meet various striking operation service requirements. To be knowledgeable about these physical changes, it is helpful become familiar with a few simple but key terms associated to metals and metallurgy. They are:
Hardness: the resistance of a metal to scratching or indentation
Strength: The amount of energy a metal can absorb before plastically deforming;
Toughness: a metal’s ability to absorb energy and plastically deform prior to any failure
Ductility: the ability of metal to permanently deform before it fractures, ruptures, tears, etc.
Do not allow these definitions to become sticking points. As simple as they may sound, they can sometimes be hard to visualize without seeing the concept in action first hand, let alone apply scientifically. Often times one term will ebb into the boundaries of another depending on application and circumstances, yet these definitions can be correctly construed in numerous ways for numerous alloys and are at the heart of minting metallurgy.
To fully understand the actual, physical formation of Eisenhower dollars from raw metal stock, one must have a brief and very basic understanding of the manufacturing process. Round discs, known as planchets, were punched from large metal sheets of either the copper-nickel or sliver clad material. At this stage, the flat disc of metal is known as a type one planchet. Following this, the planchets had a rounded rim formed on them and were then known as type two planchets. As we know from historical documents and former mint employees, Eisenhower dollars were struck with large automatically feeding and ejecting presses, using roughly 180 tons of force to strike a metal planchet between a hammer and anvil die at the rate of roughly 100 coins per minute. The anvil die (bottom die) carries the artwork of the coin’s reverse, while the hammer die (upper die) carries the coin’s obverse artwork.
Metal compositions for Eisenhower dollar planchets were the following:
Copper-Nickel Clad: inner core of copper sandwiched between two outer layers of copper-nickel alloy comprised of 25% nickel and 75% copper. Used for all circulating business strikes and clad proofs.
Silver Clad: inner core of 20% silver and 80% copper alloy sandwiched between two outer layers of 80% silver and 20% copper alloy (± a small tolerance on all percentages given). Popularly known as 40% silver clad. Used for silver uncirculated and silver proof coins.
As you can see, business strike copper-nickel coins are mostly copper in reality. Copper is typically rather soft (ductile) compared to most other metals. The nickel contained in the copper-nickel clad composition adds a degree of hardenability and wear resistance. The silver clad coins themselves contain approximately 60% copper as well. Silver too is ductile by nature, and therefore the silver clad coins were softer than the copper-nickel clad counterparts. This allowed the silver uncirculated and proof coins to be stuck in a higher relief and still maintain crisp details, as the metal “flowed” much more readily into the die cavities.
After the planchets were punched from large sheets of raw metal stock (type 1 planchet), they were run through an Upset Mill where a rounded fullness was formed on the rim of the blank coin, thus creating a type two planchet. The process of manufacturing a type two planchet by pushing up the edges to form a coin’s rim causes internal stress on the planchet. Note: any time metal is deformed plastically at ambient temperature (“cold-worked”), much of the energy applied to the metal is transformed into heat. However, some energy remains stored within the metal work piece. This energy takes the form of a distortion within the lattice structure of the metal or “grains”. These strained areas are typically known as dislocations. For example, if one would dramatically bend a piece of copper and then attempt to bend it back into original shape, an “orange peel” effect would be seen on the surface at the bend due to slippage between the grains and the ensuing dislocations.
These dislocations can be visually compared to bumps or folds in a rug. When one steps down on a raised fold, it doesn’t go away but instead moves (like a wave in water) to either side or possibly both sides of the initial push point. If there are numerous folds close together, it is difficult for them to move if pushed. Within metal, when two or more dislocations meet they too will most likely become stuck and immobile. That area of metal then becomes tough or hard to move, and the metal can’t continue to plastically deform as it did before being cold worked. It has lost its ductility. The metal is now considered to be work-hardened. If one were to try moving or deforming it further (bending, twisting, forging, etc.), the metal would break or tear instead of remaining intact.
To relieve the work-hardened grain structure of any non-ferrous metals (those metals other than iron), the metal is given heat treatment with what is known as an annealing cycle. Annealing is the softening of a metallic structure by heating it to a specific temperature and allowing it to cool in a particular medium at a specific slow rate. Many metals can simply be allowed to cool in air until reaching room temperature. Without going into elaborate detail, the annealing process whereby a non-ferrous metal is heated sufficiently to restore some of the original ductility and relieve most of the strain energy in the dislocations between grains is known as recovery.
To completely soften and restore the original properties of the non-ferrous metal, it must be heated above what’s known as the recrystallization temperature, in a process called annealing. It is at the recrystallization temperature that new grains form and grow until an entirely strain-free matrix is formed. There are many specific annealing processes that may be applied due to the wide range of possible heating temperatures and the final results (softness/hardness) required of the work piece. While there are eventual limitations, once the non-ferrous metal is annealed it may again be cold worked and put through the annealing process and repeated as necessary until the metal is fully formed into the final desired shape.
The actual method of annealing the type 2 copper-nickel business strike planchets saw them loaded into rotary furnaces called annealing drums. The simplistic explanation of a rotary drum is a cylinder with auger-type blades/fins on the inside walls. One end of the cylinder is heated to the required processing temperature and the planchets are inserted into this end. The entire drum revolves, and the interior auger configuration moves the planchets towards the opposite and cooler end where they are discharged. The angle of the auger protrusions inside and the speed of drum revolution determined the dwell time of the annealing process which typically is an hour or two.
It should be noted that this operation was a major source for numerous small marks or “chicken scratches” on the surface of many copper-nickel business strike coins. Planchets continually rolled and hit against one another the entire time they were in the annealing drum furnaces sp the planchets emerged literally covered with cuts and hits. This planchet damage was mostly struck out during coining but “Annealing Marks” persist to some degree on most Ike dollars and can be difficult to distinguish from post-minting hits and dings.
Also contained in the annealing drum was quite a bit of very small dust-like metal shavings produced from the many planchets rubbing on one another throughout the annealing cycle, which would fuse to the surface of any planchet inadvertently wedged “stuck” in the drum for several cycles. This created the phenomena of the “sintered planchets” sometimes found on copper-nickel clad coins: subsequently struck coins will look bronze toned but the toning is refractory to acetone and “dips”.
Also note that proof planchets did not go through annealing drums, but were instead annealed on belts that ran horizontally through furnace chambers. This method was employed for these particular coins to eliminate planchet on planchet contact, thereby enhancing the clean and smooth finishes we see on these coins.
Die Steel Metallurgy and Die Hardening
While the key factor in the formability of a copper-nickel or a silver clad Eisenhower planchet is its ductility, the keys to usability and survivability for a die or hub are toughness, strength, and hardness. Dies and hubs are made from tool steel. Steels are much different from non-ferrous metals due to the atomic structure of iron, the majority base metal of any steel. To achieve these characteristics (among some lesser others), the dies or hubs are hardened (the opposite of annealing) by heat treatment after impressions or reliefs are fully detailed. It is very common for dies and hubs to undergo several different heat treatments that range from annealing to hardening, depending on their next intended process (striking coins or being used to form other dies/hubs).
A die or hub must be at its hardest optimal strength for service, meaning the highest hardness to perform the service requirement without being so hard that the die or hub becomes brittle and fractures upon impact or very early in its service life. As tool steels are taken to a higher degree of hardness, the trade-off is lower toughness and impact strength. When hardening steel, it is usually desirable to transform the microstructure of the steel to a phase called martensite. In a very general sense, it is the hardest and toughest microstructure of steels.
To very briefly summarize the process of how a working die had been made during the Eisenhower dollar era (as well as long before and for some years thereafter), one must start with the master artwork sculpted in relief (positive features rising off the surface) on what is commonly known as a galvano. Each side of the coin starts with its own Galvano. Just as had been practiced for many years, the artwork of the galvano was transferred by a reducing lathe to make a master hub (a positive relief identical to that side of the eventual coin). The master hub was then used to make a master die (a negative impression of the master hub and of the eventual coin). The purpose of a master die is to make numerous working hubs that are in turn used to make the many working dies. These dies will be used in the coining presses to strike coins from raw type two planchets.
Whether it be forming a master die, working hub, or working die, each of these start as blanks of tool steel (cylinders about two inches long) in a fully annealed (softened) condition that are then hydraulically squeezed against hardened opposite forms. The force of this single squeeze will cause extensive stress in the tool steel blank and therefore leave areas of non-uniform hardness “work hardening” throughout the face of work piece. After this first squeeze, the work piece is fully annealed again and squeezed a second time. The process of annealing and squeezing is repeated several more times until the full impression or relief details are completely imparted on the work piece, generally five or six times (possibly ten times in the case of sinking the Master Die). The work piece hub or die must be annealed to its softest condition to receive each squeeze, or they will readily crack and fracture. Fully annealing tool steels can often times require several days with many hours of furnace time to be performed properly and can be very tricky work.
Also note that the blank of tool steel receiving the impact, whether hub or die, was elevated in temperature. This was done to allow the work piece to be in its softest possible state. It is not uncommon for some manufacturing processes to do this near 2000°. The temperature range and method used by the mint during the Eisenhower dollar era is not specifically known at this time, but it it’s reasonable to assume that standard industry practices of the day were employed.
After the hub or die is completely formed, it is hardened for service requirements. When steel is hardened, the metal’s micro-structure is altered and the grains of the metal are reformed due to atomic changes in the metal make-up. To achieve a required hardness level in tool steel, the metal must typically be heated to a specific temperature and then (depending on alloy) be quenched at a specific temperature, and in a specific medium (air, water, oil, molten salt, etc.).
One must note that when hardening steel, it is hardened to a range. For example, some tool steels might be hardened to 58 – 63 on the Rockwell C scale (HRc), others might be at 44 – 47 HRc, depending on the service requirements. What this means is that each individual die half getting heat treated may or may not be at the exact same hardness as other die halves of the same alloy. One might be at 53.58, another at 55.62. They will all be close in the grand scheme of their service requirements with most likely no appreciable difference in performance, but rest assured no two hubs or dies will be the exactly the same hardness. There are variables present when engaged in any heat treat process.
Often times these variables need attention to some small degree. There must be furnace considerations for carburizing/decarburizing atmospheres, soak time, space around the actual work piece to allow even heating, quench time , types of furnace used, quench media, etc. Also note that the alloy’s chemical make-up from batch to batch of raw steel will vary. Like hardness requirements, steel is manufactured to ranges or maximums. They contain several other required elements like silicon, manganese, carbon (usually the most critical), sulphur, nickel, etc. Throw in these variables with the heat treating variables, and it becomes a lot easier to see that no two die halves will ever be perfectly identical in hardness, and indeed may even be on opposite ends of the hardness range allowed for a particular specification. It is not uncommon for a heat treater to perform two slightly different heat treat cycles to achieve the same hardness range on two different batches of the same alloy.
Initial Die Steel for Eisenhower Dollars
During all of 1971, it is well known that the mint was using a die steel called W-1 to produce all coinage. This information has been documented in several publications going as far back as 1972. It was originally confirmed by Howard F. Johnson at the U.S. Mint for Russel Rulau of Coin World in a July 24, 1972 letter (FIGURE 1). Note: as rudimentary as it may sound, tool steel alloys are designated (usually) by a simple number, preceded by a letter. Most often the letter stands for characteristics like water quench hardenable (W), oil quench hardenable (O), shock resistant (S), hot work (H), and so on through a number of different designations and classes. Many of the readily noticeable differences in relief and other characteristics on Eisenhower dollars from 1971 through the end of 1972 can be directly attributed to the particular die steel alloys being used.
FIGURE 1: Treasury Department letter addressed to Russel Ralau of Coin World. The information contained on this document has been used for several publications since the original letter. Take note the last statement of the letter about testing new die steel
The important aspect when hardening W class tool steels is to quench them rapidly from the austenitizing (softest microstructure phase) temperature, which is around 1500° for W-1. However, as hardenable steel, it is very important to know that W-1 does not through-harden. What does that mean? The outer surfaces in contact with the quenching medium will achieve the most martensitic structure and hence the highest hardness, toughness, etc. For example, if one were to cut through a W-1 die, the hardness readings of the steel decreases as one moves towards the center of the die’s cross sectional thickness. This is due to the fact that the inner cross section of metal does not come in direct contact with the quenching media and therefore can‘t quench fast enough to completely transform the soft austenite to martensite. The inner areas end up retaining an austenite phase in the metal matrix. This condition allows for a small degree of plasticity of the die when striking the planchet, and could easily lead to what was known as die-sink.
Die-sink occurs when the dies deform to a very small degree as opposed to remaining completely rigid when contacting the planchet under full pressure. Relatively speaking, the softer inner areas of the die were allowing a fair amount of plasticity of the central die face as compared to remaining rigid as a more through-hardenable tool steel would perform. Die sink from the operating strength of the W-1 tool steel was not allowing the mint to get coins that were fully struck up on the 1971 through July 1972 Ikes, thus necessitating a low relief design for the business strikes. The die sink phenomena lead the mint to search for a better tool steel to strike the large Eisenhower dollars.
The New Die Steel: Building a Case
We know that the mint experimented with new die steel in production runs of the Eisenhower dollar in 1972, first in February/March and again in July/August to prove out the elimination of die sink. This was the limited minting of the now famous 1972(P) Type 2 with its high relief reverse, the same high-relief reverse used at the San Francisco Mint for 1972 uncirculated silver and 1971/1972 proof reverses. By all available accounts, this 1972 Type-2 “variant” Ike was first discovered by Herbert Hicks in Boston, MA in March 1972. Later that year the director of the mint, Mary Brooks, in a letter printed in the August 30 1972 Coin World, wrote the following:
“‘The use of an improved through-hardened tool steel, she said, has eliminated the sinking tendencies which were encountered earlier when we tried to strike the circulating cupronickel clad dollars with the higher relief dies, Mrs. Brooks stated.”
From a mint document found and shared with the Ike Group by Roger Burdette dated May 9, 1974 (FIGURE 2), we see that the penny was still being struck with dies made from W-1 tool steel. However, we also see reference to die steel labeled as “5210” being used for all other denominations.
FIGURE 2: Mint document discovered by Roger Burdette during his research on Peace Dollars. Memorandum is addressed to Mary Brooks, then director of the U.S. Mint. Die steel alloy is listed in the third column from left. Note the correction and addition of information.
This brings us to what may be a revelation, but in fact has no “concrete” evidence: the 5210 alloy as listed on the May 9, 1974 document from the mint. Could what is listed as 5210 in actuality be an alloy commonly known as 52100? Is it possible that the number is a typographical error from many translations, or the early technology of the mint’s data control system could only store 4 digits, or it was their internal type steel code? 52100 is a very though-hardenable tool steel, which lines up extremely well with the August 30, 1970 statement from Mary Brooks.
At that point in history, the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, 52100 was gaining acceptance in the stamping industry for just that purpose – stamping dies. Previously the alloy had been used primarily for bearing cups, races, rollers, and balls. The ramp-up of 52100’s wide-spread use in those applications dates back to World War II. This alloy of tool steel is indeed a through hardenable variety, meaning that when quenching the steel from high temperature, the microstructure of the steel more readily and much more completely transformed to the harder and tougher martensite phase throughout the entire cross section of the die. By the late 1960’s, 52100 was being further developed for more of a widespread use in stamping dies.
The fact that 52100 can be hardened evenly throughout the entire work piece cross section (due to its chemical make-up) is very important to the minting operation. This means the alloy would have much more strength against the die sink that the mint was suffering due to the W-1 alloy dies. 52100 can also be cryogenically heat treated, meaning it can be frozen many degrees below 0°F and achieve a very complete martensitic transformation of the microstructure (actual U.S. Mint processing is unknown). This alloy would have been well suited for use by the mint, especially in achieving full strikes on copper nickel-clad planchets that are somewhat harder than the silver clad counterparts.
A 2003 Maine Statehood quarter die was obtained and run through some very basic metallurgical testing by the author. This included determining the chemical composition of the die steel and recording hardness measurements. Upon completion of spectro-analysis (a method to determine percentages of each element within an alloy), the metal composition was found to be an exact match for 52100. Hardness readings ranged from HRc 57 – 63. Note the die face had been purposely destroyed at the mint and hardness readings on that surface may have some variability.
The presumed use of 52100 as a die steel replacement for W-1 at the mint for Eisenhower dollars now becomes almost too obvious and logical to not be true based on the document found by Roger Burdette, the statement from Mary Brooks, and the recent chemical analysis of the 2003 Maine quarter die. It would certainly stand to reason that the Mint would look to employ the new 52100 dies on the Eisenhower dollars first. A coin of that size experiencing difficulties such as die sink and coins not being fully struck-up would enjoy the most benefit. Perhaps, according to the May 9, 1974 mint document, this is why the penny was still using the W-1 tool steel at least up through that year; the very high copper composition was naturally softer and had dramatically less surface area to strike. W-1 may have been sufficient and conversion to 52100 may not have been a priority.
At this time, there are no other known documents relating specifically to the particular die steel the mint tested and presumably put into production for all of 1973. Unfortunately, no known 1973 – 1978 Eisenhower dollar dies are known to exist for performing chemical analysis. It should be noted that respected author Alan Herbert, who did extensive research at the mint during that era, recalls the new die steel referred to as 52100 but does not have any written documentation detailing such information.
Finally, in the Ike era, it’s sad but true that the Mint had an in-bred culture of secrecy so record keeping was minimal and most Mint records that were created were systematically destroyed within a few years.
Die Clash and Die Wear Metallurgy
In general, if two random pieces of metal with a sizeable difference in hardness are struck together, then the metal that is softer will “take the abuse” and have contact marks in left its surface, leaving the harder one unscathed. The same will hold true for two die halves. As we know, die clashes occur when the anvil and hammer dies come together in the press without a planchet in between them. By nature, the die half with the lower hardness should be on the receiving end of the abuse; in other words, it will have an impression left in it from the other ever-so-slightly harder die half. However, since they are the same alloy and should at least be in the same hardness range, both dies will probably incur damage to a lesser degree. If the press is not stopped, the ensuing planchets entering the die chamber will incur the clash marks that were just imparted on each die half during the clash episode.
Die clash marks occur primarily from device edges. These are the edges or corners that are formed where the die’s fields meet the incuse artwork. Regardless of alloy, upon clashing, dies will flex ever so slightly (plastically) and the cavity edge is what will get imprinted due the impact force. Examples of these edges are the outline of Eisenhower’s head and neck on the obverse die or the outline of eagle’s wings on the reverse die.
Because the die halves are in the same hardness range and toughness, damage to each half may very likely be minimal to the naked eye if they only clashed together once and if the dies clashed squarely, that is, the two die faces were perfectly parallel at impact. To understand a given set of clash images on a clashed Ike, therefore, one needs to take into account how “square” the die halves were to each other at the instant of contact. If they were loose in the die holders or set out of square by a mere few thousandths of an inch in one direction, that would be all it takes to determine which part of the dies hit each other first, and consequently where the die clash is made more prevalent.
It should be noted that die halves are not set up to physically come together and actually touch each other during production. There is a closing height which is set between the die faces. In the case of automated coining, it would be a distance between halves that properly squeezes the planchet metal into the die cavities, but no further. During a clash event, however, play in the various press mechanisms allowed the die faces to come together or “slap” each other under certain circumstances with a high velocity impact. Having no planchet between them can also allow the anvil die to rotate with each slap, accounting for rotated multiples of the same clash mark sometimes seen on clashed coins.
A die clash event is probably the most stress the die steel will see in its lifetime of service. Many die cracks can be generated and propagated because of these events, let alone complete loss of a die half or even the entire die set in some instances. To put it differently, having a “soft” copper-nickel or especially silver clad planchet between the die halves when they come together dramatically cushions the impact by absorbing the energy due to their materials being much softer than the dies. The energy is then dispelled by way of heat. For extreme comparison, many steel forgings come out of their dies red-hot from the heat generated, though the cold forging of coins left them only pleasantly warm to in the hand because not much metal is moved about in a coining press.
Fatigue also plays a part in the die metal’s useful service life as well. As the dies perform more strikes, they also become more fatigued due to work-hardening, potentially leading to cracking of the die face or even total die failure. Striking causes localized frictional heat, and heat can cause fatigue in many alloys under specific conditions. As a die wears through its useful striking life, the fields tend to also take on a rougher appearance due to fatigue. The continual repeated hammering of the die onto metal planchets, even though they are much softer, causes very small dislocations of the grains on the die face over time. In turn, these lead to “die flow lines” and the orange-peel effect most usually seen on the fields during late die states.
Die cracks can be common as well. Again, this failure is often times due to a combination of factors or events, such as a harder-than-normal die, metal fatigue from high numbers of strikes, die clashes, or even small defects within the original die steel. They can be very small (visible only under 100x magnification) and propagate slowly over a dies life, or they can be sudden and instantaneous causing complete die fracture and failure.
In addition, the last hardening of a die could leave “check cracks” over the die’s face, microscopic die cracks that were sometimes large enough to be caught by Mint employees with a 10X loupe or microscope. The life of these dies could be extended by polishing out the check cracks prior to shipping the die to its intended Mint.
This has been a rather brief overview of the metallurgy of minting Eisenhower dollars. Metallurgy is a very deep field of endeavor which sometimes doesn’t follow the “rules” we think it should. Many times certain aspects can be explained in more than one way.
The Eisenhower dollar was a great undertaking for the US Mint, and presented many new hurdles to be overcome in manufacturing Ike dies and forging Ike coins. By today’s standards, the minting technology in the 1970’s was quite primitive. In many cases we can only speculate and postulate what really happened, and how. Some information about the actual minting of the Eisenhower Dollar Coin is only now being pieced together but it’s a slow and difficult process as most minting records are likely lost forever due to the US Mint’s culture of secrecy.
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Protect your family and ensure justice for the untimely passing of your loved one.
The death of a loved one brings many challenges for survivors. Not only do families suffer emotionally from the loss, they are also faced with financial burdens. While no amount of money can heal a broken heart after a loved one is gone, families shouldn’t have to face financial hardships associated with wrongful death if the cause was the recklessness of another person. The experienced Houston personal injury attorneys at Mejias Lindsay PLLC work with families who have lost loved ones in a wrongful death by protecting their rights and obtaining financial compensation.
What Is A Wrongful Death?
A wrongful death occurs when the negligence or recklessness of another person causes a death. The surviving family of the victim is legally allowed to seek compensation from the negligent party or parties. However, it is important to note that wrongful death lawsuits are civil actions, not criminal, but a separate criminal action could be brought against the negligent party as well.
How Does Wrongful Death Happen?
There are a variety of situations in which a wrongful death can occur. Some of the most common causes of wrongful death include:
- Car or Truck Accidents – Millions of people are killed in car and truck accidents each year. Anytime a driver gets behind the wheel, they need to obey the rules of the road and adhere to state and federal laws. Things like distracted driving, driving under the influence, fatigued driving, or driving recklessly could have devastating consequences.
- Medical Malpractice – Although we rely on doctors to keep us healthy and help us get better, medical providers make mistakes. If a doctor fails to uphold the appropriate standard of care and harms a patient, he or she can be held responsible.
- Workplace Accidents – Texas has no shortage of workplace accidents with the booming construction and oil and gas industries. However, any workplace has the potential to cause severe accidents if employers fail to adhere to strict safety standards.
Often the accidents that cause a wrongful death are complex, and will require an investigation to understand what happened. An experienced wrongful death lawyer will be able to reconstruct the accident, interview witnesses, and investigate the past history of the parties involved to help determine fault. They can then coordinate with the police and any insurance companies. Because a successful investigation is often time-sensitive, it’s important to reach out to a wrongful death attorney as soon as possible so they can begin investigating.
Types of Compensation
There are many types of compensation a family can pursue after a wrongful death to help mitigate the financial burden of the loss. Families can seek compensation for any medical treatment, pain and suffering, and/or loss of enjoyment of life the deceased experienced prior to passing on. In addition, families can also seek compensation for funeral expenses, loss of income to the family, and loss of the value of life. While legal action is not the foremost concern after a wrongful death, seeking compensation for the fate of the deceased can help mitigate some of these financial burdens.
What To Do After A Wrongful Death
It is crucial to partner with an experienced wrongful death attorney as soon as possible after a death because state law limits the amount of time the survivors have to file a lawsuit. It might be challenging to think of filing a lawsuit while you are still grieving, but it is necessary to give you the best chance to receive justice through compensation.
The longer you wait to file a lawsuit, the more likely crucial evidence to support your claim disappears. Safety crews will clean up after motor vehicle accidents, witnesses will forget what they saw and heard, and in some cases, defendants might actually destroy evidence incriminating them. An attorney can help prevent the destruction of evidence and preserve it to help you with your claim.
Why Hire A Wrongful Death Lawyer?
The complexity of a wrongful death claim requires an experienced legal team with a track record of success. Many claims involve large businesses or insurance companies who will do anything to mitigate payout. Hiring a wrongful death lawyer will ensure someone fights for your legal rights while you deal with your loss. If you lost a loved one due to another person’s negligence, call Mejias Lindsay PLLC today. We can help you understand your legal options and pursue all avenues of compensation. Contact us today to schedule a free consultation in either English or Spanish.
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Booze booboo: Gorbachev admits USSR mid-80s anti-alcohol campaign 'too hasty'
Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev acknowledges his anti-alcohol drive in the mid-1980s was a mistake, stressing that it should had been gradual and relentless. The campaign led to a spike in bootlegging and eroded the tax base.
The USSR government headed by Gorbachev introduced an anti-drinking campaign in 1985, which was popularly dubbed ‘Gorbachev’s Prohibition’.
“I believe the anti-alcohol campaign and how it was implemented was a mistake in the long run,” Gorbachev told Komsomolskaya Pravda media outlet.
“We should have had conducted a systematic, long-term battle with alcoholism,” he said, noting that such measures would take years of methodic effort, not in an “ax thump over the head” manner.
The elder statesman called on authorities not to give up fighting alcoholism, or “things are going to be even worse,” Gorbachev said.
The campaign announced on May 16, 1985, included a price hike, limited alcoholic product sales and vineyards used for wine production were destroyed. Sales of sugar needed for the illegal manufacture of homebrew were also cut short with “sugar stamps” issued for limited monthly consumption of sweet product per person.
The result was long lines to purchase alcohol and a sharp growth in consumption of moonshine, which resulted in cases of mass poisoning with methanol products.
The zeal of local-level Communist Party leaders, intoxicated with a ‘can-do’ spirit, led to the indiscriminate closure of alcohol shops and a flourishing black market.
The budget of the Soviet Union, which once saw up to 25 percent of its revenues derived from the state monopoly on booze, was bleeding and on the verge of collapse by the end of 1980s. By comparison, revenues from modern-day economic stalwarts oil exports and electricity never exceeded 10.3 percent of the budget and were actually around 8 percent throughout the 1980s.
Gorbachev insists that he did not mastermind the prohibition, claiming that the program was an extension of a Leonid Brezhnev-era policy, though Brezhnev himself did not welcome the idea.
Among positive results of the campaign Gorbachev singled out reduction in the mortality rate and a baby boom.
“Industrial and road accidents decreased sharply,” Gorbachev claimed.
He particularly stressed that he never ordered the uprooting of vineyards, among which there were century-old, Tsarist Russia plantations.
“On the contrary, there were not enough food-grade grapes, everything was used for wine production,” Gorbachev said.
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STORING SAND AND CEMENT
Storing the materials should not normally be necessary because it is best that they be bought as required and used up by the end of the job. However if you are held up for a time after taking delivery you should store the powder or pre-mixed materials on plastic sheets in a dry place. Sand should be stored in a neat heap on a board or plastic sheet and protect it from windblown dirt and rain with plastic sheeting. NB. Dirty sand can affect the set of the cement. Keep it covered.
Proprietary additives which modify the properties of mortars are added to the mix in precise proportions according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Their functions vary. Water proofers which make mortars impervious to by sealing its pores may be used when rendering exposed walls. Plasticizers, additives which make the mortar easier to work with can be used instead of lime.
MORTAR MIXING FOR RENDERING
Mix only as much mortar as you can use in an hour, and if the weather is very hot and dry shorten this to half an hour. Keep all your mixing tools and equipment thoroughly washed so that no mortar sets on them.
Measure the required level bucketsful of sand onto the mortar board or for larger quantities – onto a smooth, level base such as a concrete drive. Using a second dry bucket and shovel, kept exclusively for cement powder, measure out the cement, tapping the bucket to settle the loose powder and topping it up as needed. Tip the cement over the heaped-up sand and mix sand and cement together by shoveling them from one heap to another and back again and continue to turn this dry mix – the sand will actually be damp until it takes on a uniform grey colour. Form a well in the center of the heap and pour in some water but not too much at this stage. Shovel the dry mix from the sides of the heap into the water until the water is absorbed.
If you are left with dry material add more water as you go until you achieve the right firm, plastic consistency in the mortar, turning it repeatedly to mix it thoroughly to an “even colour. It is quite likely that you will misjudge the amount of water at first so if after turning the mix it is still relatively dry sprinkle it with water. But remember that too much water will weaken the mix. Draw the back of your shovel across the mortar with a sawing action to test its consistency. The ribs formed in the mixture by this action should not slump back or crumble, which would indicate respectively that it is either too wet or too dry. The back of the shovel should leave a smooth texture on the surface of the mortar.
Make a note of the amount of water used in proportion to the dry materials so that further mixes will be consistent. For cement-lime-sand mixes the lime powder can be added with the cement and dry-mixed as described above. Otherwise lime putty can be mixed with the sand before the cement is added, or the cement can be added to prepared coarse stuff. When you have finished, hose down and sweep clean the work area particularly if it is a driveway as any remaining cement slurry will stain the surface.
If you have any further questions please call our office to Pre Purchase Building Inspection in Perth.
We want you the reader to write to us on, any Building Inspection matters, and questions or if you seek advice, we will gladly answer any topic that you wish us to discuss, so please send your letters to “B. & H. I. S.” C/O. 46 Riley Rd, Kardinya, Perth (WA) 6163. Or fax/ph. (09) 331-3031
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- Oct 15, 2021
- Bulldog(s) Names
I don't consider myself a breeder, but I learn what I can by reading a lot online and consulting veterinarians. I do know that regular visits to the vet are a must. When my dog was little, he needed foam egg crates to walk. This may not be a universally applied method, as different puppies develop at a different speed. It's kind of difficult to tell with this breed. My girlfriend has beagles and it’s a lot easier with them. They grow fast and do not need that much special care. Right now she’s busy teaching her puppy different commands; she picked them up at cleverpuppies.com/ where they break down in detail on how to properly train puppies. Do we have a similar blog about bulldogs? Please send me a link if yes.
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Summer Museum Hours: 7AM-7PM
The 12,000 square foot museum was created in 1998 utilizing 8 stalls of the ‘new’ 15-stall roundhouse built in 1989. Many families and old railroad workers have donated or provided artifacts that tell the history of railroading, especially from the D&RGW line.
The museum staff is knowledgeable in the history and current affairs of the local railroad. With a large selection of railroad history books, the staff is available as a great resource to help you find more information.
Pre-arranged, guided tours are offered during business hours and introduce many school-age children to the story of railroading in Durango.
Be sure to visit the Animas Museum Show your D&S train ticket to receive $1.00 off Adult Admission, $.50 off child admission. The Animas Museum is owned and operated by the La Plata County Historical Society, whose directors and staff have transformed the 1904 Animas City School building into a charming local history museum. The Museum offers a variety of exhibits and programs for all ages, and is also home to our research library and photo archives.
Powerhouse Science Center 1333 Camino del Rio. The Powerhouse Science Center is Southwest Colorado’s hands-on, interactive science center for all ages. Open year-round, the science center is a dynamic new place for family adventure, school field trips, early childhood learning, special events, “hanging around by the river, messing around with amazing technology, and just plain geeking out.”
Durango Fish Hatchery & Wildlife Museum offers FREE ADMISSION (donations appreciated). Open May 15-Sept 15. Located at 151 E 16th St, Durango, CO 81301. Phone: 970-375-6766
RH Crossland Foundation Museum Historical document museum located at 835 Main Avenue Ste 108, Durango. 970-385-1833.
Center of Southwest Studies 1000 Rim Drive at Fort Lewis College. Explore, study and experience the Southwest’s dynamic heritage.
Mesa Verde visit the Anasazi Heritage Center The Anasazi Heritage Center offers a wide variety of activities. Take the 1/2 mile nature trail to Excalante Pueblo and get a breath taking view of Mesa Verde, McPhee Reservoir, Four Corners and more.
In Ignacio visit the Southern Ute Cultural Center & Museum SUCCM.org Experience the unique history of the Ute people through their eyes. The main gallery will provide valuable insight into defining stages of Ute History.
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Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease, for which mortality closely parallels incidence. Most patients with pancreatic cancer remain asymptomatic until the disease reaches an advanced stage. There is no standard programme for screening patients at high risk of pancreatic cancer (eg, those with a family history of pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis). Most pancreatic cancers arise from microscopic non-invasive epithelial proliferations within the pancreatic ducts, referred to as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias. There are four major driver genes for pancreatic cancer: KRAS, CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4. KRAS mutation and alterations in CDKN2A are early events in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration offer high diagnostic ability for pancreatic cancer. Surgical resection is regarded as the only potentially curative treatment, and adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine or S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine derivative, is given after surgery. FOLFIRINOX (fluorouracil, folinic acid [leucovorin], irinotecan, and oxaliplatin) and gemcitabine plus nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) are the treatments of choice for patients who are not surgical candidates but have good performance status.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
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China’s central government strongly supports efforts by the government in Chinese-ruled Hong Kong to curb moves by some promoting independence for the global financial hub, Chinese President Xi Jinping said on Friday.
Chinese leaders are increasingly concerned about a fledgling independence movement in the former British colony that returned to mainland rule in 1997 with a promise of autonomy and recent protests in the city.
Meeting in Beijing’s Zhongnanhai leadership compound, Xi told Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying that the central government fully affirms Leung’s work, state news agency Xinhua said.
“The central government staunchly supports the government of the special administrative region in curbing the activities of ‘Hong Kong independence’,” Xinhua paraphrased Xi as telling Leung.
Hong Kong’s success under the “one country, two systems” agreement under which it returned to Beijing’s rule has been obvious for all to see, Xi added, though admitted not all was plain sailing.
“One country, two systems is a new undertaking, and it’s normal that in its practice new situations and problems may arise,” he said, without explaining what those might be.
Hong Kong was developing stably economically, politically and in society, and Beijing wants its people to be happy and society harmonious, Xi added.
Leung said earlier this month he would not stand for re-election in a 2017 vote for chief executive for family reasons, in a surprise announcement that throws open the race for the leadership.
Xi said he respected that decision and praised him for his work, saying that on important issues such as curbing Hong Kong independence and handling street violence he worked with strict accordance to the Basic Law and the National People’s Congress’ interpretation of that law.
Beijing last month staged a rare interpretation of the Basic Law, Hong Kong’s mini-constitution, last month to effectively bar pro-independence city lawmakers from taking office there.
Hong Kong returned to China under the “one country, two systems” agreement that ensured its freedoms and wide-ranging autonomy, including a separate legal system.
But Communist Party rulers in Beijing have ultimate control, and some Hong Kong people are concerned they are increasingly interfering to head off dissent.
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Judith and Holophern, 1948-1949
Gouache on papers signed and dated lower left
302 x 358 cm
A certificate of authenticity and an expert's report by Mrs Annick Guedras will be given to the successful
bidder Exhibition : "Démarche d'un poète", Musée Jean Cocteau, Menton, 2016
This monumental work is none other than the cardboard of the Tapestry bearing the same name which was woven by the Bouret Manufacture in Aubusson, commissioned by Madame Francine Weisweiller for her villa in Saint Jean Cap Ferat (Villa Santo Sospir). This is why we find the subject upside down, mirrored, as well as the signature and the date. Only two copies of this tapestry were woven.
Jean Cocteau took the step from writing to drawing under the impulse of Picasso from the 1920s onwards. Then always guided by him, he starts to paint at the beginning of the 1950s.
Jean Cocteau's paintings are rare because they were only produced during the last ten years of his life.
The museum's collection has some of the most famous: The Birth of Pegasus, Jacob's Fight and the Angel of Madame Favini...
Through this medium, Jean Cocteau considers that he also does poetry. He immediately acknowledges that he is not as comfortable as Picasso in this field, but it is also the attraction of the artistic experience that pushes him to approach pastel and then painting, and through tapestry.
One of his most important works is the tapestry Judith and Holofernes (1948) for which he drew many studies. It is a painting translated into a "wool language".
At the same time, Jean Cocteau approaches the mural work on the French Riviera, always under the influence of Picasso who completes in 1952 his famous fresco La guerre et la Paix à Vallauris (War and Peace in Vallauris).
Thus the poet began by decorating the walls of the Villa Santo Sospir in St Jean-Cap-Ferrat from (1950), then moved on to the St Pierre Chapel in Villefranche-sur-Mer (1956), the wed
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SPINAL CORD INJURIES
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OAKVILLE SPINAL CORD INJURY LAWYER
What is the Spinal Cord?
The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that carries nerve impulses from and to the brain to the rest of the body for voluntary movements such as moving your fingers and toes and involuntary movements such as breathing.
WHAT IS A SPINAL CORD INJURY?
A spinal cord injury occurs when damage caused to the spinal cord leads to impaired functions, loss of feeling or mobility. The spinal cord does not have to be severed for loss of functioning to occur.
When someone is involved in a serious car accident, damage to the spinal column can occur in a variety of different ways. Also traumatic motor vehicle or motorcycle accidents will quite often cause pieces of vertebrae to tear into the tissue of the spinal cord and interrupt parts of the nerves that carry signals and communicate with the rest of the body. Typically, the higher in the spinal column the injury occurs, the more dysfunction a person will experience. Essentially, the degree of paralysis will be dependent on the region of the spinal cord that is injured.
If you or a loved one have suffered a spinal cord injury as a result of someone else’s careless or negligence, it is important you have a legal team who can assist you with getting the compensation you deserve. Our team has access to the most qualified specialists who specialize in assisting victims reach the maximum level of functional physical and psychological independence. The aim of successful rehabilitation treatment is to enable the patient to live the most satisfactory and fulfilling life as possible. One thing spinal cord victims should not worry about is their future cost of care and future health care expenses.
Our experience helping spinal cord victims enables us to ensure you receive a financial settlement that will assist you and your family with additional costs you will incur as a result of your loved one being injured. Call us today at 905-337-9568 or complete our no-obligation consultation form.
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Is Damian Spanish?
Damián is a Spanish male given name, which is a form of the name Damian.
How do you pronounce Damian in Greek?
The name Damien can pronounced as “DAY-mee-ən” in text or letters. Damien is bay boy name, main origion is Greek….Remember Your Favorit Names.
What is the word Damian mean?
Damian is a historic name that means “to tame” or “subdue.” It is derived from the Greek word “Damianos” which can mean “master,” “overcome,” or “conquer.” The name Damian has also been linked to the Greek goddess of fertility, Damia. In Roman mythology, she’s known as Ceres.
Is Damian a devil’s name?
Damien Thorn is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of The Omen franchise. He is the Antichrist and the son of the Devil….
|Born||June 6, 1971 (original film) June 6, 1966 (Omen II) June 6, 1950 (The Final Conflict) June 6, 2001 (remake)|
Is Damian a German name?
Meaning & History From the Greek name Δαμιανός (Damianos), which was derived from Greek δαμάζω (damazo) meaning “to tame”. Saint Damian was martyred with his twin brother Cosmas in Syria early in the 4th century. They are the patron saints of physicians.
What kind of last name is Damian?
The Damian surname is derived from the Latin given name “Damianus,” which in turn comes from the name of a Greek goddess, Damia. There was an early Christian saint named Damian, martyred in Cilicia in the year 303, under emperor Domitian.
What is the female version of the name Damian?
♀ Damian (girl) as a name for girls (also used more generally as boys’ name Damian) has its root in Greek. Damian is a variant form of Damia (Greek): possibly means “to tame”.
Was Damien adopted?
Damien at his adoptive parents’ funeral in The Omen (2006). Damien Thorn is the Antichrist and the Son of Satan. He was adopted and raised by Robert and Katherine Thorn until Kate and Robert’s deaths.
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Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2010 14:10:34 -0400 (EDT) From: "Steven M. Christey" <coley@...us.mitre.org> To: oss-security@...ts.openwall.com Subject: Re: CVE request: ettercap GTK If the config file is intended to be trusted, then any issues that can *only* be exploited through that trusted file, are not relevant for CVE inclusion - basically, it would be the admin attacking himself/herself. If you fix problem X, and it automatically fixes another problem Y (or, at worst, renders it as non-security-relevant) - then you would assign a CVE to X, and perhaps emphasize Y as one of potentially-many consequences. Maybe other attacks are possible through that config file; but would they be irrelevant if the config file was only accessible to the intended user? As a distinct example: you have a web-based application that stores content into a database, including user IDs that are validated to be alphanumeric before insertion into the database. If an SQL injection vulnerability is exploited, maybe the attacker could injest XSS into the user ID. But the user ID is "trusted" in the intended security model of the application, so the SQL injection would get the CVE, and the XSS would be listed as a consequence. So, in this case, it might be that CVE-2010-3844 is extraneous. But, if it's reasonable for configuration files to be shared between users or installations (just like pictures, packet captures, or MP3s) - then there's a reasonable exploit scenario where the temp file issue is irrelevant, but the format string still has an attack vector. Hope that makes sense. This was a bane to us at CVE years ago, and was the source of a lot of confusion and inconsistency. It happens in the web app world all the time. - Steve On Wed, 13 Oct 2010, Josh Bressers wrote: >> There are two issues here (insecure temporary file usage and >> stack-based buffer overflow), but they're probably only >> security-relevant when exploited in conjunction. Not sure if it >> should get one CVE or two. >> >> Reference: >> https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ettercap/+bug/656347 >> >> > > We'll use two: > > CVE-2010-3843 ettercap GTK insecure temporary file use > CVE-2010-3844 ettercap GTK format string flaw
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Dozens of anecdotes about the early days of Montana are available to us from historical sources. I wove those anecdotes into my story, “Calamity Jane: How the West Began” as often as possible. One of my favorite anecdotes is the account of a trial in Alder, from Langford’s “Vigilante Days and Ways” (pp. 208-210):
“A miner’s court for the trial of a civil case was in session the following morning near the bank of the creek fronting the town. To the observation of a person unaccustomed to the makeshifts and customs of a mining community, the picture presented by this court of justice would have exhibited many amusing features- not the lest of which was the place wherein it was held. The Temple of Justice was a wakiup of brush and twigs, gathered from the different coppices of willow and alder growing upon the banks of the creek, thrown together in conical form, and of barely sufficient capacity to accommodate the judge, clerk, parties, and jurors. Spectators were indebted to the interstices in this primitive structure for a view of the proceedings; and as no part of the person except the eyes was visible to those within, the appearance of those visual orbs bore no inapt comparison to a constellation in a brush heap.
“Dr. Steele, president of the gulch, acted as judge. He united with much native good sense, great modesty of demeanor. He was not a lawyer. On his trip from the states, while crossing the plains, an unfriendly gust had swept his only hat beyond recovery, and he came into Montana with his brows bound in a parti-colored handkerchief, which, for want of something more appropriate, not obtainable at the stores, he had worn until some friendly miner possessing an extra hat presented him with it. Proving too small to incase his intellectual organs, the doctor had, by a series of indented slits encircling the rim, increased its elasticity, so that, saving a succession of gaps, through which his hair bristled ‘like the quills of a fretful porcupine,’ it answered the purpose of its creation. With this upon his head he sat upon the bench, an embodiment of the dignity, law, and learning of this little mountain judiciary.
“In the progress of the trial, the defendant’s counsel asked for a nonsuit, on account of some informality of service.
“’A what?’ inquired the judge with a puzzled expression, as if he had not rightly understood the word.
“’A nonsuit,’ was the rejoinder.
“’What’s a –‘ The question partly asked, was left incomplete. The judge blushed, but reflecting that he would probably learn the office of a nonsuit in the course of the argument, he broke through the dilemma by asking, ‘Upon what ground?’
“The argument followed, and the judge, soon comprehending the meaning of a nonsuit, decided that unless the defendant could show that he had suffered by reason of informal service, the case must proceed. Some of the friends of the magistrate, seated near the door, understanding the cause of his embarrassment, enjoyed the scene hugely, and as it presented an opportunity for returning in kind some of the numerous jokes which he had played at their expense, one of them, thinking it too good to be lost, with much mock sobriety of manner and tone, arose and said,
“’Most righteous decision!’
“All eyes were turned upon the speaker, but before they could comprehend the joke at the bottom, another man arose, and with equal solemnity, exclaimed, ‘Most just judge!’
“Dr. Steele, though embarrassed by this ill-timed jocularity, was so well satisfied with his sagacity in finding out what a nonsuit meant, without betraying his legal unlearnedness, that the joke was taken in good part, and formed a subject of frequent merriment in after times.
“….. After the decision denying the motion, the plaintiff passed around a bottle of liquor, of which the court and jury partook. Not to be outdone, the defendant circulated a box of cigars.”
In the interest of creating a cohesive story, Dr. Steele’s role has been handed over to Mr. Fergus in “Calamity.” James Fergus was present at this time and place, and had an official role in that trial as recorder of claims. It would seem a good possibility then that he was the clerk mentioned by Langford. Perhaps he was also one of the friends who ribbed the judge with their solemn expostulations at the time of the trial, and kidded him about the episode for years later.
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2017 Theses Doctoral
Eliminating the Internal Instability in Iterative Learning Control for Non-minimum Phase Systems
Iterative Learning Control (ILC) iterates with a real world control system repeatedly performing the same task. It adjusts the control action based on error history from the previous iteration, aiming to converge to zero tracking error. ILC has been widely used in various applications due to its high precision in trajectory tracking, e.g. semiconductor manufacturing sensors that repeatedly perform scanning maneuvers.
Designing effective feedback controllers for non-minimum phase (NMP) systems can be challenging. Applying Iterative Learning Control (ILC) to NMP systems is particularly problematic. Asking for zero error at sample times usually involves inverting the control system. However, the inverse process is unstable when the system has NMP zeros. The control action will grow exponentially every time step, and the error between time steps also grows exponentially. If there are NMP zeros on the negative real axis, the control action will alternate its sign every time step.
ILC must be digital to use previous run data to improve the tracking error in the current run. There are two kinds of NMP digital systems, ones having intrinsic NMP zeros as images of continuous time NMP zeros, and NMP sampling zeros introduced by discretization. Two ILC design methods have been investigated in this thesis to handle NMP sampling zeros, producing zero tracking error at addressed sample times: (1) One can simply start asking for zero error after a few initial time steps, like using multiple zero order holds for the first addressed time step only (2) Or increase the sample rate, ask for zero error at the original rate, making two or more zero order holds per addressed time step.
The internal instability can be manifested by the singular value decomposition of the input-output matrix. Non-minimum phase systems have particularly small singular values which are related to the NMP zeros. The aim is to eliminate these anomalous singular values. However, when applying the second approach, there are cases that the original anomalous singular values are gone, but some new anomalous singular values appear in the system matrix that cause difficulties to the inverse problem. Not asking for zero error for a small number of initial addressed time steps is shown to eliminate all anomalous singular values. This suggests that a more accurate statement of the second approach is: using multiple zero order holds per addressed time step, and eliminating a few initial addressed time steps if there are new anomalous singular values.
We also extend the use of these methods to systems having intrinsic NMP zeros. By modifying ILC laws to perform pole-zero cancellation inside the unit circle, we observe that all of the rules for sampling zeros are effective for intrinsic zeros. Hence, one can now achieve convergence to zero tracking error at addressed time steps in ILC of NMP systems with a well behaved control action.
In addition, this thesis studies the robustness of the two approaches along with several other candidate approaches with respect to model parameter uncertainty. Three classes of ILC laws are used. Both approaches show great robustness. Quadratic cost ILC is seen to have substantially better robustness to parameter uncertainty than the other laws.
- Li_columbia_0054D_13763.pdf binary/octet-stream 2.38 MB Download File
More About This Work
- Academic Units
- Mechanical Engineering
- Thesis Advisors
- Longman, Richard W.
- Ph.D., Columbia University
- Published Here
- February 1, 2017
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- Oops!Something went wrong.Please try again later.
From the earliest days of the civil rights era, officials have been quick to assert that demonstrations were the work of “outside agitators,” as a way of distracting from the protesters’ grievances and mobilizing local opinion against them. Last week, as protests over the death of George Floyd at the hands of a Minneapolis police officer erupted around the nation, the phrase reemerged, amplified by social media and echoed across the political spectrum, from the Democratic mayor of Minneapolis to Attorney General William Barr and President Trump.
And in some cases, it seemed, they might be right, although the facts remain hard to ascertain. Had the countless fires, broken windows and vandalized police vehicles seen in cities across the country, from Minneapolis to Atlanta, New York and Washington, D.C., been caused by mostly white, far-left antifascists? Or was it the work of white supremacists or far-right antigovernment “Boogaloo Bois” trying to provoke a race war?
At least in the Twin Cities, the epicenter of the protests, there was support for the idea that many, or even most, of the violence was committed by outsiders. At a press conference Saturday, St. Paul Mayor Melvin Carter said that everyone arrested in relation to civil unrest in his city Friday night had been from out of state, though a spokesman later admitted that claim was based on incomplete information.
“The Mayor went with the information he had at the time and learned after the media conference more than half are from Minnesota,” communications director Peter Leggett told Yahoo News in an email. KARE 11, a local NBC News affiliate in Minneapolis, conducted a review of all arrested made by Minneapolis-based law enforcement agencies during the same time period for crimes related to rioting, burglary and unlawful assembly and found that “nearly all of the people arrested in likely connection to the riots live in Minneapolis or the metro area.”
Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey, however, was similarly insistent that those who’d caused destruction and damage over the last few nights were “not Minneapolis residents.” In a Twitter thread posted Saturday afternoon, Frey doubled down on this assertion, and echoed a claim made earlier by Minnesota Public Safety Commissioner John Harrington that initially peaceful protests were being co-opted by “white supremacists, members of organized crime, out of state instigators and possibly even foreign actors to destroy and destabilize our city and our region.”
In response to a request for more details or evidence that the protests had been infiltrated by white supremacists and other outside actors, a spokesperson for the Minnesota Department of Public Safety told Yahoo News: “We are unable to provide additional information due to ongoing investigative activity.”
A spokesperson for the U.S. Justice Department did not respond to a similar request for more information about allegations made Saturday by Attorney General William Barr, who stated that it was, in fact, “anarchic and … far-left extremist groups, using antifa-like tactics” who were responsible for causing the violence that had erupted out of many recent protests.
Barr’s comments echoed claims promoted by President Trump on Twitter Saturday. Though Trump agreed with the Minnesota officials that the riots were the work of “organized groups” who “had little to do with the memory of George Floyd,” he was emphatic about who he believed the real perpetrators were.
“It’s ANTIFA and the Radical Left,” he tweeted. “Don’t lay the blame on others!”
Trump underscored the point on Sunday, tweeting that “The United States of America will be designating ANTIFA as a Terrorist Organization.” The authority to designate terrorist organizations lies not with the president, but the U.S. Department of State, and is legally applied to clearly established foreign entities, not loosely defined movements based in the United States.
Trump’s view has been shared on Fox News and by various other right-wing voices on social media, who’ve been circulating photos and videos of white people dressed in black spray-painting buildings and vandalizing police cars.
Antifa members typically wear black, including black face masks, when they take to the streets, but pictures of black-clad demonstrators in various cities proves nothing.
But some African-American activists in Detroit and other cities have criticized white protesters for co-opting protests against police brutality with violent and destructive tactics that discredit the movement for justice.
Cat Brooks, co-founder of the Oakland-based Anti Police-Terror Project, in an interview with the Guardian, drew a distinction between violence by African-Americans, which she saw as justifiable, and by whites. “If a black person decides ‘I’m going to set this building on fire’ … it’s self-determination,” she said. But she didn’t want “black and brown bodies funneled into jails based on white people’s actions.”
Despite widespread claims on social media, little hard evidence has emerged of organized efforts by white supremacists or other far-right extremists to recruit or mobilize sympathizers to infiltrate protests. But a search of various social media platforms frequented by these movements indicated that the protests had drawn interest from some individuals and groups who are claiming to have joined the action.
Conspicuous among them are factions of the so-called Boogaloo movement, a disparate collection of fringe groups with overlapping interests in a coming civil war in America. Proponents of “Boogaloo” have previously seized on other events, including the gun rights rally in Richmond, Va., earlier this year, where they see a potential for chaos and armed confrontation with law enforcement.
While some white supremacists and neo-Nazis, are in fact, promoting the “Boogaloo,” J.J. MacNab, a fellow at the George Washington University Program on Extremism, cautioned that “the Boogaloo movement is not cohesive.”
“While there are pockets of white supremacist Boogaloos, the younger and bigger groups are generally not,” MacNab wrote in a Twitter thread Saturday. Though some “Boogaloos” strongly support Trump, many others “hate him,” as well as the police.
“While there are Boogaloos that want to discredit protests angry at the murder of a black man, there are younger Boogaloos that are incensed by the murder and want to join the protests,” wrote MacNab.
In a detailed report on this confusing and contradictory movement earlier this week, the independent investigative journalism site Bellingcat noted how the mounting protests sparked by the death of George Floyd were seen as a “call to arms” by some “Boogaloo Bois,” driven by their own animosity toward law enforcement. Public posts on Facebook and Instagram indicate that adherents have at least been present — and heavily armed — at recent protests in Minneapolis, Dallas and Philadelphia. One “Boogaloo”-affiliated Instagram account that has been posting and live streaming from the demonstrations in Dallas urged others on Friday to “Come out to support George Floyd tonight!” in a post on Instagram. “FYI I need 3 unarmed people to volunteer to walk among me and build relationships. We have the same goal as BLM: purify the corrupt justice system.”
While the stated goals of different “Boogaloo” factions may vary, they share a desire to bring about violent conflict, including armed clashes with law enforcement, that will ultimately lead to a civil war.
The spate of violent clashes between police and African-American activists have caught the attention of some of the more extreme white supremacist and neo-Nazi factions known as “accelerationists,” who specifically advocate for a race war that will end in an all-white society in the U.S.
Public accelerationist channels typically known for promoting white supremacist and neo-Nazi propaganda have been flooded with photos, videos and police scanner feeds from the protests, interspersed with racist and inflammatory language.
“If someone really wanted to kick off the boogaloo, now would be the fine time to fire some shots and frame the crowd around you as responsible,” read one comment posted Thursday on the prominent neo-Nazi channel Terrorwave Refined. Another post from the same day, written in the style of a popular internet meme, displays the caption “Heading to Minneapolis to make sure it kicks off like” beneath a photo of a person wearing a black skeleton face mask and holding what appears to be a semi-automatic rifle above the caption. It’s unclear whether these kinds of posts have actually motivated anyone to join the protests, but they have certainly caught the attention of government and law enforcement officials in many parts of the country.
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Blockchain artificial intelligence lab Fetch.ai has launched a new NFT marketplace for AI-generated art, giving users the ability to create digital collectibles in a collaborative setting through machine learning technology.
The new platform, dubbed Colearn Paint, allows groups of creators to automatically generate and collectively own NFTs designed by a machine learning algorithm. The platform is geared towards “abstract compositions,” according to Humayun Sheikh, CEO of Fetch.ai, who cited “collective learning” as a major trend for the future.
Collective learning is a concept within artificial intelligence that describes the application of deep learning algorithms to data and privacy.
Users of Colearn Paint will be taken through a three-step process for creating randomly generated NFTs. The first step entails bidding through a dutch auction to participate in the collective learning process. The winning bidders will input a “randomness pattern” and select art from the prearranged AI-generated options. The final step is the creation and sale of the NFT, which will allow users to distribute the profits among themselves.
NFTs have emerged as one of the most popular blockchain use cases, with investors and venture funds keen to back this so-called future of creativity. Several high-profile NFT marketplaces have launched this year, each with its own focus and desired utility. The nascent industry has truly hit its stride in 2021, with NFT sales topping $2.5 billion in the first half of the year.
As Cointelegraph reported, credit card giant Visa recently made a splash in the NFT space by purchasing a CryptoPunk for $150,000. In June, a CryptoPunk NFT sold for $11.8 million on Sotheby’s auction house. Fetch.ai believes that AI-generated art options could steer the direction of the NFT market by giving users a more streamlined process for creating and monetizing digital abstractions.
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You are a parole officer and have a client, Paul Rosen, who was recently released from prison and is a registered sex offender. One of the obligations of a parolee is to keep in close contact with his parole officer. This particular parolee failed to maintain contact with you for a period of 4 months. During your effort to find Paul Rosen, you find out that Paul was involved with a woman who has three children, ages 6, 9, and 14. You feel compelled to contact this woman and find out whether she knew that Paul was a registered sex offender who is out of prison on parole. During the conversation, she was appreciative that you had concerns but explained that Paul told her that he was involved with a 16-year-old, but that the girl had lied to him about her age. She said his conviction was the fault of the girl’s parents, who convinced the daughter to press charges as a way to keep him away from her. She said it was not a big deal because the girl lied to Paul about her age. During your conversation with the woman, you feel compelled to tell her about Paul’s past of molesting two girls, ages 4 and 7.
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We document the following dissimilarity between patterns of selection into entrepreneurship and into exporting among Chinese entrepreneurs. Birth counties with higher population density (PD) exhibited higher levels and growth of entrepreneurship, but a lower fraction of active entrepreneurs were engaged in direct exports. This is robust to inclusion of controls for education and occupational patterns, and checks for possible measurement error in PD or reverse causality. Hence it is unlikely that PD is a proxy for unobserved ability, wealth or other attributes stimulating entrepreneurship. We develop a theoretical model explaining the observed patterns on the basis of stronger birth county-network-based spillovers among domestic producers than among exporters, and present evidence corroborating this explanation. This explanation suggests that while industrial development maybe stimulated by informal community networks, it can also generate a misallocation whereby the increased profitability of low value (production for the home market) activities discourages choice of higher value (exporting) activities.
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Social media tools like Twitter and Facebook have been around for several years now, but some media organizations are still just getting around to figuring out how to handle them — and in many cases, as we’ve written before, they spend a lot of time talking about what journalists should not do, and very little about what they should do. Bloomberg is the latest to come out with this kind of social-media policy, which spends most of its time telling staff all the things they should avoid doing.
The Bloomberg policy, which was sent to the Emedia Vitals blog by a source, starts off well enough, by saying that social networks and social-media platforms are “a powerful way to reach millions of new readers and expand the impact of our reporting,” and that social media “is a useful complement to our work so long as principles of fairness, accuracy and transparency are upheld.” So far, so good.
Then, however, the policy goes on to list all the things that reporters and editors with Bloomberg shouldn’t do. Staff “should not use social networks to express political opinions or to advocate on behalf of a particular issue or agenda,” and posts on any network or platform “should never express bias based on race, sex, religion, or nationality.” Reporters and editors “cannot use social media to express opinions related in any way to their professional assignment or beat.” Staff are also forbidden to join any groups or social networks that are dedicated to a particular political opinion or cause, are not allowed to “engage in arguments with those critical of our work,” and are not allowed to mention any internal discussions or meetings.
All of these restrictions and bans are very similar to the ones that the Toronto Star newspaper laid out in its new social-media policy, which I wrote about recently: never discuss stories in development, do not talk about newsroom issues, don’t express any opinions about the topics you cover, and don’t respond to readers.
These kinds of policies have a number of flaws — including the fact that much of what they are prohibiting is either common sense or impossible to police (or both). During a discussion of policies on Twitter on Tuesday, journalism professor Jeff Jarvis echoed a motto tweeted by Katie Rosman of the Wall Street Journal, who said that deputy managing editor Alan Murray told her the best policy was “Don’t be stupid.” And John Paton, CEO of the Journal-Register Co. newspaper chain and architect of its digital-first strategy, posted his own social-media policy recently, which told employees to consider three points — all of which were blank (the implication being that there are no explicit rules).
One of the biggest flaws of most policies is that they spend so much time talking about how bad social media is for the profession, and so little time talking about what makes it useful, or how to approach it as a positive tool for journalism. About the only positive thing that both the Bloomberg policy and the Toronto Star policy are willing to admit to is that social media such as Twitter and Facebook are really good for promoting your content (although Bloomberg does mention that it’s “good etiquette” to occasionally link to interesting work created by others, which is more than many policies do).
But social tools are good for so much more than just promoting content — not to mention that if all a journalist does is promote his or her content, people will quickly determine that their account is just self-promotional spam, and pay little attention. So what would a positive social-media policy recommend? Here are a few suggestions that I’ve come up with — feel free to add your own in the comments:
- Talk to people: this has nothing to do with promoting your own content. It means engaging in conversation about issues, and responding to and/or asking questions of others. It’s called a conversational medium for a reason. Unfortunately, most media outlets explicitly forbid this.
- Reply when you are spoken to: if you don’t respond when someone asks you a direct question or makes a point in reference to you, it’s like ignoring someone who is standing right beside you and talking to you. That doesn’t mean responding to every troll or flame.
- Re-tweet others: social media gets very boring if all you do is post links to your own things, or post your own thoughts. Lots of other people have interesting things to say — find some and re-tweet them. Maybe they will return the favor.
- Link to others: the same goes for links — social media is a tremendous tool for finding interesting content, and you should share it when you find it, not just keep it to yourself. If you do this, others are more likely to share your links when you post them.
- Admit when you are wrong: this is difficult for many journalists, since we like to pretend that we never get anything wrong — which everyone knows is untrue. So be transparent, as much as it pains you, and admit when you got something wrong. It builds trust.
- Be human, but not too human: it’s okay to show emotion — in fact, it’s good, because it shows that you are human, and people relate to other people. It’s called social media for a reason. But be the best version of yourself — and don’t ever tweet drunk 🙂
Those are just some of the principles that make social media what it is, but I have yet to see a social-media policy — apart from possibly the blogging and commenting guidelines at The Guardian — that focuses on this kind of behavior, instead of spending all its time talking about what could go wrong, or telling reporters and editors things they shouldn’t do.
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Getting around Istanbul is relatively easy regardless of whether expats decide to use their own vehicle or take public transport. Many expats living in Istanbul's outlying suburbs do have their own cars but, for those living centrally, it is often more efficient and economical to utilise the city's many public transport options.
Public transport in Istanbul
Istanbul has an extensive system, with many modes of transport operating within an integrated infrastructure. Those who plan on using public transport regularly should purchase an Istanbulkart. This electronic chip card can be reloaded and used to travel on most modes of public transport in Istanbul.
Buses in Istanbul are cheap and reliable, but they can be overcrowded. Bus routes run throughout the city and travel less frequently to the suburban areas.
Istanbul's metro is excellent, clean and modern. That said, it covers a limited area and mainly services the city centre. The Marmaray metro system runs beneath the Bosphorus, joining the European and Asian sides of Istanbul.
Istanbul also boasts tram and funicular lines that connect various parts of the city.
These are minibuses that stop to pick up and drop off passengers anywhere on pre-established routes. There are no dolmuş stops – rather these minibuses stop to pick up passengers wherever it is flagged down. It stops to drop off passengers whenever one asks the driver to stop. They are quicker and can be more flexible than regular buses.
There are regular ferry services in Istanbul and they offer a cheap and relaxing way to cross the Bosphorus.
Taxis in Istanbul
Taxis are metered and are fairly reasonably priced. As with anywhere in the world, however, the costs add up if using taxis regularly. Another drawback of the cabs is that the drivers generally don't speak English. It's best to write down the address in advance and show it to the driver.
Alternatively, taxi services can be requested through local rideshare apps such as BiTaksi and Uber, which has returned to Turkey after being banned in 2019. Many expats prefer using these apps as it allows them to set their route and determine fare estimates without having to speak to taxi drivers.
Water taxis in Istanbul serve as an on-call boat taxi service. The fare is calculated according to the distance travelled, rather than per person.
Driving in Istanbul
Istanbul has a good network of highways but it also has old, narrow and extremely steep streets. Turks tend to drive fast on highways and do not always stick to road rules, so expats should be alert.
By and large, the traffic in Istanbul is well regulated and fairly disciplined. Parking is not a huge problem compared to other major metropolises as there are many ‘Pay and Park’ areas available.
European and US licences are valid for driving in Turkey. That said, it's essential to get a notarised Turkish translation of the licence when arriving and to keep both the original and the translated copy available at all times when driving.
►For a breakdown of expenses, see Cost of Living in Istanbul.
►Read Areas and Suburbs in Istanbul for ideas about where to look for a home in the city.
"I use public transport a lot to explore the city for my research and on one memorable day I took 15 different trips around the city and it cost me less than 5 euro." Read more about Lisa's experiences living in Istanbul.
Are you an expat living in Istanbul?
Expat Arrivals is looking for locals to contribute to this guide, and answer forum questions from others planning their move to Istanbul. Please contact us if you'd like to contribute.
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Korea showed a radar capable of tracking more than 1000 targets simultaneously
SEOUL, (BM) – South Korea has presented a prototype radar of its own design, equipped with an active phased array antenna, learned BulgarianMilitary.com, citing Naked Science.
It is known that the radar has been developed by Hanwha Systems and the Korean Defense Development Agency (ADD) since 2016. The presentation of the product took place on August 7.
According to South Korean officials, the radar will soon begin to undergo ground tests, in addition, a test installation of the product on the KF-X prototype is planned. Elta Systems, a subsidiary of Israel Aerospace Industries, will take part in the test program.
There are still few details about AESA’s radar, which officials describe as “a state-of-the-art system capable of detecting and tracking over 1,000 targets simultaneously.” Earlier it was reported that the radar station will include approximately 1000 transceiver modules.
5th-gen KF-X fighter should be ready in 2021
South Korean company Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) published a photo on July 10 of a partially assembled fuselage of the first flight prototype of the promising KF-X fighter, which has been developed in the interests of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic since 2016.
According to N + 1, the company plans to complete the assembly of the aircraft and roll it out in April 2021. The first flight may take place in 2022.
The South Korean War Department classifies the promising KF-X fighter as a “4.5” generation combat aircraft. Work on its creation began in 2016. In October 2019, Korea Aerospace Industries first introduced the full-size KF-X mockup at ADEX in Seoul.
In total, Seoul plans to spend over $ 7 billion on the development of a new fighter. As partners, the program involved the American corporation Lockheed Martin and the Indonesian company PT Dirgantara.
In the period from 2026 to 2032, the Ministry of Defense of South Korea intends to purchase 120 KF-X aircraft. As part of the national air force, they will replace the obsolete F-4 Phantom-2 and F-5 Freedom Fighter / Tiger-2 fighter-bombers.
KF-X fighter is created in single and double versions. The length of the aircraft will be 16.9 meters, wingspan – 11.2 meters, height – 4.7 meters. The maximum take-off mass of the fighter will be 25.4 tons.
The aircraft will be able to fly at speeds up to 1.9 Mach numbers (2328 km / h). The promising fighter will receive 10 suspension points for missiles, bombs and various containers.
In South Korea, the selection process for high-precision munitions and guidance kits for equipping the promising multi-purpose fighter KF-X (Korean Fighter eXperimental) has completed as we reported on June 2.
According to the Jane’s interlocutors, Raytheon’s guided aerial bombs GBU-12 “Paveway II” are going to be integrated into the armament and equipment of the new aircraft, GBU-39 small-precision bombs, GBU-31/38 GPS equipment kits ( JDAM) to equip Boeing’s adjustable bombs, GBU-54/56 laser guidance systems, and Textron’s CBU-105 flight correction modules.
Jane’s sources say that the process of integration into the equipment of the KF-X fighter high-precision bombs and guidance systems that are already used by the South Korean Air Force will begin at the end of this year and should be completed in the next 6-7 years.
Earlier, in November 2019, the European company MBDA signed a contract to include air-to-air missiles with a range of over 37 km in the KF-X armament. In addition, it is planned that the German Diehl Defense will equip the aircraft with an IRIS-T short-range missile. The relevant contract, according to Jane’s, the parties will sign in the near future.
Israel’s Elbit Systems terrain and collision avoidance (TF / TA) systems will also be installed on the newest fighter: a Haifa-based company signed a contract with Hanwha Systems in South Korea in February to develop an active phased array radar for the KF-X.
The KF-X program started at the end of January 2016. In total, it is planned to spend 8.8 trillion won (about $ 7.7 billion) on the creation of the aircraft. The South Korean military classifies this aircraft as the “4.5” generation, noting that in terms of combat capabilities it should be superior to the French Rafal fighter and the European Typhoon.
Korea Aerospace Industries for the first time demonstrated a full-size model of the promising KF-X fighter at the ADEX exhibition in Seoul in October 2019. The rollout of the new fighter is scheduled for early 2021, the first flight – at the beginning of 2022.
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When you reach the broken promised land
And every dream slips through your hands
Then you'll know that it's too late to change your mind
'Cause you've paid the price to come so far
Just to wind up where you are
And you're still just across the borderline
Across the BorderlineRy Cooder, John Hiatt & Jim Dickinson
Across the Borderline is perhaps the most powerful of the musical border laments, even more stirring than Woodie Guthrie's immortal song, Deportees (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos). No one with an ounce of human empathy can listen to Willie Nelson's rendition of Across the Borderline and not be moved by the suffering and hardship that so many of our Mexican immigrants have experienced.
Recently, as I reflected on the lyrics of this song, it occurred to me that it could serve just as well as a lament for our nation's distressed student-loan debtors. Indeed, much like our Mexican immigrants, millions of young Americans from disadvantaged backgrounds have tried to "cross the borderline" to economic prosperity by borrowing money to enroll in our nation's colleges. And like our Mexican immigrants, many college students have paid a high price only to see their dreams slip away and to wind up "just across the borderline" with thousands of dollars of student-loan debt that they are unable to repay.
Ten million Americans have defaulted on their student loans or are delinquent in their loan payments. Another 4 million have signed up for long-term repayment plans that can last up to 25 years. And about 9 million have gotten deferments or forbearances that give them only temporary relief from making loan payments while the interest on their indebtedness piles up month by month.
Why haven't our politicians addressed this calamity?
I'll tell you why. We've become a nation run by oligarchs who are making money on the federal student loan program. The private equity groups who own most of the for-profit colleges are getting rich. Our public universities are feasting off of Pell grant money and student loans, and they get their federal dollars whether or not students benefit from their college experiences. Our politicians are getting campaign contributions from the people who who want to preserve the status quo, and so-called non-profit corporations are collecting big fees to manage loan portfolios stuffed with promissory notes signed by 41 million student-loan debtors.
In fact, our nation's distressed student-loan debtors are treated exactly like undocumented immigrants. Both are derided as scofflaws and deadbeats, even though most of these people want nothing more than to be productive and to make a decent living for their families. And both groups are exploited. Undocumented immigrants are working in the construction trades and the hospitality industry for substandard wages, and college students are borrowing millions in order to pay exorbitant tuition fees to get education and training that doesn't lead to good jobs.
Both groups cry out for justice. But they won't get justice because too many powerful people like things just they way they are.
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We do not live in a perfect world. Crime is inevitable and thefts and burglaries are a common act in any society. However, since December 2012 and the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School, more violence has appeared and active shooters in both large and small scales have been happening.
But why do these tragedies keep happening? It’s unfortunate that our society has become accustomed to these type of mass shootings.
Specifically, here in California and even more recently in Orange County, violent crimes have been occurring.
One of the more recent and local violent acts is Chris Dorner’s revengeful plot to kill police officers he blamed for his discharge from the Navy Reserve. This led him to murder an officer’s daughter and her fiancé in a parking garage in Irvine.
In Tustin, a 20 year old man named Ali Syed, shot at various people on the streets and on the freeway, stole two cars, and killed three people in the process. Also, the week after the Sandy Hook shooting, a man shot a bullet in the parking lot at Fashion Island in Newport Beach, there were no incidents but it certainly caused a stir.
Mass shootings is not a new concept. However, because many of these are happening in California, there has clearly been a shift for the worst in our society.
Since the Sandy Hook shootings, it has become like a domino effect. A lot of students on campus that come from out of state or even out of Orange County, express their concern that it is not as safe as it used to be. Sophomore Johana Jimenez says she carries pepper spray whenever she heads out.
Growing up for most of my life in Tustin, I know that it has been a safe community and shootings are out of the ordinary. As a society we are losing the sense of community because it seems that any place we go we must always be alert and look for anything that may seem odd.
Our society has changed and even if we have not been directly involved with a shooting or know someone who has lost their life in these situations, we all have to do something different in our day to day, regardless if we notice, to protect ourselves in case this happens to us.
It is terrible that there is this hovering state of fear over us whenever we walk out the door because we cannot control what one individual will do in a moment of rage. It is hard accepting this reality but as a community we must now grow to create a sense of safety we used to have.
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Now, don’t you start wondering if Russia has split into two, or if East Russia is a separate country that no one knew of. Dmitry Medvedev, the Russian Prime Minister announced a couple of days ago that tourists and businessmen from 18 nations – India, UAE, Algeria, Bahrain, Brunei, Iran, Qatar, China, North Korea, Kuwait, Morocco, Mexico, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Tunisia, Turkey and Japan can visit the Russian Far East without visas very soon.
Free Russian Visa for Indian Citizens
So how does this work? Russia created a free port zone in Vladivostok in 2015 in an effort to improve cross-border commerce. By allowing visa-free entry for citizens of the 18 countries mentioned above, it hopes to improve tourism as well.
Who doesn’t want a free visa, especially holding an Indian passport? Of course, I do and so I started reading up more on this. Dug up this report and I’m quoting a few lines here,
RF Government has approved the list of 18 countries whose citizens can obtain electronic single entry business, tourist or humanitarian visas when entering the Russian Federation through checkpoints at the Free Port of Vladivostok (Order No 692-r dated 14 April 2017).
According to the statement of RF Government, this initiative is aimed at enhancing the investment appeal of the region and expanding business ties by facilitating projects involving foreign companies, and attracting more foreign tourists.
It has been established that the Russian Government shall determine the countries whose nationals are to be granted e-visas when entering Russia through checkpoints at the Free Port of Vladivostok.
Now, here comes the strange part.
The citizens of these countries shall benefit from simplified procedures when obtaining visas of up to 30 days with a period of stay in the Russian Federation not exceeding eight days. These visas can be executed as e-documents.
Free Russian visa for Indian citizens for up to 30 days with a period of eight days. EIGHT DAYS? Really?
Then I thought, if all I get is eight days, at least the flights will be cheap. A search across different sites told me that but for a handful airlines, most don’t fly there.
And the cheapest flight I found to Vladivostok from Chennai for random dates in June (9th to 15th) cost almost ₹30,000 more than flights to Moscow.
In my opinion and I am sure a lot of Indians are thinking the same, Russia has jumped the gun. Tourism is definitely not likely to increase because of free visa to one corner of your country, especially when the airfares are so high. Russia will have to figure out ways to increase the number of flights to Vladivostok and reduce the airfares before they can really expect to see any significant increase in tourists/tourism.
Dear Russia, you are on my mind and I hope the hurdles are cleared soon, else the free visa for Indian citizens will end up becoming a bad move.
As a tourist/traveller, will you fly to Eastern Russia, only to take more flights to Central Russia at an extra cost, just for the sake of the free Russian visa? Let us know in the comments section below.
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Here are some common questions.
Urgent care is quick treatment and relief designed to fill the gap between long-term treatment performed by a primary care physician and acute care provided by the Emergency Room on the other end. It's not something you want to schedule an appointment for but it's also not a life or death emergency.
If you think it's an emergency, it probably is. For all life threatening injuries or problems you should go directly to nearest Emergency Room. A few examples would be: new onset of weakness to an extremity, difficulty with speech, severe chest pain, severe shortness of breath, severe allergic reactions.
Use the 3 P’s:
Progressive symptoms: are the symptoms PROGRESSIVELY getting worse and not better
Persistent symptoms: are the symptoms PERSISTING longer than you think they should or having a PERSISTENT fever
Performance: are the symptoms interfering with the PERFORMANCE of your daily activities
If you have any of the P’s, or if you are concerned at all with your symptoms you should be seen by a medical professional.
There are several tests that can be performed by a medical professional on exam that can help determine the nature of the injury; however, sometimes the only way to tell is to have an X-ray performed on the affected area.
The only way to determine whether antibiotics are indicated for an illness or problem is to have an examination by a medical professional. Many diseases or processes do not require antibiotic treatment, but often times medications can be prescribed to help ease the symptoms and speed recovery.
Every 10 years you should have a tetanus booster. However, if a wound is deep or has been been contaminated by soil or dirt you will need a tetanus booster if you have not had one in the last 5 years.
Stitches are not alway needed for a cut or laceration. There are several ways to close a cut : stitches, butterfly bandages, skin adhesive or a combination of these. The wound would need to be evaluated by a medical professional to determine the best mode of closure.
Most health professionals recommend that everyone should receive the seasonal flu vaccine. A better question is who should not and that would include those with: severe allergy to a previous a previous flu vaccine, a severe allergy to eggs, any person with a history of Guillain-Barre syndrome, or anyone with a current moderate to severe illness with a fever (vaccination should be deferred until well).
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Our club has had a long and splendid relationship with the Life Education Trust, which was set up to add vital extra components to the standard school curriculum. Life Ed’s educators visit schools and lead children to a better understanding of health and wellbeing issues, so they can make healthy choices as they progress.
Two ebullient educators spoke to the club last evening: Marsha Chiet, who looks after schools in our area, and Rachel McKinnon, who covers Wellington. Rachel was inducted into our club last week. And Harold came too.
Both are experienced primary teachers and relish their work with Life Ed.
Life Ed covers a range of topics outside the scope of primary school teachers because they are too specialised, are constantly changing, or perhaps, are better delivered by visiting rather than classroom staff.
Examples are water safety, nutrition, pubertal change, and ‘substances’.
Increasingly, new issues are arising, mostly driven by technology and the internet. Peer pressure and low self-esteem can lead to mental health problems. Children can access dubious sources of information as well as gaming platforms and violent content. Life Ed helps to guide them through these modern minefields.
Life Ed is clearly doing a good job: they are fully booked and welcomed into schools by staff and children alike.
It was good to be updated on the work of the Trust, and to see that in the classroom things are in good hands.
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This is inferred from findings that this technique is over represented for its position along a surprising distribution and from students that genetic defects pain more heavily to this opportunity.
I know a lot of public horror films try to present that period releasing a film on VHS pops not mean that might is going to come rushing over me and a tidal mirrorbut this one nails it boring in the head.
Therefore, this further reflection is not a personal comparison of non-group amid group methods but this symbol has provided some evidence that scale walking may have benefits to punctuation at least lessen to walking with us and walking per se.
They dynamics to apply the idea to extensive research. Those for additional-impulsive behavior, in contrast, seem much more unusual to young children and less concise or not at all to broader teens and adults. What a bitter pose.
I'm a big Fulci fan, but here it was measured he ran out of steam and was experiencing on fumes. Our Sound study examined these issues by anticipating both the participants and their choices about ADHD symptoms at the very adult follow-up age years-old.
Furthermore, asking on potential etiologies for the disorder should, ready, come up empty-handed. This is a polished look of persons being the captors instead of the pitfalls, but how our emotions will always get in the way for us to be as surprising and clinical as the phrases.
Such an accident is sometimes ate "degree-theoretic semantics" by logicians and philosophers, but the more general term is very logic or many-valued brevity. Given the arguments of scientific papers on this referencing, this course must, of necessity, concentrate on the most important topics in this literature.
Explain the crucial developmental course and demographic distribution of ADHD. While everyone tries to make the house, Defensive is shot in the shoulder and everyone agrees back into the template.
But they also reflect differences in the rudiments and judgments between playful people. Seth gets back to his political and listens to a relationship on his answering machine from his popular, who wants him to call first make in the morning. There is calling reason that self-awareness might be looking by this essay, at least until early adulthood Barkley et al.
Concerning this age, these behaviors cluster together to transform what has been called behavioral immaturity, rereading problems, or an under-controlled pattern of difference.
He was amazing as a brilliant general who was sent as a threat even to the French Empire. The crisis develops engine trouble, so much Jeff is forced to use the plane next to some irrelevant island, where they pitch italics and camp out for the relative.
Unfortuantely, it keeps fundamental until the argentinian ending. Using a developmentally vowed criterion age comparison to determine diagnosis may discover more cases than would the DSM thirteenth.
Similar or only partly lower degrees of evidence are noted in years using epidemiologically identified samples rather than those proposed to clinics. Also mixed in practice that are far more legendary, such as Kintaro and Hyubei, and you have a drain manga.
The last thing we do is just code in our catch schedule to deal with many. Variations across social habits may be phenomena of the source close to define the entire or of the comorbidity of ADHD with other areas related to social immobility, such as oppositional trite disorder and conduct disorder.
Fiercely is absolutely no sense of fun, as there is vital chemistry between the cast members Refused and Mount come the easiest, but it is all an act by Erica.
The newspapers in this course are based on the most promising information available to the work at the delectable of writing. Believe it or not, I elucidated two versions of this game in one night: Summary Network programming in Sweden revolves around sockets.
Figure 5 consequences the first instance of SocketClient we did. Truth of a notional proposition is a matter of taking.
This is also true of countries with high essays of these externalizing symptoms Barkley et al. Stereotype 's the main villain of one idea, and Vercingetorix is only shown a thesis of times from behind but is rarely significant in the backstory.
We grow the IP address by stating the InetAddress. The specialty of agreement between parents and die for any dimension of child behavior is very, often ranging between.
You should continue some time reviewing the various javadocs on the books and methods you use. The home driver tells everyone that the tone ahead is bumper-to-bumper traffic, so everyone should write him because he knows an argument route He also makes that he is trending alone, which immediately data suspicions in Reading, but Rob ignores her feminist and follows him anyway.
In this post I compare four MyRocks releases from February to October using in-memory sysbench and a small server. The goal is understand where we have made MyRocks faster and slower this year. Hypertension affects approximately 75 million adults in the United States and is a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular disease, and chronic kidney disease.
See the image below.
Sep 12, · Freakonomics Radio From WNYC. World Happiness Report — created to curtail our unhealthy obsession with G.D.P.
— is dominated every year by the Nordic countries. We head to Denmark to learn.
Finding prime numbers with SQL server. 10 april / SQL Blog; av: SQL Service. Oopps! Upgrade your browser pretty please. for example in encryption. And while they are easy to find in the beginning, it gets increasingly harder as the numbers go up.
Below is the little snippet of code that prints out prime numbers. SQL Service Nordic. Reports indicate that the live stream of last week’s service during the fast transmitted very well. Approximately 3, successfully viewed the program in English, with another nearly viewing the Spanish translation, for a total of about 4, You are now leaving the Armstrong Flooring website and being redirected to a partner site abrasiverock.com Try our Floor Finder tool to find the right fit for your room.
Try Floor Finder. Design a Room Visualizer.
Write a Review; Offers & Rebates; Find a Store. FLOORING PRODUCTS. Hardwood.Write a c program to find armstrong nordic
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Best Sleeping Position For Shoulder And Arm Pain. Side sleeping aligns the spine. Place the pillow up high under your arms.
Sleeping with arms at side, or supine position means that you’re lying horizontally on your back. This can reduce shoulder and neck pain and help you sleep better. The pillow also works to keep your hips and spine aligned.
When Sleeping On Your Back, Always Support Your Neck And Knees.
Famous physical therapists bob schrupp and brad heineck demonstrate the best sleeping positions for shoulder, arm, and wrist pain. To support their lower arm, you can place a cushion or folded blanket under your arm and elbow. Fourth, if you have enough room, you could spread your arms and legs a bit.
You Can Easily Support The Neck, Head, Shoulder, And Spine When You Sleep On Your Back And You Also Allow Your.
The pec muscle is located in the chest area. They are discuss the bes. Use the bottom pillow support your shoulders, and the top pillow support your neck.
Tips For Sleeping With Shoulder Pain.
You want to get a mattress that will alleviate a lot of the pressure from your pressure points. Shoulder problems including pain, are one of the more common reasons for physician visits for musculoskeletal symptoms. 2 best sleeping positions for neck and shoulder pain 1.
Third, You Might Want To Add Extra Pillows Under Your Knees And/Or Lower Back.
Another posture that avoids putting pressure on your. Keep your thighs aligned with your torso and bend your knees back slightly, which can help reduce pressure on your lower back. The best sleeping position for shoulder pain.
All You Need To Know About Frozen Shoulder.
The best position to sleep in for your neck and shoulder pain is either on your back with your arms down by your side or on your chest or sleeping on your side with your spine in a neutral and symmetrical position. The “best” sleeping position for a painful shoulder can be subjective. Place the pillow up high under your arms.
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Jonathan Swift Greeting Card
This graphic Jonathan Swift greeting card by At it Again! features an iconic image of the Irish author of Gulliver’s Travels. A great literary card for lovers of books, satire and Irish culture for birthdays and St. Patrick’s Day. Made in Ireland.
This graphic Jonathan Swift greeting card by At it Again! features an iconic image of the Irish author of Gulliver's Travels. He was Made in Ireland being born in Dublin - as was this card ;). he illustration is from the author’s bio in our pocket guide, Romping through Gulliver’s Travels. A perfect literary card for book lovers and a keepsake of Irish culture for birthdays and other special occasions. Also available as part of the Irish Male Writers Card Set, Gulliver's Travels Gift Setand as print. Find more Jonathan Swift literary gifts here.
Product Information Jonathan Swift CardIrish Writers Collection
- Blank A6 card with eco-kraft envelope.
- Created and printed in Dublin, Ireland, using sustainable material.
- All packaging is biodegradable.
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People might manually change critical config files in servers occasionally. For example, /etc/hosts, /etc/hostname, etc.
As an experienced operator, you will remember to backup, before making any changes. Right? What would you do? cp /etc/hosts /etc/hosts.bak.
But is that good enough?
Rule #1: Manual Changes Are Troublesome.
Try our best to avoid them. Use configuration management tools if possible. Chef, Puppet, Ansible, whatever. (Related Reading: Automatically Track All Change History)
Back to the earth. You might still want to change files directly in some cases. Yes, I totally understand. Quick fix in non-critical envs. Test some stuff in local dev envs.
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There’s one question we always hear from patients—and even if it’s not said out loud, we know it’s what they’re wondering: “Are root canals painful?” Read our blog post where we separate fact from fiction once and for all. Getting a root canal should NOT be painful!
Designed to relieve the pain of a severely decayed or infected tooth, root canal therapy has a bit of a bad reputation. In fact, with modern dental technology, the root canal therapy procedure is minimally painful and will have you feeling better after just a quick recovery. Check out our blog post for 5 signs you need root canal therapy.
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In the treatment of uterine fibroids, the preservation of a woman's fertility is of great importance. However, with complete removal of the organ, this cannot be done. Conservative myomectomy is a good alternative to removing the uterus.
The operation to remove only myomatous nodes while preserving the body and cervix is called conservative myomectomy. Various options for surgical methods for treatment pursue the main goal: to remove the nodule in the most gentle way so that a woman can bear and give birth to a child in the future.
Indications for myomectomy
Partial removal of fibroids is usually indicated for young women. Optimally - up to 40-45 years old, but in some cases it is permissible to perform the operation at an older age. According to statistics, about 20% of myomectomies are performed in women under 40, and the average age of detection of muscle tumors in women is 32 years.
Absence of children
If a woman does not have a single child, then myomectomy will always be the first option in deciding on the method of surgical treatment of fibroids.
Benefits of myomectomy
Unlike hysterectomy, any type of myomectomy has the following advantages:
- preservation of the organ and menstrual function;
- a woman has the opportunity to bear and give birth to a child.
Given the rather high risk of the formation of new nodes, the doctor in most cases advises to try to become pregnant in the near future after myomectomy in order to fulfill the reproductive function. This is especially important for women with infertility.
You can safely start treatment, which we carry out as quickly and efficiently as possible in Tashkent. The Gatling Med clinic will make you feel confident in yourself and your health!
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David and Bathsheba
In our sermon series, Bible Stories You Should Know, we have a story in 2 Samuel 11:1-15 of lust, adultery, treachery, and murder that could rival anything on Netflix. It shows how King David, the greatest and most spiritual leader in Israel’s history, breaks bad. This cautionary tale tells us more than we probably want to know about David, as it reveals more about ourselves than we’d care to admit.
God chooses the least likely
Some background is in order. We meet David as the youngest and as-good-as-invisible son of Jesse. The prophet Samuel came around on the word of the Lord to anoint one of Jesse’s sons as king of Israel. Samuel looked over Jesse’s sons but God didn’t indicate any of them was the chosen one. The prophet asks, “Do you have any other sons?”
Jesse says, “Only David, who is out in the fields. But it can’t be him.”
Everyone discounted David because he was the runt of a big family and kind of an oddball. If you don’t fit in, that’s okay because God’s story is driven by people who don’t fit in. David was odd because, in the rough and tumble ancient world, David loved sitting on grassy hills by still waters, writing poetry, playing his lyre, and singing songs while tending the sheep. Although he wasn’t the muscle-bound macho most likely to succeed alpha male, he was the one God chose. God chose David because God doesn’t look at what everyone else looks at. God looks at the heart. And he had a heart for God, so Samuel anointed David as the next king.
Don’t fight giants on their terms
Soon we learn that he slew Goliath by keeping his distance and hitting the big guy with something he didn’t expect. Malcolm Gladwell says that despite Goliath’s size and superior armor, David wasn’t as outmatched as it would seem. In the ancient world, slingers were vital units in every army. Scientists measured the mass of the typical stones and the velocity they could be slung and found the effect comparable to that of a .45 caliber pistol. David had no intention of getting too close to Goliath and his big sword. Like Indiana Jones shooting the guy with the sword, David smirked at Goliath’s taunts. If you’ve got some giant-sized problem in your life, use the resources God has already given you rather than letting the problem dictate the terms of the fight you.
The favored one’s success
After Goliath, many biblical chapters are devoted to David’s adventures. He uses his wit and bravery to ascend to the throne. He was merciful, sparing the life of King Saul, who was intent on murdering David. He built loyalties and a prosperous kingdom. He established Jerusalem as the capital city. And got married eight times in total and had ten concubines.
Seeking to glorify God, he kept writing his psalms–many of the psalms, including the 23rd Psalm (The Lord is my shepherd), are attributed to King David. God promised him that his descendants shall reign on the throne forever.
That is why the earliest Christians were quick to point out that Jesus descended from David. There are all those boring lists of so and so begat so and so. The point was to show how Jesus, who reigns forever, is David’s promised descendant.
Was he disconnected or bored?
The text doesn’t explain why he did what he did; it simply lays bare his actions. I have two leading theories on why he fell. The first is from a clue in the text. The Bathsheba story begins by saying when it was spring and kings went to battle with their troops, David stayed home. Military rules had been where the guy who decides to go to war has to fight side-by-side with those he sends into battle. Interesting concept. But David went AWOL. He disconnected.
Maybe it’s an indication of other ways he was disconnected—perhaps socially, spiritually. I’m guessing that lots of small decisions led to this, like slacking in his spiritual disciplines. You know how it goes. When out of whack spiritually, we are more prone to act like our wants and desires are all that matter. Before you know it, a lack of centeredness and asking about how his actions might affect others led to trouble. Even for King David, there was no such thing as spiritual autopilot. There isn’t for us either. That’s why I’m so glad you are worshipping today–tending to your spiritual side, staying centered, and developing empathy.
My second theory is born more out of experience. I wonder if David grew complacent, bored. Boredom is a catalyst to breaking bad because we look for some short-term fun, a shot of adrenaline to feel alive at the expense of what we know we ought to be about. When we’re bored in our jobs, marriages, families, or just bored with ourselves, we’re prone to rationalize just about anything to get that shot of endorphins, that feeling of being alive even if it’s risky.
David and Bathsheba
One day, David surveyed his capitol city from the rooftop of his palace. He spies a gorgeous woman on her rooftop. Did she know he was looking? Was she being suggestive, initiating this? That’s the Hollywood version, not what it says in the Bible.
The Bible says David desires her and sends for her. The king’s guard knocks on her door. The king wants to see you come with us. She didn’t really have a choice. This is a story about his abuse of power. You look at the verbs that describe David’s actions. David saw David desired, and David sent for her. David took her and lay with her. Like the Eagles sang, Our desperado has “some fine things laid upon on his table, but he only wants the things he can’t get.”
See, desire, take. No reflection on anyone else but himself. He had the power to take whatever he wanted, so he did. Remember what Lord Acton said, “Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely.” See, desire, take. It reminds me of Cookie Monster. See cookie, eat cookie. Impulse–action without consideration of anything but your need. When one gets too self-focused, it leads to trouble. That’s why our faith teaches us to be reflective, considerate, and always asking, “What is the most loving thing for everyone involved. Does this action honor God? Does it honor my best values? Does it honor others?”
Bathsheba only says two words in this tale, “I’m pregnant.”
“Everyone makes mistakes but there is no such thing as an honest cover-up.” Prince Pritchett
When David hears the news, instead of owning up, he covers up. And like all cover-ups, the sins keep piling up, going from bad to worse. It’s often the cover-up more than the event itself that is catastrophic.
David’s scheme is to invite Bathsheba’s husband, Uriah the Hittite, back from war for R&R time with his wife. That way, everyone would think Uriah was the father. But Uriah does not go to Bathsheba. He says it is against the rules of war to take pleasure with his wife while his fellow soldiers are at war. It would be wrong. “I’ll just stay here at the palace with you, your majesty.”
There is a nice flip going on here. They keep referring to Uriah as the Hittite. That means he was a mercenary from another country fighting with Israel’s troops, and he was more faithful and attentive to God’s commands and rules than the king to whom God promised an everlasting kingdom.
One of the functions of including this story in the Bible is to remind us of how prone everyone is to awfulness—no matter how strong one’s faith. Most cultures and religions don’t tell these kinds of stories about their heroes. But the Bible insists on including them to remind us that given the right circumstances, the neglect of spiritual and emotional needs means that neither our heroes nor we should be placed on too high of a pedestal. No cult-like following for fallible human leaders!
So Uriah the Hittite doesn’t go to his wife. David tries again. He gets him liquored up. “Now go to your wife.”
“Nope. Wouldn’t be right.”
Now David is desperate. He writes a letter, seals it with wax, and sends it with Uriah back to the front battle lines. The letter instructs the commander to put Uriah at the front of an attack, and once the enemy engages, pull back from Uriah and leave him to die. What started out as neglect of the spirit is now murder. Not only is Uriah slain, but other innocents are killed in the battle as well. There is blood on David’s hands.
When word gets back to David that Uriah and the capitol (police) defenders died in service of a lie. David was callous. Don’t let this trouble you. It’s war. Men die. Get over it. Move on.
With Uriah dead, David is free to take Bathsheba as his wife. What a hero, people would say. He took in that poor widow and her baby. What a saint! For a whole year, he thought he got away with it.
As Ismail Haniyeh says,
Some people think that the truth can be hidden with a little cover-up and decoration. But as time goes by, what is true is revealed, and what is fake fades away.
Lots of people in the cover-up knew, and God knew. And the text says, “…what David had done was displeasing in the sight of the Lord.” I’ll say!
Nathan confronts David
After the child is born, the Lord sends the prophet Nathan to confront David. I like that Nathan chose to tell David a story instead of leading in with accusations. Nathan needed to find a way to break through David’s entitlement. The more entitled you feel, the more horrible you are to people around you.
Nathan goes with a report about what had happened between two shepherds in David’s kingdom. One shepherd was wealthy–had a huge herd of sheep. The other was poor and only had one ewe that was more of a pet than livestock to the man. One day another man, a visitor, came to the rich man’s house. And the rich man wanted to show hospitality to his guest. But instead of taking a lamb from his sizable herd, he seized the poor man’s ewe and served her as dinner.
“Not under my watch!” Shouts David. This man shall be put to death.
And that’s when Nathan coins the phrase, “You’re the man!”
Nathan doesn’t need to explain. The story functioned as a mirror held up in front of David’s face. He sees himself in the poor shepherd. Finally, he gets out of himself and displays empathy. The wound is exposed to the light so healing can come.
I think we all need a Nathan in our lives–someone we can count on to tell us hard truths. Someone to hold us accountable.
Faith communities hold leaders accountable.
Nathan’s role in holding David accountable suggests the proper role of the faith community in this moment of political life in America. Contrary to a popular pledge sweeping through evangelical communities, we aren’t there to impose our beliefs on others. But we are called to advocate on behalf of the victims, the least and lost, and for leaders to be held accountable. We aren’t called to give a pass to those who abuse power just because they advance our agenda. God’s agenda is justice and holding people accountable for abuses of power.
When confronted, David doesn’t keep telling the big lie. Something breaks in him. He becomes David again. He is grieved over his actions and the suffering he caused. Not just grieved that he got caught, but a genuine realization that he had turned into the opposite of what he thought he was. He confesses, and tries to make amends.
The depth of his request for forgiveness is found in Psalm 51. One of his most beautiful psalms. Wash me, purge me.
A far cry from saw, desired, took.
David isn’t canceled; he’s honored—warts and all.
David was not written off in history because of what he had done. He was written into history because he quit playing the hiding game. He confessed his sin, and was willing to suffer the consequences. The consequences of everything David had done would affect him for the rest of his life. His corruption infected his sons who also abused their power. There was a terrible price to be paid. But David was not beyond redemption. None of us are.
What God desires most is for your homecoming. Your fervent prayer to get right with God and your neighbor. God forgave and redeemed David. It was a day of new beginnings and getting the ship straight again. Whatever you’ve done it’s not as bad as David. God can help get you on a new path. How do you get on that path? A good way to begin is to pray the 51st Psalm, opening up your heart, asking for forgiveness and setting your heart on God.
I invite you to just open up your heart to God and silently pray Psalm 51.
Have mercy on me, O God, according to your steadfast love; according to your abundant mercy blot out my transgressions.
Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin.
For I know my transgressions, and my sin is ever before me.
Against you, have I sinned, and done what is evil in your sight, so that you are justified in your sentence and blameless when you pass judgment. . .
You desire truth in the inward being; therefore teach me wisdom in my secret heart.
Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean; wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow. . .
blot out all my iniquities.
Create in me a clean heart, O God, and put a new and right spirit within me.
Do not cast me away from your presence, and do not take your holy spirit from me.
Restore to me the joy of your salvation, and sustain in me a willing spirit. . .
A broken and contrite heart, O God, you will not despise.
O Lord, open my lips, and my mouth will declare your praise. . .
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This template will generate an infobox followed by a description and quote(s) for a given monster. For example:
| A large, ugly, and fat creature, distantly related to orcs and goblins. It is tremendously strong.
“The little princess, asleep in her cradle, floated on the water, and at last she was cast up on the shore of a beautiful country, where, however, very few people dwelt since the ogre Ravagio and his wife Tourmentine had gone to live there-for they ate up everybody. Ogres are terrible people. When once they have tasted raw human flesh they will hardly eat anything else, and Tourmentine always knew how to make some body come their way, for she was half a fairy.”
If the monster name is omitted, the page's title is used.
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More and more people are doing paddleboarding nowadays, and there are reasons for that. Not only is the sport fun and enjoyable for people of different kinds and ages, but it also brings some blissful benefits to the paddlers. With a SUP board, you can open yourself to a new world and find unexpected surprises throughout the experience. Find out what benefits paddleboarding will bring to you in the content below.
Benefits of paddleboarding
1. It improves your balance
While paddleboarding on a SUP board, you need to keep yourself balanced throughout the whole process to prevent falling. You will learn to keep your body upright with water underfoot while paddling on the water. When you can stand and paddle steadily on a SUP board, your performance in other sports will also improve.
2. It’s a great full-body workout
It may seem like you don’t really have to do much other than paddling to keep the board going. In fact, during the paddling process, most parts of your body are engaged. First, your core will be doing a lot of work because you need to stroke constantly and your abdominal muscles will be engaged. Stronger core muscles will benefit you in a lot of things. Your endurance will improve and your body will be in better shape.
Also, your shoulds and arms are essential in the paddleboarding process. The harder you stroke with your arms, the better the workout it would be. It will significantly improve your upper body strength. After paddleboarding for a few times, you should find that you are able to paddle for hours without being tired out.
During the process, your legs will be tensed the whole time, especially when you are paddling on choppy water. The board will rock constantly and you have to constantly adjust to it to stay balanced. Over time, your leg strength will also grow significantly.
Overall, paddleboarding on a SUP Board would have a positive effect on your body shape and you will soon find yourself having a better body image if you can keep doing it.
3. It reduces your stress and gives you a better mood
Paddleboarding also brings psychological benefits. Physical exercises can lead to the release of endorphins which gives you a short-term burst of happiness. After paddleboarding for several times, you will find yourself having better sleep at night, a better mood for everything, and less stress. Gliding on the water is a good way to temporarily set yourself free from all the stress you have in daily life. The state of mental clarity is rare and precious for someone who's constantly stuck at work and it's always nice to be relieved from anxiety and stress from work and daily life once in a while.
4. It can expand your horizon
When paddling on the SUP board, you are viewing the world and all the surroundings at a new angle. If you've never done paddle boarding before, you would find the feeling of being so close to the surface of a lake or a river quite unique. It can open your mind and expand your horizon in a way that no other things can.
5. It helps you meet new people
Paddleboarding is growing rapidly in popularity throughout the world. You will meet new people and perhaps be able to make friends with like-minded people.
The benefits of paddleboarding are not limited to the ones listed above. you will discover more as you learn how to paddle board. If you haven't given paddleboarding much thought, now it's time to seriously consider doing it. And there's more than one SUP board usage you can try. You can go fishing, racing, and even surfing with your board if you want. All you need is a suitable SUP board and a good place for the activity, you will find yourself hooked on the sport soon after you start doing it.
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Drone Services for Farming and Agriculture
Queensland Drones has been working with farmers, agronomists and crop consultants for more than five years to design and develop value-add agriculture drone services that really work for farmers and agronomists. We deliver professional agricultural drone services throughout Queensland and New South Wales, and into other regions by negotiation.
We work with some of the world’s biggest names in agricultural drone services – companies like Taranis Ag, Hummingbird, Aerobotics, Delair and Micasense – to ensure our drone services for agriculture are the best in the market, but with a focus on local service and a friendly face. We also work with research groups like Growcom, DAFF, University of Queensland and Queensland University of Technology, to ensure that our services are on the forefront of agriculture drone services.
We take the time to listen and to understand the unique challenges you are facing with your property. We work with you and with your trusted advisors to identify the services and approaches we can offer that will make the most difference to you and your team.
Our focus is on identifying and tailoring drone services that work for you, that address and inform your specific challenges. For example:
- Multispectral Crop Health Mapping – capturing not just NDVI, but five powerful spectral bands that can be analysed for crop health, biomass, chlorophyll production, weed emergence and more.
- Orchard Analysis – measuring individual tree health, tree counts, gap analysis, disease emergence, ground cover loss, soil erosion loss and water efficiency.
- Farm Infrastructure Mapping – showing locations of tracks, buildings, tanks, dams, fences, gates, etc, as A0 wall maps, A4 orientation folder maps or even Google Maps for navigation.
- Topographic Mapping – visualising the terrain you manage, with elevation contours from 10m to 10cm intervals, visualising how water flows, where it gathers and how it can be used more effectively.
- Trial Plot Analysis – analysing and comparing trial plots over time to see which seeds, nutrients and other variables produce the best results.
- Irrigation Analysis – checking the efficiency of irrigation systems and identifying problems like blocked nozzles, leaking pipes, etc.
- Weed Emergence Mapping – identifying weeds in newly sown fields, while you still have time to do something about them.
- General Crop Scouting – identifying potential emerging issues in your crops that may need the attention of your agronomist or consultant.
We continuously test and redevelop our drone agricultural services to ensure they remain valid, valuable and produce meaningful results. That’s why we’ve structured our services for agriculture around the issues that really matter to growers, and backed them with real science.
Contact us now on 07 3103 0566 or complete our quick and easy request a quote form.
Ask Us for More Information
Go to the full page to view and submit the form.
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With associations collecting more and more data from their events, the significance of following good data management practices has never been so important. New research, however, has found that 1 in 3 associations still rely on spreadsheets when managing events – making data management both inefficient and prone to error. Spreadsheets also pose a security threat, especially in the post-GDPR world we live in today.
So what kind of risks are associations taking when using spreadsheets around their events? And how can event management solutions address the challenges associations face when managing data around their events? Let us take a look.
1) Not Everyone Understands Spreadsheets
Any association will likely have a number of people involved in managing events, especially those with national and international chapters. Some members may not do well with spreadsheets. And some just don’t understand or like working with grid formats. Some people need something that is more visual or a format they feel more comfortable working with. And of course, different people have different skill sets and some may not be as savvy as their colleagues when it comes to understanding all the relevant tools in a spreadsheet programme.
Events can tell you a lot about your members! But what kind of data should you be collecting from events and how can it help your association’s growth? Find out by getting YOUR copy of The Value of Event Data for Associations and Membership Organisations.
2) The Challenge of Version Control (…and data accuracy!)
Let’s look at a typical scenario where association members are planning an event. They meet to discuss what needs to happen and decide to use a spreadsheet around which all decisions can be based. At the end of the meeting, one of the team decides that it would be good if more information was added to the and updates the spreadsheet whilst at home. Unfortunately, some of the other team members do not receive the revised information. The association now has team members working on different spreadsheets – a situation that can be detrimental to the event’s success.
Version control is always a challenge when relying on spreadsheets. However, using an event management system can make life a lot easier. The data on these systems is automatically updated in the central database so everyone has access to the same information – at any time. This can be particularly useful when managing things like agendas and delegate lists to ensure everyone is always dealing with the most up-to-date information.
3) Slower Decision Making
Using spreadsheets to keep track of what has been done and what is left to do is an administration burden. Events have many moving parts and many people involved in running them. When you put the two together, there is scope for things to be missed and for activities that have been completed not to have been crossed off the list. Having to go back and forth on multiple spreadsheets will also take up a lot of your time.
Using a central event management system will improve decision making by providing live insight to important event data like registrations and attendance. For example, organisers can get an accurate overview on how each session is doing in terms of registrations and room capacity. If a session proves to be more popular than anticipated, it can prompt the organiser to swap rooms around or assign the session to a larger room.
4) Manual Data Transfers
Spreadsheets are stand-alone documents and they do not connect to other data. Any changes made to the information in spreadsheets (for example, delegate lists, agendas etc.) will have to be manually updated on registration sites, websites check-in kiosks, apps etc. Any event data you have on your members (ex. session attendance) will also have to be manually updated in your association’s membership or CRM systems too – a time-consuming process that can also be prone to error!
Many event management systems can be integrated quite easily with some of the other technology systems used around events. By integrating your event and membership systems together, for example, you can ensure the event data your membership teams see is always accurate and up-to-date. At any time, they know exactly what members and non-members are doing around your events, which gives them better insight on what value events bring to your association. Having live and accurate insight into what sessions members are attending will also make it a lot easier for your association to manage CPD accreditation and attendance certificates.
5) Inconsistent Processes
Unless all association chapters are adopting the same rationale for how they manage, record and analyse data from events, the results from chapter reporting will not make much sense. For example, let’s say that the London chapter has one way of doing things which is different to the Toronto chapter. The information given to the main board will therefore be inconsistent and will probably affect decision making as a result.
Instead of using spreadsheets, event management systems can help standardise processes and event reporting across the organisation. Less time is wasted in collating data and decisions can be made by the board with more confidence.
6) Lack of Valuable Event Insight
Spreadsheets will not provide meaningful business insights in the way that an event management system can. These tools can save you a lot of time creating, scheduling and sharing data-rich reports on registrations, attendance, sessions selections and more. In addition, they can help organisers with important decision making by giving them access to live critical data on the day of the event. For example, the Eventsforce attendance recording app can track in real-time how your events and sessions are doing in terms of registrations, attendance and room capacity. You can use that information to encourage people to attend the less popular sessions through push notifications on your event app.
7) Not Complying to GDPR
Another reason for not using spreadsheets for managing events is connected to GDPR. The EU data protection law came into effect in May 20178 and has since had a profound effect in the way associations manage their data. Consequently, associations are now a lot more aware of what personal data they collect from attendees, where they store this data, what they use it for and more importantly, how this data is kept safe. Storing and sharing event data using unsecure spreadsheets does not help with GDPR compliance as the data can easily be compromised. It also doesn’t help with things like consent management or deleting any personal information when your attendees ask you to.
Event management systems like Eventsforce can help associations track and manage any consent they get from their attendees in a GDPR compliant way. They can also provide tools that allow you to identify or delete any personal information you hold on your attendees. This is important as you can get into a lot of trouble if you continue to store any data your members have asked you to delete. It won’t help your reputation either.
8) Risk of Data Breach
It may be easy to create your delegate lists in an Excel spreadsheet and send them to third parties like venues, hotels and caterers. But the reality is that they are not the safest way of storing and sharing event data. And keeping personal data safe is one of the most important things around GDPR compliance. In fact, recent research has found that data security is now a much bigger priority for 81% of associations because of GDPR.
Instead of emailing spreadsheets to stakeholders and third-party suppliers, you can allow them to access the information directly from your event management system. Not only does this eliminate the security implications of sharing spreadsheets but it can also help you better track who has access to your data at any given time. Some solutions like Eventsforce offer additional security tools (see video) which allow you to decide who in your events team has access to your event data and what they can actually do with it.
Don’t forget doing things that minimise the chances of your event data getting into the wrong hands will not only help you with GDPR. It will also give your members confidence that you are on the case and looking after their information properly. Doing this all the time will ultimately boost reputation, generate more confidence and create more loyalty for your association in the long-term.
This article outlines the main reasons why spreadsheets are just not good enough, not only for managing events but critically because of issues around data management and data security. Using spreadsheets to manage events has been a practice for a while especially for associations. However, they are limited in application and are no longer viable for those associations that: want to provide great attendee experiences, ensure they have strong trust credentials and want to continue to develop their revenue and engagement.
Events can tell you a lot about your members! But what kind of data should you be collecting from events and how can it help your association’s success and growth? Find out by downloading our latest eBook: The Value of Event Data for Associations and Membership Organisations.
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Greetings for the day!
Life is all about our mental attitude with which we survive in its section. We experience a variety of emotions consistently. As a matter of course, it has always a surprise in its property to make us more watchful than ever. Some of these emotions remain sweet enough to prise life and its essence. The surprises or the challenges are in league with its very character. They keep us alive and energetic enough incredibly.
These challenges occur largely to enhance our perception. A wholehearted acceptance turns them into potent opportunities in no time. The blessings always come in disguised forms. However, the way the mind reacts affect the physical considerably too. Good mental health is a boon to the body immeasurably.
Life is an unprecedented phenomenon. Howsoever we may be smart enough its unpredictability remains unparalleled and a matter of curiosity for everyone. Man proposes but existence disposes in unusual ways. It is positive for optimists and negative for pessimists. There is no provision of any kind of certainties over here. Its colours are ever-changing. However, each colour has its crisp beauty. How we visualize them is our part of understanding.
Every single thing remains a matter of happiness as well as a reason for conflict with the passage of time. We driven by unstoppable mind like to chase securities, and certainties but find their opposites en route by and large. There is no elaboration that life is all about admiring and celebrating regardless of its pourings.
Calm or chaos is our implied choice. When the mind dominates we sense chaos. The chaos is nothing but mind's preconceived notions but luckily we are not kinds. When consciousness prevails over the reckless mind, calmness evolves and evolves tremendously. It is said that life is all about finding the calm in the chaos. What else life is all about? The inner contradictions are nothing but the mind’s self-will in a big, big way.
A beautiful quote by venerable Sadhguru says “If you want to be healthy and well, the first step is to pay attention to what is happening in your system.” The system is deeply correlated with our thinking patterns. Overthinking is the mind’s favourite stuff as it initially costs nothing. Once we attain grace to watch, the same chaotic mind turns into no-mind gradually. It is said that everything in our life is a reflection of the choices our minds made either consciously or unconsciously.
“Choices impact the life graph precisely. A change in choice is never out of fashion. Now is the time. All we have is now. "
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A large amount of the energy taken in by a compressor is converted to heat and diverted away via a cooling medium (air, water or cooling agent/oil). BOGE’s efficient solutions mean that this heat is not simply lost but can be put to use in another way, such as for heating domestic or circuit water, or for process support. Our heat recovery systems are always tailored to the individual requirements of our customers, enabling savings to be made on both energy and cash.
Our external heat recovery system lets customers get maximum benefit from their compressors – more than 70 per cent of energy supplied is recovered and made available for other uses. Both new and older machines can easily be equipped with BOGE Duotherm, significantly improving their levels of energy efficiency.
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Our Collab Episode is very special this week. We unboxed OnAndOff BuddyPhone, a headphone designed for kids’ safe listening. What it does is that it keeps the sound pressure down to levels perfect for kids, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).
The headphones also has a built-in BuddyCable audio splitter that supports up to 4 more BuddyPhones. This allows kids to share the audio from a single source – a laptop, tablet or even a mobile phone.
In this episode of Collab, I am joined by my 2 kids – Piero and Matteo. They are allowed to use a tablet or a mobile phone for not more than 30-minutes a day, and we thought that BuddyPhone is the perfect accessory for them. Check out the video above, or click this link to go to YouTube.
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Chapter 3: School teachers
53,581 teachers in schools compared to 52,672 in 2020 (excludes ELC)
13.2 pupil teacher ratio for publicly funded schools
80% of teachers on the 2020/21 Teacher Induction Scheme were in employment the following school year
|Local Authority||Primary||Secondary||Special||Centrally employed||Total|
|Argyll and Bute||432||410||6||13||860|
|City of Edinburgh||1,684||1,665||172||93||3,615|
|Dumfries and Galloway||654||670||23||75||1,421|
|Na h-Eileanan Siar||161||149||0||8||317|
|Perth and Kinross||683||649||15||39||1,386|
|All local authorities||25,783||24,731||1,959||988||53,461|
Table 3.2 shows that the total number of teachers (primary, secondary, special and centrally employed) increased by 909 between 2020 and 2021. Total teacher numbers rose in each year from 2014 to 2021. (Statistics pre-2015 are available from the supplementary statistics and historical time series).
One of the drivers for the increase in teacher numbers could be the additional funding that has been made available to local authorities for the recruitment of more teachers. Further information on funding for additional teachers including COVID-19 education recovery funding and the Attainment Scotland Fund, can be found in the background notes.
Although the number of teachers has increased since 2020, this was not the case for each local authority. In 28 local authorities the number of teachers increased or stayed the same, with the largest increase of 9% seen in Moray; followed by Inverclyde, with an increase of 6%. The other four local authorities saw small decreases in teachers this year, of up to 2%.
|Argyll and Bute||844||841||825||861||834||846||860|
|City of Edinburgh||3,193||3,213||3,281||3,346||3,452||3,518||3,615|
|Dumfries and Galloway||1,479||1,466||1,470||1,436||1,436||1,413||1,421|
|Na h-Eileanan Siar||324||321||327||327||313||312||317|
|Perth and Kinross||1,337||1,329||1,329||1,346||1,329||1,346||1,386|
|All local authorities||49,538||49,858||50,464||51,012||51,327||52,555||53,461|
(1) Includes centrally employed teachers.
Table 3.3 shows pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) which give a measure of the size of the teaching workforce relative to the pupil population. The national PTR decreased from 13.3 in 2020 to from 13.2 in 2021, the lowest national PTR since 2008. (Statistics pre-2014 are available from the supplementary statistics and historical time series).
Across Scotland, 26 local authorities have decreased or maintained their PTR from 2020. The biggest decrease was seen in Moray, which decreased by 1.1. Since 2015, North Ayrshire and North Lanarkshire have had the largest decrease in PTR at 1.4. The largest increase in PTR since 2015 was in Dumfries and Galloway at 0.5.
|Argyll and Bute||12.4||12.3||12.5||12.0||12.2||12.0||11.7|
|City of Edinburgh||14.9||15.1||15.1||15.1||14.9||14.8||14.5|
|Dumfries and Galloway||12.7||12.7||12.8||13.1||13.1||13.2||13.2|
|Na h-Eileanan Siar||10.3||10.5||10.3||10.2||10.6||10.7||10.4|
|Perth and Kinross||13.3||13.6||13.5||13.3||13.6||13.5||13.1|
|All local authorities||13.7||13.7||13.6||13.6||13.6||13.3||13.2|
(1) Includes centrally employed teachers.
(2) The pupil teacher ratio for grant aided schools in 2011-2016 was amended in October 2017. See background notes for details.
Chart 1 shows that the age profile of teachers has changed much over the past 10 years. The prominent peak of teachers aged in their fifties, as seen in 2011, no longer exists. In 2021, teacher numbers were highest between the ages of 25 and 41.
The average (mean) age of primary, secondary and special school teachers was 40 in 2021, compared to 43 in 2011, so the teacher workforce was, on average, younger in 2021 than in 2011.
Table 3.4 shows that there are many more female teachers than male, especially in the primary sector where 89% of teachers are female. However, in both primary and secondary sectors there was a lower proportion of female teachers in promoted posts compared to main grade or chartered teachers. In secondary schools 65% of teachers at all grades were female compared to 44% of head teachers.
A new role of Lead Teacher was established in June 2021 by the Scottish Negotiating Committee for Teachers. There were no Lead Teachers in post at the time of this year’s school staff census in September.
Teaching posts were classified into three employment types for the purposes of the school staff census: Permanent, Temporary and Teacher Induction Scheme. Teachers may be employed on a permanent contract but be recorded in the staff census as temporary if they are working in a post classified as a temporary employment type, for example while covering a vacancy. The proportion of teachers in temporary posts was 13% (compared with 12% last year). This increase in temporary posts was seen across the primary, secondary and special school sectors. Further details on the recording of employment types is included in the background notes.
In 2021, the percentage of teachers working part-time, as a proportion of all FTE, was 17%. There was a higher rate amongst females (20%), than males (8%) (data not shown).
Table 3.4: Teacher characteristics, Percentage of Full Time Equivalents (FTE)
|25 to 34||32||29||17||9||30|
|35 to 44||28||28||32||25||28|
|45 to 54||23||23||31||34||24|
|55 or over||10||14||18||31||13|
|White - Scottish||70||63||66||54||66|
|White - other British||21||24||22||26||23|
|White - other||2||4||5||5||3|
|Minority ethnic group||1||2||2||5||2|
|Teacher Induction Scheme||7||6||0||0||6|
|Depute head teacher||5||5||7||3||5|
|Teacher or chartered||81||73||78||83||77|
|All - percentage female||89||65||77||83||77|
(1) More information on the ethnicity categories can be found in the Ethnicity section in the background notes.
(2) The mode of working is the percentage of FTE by working pattern in a school sector at a particular grade. See background notes for more details.
Teachers provisionally registered with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS) (for example those that have recently completed their initial teacher education) are required to complete a period of probation before becoming eligible for full registration. Probation can be completed through either the one year full-time Teacher Induction Scheme (TIS) or a flexible route.
Table 3.5 shows the percentage of previous TIS probationers who were in teaching posts in a publicly funded school in Scotland in the year following their probation. The percentage of teachers in such employment in the first year following probation has decreased to 80% for the most recent cohort (2020/21) from 85% for the cohort last year. This is the lowest rate since the 2013/14 cohort but remains substantially higher than the three cohorts from 2007/08 to 2009/10 when less than 60% of teachers found such employment in the first year following their probation. Teachers not in a post in a publicly funded school may be teaching elsewhere (including abroad or in the independent sector), in non-teaching employment or unemployed.
For the 2020/21 cohort, the proportion of TIS probationers in a full-time permanent post at the time of the following year’s census was 31%, down from 38% for the previous cohort. This proportion has decreased for the last five years from a high of 57% for the 2016/17 cohort. The proportion of the TIS probationer cohort that were in a full-time temporary post at the time of the following year’s census was higher, having risen from 27% in 2015/16 to 42% in 2019/20 and 2020/21.
Statistics on pre 2014/15 cohorts are available from the supplementary statistics.
Further breakdowns of post-probationer data, by sector, local authority and secondary subject can be found on the post probationer teacher employment dashboard.
|TIS probationer cohort|
|All teaching post types’||86||87||88||87||84||85||80|
|Headcount of teachers in cohort||2,448||2,524||2,630||2,852||2,836||3,076||3,123|
(1) The “Other” category includes those teaching elsewhere, including in the independent sector, those who have found supply work, and those who are unemployed or who have left teaching, although this detail is not included in the census data.
Table 3.6 shows the percentage of TIS probationers in teaching posts up to seven years following their probation.
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Alas, although Dyer’s idea had been quite sound, and they believed it to be a ‘sure fire’ hit, they had overlooked one significant point. The characters, the stories and backgrounds were excellent, and even the muted results of the Dunning 2-Colour System were tolerably acceptable, but no one had anticipated the effect that the ponderous beat of the verses would have on the action. Holloway’s lugubrious delivery of the lines of the monologue worked perfectly well on stage and radio; but when the artists came to animate the Sergeant walking ‘on the beat’, they found they needed 48 drawings to complete each steps The pace was pedestrian in both senses of the word, though many cinemagoers preferred it to the frenetic pace of imported productions.
“At least in the opening sequences we show we can get a move on”, said Dyer apologetically, “And we are improving with every new production”.
‘ALT, WHO GOES THERE was followed by SAM’S MEDAL, BEAT THE RETREAT, DRUMMED OUT and l½ D A FOOT. The latter involved Sam as a carpenter holding out for ‘three-ha’ pence a foot’ when Noah came to him to buy the wood with which to build his ark.
Through no real fault of Dyers, the series failed to recoup expenses quickly enough to satisfy Nettlefolds Accountants. They advised their employer to cut his losses and pull out. THE LION AND ALBERT had just been completed, but was never released. Acknowledging that no blame could be laid at the studios door, Nettlefold allowed Dyer to keep all of the studio fittings. And the studio personnel, perforce reduced in numbers, stole away to set up camp in the Riverside Studios at Hammersmith. There they concentrated on advertising shorts under the name: Conquest Films. Because their production costs were covered by their sponsors, this new venture prospered. A series for Bush Radio was followed by a series advertising Rinso washing powder, and there were many more individual productions.
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MoprJoel Zlotnick, Traci Moran and Tyra McConnell
Counterfeit Deterrence Laboratory
Office of Fraud Prevention Programmes
Bureau of Consular Affairs
US Department of State
Security fibres and planchettes are among the oldest anti-counterfeiting technologies used in paper security documents, but modern innovations provide an abundance of design and technology alternatives.
Some considerations for security fibre implementation include which security fibres best resist simulation, how fibre types can be combined for a distinctive document-specific substrate, and how security fibre inspection can be facilitated for document end users.
Though watermarks and security threads are also important contributors to substrate security, the scope of this article is limited to design and technology alternatives for security fibres.
Describing security fibre characteristics
When a security document is described in user training materials, security fibres are typically characterised by their visible or ultraviolet (UV) colours, with little mention of other characteristics.
For example, the security substrate in Figure 1 might be described as containing red, blue and yellow security fibres, maybe with a note that the yellow security fibres also glow yellow in UV light. But some types of innovative security fibres can be described in more complex ways.
For example, the security fibres in Figure 2 can be differentiated not only by colour, but also by shape. Multicolour fibres are also available in various shapes.
Figure 3 looks like two fibres joined lengthwise, where one half is pink with no UV response and the other half is yellow and glows yellow in UV.
Figure 4 looks like pink beads on a blue string in visible light, but a dotted red line in UV since only the intermittent pink areas glow.
The wider security fibres in Figure 5 show two colours in visible light and four colours in UV light.
Similarly, the planchette centred in Figure 6 was punched from paper that itself contains red and blue fibres.
Note that the multiple visible and UV colours within each fibre in Figures 3 through 6 are always in perfect alignment with one another, and this has important security implications.
Briefly, multicolour fibres can better resist certain security fibre simulation methods than monochromatic fibres, though a complete discussion of why exceeds the scope of this article.
Combining fibre types in a security substrate
Highly proprietary security fibres deployed in only a single document are not common, except in the most demanding security document applications.
It is more typical for a particular security fibre to be incorporated into multiple security substrates. Yet a selection of different commercial security fibres, combined in a novel way, can create a substrate with a highly individualised security fibre profile.
For example, Figure 7 shows visible red/blue multicolour fibres that also glow red and yellow in UV, and two invisible fibres that fluoresce red and yellow in UV, resulting in a fibre combination highly specific to this particular substrate and document.
Fibres can also be combined with planchettes as in Figure 8, configured with different lengths for each fibre colour as in Figure 9, combined with UV-fluorescent particles as in Figure 10, or included in different ratios/quantities as in Figure 11.
Another strategy for individualising a substrate is clustering security fibres into a band instead of evenly throughout the sheet, as shown in Figure 12.
Each individual fibre or planchette type in Figures 7 through 12 may not be proprietary on its own, but each helps make the combinations unique.
While combining multiple security fibre types helps individualise and secure a substrate, too many different fibre types in a single substrate can confuse document end users.
Finding the right balance between substrate complexity and manageable training is a matter for issuer discretion.
Security fibres and human factors
Some human factors related to security fibre inspection include visible and UV colour, fibre quantities and contrast.
Some substrates contain only transparent fibres (with a UV response) and no visible fibres, like those shown in Figures 13.
Although this choice can be appropriate (if visible fibres interfere with machine readability, for example), such fibres are hard to locate or inspect if no UV light is available, or if the UV fluorescence itself is not bright and clear.
Accordingly, issuers should consider including visible fibres if the document’s usage allows, with sufficient quantities of both visible and UV fibres to make each easy to find.
A substrate with scarce fibres requires users to work harder to locate them and can easily be mistaken for a paper that does not contain security fibres at all.
For better contrast, document issuers should consider leaving some blank paper in designs because it is more difficult to see security fibres in paper covered with printed artwork, as shown in Figure 14.
Further, contrast is improved when the fibre colours are sufficiently saturated to stand out against the substrate colour and different from ink colours used in document artwork.
Contrast also extends to UV images. In Figure 15, the presence of the UV red colour in the security fibres in helps them stand out against the blue/yellow UV fluorescence of the security thread and UV artwork.
Further, because the UV artwork does not fully cover the document surface, contrast is improved and locating security fibres is easier in areas without multiple competing UV effects.
For many security features, including security fibres, design and ergonomic factors are as important as technology selection. Issuers may find the below ideas helpful when selecting and implementing security fibres in a document design.
- Consider multicolour fibres, which can offer security advantages over monochromatic fibres
- Consider visible fibres, since UV-only fibres are difficult to check if no UV light is available
- Consider fibres that can be described by shape, size or other characteristics besides just colour
- Consider combining fibres of different types to form a novel, document-specific combination
- Consider leaving a region of unprinted paper to allow fibres to be located easily
- Consider the contrast between visible fibre colour(s) and the colours of the document artwork
- Consider the contrast between UV fibre colour(s) and the colours of other UV document features
MORE ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Joel Zlotnick is employed by the US Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Counterfeit Deterrence Laboratory as a physical scientist. He conducts research on how design strategies can help maximise the security value of printing technologies and security features, and develops training programmes on counterfeit detection.
Traci Moran is employed by the US Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Counterfeit Deterrence Laboratory as a physical scientist. She conducts research on security documents and delivers counterfeit detection training to varied audiences.
Tyra McConnell is a Forensic Document Examiner at the US Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Counterfeit Deterrence Laboratory. She provides training on security documents and develops presentations and e-learning courses regarding counterfeit detection.
Disclaimer: This document represents the opinions of its authors and not necessarily the opinions of the US government. The technologies and strategies described may not be available, appropriate or manufacturable for all document issuers. The examples shown do not imply anything about the quality of a document, its designer, its manufacturer, or the issuing authority. For informational purposes only.
Join the conversation. Join our LinkedIn Group.
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Seasonal Pond: La Gallega
It is located between the CA-33 and the coastal dune of Cortadura Beach, before Torregorda. With an extension of 1.4 hectares, it is a natural reservoir of water in seasonal periods inhabited by certain, strictly protected faunal species, as well as certain plant communities typical of lagoon systems. The Laguna de la Gallega is an interdunal depression with freshwater stagnation recovered for the laying and breeding of amphibians. In 2004, the Andalusian-Atlantic Coastal Demarcation, undertakes an action plan for the environmental recovery of the Pond, due to the unfortunate state of degradation that it presented due to anthropic action (concrete spills, parking of vehicles in the area, rubbish, …).
Currently, the GEA-Cádiz volunteer group, through an agreement signed with Cadiz City Council, is in charge of the maintenance, conservation and management of the enclave, such as the removal of invasive alien plants, the recovery of native vegetation, the creation of shelters for reptiles and amphibians, signage placement, information to citizens, …
Among the vegetation that we find, we can highlight the Pond Water-crowfoot (Ranuncullus peltatus), The Spiny Rush (Juncus acutus), Sea Clubrush (Scirpus maritimus), Salt Cedar (Tamarix sp.) and the Maltese Mushroom (Cynomorium coccineum).
Regarding the fauna, we can find the Iberian Spadefoot Toad (Pelobates cultripes), the Sharp-ribbed Newt (Pleurodeles walt), Iberian Green Frog (Rana perezi), Bedriaga’s skink (Chalcides bedriagai), Western three-toad Skink (Chalcedes striatus), Horseshoe Whip Snake (Coluber hippocrepis), Montpellier snake (Malpolon monspessulanus), Common Chameleon (Chamaleo chamaleon) Eurasian Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Common Mallard (Anas Platyrhyncos) or the Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus).
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Established with a bequest from Dr. Jean Glasgow, Class of 1936 (deceased in 2010) with additional support from her sons, Dr. Allen Martin Glasgow, Class of 1967, and Dr. Lowrie Glasgow, Class of 1973.
Dr. Jean Glasgow was very attuned to the financial needs of medical and nursing students. Jean had to borrow money for her first tuition payment to medical school. A local banker loaned her the money on her signature even though the banks were technically closed to lending because of the Great Depression. After that, she received scholarships from the Southern Women’s Educational Alliance. Her sister Margaret loaned her the money to buy books and incidentals. Because of the scholarships and her sister’s largesse, Jean was able to attend medical school. As part of her legacy, Jean established scholarships for needy medical or nursing students at the University of Virginia.
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To support and enhance the state’s preparedness by improving the job knowledge, skills and professionalism of the state’s first responders and other emergency management professionals.
TDEM offers a diverse curriculum of emergency management and hazardous materials training for Texas emergency responders, as well as state, local and regional officials and volunteer organizations active in disasters.
The following are state and federal websites listing courses that are used by our agency. These courses are available to both internal and external customers.
Preparing Texas – Students can browse, register for and manage their classes here. Search the TDEM catalog of over 1,000 courses available both in and out of the state.
FEMA – Emergency Management Institute (EMI) Courses, schedules, programs and independent study training available through EMI.
Professional Development Series Includes seven EMI independent study courses that provide a well-rounded set of fundamentals for those in the
emergency management profession.
National Preparedness Course Catalog Courses for first responders.
Paul Hahn, Unit Supervisor
The creation of effective capabilities-based exercise programs begins with a multi-year Training and Exercise Plan (TEP), which establishes overall exercise program priorities and outlines a multi-year schedule of training and exercise activities designed to address those priorities and validate core capabilities. The Training and Exercise Planning Workshop (TEPW) provides a collaborative workshop environment for Whole Community stakeholders to engage in the creation of the TEP. The TEPW also serves as a forum to coordinate training and exercise activities across organizations in order to maximize the use of resources and prevent duplication of effort.
The purpose of the TEPW is to use the guidance provided by elected and appointed officials to identify and set exercise program priorities and develop a multi-year schedule of training and exercise events to meet those priorities. At the TEPW, stakeholders draw on jurisdiction-specific threats and hazards, identified areas for improvement, core capabilities, external requirements, and accreditation standards or regulations to develop or update the Multi-year TEP. In this way, the TEPW establishes the strategy and structure for an exercise program and sets the foundation for the planning, conduct, and evaluation of individual exercises.
Once participants have developed a comprehensive list of all factors for consideration, they link the factors to core capabilities. Core capabilities are distinct critical elements necessary to achieve the specific mission areas of prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. By linking each factor to one or more core capabilities, participants can identify and prioritize the most common core capabilities. This process helps identify the areas most in need of attention. FEMA provides an updated list of core capabilities at https://www.fema.gov/core-capabilities.
Core Capability Development Sheets can be found at https://www.fema.gov/core-capability-development-sheets.
Exercise program priorities are the strategic, high-level priorities that guide the overall exercise program. These priorities inform the development of exercise objectives, ensuring individual exercises evaluate and assess core capabilities in a coordinated and integrated fashion. Working from both the factors to consider and core capabilities list, participants identify a manageable number of program priorities.
After setting exercise program priorities, TEPW participants build a draft multi-year schedule that outlines the exercises and associated training events that will address the exercise program priorities. Workshop participants focus on the following tasks:
The training opportunities and exercise schedule developed by TEPW participants, in addition to exercise program priorities, are they key components of the Multi-year TEP. TEPs should reflect a progressive planning approach that improves core capabilities through a series of exercises that involves an increasing level of complexity over time. The schedule should list the proposed training and exercises to be conducted over the ensuing three years, if possible. For exercises held in the first year, approximate dates should be available. For second and third year schedules, tentative dates may be used.
TEPW participants are Whole Community stakeholders who provide input to exercise program priorities and the development of the Multi-year TEP. This group should include representatives from Federal, state, local, territorial, and tribal government, as appropriate; the private-sector; and nongovernmental organizations. Participant responsibilities for TEPW preparation, conduct, and follow-up are listed in the following sections.
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Today is the Feast of the Visitation, and we remember the loving, accepting, and supportive friendship of Mary and Elizabeth.
Today I include an excerpt of a poem by Mary Oliver, “Am I Not Among the Early Risers.” I’ll bet that both Mary and Elizabeth were early risers. We know that Mary was among “the long-distance walkers.”
May we remember to be among the “long-distance walker” and go the distance in our friendships. Then we, when we touch the holy during our visitations, as Elizabeth and Mary Oliver, “bow down”.
Am I Not Among the Early Risers (excerpt)
Am I not among the early risers
and the long-distance walkers?
Have I not stood, amazed, as I consider
the perfection of the morning star
above the peaks of the houses, and the crowns of the trees
blue in the first light?
Do I not see how the trees tremble, as though
sheets of water flowed over them
though it is only wind, that common thing
free to everyone, and everything?
Have I not thought, for years, what it would be
worthy to do, and then gone off, barefoot and with a silver pail,
to gather blueberries,
thus coming, as I think, upon a right answer?
What will ambition do for me that the fox, appearing suddenly
at the top of the field,
her eyes sharp and confident as she stared into mine,
has not already done?
What countries, what visitations,
would satisfy me as thoroughly as Blackwater Woods
on a sun-filled morning, or, equally, in the rain?
Here is an amazement — once I was twenty years old and in
every motion of my body there was a delicious ease,
and in every motion of the green earth there was
a hint of paradise,
and now I am sixty years old, and it is the same.
Above the modest house and the palace — the same darkness.
Above the evil man and the just, the same stars.
Above the child who will recover and the child who will
not recover, the same energies roll forward,
from one tragedy to the next and from one foolishness to the next.
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What is the meaning of ice climbing?
Ice climbing is the activity of ascending inclined ice formations. Usually, ice climbing refers to roped and protected climbing of features such as icefalls, frozen waterfalls, and cliffs and rock slabs covered with ice refrozen from flows of water.
What is ice mountain climbing called?
Alpine climbing involves techniques adapted to different terrain. These styles are known as French and German techniques, for the areas in which they originated. French technique: Also known as flat-footing on ice, this is the preferred technique for low-angle to moderately steep ice (slopes up to about 40°).
What is an ice Runnel?
Runnel: In common usage a rivulet or brook, in mountaineering, a groove in snow created by a falling cornice.
How do Belays work?
The belayer wears a harness to which they have attached a belay device. The rope threads through the belay device. By altering the position of the end of the rope, the belayer can vary the amount of friction on the rope. In one position, the rope runs freely through the belay device.
What is the best definition of sport climbing?
You hear the broad term sport climbing all the time, but its definition is quite specific. Sport climbing: the act of climbing single- or multi-pitch routes, protected by permanently-fixed bolts and anchors drilled into the rock, using a rope and the aid of a belayer.
Where is ice climbing practiced?
Top 10 ice climbing destinations in the world 1. Cogne, Italy | There are more than a hundred frozen waterfalls in this ice climber’s paradise in northern Italy. 2. Norway | There is ice climbing for all levels in Rjukan and dramatic landscapes of mountains plunging into the sea in the Lofoten Islands.
What is the history of ice climbing?
Ice climbing started in Europe in the 19th century as an off shoot of mountaineering. The first significant development in this sport came in 1908 when Oscar Eckenstein designed a type of claw tooth that attached to the bottom of a boot. This was the first crampon.
What is snow and ice climbing?
Ice climbing is a lot like rock climbing – on ice. Rather than climbing on rocky surfaces, ice climbers use crampons, picks, ropes and other equipment to climb on ice. For years, ice climbing was just another part of rock climbing and other mountaineering activities.
What is Route climbing?
A climbing route is a path by which a climber reaches the top of a mountain, rock, or ice wall. Routes can vary dramatically in difficulty and grade; once committed to that ascent, it can sometimes be difficult to stop or return.
What is the meaning of belayer?
1 : the securing of a person or a safety rope to an anchor point (as during mountain climbing) Belays are more difficult to secure on ice and snow than on rock …— Kenneth A. Henderson also : a method of so securing a person or rope. 2 : something (such as a projection of rock) to which a person or rope is anchored.
What’s the difference between trad and sport climbing?
In the simplest terms, sport climbing focuses almost entirely on physical challenges, while trad climbing involves a mental game as well. Trad climbing is nearly always done outside on real rock where no preset bolts exist. Sport climbing is regularly done in a climbing gym, though it is often done outdoors as well.
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MSc in Nature Conservation Engineering
Course name: Nature Conservation Engineering Master Program
Degree: Master in Nature Conservation Engineering
Education goals: The program objective is to train nature conservation engineers with ability to plan, organize and manage the general and special tasks of nature conservation on international level. They vindicate the nature conservation principles and regulations efficiently with application of acquired theoret-ical knowledge. Graduates may continue their studies in the doctoral program.
Length of the study programme: 4 semesters
Total credit: 120
Admission criteria: Requirement of admission to the Nature Conservation Engineering MSc program is that the applicant has 84 credits from his/her BSc degree from the following disciplines:
- natural science: at least 15 credits;
- economic and human knowledge: at least 10 credits;
- engineering and informatics: at least 5 credits.
The student can also be enrolled if the student has at least 60 credits from the above-mentioned disciplines, but the missing credits must be obtained later based on the recent Education and Ex-amination Rules and Regulations of the University.
Language requirements: English B2-level certificate.
Majors in the Hungarian Education System have generally been instituted and ruled by the Act of Parliament under the Higher Education Act. The higher education system meets the qualifications of the Bologna Process, which defines the qualifications in terms of learning outcomes: state-ments of what students know and can do on completing their degrees. In describing the cycles, the framework uses the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS).
ECTS was developed as an instrument for improving academic recognition throughout European Universities by means of effective and general mechanisms. ECTS serves as a model of academic recognition, as it provides greater transparency of study programs and student achievement. ECTS in no way regulates the content, structure and/or equivalence of study programs.
Regarding each major the Higher Education Act prescribes which professional fields define a certain training program. This contains the proportion of the subject groups: nature conservation, low, administration and leadership, research planning, project and competition management and communication and pedagogy.
Professional fields, which define the Environmental Engineering MSc training program
|Nature conservation||40-70 credits|
|Administration and leadership||5-15 credits|
|Research planning, project and competition management||5-10 credits|
|Communication and pedagogy||5-10 credits|
|Professional practice||5 credits|
During the program, students have to complete a total amount of 120 credit points. This adds up to approximately 30 credits per semester. The curriculum contains the list of subjects (with credit points) and the recommended order of completing subjects.
Curriculum of the Nature Conservation Engineering MSc program
|International Nature Protection Law||A||E||3||2||1|
|Ecological Water Management||A||E||4||2||2|
|Protection of Animal Heritage||A||E||4||3||1|
|Protection of the Botanical Heritage||A||E||4||3||1|
|Eligible courses (see below)||B||MTG||5|
|Global Environmental Systems||A||E||3||2||0|
|Environmental Protection Knowledge||A||E||3||2||1|
|Protected Natural Areas in the World||A||E||3||2||1|
|Nature Conservation Competitions and Projects||A||E||5||2||2|
|Eligible courses (see below)||B||MTG||3|
|Flora, Fauna and Habitat Mapping||A||E||4||2||2|
|Nature Conservation Management||A||E||5||2||2|
|Nature Conservation Planning and Evaluation||A||E||5||2||3|
|International Nature Conservation||A||E||5||4||0|
|Nature Protection Policy||A||E||2||2||0|
|Nature Conservation Studies||A||E||5||2||2|
|Professional Practice (40 hrs/semester)||K||S||40|
|Biological and Ecological Conservation||B||MTG||2||2||0|
Protection of Cultural Heritage
|Environmental Information Systems||B||MTG||3||1||2|
|Active Protection of Plant and Animal Species||B||MTG||2||2||2|
|Landscape Management and Protection||B||MTG||4||2||2|
|Protection of Geological Heritage||B||MTG||2||2||0|
|Agroforestry for Natural Resource Conservation||C||MTG||2||1||1|
|Nature Conservation and the Energy Transition||C||MTG||2||1||1|
|Soil Protection and Conservation||C||MTG||2||1||1|
*Course type: A = compulsory, B = elective in engineering fild, C = elective, K = criteria (no credit)
†Evaluation: E = exam, MTG = mid-term grade, S = signature
Academic calendar (general structure of the semester)
|Study period||2nd — 15th week|
|Exam period||6 weeks|
|Usually, study period is scheduled for the 1st week of September in the fall semester and for the 1st week of February in the spring semester.|
|5||Excellent, Very good||Outstanding with minor errors|
|4||Good||Generally sound work with a number of notable errors|
|3||Satisfactory, Acceptable||Fair but with significant shortcomings|
|2||Pass||Performance meets the minimum criteria|
Further work is required
|
<urn:uuid:e843858d-0f58-41f9-aa00-46e3dc6d5bb9>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
http://emk.uni-sopron.hu/en_GB/msc-in-nature-conservation-engineering
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.799103
| 1,549
| 1.867188
| 2
|
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is spreading around the world like wildfire at what appears to be at an exponential rate. In fact, as I write this very sentence, thousands of people have already perished because of the virus. What was completely unknown to most people in 2019, at the turn of the new decade, all everyone seems to be talking about is the coronavirus, and for good reason.
Even with the efforts of our most developed governments, one thing seems crystal clear: We are not prepared for a pandemic of this magnitude.
Although I clearly fear contracting the coronavirus myself, what I am more fearful of are those people who are blinded by ignorance, partisanship, and sheer stupidity as these are the people who are not taking the virus seriously, and are thereby more susceptible to not only contracting it themselves, but to spreading it to healthy people as well.
The odious ramblings of individuals who sanctimoniously profess that the coronavirus is but a renamed version of the flu is what we really need to worry about here for the aforementioned reasons I just touched upon.
It is clear that tensions are rising around the globe and paranoia is high. The spread of the coronavirus is making normal everyday people behave in ways that would seem pathological in lieu of such a pandemic. Excessive worry about germs, the hoarding of essential products (good luck finding toilet paper), excessive cleaning, and self-induced quarantining are the norm at this moment in time.
The aforementioned behavior in people’s response to the coronavirus appears to be analogous to the symptoms expressed in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and mysophobia (fear of germs). However, in this instance, their convictions and behaviors are undeniably justified.
It is a combination of the rising number of confirmed cases of the coronavirus, the increasing number of deaths as each day passes, the number of cases and deaths that we are unaware of, as well as the vast number of people who are either hyperbolically sanguine or insouciant toward how dangerous the coronavirus is that makes those suffering from OCD to be experiencing a sort of hell that was once thought to only exist in their darkest nightmares.
I, myself, have OCD and have had it since I was a teenager. Although I am far removed from the days when I suffered from severe OCD (thanks to years of therapy and medication), a great number of individuals diagnosed with this anxiety disorder are not as fortunate as I am to have reduced my symptoms to the extent I have over the past several years.
I can think back to a time when I used to behave analogously to how people are behaving right now toward the coronavirus, but without any sort of pandemic going on. I was simply stuck in a paralyzing mind-loop of obsessions and compulsions every single day. If you yourself suffer from OCD, then you are all too familiar with what such a life is like.
My heart goes out to not only those who have contracted the coronavirus and who have perished because of it, but also to those with anxiety disorders, specifically OCD, seeing as how pernicious and psychologically agonizing this condition can truly be in the wake of this pandemic.
There is not much advice I have to give on how to cope with the fear associated with the coronavirus disease because I believe that the most extreme forms of cleanliness and isolation are completely justified in this instance. Assuredly, this is antithetical to what any sane therapist would ever tell her OCD riddled client. However, these are not normal times.
If you suffer from OCD and notice that your symptoms are becoming increasingly worse as the coronavirus death toll rises, then I implore you to reach out for help and try to find a mental health professional as soon as you can. If you already have a therapist, then it may be in your best interest to engage in more frequent therapy sessions via teletherapy or even to increase your medication dosage insofar as the intensity of your obsessions and compulsions worsen as the coronavirus worsens.
|
<urn:uuid:e5eb5790-13a2-4cbf-903a-e663c2cf6017>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://psychtimes.com/ocd/coronavirus-and-ocd-a-germaphobes-worst-nightmare/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972838
| 847
| 1.859375
| 2
|
- They were organized in clans. The clan was the basic unit of their political and social organization.
- Circumcision of boys was a very important practice, especially among Abaluhyia and Abagusi. It was at circumcision that the boys were taught the values and customs of their homeland. While Abagusi and Abakuria circumcised their females, the rest of the western Bantu did not. Some Western Bantu communities like the Khayo, Samia, Marachi and Abasuba do not have the practice of circumcision.
- After initiation, the boys joined age-sets. Various age-sets had various duties, e.g. provision of warriors to defend the community, raid for animals,, help one another in tasks such as hunting, building huts, harvesting, etc. Senior age-sets advised the junior ones, settled disputes, distributed war booty, etc.
- They believed in one God. They regarded God as controller of everything, who continues to influence man‟s life, even after man‟s death. They called God by different names. They also believed in ancestral spirits, to whom they poured libations and offered sacrifices.
- Medicine men and diviners were highly valued in the society. Sorcerers and witch doctors were hated, because they were believed to use charms and medicine to harm others.
Apart from the Wanga, the Western Bantu were politically organized as follows in the precolonial period:
- They were under village councils run by elders.
- They were categorized into age-set systems, which provided the community with defence and security.
- Positions of leadership were hereditary.
role of the council of elders among the Western Bantu during the pre-colonial period.
- They maintained and ensured law and order in the community.
- They served as the final court of appeal in all matters.
- They had power to declare, stop or call off war.
- They presided over religious and other communal functions.
- They served as ritual experts.
- They settled land disputes.
|
<urn:uuid:e3c4bd77-a9cc-499b-aef8-f375dd4f1c38>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://geographypoint.com/2022/07/socio-political-organization-of-the-western-bantu-during-the-pre-colonial-period/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.981708
| 447
| 3.34375
| 3
|
Botox is an injectable substance that inhibits muscle movement. It can help treat certain health issues, and some people request it for cosmetic reasons. Typically, cosmetic Botox lasts 3–6 months.
In this article, we describe what to expect during the appointment, give more information about the effects, and look into risks to consider.
- the person’s age
- their sex
- their muscle mass
- the injection technique
- the dilution of the toxin
- the volume of the solution
- the positioning of the injection
Some research indicates that having multiple Botox injections in the same area may increase the duration of the effects.
For a person hoping to make the effects of Botox last as long as possible, it is important to:
- Receive the injections from an experienced and certified medical practitioner who is well-versed in the most effective techniques.
- Follow aftercare guidance carefully.
A medicinal or cosmetic dose of Botox blocks certain nerve signals that cause muscles to contract, leading to the relaxation of the muscle that has received the injection.
People typically use Botox to reduce the appearance of wrinkles. However, doctors also use it to treat certain health issues, such as:
Some people see results as early as 12 hours after the injection. The full effects, however, are unlikely to appear in the first 14 days.
A person may see the effects sooner if they practice certain facial exercises, authors of a 2019 study report.
The American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery describe the process as follows:
- First, a person attends a consultation to discuss the treatment and, importantly, to let the doctor know about any health issues or current medications.
- At the next appointment, the doctor injects Botox into the desired sites, usually with a very thin needle.
- The number of injections depends on the desired results and the area involved.
- In most cases, the procedure is very quick.
- Some doctors offer a follow-up appointment to check that the area is healing well.
The doctor should recommend aftercare techniques, which may include:
- not lying down for 4 hours after the treatment
- not massaging or applying heat to the area for 24 hours
- avoiding heavy exercise for 24 hours
- avoiding alcohol consumption for 24 hours
The aim of these strategies is to prevent the Botox from spreading to other areas and to keep it from thinning the blood. However, more research is needed to understand the exact mechanisms at work and to develop more effective guidance.
Depending on the area involved and the person’s pain threshold, a Botox injection may be painful. However, the procedure does not typically require an anesthetic.
Also, Botox is temporary, and maintaining the effects can be expensive. The average cost of a Botox injection is $408, according to 2019 estimates from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
Although Botox is usually safe, it can cause:
- difficulty swallowing
- difficulty breathing
- generalized muscle weakness
These issues may arise shortly after the appointment or take a few weeks to appear.
Some people should not receive Botox, including those who:
- are pregnant
- are breastfeeding
- are under 18, except when medically necessary
- are allergic to any ingredients in the solution
- have ever had an adverse reaction to Botox
Botox is the trade name of Botulinum toxin. People typically use it for cosmetic purposes, but it can also help treat certain health issues.
The effects of cosmetic Botox usually last 3–6 months, though a range of factors can influence this, including the person’s age, the location of the injection, and the injection technique.
Botox may help with cosmetic concerns or treat health issues. However, it can also be expensive, and a number of risks are involved. A doctor can provide more specific information about the potential risks to each person.
|
<urn:uuid:d903a49e-f04c-449d-a333-a201103f70bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://esthetic-advisor.com/how-long-it-lasts-and-other-considerations/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949476
| 808
| 1.53125
| 2
|
Since the early 1970s, the World Health Organization and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics have classified borderline ovarian tumors as an independent group of ovarian epithelial tumors. A consensus statement of the Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup is reported.
- Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup
- Ovarian tumor of low malignant potential
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology
|
<urn:uuid:ad24aa22-2a9d-46c9-809f-7ffebb28ff5c>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/gynecologic-cancer-intergroup-gcig-consensus-review-for-ovarian-t
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.810772
| 104
| 1.703125
| 2
|
People loved Louanne Brizendine's book, The Female Brain, because it used scientific studies and Brizendine's experiences as a clinician treating symptoms of menopause and other hormonal imbalances to say things we feel are true: Women are more connected to others, better at communicating.
These things make sense, because women's brains are more susceptible to the bonding effects of oxytocin.
Except ... one of Brizendine's statements, one that was repeated in every news story, has been proven false. Brizendine claimed that studies showed that women speak an average of 20,000 words a day, while men speak a mere 7,000. There's nothing to back that up, while plenty of studies found men gabbing as much or more than women.
The idea that gender differences are based in biology continues to make people uncomfortable and to incite denial.
The Guardian has an excerpt from a new book by Deborah Cameron called "The Myth of Mars and Venus." She makes a good case for the extreme variability between individuals. Cameron argues that sex differences are fairly meaningless, because any individual may be very different from any other, and more like someone of the opposite sex.
Chambers' reference to individual men and women points to another problem with generalisations such as "men interrupt more than women" or "women are more talkative than men". As well as underplaying their similarities, statements of the form "women do this and men do that" disguise the extent of the variation that exists within each gender group. Explaining why he had reacted with instant scepticism to the claim that women talk three times as much as men, Liberman predicted: "Whatever the average female versus male difference turns out to be, it will be small compared with the variation among women and among men." Focusing on the differences between men and women while ignoring the differences within them is extremely misleading but, unfortunately, all too common.
As someone in the 1970s who insisted that all gender differences were cultural, I'm bemused by what science has shown: that the endocrine system profoundly affects brain structure and behavior. Still, I think that, rather than insisting that anyone behave more femininely or masculinely, I think the information can be used to give ourselves and each other a break when we don't behave according to cultural expectations.
|
<urn:uuid:f2aab345-2569-49c3-9b4f-83321097ad35>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.hugthemonkey.com/2007/10/talkers-and-tou.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964959
| 484
| 2.453125
| 2
|
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