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Visual Studio, with its gorgeous blue X-shaped-thing, will be our application of choice this semester for coding, debugging, and general COMP101 excitement. Visual Studio Code (or VS Code for short) is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment). IDEs are for programmers what GarageBand or FL Studio is like for that one guy from your high school that "makes beats."
The difference between the editor (the colorful spot where your code goes) and the terminal/shell (where you type commands like npm run pull an npm start) is our usage case for each.
The vast majority of your work will go in the text editor (functions, practice with logic, etc). We'll be using the terminal for running and starting our server (the behind-the-scenes logic that lets us look at our code in the browser in real time) through the npm commands.
If you run into problems with VS Code, come into office hours or check out the VS Code Tips and Tricks page! The UTAs always happy to help.
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THE IMPACT OF SITUATION IN THE ARGUMENTATIVE ANALYSIS “READING AS NEEDED AND THE CONTEXT OF THE SITUATION
The situation did not receive sufficient attention in the terminology books in terms of the concept, nor was it given sufficient attention in the linguistic and literary sources in terms of linguistic analysis in grammar or criticism.The idea of the situation remained confined to the rhetorical guidance, but that does not negate Sibawayh's diligence in reminding of the importance of situation grammatically, which is something that the grammarians did not improve after Sibawayh.
The term "state" was associated with the situation, which is the most frequently discussed among rhetoricians for their concern with significance and their desire to reveal the intentions in the literary text.The situation is the reference of anecdotal formulas responsible for their regularity in the linguistic context,as it represents the place of the speech, expressing the conditions that call for the presentation of speech in a specific way and manner.
This research provides a semantic reading in the interpretation of the noble Qur’an text, based on investigating speech and the regularity of the ranks of speech according to the requirements of the state and the context of the situation.The research provides suggested readings in which the paths of the systems differ, due to the difference in the provisions of the apparent necessity,the necessities of the state, and the context of the situation;on the linguistic structure.
The researcher's work was limited to Surat al-Duha, to examine the situation impact on the discourse when analyzing the text. Besides, the researcher used argumentative tools to reveal the difference in significance according to the different assumptions and factor data surrounding the text.One of the aims of the research was to resolve the semantic conflict in the different interpretations of the texts, as the difference tempts the multiplicity of readings and their renewal. This allows practicing the situation theory as the most influential engine in the movement of systems. Since this research adopts the situationalityvision, tries to touch the way the speech acts have taken, affected by the formulation of the conditions and situations requirements for the linguistic context.
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What alcohol is vegan UK?
Fortunately, virtually every brand of hard liquor—bourbon, whiskey, vodka, gin, and rum—is vegan. Nearly all distilled spirits are vegan except for cream-based liqueurs and products that mention honey on the label.
What spirits are vegan?
Fortunately for all you G&T lovers, nearly every type of spirit and liqueur — vodka, gin, whisky, rum etc — is vegan! This comes down to the production process. Spirits are distilled by taking a grain or sugar and fermenting it to make alcohol.
Do vegans get drunk faster?
According to researchers at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, who analysed how dietary nutrient intake influences hangover severity, vegetarians and vegans may experience more severe hangovers than meat-eaters because of two nutrients.
Is Corona beer vegan?
Products by Corona:
“Yes, our beer is suitable for vegans; in fact, corona is made with natural products like Rice, Water, Hops, Refined corn starch and Yeast. No animal products are involved.”
Can vegans drink Coke?
Coca-Cola does not contain any ingredients derived from animal sources and can be included in a vegetarian or vegan diet.
Is Jack Daniels honey vegan?
It might not surprise you to hear that Jack Daniels’ honey whiskey isn’t suitable for vegans, because it contains real honey. There may also be an issue of cross-contamination to their other products, so it’s something to bear in mind.
Why is Coors Light not vegan in the UK?
“Unfortunately Coors Light in the UK is not currently suitable for vegans.” “We can confirm that Blue Moon is only centrifuged & not filtered so is not processed using any animal products. Staropramen is currently filtered using Isinglass finings.” … “We can tell you that we don’t use animal-products.”
Is Stella Artois vegan?
Stella Artois contains only four ingredients: maize, hops, malted barley and water and is suitable for vegetarians and vegans.”
Is Gordon Gin vegan?
“I forwarded your question on to our Gordons brand team for clarification. They have confirmed that Gordon’s Pink Distilled Gin Spirit does not contain carmine derived from cochineal.” … In relation to your query, Gordon’s Gin is suitable for consumption by vegans.
Is Whisky vegan friendly?
However, generally speaking, the majority of whiskies use ingredients that are suitable for vegans. Single malt whisky is made from water, malted barley and yeast. Single grain whisky might use other wholegrains in addition to malted or unmalted cereals – which are all safe for vegans too. Hooray!
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Remember the ’70s? Way back then, IT was a mainframe that sat in some room and only a few people had a key. Flash forward a decade, and IT was a limited set of systems irrelevant to the vast majority of employees and customers. But today, all of the sudden, technology belongs to everyone. Because of the suddenness of this revolution in technology adoption, most IT organizations have not had enough time to evolve into a “comfortable integration” with the rest of the company.
This lack of comfortable integration has led to confusion over who is truly accountable for the return on technology investments, how much influence IT leaders should have over a company’s business strategy, and whether CEOs need to hire Chief Digital Officers onto their senior leadership teams. Through interviews with dozens of CIOs, Heller has created a snapshot of what CIOs are doing to lead IT in a climate where technology belongs to everyone.
She addresses how CIOs are changing their operating models, their approaches to talent development, and their assessment of the new IT provider marketplace. Most importantly, Heller defines the top ten skills and behaviors that CIOs will need to develop if they are going to be successful in an ever changing landscape. As a master storyteller, Heller incorporates philosophy, humor, and pragmatic advice into a book that both informs and entertains.
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+44 20 3868 9735
Infertility is defined as “a disease characterised by the failure to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an impairment of a persona capacity to reproduce either as an individual or with his/her partner”. In many cultures, infertility is fraught with negative psychological consequences. Its effects have been impacted several aspects of a couple’s existence such as marital life family life, psychosocial well-being. Quality Of Life (QOL) assessment has emerged as a well-established concept to address this complex and multi-dimensional issue
Quality of life is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as an individual’s “perception of their position in life from the viewpoint of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals” The quality of life assessments include aspects of an individual’s physical, psychological, social, spiritual and environmental facts. Quality of life evaluation provides a more holistic assessment of an individual’s health condition and treatment outcomes, which goes beyond just symptomatology. Since infertility is known to adversely affect the mental and social health of infertile women, Quality of life assessment should be as equally important as treatment. Consequently, knowledge of the various factors which may affect a patient’s quality of life might actually improve and promote patient-centred care, because patients are more capable of making a subjective evaluation of their health.
Infertility is associated with decreased scores in the various quality of life domains. In Nigeria, social status is tied closely to childbearing and infertility can greatly impact one’s social standing in the community. When a woman has no experience of pregnancy, labor or parenting, she may be excluded from adult discussions. Therefore, infertile women are often met with unfavorable attitudes from relatives, social stigma and isolation. These negative social consequences could, in turn, affect their social quality of life. It was anticipated that older women from both cohorts would have more stress-related problems due to their age and the possibility of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) being their last attempt at motherhood, while younger women who had more time and the option for more attempts, would have higher quality of life scores.
Within the UK cohort, educational level was positively associated with psychological quality of life. There are a few descriptions in the literature explaining the association between these two variables. It is possible that highly educated women feel less stigmatised as compared to those less educated.
Within the Nigerian cohort, the cause of infertility was significantly associated with the physical QOL domain; however, this was not observed in the UK cohort. Age, educational level, duration of infertility and income were major predictors of quality of life among UK women, while cause of infertility (particularly female-related) and income were major predictors among the Nigerian women. As such, it is important that health care professionals involved with infertility treatment are cognisant with these potential predictors and perform a comprehensive evaluation of these women prior to treatment. Furthermore, these women should be provided with adequate interventions to promote better quality of life.
Citation: Akparibo R (2022) Quality of Life in Infertile Women: Comparison between UK and Nigerian Women. J Fertil In Vitro IVF Worldwide Reprod Med Genet Stem Cell Biol. 10:263.
Received: 01-Apr-2022, Manuscript No. JFIV-22-52974; Editor assigned: 04-Apr-2022, Pre QC No. JFIV-22-52974 (PQ); Reviewed: 18-Apr-2022, QC No. JFIV-22-52974; Revised: 25-Apr-2022 Published: 02-May-2022 , DOI: 10.35248/2375-4508.22.10:263
Copyright: © 2022 Akparibo R. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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The Silicon Valley Billionaires Remaking America’s Schools
In San Francisco’s public schools, Marc Benioff, the chief executive of Salesforce, is giving middle school principals $100,000 “innovation grants” and encouraging them to behave more like start-up founders and less like bureaucrats.
In Maryland, Texas, Virginia and other states, Netflix’s chief, Reed Hastings, is championing a popular math-teaching program where Netflix-like algorithms determine which lessons students see.
And in more than 100 schools nationwide, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s chief, is testing one of his latest big ideas: software that puts children in charge of their own learning, recasting their teachers as facilitators and mentors.
In the space of just a few years, technology giants have begun remaking the very nature of schooling on a vast scale, using some of the same techniques that have made their companies linchpins of the American economy. Through their philanthropy, they are influencing the subjects that schools teach, the classroom tools that teachers choose and fundamental approaches to learning.
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Northwest Ohio experienced a wild week of November weather, ranging from record high temperatures to damaging winds.
It began with unseasonably warm temperatures. On Sunday, Nov. 8, the temperature climbed to a record 79 degrees at Toledo Express Airport. That broke the old record of 73 degrees in 1945.
The previous Nov. 9 record of 74 degrees was also broken the next day with a high temperature of 80 degrees. That also tied for the warmest temperature in recorded history.
The Nov. 10 record was then broken by more than 10 degrees. The previous record of 68 degrees in 1999 was obliterated by a 79 degree high.
The next few days had relatively normal autumn weather before the winds picked up Sunday. A high wind warning was issued for 50-60 mph wind gusts.
A 64 mph wind gust was reported for Toledo Express and a 77 mph wind gust was reported at a buoy 8 miles ENE of Oregon in Lake Erie. A 59 mph gust was reported in Defiance.
The strong winds led to many downed branches and power outages in the area. As of late Sunday, the vast majority of Fulton County power outages were in the Swanton area.
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“In Chinese Medicine we differentiate all disorders according to the energetics of the internal organs”
Heart -Small Intestine – Fire Element
When we think of Heart-Fire we imagine: warm, light radiance, dynamic, moving, excitement about life.
When the fire element is strong, we feel unconditional love, and radiate warmth to others.
The Chinese name for the spiritual aspect of the heart is Shen.
The Shen is in control of: the mental and emotional activity, intelligence, memory, consciousness, communication between our conscious and subconscious mind, and maintaining a deep restful sleep
When the Shen is imbalanced: – in the daytime we feel hyperactive At night – we have a hard time relaxing and falling asleep.
The Shen governs the complexion, tongue, perspiration , blood vessels
The Shen will have problems when there are lack of Qi and blood support from the spleen and liver, disturbances cause by other organs overacting, and disturbances case by heat.
Color – Red -the color of heat, passion. The complexion will show how balanced the Shen is. If it is too red then too much heat and fire. If it is too pale then not enough fire.
Season -Summer -The most yang time of year. The season of the heart and we have more energy and yang is at its peak A strong heart will be able to adapt quicker to hear and humidity.
Control: Heart is in control of blood circulation. The drive of the blood circulation is heart Qi.
If heart Qi is weak, the blood stagnation occurs, and symptoms such as pain, blood clot, stroke, and heart attack can occur.
The heart controls the blood vessels.The heart Qi supports the contraction and expansion of the blood vessels.
The heart governs speech and the ability uplift others with words of wisdom.
Emotions: The positive virtue of the heart is joy, love, compassion.
The negative emotions are impatience, hastiness, and in a severe form, hate.
Paired organ -Small Intestine, Pericardium
Internally there are channels that connect the heart and small intestine.
The small intestine’s main function is to separate the pure from impure from digested food and liquids. This separation will help with assimilation and the Spleen’s function of transformation of food and water into Qi.
The small intestine will also separate our thoughts so they are pure and filled with ideas and excitement rather than dull and boring.
The Pericardium is the heart protector, both physically and emotionally. It protects against heat and bacteria as well as the emotional bumps that come at us.
Time of day – Heart 1-3PM and Small Intestine 3-5PM
Flavor -bitter – Bitter foods will nourish the heart and small intestine. Ex. kale, collard greens, arugula, endive, coffee, bitter chocolate.
Sense organ – tongue. The tongue controls speech so speech impediments can be treated via the Fire element.
Fluid Secretion- sweat. Over sweating or not sweating enough shows an imbalance in fire.
Sound– Laughing. Too much or too little laughter and show an imbalance in Fire. Someone who always giggles or acts over hysterical, shows a fire imbalance. On the other extreme, someone has never laughs is showing a deficiency of fire.
Spleen – Stomach – earth Element
The Spleen’s essential function it the transformation and transportation of food and water into Qi (energy). The Chinese call this process “Yun Hua.” Yun -transportation Hua -Transformation.
The Spleen absorbs the pure nutritive Qi essence of food and water from the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. If the spleen doesn’t do its job in transforming, you will experience loose stools and fatigue. After transformation, the essence is transported to the lung, and the lung will continue this process. The spleen is a pivot, and so vital to this process. If it doesn’t do its job in transforming well, there will be Qi deficiency, fatigue, loose stools. and fatigue. If the spleen fails the ascending function to the lung, the whole body will be weakened.
The spleen has an uplifting function, both physically and emotionally. If the function is weak there will be a prolapse of organs, or veins etc. For example, hemorrhoids and varicose veins are caused by a spleen weakness.
Control: Proper digestion.
The spleen controls the muscles and flesh. A weakness in the spleen will cause muscle weakness and hard to maintain or loose weight.
Season – Indian Summer
Sound: Singing A very subtle singing sound will be produced when there is a spleen imbalance.
Sense Organ: The sense organ relating to the spleen is the mouth.
Luster: Lips Swelling of the lips are discoloring shows a spleen imbalance
Taste: The taste corresponding to the spleen is sweet. The spleen likes sweet, but too much will hurt the spleen
Body Fluid: saliva.
Emotion: The positive emotion corresponding to the spleen is having an open mind, and being humble.
The negative emotion is worry, over thinking, obsessing.
Paired Organ -Stomach
The Stomach separates pure and impure parts of food. It then sends the pure to the small intestine were it is further transformed. The pure part will be absorbed by the spleen and the impure part by the large intestine.
Kidney – Bladder – Water Element
The kidney is considered the pre-natal root of the body. If you think of the human body as a tree, the kidneys represent the root. If the root is strong, the branches and leaves will flourish.
The kidney’s yin aspect nourishes the yin (essence) of all the internal organs. It’s yang aspect keeps the circulation of Qi and blood in order to warm and nourish the body’s structure and organs.
In Chinese medicine it is said that he kidneys store the essence. Essence is considered the integrity of the cells and tissues of the entire body. It is a very concentrated material providing the backbone of all the organs and glands. Since we only come into this life with a certain amount of pre-natal essence, we need to conserve it by living a balanced life. You can think of it as our reserve fund.
The kidneys are in charge of growth, development, and reproduction.
The kidneys produce what the Chinese call “Tian Kui.’ Tian kui translates into gift from heaven. This material is produced by the kidney and is transformed into kidney essence. It is in charge of the reproductive organs (ovaries, testes, prostate, uterus), puberty, hormonal changes, and menstruation Tian kui is stored in the kidney and doesn’t mature until puberty.
Control: The kidney is in charge of bone development and strength. Any bone problems are treated by strengthening the kidneys. The kidneys govern the lower back, knees, and ankles.
The kidneys help the descending function of the lungs. If this function is impaired, you will be short of breath and possibly develop asthma or COPD.
Season: Winter – In the winter the energy moves inward and it is a good time for quite, reflection and meditation. In this way we can conserve our vital essence
Time of Day: 3-5PM Bladder 5-7PM Kidney
Fluid: The yin of the kidney governs all the fluids in the body.
Sense organ: Ears. How well we hear depends on the strength of the kidney. The ear canals are governed by the kidney as well as the fluid in the ear. A loss of equilibrium shows a sign of kidney-water element imbalance.
Luster “Hua” The kidney shows it’s luster “hua” in the head hair.
Emotions: Positive emotions: gentleness, quiet, peace and endurance, strong will. The kidneys like rest, quiet and a deep sound sleep.
Negative emotions: fear, anxiety.
Paired Organ: Bladder
The bladder is charge of eliminating fluid waste. It shares the kidney function of storing the essence. Any weakness in the bladder will effect the entire body. One will feel listless, with little endurance and drive.
Liver- Gallbladder – Wood Element
CONTROL: The liver is in charge of regulating and circulating the the Qi (energy) and blood in the entire body. When the Qi flows so does the blood, so when the liver is robust, there will be strong blood circulation. Since pain is caused by the blockage of Qi, many chronic pain problems can be traced back to the Liver. The Chinese call the function of guaranteeing the smooth flow of Qi – Shu Xie. The She Xie function keeps the body calm, stress free, pain free, relaxed, gentle, and happy. When the function is impaired, you will feel tight, agitated, angry, and depressed. When the Shu Xie function of the liver is strong, you can deal with stress and pressure more easily.
The liver regulates the digestive Qi, or what is called the middle jiao Qi. The liver guarantees the descending function of the stomach, and the spleens transformation process.
The liver is the reservoir of blood which is not in circulation. It regulates the quantity of blood in circulation (volume.) In Chinese medicine the livers blood function plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure. Liver blood is very nourishing especially to the eyes, nails, tendons, hair, and uterus, and skin.
The liver plays a role in the production of bile.
Season: Spring. Spring is a good season to do a liver cleanse and to eat lighter food
Time of Day: 11PM-1AM – Gallbladder 3AM-5AM Liver The Liver and Gallbladder are functioning at their best at this time.
Emotions: positive- kindness, planning and a vision of where you life is going.
negative- Anger, resentment, feeling stuck, and mood swings
Sound: Shouting. We the liver Qi is very stagnated we will shout or yell.
Sense organ: eyes The liver nourishes the eyes. Many eye imbalances relate to an imbalance in the liver.
Luster – Hua: The Liver shows it’s Hua in the nails. Broken nails, ridging, etc. shows a Live imbalance.
Body fluid -tears. Too much or too little moisture in the eye relates to an imbalance with the liver.
Paired Organ: Gallbladder. The gallbladder helps us digest fats by secreting bile.
Lung – Large Intestine – Metal Element
In the east breathing exercises are used to experience mental clarity, peace, and physical endurance. The Taoist calls this Qi gong and in the Indian system it is called prana breathing.
In Chinese medicine the lungs are in charge of the whole body’s Qi. All of the other organs via the acupuncture meridians converge in the chest and and exchange energy with the Lung Qi. This energy is called ancestral Qi.
The lungs distribute Qi in there directions
a. Dispersing -part of the ascending function -guarantees the wei Qi function
b. descending -guarantees the inhale function
c. Ascending -guarantees the exhale function.
The lung receives the transformed Qi from the Spleen and distributes the Qi to the entire body.
Control: The lungs govern the protective barrier and security which determines what is allowed into the body and what is expelled. This mechanism flows through the skin and is named Wei Qi. Wei Qi circulates in the skin and helps open an close the pores in order to protect from allergens, and viruses.
If this function is weak, we will be very susceptible to substances in the air, and viruses will not be expelled quickly and will go deeper into the lung. The wei qi helps open the pores so any virus contracted will be immediately sweated out. If this function is weak, we will be very susceptible to substances in the air, and viruses will not be expelled quickly and will go deeper into the lung.
The lungs are in charge of opening the water passages. The lungs have a close relationship with the bladder and help make sure that fluids in the body are distributed properly.
The skin has a close relationship with the lung. The skin is considered the third lung. The skin uses the wei Qi to keep it warm, moist and radiate.
Time of Day: Lungs – 3AM-5AM Large Intestine 5AM -7AM The Lungs and Large Intestine are functioning at their peak at these times.
Taste: Pungent, Spicy
Sense organ: The lung opens to the sinuses. If the lung Qi is weak, mucus will stagnate in the sinuses.
Luster: The lung shows it’s luster “hua” in the body hair.
Emotion: The positive emotion of the lungs is courage.
The negative emotion is sadness, grief.
Paired organ: Large Intestine
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How To Wash Your Wigs
1,Comb the hair ensure there is no tangles. Turn the wig insidecap outside.
2,Put the wig into 35-40* water, add shampoo into the water. Stir it evenly.
3,Gently press over hair for 10-15 minutes until it is clean. Don’t rub with hands.
4,Rinse shampoo thoroughly and pull conditioner into water. Stir it evenly.
5,Leave wig in conditioner for 10-15 minutes.
6,Rinse conditioner thoroughly and use a towel to absorb the water.
7,Turn the wig insidecap back, For straight wig, choose one wide-toothed comb.
8,For wavy wig, hold the cap by hand, shake it 5- 6 times, run with fingers smooth gently.
9,Put the wig onto a wig standing and let it air dry.
10,Donrsquot make the hair under the blazing sun for quite a long time
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How Long Does It Take To Hike A Full 5 Miles?
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If you have ever been on a hike before, you know that this can be a difficult task. You have to be in shape and choose a hike that is well within your capabilities if you want to accomplish this task. There are many different hikes that you can go on including out and back hikes, as well as loops that will take you back to where you started. The height can be easy, moderate, and also very difficult. The length of the hike is also something you should know prior to embarking upon this journey. If you have decided to hike 5 miles, you will want to plan appropriately. You must also consider the amount of time it will take you to complete the hike in its entirety. Here is an overview of how long it will take an average hiker to hike a full 5 miles.
Understanding The Layout Of The Hike
Before you decide to go on a hike, it’s important to consider all of your options. This is most easily accomplished by downloading an app or subscribing to a website, that can provide you with statistics on all of the hikes in your area. Assuming that you will only be traveling a few miles to arrive at the starting point, there should be several different hiking options for you to consider. In this case, you are looking for hikes that will be at least 5 miles, and then consider all of the other factors associated with the hike itself.
Different Types Of Hiking Trails
The most common type of hiking trail is called the foot trail. For these types of hikes, you can either use hiking shoes or regular tennis shoes. These are usually divided into easy, difficult, and moderate hikes. This will depend upon the incline, the distance of the hike, the terrain, and whether or not the foot trail is paved or is made of dirt. There are also options for hiking without a designated trail, yet these tend to be difficult to gauge in terms of distance. They are also not recommended for people that are just starting out or that are unfamiliar with the territory.
How Long Will The Average Hike Take?
In most cases, on a beginner’s style hike with very few hills, your average speed will be about 2 mph. If you are hiking 5 miles, and you do not take any breaks at all, it will likely take 2.5 hours. Your time hiking will always be altered based upon the terrain, the condition of the path, the weather, and the type of shape that you are in. For example, if you are in phenomenal shape and the terrain is relatively mild, you may be able to complete the hike in under two hours instead. If you are hiking to the top of the mountain, you will take multiple breaks, especially on mountains with inclines. Therefore, it’s a good idea to bring plenty of water with you, and prepare to take at least an hour or two longer, to complete the hike without exerting yourself too much.
How To Prepare For A 5 Mile Hike
if you are going to prepare for a 5 mile hike, there are certain things that you must do in order to ensure that you get back in time. First of all, you must always bring a supply of water with you. If you are hiking in hot weather, you are going to need at least 1/2 a gallon of water with you on this type of hike. For others, you may need to bring more than that, and also wear a hat throughout your hike. You should also prepare by walking at least three times a week, preferably on some inclines, so that your legs will be able to last from beginning to end. If possible, wear a backpack if you plan to bring one while you are training. Please at least 10 pounds in the backpack and walk at least one or two miles each time. On the day of the actual hike, make sure that you have plenty of food, including snacks, especially if you suffer from conditions such as low blood sugar.
Try Out Different Shorter Trails
It is helpful if you hike a few designated trails before you embark upon your 5 mile hike. You will want to start with a single mile, perhaps a beginner-style hike, that is either out and back or a full loop. A few days later, you can either try one that is 2 miles long that is the same level of complexity, or you could do another mile that is medium in difficulty. It is recommended that you do at least four or five separate hikes, each of which is more difficult than the last, with at least two days of rest in between. For most people, however, you may not have the time to hike so frequently. Therefore, it might be easier to hike every weekend, preparing for your 5 mile hike over the course of two or three months until you are in proper shape.
Always Consider Safety First
A 5 mile hike can be strenuous and depending upon its location, you may find yourself a considerable distance from civilization. It is always better to hike with someone as opposed to hiking by yourself. In either case, you need to bring your cell phone. If possible, you should purchase an emergency satellite phone that will get reception at any location even if cell towers are not available. These will often have an emergency setting, in case you are in trouble to alert people to your exact location. Prior to hiking, be sure to tell at least two people where you will be hiking and when you will be leaving. If you are not back by a certain time, they will be able to search for you or alert the authorities. As long as you are bringing more than enough supplies for a 5-mile hike, you will be able to last a couple of days out in the wilderness. To be completely prepared, may also want to bring a jacket with you, especially when hiking at higher other nations. A first-aid kit is also recommended. If you suffer from any allergies, bringing Benadryl with you can be helpful. An EpiPen should be brought by anyone that could be compromised if they are stung by a bee or a hornet. By preparing in this manner, you will have the odds in your favor of successfully completing your hike safely.
How To Choose The Best Hike For You
Once you have all of your supplies prepared, and you are in relatively good shape, you will then want to choose a hike that looks the most promising. The hike that you go on should be chosen not only based on its level of difficulty, but also its location. For example, if you are hiking for the sole purpose of getting exercise, the surrounding area will not be that important to you. However, if you are a photographer, you will want to look at reviews that are often posted by other hikers so that we’re able to get exceptional pictures. In some cases, you will be hiking to high altitudes and will be able to take exceptional pictures of the surrounding wilderness area. You may also find yourself adjacent to a waterfall, river, or lake. If there are beautiful mountain ranges in the background, and you enjoy photography, you may want to choose your 5 mile hike based on the scenery. As long as it is within your capabilities to complete the hike, you should choose one that will give you the most memorable experience.
Final Thoughts On Going On A 5 Mile Hike
A hike that will last 5 miles or more, for generally anyone, is a substantial amount of walking. Even if you are strolling at a meager 2 mph, you will be on the trail for at least 2.5 hours. If you are taking pictures along the way, or if you need to take extra breaks, you could be there for 3 to 4 hours. By planning this out in your mind, and considering the complexity of the hike, you can make your decision based on these factors. Once that decision is made, you can then plan accordingly when bringing all of your supplies. Finally, try to find a buddy that will come along with you. It is always better to hike with another person for not only moral support but for safety reasons as well.
Hiking a trail that will last 5 miles will be difficult for most people. It will take some planning, which will include physical preparation that can take anywhere from a few weeks to a month or two. If you are hiking just to look at the scenery, or if you are a photographer, these are also factors that will lead you to the best trail to try out. Always bring plenty of water, food, extra clothing, an emergency satellite phone if possible, and a friend that will be willing to come with you. Taking the time to prepare for your 5 mile hike, will be one of your most memorable experiences.
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Benefits of Climate Change Act to Nigerians
The sponsor of the Climate Change Act recently signed by President Muhammadu Buhari, Sam Onuigbo (APC, Abia), says Nigeria stands to gain a lot from the Act.
Speaking in Abuja on Wednesday, he commended Buhari for assenting to the bill.
He said: “This historic development is already creating positive vibes for Nigeria in the international community and is surely a colourful contribution to the global stature of Africa’s most populous country and host to the world’s largest contribution of black people.
“Make no mistake about it, the world is transiting and we must join or wake up in a few decades an impoverished and uninhabitable country with stranded assets”.
According to him, “the first part of the very important journey has been done and there is need for adequate attention by all stakeholders for its proper and full implementation.”
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When looking at different societies and cultures around the world, it is interesting how ubiquitous the principles of justice are. It is part of our human nature to think about equality and consider fairness as something that we do naturally. However, in practical terms, equality is hard to achieve.
This course explores three aspects of justice and applies these to environmental issues surrounding natural resource management around the world. It also introduces the Strategic Environmental Assessment and Terms of Reference.
The course is suitable for anyone with a general interest in justice and environmental decision-making; no previous knowledge or experience is required.
If you are working in environmental management, or wish to learn more about it, this course is designed to support you as a professional. By completing all aspects of the course you will have achieved 14 hours of CPD time.
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|Year : 2014 | Volume
| Issue : 4 | Page : 270-272
Radiosynovectomy of the elbow joint synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis treated with Lutetium - 177 labeled hydroxylapatite (Lu-177 HA) particulates; first case report and image of Lu -177 HA in the elbow joint
Koramadai Karuppusamy Kamaleshwaran1, Venkataraman Rajamani2, Subbiah Gounder Thirumalaisamy3, Sudipta Chakraborty4, Radhakrishnan Kalarikal1, Vyshakh Mohanan1, Ajit Sugunan Shinto1
1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital Limited, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
2 Department of Rheumatology, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital Limited, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
3 Department of Orthopedics, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital Limited, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
4 Isotope Applications ? and Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
|Date of Web Publication||11-Oct-2014|
Koramadai Karuppusamy Kamaleshwaran
Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET/CT and Radionuclide Therapy, Comprehensive Cancer Care Centre, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital Limited, Coimbatore - 641 014, Tamil Nadu
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
| Abstract|| |
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that is mainly characterized by asymmetric erosive synovitis, particularly affecting the peripheral joints. Radiation synovectomy or radiosynovectomy, also known as radiosynoviorthesis was first described in 1950's as a adjuvant treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Radiosynovectomy is based on the irradiation of the joint synovium by the intra-articular administration of various β-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. Lu-177 has presence of gamma photons of imagable energy with low abundance which provides the additional benefit of carrying out simultaneous scintigraphy. We describe the first case report of use of Lu-177 hydroxylapatite particulates in a 35-year-old female patient who was presented with elbow joint synovitis due to rheumatoid arthritis.
Keywords: Elbow joint, lutetium-177 HA, radiosynovectomy, rheumatoid arthritis
|How to cite this article:|
Kamaleshwaran KK, Rajamani V, Thirumalaisamy SG, Chakraborty S, Kalarikal R, Mohanan V, Shinto AS. Radiosynovectomy of the elbow joint synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis treated with Lutetium - 177 labeled hydroxylapatite (Lu-177 HA) particulates; first case report and image of Lu -177 HA in the elbow joint. Indian J Nucl Med 2014;29:270-2
|How to cite this URL:|
Kamaleshwaran KK, Rajamani V, Thirumalaisamy SG, Chakraborty S, Kalarikal R, Mohanan V, Shinto AS. Radiosynovectomy of the elbow joint synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis treated with Lutetium - 177 labeled hydroxylapatite (Lu-177 HA) particulates; first case report and image of Lu -177 HA in the elbow joint. Indian J Nucl Med [serial online] 2014 [cited 2022 Aug 16];29:270-2. Available from: https://www.ijnm.in/text.asp?2014/29/4/270/142644
| Introduction|| |
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory joint disorder, the primary treatment for which consists of medical regimens aimed at controlling the synovial inflammation of the joint. Radiation synovectomy (RS), involving a radiopharmaceutical injection into the joint. Its intention is to destroy the inflamed synovium, in the expectation that the regenerated synovium will be disease-free and the symptoms will thereby be alleviated. Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) is considered to be a promising radionuclide for use in RS of joints owing to its favorable decay characteristics. Hydroxyapatite particles (HA) are regarded as one of the most suitable carriers for applications in RS. We describe the first case of application of Lu-177 HA in the treatment of the elbow joint synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis.
| Case report|| |
A 35-year-old female patient was presented with a right elbow joint pain and swelling for a duration of six months. The patient's blood investigation revealed elevated C-reactive protein (60 mg/ml) and diagnosed to have rheumatoid arthritis. The patient was treated with anti-rheumatoid drugs and had no symptom relief. The patient was referred for three phase bone scintigraphy and radiosynovectomy. Perfusion phase images [Figure 1]a demonstrates increased perfusion in the right elbow joint and blood pool images [Figure 1]b] shows increased blood pooling consistent with synovitis. Whole body images [Figure 1]c showed increased uptake in the right elbow joint. The patient was then administered intraarticular injection of Lu-177 HA and images of the elbow joint was acquired in a dual head gamma camera (Siemens Symbia True point) in high energy general purpose collimator with multiple windows of 113 Kev and 208 Kev. Lu 177 HA images [Figure 2] showed good distribution of tracer in the elbow joint. Her elbow was immobilized for 48 hours. She is on follow-up.
|Figure 1: Three phase bone scintigraphy of the elbow joint. Perfusion (a) and anterior and posterior blood pool (b) Images demonstrates increased perfusion and blood pool concentration in the right elbow joint consistent with synovitis. Whole body images (c) Showing increased tracer uptake in the right elbow joint (arrow)|
Click here to view
|Figure 2: Lu-177 HA images of the elbow joint showing good tracer distribution in the right elbow joint|
Click here to view
| Discussion|| |
Radiation synovectomy (RS) is a local intraarticular injection of radionuclides in colloidal form. RS may relieve synovitis, joint pain, knee flexibility and joint effusion in about 60%-80% of the cases. First used by Fellinger et al., in 1952, the technique has been applied for over 50 years in the treatment of resistant synovitis in individual joints after the failure of long-term systemic pharmacotherapy and intra-articular steroid injections. Radioisotopes with emission of β radiation have the capacity to diminish the inflammatory process and ablate the inflamed synovial membrane (pannus) with subsequent fibrosis. Three radionuclides are currently in use: Yttrium-90 (Y-90 silicate/citrate), Rhenium-186 (Re-186 sulfide), and Erbium-169 (Er-169 citrate), which have been indicated for large, medium, and small joints, respectively. Lu-177 has emerged as a pivotal radionuclide in the field of in vivo radionuclide therapy could be considered owing to its suitable nuclear decay characteristics [t 1/2 = 6.65 d, Eβ (max) =497 keV, E = 113 keV (6.4%), 208 keV (11%)]. The presence of gamma photons of imagable energy with low abundance provides the additional benefit of carrying out simultaneous scintigraphy relatively longer half-life of the radioisotope provides logistic advantage during its transportation to distant nuclear medicine centers. Therefore, RS agents based on Lu-177 will be economically more viable compared to most of the other agents so far in clinical use. An ideal agent for RSV would be one which the radionuclide is irreversibly attached to pre-formed particles of appropriate size. Hydroxyapatite, one of the preferred particulates for use in RS applications, is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite, mainly found in bone and teeth.
Lu-177 HA can be potentially used as an ideal agent for radiosynovectomy of the joints. The choice of this radio-pharmaceutical was made based on the optimal penetration of beta radiation in the synovia. The beta radiation, because of its short penetration distance, reaches only structures in the intermediate vicinity of the joint cavity. As per the limited number of stability and animal studies performed by the scientists , it has been observed that Lu-177 HA is highly stable and leakage from the synovial site is negligible. Leakage has been particularly difficult to quantify where the isotope used was Y-90 or P-32, radioisotopes which are both pure beta emitters with no accompanying gamma emissions that might be used to quantify biodistribution and dosimetry.
RS injection was performed according to EANM guidelines. RS treatment was performed with precise intra-articular injection of a typical dose of 333 ± 46 MBq under sterile conditions. Before joint puncture, local anesthesia was administered with 2% lidocaine-hydrochloride prior to the injection of Lu-177 HA. Depomedrol (40 mg in 1 mL) was injected into the joint in order to reduce the risk of acute radiation induced synovitis and to avoid skin radiation necrosis. Subsequently, 333 MBq (Range: 259-370 Mbq) of Lu-177 HA particles dispersed in 1 mL of sterile, apyrogenic normal saline was administered intra-articularly and then the needle was flushed with 2-4 mL of normal saline. In case of any uncertainty about the exact location of the tip of the needle, arthrography was performed to check the correct location. An orthopedic bandage was applied as a semi rigid splint. Imaging of activity distribution with a dual head gamma camera showed appropriate homogeneously intra-articular distribution of the radionuclide within the joint space. Our case describes the first application of Lu-177 HA in the elbow joint synovitis and image of Lu-177 HA.
| References|| |
Zuckerman JD, Sledge CB, Shortkroff S, Venkatesan P. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using radiopharmaceuticals. Int J Rad Appl Instrum B 1987;14:211-8.
Schneider P, Farahati J, Reiners C. Radiosynovectomy in rheumatology, orthopedics and hemophilia. J Nucl Med 2005;46 Suppl 1:48S-54S.
Chakraborty S, Das T, Banerjee S, Sarma HD, Venkatesh M. Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of 177Lu-labelled hydroxyapatite as a promising agent for radiation synovectomy of small joints. Nucl Med Commun 2006;27:661-8.
Kampen WU, Brenner W, Kroeger S, Sawula JA, Bohuslavizki KH, Henze E. Long-term results of radiation synovectomy: A clinical follow-up study. Nucl Med Commun 2001;22:239-46.
Fellinger K, Schmid J. Local therapy of rheumatic diseases. Wien Z Inn Med 1952;33:351-63.
Jahangier ZN, Moolenburgh JD, Jacobs JW, Serdijn H, Bijlsma JW. The effect of radiation synovectomy in patients with persistent arthritis: A prospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001;19:417-24.
Abbasi I, Ishfaq M, Sohaib M. Preparation and pre-clinical study of 177Lu-labelled hydroxyapatite for application in radiation synovectomy of small joints. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;55:458-68.
Deutsch E, Brodack JW, Deutsch KF. Radiation synovectomy revisited. Eur J Nucl Med 1993;20:1113-27.
Clunie G, Fischer M. EANM procedure guidelines for radiosynovectomy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:BP12-6.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
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This book is aimed at undergraduates taking an introductory marketing course. Essentials of Marketing provides an overview of the techniques, supporting theories and tactical decision-making processes involved in marketing. As well as traditional marketing techniques, up-to-date topics such as green issues, post-modern thinking, relationship marketing and ethics are also covered. The 4th edition has been thoroughly re-written to include the new 7 C's framework The language is concise and transparent making this book an enjoyable read for students. A new full colour layout also helps to engage the reader.
Focuses on all aspects of planning, coordinating and executing marketing strategy. Includes the main concepts and terms associated with marketing management. Contains new chapters on competitive analysis, sales promotion, direct marketing and an increased emphasis on international trade and foreign marketing strategies.
To be successful in today’s marketplace, a company must integrate its traditional business functions to provide superior value to targeted customers. This means creating an offering that echoes in the customers’ consciousness as a great deal for them. Why? Because the value provided serves customers best interests. In so doing, a business succeeds, attracts new customers, and is able to continually improve the value offered to existing customers. Value Based Marketing for Bottom Line Success provides a 5-step model and critical tools necessary for creating and managing a successful Value Delivery marketing strategy. Customers buy value, not product or features. They buy from the company that provides the most value. And they buy what’s in their best interest. Consequently, the secret to customer retention and growing value relationships with customers is to always make it in their best interest to do business with you by providing the best value in the marketplace. Value Based Marketing for Bottom Line Success: 5 Steps to Creating Competitive Value offers a Value Creation and Delivery process which will help a company to compete profitably in its marketplace by: 1) identifying the value expectations of target customers; 2) selecting the values on which it wants to compete; 3) analyzing the ability within the organization to deliver that value; 4) communicating the value & selling the value message; 5) delivering the value promised & improving the company’s value model. A value-focused strategy, by definition, isn’t a mass marketing strategy; it’s a targeted laser strategy directed at chosen value segments that are profitable for the supplier. This text offers a customer value creation model, which shows how to create and sustain competitive advantage while delivering customer value and offers a method for quantifying customer lifetime value (CLV), which enables a company to identify which customer value segments it should target.
Organizations are now recognizing the importance of demand-supply integration to their growth and success. While marketing and supply chain management are an essential part of any business qualification, it is becoming increasingly essential to understand the need for integration between synergize marketing and SCM. Marketing and Supply Chain Management is among the first to synergize these two disciplines. Its holistic approach provides students with a macro-level understanding of these functions and their symbiotic relationship to one another, and demonstrates how both can be managed synergistically to the benefit of the organization. This bridge-building textbook is ideal for students of marketing, logistics, supply chain management, or procurement who want to understand the machinations of business at a macro level.
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Why do we Do What We Do?
Well… Did you want the long answer or the short answer?
The Short Answer?
For soil health and biodiversity.
For clean waterways.
For vibrant regional communities.
For farmers to be price-makers, not price-takers.
For health and taste.
For when you open your Collective order, and you know the name of the farmer who grew your food and you smile.
We do what we do on the Collective as we do not want our food supply to be in the hands of corporations, who put profit before people, the environment and nutrition.
The concentration of power erodes diversity and shuts out small producers from the means of production.
The increased homogenisation of food is, well, boring. Put simply. Boring for your tastebuds, harmful to biodiversity, and downright devastating for rural and regional communities.
Supporting family farms directly mitigates against this. It really really really does. You are POWERFUL in your ability to use your consumer dollar more wisely. ‘Local food’ isn’t new…it isn’t a gimmick…food produced by farming families reduces food miles, food waste, encourages organic and regenerative land stewardship, invigorates communities and strengthens relationships in families, consumers and the relationship one has to what nourishes you. All food used to be this way.
Small tweaks often. Start shopping for food differently. One change at a time. Get to know one farmer per month by name and ask them how they’re doing whilst you pick up your milk, eggs, bacon, apples, olive oil, cheese, chicken.
You’ll eat better and see the world differently. And don’t we all want that?
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Blair Atholl is a Village 33 miles northwest
just off the main A9 road.
Blair Atholl is popular for its Museum,
Old Mill Cafe,
Bike Hire, and
Castle. The House of Bruar Shopping and
Waterfalls Walk are 3 miles northwest, Killiecrankie Battle Site 3 miles
southeast, Queens View 8 miles south, and
Safaris 24 miles south.
There are a number of Mountains over 3,000ft
in the area popular for hiking, see the map
Click on Map for Area Attractions
Camping & Touring Parks in
There are also a number of Walking Routes
around Blair Atholl.
The Image top is of the War Memorial on the
north side of the Village by the large Atholl
The Shops are next to the Hotel and Old
Watermill Cafe down Ford Road between the Hotel
The Parish Church and Museum of Country Life
are at the south side of the Village with a
Cafe and seating by the River Tilt.
The River Tilt Park is on
the south side of the Village with Caravans and
Lodges for holidays.
Holiday Park is on the east side of the
Village with Lodges, Caravans, Eco Lodges, and
a Touring and Camping area.
Blair Castle entrance is in the
Village centre. This is one of the top Castles
in Scotland to visit with an amazing Walled
Garden. The Castle was once owned by Stewart's,
relations of the Kings. It then passed through
marriage to the Murray's.
The House of Bruar is a shopping complex
3 miles north of Blair Atholl with a Restaurant
and Takeaway. The Complex also has a small
Museum for Clan Donnachaidh.
The Falls of
Bruar is one of the top walks in Scotland,
about 2 miles out, 30 minutes walk from the
House of Bruar car park.
The Atholl Highlanders
Parade and Highland Games is held in the
grounds of Blair Castle in late May each
Blair Castle Horse
Trials take place in late August each
Blair Atholl History
1296 - the tower of Blair Castle was built
for John Comyn.
1270s? - the earliest parts of St Bride's Kirk
/ Church were built in the grounds of Blair
The very small village of Old Blair was
established around this time, a short distance
north of the Castle and Church, mainly for
workers on the estate.
1371 - the Stewart's gained control of Blair
Castle, relations of the Royals.
1595 - Blair Castle passed to the Murray's
1590s - the Watermill was built in Blair
Atholl, at the south entrance to Blair Castle,
first building in the new Village.
The Village grew with the building of houses
for workers on Blair Castle estate.
1689 July - 2,500 Jacobite's based at Blair Castle
defeated a 4,000 strong Government Army 3 miles
southwest at the Pass of Killiecrankie.
1730 - a Military Road was built through
Blair Atholl estate and Old Blair, to be used
by Government Troops to prevent more Jacobite
1822 - a new road and bridges were built,
running along the south side of Blair Estate,
north to Inverness.
1825 - Blair Atholl Parish Church was
1863 - the Blair Atholl Railway Station
opened, leading to the growth of the
1984 - the A9 bypass was completed, reducing
traffic through the Village.
1995 - the House of Bruar shopping complex
opened 3 miles northwest of Blair Atholl.
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Public sector employees who are non-members of a union cannot be legally required to pay agency or “fair share” fees as a condition of employment, the U.S. Supreme Court has held in a 5-4 ruling. Janus v. AFSCME Council 31, No. 16-1466 (June 27, 2018). Janus reverses the Court’s 1977 decision in Abood v. Detroit Board of Educ., 431 U.S. 209, in which the Court found such mandatory fees to be constitutional.
Justice Samuel Alito wrote the majority opinion. He was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Neil Gorsuch.
In 2016, in Friedrichs v. Cal. Teachers Ass’n, 578 U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 2545, the high court deadlocked 4-4 on the same issue, resulting in affirmance of the lower court decision that found the compulsory fees permissible. Friedrichs came soon after the death of Justice Antonin Scalia, who many believed would have voted to overrule Abood. In Janus, Justice Gorsuch, who was nominated by President Donald Trump and confirmed by the Senate in 2017, was the deciding vote for reversal of Abood.
Mark Janus is a child support specialist employed by the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services. He is represented by, but not a member of, AFSCME Council 31. As a non-member, the collective bargaining agreement between the state and AFSCME required Janus (and other non-members) to pay a “fair-share fee” to AFSCME, ostensibly to cover the costs of collective bargaining and contract administration. Under Illinois law, the agency fee may not be used for expenditures “related to the election or support of any candidate for political office.” However, as the Court noted, the union can use the agency fee to pay the costs of the union engaging in lobbying, advertising, litigation, social and recreational activities, and non-specific “services” that “may ultimately inure to the benefit of the members” of the union. The employment of a non-member who fails to pay a contractually required fair-share fee can be terminated by the state pursuant to the labor contract.
Janus refused to join the union because he opposed many of the public policy positions that the union advocates, including the positions it takes in collective bargaining. In his complaint, he claimed that all non-member fee deductions are coerced political speech and that the First Amendment forbids coercing any money from non-members. He believed that the union’s behavior in the bargaining did not appreciate Illinois’ current fiscal crises and it did not reflect his best interests or the best interests of Illinois citizens.
First Amendment Violation
After disposing of a “faulty” standing issue, the Supreme Court decided that a state’s (or a state political subdivision’s) enforcement of a provision in a collective bargaining agreement between a state government entity and a labor union requiring non-members to pay mandatory fees to the union as a condition of employment violates the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment.
The Court held the governmental requirement that a public sector employee pay an agency fee to a union is a form of compelled speech in that non-members are forced to subsidize the speech of another, with whose positions they may disagree. The Court said:
Under Illinois law, public employees are forced to subsidize a union, even if they choose not to join and strongly object to the positions the union takes in collective bargaining and related activities. We conclude that this arrangement violates the free speech rights of nonmembers by compelling them to subsidize private speech on matters of substantial public concern.
Citing Justice Robert Jackson’s “memorable” passage from the Court’s decision in West Virginia Board of Educ. v. Barnett, 319 U.S. 624, 642 (1943), the Court noted that freedom of speech includes both the right to speak freely and the right to refrain from speaking at all:
If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein.
The Court held that “[c]ompelling individuals to mouth support for views they find objectionable violates [Justice Jackson’s] cardinal constitutional command…” and “measures compelling speech are at least as threatening” as those that involve restrictions on what can be said.
Respect for Precedent Argument
The Court noted that it “recognize[d] the importance of following precedent unless there are strong reasons for not doing so” and held that those reasons existed in this case because “Abood was poorly reasoned.” It said that Abood had led to practical problems and abuse, was inconsistent with other First Amendment cases, and had been undermined by more recent decisions.
Related to this, the Court made short shrift of the claim that the First Amendment was not originally understood to provide any protection for the free-speech rights of public employees. The Court wrote that “we doubt that the union – or its members – actually want us to hold that public employees have no free-speech rights” since Abood itself would have to be overruled under those circumstances and that numerous other precedents would have to be overturned as well.
The Court noted that in prior cases, it “recognized that a ‘ “significant impingement on First Amendment rights” ’ occurs when public employees are required to provide financial support for a union that ‘takes many position during collective bargaining that have powerful political and civic consequences.’”
Standard of Review
The Court reviewed the different standards of review it has used in determining whether in a particular case the governmental regulation of speech is permissible. It has utilized different standards – “strict scrutiny,” “exacting scrutiny,” or “rational-basis review,” for example – to decide if the regulation is constitutional. Here, the Court found that the compelled speech of the required agency service fee did not meet even the least demanding standard of review – “rational-basis review.”
Labor Peace Argument
In deconstructing Abood, the Court noted that “[i]n Abood, the main defense of the agency-fee arrangement was that it served the State’s interest in ‘labor peace.’” However, it pointed out that large numbers of public sector employees are represented by labor unions and yet are not compelled to pay an agency fee, rebutting the Abood Court’s assumption that union representation and a requirement to pay union dues were inextricably intertwined. “Whatever may have been the case 41 years ago when Abood was handed down, it is now undeniable that ‘labor peace’ can readily be achieved ‘through means significantly less restrictive of associational freedoms’ than the assessment of agency fees.”
“Free Riders” Argument
The Court also addressed the argument that, without mandatory agency fees, some employees may become “free riders” on the collective bargaining process. The majority countered this, writing that “avoiding free riders is not a compelling interest.” As an example, the Court said, “Suppose that a particular group lobbies or speaks out on behalf of what it thinks are the needs of senior citizens or veterans or physicians, to take just a few examples. Could the government require that all seniors, veterans, or doctors pay for that service even if they object?”
The Court answered no to that question:
In simple terms, the First Amendment does not permit the government to compel a person to pay for another party’s speech just because the government thinks that the speech furthers the interests of the person who does not want to pay.
The Court also noted that when a union enforces the collective bargaining agreement (e.g., by pursuing the grievance of a non-member), the union is attempting to vindicate the rights of all employees covered by the contract – members and non-members alike – and it is therefore engaging in an activity that furthers its representational rights.
(The Court left the door open for the possibility that individual non-members could be required to pay for union services on an à la carte basis. It noted that, by way of example, in connection with the “free ride” issue, individual non-members could be required to pay for representation in disciplinary matters.)
The 28-page dissenting opinion, authored by Justice Elena Kagan, and joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonya Sotomayor, stressed the practical implications of overruling Abood. The dissent argued that Abood:
struck a balance, which has governed this area ever since. On the one hand, employees could be required to pay fees to support the union in “collective bargaining, contract administration, and grievance adjustment.” ... But on the other hand, employees could not be compelled to fund the union’s political and ideological activities. Outside the collective-bargaining sphere, the Court determined, an employee’s First Amendment rights defeated any conflicting governmental interest.
Justice Kagan wrote that Abood achieved the practical goal of “facilitating stable labor relations,” and was able to do so because the “union has a secure source of funding,” including “agency fees [which] are often needed to ensure such stable funding.” Regarding “free riders,” while Justice Kagan observed that unions are required to represent all employees in the bargaining unit, she did not deal with the countervailing argument that unions accept this responsibility not knowing if the collective bargaining agreement they hope to negotiate will contain a mandatory agency fee provision.
As to the constitutional issue that underpinned the majority opinion, the dissent argued that in order for the government to limit the speech of a public sector employee when speaking as a citizen and not about a workplace concern, the government must only show “that legitimate workplace interests lay behind the speech regulation.” This is the lowest standard of review of a First Amendment restriction. Justice Kagan wrote that Abood met this standard because the government regulation, here the requirement to pay an agency service fee, “protect[ed] its managerial interests” (the assurance that the presence of an exclusive employee representative to bargain with creates) without going so far as to compel speech for political causes.
Unions that represent public sector employees anticipate that a significant number of non-members will cease paying agency fees to the union that represents them. For example, the Service Employees International Union, one of the largest unions in the country, months ago laid off employees at its national headquarters in anticipation of the Court’s decision. Other unions likely will follow the SEIU’s cost-cutting lead. We also expect that unions’ budgets for legislative lobbying will decrease.
Unions representing public sector employees will consider alternative strategies to encourage non-members to continue to support the union financially. Whether unions engage in more effective – and personal – persuasion of non-members of the value of becoming or remaining a union member or becoming more militant at the workplace or in politics remains to be seen. A number of unions are engaging in this “internal organizing” – meeting in-person with members and non-members to educate them about the value of union representation in the hope they will become full dues-paying members.
State legislatures also may become involved. Indeed, in New York, legislation recently was enacted to clarify that unions cannot be forced to provide full membership benefits to non-members.
As many unions that represent public sector employees also represent private sector employees – and want to represent more of them – unions may seek to become more financially efficient in order to continue their organizing efforts in the private sector. Unions will use their trimmed resources to meet their current statutory duties to represent employees at workplaces where they now have representation rights. However, the unions’ advocacy could become less robust if their reduced financial pool requires them to make do with fewer union officials or otherwise strains their ability to shoulder the costs of representation. Unions may increase their efforts to enlist partners (e.g., community groups, politicians, and religious leaders) to work as low-cost, force multipliers in their organizing efforts.
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This site is entirely user-supported. See how you can help.
Latitude: 53.3328 / 53°19'58"N
Longitude: -2.9789 / 2°58'43"W
OS Eastings: 334910
OS Northings: 382212
OS Grid: SJ349822
Mapcode National: GBR 7YMX.W0
Mapcode Global: WH87M.6HRC
Plus Code: 9C5V82MC+4F
Entry Name: Standing cross to the east of the porch of the Church of St Barnabas
Listing Date: 2 December 1986
Last Amended: 16 March 2018
Source: Historic England
Source ID: 1343465
English Heritage Legacy ID: 215376
Location: Bromborough, Wirral, CH62
Electoral Ward/Division: Bromborough
Parish: Non Civil Parish
Built-Up Area: Bebington
Traditional County: Cheshire
Lieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): Merseyside
Church of England Parish: Bromborough St Barnabas
Church of England Diocese: Chester
Tagged with: Churchyard cross
Standing cross, C9 or C10, restored in 1958 with some modern stonework.
Standing cross, C9 or C10, restored in 1958 with some modern stonework
MATERIALS: red sandstone.
DESCRIPTION: the cross is located approximately one metre east of the east wall of the south porch of the Church of St Barnabas on an area of lawned grass, and stands approximately 1.9m high overall. The cross fragments are assembled on a modern base of roughly dressed stone, which is set into the ground. The lowest part of the cross shaft is formed by a modern block of red sandstone that incorporates a bronze plaque to the south face commemorating the re-erection of the cross in 1958 by the Bromborough Society. The two upper parts of the cross shaft above are believed to be C9 or C10 in date and are of Anglo-Saxon design with a roll moulding running down the south west edge and interlace decoration on the west and south faces. The east face is roughly dressed for insertion onto another building and the north face is roughly dressed to take plaster on the surface of the stone. Above these pieces of stone is another modern insertion to support a C9/C10 fragment of a wheel head topped by a cap of modern stone to complete the design. The wheel head has a beaded moulding around the south face and is partly pierced for the arms of the cross within the wheel; these arms project slightly beyond the edge of the wheel. The central boss of the wheel head has been erased. The modern stones are left plain to contrast with the Anglo-Saxon stonework and to highlight the fact that they are modern additions.
A standing cross is a free standing upright structure, usually constructed of stone, mostly erected during the medieval period (mid-C10 to mid-C16). Standing crosses originally served a variety of functions. In churchyards they served as stations for outdoor processions, particularly in the observance of Palm Sunday. Elsewhere, standing crosses were used within settlements as places for preaching, public proclamation and penance, as well as defining rights of sanctuary. Standing crosses were also employed to mark boundaries between parishes, property or settlements, whilst a few crosses were erected to commemorate battles. Some crosses were linked to particular saints, whose support and protection their presence would have helped to invoke, and crosses in market places may have helped to validate transactions. After the Reformation, some crosses continued in use as foci for municipal or borough ceremonies, for example as places for official proclamations and announcements.
The standing cross in the churchyard of the Church of St Barnabas is believed to be Anglo-Saxon and originally date to the C9 or C10. The cross was re-assembled and re-erected in 1958 by the Bromborough Society from a number of fragments found in 1863 during the demolition of an earlier church on the site, with modern stonework added where fragments were missing. The C9/C10 fragments are believed to all be from the same original cross.
The remains of seven other stones from this period have also been previously recorded in the churchyard. These have been incorporated into stone walls and rockeries in the garden of the rectory or have been lost. The remains suggest that the site of the church was an important ecclesiastical site during the period immediately before the Norman Conquest.
The standing cross to the east of the porch of the Church of St Barnabas is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:
* although not all of the cross is original, a significant proportion of C9/C10 fabric survives and includes intricate carved mouldings and interlace decoration.
* the presence of the cross points to the site of the church having been an important ecclesiastical site in the late Anglo-Saxon period.
* with the Church of St Barnabas (1862-1864, built on the site of an earlier church, Grade II*) and the sundial in the churchyard (Grade II), which was possibly formed from a C15 cross.
External links are from the relevant listing authority and, where applicable, Wikidata. Wikidata IDs may be related buildings as well as this specific building. If you want to add or update a link, you will need to do so by editing the Wikidata entry.
Other nearby listed buildings
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|Select the desired Level or Schedule Type to find available classes for the course.|
|ANTH 371 - The Anthropology of Water|
This course considers the role of water in shaping human societies. Beginning with an examination of how the search for fresh water resources influenced the global migration of Paleolithic humans, the seminar explores theories about the relationship between the control of water through irrigation, social complexity, the emergence of state level societies, and the place of water in world cosmologies and religious ritual. The course concludes by considering contemporary water insecurity and how understanding water cultures can foster policies for socioeconomic resilience.
4.000 Credit hours
Schedule Types: Final Examination, Lecture/Seminar
Social Sciences Division
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Choose one of the three exercises to submit for credit. Submit a 2-3 page paper, in APA format. Make certain to use your own words. Be clear and concise!
Exercise 1: Search the web for The Official Phreaker’s Manual. What information in this manual might help a security administrator to project a communication system?
Exercise 2: For what kind of information security jobs does the NSA (The National Security Agency) recruit? Visit its web page and find out.
Exercise 3: Search the web for security education and training programs in your area. Keep a list and see which category has the most examples. See if you can determine the costs associated with each example. Which do you think would be more cost-effective in terms of both time and money?
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Tyres are bold and they are useful. They can be expensive as well. The word cheap tyre is related to providing safety. Tyres, which are seen on vehicles cars, and utility vehicles and guarantee improvement in road safety and comfort, are prizes for their technological advancements.
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if you are someone who goes to different places and likes to go on long drives, then switch to all-terrain tyres. They have treat that is suitable to be driven on tarmac, plain, hilly and uneven surfaces. You can drive with these tyres regardless of the road conditions. Your car tyre will not get damag or you will not have to replace the tyres.
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Tyres are used mostly in high-end, sports, and luxury cars to achieve handling at a high speed. These tyres were made with race track technology but can use on-street to provide the vehicle with extra stability at a high pace. Your high-performance tyres are just like summer tyres and cannot be driven in winters. These cheap tyre are not a successful hit if you are driving in winter or snow-cover road conditions. Off-roading is quite easy with these car tyre.
Regardless of what Hankook Tyres Burton on Trent you buy a cheap tyre. You must get the service on time. It will keep the working status good. It makes your vehicle strong and lasts longer while doing so. You will be able to protect your tyres and they will provide you ultimately provide you with ultimate safety and performance.
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Collectanea Franciscana, 63,3-4,1993 ANTHONY MURPHY BONAVENTURE'S SYNTHESIS OF AUGUSTINIAN AND DIONYSIAN MYSTICISM: A NEW LOOK AT THE PROBLEM OF THE ONE AND THE MANY lt is a commonplace far commentators on the Itinerarium to in dicate that St. Bonaventure has developed a comprehensive summa of spirituality, successfully joining two heretofore incompatible elements of the Western mystical tradition, vis. the tradition of St. Augustine and the tradition of pseudo-Dionysius. To cite J. Guy Bougerol: lt may be said that, in the Journey o/ the Mind to God, he successful ly produced a synthesis of the Dionysian visions and the authentic thought of Augustine; an achievement ali the more remarkable since it amounted to reversing the orientation of the Pseudo-Areopagite, which was totally foreign to Bonaventure's Christocentrism [...]. In particular, it would be fruitful to look for the implicit and explicit sources to which the text itself, or the thought, may have reference, in order to discover how Bona venture accomplished, in the Journey, the synthesis of Augustinianism and Dionysian mysticism. Such a search would, in our opinion, be of more 1 than historical interest . Chenu speaks of the same incompatibility when he writes: "the Neoplatonism borrowed from Augustine remained incompatible with that taken from pseudo-Dionysius" 2• Chenu then proceeds to highlight what he takes to be at the heart of the incompatibility: 1 J. G. Bougerol, Introduction to the Works o/ Bonaventure, Paterson, N.]., 1964, 123-125. 2 M.-D. Chenu, Nature, Man, and Society in the Twelfth Century, Chicago 1968, 50. 386 ANTHONY MURPHY Although Augustine cariie to Platonisrn through Plotinus, he did not organize the Platonic elernents of his thought around speculation upon the One but around the theory of ideas. Though the_se ideas were unified in God, in the word of God, and though he expressly identified oneness and being, Augustine's rnetaphysical preference was less a philosophical choice than an expression of his persona! religious ternperarnent - a ternperarnent ul~irnately at variance with another type of rnind and ternperament, equally Platoriic, but attracted rather to the rnysticisrn of the One. Pseudo-Dionysius. and his followers irnplicated the cosrnos in the special dialectic by which man achieved ecstasy beyond the intelligible order; but Augustine, attracted by the Christian emphasis upon rnan's inner !ife, abandoned Plotinus at this point and reversed the process of ascent toward God, whorn he hirnself was to find in the intimate depths of his own rnind as it becarne freed from the scattered conditions native to creatures and frorn the anguish of becorning 3 • Jointly, Bougerol and Chenu raise the following questions: 1. How did Bonaventure manage to overcome the inherent incompatibility between a Mysticism of the One, a mysticism that seeks to find rest beyond all intelligible structure and a Mysticism of Being, one that seeks God within the realm of the intelligible?4, and 2. Did Bonaventùre succeed in developing a successful synthesis of these two radically distinct types of mystical experience as Bougerol claims? There are two schools of thought concerning the extent of Bonaventure' s commitment to a Dionysian Mysticism of the One. Bougerol believes thai Bonaventure's mysticism is as distant from the mysticism of the One, of pseudo-Dionysius, as was Augustine's. His Christocentrism as well as the whole positive thrust of the first six books of the Itinerarium would attest to this. In his Introduction Bougerol writes: If Bonaventure rnakes such frequent use of necessary reasons, it is because his theology is so dynarnic - which perrnits us to doubt that 3 4 Ibid., 63. I shall refer to Augustine's approach as a Mysticism of Being and to pseudoDionysius' as a Mysticism of the One. Any incompatibility between the two schemata is rooted in the fact that Augustine and pseudo-Dionysius represent two entirely distinct traditions and realms of discourse, one Christian and the other Neoplatonic. It has long been held that Neoplatonic language is problematic for the expression of Christian thought. Such a concern is at the heart of Bougerol's initial posing of the problem. BONA VENTURE'S SYNTHESIS 387 he actually approved the definitely negative trend of Dionysius. Although at times he refers to this negative doctrine, it is rather out of faithfulness to him as a teacher of mysticism than because of any ~ccord with his 5 thought • Ewert Cousins, on the other hand, interprets Bonaventure as being much more committed, at least in the Itinerarium, than Bougerol believes, to the pseudo-Dionysian path beyond structure. According to Cousins, Chapters 5 and 6 of the Itinerarium are the working out of the Dionysian The Divine Names, whereas the last chapter is developing the themes of the Mystical Theology. It is the paradoxes inherent in the via affirmative as they climax in chapter 6 that so overwhelm the limits of human language and knowing that one is forced to abandon all efforts at rational comprehension. This is the effect of what Cousins refers to as the "coincidentia oppositorum" 6 • Apparently, Cousins holds that Bonaventure is employing the coincidence of opposites as a technique similar to the Koan technique of Zen. Cousins writes of chapter six: After contemplating both the divine nature and the Trinity as a coincidentia oppositorum, Bonaventure turns his gaze upon Christ, who is even a greater coincidence of opposites. The soul is rapt in wonder when it contemplates Christ as "the first and the last, the highest and the lowest, the circumference and the center, the Alpha and the Omega, the caused and the cause, the Crea tor and the creature ... This contemplation of Christ causes the soul to abandon the via affirmativa and pass over to the negations of the darkness of unknowing in the seventh and final leve! of 7 the ascent into God • 5 Bougerol, lntroduction, 81. On Cousins' account, it would appear that the notion of "Unity-in-Plurality" represents a "dialectical coincidence of opposites." Such a dialectic holds that a concept, when pushed to its absolute limit, collapses into its apposite. Thus the principle of contradiction doesn't apply to the Absolute, doesn't apply to the highest genus of "Unity-inPlurality" because it is of necessity beyond the realm of discourse. This is how we are to understand the ~ast passages in Chapter VII where Bonaventure speaks of mystical knowledge of "absolute and changeless mysteries ... shrouded in the superluminous darkness of silence" and of the piace where "all intellectual activities ought to be relinquished" (Chapter VII, 5,4). Thus understood, the proposition "God is a Unity-in-Plurality" is not to be understood as a descriptive proposition, it merely asserts existence. In this sense, God as Unified plurality can be "pointed to" but not spoken of in any univoca! sense. 7 Bougerol, lntroduction, 182. 6 388 ANTHONY MURPHY It would appear that for the Bonaventure of the Itinerarium, The Mysticism of Being, the way of structure, the affirmative way is only a means to arrive at what is ultimately important, vis., unity with the God beyond structure. If this position is correct, Bonaventure is indeed a follower of pseudo-Dionysius. That being the case, the synthesis that Bougerol speaks about is only symbolic. A boethian solution to the problem posed by the distinction between a mysticism of being and a mysticism of the One: God as Unified Plurality. The root of the problem of interpretation with which we are faced is the apparent irreconcilability of the two concepts: Unitas and Esse 8 • I shall argue in this section that Bonaventure was able to effectively synthesize an ontology of Being with an ontology of the One by using an approach similar to the one found in the works of Boethius and ultimately traceable to Porphyry 9 • Specifically, both Boethius and Porphyry held the position that despite the fact that there is a per se difference between the Being and the One, this difference is not incompatible with an underlying identity. Being was at one and the same time both different from and identica! (non-different) to the One, Esse and Unitas being bivalent states of the same reality. If such a position could be rendered intelligible, then it would be possible to synthesize the two approaches to mystical experience found in the Itinerarium, an experience of God as Being and/or as the One might be two modes of experiencing the same reality. 8 See Chenu, Nature, 63 note 27 where he indicates that it was not unti! the 12th century that scholars of Chartres became concerned with the relation between the ontology of the One and Being. In this regard he points to the treatment of God as unitas and esse in the commentary of Boethius' De Trinitate. The key to understanding how Bonaventure manages to reconcile the positions of both Augustine and pseudo-Dionysius is found, I believe, in Boethius' treatment of the two aspects of God. Since Boethius was much closer to the position of Porphyry, whereas pseudo-Dionysius was closer to Proclus, it is essential to examine Porphyry's discussion concerning the ontology of the One and Being. 9 Of ali the sources of Christian Neoplatonism that would have either direcdy or indirecdy influenced the thought of Bonaventure, leaving aside Augustine and pseudoDionysius, certainly Boethius is of paramount importance. Bonaventure's notions of 'mens' is certainly traceable to Boethius. See M. D. Chenu, Nature, 64. BONA VENTURE'S SYNTHESIS 389 What exactly did Boethius teach concerning the nature of God? 10 • In his description of the First Principle, Boethius shared much of the thought of the Greek Neoplatonists Plotinus and Porphyry 11 • Yet on the issue at hand, Boethius' teaching on the relation between Being and the One, Boethius takes the path of Porphyry 12 • For Plotinus there is a radical distinction between the One beyond structure and structured being that follows from it. To use the language of the Plotinian, The One is the first hypostases and Being (or mind) is the second; there is a clear subordination here, Being is less prior, less ultimate than the One. Now such a schema is obviously not satisfactory for a Trinitarian Christian like Boethius who wishes to prevent all subordination of the Second Person of the Trinity to the First. Yet like Plotinus, Boethius wishes to make a distinction between God as structured and God as beyond structure, yet it is necessary to make such a distinction without any hint of subordination of one aspect to the other. How is this to be accomplished? Boethius distinguishes between God viewed as "existence itself" (ipsum esse) and God viewed as "the form which is essence itself" (formas... quae esse ipsum est). The first notion of ipsum esse is God as beyond structure, as indeterminate; the second, God as form, is God as formed or structured and consequently determined. The vital distinction between Boethius and Plotinus here is simply that for Plotinus there are two principles, two hypostases, whereas for Boethius, there is only one principle with two aspects. To cite Steven Gersh on this point, "Of course Plotinus applies these notions to two successive hypostases whereas Boethius combines them into the characterization of a single principle" 13 • Here we have the implicit answer to the question posed in this section: Bonaventure, utilizing the insight of Boethius, construes both the structured and the beyond structure, the indeterminate and the determinate, Being and the One, as two aspects of the same First Principle, - the two faces of the one God. 10 Much of the insight for chis section of the paper depends on che monumental recent work on Latin Neoplatonism by Scephen Gersh. See Stephen Gersh, Middle Platonism and Neoplatonism: The Latin Tradition, Notre Dame 1986, 2 Vols. Of particular value is the chapter on Boethius in Voi. 2. 11 Ibid., 675. 12 Ibid., 679-688. 13 Ibid., 680-681. 390 ANTHONY MURPHY What could it possibly mean for Boethius to say that the two aspects of God are in fact the same? How can God, viewed as 'existence itself," be the same as God, viewed as "the form which is essence itself"? Certainly the two aspects of God are different in that one is "originative being" (the indeterminate) whereas the other is "derived being" (the determinate). Using our earlier language, the structured is derived from the beyond s.tructure. Boethius recognized this distinction in Axiom II of bis De hebdomadibus. There we read "Existence (the beyond structure) and the existent thing (the structured) are distinct, for existence itself is not yet anything" 14• In the second part of the same axiom Boethius indicates that even though these two aspects of God are distinct, they are also simultaneously the same: "Yet the existent thing (the structured) certainly is and consists of something, having accepted the form of its being" 15 . I interpret the second part of this axiom to mean that the formed and the unformed, the structured and the beyond structure are two modes or states of the same being depending upon whether one views being as either originative or derivative. In this regard Porphyry speaks of the "co-alteration" of Unity and Being. This language suggests that the determinate and the indeterminate are bivalent states of the same reality. Porphyry appears to hold the same view concerning the bivalence of the manifested and the unmanifested. In speaking of the way the One can be "manifested in the identity of Unity and Being, Porphyry speaks in a way reminiscent of Boethius' axiom II: "Thus, the second is simultaneously identica! and not identica! with the first since what comes after something and from something is in a manner equivalent to that from which it comes" 16 • Thus it appears that the structured and the beyond structure are simultaneously both di/ferent and non-different. Whether or not this position is self-contradictory would seem to depend upon an understanding of difference as well as upon a decision as to what point the law of contradiction would apply. Certainly it would not apply at a point of radical ontologica! indeterminacy before all structure. 14 15 16 Ibid., 683. Ibid. Ibid., 682. BONA VENTURE'S SYNTHES!S 391 In Plotinus's treatment of the second hypostasis, lntellect, we find a genuine plurality that goes beyond the attributes of God. This is an important distinction to understand because Boethius, having been especially influenced by Porphyry, tends, contrary to Plotinus, to overlap the characteristics of the Plotinian first and second hypostasis. That being the case, Gersh concludes that there is a tendency in Boethius to apply to the first hypostasis, influenced by Porphyry, what Plotinus applies to the second. Thus, in Boethius, God is a Unified Plurality in a genuine sense 17 • In what sense can God be a Unified Plurality? At one point Plotinus argues that the plurality is a plurality of kinds. The crucial insight found in Plotinus is that plurality arises from thought: Being, motion, rest, sameness, and otherness. The kinds interrelate in that Motion will appear in Being and Being in Motion, for in the One Being each separately contains the other. But it is thought which makes them two, in that we separate with intellect. Duality arises from unity because it thinks and unity because it thinks itself 18 • Here at last we bave the answer to our question. The two aspects of the Divine, unity and the plurality of being, can be understood in terms of bivalent states of thought, i.e. thought (with an object) and thought thinking itself (without an object, without duality). God is in fact a unity within plurality, simultaneously both One and Many, indeterminate and determinate 19 • Whether He manifests Himself as the One beyond distinction or as structured Being depends upon the act of thought. If God is the object of our thought then of necessity there is duality and distinction; He must be apprehended as Being. But at the point of mystical union where there is no longer any distinction between knower and known, between subject and object, all that remains is thought thinking itself. At this point God is the One. A positive account of difference as found in Boethius' Commentary on Porphyry's Isagoge. 17 18 19 Ibid., 685-688. Ibid., 687-688. In private conversations I have had over the years this seems to be, as I understand, the position held by Ewert Cousins, a difference-non difference position. Whether or not this 'bivalent" reading of Bonaventure is compatible with Cousins' Zen Koan interpretation of the last chapter of the Itinerarium is unclear. 392 ANTHONY MURPHY If Gersh is correct in this claim that Boethius has been influenced by the works of Porphyry, especially in bis identification of the first and second hypostases, we are again beset with the perennial problem of the One and the Many. To phrase the problem in the words of Syrianus, "How could all things bave been produced from a Unity which has no duality nor trace of plurality nor otherness within itself?" 20. How is it possible to bridge the gap between what John Passmore refers to as the "two worlds," - the world of the One and the world of Being? The solution to the "Two-Worlds" problem requires a sophisticated account of the relation of difference that will allow us to say at one and the same time, without contradiction, that two things, Unity and Being are per se different and yet the same. We need an account of difference compatible with nondifference or identity. One such account of difference is found in the works of Porphyry. In bis Isagoge there are found two senses of per se difference, one positive and one negative, - not every difference must divide. In bis account of the various neoplatonic senses of otherness, Steven Gersh contrasts the positive use of difference and distinction from the negative account of difference as division: "Difference and distinction are fundamentally positive in their significance while division acquires a certain negative connotation. The positive view of otherness is clearly indebted to one well-known source: the notion of constitutive difference in Porphyrian logie" 21 • The point is that if we utilize a positive account of per se difference that is compatible with an underlying identity, we may be able to hold that Unity and Being are both different and non-different without contradiction. According to Porphyry's account in the Isagoge, among differences per se some are " divisive," e.g., mortal/immortal and rational/irrational, since they dichotomize a genus into species, but others are "constitutive," e.g., animate and sensible, since together they complete the substance of anima!. This analysis would bave been assumed by both pagan and Christian Neoplatonists of the period, and it showed them how the otherness implied by the logica! concept of difference could be a positive determining factor 22 ." 20 21 22 See Steven Gersh, From Iamblichus to Eriugena, Leiden 1978, 137. Ibid., 239. Ibid. BONAVENTURE'S SYNTHESIS 393 Let us examine closely the section on Difference found in Boethius' s Commentary on the Isagoge23 • There are two types of per se differences: 1. Negative per se _differences which divide genera into different species (rational/irrational, mortal/immortal are divisive since they divide x and y into different species), and 2. Positive per se differences which do not divide genera into different species but "by which the divided genera are constituted as species", e.g., animate and sensible are different genera that constitute the same species, animai. "The difference animate and sensible is constitutive of the substance of animal, for animal is an animate, sensible substance". The same differences understood one way become constitutive and 24 m another way become divisi ve • Now according to Porphyry, per se differences are negative and divisive when they divide genera into distinct species, i.e., rational and irrational are pre se different because they bave essentially diff erent definitions but they are also divisive in that they divide the genera animal into two distinct species. Yet fortunately, in Porphyry's account there is a more positive way to construe difference. Per se differences can be construed as constitutive when the divided genera are constituted as species, i.e, animal, rational, and mortai constitute the substance man. To quote Porphyry, "the difference animate and sensible is constitutive of the substance animal" 25 • The key point is that rational and mortal are per se differences yet they are common properties of man; the fact that two terms are per se different does not preclude them from adhering to the same substance. On this construal, Unity and Being might be pre se different in a positive way. Let us return to Porphyry. At one point in his account he remarks that a difference, by definition, is that by which the species exceeds the genus. Thus man possesses more than animai, namely, rational and mortal. As a generai rule we might say that the lower leve! of Porphyry' s tree possesses more distinction, more distinct content, than the 23 24 25 Isagoge, 42-47. Ibid., 45. Ibid., 44. 394 ANTHONY MURPHY higher level. It goes without saying that for a Neoplatonic emanationist, the upper level possesses more ontic reality; the lower levels are real only to the extent that they participate in the being of the higher level. Perhaps we should say that the lower level exceeds the upper in multiplicity of distinction rather than in some ontic sense. The concept "man" possesses more than and exceeds the content of animai because it contains the notion of rational. To quote Porphyry: "the (upper) genus is none of these, for if not, how could the species be diff eren t from one another?" 26 • More importantly, the upper level possesses none of the contradictory differences found at the lower level. To quote Porphyry, "Nor does animai possess all the contradictory differences, for the same thing at the same time would have contradictory characteristics. . . . Nothing then arises from notbeing, nor will contradictories exist at the same 27 time in the same thing" • Simply put, the lower level, e.g., rational/irrational must be derived from the upper level, i.e., animai, or else it has no origin at all. But if rational/irrational were contained within the genus animai, that notion would be self-contradictory. Ammonius states the problem thus: If the differences exist in the genera, opposites will exist at the same time, as mortai and immortal, rational and irrational. This is impossible. If differences do not exist in the genera, from what source do they arise in the species?" 28 • The solution that Porphyry gives to this problem is significant: "animai (genus) possesses potentially, not actually, all the differences of the subordinate species" 29 • The apparent contradiction is removed by moving from the actual to the potential. If animai contained within itself actual rationality and irrationality the term animai would be incoherent. Animai contains the properties, rational/irrational only potentially. Returning to the notion of unified-plurality we can now conclude that the term is not self-contradictory in that unity and being are contained, in some respect, within the highest genus potentially and not actually. Since the notion of unified-plurality is, for Boethius, the 26 27 28 29 Ibid., 46. Ibid. Ibid., 46 note 45. Ibid., 46. BONA VENTURE'S SYNTHESIS 395 highest of ali genera it follows that it must possess ali forms and indeed all that is formless within itself, in some respect, as pure potentiality 30 • Bonaventure's bipolar concept of the first person of the Trinity: the Father as Unified-Plurality. It has been the main thesis of this paper that the key to understanding the relation between the apparently unreconcilable concepts of One and Being in the Itinerarium is to hold that both concepts can be subsumed under a broader notion that has been referred to as UnifiedPlurality, understood as a bivalent concept. Although an interesting hypothesis, the question now remains as to whether there is any evidence in Bonaventure to suggest that he held something like Boethius' notion of God as Unified-Plurality. Let us begin by saying that the case has already been made by Bougerol that Bonaventure has been employing a notion of difference derived from Porphyry 31 • If some concept could be found in Bonaventure th;t incorporates elements of both the One and Being of Plotinus and Porphyry, we would have a solid case. Indeed there is such a concept in Bonaventure that plays the exact same role in his system as does the notion of Unified-Plurality in Boethius and Porphyry. It is widely recognized that Bonaventure's system of thought is essentially Trinitarian. What is not so readily recognized is the centrality of piace Bonaventure gives to the Father, or First Person of the Trinity3 2 • Zachary Hayes remarks in his Commentary preceding the Disputed Questions on The Mystery o/ the Trinity, "The Father receives an emphasis (in Bonaventure) that would be foreign to the thought of either Augustine or Aquinas, and is similar to the theology of the classica! Greek Fathers" H_ In good Plotinian fashion, Bonaventure refers, in the Breviloquium, to the Father as the "first and supreme Principle, Who is the source of all the emanations" 34 • Again he refers to Him as "the originai pro- JO God, of course, must be pure act, for if not there could be no created reality. But in respect to creatures, all things can be viewed as existing within Him potentially. 31 See J. G. Bougerol, Lexique Saint Bonaventure, Paris 1969, 54. 32 I must thank Professor Ewert Cousins for this insight. JJ Zachary Hayes, St. Bonaventure's Disputed Questions on the Mystery of the Trinity in Works o/ St. Bonaventure, voi. III, St. Bonaventure University 1979, 41. See also Th. De Regnon, Etudes de theologie positive sur la sainte Trinite, 3 vols. Paris 1892-98. 34 The Works o/ Bonaventure, Cardinal, Seraphic Doctor and Saint, transi. Jose de Vinck, voi. II, Paterson 1963, 38. ANTHONY 396 MURPHY ducing hypostasis (which) does not itself emanate from anything else" 35 • Tue relation is made especially clear where Bonaventure states, "The Father is properly the One without an originator, the Unbegotten One; the Principle who proceeds from no other; the Father as such" 36 • Here we are being told that the Father in the Christian Trinity is none other than the Neoplatonic ONE, the originator of all emanations, Himself without origin. How, we may now ask is the One related to Being? In the same passage in the Breviloquium Bonaventure continues: "Therefore, Unbegotten one designates Him by a negation, but also affirmatively through inference, since it implies existence (Being) within the Father of fullness at its source" 37 • The One, we are being told has two meanings: one negative and the other affirmative. Fr. Zachary Hayes sheds a great deal of light on this passage in his commentary: To speak of the Father as innascible or unbegotten seems at first glance to be a purely negative way of defining the property of the first person; and so it had appeared to Aquinas. But in Bonaventure's view, innascibility is not a mere negation; for it involves both a negation and a positive aspect. Negatively, it affirms a Jack of origin. But to exist as one who has no origin is to be first in an absolute sense, and to exist as first is the highest of all perfections. Here again we encounter Bonaventure's concept of primacy. That person in God who is first is the fontal fullness; precisely as the person who is innascible, He is the highest source of all the imrnanent processions and the external productions 38 • Hayes then goes on to suggest that the notion of Father in Bonaventure is a "bipolar concept;" by this Hayes means a term with both positive and negative meaning. Referring to Ewert Cousin' work on coincidence of opposites, Hayes remarks that such a bipolar concept has "mutually complementary opposites which cannot be formally reduced one to the other" 39 • l 5 36 37 38 39 lbid., 39. Ibid. lbid. Hayes, Trinity, 41. lbid., 42. BONA VENTURE'S SYNTHESIS 397 The two mutually complementary opposites contained in the bipolar concept "Father" are innascibility and primacy. Working on a principle found in the Liber de causis, Bonaventure argues that "because the Father is innascible, He is absolutely first; and because He is absolutely 40 first, He is the fecund source of others" • The whole Bonaventurean turn is based on Proposition One from Liber de Causis: "The more a being is prior, the more powerful and actual it is" 41 • The same principle couched in Bonaventurean terms in the Commentary on the Sentences reads: "The productive fecundity of God is in proportion to His primacy" 42 • His absolute primacy, therefore, designates Him as the universal fountain of all origin, the absolute source and cause of all being 0 . Now given an ontology of emanation in which lower levels of being derive their reality or being from upper levels, an ontology of Platonic participation, we may conclude that the highest genus would contain all lower genera at least potentially. If not they would have no source for their being. Now if there were an absolutely prior genus then it would follow that it must contain within it, at least potentially, all being. The absolutely indeterminate, the One prior to all form must then contain within itself all the possible forms of being. The ONE if you will is the flip side of BEING based on the First proposition of the Liber de Causis. Hayes highlights a rather subtle argument based on privation: now since a negative privation such as darkness can only be known in virtue of its corresponding positive quality, light, which is both logically prior and prior in the real order, it follows that which is both logically and really prior must be proportionately greater in being and perfection. Put in terms of Porphyry's genera, the higher the leve!, the greater amount of being. From this it would follow that the absolutely most prior would be the absolutely most replete with Being. In short, the One is the principle of Being in so far as it is the most prior. A final word on Bonaventure's mysticism: Given what we have said about Bonaventure's understanding of the bivalent aspects of God as Unified-Plurality, it would appear reasonable to argue that he is 40 41 42 4} Ibid. Hayes, Trinity, 261. lbid., 101. See also note 45. lbid. 398 ANTHONY MURPHY developing a type of mysticism most compatible with a synthesis of Augustine and Dionysius. If we interpret Unity and Being as being bivalent states of the First Person of the Trinity, the question remains as to whether, for Bonaventure, one state has a privileged status over the other? Yet no matter which reading is correct, the negative reading of Cousins or the more positive theological account of Bougerol, it is clear that Bonaventure is able to synthesize the two visions by implicitly employing Boethius' bivalent notion of God as Unified-Plurality. By stressing the dual aspect of God, the derivative and the originative modes, Bonaventure has come dose to collapsing the natural and the supernatural, the transcendent and the immanent, yet at the same time formally avoiding pantheism. By developing the insights of Boethius and Porphyry, he effectively argues that the Father is simultaneously both the One and the Many. This Boethian assumption stated in his axiom II of De Hebdomadibus, rooted as it is in the thought of Porphyry, serves as the basis of the synthesis of Dionysian and Augustinian thought highlighted by Bougerol's earlier research. SOMMARIO. - L'A. spiega come Bonaventura, servendosi del pensiero di due tradizioni contrapposte, mistica dell'"uno" dionisiano e quella delle "idee" agostiniane, arriva a una sintesi che ricorda la nozione bivalente boeziana di Dio come "unificata pluralità". Affermando gli aspetti derivativi e originativi in Dio, si colma la spaccatura tra naturale e soprannaturale, tra trascendenza e immanenza. nel suo primato assoluto Dio radica la sua fecondità produttiva, causa e sorgente assoluta di ogni benessere.
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A New York Times Editors’ Choice
In 1911, famed cartoonist Winsor McCay debuted one of the first animated cartoons, based on his sophisticated newspaper strip “Little Nemo in Slumberland,” itself inspired by Freud’s recent research on dreams. McCay is largely forgotten today, but he unleashed an art form, and the creative energy of artists from Otto Messmer and Max Fleischer to Walt Disney and Warner Bros.’ Chuck Jones. Their origin stories, rivalries, and sheer genius, as Reid Mitenbuler skillfully relates, were as colorful and subversive as their creations—from Felix the Cat to Bugs Bunny to feature films such as Fantasia—which became an integral part and reflection of American culture over the next five decades.
Pre-television, animated cartoons were aimed squarely at adults; comic preludes to movies, they were often “little hand grenades of social and political satire.” Early Betty Boop cartoons included nudity; Popeye stories contained sly references to the injustices of unchecked capitalism. “During its first half-century,” Mitenbuler writes, “animation was an important part of the culture wars about free speech, censorship, the appropriate boundaries of humor, and the influence of art and media on society.” During WWII it also played a significant role in propaganda. The Golden Age of animation ended with the advent of television, when cartoons were sanitized to appeal to children and help advertisers sell sugary breakfast cereals. Wild Minds is an ode to our colorful past and to the creative energy that later inspired The Simpsons, South Park, and BoJack Horseman.
Praise for Wild Minds
“Wild Minds is a thoroughly captivating behind-the-scenes history of classic American animation, full of breezy stories of the great artists who went crazy making the brilliant cartoons we all know and love. A must-read for all fans of the medium!”–Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons and Futurama
“If the twentieth century had its court painters, they were the cartoonists and animators employed by Walt Disney and other creative wizards of pop culture. In his engrossing, entertaining, and deeply researched Wild Minds, Reid Mitenbuler recreates the world of these classic animators―the largely unsung Holbeins and Van Dycks of the Magic Kingdom and at Warner Bros., Paramount, and smaller studios. There’s a direct evolutionary path, we come to realize, from the genius of Winsor McCay, a century ago, to the subversive tropes of South Park. The legacy of the animators is one we can’t escape―and don’t want to.”―Cullen Murphy, author of Cartoon County: My Father and His Friends in the Golden Age of Make-Believe
“In this absorbing history of animation, Reid Mitenbuler illuminates lives both deservedly familiar (Walt Disney, Max Fleischer, Chuck Jones) and tragically forgotten (Winsor McCay, Émile Cohl). The prose is terrific, the insights frequent, and the information fascinating. Mitenbuler deepens one’s understanding not only of his subject, but the world itself. It’s everything you want a nonfiction book to be.”―Tom Bissell, author of Creative Types and coauthor of The Disaster Artist
“An absolutely vital compendium covering all high points, low points and pen points of the personalities who hijacked our pop culture – pioneering a now-dominant American industry, ultimately creating characters and films that have stood the text of time. A delightful read – like the cartoons themselves: buoyant, bouncy and wonderfully entertaining.”–Jerry Beck, animation historian and author
“The arc of Wild Minds is appropriately weird, full of high-flown aspirations and zany anecdotes…[A] madcap romp.” –Jennifer Szalai, New York Times
“Juicy tales abound about the films and the wildly imaginative people who made them… [told] with relish and clarity.” –John Canemaker, Wall Street Journal,
“Wild Minds assembles its history with love and a sense of occasion . . . The book’s governing idea lies in its heroes’ collective intuition that animated films could be a vehicle for grownup expression—erotic, political, and even scientific—rather than the trailing diminutive form they mostly became . . . All art aspires to the condition of music, a wise man said once, and perhaps all cultural history aspires to the condition of a cartoon: a seeming fluidity of movement, made up of countless small stops and starts.”—Adam Gopnik, New Yorker
“In snappy prose, Mitenbuler writes a history rich with personalities. This Technicolor tour de force is impossible to put down.” Publisher’s Weekly (Starred Review)
“A finely drawn history of a critical period in the history of animation.”–Kirkus Reviews (Starred Review)
“[A]n exhaustive and highly entertaining new book…Mitenbuler goes wide and deep in surveying the talented, sometimes eccentric, and often irascible artists who developed, nurtured, and transformed the medium.” Peter Tonguette, Christian Science Monitor
“Mitenbuler shows just how renegade the pioneers of animation were. In an era of different sensibilities, they used a nascent medium to get away with edgy gags, questionable violence and the darkest of gallows humor. “Wild Minds” is a journey into how animation became cultural insurgency.” –Scott Anderson, San Francisco Chronicle
“But Mitenbuler’s real target is a quintessentially American story of daring ambition, personal re-invention and the eternal tug-of-war of between art and business…a gem for anyone wanting to understand animation’s origin story.” Adam Frank, NPR
“[A] rollicking history…[Mitenbuler] is able to sum up a character with a couple of quick strokes…Story comes first in Wild Minds.” –Michael Tisserand, New York Times
“[Mitenbuler] paints a delightfully full picture of the artform and its artists.” —Christian Science Monitor (Ten Best Books of December 2020)
“An Entertaining and revealing look into the dawn of a revolutionary art form.” —Library Journal.
Bourbon Empire: The Past and Future of America’s Whiskey was released in May 2015 by Viking.
Walk into a well-stocked liquor store and you’ll see countless whiskey brands, each boasting an inspiring story of independence and heritage. And yet, more than 95% of the nation’s whiskey comes from a small handful of giant companies with links to organized crime, political controversy, and a colorful history that is far different than what appears on modern labels. In Bourbon Empire, Reid Mitenbuler shows how bourbon, America’s most iconic style of whiskey, and the industry surrounding it, really came to be—a saga of shrewd capitalism as well as dedicated craftsmanship.
Mitenbuler traces the big names—Jim Beam, Maker’s Mark, Evan Williams, and more—back to their origins, exploring bourbon’s founding myths and great successes against the backdrop of America’s economic history. Illusion is separated from reality in a tale reaching back to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, when the ideologies of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton battled to define the soul of American business. That debate continues today, punctuated along the way by Prohibition-era bootleggers, the liquor-fueled origins of NASCAR, intense consolidation driven by savvy lobbying, and a Madison Avenue plot to release five thousand parrots—trained to screech the name of a popular brand—into the nation’s bars.
Today, the whiskey business takes a new turn as a nascent craft distilling movement offers the potential to revolutionize the industry once again. But, as Mitenbuler shows, many take advantage of this excitement while employing questionable business practices, either by masquerading whiskey made elsewhere as their own or by shortcutting the proven production standards that made many historic brands great to begin with.
A tale of innovation, success, downfall, and resurrection, Bourbon Empire is an exploration of the spirit in all its unique forms, creating an indelible portrait of both American whiskey and the people who make it.
Praise for Bourbon Empire
“Bourbon Empire is a lively, rowdy tale of swindlers and smugglers, connoisseurs and craftsmen. Reid Mitenbuler is a talented storyteller whose wide-ranging curiosity takes us to Civil War battlefields and prison cells as well as cornfields and world-famous distilleries. Truly fascinating, and a must-read for whiskey lovers!”—Amy Stewart, author of The Drunken Botanist
“Bourbon Empire is more than just whiskey history. Mitenbuler demonstrates, with clear, witty and incisive prose, how the drink shaped, and was shaped by, the history of American capitalism society. It is a book that whiskey fans, historians and students of American business will enjoy, and learn much from.”—Clay Risen, staff editor, The New York Times and author of American Whiskey, Bourbon & Rye
“A must have for every bourbon enthusiast from beginner to expert. A book that finally tells the true story of our beloved bourbon, putting in perspective its important role in American history. Bourbon Empire has it all, demystifying the good, the bad and the ugly.”—Sean Brock, Chef/Partner of McCrady’s and Husk
“In finding the facts behind some of bourbon’s most cherished fables, Mitenbuler has unearthed true tales that are even better than the tall tales. A fresh look at stories we thought we knew.”—Lew Bryson, managing editor, Whisky Advocate and author of Tasting Whiskey
“Reid manages to juggle his skepticism and enthusiasm in this carefully researched and lovingly written history of America’s spirit. He peels back layer after layer of filigree, searching for the real story, which is as much the story of American business, politics, advertising, and immigration as it is the story of bourbon.”—Max Watman, author of Harvest and Chasing the White Dog
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Through Frozen Frantz
Jhere is an exciting new program in town called The Greenwich Conservatory of Classical Ballet that will meet the growing needs of our young dance enthusiasts.
We asked Mimi Citeralla, founder and director of the program, to tell us about her program.
The conservatory, she wrote, was created out of a deep passion and love for the art of classical ballet and a desire to make world-class ballet training accessible to any interested child. Classical ballet is beautiful, historic, global – even the words of ballet are magical and evoke the beauty of movement (plie, piroutte, arabesque) – and ballet benefits the children who study it and the community as a whole. .
Last spring, I had the opportunity to visit one of the most famous ballet schools in the world, the Vaganova Academy in Russia. It was a life changing experience. I saw first hand what the true educational experience of ballet is like and felt there was an opportunity to bring some of these curricular and pedagogical teaching ideas to our community in a larger way. .
I believe that children recognize quality and are naturally drawn to it, and experience a joy in being in a quality environment and excelling in something they love. I see it with my own daughter who is a pre-professional ballet student and with children as young as six who come to our studio and take our lessons.
I also believe that a disciplined ballet training environment can be successfully combined with a nurturing, dancer and family studio culture. We also offer important classes such as stretching and conditioning and ballet, which help train the complete dancer. These are the things we felt were important and our first indication is that our offering is resonating with students and parents in the community.
This summer, the Greenwich Conservatory of Classical Ballet is hosting an eight-week ballet camp of exceptional quality at Greenwich Academy, from June 11 to August 3.
The program offers flexibility and students can sign up for one to eight weeks of camp.
The curriculum is solid and includes ballet technique, pointe, partnership (for advanced students), ballet history, ballet, contemporary dance and more. The Conservatory takes great care in teacher selection and has assembled a roster of teachers who are both technically competent and also very passionate about teaching ballet and cultivating a love for ballet.
The location of GA’s Wallace Performing Arts Center also provides students with the unique experience of dancing on a full stage every day, providing an excellent training environment for students and teachers. After each fortnight of camp, a performance on stage allows the dancers to show their progress to parents and friends.
Registration and information can be found at Greenwichconservatoryballet.com. Spaces fill up, so early registration is recommended and auditions are required for dancers 10 years and older.
For all students interested in year-round ballet training, the Conservatory holds daily classes at the YWCA Greenwich Royce Porter Dance Studio in central Greenwich.
Students can enroll in one or more classes depending on their level of interest and ballet goals. Some of the Conservatory students dance in their schools’ dance teams (such as the GCDS Dance Team or the Greenwich High School Dance Team) and take classes at the Conservatory to build a stronger ballet foundation.
Other Conservatoire students are fully dedicated and take the full course offering available for their age and level and even participate in national ballet competitions and study ballet abroad.
The Conservatory also hosts two stage performances each year, which is a highlight for dancers, families and friends. Program information throughout the year is available at Greenwichconservatoryballet.com
It is the Conservatory’s goal to begin a ballet program in the fall for children with special needs. In addition, the Conservatory hopes to be able to offer scholarships so that ballet is accessible to all students.
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Don’t see your question listed below? Please get in touch.
Why make a will?
Over 60% of people don’t have a will in place. If you do not make a will intestacy rules will decide how your estate is distributed. This means that your estate will pass to any surviving spouse or children. In some cases this can cause your estate to pass on in ways you may not have wanted example if you’re cohabiting this will mean your children or other blood relatives will inherit instead of your partner, or if you’re remarried your assets will pass on to your spouse and then their children instead of your own. To avoid this and other complications it’s essential to talk to an estate planner to put in place a legally binding Will. Aside from how your estate is distributed a will can also cover other wishes such as what you’d like to happen to pets after your pass or whether you want to be buried or cremated.
Can I write my own Will?
Yes, it is possible to write your own Will, although in most circumstances it is not a good idea. There are general rules for what you say and how you say it, standard ways of writing which remove any confusion about what you mean. Using the wrong wording could mean your instructions aren’t followed, or your will could be declared invalid. There is also the risk of relatives contesting your will, and being ambiguous or forgetting something important could cause problems for your loved ones. If you have simple circumstances such as you want to leave everything to your spouse and eventually your children, and you don’t have complex trust arrangements, foreign property nor do you wish to avoid inheritance tax, then a self-written will should suffice. But if you have more complex circumstances or you want to be sure everything is done correctly you should get in touch with professional will writers such as ourselves.
Do I need an estate planner to make a Will?
A solicitor can also help draft a will for you, but they may not have the knowledge or experience of an Estate Planner. Our consultants have put in place plans for hundreds of people and so have experience of many different circumstances and scenarios and can use that knowledge to advise you on the best way forward. You’re welcome to discuss any plans we suggest with a solicitor to get a second opinion.
What will happen to my estate if I don't have a Will when I die?
If you don't have a Will when you die how your estate is distributed will be decided by the law, this is known as dying "intestate". Dying without a Will means you have no control over who inherits from you, meaning someone in your family could receive some of your estate who you would not wish to benefit. And your loved ones may also find it more difficult and expensive to deal with your estate.
I am not wealthy, do I need a Will?
Yes, if you own any property such as a car, home, furniture, bank account or anything on sentimental value then you should have a Will; otherwise the rules of Intestacy will apply, and you won’t have any control over who they go to. You’re welcome to speak to our consultants to see if we’re the best fit for your needs, we can also recommend providers who can help with less complex estates at low cost.
How often should I review my Will?
You should review your Will at least every three to five years or sooner if your personal circumstances change, for example, if there are new additions to your family such as a new marriages, grandchildren or if there are deaths in your family or any financial changes which affect the amount of inheritance tax you will pay.
Does marriage, civil partnership or divorce affect my Will?
If you marry or enter into a civil partnership after making a Will, it will automatically become invalid unless it states that it is ‘made in contemplation’ of the marriage or civil partnership - this means that the Will is still valid in the event of a marriage or civil partnership. If you get divorced after making Will it remains valid but your spouse won’t inherit any of your estate, and the Rules of Intestacy will apply to that portion of the estate.
What is a Mirror Will?
A Mirror Will is prepared when a couple wants to make almost identical Wills, for example leaving everything to each other respectively and after that to the children, or where there are no children, to a named beneficiary. They must be individual Wills, so in effect, they are separate legal documents with similar content.
I have a disability or visual impairment which makes it difficult for me to read or sign things. Can you help me with my Will?
Yes, we can. If you have any particular requirements, we can take these into account when preparing your Will and guide you through the process of signing and witnessing your Will. We make sure all our clients are fully aware of the process at every stage so you will be left with peace of mind that everything is in order.
Is there anyone who can't make a Will?
To make a Will, you must be over 18 and also have "testamentary capacity" otherwise known as "of sound mind". This means you understand that you are making a Will and the effect that this may have on those who are dependent on you. And also that you understand the extent of your assets and what you are leaving behind.
I have property overseas, can I still make a Will in England?
Yes, you can still make a Will, but you should also have a Will prepared under the local law of that country to comply with local probate and inheritance laws.
How do I protect my children's inheritance if I die before my partner?
There are several options for protecting your children's inheritance if you die before your partner. It all depends on the age of your children when you die and what kind of provisions you would like to make for your partner.
I have a disabled child or a child with learning difficulties. can I make provisions for their care after I have died?
Yes, this can be covered in your Will, our Will Writers have experience of helping families in this situation making sure that your child will be looked after once you pass.
What is sideways disinheritance?
Sideways disinheritance is the name used to describe the circumstances where children, often unintentionally, don’t inherit their parents’ share of an estate due to remarriage. This is because under the laws of intestacy assets automatically pass to your spouse and then on to their children or other family members, rather than your own. Which is why having a robust Will in place is essential if you are remarried.
What is dying intestate and what are the rules of intestacy?
When someone dies without a Will, they are said to have died intestate. In cases like this, the Rules of Intestacy apply and these, which were created in 1925, determine the administration and beneficiaries of the estate.
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Looking for an Engaging and Educational Activity for Shark Week?
Our shark activities are perfect for kids who are fascinated by these amazing creatures! With a variety of activities to choose from, there's something for everyone.
Your child will love learning about the anatomy of a shark with our internal anatomy diagram and label worksheet. They can also learn about the different body parts of a shark with our diagram and label worksheet. And what's more, they can follow the life cycle of a shark with our diagram and label worksheet. Plus, there's plenty of fun to be had with our mapping coordinates, word search, and a crossword puzzle.
So don't miss out on all the fun this Shark Week. Order our shark activities today!
10 pages included:
🦈Shark Internal Anatomy Diagram
🦈Shark Internal Anatomy Diagram Label Worksheet
🦈 Body Parts of a Shark Diagram
🦈 Body Parts of a Shark Diagram Label Worksheet
🦈 Shark Life Cycle Diagram
🦈 Shark Life Cycle Diagram Label Worksheet
🦈 Mapping Coordinates
🦈 Shark Word Search
🦈 Shark Crossword Puzzle
Things to know:
- This download is a PDF file.
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- Colors may vary on your printer when printed.
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Since all products are instant downloads, I am unable to refund, exchange or cancel orders. However, don't hesitate to contact me at email@example.com if you have any issues with the printable.
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One of the most exciting advances in neuroscience is the discovery of how psychological disorders are rooted in brain development. Thanks to functional brain scans, clinicians can see that depression, schizophrenia and many other ills correlate with over- or under-active parts of the brain.
It's clear that psychotherapy isn’t just for sissies, and that people can’t heal just by bucking up and not dwelling on the negative.
Our brains evolved to learn how to love from our mothers, and, later from our fathers and other family members, in an ever-widening social circle. But loving is the result of a series of neurochemical responses based on oxytocin, and it relies on brain structures and neural connections that develop slowly in the first three years of life.
Unfortunately, in those early years, it's possible to miss the experiences that form the oxytocin response. Some mothers were themselves abused, rejected or neglected as children; they may unconsciously transmit a tendency to shut down in the face of intimacy to their children.
Babies who spend time in orphanages, foster care or intensive care may miss the amount of touch, being looked at and spoken to that's necessary to spark the development of the social brain's attachment system and the oxytocin response.
Theraplay is a structured way of stimulating the brains who missed getting the right kind of interaction, for whatever reason. In a typical course of 12 to 15 weekly sessions, it provides experiences that trigger brain activity that will lead to its healthy growth and maturity. It's been used to treat children showing withdrawn or depressed behavior, overactive-aggressive behavior, temper tantrums, phobias, and difficulty socializing and making friends, as well as learning disabilities, developmental delays, and pervasive developmental disorders. Because it focuses on developing the attachment system, Theraplay is often used with foster and adoptive families.
The system was developed beginning in 1967 by Ann Jernberg when she was director of psychological services for Chicago Head Start -- long before science understood how the early environment shapes the brain. Because there weren't many resources for kids in the program who needed psychological services, Jernberg decided to develop a system that could be used by Head Start workers in the centers.
The evolution of Theraplay took a turn toward its current focus on repair of the attachment process following co-developer Phyllis Booth's year-long training at the Tavistock Centre in London. There, Booth studied the ideas of John Bowlby, who first developed attachment theory.
It's evolved since then to focus on repairing the attachment between the child and the mother or other primary caregiver.
The activities are organized around four dimensions that characterize a healthy relationship between mother and child: structure, engagement, nurture and challenge.
Kids who haven't been able to rely on a parent or other caregiver for emotional regulation need to learn to let the adult lead. The therapist strives to remain attuned with the child, as she selects and leads the activities. This reassures the child that someone is available to take charge.
Children from chaotic homes may find any change stressful, a response that will limit their later ability to fulfill their needs. Withdrawn or autistic kids may dislike engagement with another person. The therapist focuses on the child in order to achieve and maintain a connection, moving at his own pace. The activities are designed to be engaging, showing the child that "surprises can be fun and new experiences enjoyable."
The therapy includes plenty of soothing, calming, quieting and caretaking activities to change the child's view of the world from scary to safe, predictable, warm and secure. This nurturing also fulfills the child's basic needs, reducing the level of stress chemicals, activating the parasympathetic nervous system and reminding his brain to release oxytocin.
Challenging activities mimic the way a good mother acts as a secure base from which her child can gradually explore and experiment with his environment and other people. These challenging activities are cooperative and fun, to help promote feelings of competence and confidence.
An article on the Theraplay Institute website offers a lovely glimpse into the small steps that lead to attunement between therapist and child, and then, mother and child.
A Theraplay-therapist is holding a panicky, disorganized child in her lap, checking out what a wonderful girl she is. The girl cries until, all of a sudden, the therapist beeps her nose. The child is startled and smiles. The next time, with another sound coming from the therapist’s nose, the child giggles.
Then, for three sessions she whines, cries, and turns away from all the therapist’s advances. One day, to the child’s amazement, a soap bubble pops before her finger even touches it. The therapist’s voice shows similar amazement: what happened? The child, who has forgotten to whine, pops the next bubble, and the therapist rejoices.
The next session, the child is suddenly still, absorbed by the eyes of the therapist, who attunes to every gesture and vocalization of the child, matching them to the nurture she is giving to the child’s feet; playing peek-a-boo with them, rhyming the child’s “mama” into a familiar song. Never before in her 3 years has the child been in prolonged eye contact. Now her eyes spell-bind the therapist, and her mother and me, looking from behind the mirror. Her whole countenance has changed from a frizzled rag doll look to an intense, oriented, girl of three.
Two sessions later as she is cuddled in her mother’s arms she reaches up to find the curly blond locks of her mother’s hair and starts to play with them, looking intently into her mother’s eyes. Her mother says her daughter was born to her at that moment.
Theraplay is a registered service mark of The Theraplay Institute, 3330 Old Glenview Rd, Wilmette, IL, www.theraplay.org
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1. Electrical control system: by PLC, circuit system, appearance, valve composition.
2. Air buffer tank: composed of air storage tank, valve, etc., it is mainly used to ensure the stable use of gas.
3. Nitrogen buffer tank: it is composed of nitrogen storage tank and valve. To store nitrogen, the first thing is to ensure the stable use of gas.
4. Main engine of nitrogen generator: it is composed of two adsorption towers filled with carbon molecular sieve and automatic control valve, which can be said to be the core of nitrogen generator.
5. Air purification system: composed of cold dryer, filter and oil removal filter, it is mainly used to purify air, remove dust, water and oil.
Nitrogen is an essential gas in our laboratory and industrial production. It is widely used and consumed. At present, there are many air separation equipment manufacturers on the market, and there are many methods of nitrogen supply. The traditional nitrogen supply of liquid nitrogen tank and liquid nitrogen tower type, although classic, is in danger of death.
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The collapse of Enron has cast revealing light not just on the venality of business leaders, auditors and politicians but on the contours of deregulated ‘Anglo-Saxon’ capitalism as it has emerged from the stock-market bubble. It has highlighted, too, the vulnerability of the broad layers whose pensions are tied up in the savings regime so integral to the neoliberal economy. The debacle has affected not only Enron’s employees but tens of millions of holders of 401(k) and defined-benefit retirement schemes. The greed of the Houston-based directors, and their willingness to cash in huge stock options as the company went down, was matched by many senior executives elsewhere—perfectly illustrating that the capital which they and other major shareholders dispose of possesses different rights and qualities to the savings of their employees. The impotence of Enron’s workers, and of all those whose pensions were tied up in the company’s shares and bonds, was part of the normal working of today’s savings regime.
Enron’s demise was significant not just because of its size—other concerns failing at the same time, such as K-Mart or LTV, had more employees and pensioners—but because it had represented the cutting-edge of neoliberal corporate strategy, living proof that financialization and deregulation were the wave of the future. It was this that made a tireless booster of neoliberalism such as Paul Krugman so proud to be on the company’s payroll (see below). Enron was far more interested in maximizing trading opportunities than in the unexciting business of producing electricity. Its momentum came not from productive investment, innovation or even skill in arbitrage, but from financial engineering. By 2001, however, the profits it was making even on its trading activities were being squeezed by rivals—the result, perhaps, of having been first in the business. Its relentless pressure for deregulation reflected a wish to escape competition by opening up new pastures.
Formed from a 1987 merger between Houston Natural Gas and Internorth, two natural-gas pipeline companies, Enron lobbied for and profited from the 1990s deregulation of gas and electricity prices, transforming itself from power provider to energy broker in an operation that stretched across four continents. By the end of the decade Enron dominated the energy ‘spot’ and futures markets, as well as offering over 3,000 other futures and derivatives contracts on everything from fibre-optic cable capacity to the weather. In July 2001 Fortune ranked it as the seventh largest US corporation by turnover, based on reported revenues for the previous year. After the new technology boom failed, Enron’s stock continued to rise on the basis of its apparently strong revenues and profitability. It now appeared to combine the best of ‘old’ and ‘new’: not a dot.com start-up but a company that owned tangible assets—pipelines, power stations, reservoirs and the like—as well as enjoying vast revenues from its trading business.
It was Enron’s extensive political connexions, meshed with those of its auditors-cum-consultants Arthur Andersen, that ensured the smooth passage of a series of deregulations throughout the 1990s. Kenneth Lay, the company’s chairman, famously distributed largesse to politicians of all parties. In January 1993, during the dying days of the first Bush administration, Commodity Futures Trading Commission chief Wendy Gramm, wife of Senator Phil Gramm, pushed through at Enron’s request the rule change that explicitly excluded energy derivative contracts and interest-rate ‘swaps’ from government supervision, opening the way for the company to speculate freely in energy futures. Ms Gramm was given a seat on Enron’s board. Under the Clinton administration, donations of nearly $2 million to Democrat causes won the company over $1 billion in subsidized loans. Lay—who played golf with the President and slept in the Lincoln Bedroom—was hailed by Clinton at a White House function in May 1996 as a good ‘corporate citizen’ on the basis of his company’s enlightened personnel policies, which included profit-sharing of Enron stock and generous health and pension benefits.footnote1 On 12 November 1999 Clinton signed into law the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, the culmination of the financial deregulation process, repealing the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933.
George W. Bush, in turn, received half a million dollars in campaign contributions. Senior members of his administration, including his economic adviser and Army Secretary, were also on Enron’s payroll. In the wake of the 2000 California energy crisis, Bush set up a task force on energy policy with the Vice President at its head. Cheney—with the President’s endorsement—is currently refusing to turn over documents about his engagement with Enron, but other sources have revealed that company officials met with the task force on six different occasions, and played a key role in shaping its conclusions. (Sample: ‘Direct the Energy Secretary to work with the FERC [Federal Energy Regulation Committee] to relieve transmission constraints by the use of incentive rate-making proposals’.) Kenneth Lay supplied a list of nominees to serve on the FERC, two of which were duly appointed, one of them as chair.footnote2
When the US Congress came to investigate the company’s collapse it transpired that, of the 248 members of Congress who sat on the eleven House or Senate committees involved in the inquiry, no fewer than 212 had been in receipt of money from either Enron or Arthur Andersen.footnote3 The latter, too, had lobbied energetically and successfully in both Washington and London to block legislation that would have forbidden auditors to earn consultancy fees from their clients—with help from, among many others, Senator Joseph Lieberman. In the UK, Arthur Andersen composed a highly positive report on New Labour’s cherished Private Finance Initiative for the Treasury and subsequently received a large contract for a government-sponsored PFI to break up the London underground system (a project strongly opposed by the capital’s elected mayor).
These two companies were held in the highest official esteem not despite, but because of, their skilful practice of crony capitalism. Together they helped make the political weather. Why then, when Enron filed for bankruptcy in December 2001, was no attempt made to organize a bail-out similar to that mounted for Long Term Capital Management in 1998?
Learning from LTCM
Though the company acted like a financial corporation, it was subject neither to the reporting standards of a brokerage nor the deposit conditions of a bank. Enron’s own bankers, however—among them the giant conglomerates JPMorganChase and Citibank—must have been keenly aware of the lax regime enjoyed by their client and would have had sources of information other than audited accounts. Nevertheless, these banks issued large loans to the company. They could do so because they would then lay off much of the risk through a complex process of financial engineering. This involved the creation of two highly complex instruments: collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and the pooling of loans in asset-backed securities (ABS). Those who purchased these loans—pension and mutual funds among them—stood to gain if they were redeemed in a timely way, but were exposed to heavy losses in the case of default.
As a Financial Times report explained, these ‘credit derivatives’ became very popular with insurance houses and fund managers in the 1990s:
The Bond Market Association estimates the asset-backed securities market in the US alone grew from $315 billion in 1995 to $1,048 billion in 2001. Collateralized debt obligations grew from $1 billion globally in 1995 to $300–400 billion last year . . . It is now becoming clear that existing accounting and regulatory regimes were unprepared for the explosion in financial engineering . . . Enron was a classic case . . . The FSA’s concern that insurance companies may not have known fully what they were doing in buying such instruments is plausible. Even sophisticated financial companies have admitted that they had trouble understanding the complex instruments marketed by Wall Street . . . Because some of the risk-transfer products such as CDOs are weak credits dressed as strong ones, some pension funds and mutual funds may have invested in products that have exposed them to unwanted risk and volatility.footnote4
Some in the financial community say that the lesson of LTCM had been learnt and precautions taken. In 1998 the Federal Reserve Bank of New York supposedly acted because, had it not done so, the hedge fund’s collapse would have had a devastating impact on the financial system. Many banks, even some central banks, were using LTCM to hedge their positions; if it had been allowed to go under it could have taken them down, too. Partly because of this it was possible for the Fed to persuade fourteen banks to put up $3.6 billion as part of the bail-out. Enron’s situation was quite different. Its crash certainly brought total losses on a huge scale—perhaps as much as $60 billion. But this time the banks were careful to play pass-the-parcel with the debt.footnote5 The losses were passed on to the tens of millions of employees whose 401(k)s or pension schemes were invested in Enron shares; or, via the Osprey fund, in Enron bonds; or in credit derivatives or ‘special purpose entities’ like Jedi II and LCM II—as well as to the company’s own employees. When Clinton’s Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, now at Citigroup, rang up his old department to suggest a salvage operation he was told that the administration ‘did not think it necessary’.footnote6 Enron’s collapse did not bring down any major concern, financial or otherwise.footnote7
It did, however, cause serious pain to many small savers. Pension funds are suing Enron and Andersen as shareholders, but those who purchased Enron-related credit derivatives also took a heavy hit. Altogether the public pension funds lost between $5 and $10 billion; private ones probably suffered even more. The Florida state employees’ retirement scheme had $325 million wiped off its share account, with the fund manager continuing to buy as Enron stock plunged. State employees’ pensions were also hit in Ohio, New York City and Georgia, while the pension and endowment fund of the University of California lost $145 million.footnote8 Generally these funds will have taken care that their holding in any one company’s shares would not be large enough to dent their overall performance by more than a few percentage points. But some will also have had exposure to Enron-related CDOs, or to stock declines in concerns that suffered from ‘Enronitis’—including the company’s banks, other energy traders, and other companies with suspect accounting practices—with a consequent deterioration of their risk profile.
Enron notoriously encouraged its own employees to become investors on a large scale. As the company imploded, many discovered they had lost their savings as well as their jobs. At the close of 2000 more than half of the $2.1 billion of assets in their 401(k) retirement plan was invested in Enron. About 57 per cent of Enron’s 21,000 workers were members of the plan. While board members sold stock worth $117 million in the period January to August 2001, many employees found that their holdings were frozen—either because of a two-week technical overhaul of the 401(k) programme or because they had not reached the age of fifty and thus did not satisfy the plan’s vesting conditions. True to its reputation as a communal benefactor and considerate employer one Enron concern, Portland General Electric, hired grief counsellors to console its stricken workforce. Meanwhile, as the New York Times reported, drastic stock plunges had also wiped out the savings of many employees of the Nortel Networks Corporation, Lucent Technologies and Global Crossing because they were too heavily invested in their employer’s stock.footnote9
Some pension funds—the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (Calpers) and the Arkansas Teachers’ pension scheme among them—also invested in Enron’s infamous off-balance-sheet partnerships or ‘special purpose entities’, the so-called ‘Raptor I, II and III’, or ‘Jedi I and II’. The SPEs hid liabilities and allowed Enron to practice self-dealing. At the October 2001 meeting of the LJM partnership it was reported that all but 11 per cent of its transactions had been with Enron or its affiliates. Why were pension-fund managers prepared to risk their members’ savings in such patently unsafe measures? Some seem to have been flattered to be offered the chance to invest in what they saw as a leading-edge enterprise: Calpers earned a 23 per cent return on the $250 million it contributed to the formation of Jedi I in 1993 but had problems when it sought to reclaim its capital stake three years later; it was eventually persuaded to convert its claim into a $500 million stake in a new Raptor-style vehicle.footnote10 Others will have been reassured by the involvement of highly respected financial partners: ‘Merrill Lynch handled the sales pitch for one such concern, LJM2 Co-Investment. According to claims and counter-claims filed in a Delaware court this month, many of the most prominent names in world finance—including Citigroup, JPMorganChase, CIBC, Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank—were still involved in the partnership, directly or indirectly, when Enron filed for bankruptcy.’footnote11
Profit maximization and financialization
The pressure on Enron to embellish its results came in part from the exorbitant profit expectations that grew up in the course of 1980s and 1990s. To aim for anything less than double-digit annual returns looked wimpish in the extreme. But if the speculative bubble allowed for some real investment in new technology, everywhere else the share-buying frenzy killed more projects than it kindled. In the public-utilities sector this approach led to the use of inappropriately high hurdles for investment projects: capital put into a new power station or an upgrade to the electricity grid might take over a decade to pay off and then only at half the rate that the financial engineers regarded as interesting. The California energy crisis of 2000 was the direct result of this. The FT commented: ‘That California’s energy deregulation has gone awry is beyond doubt . . . Economists see the crisis as a further sign that, after years of low investment, the state’s infrastructure is in no condition to sustain growth’.footnote12 In December 2000, with a third of the state’s generators closed for repair, the major electricity suppliers Edison and PG&E (now bankrupt) announced that they wanted to raise prices by 20 per cent. The state attorney has since entered a lawsuit accusing PG&E’s holding company of having siphoned off over $4 billion from its generating business since 1996.footnote13
Experiencing poor profitability in their core businesses, many companies have turned, Enron-style, to financialization, allowing them both to practice cosmetic accounting and to tap into the profits to be made on low-grade debt. Credit derivatives can be based on consumer as well as corporate debt, and the former yields particularly high interest rates. General Electric, via its subsidiary GE Capital, makes almost as much from consumer credit, corporate debt and leasing arrangements as it does from producing aero-engines and consumer durables. Citigroup, which adroitly off-loaded much of its Enron exposure, purchased Associates First Capital in September 2000 for the impressive sum of $31 billion. Eyebrows were raised that a financial giant like Citigroup—America’s largest bank—should be interested in a concern notorious for its ‘predatory lending’ to the poor, an outfit that had waxed fat by deploying, as the Economist put it, ‘the tactics of the loan shark and the con man’.footnote14 Citigroup’s acquisition allowed it to loan out at 20 per cent the money given to it by its depositors. During the years of the bubble many consumers, encouraged by the rising value of their 401(k)s, got themselves into debt by splurging out on new consumer goods. While the majority may have kept out of the clutches of Associates First Capital, many ran up credit-card bills that also cost close to 20 per cent to service per year. With consumer debt rising to 116 per cent of income by 2001, the financial sector had tangible compensation to offset other losses.footnote15
Some writers have argued that a decade of widespread infatuation with the stock market has created a ‘mass investment culture’, internalized by broad layers of the population and leading them towards individual, market-based solutions to every question. Thus Adam Harmes warns that it is not so much the diffusion of share ownership as the ‘naturalization of the stock market in everyday life’ that has changed the values and perceived interests of employees and voters, fostering a readiness to go along with privatization and deregulation. He points out that publications like Business Week and Fortune have won a wider readership, and business channels have blossomed on TV. In this way the ‘norms and practices of finance capital’ have become deeply embedded among savers and pension-holders ‘in a way that a downturn in the stock market cannot destroy’.footnote16
There can be little doubt that there has indeed been a diffusion of ‘investment culture’; but under the conditions of what I have called ‘grey capitalism’, Harmes’s conclusion is too pessimistic.footnote17 The popular outcry in the months following Enron’s collapse spared neither institutions nor individuals. The bankers and auditors who had allowed the company directors to raise huge loans and imperil the retirement funds of their own—and many other—employees were the subject of vituperative abuse (JPMorganChase have also been threatened with lawsuits for misrepresenting their dealings with Enron). Few sought to ‘naturalize’ the workings of executive stock-options or the succession of accounting scams revealed. It was widely acknowledged in the financial press that the malpractices of Enron’s management were to be found in many other companies; that they had only been possible because of the complicity of its auditors, lawyers and bankers; and that the company had been able to buy influence with almost every leading politician.
The debacle highlighted a series of other cases where the financial services industry had been found wanting. Lax auditing had contributed to failures at Cendant, Sunbeam, Waste Management and Global Crossing (for every $1 which the ‘big five’ accountants earn from their audit work, they earn $2.69 from consultancy fees).footnote18 The New York office of Credit Suisse First Boston was fined $100 million for taking kickbacks from clients during the share bubble. Goldmann Sachs was hauled over the coals by the Tokyo stock exchange for 8,000 illegal trades. In London, Merrill Lynch Investment Managers paid £70 million in an out-of-court settlement to the Unilever pension fund to compensate for chronic mismanagement and underperformance. In the four years prior to Enron’s collapse over 700 US companies had been forced to restate their accounts.footnote19
The Enron affair has also prompted a raft of proposals aiming to hold boards of directors to account, establish new regulatory structures, reduce workers’ exposure to their company’s fate, tighten reporting standards, guarantee the independence of auditors, and so forth. While the legislative consequences are likely to be modest in the extreme, the issues ventilated have far-reaching implications. By calling into question the working of nearly every key institution and practice of corporate America, the end-result of Enron has not been to ‘naturalize’ the workings of the system but rather to present a stark portrait of the cynicism and greed of the elite as they sacrificed and misappropriated the savings of millions of employees. Many prestigious institutions were caught up in the venality and obfuscation, along with a swathe of politicians.
Insiders and outsiders
Enron has crystallized other, widespread anxieties about the prospects for pension funds and 401(k)s. When big companies such as Global Crossing, K-Mart and LTV filed for bankruptcy around the same time, their employees’ retirement plans were also hit. Even those whose employers were far from bankrupt could still be left with a much smaller pension fund. The business press sought to console fund holders with the thought that a recovery was on the way; but, aware that this might be a long time coming, they too lambasted the people and institutions that had allowed the disaster to occur. The sense of bitterness ran deep enough to suggest new alignments. ‘For a long time we thought that the fundamental conflict in capitalism was between owners and workers’, wrote one commentator. ‘Enron proves that the real conflict is between insiders and outsiders. The losers in the Enron case are both stockholders and workers.’footnote20
The insiders would certainly include JPMorganChase and Citibank, who offloaded their risky Enron loans on to insurance houses and fund managers—and, ultimately, vast numbers of pension-plan holders: the outsiders. Millions of workers are now indirect or small-scale shareholders but, again, their ‘outsider’ status is preserved by their lack of real control over the assets lodged in their name, whether these are in a 401(k) or a defined-benefit scheme. The 401(k)s may be heavily invested in the employers’ shares, as with Enron. Even if they are not, employees are generally asked to pick from a selected menu of funds, restricted to the major commercial suppliers, and it is the latter who can decide to use or ignore the workers’ voting power as shareholders in the fund.
In company schemes the employer usually appoints the trustees, often including a financial officer of the company, who then select the fund managers. The trustees are legally obliged to invest the money as a ‘prudent expert’ would; but since the standard of prudence and expertise required is that of the financial services industry itself, the end result is a further boost to the power of the huge financial corporations that offer fund-management services—Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch, Fidelity, State Street, Barclays Global Investors and so forth. These giants need non-financial corporations to give them business so they do not often make aggressive use of their power as proxy shareholders. The banks anyway make more money from underwriting, and help with mergers and acquisitions, than they do from fund management.
As for the policy holders, they have precious little leverage over trustees and still less over fund managers. Most public-sector funds, and a few private-sector schemes, give some representation to trade unions, but they are still bound by the ‘prudent expert’ rule. In the great majority of schemes employers call the shots and cut deals with the financial corporations. The fund-management services offered by the latter are supposedly separated by ‘Chinese walls’ from the investment-banking services they may also supply. But the overall effect is what Allen Sykes terms a ‘double accountability deficit’, at the expense of the pension-plan holder and (nominal) shareholder.footnote21
That large corporations and financial institutions should use the leverage of finance capital to deploy the holdings of small savers is not itself novel—Rudolf Hilferding noted a similar phenomenon a century ago in his classic study—but today, pension funds supply the main source of ‘little people’s’ savings. And if the individual sums accumulated by most employees are minute, put together they comprise a hefty chunk of share ownership. The assets of US pension funds in December 2000 stood at a little over $7 trillion—just $0.3 trillion behind the total wealth of the country’s millionaires. It would be wrong to think that shareholders lack real power. In the 1980s and 1990s they were able to establish ‘shareholder value’ as the overriding corporate goal and also to secure the removal of CEOs at a string of major companies (GM, Coca-Cola, etc). But in the tug-of-war between top executives and large shareholders the former have proved able to secure such inordinate ‘compensation’—in the shape of stock options as well as salary—that it has sometimes even damaged the share price. Since the financial institutions are often unwilling to hold executives to account, the most effective ‘activist’ shareholders have been public-sector pension funds like Calpers or the Arkansas Retirement System who field their own teams of analysts. Paradoxically, it has thus often been these funds that have insisted on the most stringent capitalist standards.footnote22
In February 2002 Business Week ran a cover story on ‘The Betrayed Investor’ in which it reported that 81 per cent of investors lacked confidence in those running ‘Big Business’ and were ‘angry and disillusioned’.footnote23 The report tended to elide the difference between avid day-traders, punished for their speculations, and the great mass of those holding 401(k)s and similar plans who were saving for their retirement and had no intention of ‘playing the market’. The great majority of the 45 million 401(k) holders never change their provider and rarely alter the balance of their portfolio. (One of the reasons the pension funds spend so exorbitantly on advertising is that they know that if they can win a new customer they should be able to retain him or her for life.) It is these people who now feel robbed by those in charge of their savings. Business Week nervously observed that many of these people are ‘baby boomers who grew up in the era of protests and social activism’. The journal reported a poll of ‘professional investors’ which revealed that, even among those working for the fund industry, 43 per cent were ‘extremely concerned’ at the potential for ‘widespread reporting fraud’. The truth would probably be that they were themselves mostly only half-insiders, aware that something was amiss, hoping to gain anyway and comforted by the thought that everyone else was so heavily committed.
As the Enron scandal unfolded much was made of the fiendish complexity of the company’s ‘aggressive’ accounting strategies. Certainly there were complex aspects to its business; but for the most part the deceptions practised by its executives, and condoned by its auditors and bankers, were among the hoariest ruses known to the financial fraudster. One would expect any half-way competent and independent analyst to spot the large gap between reported revenue and actual cash-flow; to suspect that ‘hollow swaps’ and ‘gain-on-sale’ accounting were artificially boosting turnover; to worry about the purpose of the off-balance-sheet partnerships; to wonder whether it was right to book loans as hedges or trades. Half of Wall Street was involved in selling stakes in Raptor, Chewco, Jedi, LMJ and the rest, or in off-loading Osprey bonds.footnote24 It was greed and safety in numbers, not devilish cunning, that explained Enron’s success in duping so many.footnote25
A shift to social investment?
Even ‘activist’ retirement funds in a good position to know what was happening at Enron chose not to become whistle-blowers at the time. As we have seen, Calpers knew something was wrong with the off-balance-sheet partnerships when it had difficulty withdrawing its capital in 1996. It knew that Enron’s CFO Andrew Fastow was also an officer of LMJ3 and decided in December 2000 not to take a stake in the partnership. But despite its reputation as an outspoken critic of big-company management, Calpers did nothing to publicize its concerns. In the wake of the Enron scandals, however, the pension fund clearly decided that it needed to clean up its image. In February 2002 it announced that it was going to pull out of all its investments in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines due to concerns about social conditions in these countries. A report explained: ‘Calpers’s latest move follows a review of its “permissible countries” criteria which, for the first time, gives equal weight to issues such as labour standards as well as market regulation, investor protection and accounting transparency.’footnote26 Another report added that the pension scheme would now use ethical screens for US companies as well, and pointed out that its earlier announcement had sent stocks falling in the Philippines, Thailand and Malaysia.footnote27
Whatever Calpers’s motives may have been, its lurch to a socially responsible stance will be important. It is one of the largest pension funds in the world, managing $151 billion assets itself as well as employing other fund managers. The decision is not unambiguously positive. Can Calpers be held to a policy of using its influence in the interests of workers in Southeast Asia? Is its stance tokenism or disguised protectionism? These and other questions need answering but nevertheless, Calpers’s action is a striking victory for the movement for social responsibility in investment and one which, if followed up, could well be refined and improved. The countries targeted maintain special export zones where protection of the workforce is practically non-existent. Altogether there are believed to be some 27 million workers toiling in perhaps a thousand SEZs worldwide.footnote28 The ban on labour organization in these zones has been a central concern of the anti-sweatshop movement, and Calpers’s decision is certainly a success for this campaign, though one whose exact implementation and further consequences will have to be carefully watched.
As a by-blow of Enron, social investment has claimed at least a symbolic victory. Calpers’s decision, it should be noted, came at a time when Southeast Asian countries were starting to attract new investment, after the 1998 crash. It is sometimes thought that pension-scheme members will insist on the highest rate of return, regardless of the source of profits. But there is no hard evidence for this. Workers in dangerous or dubious industries, on the other hand, will often defend what they are doing against all attacks—their livelihood is at stake, not simply a notional percentage point or two on money they will get when they eventually retire. Similarly, it is consumers who are often the strongest champions of arctic oil-drilling and low fuel taxes, whereas pension funds have other alternatives to choose from. Share boycotts are less effective than using a shareholding to campaign for better practice; the ICEM group of energy and mining trade unions has mobilized the power of pension funds to change the policies of RioTinto, with initially promising results.footnote29
Predictably, the Wall Street Journal’s enthusiasm for 401(k)s—‘one of the great inventions of modern capitalism’—remained undimmed as they sagged in the wake of the Enron debacle:
There are risks to any investment that seeks to benefit from America’s capitalist prosperity. The old fixed pension arrangements so favoured by the anti-401(k) brigades carry the risk that the entire company, or industry, can get into trouble. Those pension obligations then become ‘unfunded’, which is worse for workers who have no diversification choices at all. Just ask America’s steelworkers.footnote30
Here the WSJ had a point, though it was cold comfort to the 40 million or so members of defined-benefit schemes. The plight of tens of thousands of US steelworkers, trapped in the rustbelts of West Virginia and Ohio, was at least as bad as that of Enron’s ex-employees. They found that the defined-benefit members’ claim on company assets was impossible to exercise in the one situation where they really need it—when their employer goes bankrupt. The US Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, established in 1974 to prevent company failures leaving their workers bereft, sometimes allowed companies in serious difficulties to delay or skip contributions to the pension fund—in a sense, an inferior species of ‘industrial policy’, enabling firms to survive a bad patch. In the eighties PBGC ‘tolerance’ probably did help companies to survive, temporarily saving jobs. But in effect such a policy also doubles employee risk and indulges failing management. By November 2001 twenty-five US steel concerns were operating under Chapter 11; in nearly all cases their pension funds were seriously low. LTV threatened, and then carried out, a bankruptcy that threw 7,500 workers out of their jobs and caused a loss of benefit to 52,000 retirees, as PBGC insurance does not cover all aspects of a company scheme.footnote31
Industrial policy should not commit workers’ savings to keeping afloat businesses in a declining sector. In practice, defined-benefit schemes tend towards this situation almost as much as the employer-dominated 401(k)s. It is the assets of the sponsoring company that are supposed to supply the guarantee for a future pension linked to the employee’s salary. With many older firms, the pension fund is worth more than the business itself, so financing it has a large impact on the company’s health. When a firm looks as if it might go under, even quite tough trade unions and regulators will allow it to take a contributions holiday—the alternative would be to put it into bankruptcy and throw its workers out of a job. Yet the gap will inexorably lead to an underfunded pension scheme. This is the dilemma faced by US steelworkers and many others in private sector defined-benefit schemes.
The Steelworkers Union has urged that workers should have more control over their pension funds, and should be able to use the assets to diversify the economy of the rustbelt regions.footnote32 When a large business fails there is no reason why local homes and social infrastructure should also be abandoned—the judgement the market usually makes. Investing in a region’s education system, communications, research facilities and cultural endowment can enhance prospects for economic growth, as the experience of the Ruhr, Bavaria, Quebec, Catalonia and Emilia Romagna has shown. But increased workers’ control and social investment will not in themselves solve the problems that underlie the pensions crisis. The steep decline in employers’ contributions means that there is a clear lack of resources, on top of the flawed pension-management regime. Beyond this lies the overarching question of how both to pay a decent sum to today’s pensioners and to put enough by to provide for far larger numbers in the future.
The British pensions panic
In Britain, the shortfall in pension funds caused by employers taking ‘contribution holidays’ during the stock-market boom has been one of the factors in a looming pensions crisis that flared into a panic in February this year. Increasingly, companies—including such established names as BT, Sainsbury, Whitbread, ICI and LloydsTSB—have been shutting down their defined-benefit pension plans. For the Financial Times correspondent this was an ominous sign of the impending destruction of schemes that catered to 8 million employees, its effects comparable to the ‘healthy terminations’ that swept the US corporate sector in the 1980s: ‘To many members—those in their forties and fifties—this will feel like theft. A contract in which the job would deliver a dependable pension has been broken. Legally, it is likely that the companies are on firm ground—although the issue has yet to be tested in the courts.’footnote33
Growing awareness of the crisis was signalled by front-page headlines in Britain’s popular newspapers as well as the financial press. The Daily Mail, self-appointed ‘voice of middle England’, launched a campaign around the issue:
The growing scale of the crisis in pensions is exposed today as figures show one in three company schemes has been scrapped in the last decade. The revelation adds to fears that an entire generation is facing cash-strapped retirement . . . Astonishingly 58,000 company schemes have been wound up.footnote34
The Mail followed up with a four-page supplement entitled ‘Shameful Betrayal of All Our Futures’ and a manifesto that called, among other things, for ‘final salary’ (i.e. defined-benefit) schemes to be protected and their administration reformed:
Millions of pension savers are trapped in old-style schemes laden with charges and penalties. First all transfer penalties should be removed . . . Second all disguised charges and penalties should be removed to bring these contracts in line with stakeholder.
The closure of conventional, defined-benefit company schemes hits private-sector employees in the first instance, but public-sector pensions are increasingly vulnerable as the public-private boundary is broken down by out-sourcing and privatization. The decision to shut the schemes down was prompted by several developments. The falling stock market was one—‘Worst Year for Fund Managers Since 1975’ ran an FT headline in January, while a survey of 500 of Britain’s largest companies by pension consultancy William Mercer found that 52 per cent of them had suffered a reduction in their pension-fund assets because falling share prices had wiped out the effect of any new contribution made.footnote35 Withdrawal of relief from Advance Corporation Tax also played a part. But a critical factor has been the introduction of a new accounting mechanism known as Financial Reporting Standard 17. The promulgation of FRS 17 in November 2000, to come into force over a three-year period, was designed to reveal the costs of a company’s commitment to fund employees’ pensions, valuing fund assets at current price and with liabilities discounted by the yield on corporate bonds. Any shortfall was to be registered on the balance sheet.
Since, as we have seen, pension funds are often larger than the company sponsoring them, FRS 17 can make a massive impact on the bottom line. ICI, one of the companies to close its scheme in early 2002, had registered a pension-fund shortfall of £453 million under FRS rules. The response reflected British employers’ success in claiming legal custody of the pension schemes they sponsored, while, as the Financial Times pointed out, the result of the switch to defined-contribution schemes was likely to be a sharply reduced company input: ‘The brutal fact is that when employers do make the switch they tend to contribute less.’footnote36 Moreover, those taking out a defined-contribution scheme might well face a continuing slump in annuities’ rates when they came to retire.
UK pension worries were compounded by the confusions and disappointments of the government’s attempt at reform. The take-up of its Stakeholder pension had been modest. Few of the 570,000 policies taken out in 2001 were from those on lower incomes, the group that had been targeted, and many had been conversions from other schemes.footnote37 Neither employers nor providers were keen on the terms they had been obliged to accept and the government had studiously avoided compulsion. The other ingredients of the new regime—especially the pension credit—combined great complexity with the threat of widespread means-testing. By February 2002 pensions minister Alistair Darling felt obliged to respond to mounting confusion and anxiety by commissioning two new reviews covering every aspect of pension policy. There would be ‘no “no-go” areas’, he declared: the state pension might even be reprieved and the newly minted pension credits and guarantees abandoned.footnote38
Routes to privatization
The Enron bankruptcy would have had less impact if some 85 million other US employees had not felt personally exposed because of their own pension holdings. Coming just two weeks before publication of the report of Bush’s commission on Social Security, its demise was a major set-back for the privatization of the US public pension system—Enron’s ex-employees were now said to have ‘nothing but their Social Security’ retirement provisions to fall back on, and the insistence that even this basic pension should be exposed to Wall Street ran into popular resistance. Bush himself felt obliged to call for pension-plan safeguards, stricter accounting measures and tougher disclosure requirements in his post-Enron State of the Union address. However these measures, limited in themselves, are to be enforced by Harvey Pitt, the new director of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), who worked as a lobbyist for the accounting industry when it defeated attempts to prevent accountants from receiving consultancy fees from firms they audited.
Ever since the 1994 publication of the World Bank’s Averting the Old Age Crisis, the standard neoliberal pensions strategy has been for privatization through what might be termed the tax-farming route, in which all employees are legally obliged to set up ‘Individual Accounts’ for themselves with a commercial supplier. But public resistance—certainly intensified by the Enron scandals—has made this politically problematic. An alternative course is now being canvassed in the UK, that of ‘implicit privatization’. In February 2002, a Financial Times editorial recommended the scrapping of the complex legislation which the British pensions minister had so recently placed on the statute book. Instead, it argued, the government should perform ‘radical surgery’: the second state pension should be eliminated, the qualifying age for the basic state pension should gradually be increased to seventy and its value raised ‘back to a level where it provides just enough to live on’.footnote39 This, the FT argued, would give everyone capable of doing so a powerful incentive both to save and to work. Bush, meanwhile, intends to press his plan to divert payroll taxes from Social Security to ‘Individual Accounts’. By weakening the public scheme this will lay the groundwork for later full privatization as recommended by the World Bank. But Bush’s Commission on Social Security also floated the possibility of cutting benefits by removing the earnings link indexation of the pension.
Finance capital in both the US and the UK might find such a scaling back of state provision—by raising the age of entitlement or, in the US case, weakening the link to earnings—an acceptable alternative to the World Bank mandatory approach, since workers would be obliged to save more in private plans and, if they could, to go on working throughout their sixties. ‘Implicit privatization’—congruent with the tradition of the ‘residual liberal’ welfare state—might deliver just as much business to the financial services industry in the end. To cut back on public entitlements in the context of a gathering pensions panic might seem politically unwise. But this is the sort of reform that could be encompassed in a succession of seemingly modest amendments, bypassing the voters, and might encounter less resistance than extending compulsory privatization. While ‘Individual Accounts’ remain in contention this could prove to be the fallback option.footnote40
Some advocates of Social Security privatization in the US have tried to make a case for the supposedly superior return that private pension funds have generated in recent decades, in comparison to the ‘return’ on Federal Insurance payroll tax contributions. Their calculations usually employ a specific form of ‘generational accounting’, in which each age cohort’s taxes and benefits are subjected to elaborate discounting.footnote41 This is an accounts model similar to Enron’s, or to the British FRS 17. All exhibit a fascination with a flattened and financialized model of the world, in which the future is collapsed back into the present by means of discounting devices. Enron used the gain-on-sale approach to enter into its books discounted future revenues stretching many years ahead. FRS 17 was devised by the UK Accounting Standards Board to oblige all companies to ‘mark to market’ at current values their pension assets and liabilities, using—as we have seen—the bond yield as the discount rate for the latter. (British companies had previously been given more flexibility in choosing a discount rate, as American companies still are.) Leaving aside, if we can, the resort to shredding and fraud, the Enron accounting model, FRS 17 and ‘generational accounting’ represent a particular logic of capital that mercilessly reduces the possibilities of the future. But the Enron implosion and pensions panic show the systemic danger and popular anger that such a programme can provoke.
Sir David Tweedie, director of the ASB, is centrally involved in setting up an International Accounting Standards Board, with the remit of overseeing a new global accounting regime. It is believed to favour pushing the ‘mark to market’ approach as far as possible. Already supported by central banks, the IASB also raises money from large corporations. Last year one of its officers—Paul Volcker, former Federal Reserve chairman—approached Kenneth Lay, inviting a contribution from Enron towards the good work.footnote42
What the generational accounting model fails to register is that pay-as-you-go pension arrangements do not need to be subjected to such treatment: many look on them as a method by which their parents’ pensions are financed and hope for their own to be covered by their childrens’ generation, in the same way. As an approach to a basic pension this is entirely valid and emerges unscathed from the generational-accounting critique.
By itself, however, pay-as-you-go does not ensure, in an ageing society, that the rising bill for secondary as well as basic pensions can be met. Finance capital throws a heavy shadow across the years ahead, staking large claims on future income—whether from capital or debt—and reducing returns for both employees and pensioners. Finding a way to pre-fund secondary pensions for all could help to minimize the claims of capitalists or rentiers on future output. If the investment policy of the funds helped to promote sustainability and social justice, then succeeding generations would be better placed to meet the costs of an ageing society.
The California state employees whose savings Calpers invests are lucky to be members of a public scheme with low management charges. Members of private schemes pay three or four times as much. In the UK, public authorities now talk about ditching their defined-benefit schemes, complaining about costs. The growing trend for large companies to abandon their DB schemes further exacerbates the funding problem. The crisis reflects problems stemming both from the post-bubble economy and from the inherent contradictions of grey capitalism. Even if regulatory standards were to be tightened in response to the post-Enron outcry, the irresponsible power of the financial services industry will remain.
The pensions panic reflects a dawning realization that employers have been bilking their workers on a huge scale. Exaggeration and alarmism aside, the funding dearth will be exacerbated by the ageing of the population. State pensions are only just above the poverty line—below it, for many older women—and only 50 per cent of employees have secondary coverage. That is why, in the medium and long term, the crisis can only be met by finding substantial alternative sources of finance. The ‘mass investment culture’ of the nineties seemed to some to promise a solution. Today those hopes have been cruelly dashed.
How to bridge the funding gap
The collapse of Enron, the weak condition of the remaining company schemes and the underfunding and lacunae of public pension provision make it imperative to propose alternatives. There are many pension experts who now endorse the pre-funding of public pensions. In Britain Tony Lynes has urged the pre-funding of the state secondary earnings-related pension, an idea pioneered by Richard Titmuss in the 1950s.footnote43 In the United States supporters of the pre-funding of Social Security include Alicia Munnell (Boston College), Peter Diamond (MIT) and Joseph Stiglitz (Columbia).footnote44 Resistance to the idea comes from the financial services industry, which fears a loss of business, and rightwing ideologists, who oppose endowing public pension bodies with financial power. There is some scope for raising contribution rates for the better off but another large source of funds—preferably not general tax revenue, on which there are many other claims—would be needed to provide secondary pensions for all.
Unwittingly, senior executives have themselves come up with a device—the stock option—that could raise the huge sums necessary to cover future pension provision, both for company employees and for the citizenry as a whole. In effect these stock options, often combined with soft loans, represent a gift from the company to its senior executives and favoured employees.footnote45 While severely restricting such options, legislation could require that all publicly listed companies issue shares equivalent to 10 or 20 per cent of annual profits to the Social Security trust fund (in the US), or to a mixture of national and regional pensions boards (in both UK and US).
This share levy would not subtract from cash flow and there would be a period—five years, say—before the stock could be sold. Companies would find it easier to contribute, and would be less able to secure exemption when they were in difficulties. It would thus restore the employers’ contribution and ensure that all companies played their part, while being perfectly compatible with their financial health. The share levy, unlike corporation tax, would not be passed on to consumers as higher prices. While this type of asset can be matched to future pension needs it would not be appropriate for meeting current social provision. Pension boards would be free to develop their own investment policies, but subject to a close social audit. They would represent all those with a stake in the pensions to be generated. They would need specialist actuarial and investment advice, supplied in some cases by academic and research institutions, in others by existing public-sector self-managed schemes. The shares yielded by the levy would be distributed to these regional boards in such a way as to prevent workers having too much of their savings tied up in the stock of their own employer.footnote46 The overall effect of the share levy would be to reduce the claims of capitalists and rentiers on future streams of income, and to put pensions boards in a strong position to influence conditions of work and programmes of investment.
As readers may realize, the approach sketched above would be rather close to the wage-earner funds proposed by Rudolf Meidner in the 1970s and partially implemented in Sweden in the 1980s.footnote47 While the size of the share levy in that instance was restricted by the Olaf Palme government, it did raise considerable sums—proof that such an approach could work. Meidner found ways of ensuring that multinationals did not escape the levy by manipulating, or exporting, the profits they made in Sweden. When the funds were wound up in the 1990s by a conservative government, the assets they commanded were used to set up a string of research institutes, which made a contribution to Sweden’s relatively strong position in the knowledge economy. As implemented, however, the wage-earner funds had neither the size nor the strength to engage in a proper industrial policy.footnote48 A new pension regime would need to find greater resources and be equipped with more robust powers.
The use of a share levy to help finance a universal secondary pension system, and the setting up of democratic regional pension boards, capable of pursuing their own economic strategies, would be the sort of measures that might complement and strengthen such anti-globalization measures as the Tobin Tax and participatory budgets. The Anglo-Saxon pension fear of 2002 should be seen as part of an international panorama which includes the French strike movement of November–December 1995 and the popular mobilization that overthrew the government of Fernando de la Rúa in Argentina, in the same month as Enron’s collapse. Attacks on pensions and savings bring great odium on the regimes responsible. The UK had a foretaste of this in 2000 when a derisory 75p rise in the state pension fed into such a daunting challenge to the New Labour administration that it found itself obliged to do a volte-face before the end of the year. Such events suggest that pension issues furnish the terrain for an advantageous rendezvous between anti-globalizers and trade unionists, senior citizens and new social movements; those whose savings have been looted and those who could never afford to save.
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Psoriatic arthritis belongs to an umbrella group termed as ‘spondyloarthritis’ (SpA), which is used to describe a group of inter-related disorders. As a group, they share the following distinctive clinical, radiologic and genetic features: Axial joint involvement; peripheral joint disease; familial clustering, presence of HLA-B27; extra-articular features (in particular uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease); and enthesopathy. Based on these features, it is obvious that SpA is markedly distinct from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the prototype of this particular group, this group consists of several disorders: Reactive arthritis; psoriatic arthritis (PsA); arthritis related to inflammatory bowel disease (ie, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis); and a subgroup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).
Inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis has long been recognised. Its identity as a separate form of arthritis faced initial controversy, and it was debated whether it represents a separate disease entity or simply the co-existence of RA and psoriasis.
However, the discovery of rheumatoid factor in 1948 paved the way towards its recognition as a clinical entity separate from RA. PsA was formally recognised as a separate disease by the American Rheumatism Association (now the American College of Rheumatology) in 1964, and it is now recognised as one of the forms of seronegative inflammatory spondyloarthritis. PsA was initially defined by Moll and Wright as “an inflammatory arthritis in the presence of psoriasis with a usual absence of rheumatoid factor”.
To date, there has been mounting evidence that this disease is distinct from RA and other spondyloarthropathies, and this is based on data derived from characteristic clinical features, histopathologic analyses, immunogenetic associations and musculoskeletal imaging.
Although once considered a milder form of arthritis, it is now well established that PsA can cause significant joint damage. Research has shown that among 220 patients with PsA, deformity, radiological damage, or both, was present in more than five joints in about 16 per cent of the patients.
Moreover, 67 per cent of these patients had erosive joint disease. Similarly, an inception cohort study has shown that 47 per cent of the PsA patients who presented within five months of onset of symptoms had ≥1 erosion by the second year of follow-up, despite the fact that the majority had been treated with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
There are varied reports of its prevalence among patients with psoriasis, with the prevalence rates ranging from six-to-42 per cent.
The severity of skin psoriasis is a poor clinical predictor of the development and severity of PsA. Psoriasis can be divided into type 1 and type 2, depending on the age at onset. Type-1 PsO begins at a young age (≤40 years), has a stronger family history, and is associated with certain HLA types. About 65 per cent of people with psoriasis have type-1 PsO. Type-2 PsO occurs in those >40 years old. Family history of psoriasis in such cases is weak or absent and it is generally not associated with HLA antigens.
Being a progressive inflammatory joint condition, PsA usually causes pain and joint damage, eventually leading to disability. The following are typical clinical symptoms of PsA involving different joints and their related compartments, which are being better defined as distinctive characteristics of PsA or the spondyloarthritis group of disorders. It is not uncommon that the diagnosis of PsA is often missed in primary care physicians’ and dermatologists’ offices. An obvious reason is that rather than presenting with florid, active polyarthritis, a number of patients with PsA present with limited disease, such as inflammatory spinal pain, tendinitis, enthesitis or dactylitis.
Diffuse inflammation of the tendons, entheses and synovium of nearby joints, occurring simultaneously, lead to the typical ‘sausage’ appearance. It is reassuring that physical examination has shown 100 per cent sensitivity and specificity compared to MRI findings to diagnose tenosynovitis.
Dactylitis is observed in all forms of spondyloarthropathies, with significant specificity in PsA, and this has been included in the classification criteria of PsA, eg, ClASsification of Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) criteria. Dactylitis can be present in up to 48 per cent of patients with PsA, where this can be the first presentation of PsA, and for some time can remain the sole manifestation of this disease. This usually involves toes more than fingers in an asymmetrical distribution and leads to more severe radiological damage.
<strong><em>2. Peripheral arthritis and spondylitis</em></strong>
Although PsA can affect any joint in the body, it typically affects large joints of the lower extremities, distal joints of the fingers and toes, as well as cervical spine and sacroiliac joints. The original diagnostic criteria of Moll and Wright describe five clinical patterns of PsA, which can evolve from one to another:
Asymmetrical, monoarticular and oligoarticular arthritis;
Symmetrical polyarticular arthritis;
Distal interphalangeal joint involvement;
Arthritis mutilans; and
Axial or spondylitis type.
The original studies by Moll and Wright described asymmetrical oligoarthritis as the most frequent clinical pattern of PsA; however, CASPAR database analysis does not support this statement, and concludes that the symmetric polyarticular pattern is the most common presentation.
PsA is characterised by involvement of both the appendicular and axial skeleton. A number of studies have suggested that there are clinical, radiologic and genetic differences between AxPsA (axial PsA) and AS, suggesting that these are distinct entities. Similarly, recent studies examining typical AS-associated genetic risks in AxPsA have largely been negative, further supporting the theory that spinal involvement in PsA is genetically different from that seen in AS.
The spondylitis symptoms typically include pain and stiffness in the areas of the lower back, neck, ribs, hips and thighs. ASAS (Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society) inflammatory back pain criteria can be helpful to identify such patients and include: Age at the onset of back pain <40 years; insidious onset; improvement with exercise; no improvement with rest; and nocturnal pain. Inflammatory back pain is present if any four out of these five features are present.
It is quite common that clinical evidence of spondylitis and/or SI occur in conjunction with other subgroups of PsA. For example, patients with peripheral arthritis have quite commonly concomitant inflammatory axial disease, but isolated inflammatory axial disease occurs in less than 5 per cent of PsA patients.
The reported prevalence of axial disease in patients with PsA is quite variable, and has been reported to be as high as up to 78 per cent.
Bilateral sacroiliitis (SI) is more common in PsA than unilateral involvement, but sacroiliitis frequently tends to be asymmetrical. Little is known about the clinical and genetic potential predictors of sacroiliitis in PsA, and we have recently examined clinical and genetic ‘predictors’ of sacroiliitis among patients with PsA. We found that 25 per cent of PsA patients developed SI on long-term follow-up. Severity of skin PsO and the severity of peripheral arthritis had significant association with sacroiliitis. HLA-B*0801 and HLA-B*2705 were genetic predictors for the development of sacroiliitis.
But more importantly, we found that HLA-B*27-positive AxPsA patients have clinical and radiographic features similar to AS, and HLA-B*0801-positive AxPsA patients have radiographic features which are recognised as typical of PsA — asymmetrical and/or unilateral SI.
Entheses are the sites of bony attachments of joint capsules, ligaments and tendons. Inflammatory changes at these sites (enthesopathy) are a prominent manifestation of disease in patients with inflammatory SpA. It is most commonly found at the insertions of the Achilles tendon and the plantar fascia, but may occur in other sites, such as the spine and pelvis, femoral trochanter, humeral epicondyles (commonly known as ‘tennis elbow’ or ‘golfer’s elbow’), tibial tuberosity, patella and olecranon. To examine an entheseal site, sufficient pressure is exerted to blanch the fingernail of the examiner (approximately 4kg). The Leeds enthesitis index is a simple scoring system, which is commonly used for the assessments of the entheses. The entheseal sites included in the Leeds Enthesitis index are: Bilaterally; the lateral epicondyle of the humerus at the common extensor origin; the medial condyle of the femur just superior to the joint line at the origin of the medial collateral ligament; and the posterior prominence of the calcaneum at the insertion of the Achilles tendon. The soft-tissue components of an enthesis are traditionally evaluated by clinical examination based on the presence of tenderness and/or swelling, while x-rays have been used to assess associated bony changes. Enthesitis may be recognised radiographically as spurs and may also be identified using ultrasound scan.
MRI scan reveals bone marrow oedema adjacent to the entheseal insertion sites representing a synovio-entheseal inflammatory complex at the very early stage of PsA, which supports the hypothesis that entheseal inflammation can be a prime or initial target in PsA disease pathogenesis, at least in a proportion of patients. For each entheseal site, an assessment of the adjacent joint in terms of tenderness and soft-tissue swelling should be made in order to distinguish the swelling and tenderness separately at the joint and the juxta-articular entheses.
Currently, there is no single diagnostic laboratory test for PsA. A thorough physical exam, including x-rays and individual medical history, as well as blood work, including a negative test for rheumatoid factor, is helpful in making a diagnosis. Positive serology for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies, though more prevalent in RA, may be found in 10-to-15 per cent of PsA patients. Acute phase reactants in PsA are frequently normal or minimally elevated, contributing little to diagnosis, and at times can unfortunately lead to a delayed referral. We have recently examined the long-term associations of raised inflammatory markers among patients with PsA, and results were presented at the recent European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) 2018 annual meeting.
We concluded that since PsA is a heterogeneous disease with <50 per cent of patients developing radiographic damage, raised CRP or ESR can help stratify patients with severe PsA phenotype, not only as regards radiographic damage and more resistant disease to DMARDs and TNF inhibitors, but also having a higher number of significant comorbidities. Many classification criteria of PsA have been proposed, but CASPAR criteria are now the most commonly used and internationally-agreed criteria, and also have the potential to be used for diagnostic purposes (Table 1).
There is considerable evidence to support the assertion that PsA is actually a multi-system disease. In addition to the characteristic extra-articular features, such as uveitis and inflammatory bowel disease, patients with PsA may also suffer from conditions that are related to the consequences of the disease or its treatment. Such co-existing diseases are referred to as comorbidities. Examples of comorbidities in PsA are hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, depression and malignancy. The presence of both extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities may have consequences for the treatment, prognosis and outcome of the disease, which frequently go unrecognised or under-treated.
It has become increasingly recognised that the burden of inflammation dictates the presence of such comorbidities. There are a number of studies from our group to support this notion. For example, firstly, we have shown in an in-depth analysis of a long-term follow-up cohort that severity of PsA is significantly associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. It is well known that insulin resistance causes endothelial cell dysfunction, subsequently leading to atherosclerosis and finally to end-organ damage, with stroke or myocardial infarction. Secondly, in a different cohort of PsA patients, we showed that metabolic syndrome was much more common than in patients attending rheumatology clinics with non-inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions. Thirdly, we have also recently shown that higher coronary artery plaque burden in PsA is independent of metabolic syndrome and associated with underlying PsA disease severity. Fourthly, we have found that comorbidities using the Charlson Comorbidity Index are significantly associated with erosions and number of deformed joints
Furthermore, the studies from other centres have also shown similar findings. For example, increased burden of inflammation over time is associated with the extent of atherosclerotic plaques in patients with PsA. Another study has shown that cumulative inflammatory burden is independently associated with increased arterial stiffness in patients with psoriatic arthritis.
Inflammation in PsA contributes not only to traditional cardiovascular risk factors (higher BMI, hypertension, diabetes, increased waist circumference and insulin resistance), but also likely causes increased thrombotic tendency. In the same study, authors conclude that a shared inflammatory pathway exists between PsA and obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance.
The Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) and EULAR have published recommendations for the treatment of PsA. The EULAR recommendations focused specifically on musculoskeletal PsA, but no management recommendations were made for skin or nail manifestations.
However, GRAPPA assessed both dermatological and musculoskeletal manifestations, along with recommendations for skin and nail disease. Overall, the recommendations address conventional synthetic DMARDs as an initial therapy after failure of NSAIDs and local therapy for active disease. Potential DMARDs included methotrexate, sulphasalazine and leflunomide.
Furthermore, if necessary, it should be followed by a biologic DMARD or a targeted synthetic DMARD (tsDMARD), such as TNF inhibitors, targeting interleukin (IL)-12/23 (ustekinumab), targeting IL-17 pathways, or a phosphodiesterase 4-inhibitor (apremilast).
<strong>References on request</strong>
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random truths, not digested into order, nor supported on each side by those other truths with which they are closely connected, they are easily withdrawn again and lost. To give truth a solid and lasting establishment, it must be fixed on its first principles as on a basis of adamant ; truth must rise upon truth in due proportion and order, and all the parts must be strongly united. Against a mind thus prepared, the seducer will in vain waste his feeble efforts. The mind where truth resides is free from the power of delusion. And even 'such as have been enslaved by error, will at the approach of truth, feel their chains fall off as at the bidding of an angel.
I have been encouraged by considerations like these, to lay before the public a plain account of faith, hoping thereby to do more effectual service against enthusiasm, than by a direct attempt to refute its various errors.
Much hath been said on the subject of faith, and excellently said, by our most eminent Divines. But I do not recollect that they have any where left us a regular Theory of faith, describing its nature, its genuine powers and effects ; defining its boundaries, and tracing as it proceeds, the line which every where divides it from the bordering enthusiasm. This hath been attempted in the following sheets, in as brief a manner as the copiousness and importance of the subject would allow. I have not entered into a consideration of those single texts of scripture which the enthusiast is eternally misapplying, but have attempted rather to build my doctrines on the general scope and design of the gospel. He who can once seize the true spirit and design of the gospel, will be the best prepared to understand the meaning of particular passages. And though this method does not fur
nish an answer to every single difficulty that may arise, yet it enables the intelligent reader to answer them for himself, by supplying him with those principles of truth, which will by degrees enlarge and fill his mind, and give it an internal strength that will enable it of itself successfully to contend with error.
I have endeavored herein to imitate the skilful physician, who, to cure disorders in the extremities of the body, begins at the heart. He infuses the balsam into the vital stream, and the mass of the blood being once purified, carries as it circulates its healing virtues into the smallest vessels, and removes obstructions in the extremost capillary tubes.
It is proper to inform the reader, that this Essay is the substance of a course of sermons preached before the University of Oxford. This information is necessary, in order to give an appearance of propriety to one 01 two passages which have been retained, and which are addressed more particularly to our established seats of learning
ESSAY ON FAITH,
HAT must I do to be saved ?" How
important is this question, and how much doth it concern us to understand it clearly ! And fain would the serious inquirer flatter himself, that it cannot be difficult to obtain a full and satisfactory solution of it, in a land where the light of the gospel is permitted to shine without obstruction, and where the word of life is freely laid open to every eye.
PROVIDENCE hath generally made truths clear as they are important. And accordingly more hath been done to illustrate this question future ages
other that can be proposed. To clear up this inquiry, it was that the Son of God himself came down on earth, and left behind him the sacred records of his will to guide all
in the way of peace. Yet, alas! though the world hath now been in possession of this great discovery for more than seventeen centuries, when we look round on the various and inconsistent opinions which are still maintained concerning this great point, one would almost be tempted to think that the heavenly truth had never yet been unveiled to human eye, but was still surrounded with impenetrable darkness. Propose this question to different men amongst us, who all pretend to fetch their information from the scriptures, and one will affirm that you may be saved by faith alone; another will say, that it is necessary to add to your faith virtue; a third will assure you, that you may be saved without any endeavors of your own, that is, in effect, without either faith or virtue ; that we are entirely passive in the business of our salvation, and have only to wait for the impressions of the Holy Spirit upon our minds; though the question itself supposeth that something must be done by ourselves, in order to our being sav. ed. " What must I DO to be saved ?"
How painful must it be to every well-wisher of mankind, to reflect how widely some must err in a matter where all are equally concerned to think right. But on the other hand, how pleasing to a benevolent mind must be the at
tempt, to guide the unhappy wanderers back to the saving truth which they have lost !
That these different opinions however do not arise from any want of clearness in the Revelation itself, will be readily granted on all hands. No words can represent truth so clearly as to secure it from all possibility of misrepresentation or mistake. Prejudice and passion often form so thick a cloud about the mind, as not to give admission even to the strongest ray of truth,
There is besides a singularity in the conduct of Revelation, which, at the same time that it is a proof of wisdom, and a character of divinity, doth casually leave room for the seducer to build his pernicious designs upon, and gives some appearance of solidity even to the visions of enthusiasm.
Revelation was intended for the use of all mankind. The book therefore in which it is recorded, is a popular work. The rules of faith and practice are delivered in such a manner as to be clear to the plain and untutored mind, without observing always a metaphysical precision, or pursuing a logical method. Those books of morality and religion which have been composed by the greatest understandings merely human, are studiously worked up into a regular system'; where principles are laid down, remote consequences deduced from them, truths built upon truths, and where we are at first sight struck with the just dispo. sition of the parts, and the symmetry of the
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The qr5 vertical axis wind turbine, manufactured and assembled in South Wales, is geared towards adding visual appeal to its surroundings and improves performance with increased wind turbulence.
The qr5 is especially suited for wind power on-site and its compact rotor design, only 5×3 m2, means it can be installed either on buildings or as a stand-alone wind turbine.
The agreement committed to by RWE Innogy is to sell up to 100 units of the wind turbine in Germany by the end of 2011.
The q5 is a direct drive vertical axis wind turbine with a mechanically integrated, weather sealed permanent magnet generator. The blades are made from carbon fibre and epoxy resin, and the wind turbine could have an annual output of up to 7.5 MWh depending on the site. quietrevolution says qr5 has a peak power rating of 8.2 kW at a wind speed of 15.5m/s.
Siting wind turbines in good locations is key in helping the transition to a more sustainable society. quietrevolution design and manufacture small-scale wind turbines designed to be sited at the point of energy use. Small and large scale wind power technologies, both onshore and off-shore are all part of the energy mix required. Along side other renewable technologies and the deployment of smart technologies there can be a reliable energy supply to all individuals and businesses.
The EST estimate that approx. 3.5TWh could be produced from small wind energy technologies in the UK, or roughly 5% of our gross energy consumption.
The UK has a great wind resource, however even in a small island nation there are good sites and poor sites and careful consideration on the exact location is required prior to deployment of a wind turbine.
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Smoking is one of the worst things you can do to your health. Despite the fact that smoking has been linked to respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, millions of people still light up everyday.
It has been scientifically-proven that nicotine creates a chemical dependency in the body after the first few days of smoking. (For complete study, click here). The good news is even if you’ve been smoking for decades, you can quit with a combination of lifestyle techniques, dietary changes, and natural remedies.
Symptoms of Smoker’s Withdrawal
The first signs of smoker’s withdrawal begin as early as four hours after the last cigarette. They peak after 48 hours and dissipate within 8-12 weeks. Complete relief is felt within six months. Withdrawal symptoms are no joke. Thousands of people quit everyday only to last two weeks before, shaking and irritable, they give in and light up.
- Cold symptoms
As your lungs clear themselves of toxins, you may feel like you’re coming down with a common cold. You may feel run-down, fatigued and experience bouts of heavy coughing accompanied by a sore throat.
Nicotine withdrawal causes anxiety and jitteriness. This can elevate your body temperature and cause profuse sweating, even in a temperate room.
Your body needs oxygen but when you’ve quit smoking, your brain is getting more of it than it has in a long time. This sudden rush of oxygen can result in headaches that last for several days.
Shakiness and hand tremors are common smoking withdrawal symptoms and are caused by anxiety.
- Mood swings and violent outbursts
You may experience extreme mood swings and violent outbursts during the first few weeks you’re nicotine-free. Any addictive substance (nicotine, alcohol, drugs, junk food) re-wires the way the brain functions and creates a chemical dependency. Your brain literally thinks it cannot live without this substance and the longer you’re away from it, the more irritable you’ll become.
- Gastrointestinal complaints
The nervous system and gastrointestinal system are very closely linked. If you’ve been smoking for years or even decades, your brain and body are used to functioning on a certain chemicals. When these chemicals are no longer available, it has a direct impact on the way your brain talks to your body. This can result in cramping, indigestion, diarrhea or constipation. (For more on treating stomach problems naturally, click here).
- Depression as if in mourning
Nicotine interacts with the pleasure receptors on your brain causing a calm, relaxed feeling. When this feeling can no longer be obtained through the use of nicotine, you may feel yourself settling into a temporary depression as though you’re mourning the loss of a loved one.
8 Ways to Ease Smoking Withdrawal Symptoms Naturally
- Get Support
If at all possible, quit with a friend. When you have someone to vent to about smoker’s withdrawal it can help make dealing with it more bearable. Plus, you and your buddy will be there to keep each other honest.
- Distract Yourself
When cravings hit, distract yourself. A nicotine craving only lasts for 1-2 minutes before abating. Go for a walk. Call a friend. Play a video game. Check your social media accounts. Do whatever you have to do to keep yourself from lighting up.
- Keep Your Hands Busy
Part of the psychological addiction of nicotine is a desire to do something with your mouth and hands. When cravings hit, keep your hands and mouth busy by chewing on a straw, popping a piece of gum, sucking on a hard candy or twirling a pen in between your fingers. Try learning some easy coin tricks. You can keep your hands busy and impress friends!
- Get Some Exercise
Exercise is a great stress-reliever and you’ll need it more than ever when you’re trying to quit smoking. When cigarette cravings strike, go out for a walk, do some weight-lifting at home or hit the gym. Regular exercise boosts your natural feel-good hormones (serotonin), improves your blood circulation, and releases anxious feelings. Also, when you make your mind up to exercise, you put yourself in a healthy mindset where smoking no longer has a place in your life.
- Write Down Your Feelings
When you’re going through nicotine withdrawal, a lot of different feelings will come up for you. Don’t let them fester until you explode on an innocent bystander. Write down your feelings as they come up. You’ll keep your hands busy and find a healthy release for your anger and anxiety.
- Change Your Diet
You may love the taste of red meat, coffee, and alcohol but those savory-tasting foods encourage you to light up. Instead, dine on plenty of organic vegetables, fruits, poultry, and wild-caught fish. Not only do they make cigarettes taste terrible, they’ll help keep you in a healthy mind-set to make quitting easier.
- Drink More Water
It may seem silly to think that water can help ease smoker’s withdrawal but it works. The more water you drink, the more toxins you flush from your body. The next time a craving strikes, slowly drink a full glass of water. This keeps your hand and mouth occupied and when you drink it slowly, gets you through the first two minutes when cravings are the worst.
- Use Natural Remedies
These natural remedies can help make quitting smoking easier.
- Vitamin C
Cigarette smoking drastically decreases your body’s natural stores of vitamin C, resulting in irritability, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Somehow this vitamin C deficiency increases nicotine cravings. Adding a high-dose level (250-500 milligrams) of vitamin C each day can eliminate the remaining cigarette toxins in your body and decrease nicotine cravings.
Lobelia, also called “Indian tobaccoâ€, helps relieve smoking withdrawal symptoms because it is so close to the nicotine family. Your body is fooled into believing it is getting nicotine; only lobelia is not addictive like cigarettes. Note: Lobelia is a potentially-toxic herb and is best used under the advice of a professional herbalist or naturopath.
- Arnica 30C
Arnica is a homeopathic remedy commonly used to treat muscle soreness and bruising. However, a homeopath discovered an interesting side effect: It also calms nicotine cravings. It works best in “wet dose†meaning pellets should be dissolved in water and taken twice per day. You can talk with a qualified homeopath about the best way to take arnica and other homeopathic remedies. You may also choose to purchase arnica 30C online and dilute it in water to take twice per day.
Quitting smoking may be one of the most challenging things you’ve ever done to improve your health but it’s well worth it. Once you’re free of nicotine and the withdrawal symptoms associated with it, you’ll be amazed at the positive difference in your health!
Bio: Jaime A. Heidel is a professional freelance writer with a passion for natural health and wellness. She’s written for dozens of health websites including AskDrMaxwell.com.
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1:1 Personalization Keeps Print Relevant
It’s a wired, wired world. So why, then, in a survey conducted by Graphic Design USA, are more creatives designing for print than ever? And why did 88% of the magazine’s survey respondents say their use of print— that dull, old-fashioned medium—is holding steady or even increasing?
Print is beautiful. It doesn’t matter how gorgeous your JPGs are, a beautifully printed piece will blow away your screen graphics any time. By definition, 1:1 print personalization must be printed on a digital press, however, which makes some marketers nervous. But there is no need. Digital print quality has improved by leaps and bounds over the last few years. In fact, if you took a series of well printed digital and offset pieces and viewed them side by side, do you think you could pick out the ones that were produced digitally? Think again. Digital quality has become so good that it would be very difficult for the average marketer (or consumer) to tell the difference.
With print, you get another benefit, as well. When you communicate with people by email, recipients can’t see beyond the subject line unless they actually open the message. With print, you can communicate on the outside of the envelope or insert the pieces into clear envelopes so that recipients can experience the impact of the piece before they even open the envelope.
Print plays well with others. It’s true that sometimes print alone won’t meet your marketing objectives, such as when going to a young adult audience. But sometimes, electronic media won’t cut it alone, either. Today’s complex marketing environment often requires multiple touch points, allowing marketers to build on and reinforce the message. Take, for example, personalized URLs (PURLs). By using PURLs, marketers can send out personalized print pieces that grab the recipients’ attention, then encourage them to log into their own personalized Web pages that reinforce the message. Or salespeople can create personalized follow-up brochures after prospects leave the showroom, reminding visitors of the products they preferred and offering them a personalized incentive to return.
Print influences buying decisions. Marketers once thought that, as e-commerce became mainstream, printed catalogs would fade away like cowboys riding into the sunset. But recent research continues to indicate otherwise. According to a United States Postal Service/comScore Networks, Inc., survey, online consumers who received a printed catalog from any given retailer were nearly twice as likely to make an online purchase at that retailer’s website. The reason? Consumers seek print when they’re ready to buy. Combine this with the power of personalization (communicating based, not on generic references to products and offers, but on each individual recipient’s past spending patterns) and you have incredible marketing power.
Print is credible. Open your email. How many scams do you receive every day? Don’t know? Check your spam filter. It only takes a few dollars and an email address to put a scam together, and it’s increasingly difficult to tell today’s scams from the real thing. Conversely, print still has the appearance of greater authenticity. Combine that with personalization (unlike spam, you don’t send out five million 1:1 print pieces, hoping to hit a few gullible takers) and you really have a piece people think they can trust. The fact is, print is as relevant today as it was centuries ago. That relevance is now heightened with modern technology like 1:1 print. As such, print remains a critical component in today’s fast-paced, “what’s in it for me?” world. And while e-marketing is a necessary component in our multi-channel marketing environment, 1:1 print brings benefits that electronic media just can’t touch.
Let’s Discuss Your Marketing Objectives
Contact Bruce Browning at (914) 380-7510 or [button url=”http://www.olleymay.com/contact-us/”]CONTACT US[/button] online.
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Rating: 8,2/10 (2001 votes)
St. Cyril and Methodius description and photo - Bulgaria: Burgas. Detailed information about the attraction. Description, photos and a map showing the nearest significant objects.
Photo and description
The Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius is one of the most interesting sights of the city of Burgas. It is located in the very center of the city and is the largest temple in Burgas. Its construction began in 1895, and in 1907 it opened its doors to Orthodox parishioners, whose donations made the construction possible. The famous Italian architect Riccardo Toscani worked on the creation of the project.
The building area is 516 square meters (32 meters long and 21 meters wide), two bell towers are adjacent to it. The main entrance to the temple is decorated with a mosaic panel depicting Saints Cyril and Methodius, the creators of the Slavic alphabet. The church building is also notable for its richly decorated facade and a stunningly beautiful dome. The interior of the church can also interest the visitor: it is decorated with malachite, marble and bizarre frescoes created by the craftsmen who worked on the decoration of the Alexander Nevsky Church in Sofia. Here you can also see the carved iconostasis made of wood by the master Kruma Kosharevsky (1930).
After a fire in 1953, the decoration of the church and many icons were damaged, however, to date, lengthy restoration work has already been completed and the temple has been open to visitors for over 15 years.
We also recommend reading Ertugrul Gazi Mosque description and photo - Turkmenistan: Ashgabat
Topic: Church of St. Cyril and Methodius description and photos - Bulgaria: Burgas.
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Though wildlife encounters aren't a typical part of beach days, they certainly do happen! In warmer climates, beachgoers often run into sea turtles who are sharing the shore, but most of the time they're advised to give the animals space.
In this video posted by @savetheseaturtlesint, though, a young man named Ollie steps in to give a turtle a hand after finding the creature flipped over in the sand. This is no baby turtle, though, so getting the animal right-side-up and back into the sea is easier said than done.
Well done, Ollie! Honestly, he made that look easy. We can't imagine how heavy that turtle must've been to flip, especially from such an awkward angle. It was considerate of him not to touch or bug the animal after helping out, too. We applaud such incredible willpower...and physical power! To quote commenter @henrycalace519, "THAT'S HOW YOU DO IT."
It's no wonder why this young man is getting so much online praise. We loved @victormorris776 comment that said, "One day she will come back to see you, the only thing you need to do is be somewhere next to the sea. She is going with good memories of you." That's so beautiful!
Read More From Pethelpful
Still, not all viewers are familiar with the situation's context. "How that turtle've got upside down in the first place. Kinda suspicious.." commented @radiangel. Luckily, other TikTok users knew what was up.
"Big enough waves will get under turtles and flip them on their backs. nothing at all suspicious about it. Glad it was found and saved." Thank you, @jesslambert643, for explaining! We didn't even notice "the flipper buried in the sand from the surf" that @appleuser347557661 caught--boy, are we glad Ollie was around when he was.
By the looks of it, this turtle was pretty glad, too!
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By Megan Mooney
A speculative quasi-history lesson about Shakespeare takes the stage at Toronto Fringe
Okay, so, the title of this one is actually longer than the above subject heading would suggest. The full title is: The Shakespeare Show: Or, how an illiterate son of a Glover became the Greatest Playwright in the World The show is as fun as the title.
Since the mid 1800s people have been debating who actually wrote Shakespeare’s plays, and there have been several different opinions put forward about several different potential writers. The most common and viable one put forward these days is Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford. This play presents us with what that might have looked like.
a bit like a dreary history lesson? Well, it’s not. It’s an irreverent romp. I’m not sure I’ve ever used the word ‘romp’ before, but it just fits this show. There’s two actors playing a ton of different characters. This leads to a number of amusing moments, including actress Tara Travis strangling herself as she plays both the strangler and stranglee.
Don’t worry, you really don’t need to know anything about Shakespeare beyond what you likely studied in high school to enjoy this one. In fact, you don’t even need to have done that. It’s funny no matter what. And, although it’s written in iambic pentameter (kudos to Ryan Gladstone for taking that on when writing the piece), it won’t leave anyone confused the way Shakespeare sometimes can.
Not only did he write it, Gladstone also takes the stage in the role of Shakespeare (among others). His timing and delivery are great throughout, but I have to say, my favourite part what when Gladstone was wielding puppets.
Bottom line is that this is a show that is a ton of fun and doesn’t take itself too seriously. Really, I have to say, The Shakespeare Show was a fantastic way to start my Toronto Fringe experience.
Wed, June 30 8:45 PM – 402
Sat, July 3 Noon – 413
Sun, July 4 7:00 PM – 423
Mon, July 5 3:00 PM – 427
Wed, July 7 11:00 PM – 444
Fri, July 9 1:45 PM – 453
Sat, July 10 9:15 PM – 464
– All individual Fringe tickets are $10 ($5 for FringeKids) at the door (cash only). Tickets are available online at www.fringetoronto.com, by Phone at 416-966-1062, in person at The Randolph Centre for the Arts, 736 Bathurst Street (Advance tickets are $11 ($10+$1 convenience fee)
– Several money-saving passes are available if you plan to see at least 5 shows
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Bitcoin and the entire cryptocurrency market is crashing this morning, which means that a bunch of people who never talked about bitcoin as of a month ago are now smugly assuming its demise. Here is but one example of the mainstream discourse right now.
I don't completely blame the mainstream for their smugness today. We're programed to dunk on anything that challenges the status quo in this country, and bitcoin was explicitly created as a bulwark against the existing order: it has the title of a Financial Times article about bank bailouts coded into its genesis block. Bitcoin exists as a challenge to the international monetary system, but because it has the moniker of “cryptocurrency,” it is assumed by the uninformed to be something that it isn't. Bitcoin, and all these other cryptocurrencies, are not currencies.
They're oil for software platforms. They're commodities. Think of it this way: oil is one of the most important financial benchmarks in the world, yet oil is not something most of us experience in our day to day lives. However, products that are built off of oil—like plastic or gasoline—are ubiquitous. It's difficult to see why anyone should care about cryptocurrency right now, given that its applications aren't obvious—but that's because the next generation of apps on the blockchain platform are not ready. We don't have a blockchain version of plastic yet, so it's hard for non-technical people to see the value in this stuff, since it's still mostly theoretical.
Think of it like an arcade. You can't do anything on a blockchain without spending some bitcoin first, just like you can't play a video game at an arcade without inserting a coin. The software platforms known as blockchains are where the value really lies in this space. “Cryptocurrency” is just one part of that platform. When I invested in Ethereum, I didn't actually buy Ethereum, but ether—the software gas that makes its software platform run (this isn't a literary device, cryptocurrency literally functions like oil or gasoline in this ecosystem).
This is where the confusion lies in investing in cryptocurrency, as it is not like the stock market. Stocks are simply a note with a promise, while cryptocurrency itself is a functional part of a larger ecosystem. This massive rally we just experienced makes a lot more sense if you look at the charts as something like the typical S-shaped adoption curve, instead of an expression of financial fortitude. Here is bitcoin pre-crash.
Lots of things in cryptocurrency are horribly named, which helps sow all this confusion. Bitcoin can complete roughly five transactions per second, and it would take the system about a week to process the same number of transactions that Visa can clear in a couple minutes. It is not a currency, it is not used as such and no one who knows anything about this space would ever say that it is a replacement for fiat money in its present state. Bitcoin is a store of value—a global savings account, if you will. Ethereum is a software platform that companies like Cisco, JPMorgan and Microsoft have pledged to build the next generation of business applications on. All these coins are like start-up companies attacking different markets, but with their own little ecosystems.
“Mining” is another example of a poorly named section of this industry. Mining coins is how the system runs, but that word leaves out a crucial aspect of mining—one that I believe is more important than obtaining new coins. “Mining” means that you have a piece of equipment running complex algorithms to confirm pending transactions in the system, and miners are given coins as a reward for keeping the system humming. Supply and demand are literally linked by code in a blockchain economy, ensuring that runaway inflation is not (theoretically) possible.
So if you are one of those people delighting in the crash of an economy that you didn't really know much about prior to a month ago, understand that you're letting imperfect monikers lead you to conclusions which are not based in fact. Yes, plenty of libertarian-minded folk want to build cryptocurrencies that can replace fiat—like bitcoin cash aims to do—but no one in their right mind would suggest that we're anywhere close to that being a possibility, and pointing to one market correction that was long overdue as proof that the entire market is bunk makes you look naïve and uninformed.
Not to mention, the people getting slaughtered today are those who just dipped their toe into the market through the only mainstream exchange in America, Coinbase. Its downloads exceeded that of Instagram at one point this past month, as a wave of newbies bought cryptocurrency off of its Thanksgiving bump. It seems as if this mainstream ire is directed at the libertarian-minded folk who want to replace the international monetary system, but they're doing just fine, as they got in so early that bitcoin would practically have to go to $0 for them to lose money. You're laughing at people who took a leap of faith on something they didn't understand, and got burned. That's not cool.
It's fine to raise doubts about blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. Anyone who evangelizes anything should draw your skepticism, but one correction is really not that big of a deal in the larger picture. Bitcoin has crashed by 80% five times, and it keeps rebounding. Market corrections are a sign of a healthy market—it means that people are taking profits, and some of those usually go back in again. If anything, bitcoin's continued meteoric rise would be a bad thing.
Financial markets are imperfect indicators of the information they aim to reflect. Just because a stock, commodity, or cryptocurrency crashes doesn’t necessarily mean that the underlying fundamentals are bad. This wave of new sign-ups pushing Ethereum and Litecoin to all time highs simply because they looked cheap next to bitcoin in Coinebase’s app was bound to tank the market. Humans make trades, and humans are not always logical. Markets run off emotions, and cryptocurrency is no different. If you’re one of those people claiming this correction marks the end of cryptocurrency, then you’re reading too much in to a situation that you simply do not understand.
Jacob Weindling is a staff writer for Paste politics. Follow him on Twitter at @Jakeweindling.
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In this article Mr. Dan Perrel presents ideas as to how your child could have a new mindset on maturity, independence and motivation. Enjoy!
BEGINNING WITH THE END IN MIND
School Year Winds Down
When asked the following question, nearly every 8th grader I’ve spoken with responds like a high school senior does to the same question about high school: Are you ready for middle school to be over?
Their answer: “YES!”
When I ask eighth graders what it is about middle school that has caused them to want a quick exodus, humorously, they’re again like seniors responding to the question of why they’re so ready to get out of high school.
Their answer: It’s too childish.
I can’t help chuckle because on the surface their response seems to indicate a new found level of maturity that should make everyone pleased by their growth, but reality typically tells us a different story. It’s not that they’ve become so sophisticated they’re now reading the Wall Street Journal and listening to TED Talks every chance they get. Nope! In some respects, they’re just as child-like now as they were at the beginning of the school year. But, in other ways, some not so obvious, they have in fact matured.
I didn’t say they argue with you less. Though they may. I didn’t say they are more eager to contribute to the daily or weekly cleaning of their bedroom. Though they may. I didn’t say they are getting along better with their siblings. Though they may be. Instead, they’ve had an internal change. It’s the kind of change that probably makes them a bit more serious inside; a bit more self-aware; a bit more introspective; a bit more concerned about what others think about them. Introspective growth serves several important purposes in adolescent maturity. One outcome is that it begins to open their awareness of how they are different from others (Hansell, 1986). They have distinct interests, likes and dislikes, and many other subtle distinctions that make them unique (for those of you with multiple children, you know exactly what I mean).
Their awareness isn’t generally from some grand insight. It’s more a feeling than a rational analysis. But, it’s real.
The bottom-line is that they are growing up. They’re beginning to see that they are more like 10th and 11th graders than 3rd and 4th graders.
It’s at this point that some of you may be thinking about what this inevitably leads to: independence.
At the mention of such a thing I can faintly hear screams of “Nooooooooooo!” Independence has its ups and downs during adolescents. It’s probably more likely to be associated with rebellion than positive maturity. But, it doesn’t have to be this way.
At any rate, as independence grows (reaching its high school zenith in 12th grade – which is why 12th graders are ready to leave the rules of high school like 8th graders are ready to leave the childishness of elementary/middle school), I’ll argue that rebellion isn’t the greatest challenge. It’s motivation.
Why does it seem that so many students are unmotivated? Research indicates that at least 40% of all students are chronically disengaged from school. Some estimates say the number is much higher.
What about your child? What will he or she do upon reaching high school? Will he face academic challenges by pushing through to achieve understanding? Will she encounter an academic setback only to withdraw from further effort?
A great portion of what we know about the chasm separating the motivated from the disengaged indicates that the difference is primarily one of mindset. In her most recent book, “Mindset,” Stanford University psychologist Carol Dweck tells us that two dramatically different approaches exist in the struggle to deal with life’s challenges: a “fixed mindset” and a “growth mindset.”
In short, what each of us needs to do is invest great energy at instilling in our children (and ourselves) the growth mindset.
Though I believe that reading the book is worth every second you’d put into it, I know that many of you already face full schedules. So, the link that follows is to Dweck’s TED Talk distillation of her book. At only 10 minutes in length, it too is worth every second of your time.
In the end, may you see that Mayer Lutheran is seriously interested in helping you help your child have an outstanding high school experience. And may you know more and more that our ultimate intention is help us all live as the apostle John admonishes us to live – as God is light, may we walk in that light, the light of truth, and may we see things as they really are (I John 1:5-10).
CLASS OF 2020
If you know of a family that is interested in joining us at MLHS, please encourage them that it is never too late to enroll.
Mayer Lutheran High School
Head Coach – Men’s Basketball
952-657-2251, ext 1011
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CalRecycle’s Disposal Reporting System (DRS) assigns accountability for disposed solid waste to the jurisdiction from which it came. Beginning in 2007, jurisdictions use the Disposal Reporting System to calculate per capita disposal. Counties receive disposal information from each permitted disposal facility within their boundaries. Counties then send quarterly disposal reports to CalRecycle and each jurisdiction that disposed waste in that county.
- “Disposal” means all solid waste from all sources within California jurisdiction boundaries, transported by all types of haulers (including self-haul) to Board-permitted disposal or transformation facilities.
- “Disposal” also means: (1) all out-of-state solid waste from all sources, imported to Board-permitted disposal or transformation facilities, and (2) all solid waste originating from all sources within California jurisdiction boundaries and exported out of state.
- “Disposal Reporting System” means the Board’s methods and procedures for tracking disposed and transformed waste and the database that contains information about the tons of waste disposed or transformed at all Board-permitted disposal or transformation facilities in the state.
Using Disposal Reporting to Estimate Per Capita Disposal
- Solid waste sent to out-of-state landfills or to Indian country is disposal.
- Disposal does not include approved alternative daily cover (ADC), alternative intermediate cover (AIC), or other beneficial reuse.
- Each jurisdiction should receive quarterly disposal reports from each California county in which its waste is disposed. A jurisdiction must use the CalRecycle’s summary of tonnages from these county disposal reports to estimate its annual per capita disposal.
- Each county must report disposal every quarter, every year.
- If reported amounts appear inaccurate, a jurisdiction should first discern if there were extraordinary events during the report period that could result in unusual amounts of waste disposal. If none are apparent, then the jurisdiction should work with the reporting county, haulers, and landfills to investigate.
- If, after working with the county, a jurisdiction still believes the reported disposal tonnage is inaccurate, it may present supporting information in its annual report to CalRecycle.
- If existing or minimum reporting procedures do not meet jurisdiction needs, the jurisdiction should work with its haulers, facility operators and the county to improve DRS reporting.
- Counties must ensure each solid waste facility within its boundaries meets its minimum disposal reporting requirements. Under its own authority, a county may require facilities to perform more extensive reporting to improve accuracy.
- With documentation, jurisdictions may request a deduction from disposal for: regional diversion facility residue, disaster waste tonnage, regional medical waste treatment facility residue, waste exported out of state that was subsequently diverted, and some special wastes.
- Reporting-year disposal is divided by the population or industry employment of the jurisdiction, which is then multiplied by 365 (days in a year) to determine per capita disposal for population or employment. For details on goal measurement for 2007 and subsequent years, the new goal measurement system is described in CalRecycle’s Goal Measurement: 2007 and Later web page.
Legislation, Statutes, and Regulations
Chapter 1292, Statutes of 1992 (Sher, AB 2494), amended by Chapter 1227, Statutes of 1994 (Sher, AB 688).
Chapter 343, Statutes of 2008 (Wiggins, SB 1016)
Statute: Public Resources Code (PRC) Section
Title 14, California Code of Regulations (14 CCR), Chapter 9, Article 9.2, Disposal Reporting Requirements.
Title 27, California Code of Regulations (27 CCR), Division 2, Chapter 3, Article 2, CIWMB-Daily and Intermediate Cover.
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Peter Baltes (politician)
Peter Baltes grew up as the son of a Catholic miner . After attending elementary school and business school , he attended the mountain school . At the age of 19 he was drafted into the Imperial Navy , which he left as a sailor in 1918 .
From 1920 to 1926 he worked as a union secretary , but was dismissed in 1926 for "dishonesty". He then worked as an employee of the Saar government commission in the pension office . In October 1927 he joined SA-Sturm 70 in Saarbrücken and remained active there until 1929. On May 1, 1928, he became NSDAP member No. 87,960 in the Merchweiler local group. There he rose to the position of local group leader. For the party he acted as a Gauredner and later as head of the Office for War Victims (NSKO).
In 1927 and 1929 he participated in the Nazi party rallies of the NSDAP. In 1931 he was elected deputy Gauleiter in the Saar area and in 1932 to the regional council. In 1925 he was ordered to Berlin, where he worked as a civil servant. In 1937 he received the Golden Party Badge of the NSDAP. In 1938 he was reassigned to the SA and promoted to Standartenführer . He died in Berlin in 1941.
A street in Wemmetsweiler was named after him until the end of the war .
- Gerhard Paul : The NSDAP of the Saar area 1920-1935 . Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag (SDV), Saarbrücken 1987, ISBN 3-925036-11-3 .
- Peter Baltes on www.saarland-biografien.de
- Gerhard Paul : The NSDAP of the Saar area 1920-1935 . Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag (SDV), Saarbrücken 1987, ISBN 3-925036-11-3 , p. 185-1986 .
- Baltes, Peter. saarland-biografien.de, accessed on July 26, 2012 .
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|DATE OF BIRTH||1897|
|PLACE OF BIRTH||Merchweiler|
|DATE OF DEATH||1941|
|Place of death||Berlin|
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It is a great privilege to introduce the subject of schistosome immunopathogenesis before a group of workers which includes some of the most distinguished contributors to this field. It is because of their efforts that we know more about the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis today than of other parasitic diseases. Yet, we still do not know nearly enough!
In order not to encroach upon the forthcoming talks—of which I have not received summaries—this introduction will highlight some key problems of human schistosome pathology, with incursions into pertinent experimental work already accomplished or yet to be done. To provide such perspective is not an easy task, but I rely on our later speakers, especially on Ken Warren, to complete or correct these sketchy opening remarks.
Human perspective is essential in schistosomiasis research for several reasons. Man is the principal natural host of the schistosome species we are studying.
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Life cycle assessment of multi-step rufinamide synthesis – from isolated reactions in batch to continuous microreactor networks
Rufinamide is an antiepileptic drug to treat Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, in combination with other medications. Rufinamide is one of the best-selling 5-membered ring heterocyclic pharmaceuticals. Its 1,2,3-triazole moiety is made by click chemistry-based cycloaddition of a dipolarophile and an azide. We have recently shown the feasibility of a continuous solvent- and catalyst-free flow process utilizing a relatively inexpensive and green new dipolarophile. The problem of its low reactivity was solved when harsh operating conditions (i.e. novel process windows, NPW) were applied within a continuous micro-flow reactor to obtain the activation needed. In addition to this chemical intensification, we present here the idea of using chlorides for azide formation instead of the commonly used (more reactive) bromides. Meanwhile, the chloride is produced by the reaction of benzyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride. Herein, we analyse the reaction sequence starting from benzyl alcohol to rufinamide, focusing on these three process optimisations. The choice of intermediates is assessed with the help of simplified green chemistry metrics and holistic life cycle assessment (LCA) about their impact on the full process chain. From those material-related green chemistry advancements, the next step in flow-based NPW is undertaken which is process-related (end-to-end process design). The reaction system is accordingly analysed with the goal being to determine the best fully continuous multi-reaction network, having uninterrupted flow from the first step until the end product is obtained. Three such multi-step microreactor networks are evaluated by green metrics and LCA, including telescoping in flow. Solvent recycling is considered throughout the investigations to reduce the solvent load.
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Kitano-Tenmangu Shrine locates at the north west part in Kyoto city’s center, near Kamishichiken (oldest entertainment district in Kyoto), and was found in 947. The god of study, Sugawara-no-Michizane is enshrined in this shrine, so this is known as Tenjinsan by local people and every year in the season of entrance examination, a lot of students come to wish their success here. This is also famous for great tea ceremony held by Toyotomi Hideyoshi (the strongest general in 1586-1598) and Sen-no-Rikyu in 1587. Every year in February and March, as many as 1,500 plum trees bloom out. And also in Autumn, Maple Tree Festival is taken place. On 25th every month, associated with the day Michizane died, market is held.
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By Dan Walsh in Boolavogue
Not since the days of Fr. John Murphy has there been so much excitement in the Boolavogue area after it was disclosed in the national media at the weekend that Penny Mordaunt, tipped by many to be the next Tory leader and likely Prime Minister of the United Kingdom as successor to Boris Johnson has strong family roots in north Wexford.
Ms Mordaunt, (49), born in Torquay, who is MP for Portsmouth North, has held a number of government posts under Boris Johnson and Theresa May, including Defence Secretary, Paymaster General, Trade Minister, and the Women and Equalities and International Development portfolios.
She is a niece of Henry Mordaunt, who maintains the family’s genealogy website. Henry traces their family roots back to Denis and Mary Mordaunt, born in north Co Wexford in the late 18th century.
The family were tenant farmers on land in Ballintlea, (carved as ‘Ballinaclay’ on the family memorial in Boolavogue graveyard) near Gorey, throughout the 19th century and in north Wexford.
Denis Mordaunt (1783-1868) was baptised in the parish of Kilanerin, near Gorey. He married Mary Byrne (1791-1851) in Avoca, Co Wicklow, in 1813, and held 30 acres in Ballinaclay, and may also have held land at Clone, near Monamolin. He died in 1868 and was buried in Boolavogue.
One of his younger children, Edward Mordaunt (1831-1917), married Bridget Crowe (1841-1921) in Litter Parish (Kilmuckridge) in 1863. They lived on 86 acres at Cullentra until he was evicted in 1886 for non-payment of rent and was jailed for his role in the ‘Land War.’
Part of the memorial inscription reads; “To the memory of Edward Mordaunt, Monamolin, of Land League fame, who was a fearless soldier in the land wars of the 1880s after suffering a term of imprisonment. Died February 6th 1917, aged 85 years.”
The house was destroyed by fire, and Edward and his family later lived in Court Ballyedmond, Monamolin, where he was a farmer and shopkeeper. He died in 1917, and he was buried in Boolavogue, alongside his father and older brothers.
Edward’s son Patrick Mordaunt (1874-1914) was baptised in Monamolin and married Bridget Plunkett (1873-1957) in Wexford in 1898. He enlisted in a cavalry regiment and the family moved to Canterbury.
Earlier today, I visited Boolavogue graveyard and observed the well-kept memorials that are testament to the Mordaunt family, and should Penny aspire to lead the United Kingdom as Prime Minister the footfall will increase and, perhaps, she may be invited to come and visit!
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Tether (USDT) to Litecoin (LTC) Exchange
Today, various types of cryptocurrencies are quite popular when operating in the virtual space. It is due to the rather active development of modern technologies and online calculations. The electronic means of payment have significantly simplified the settlement processes between various categories of organizations and individuals. At the moment, there is a fairly large variety of cryptocurrencies. Each of them has its characteristics and advantages of use.
Tether (USDT) and its features
One of the fairly common types of cryptocurrencies is Tether (USDT), which is used to carry out certain financial transactions and is distinguished by the presence of a binding to fiat currencies. Each unit of this currency is backed by a corresponding reserve on the accounts of the company issuing this type of virtual money. However, there is often a need to exchange such a currency for a different type to perform certain operations. For it Tether (USDT) is exchanged for Litecoin (LTC) using special online cryptocurrency exchangers.
This type of cryptocurrency has certain advantages, due to many users of various categories actively using it.
A stable and profitable exchange rate is achieved by linking the currency to real money. So, the Tether (USDT) to Litecoin exchange rate also has the most convenient indicators.
Availability of reserves, due to which not only the exchange of Tether (USDT) for Litecoin (LTC) is available, but also their transfer to other means.
Favorable conditions when conducting settlement and other financial transactions, as well as exchanging Tether for Litecoin.
How to make Tether for Litecoin exchange
Most often, we can make online exchanges using special services, each of which offers its specific conditions. The procedure for carrying out such operations, as a rule, has similar stages mandatory for execution. However, on some resources, the process of transferring Tether (USDT) - Litecoin (LTC) has its peculiarities.
First of all, you need to choose the direction required for the exchange and specify the name of the cryptocurrency to which you plan to transfer the available funds.
Next, you need to go over the information about the upcoming transfer, including the Tether (USDT) to Litecoin rate. And, if its value suits the user, make an application. At the same time, it is necessary to specify the number of funds to be exchanged in the Tether - Litecoin to operate.
When the question arises of how to make an exchange, it is best to study this information directly on the website of the exchanger that is selected to perform such operations. So, the exchange service cryptoexchanger offers quite favorable conditions for exchanging Tether for Litecoin, as well as a simple and convenient interface. Due to it, working with the platform will be as comfortable as possible for the user.
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An Archaeology of Institutional Refuge: the Material Culture of the Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney, 1848–1886
Part of the Exploring the Archaeology of the Modern City project
This monograph presents the results of the EAMC analysis of the Hyde Park Barracks assemblage. It concentrates of the underfloor assemblage and examines many details of life in the Women’s Destitute Asylum and Immigrant’s Depot such as smoking, the distribution of religious tracts, the provision of medicinal care, the ‘make-do’ culture of recycled clothing and makeshift tooling, among other topics.
Cite this Record
An Archaeology of Institutional Refuge: the Material Culture of the Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney, 1848–1886. Penny Crook, Tim Murray. Archaeology of the Modern City Series ,12. Glebe, NSW: Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales. 2006 ( tDAR id: 407321) ; doi:10.6067/XCV8KH0QDV
This Resource is Part of the Following Collections
Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike
This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. This license is often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. This is the license used by Wikipedia, and is recommended for materials that would benefit from incorporating content from Wikipedia and similarly licensed projects.
min long: 151.191; min lat: -33.885 ; max long: 151.229; max lat: -33.859 ;
Individual & Institutional Roles
Contact(s): Penny Crook
ARC Identification Number(s): C00002438
TDAR ID(s): 6822
FAIMS ID(s): repo.fedarch.org/project/6822
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What does a positive Antimitochondrial antibody mean?
A positive AMA means that there are detectable levels of antibodies in the bloodstream. Although a positive AMA test is most often associated with PBC, it can also be positive in autoimmune hepatitis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and graft-versus-host disease.
Can you be AMA positive and not have PBC?
Despite undergoing a liver biopsy, many AMA-positive patients would not be diagnosed with PBC and other diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) could be documented.
Can positive AMA mean nothing?
It is rare that a person without the condition will have a positive result. However, some people with a positive test for AMA and no other sign of liver disease may progress to PBC over time. Rarely, abnormal results may also be found that are due to other kinds of liver disease and some autoimmune diseases.
What is mitochondrial M2 AB?
Anti-mitochondrial M2 antibody (AMA-M2) is specific to primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), but can also be found in certain patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Effective methods of differentiating between PBC and AIH are required, as their clinical course and management are different.
What is an Antimitochondrial antibody test?
Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are autoantibodies that are strongly associated with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), formerly called primary biliary cirrhosis. This test detects and measures the amount (titer) of AMA in the blood.
What does AMA negative mean?
A negative AMA or AMA-M2 means that it is likely that a person’s symptoms are due to something other than PBC, but the result does not rule out the condition. About 5-10% of those with PBC will not have significant amounts of AMA or AMA-M2.
What is a normal AMA range?
A normal range for this test is below a 1:20 titer. Titer refers to the portion of the antibody in your blood. If your results are higher, it may mean that you have PBC.
Is primary biliary cholangitis the same as primary biliary cirrhosis?
Primary biliary cholangitis, previously called primary biliary cirrhosis, is a chronic disease in which the bile ducts in your liver are slowly destroyed. Bile is a fluid made in your liver. It aids with digestion and helps you absorb certain vitamins.
What does mitochondrial M2 antibody test for?
Mitochondrial (M2) Antibody Blood Test. A mitochondrial antibody test is used to determine the presence of mitochondrial antibodies which can be used in conjunction with clinical findings and other laboratory tests to aid in the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).
What is AMA M2 test?
The AMA or AMA-M2 test is ordered when a healthcare practitioner suspects that someone has an autoimmune disorder such as PBC that is affecting the liver. A person may have symptoms that include: Itching (pruritus) Jaundice.
What does high AMA mean?
A high AMA or AMA-M2 level (titer) in the blood indicates that the most likely cause of symptoms and/or liver damage is PBC. The level of AMA is not related to the severity of PBC symptoms or to a person’s prognosis.
What is a high AMA?
What are antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA)?
Antimitochondrial Antibodies (AMA) Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) are the autoimmune response that occurs when the body turns against its own cells, tissues, and organs. When this happens, the immune system attacks the body as though it were an infection.
What does a positive antimitochondrial antibodies test mean?
Antimitochondrial Antibodies (AMA) AMA Test may be positive with other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, thyroiditis, etc. Lower levels of AMA may also be detected in some other liver diseases/conditions. At present, a total of 9 subtypes of mitochondrial antigens are recognized.
Where are anti antimitochondrial antibodies found in systemic sclerosis?
Antimitochondrial antibodies can also be detected in Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, asymptomatic recurrent bacteriuria in women, pulmonary tuberculosis, and leprosy. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies are another type of AMA, and cardiolipin is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
How many types of mitochondrial antigens are there?
At present, a total of 9 subtypes of mitochondrial antigens are recognized. These are denoted as M1 to M9. Out of these subtypes, M2 type of AMA is particularly recognized and detected, in cases of primary biliary cholangitis.
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Today’s NHS Long Term Plan rightly focuses on prevention, not least to introduce ways of making healthy living and exercise integral to patient lives. But surely these lessons should start within the education system? Teaching pupils the basics of health economics and nutrition, how to cook, the value (or not) of each food group and the implications of those foods to a healthy body and mind would, together with informed parenting, be a good start. The catastrophic erosion of cooking lessons and sports facilities attached to State schools has had, arguably, the most devastating effect on the long term physical and mental health of children and young people. Government guidelines state that each pupil between 5 and 15 should engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity a day, of which 30 should be in school. Reading the woefully short PE Education programmes for key stages 1 and 2, 3 and 4, I find no statutory requirement for time spent on this physical activity within schools.
If prevention is truly a Government priority, it will look to invest responsibly in our education system, sports facilities, nutrition lessons and school meals; only then will the NHS be relieved of dealing with so many preventable conditions. If people are taught from a very young age to understand what they are putting into their bodies and why they need to keep themselves fit, they can take informed choices around living well for the rest of their lives.
The NHS is an incredible institution; it successfully treats millions of patients a year and does a fantastic job, often against the odds. Money will help, but averting avoidable conditions before they take hold seems to be a no-brainer. Connecting the dots of education and health is long overdue.
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Climate change has the global food supply on the brink of disaster.
The global food supply is on the brink of disaster, according to a newly published report by the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
More than 100 experts contributed to the report, which concludes that climate change is already negatively impacting food production in real ways. And the problem is poised to get even worse if global temperatures continue to increase — though it's not yet too late to avoid a total catastrophe.
According to the report's authors, it's getting harder to produce food in the face of more droughts, heat waves, wildfires, floods, and permafrost thaw.
Add to that the increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which decrease the quality of the food that is produced, and it's clear we're headed toward a future in which there's even less food to go around — meaning the food that is available will cost more.
Time to Act
As daunting as this all seems, one of the lead authors of the report still believes we can avoid food catastrophe — if we're willing to put in the effort.
"One of the important findings of our work is that there are a lot of actions that we can take now. They’re available to us," Pamela McElwee told The New York Times. "What some of these solutions do require is attention, financial support, enabling environments."
READ MORE: Climate Change Threatens the World’s Food Supply, United Nations Warns [The New York Times]
More on climate change: "Climate Apartheid" Is Imminent. Only the Rich Will Survive.
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Saudi airlines resume its flights soon after two a long time. In 2020, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic made the entire entire world devastated. The government was compelled to terminate all the airways because of to the common of this pandemic. It was a harsh time not only for people today but also for each and every discipline, in particular economics.
On 7th May 2022, the authorities determined to relaunch the flights and develop the new marriage and potential in between its alliance international locations. It is a very exciting selection and grand information for the individuals of Saudi Arabia. The president personally insisted on the reopening of the flights.
The motive behind the cancellation of the flights
The starting of the pandemic initial strike the persons around March 2020. The widespread of the first coronavirus wave started off fantastic destruction. The govt declared the lockdown course of action to regulate the extent of the virus. Due to the lockdown, people today had been compelled to keep at property without having any outdoors make contact with. Faculties, colleges, and many sectors were being step by step shut down for a very long period of time. The airlines of the distinctive countries were being forced to shut down. Economic area to the health care area even the security of the nations was at stake at that time.
The Saudi Arabian authorities announced the first stage of the lockdown all-around March 15, 2020. There was a likelihood of spreading the coronavirus far more amongst folks. The Saudi Arabian Authorities produced a crystal clear statement about the lockdown process. The authorities also included ‘the cancellation of all international flights for the two weeks. The decision was taken to mitigate the outbreak of this fatal virus.
The further see was launched soon just after the initial period of cancellation. The cancellation sanctioned even other travels and designed more restrictions on travelling and other enterprise locations like import and exportation.
The impact of this cancellation
The airline’s cancellation tremendously affected each individual field and confirmed a excellent disruption in journey to Saudi Arabia. Airline journey was banned from the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Iraq and Egypt. Additionally, the flights were being also cancelled from Malawi, Zambia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, and Comoros to mitigate the new variant of coronavirus, Omicron.
Later, the Saudi Arabia flights ended up also cancelled in numerous African areas. Stories confirmed the region’s identify integrated South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Eswatini, Botswana and several a lot more.
All around December 2021, the cancellation was lifted a little bit for Indians, Egyptians, Pakistanis and quite a few other international locations. They could enter the kingdom. But there ended up quite a few limits and 14 times of quarantine for far better security and professional medical uses.
The resumption of Saudi airlines
Just after these two yrs of battling this lethal virus, the federal government lastly made the decision to reopen the airways. The Turkish media described on Friday 6th may well, that the governing administration has made the decision and created many conditions to relaunch the Saudi airways after a prolonged pause. It also made the decision that the airlines would journey to Istanbul. The very first agenda of the flights was prepared to get started on 7th May possibly.
The airlines also included the Turkish city, Riyadh and Jeddah on Could 7. Later, the reviews also verified that the flights also reschedule their routes to Jeddah and Medina each individual day. Turkish media delivered one more report about the airline’s route. The airways will hold their route to Riyadh on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.
The political watch on this resumption
From 11th Might, the flights will be released from Medina to Istanbul airport. The resumption of the flights took an initiative stage promptly immediately after the take a look at of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan with the king Salman and the crown prince Mohammad bin Salman on 28th April. This experience took area just after a extended interval.
It is also said that the range of flights will increase in the upcoming times to Istanbul. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan also established an example of a new era with this sort of likely and a new influence on political, armed forces, financial and cultural cooperation.
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan also tied up a new partnership and a great hope with the funds Riyadh. Even experiences are stating that this resume of the airlines is also a great stage for the new enterprise interactions. Even the flight with 130 passengers landed onboard in Jeddah with this sort of a excellent welcome.
It is also a great political go by the two governments. This tour and the reopening of the airways have also created great alliances amongst these two nations. Immediately after the prolonged period of time of the pandemic, this alliance is a strong issue for a new political period.
The pandemic period is an unforgettable time period in history. Many people today experienced from this sickness. A lot of individuals stayed a extensive interval of length from their properties. The governing administration took a lot of steps to lessen the distribute of the pandemic. Many folks lost their cherished ones. All international airways had been shut for a prolonged time. There was a entire imbalance in the economy.
Various international locations have been compelled to crack their airways to mitigate the pandemic and its impact. Each state took first actions to control the outbreak. The finish of a decade still left just about every soul devastated. Even the spiritual sights had been shut due to this pandemic. Men and women confronted a challenging time due to this.
Saudi airlines were being a single of the best airways in the environment. The airline was a person of the key attractions not only for tourism but also for enterprise relations and political insights. Thanks to this pandemic scenario, it has witnessed a even worse situation than expected. Governments had been pressured to lower off the relationship amongst the neighbouring nations.
Just after the close of this pandemic situation, it is time for a new begin for each individual nation. The distance romantic relationship needs to start off a new arrangement amongst countries. The reopening of the airways is a excellent way to extend out the fingers for the aid and assist of the neighbouring international locations.
The reopening of Saudi Arabian airlines is also anticipated to be additional significant tech sophisticated and far more cozy for the passengers. This resume of Saudi airlines will lead to a good long run working experience for passengers.
Idea: Browsing Istanbul? Then you must keep for a longer time and pay out a pay a visit to to other parts of the region as well. Turkey is a excellent spot to loosen up 🙂
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Catherine McEvoy composed this jig. I named it 'Catherine's Classroom' after reading her story of how the tune came about. In her own words: 'I have a wooden cabin at the back of the house that I use for teaching in, and for musical purposes. I was on my own one evening waiting for pupils to come, and playing a few tunes, and it just came to me. I called it "The Cabin Jig" just to give it a name when I wrote it down, hoping to come up with something better. Unfortunately, it's not a very exciting story, and I never did get round to re-naming it.'
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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I recently had a wonderful podcast interview with author Ann Purcell. Her new book entitled “The Transcendental Meditation Technique and The Journey of Enlightenment” In our dialogue we discuss Ann’s history about how she became involved with his Holiness Maharishi Mahesh Yogi teachings. She is also a wonderful poet, and her book has over 120 poems that will uplift and will stimulate your spiritual being.
Maharishi brought TM to the west in 1958, and the teaching and techniques have spread through our country. As Ann states TM is a simple, natural, mental technique practiced sitting comfortably with eyes closed. During the practice, the mind settles down effortlessly to quieter levels of thought until the quietest, most refined level of thinking is transcended and you experience the field of unbounded awareness-transcendental consciousness.
Through TM, you experience the deepest silence of your Self-transcendental consciousness. The TM Sidhi Program which includes Yogic /flying technique, develops the ability of the individual to spontaneously think and act from the most subtle and powerful level of awareness. Functioning from the level of transcendental consciousness naturally results in more expansive, creative thinking and greater success in effortlessly achieving one’s goals.
If you are interested in learning more about the Transcendental Meditation Technique and Journey of Enlightenment then I highly recommend that you listen carefully to this wonderful interview with master teacher Ann Purcell.
You can visit Ann’s website by clicking here, or you can learn more about her TM through the organizations website’s Facebook page or the organizations website by clicking here. Enjoy this wonderful interview with author and Transcendental Meditation teacher Ann Purcell.
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The Big Read Keynote Speaker Encourages Students to Empower One Another
"Am I my brother's keeper?" This was the question posed at the start of Monday's Big Read keynote address and kick-off event, which addressed the project's focus on the novel "A Lesson Before Dying" by Ernest Gaines.
University of Houston-Downtown president Bill Flores opened the luncheon with a startling fact. One in five Houstonians is functionally illiterate - meaning they lack adequate skills to manage daily tasks such as completing job applications or understanding banking paperwork.
The aim of the Big Read, Flores said, "is to get people in our community thinking and talking about books - going beyond just reading."
He challenged the audience to share the text and its lessons with others, and to explore the critical race issues of the book with younger children, friends and siblings.
Keynote speaker Vida Robertson, associate professor of English and recently appointed director of the UHD Center for Critical Race Studies then took the mic after a brief introduction from Special Assistant to the President, Gene Preuss.
Robertson gave a compelling, passionate lecture, entitled "My Brother's Keepers: Reclaiming Young Black Men from Apathy and Racism."
Throughout his talk, Robertson compared the characters in "A Lesson Before Dying" - Jefferson and Grant - to the biblical characters of Cain and Abel. Both stories, Robertson indicated, are about characters who suffer from double consciousness, a sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others. "We all - and especially people of color - experience this irreconcilable striving to be both who we are and who society expects us to be."
He went on to proclaim that the greatest threat to minority populations is "loss of hope and absence of meaning," which is a direct result of a failing social system and a greater failure to encourage, enlighten, and empower one another.
He encouraged the assembly to "engage with society structurally, strategically and meaningfully, lest it continue to work against us."
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Also known as: Glomerular Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the glomeruli (small filtering structures in the kidney) is an umbrella name for a range of conditions generally caused by an abnormality in the immune system, which is triggered for unknown reasons.
Glomerulonephritis is one of the major causes of renal failure, and the main cause of kidney disease in young adults. It is estimated that 20 per cent of those on dialysis have glomerulonephritis.
Medical text written February 2003 by Contact a Family. Approved February 2003 by the Medical Advisor (Consultant Nephrologist) of the National Kidney Research Fund, UK. Last updated February 2010 by David Goldsmith, Consultant Kidney Physician, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK.
People with glomerulonephritis may have some or all of the following symptoms: haematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria (protein in the urine), swelling in parts of the body due to water and salt retention, progressive or chronic renal failure and high blood pressure (hypertension). Existing treatment consists of careful control of all these symptoms, especially blood pressure.
The identification of the specific form of glomerulonephritis in an individual will depend on the results of a kidney biopsy:
- minimal change disease, one of the causes of nephrotic syndrome does not lead to renal failure and is common in children
- focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis includes nephrotic syndrome, hypertension and renal failure, and is commoner in young adults
- membranous nephropathy is characterised by proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, and is common in middle age
- immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the commonest form of glomerulonephritis and manifests with proteinuria, hypertension and slow renal failure. It mainly affects young adults
- acute diffuse glomerulonephritis, which usually follows infection, tends to resolve and is now rare in Western countries. It is characterised by haematuria/proteinuria and hypertension leading to acute nephritis
- the rare crescentic glomerulonephritis leads to rapid renal failure and is more common in middle age/older patients.
The glomerular filters in the kidney take blood under pressure and filter out excess water, waste products and some salts. These filters sometimes become inflamed and enlarged, usually due to the white blood cells in the body’s immune system turning against the body. This causes the inflammation. The underlying mechanism of disease is not well understood and is the subject of much current research. This inflammation can develop at any time and an occurrence may be triggered by an event such as an infection in a person with a genetic susceptibility to the disease. Glomerulonephritis can be caused by systemic diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
It is unknown why the inflammation of the kidneys gets better in some people once treatment starts while in others the kidneys develop a scarring process and continue to decline.
A variety of drugs are used to get the balance right and this differs from person to person. In some cases, the use of non-specific drugs which affect the immune system (eg steroids) may help. In all cases the aim of treatment is to prevent the kidneys completely failing to function. If kidney failure takes place, individuals will need dialysis or transplantation.
Information and support in the UK for glomerulonephritis is provided by the Kidney Research UK (see entry Kidney disease).
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(Genesis 16, Matthew 15; Optional Psalm 14, Proverbs 3:33-35)
Click the following link to see every day’s through-the-Bible readings and reflections. Once there, you can sign up on my “FREE daily email” page and get daily reminders in your inbox: www.2Tim3v16.wordpress.com
GENESIS 16 – In both our OT and NT readings today, we’re reminded that God cares for ALL people. We’ve seen such a focus on Abram’s line (Hebrews, who will eventually be called Jews), and since Jesus’ earthly ministry was mostly focused on Jewish folk that we might forget this important truth. And, while many of our texts so far have focused on MEN that God dealt with, both today highlight WOMEN.
Gen 16:1-6 – In Gen 15:2-4, Abram had tried to “help God out” with God’s promise in Gen 12:2. Abram and his wife (Sarai) weren’t young when he got this call from God, and Sarai was barren (Gen 11:30). Time has passed, and STILL no child. Now Sarai makes a fleshly attempt to “help God”. Just as Abram turned to a common custom of that time in Gen 15:2-4, now Sarai turns to another accepted custom of that time/culture – use a surrogate woman to bear your husband’s child. This is another very low point in the faith of Abram and Sarai, and ANOTHER reminder that even the heroes of the Bible still needed grace / salvation. This is also one of MANY glimpses we get in the Bible of how painful it is for ALL involved when God’s Genesis 2:24-25 ideal of marriage is violated. But also don’t miss the GRACE and TENDERNESS God shows – we’re reminded that God HEARS and SEES the hurting!
Gen 16:6-9 – In Deut 23:15-16 God commands that a slave that has run away NOT be returned to the master (likely to discourage mistreatment like Sarai did). But here God requires Hagar to return and submit to Sarai (also see 1 Pet 2:15). Clearly, God’s good and wise goal is NOT our short-term comfort or happiness. See 1 Pet 2:21-23 for Christ’s example of how to suffer well, by continually entrusting ourselves and our cause to “Him who judges justly.” In Gen 16:13, Hagar comes to a similar point with her awareness that God really SEES her (“Beer-lahai-roi” in Gen 16:13 means “well of the Living One who sees”) and will look after her. Don’t miss that this is the FIRST lady since Eve where it’s recorded that God spoke with her. God SEES and cares about oppressed people.
Gen 16:10-12 – This fleshly attempt to “help God out” by Abram sleeping with Hagar will have consequences through the rest of history, prophesying the Arab-Israeli conflicts that have regularly sprung up. “Ishmael” (Gen 16:11) means “God hears”. And in Gen 16:13 Hagar is also reminded that “God sees.” How precious that God HEARS and SEES us in our hard times!
MATTHEW 15 – There are similarities between Matt 15, Mark 7-8, and Acts 10-11. In all three of these Scriptures, there’s surprising (especially for the first Jewish audience) teaching about OT commands about food / cleanliness laws. Then there is a widening of ministry to Gentiles (see also 1 Cor 9:19-22).
Matt 15:1-9 – The Pharisees took God’s cleanliness laws to OT Israel and had expanded them with long-standing traditions. These had likely STARTED out of a desire to honor God but had wrongly taken on the authority of Biblical commands.
Matt 15:4-6, Jesus temporarily sidelines the eating / cleanliness issues and takes up a second illustration of how the Pharisees actually UNDERMINED God’s commands with their human traditions. God’s command to honor parents had been twisted in a similar way. Bible study tip: In every Biblical issue, there’s a narrow road of grace and truth and a ditch on either side of that narrow road that’s so easy to drift into. I’m always on the lookout for a section of Scripture that BALANCES (never contradicts – if it SEEMS that way, I haven’t understood yet) my understanding of another Scripture. So beside Matt 15:4 I’ve written: “BALANCE to Matt 10:34-37.”
If you’re someone who doesn’t get along well with your physical family, you may be tempted to use Matt 10:34-37, 12:46-50 to justify yourself (and you’d need the balance of today’s Scripture). BUT… if you find yourself overly enmeshed with your physical family, then YOU need to remember today’s Scripture is not ALL Jesus taught about how His followers relate to their physical family.
Matt 15:8-9 – Pause and ask the Lord to reveal: 1) Am I trying to APPEAR like I’m honoring God, but my heart is far off? 2) Where does the group you’re part of tend towards over-emphasizing something, so that a tradition may be getting too close to seeming like a command? If you can’t find an area or two where this may be starting to happen, you’re probably not seeing clearly. You can probably spot where OTHER groups tend towards THEIR over-emphases! But we ALL have sinful trends towards judging others by some issue that God hasn’t commanded, but OUR group has emphasized over time.
Matt 15:10-20 – Sections like this (and the parallel in Mark 7:14-23) and Acts 10-11 prepared the early Jewish believers who had grown up with such clear OT laws about clean foods (and other cleanliness rules) for the teaching that these laws are fulfilled in Jesus. Now that Jesus has come, ALL foods can be received with thanksgiving (1 Tim 4:3-5, Col 2:13-23). HOWEVER, if you have convictions that there are certain foods you’re to avoid to glorify God, you SHOULD avoid those foods for now (Rom 14:14). As you continue to study God’s Word, He may change your thinking in this (Rom 14:5-12). The MAIN POINT in this whole section (and in Rom 14, which points out that believers can have differing convictions in areas where NT believers aren’t under clear commands): Make sure you’re not just APPEARING to honor God, but that your HEART is actually with Him (Matt 15:8-9). And the evidence of THAT can be seen by examining ourselves by Matt 15:19-20.
Matt 15:21 – The rest of this chapter takes place in areas where there were mostly GENTILES.
Matt 15:23-26 – Jesus’ 1) silence and 2) response in Matt 15:24-26 would have offended many. The Pharisees were offended at much less in Matt 15:12! But this Canaanite woman was not offended, and the Lord who knows the hearts of all knew exactly the sweet faith response He would get from her!
Matt 15:28 – An exceedingly rare COMMENDATION of faith from Jesus. Compare Jesus’ gentle caution to John (before he was martyred and when he was confused / questioning in prison): “blessed is the one who is not offended by Me.” (Matt 11:6)
Matt 15:31 – “they glorified the God of Israel” (also see Matt 15:24) – This crowd in a Gentile area is thankful to the God of Israel for ministering to them, too.
Matt 15:32-39 – So similar to the feeding of thousands in Matt 14:13-21. But there were more people in that crowd, and they were Jewish, whereas THIS somewhat smaller crowd is in a Gentile area. Same result, though: “they all ate and were SATISFIED / FULL.” (Matt 15:27, Matt 14:20) No matter your background, ONLY JESUS SATISFIES!
Optional Psalm 14 – A psalm about the depravity of people, and the only hope is for Yahweh (“the LORD”) to save.
Ps 14:1-4 – Quoted in Rom 3:9-12. The key point of Rom 1-3 is that ALL of us are depraved, and the only hope is for God to save us through Jesus. Too many in our world think that people are basically good, and think that our main problem is something outside of us, victimizing us. Sadly, because this is a post-Gen 3, fallen world we DO victimize one another. But Ps 14:2-3 (and a recurring theme through the Bible) says that our MAIN problem is OURSELVES.
Ps 14:1 – Key to understanding the “fool” (a key word through Proverbs). “The fool says in his heart, ‘There is no God.’” He may not say that out LOUD – he may not CALL himself an atheist, but he ACTS like one. He ACTS like he won’t have to stand before God at the judgment someday. Rom 1-3 (and Ps 14:2-3) makes clear that ALL of us come into this world living like this.
Ps 14:5-6 – The END of the story is that the unrepentant will one day be in great fear / terror / dread, because they will realize that the righteous that they’ve oppressed have the living Almighty God as their refuge / shelter! Next to Ps 14:6 I’ve written a capital “S!” (because of the focus on the Sovereignty of God) with the note “GOD WINS!”
Ps 14:7 – Wonderful prayer for God’s people (including Gentiles who are grafted into the line of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob / Israel by faith in Jesus – see Gal 3:14, 26-29) when we feel our overwhelming minority among the unrepentant majority who love to oppress God’s people.
Optional Proverbs 3:33-35 – Again, the common and important theme that keeps recurring in the Bible: there are only TWO PATHS. See notes today at Ps 14:1 and compare to Prov 3:35. Notice the focus of both Psalm 14:5-7 and Prov 3:33-35 on the END of the story. We can get so caught up where we ARE in God’s plan for our lives (and that may be very painful for a while) that we need regular reminders of the END of the story.
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Congratulations! CSAT (Cyber Security Architecture Tool) was selected to demonstrate in the IEEE UEMCON 2019 on October 12, 2019, at Columbia University, New York, USA. Its demonstration contributes to the Network Security and Risk Management Track for its software innovation and practicability.
Dr.Max Huang, a Research Scientist at Infobeyond, showcases the CSAT tool. CSAT is Risk Management Framework (RMF) tool for an organization to IDENTIFY and SELECT Security Controls (Step 2) by following the FedRAMP and NIST SP 800-53 specification as outline in the right graph.
Instead of human-based identification and selection, Dr. Max Huang demonstrates CSAT in such a way that a user can easily retrieve the specified controls, based on task-responsible roles/questionnaires, types of information system for different controls baseline, and potential impact levels. This not only saves time and resource, but also guarantees the satisfaction of FedRAMP and NIST SP 800-53 specification. As a result, the IMPLEMENT SECURITY CONTROLS at Step 3 (See right figure) are compliance with Federal and Enterprise cybersecurity requirements in inclusion of all mandatory security controls. These security controls cover a wide variety of controls, which includes access control, training, auditing, security assessment and authorization, contingency planning, maintenance, risk assessment, infrastructure/data protection, system/information integrity, etc.
For practical use, the selected CSAT’s controls are converted to a user-friendly format, such as Docs and PDF, demonstrated by Dr. Huang. CSAT can generate the security control in OSCAL (Open Security Controls Assessment Language) format that is machine-readable. Such a feature is critically important in support of NIST recent advance for RMF. This allows a 3rd party risk management tool (e.g., Microsoft’s Bigfix, Dynamic 360, and others from Capterra, LogicManager) to access, manage, and monitor the security controls automatically.
In additions, CSAT was demonstrated to generate heat-map-based SRA (Security Reference Architecture) Graphic Visualization, based on user’s controls result. Such a SRA can be presented in ASIS (Aggregated Security Index System) C/I/A (Confidentiality/Integrity/Availability) Scoring Specification. It can also presented in Cloud-Responsibility-Specified SRA. An ASIS can be obtained for each Security Component by summing the individual Security Indexes of the C/I/A security triad. Each index of the ASIS has an associated value that can be interpreted as a priority weight when it is applied to a Security Component. The ASIS can be further used to prioritize the implementation of the Security Components. A prioritization heat map can be created using the ASIS values. It can be used to prioritize the Security Component implementation. All these features enhances RMF cybersecurity of a system to comply FedRAMP and NIST SP 800-53 security controls.
The demonstration has attracted great attentions from many organizations. Dr. Michele Myauo, Director Cybersecurity & Secure Infrastructure Services Delivery at Microsoft raises her curiosity:
“How does the CSAT help users to architect and deploy a specified secure solution for the organization’s IT infrastructure without the help of security expert?”
Dr. Huang explained that CSAT is an automated user-interactive-based cybersecurity service to help clients to architect the security controls for the IT development in terms of security levels, financial availability, role-based analysis, NIST-compliance baseline, etc., from answering a series questionnaires. These interactive questionnaires are based on NIST CSF and developed in a plain and down-to-earth language with answering YES/NO style. Users also have the capability to build a customizable baseline for controls implementation as part of an organization-wide process that manages information security and privacy risk on their own specification.
Another interesting question is from Dr. Alaa AL Ghazo, Professor at Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Hartford. He asked
“Is CSAT back-compatible to evaluate the security controls and monitor the cybersecurity life-cycle for the older IT platforms?”
Dr. Huang emphasized that CSAT Provides a cyber-secured solution that supports continuous monitoring and automated risk assessment by outputting the machine-readable output, and CSAT also provides a methodology of identifying the functional capabilities and their associated security controls required for a new or migrated system to both standard and cloud-based solution.
At the end of CSAT demonstration, Dr. Max Huang described that CSAT is a tool that aims to leverage the NIST-compliance RMF and Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) to identify security and privacy controls for both standard IT and Cloud-based information systems via two different baselines: NIST SP 800-53 and FedRAMP specifications, As illustrated in the left figure, it is capable of identifying the necessary functional capabilities the system needs to provide to support the organization's mission and the service the system is designed for. Indeed, CSAT advances in User-Interactive, Content Automation, and Controls Specification for providing a diverse gov.-compliance of IT security requirements in both standard and cloud architecture.
Get started with InfobeyondTech’s CSAT @ CSAT.INFOBEYONDTECH.COM https://csat.infobeyondtech.com/ product page for more information.
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May 2021 / MULTI-ASSET SOLUTIONS
PULSe Indicator: Stability on the Surface, Currents Underneath
Vaccination rollout/lockdowns lower pandemic risk
- In the March quarter the Pulse indicator decreased thanks to a meaningful drop in the Pandemic factor from the crisis zone to the stable zone.
- The Liquidity factor rose to the elevated zone, a sign of concern in credit markets. Uncertainty fell into the complacency zone, ending Q1 in the stable zone.
- Despite improving over the quarter, March saw a reversal. PULSe rose moderately due to a deterioration in the Pandemic, Uncertainty, and Liquidity factors.
PULSe is a composite indicator that is designed to monitor the state of global financial markets since the coronavirus crisis. It stands for Pandemic, Uncertainty, Liquidity, and Sentiment — four factors that we believe encompass much of the market’s dynamics. High positive values of PULSe are typically a negative sign for market stability.1
As of March 31st, the PULSe indicator is characterized as Stable.
- The Pandemic (P) factor abated from the Crisis zone to the Stable zone over the first quarter.
- The Uncertainty (U) factor entered the Complacency zone twice and ended the quarter in the Stable zone.
- The Liquidity (L) factor rose to the Elevated zone.
- The Sentiment (Se) factor stayed in the Stable zone.
During March, the PULSe indicator increased due to the deterioration of the Pandemic (P), the Uncertainty (U), and the Liquidity (L) factor.
- The Pandemic factor climbed over the past month as the increase in daily new cases in the U.S., Germany and Japan outweighed the recovery of retail mobility in these regions.
- The Uncertainty factor rose as copper prices dropped, the pace of increases in long-term government yields decelerated, and improvements in earnings forecasts slowed down. Economic Uncertainty may be flirting with complacency.
- The Liquidity factor also shot up as the U.S. 3-month commercial paper spread widened, and the U.S. high yield energy spread contracted less than the U.S. high yield ex-energy spread.
- The Sentiment factor declined as the equity put/call ratio fell and the market- implied volatility factors such as VIX abated.
Visualizing the PULSe Indicator
(Fig. 1) Expressed as an average of the four component indicators
Radar Chart Showing the PULSe Indicator and Its Components
(Fig. 2) Radial axes expressed as z‑scores (number of standard deviations from the mean)
The Four Components of PULSe
(Fig. 3) Currently only liquidity is elevated
In this note, we highlight two factors that contributed meaningfully to the PULSe indicator over the last month of the first quarter: the new virus wave continued to spread in Japan, and the equity put/ call ratio declined since late-February, indicating improving market sentiment.
1. The new virus wave continued to spread in Japan
At the beginning of the Covid-19 outbreak, we used daily new cases as the sole input data to construct the Pandemic factor. In early July, we made significant enhancements to the calculation of the Pandemic factor as more high frequency data (positive test ratio, Google retail mobility data) became available. We believe that these enhancements better reflect how financial markets react to the virus news. In the current Pandemic factor model, we look at three key metrics: 1) Daily new cases to track the spread of the Covid-19 virus; 2) Positive testing ratios to confirm the trend of the diffusion curves; and 3) Google retail mobility data to assess the ongoing impact of the pandemic on consumer behavior.
In early March, the Japanese government extended the state of emergency, which had been due to end on March 7, for two more weeks to combat the virus spread in Tokyo and three neighboring prefectures. On March 21, after the central government and public health experts noted that infections had declined from the peak and hospital bed occupancy rates had fallen sufficiently, Prime Minister Suga formally decided to end the restrictions. Since then, we have observed a pick-up in daily new cases. The pace of Japan’s vaccination rollout has significantly lagged behind other G7 countries due to insufficient imported vaccines. Currently, only about 1% of the population has been vaccinated, concentrating on medical workers. Shots for the elderly population over the age of 65 are only due to start in April.
Since late 2020, we have observed a pattern that whenever the Japanese government has loosened social restrictions, Google mobility data has improved while daily new cases have risen, forcing the government to declare a state of emergency once again. We think it will take a material speed-up of the vaccination rollout campaign to break this pattern.
Rising New Cases in Japan Threaten Retail Mobility
(Fig. 4) Japan Google retail mobility data and daily new cases
A Drop in the Put/call Ratio Indicates Improving Market Sentiment
(Fig. 5) Equity Put/Call Ratio (5-day moving average)
2. The equity put/call ratio has declined
Since the initial spike following the first wave of Covid-19 outbreaks in 2020, the Equity Put/Call Ratio has continued to abate, reflecting the drop in demand for hedging and the recovery of investor confidence. Since December, it has trended sideways in a broad channel with considerable short-term volatility.
From mid-February, we continued to notice the selling of high-multiple growth stocks and momentum stocks across regions as a result of higher inflation expectations and long-term government bond yield hikes. At the start of the month, the U.S. Senate approved the Biden Administration’s USD1.9 trillion American Rescue Package on a party-line vote. Critics of the bill pointed to the danger of reigniting inflation by overheating the economy with too much fiscal stimulus, which resulted in increased demand for downside protection.
The equity put/call ratio surged again as it approached the end of the month. On March 26, we observed the unprecedented selling of USD20 billion in block trades as Archegos, Tiger Cub Bill Hwang’s family office, was forced by banks including Goldman and Morgan Stanley to sell shares after some ADR positions moved sharply against him. Two major global banks – Credit Suisse and Nomura – that had participated in so- called swap trades with Archegos warned investors that they might suffer significant losses, which was soon confirmed. This event was another accelerated deleveraging story after the GameStop (GME) short squeeze by retail investors just two months ago.
Concerns over the Archegos episode quickly diminished as investors switched their focus to Joe Biden’s USD2.25 trillion infrastructure plan, which could greatly increase government spending on internet and transportation infrastructure. Subsequently, the equity put/call ratio abated as a result of hopes for faster long-run economic growth. A drop in the equity put/call ratio indicated improving market sentiment. According to data compiled by Goldman Sachs, overall book ex-options leverage remains at a high level, which leaves markets vulnerable to short-term volatility.
This material is being furnished for general informational and/or marketing purposes only. The material does not constitute or undertake to give advice of any nature, including fiduciary investment advice, nor is it intended to serve as the primary basis for an investment decision. Prospective investors are recommended to seek independent legal, financial and tax advice before making any investment decision. T. Rowe Price group of companies including T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. and/or its affiliates receive revenue from T. Rowe Price investment products and services. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. The value of an investment and any income from it can go down as well as up. Investors may get back less than the amount invested.
The material does not constitute a distribution, an offer, an invitation, a personal or general recommendation or solicitation to sell or buy any securities in any jurisdiction or to conduct any particular investment activity. The material has not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in any jurisdiction.
Information and opinions presented have been obtained or derived from sources believed to be reliable and current; however, we cannot guarantee the sources’ accuracy or completeness. There is no guarantee that any forecasts made will come to pass. The views contained herein are as of the date written and are subject to change without notice; these views may differ from those of other T. Rowe Price group companies and/or associates. Under no circumstances should the material, in whole or in part, be copied or redistributed without consent from T. Rowe Price.
The material is not intended for use by persons in jurisdictions which prohibit or restrict the distribution of the material and in certain countries the material is provided upon specific request. It is not intended for distribution to retail investors in any jurisdiction.
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a Historic Market Town in the county of North Yorkshire
a Seaside Town in the county of Essex
Exploring the English Village Churchyard
British Bluebells - Facts & Photos
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Camera Make: OLYMPUS CORPORATION Model: X100,D540Z,C310Z Exposure Program: Program Creative, Focal length: 5.8 mm, ISO: 50, Exposure time: 1/160 sec, Metering Mode: Multi-Segment, Exposure Bias: 0 EVDate/Time Creation: April 16, 2005, 2:38 pm ImageID:1034740, Image size: 2048 x 1536 pixels
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restricted free use Wallpaper
Water Captured very well
pictures by this user user profile user contact
I love this picture you've captured everything so well
I love rivers like this
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Wainhouse Tower is a folly in the parish of King Cross, on the south west side of Halifax. At 275 feet, it is the tallest structure in Calderdale and the tallest folly in the world. It was erected between 1871-1875. The main shaft is octagonal with a square base and 403 stairs leading to the first of two viewing platforms.
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Coming home: Resident satisfaction regarding return to a revitalized HOPE VI community
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Over the past 50 years, housing advocates have aggressively lobbied for the deconcentration of pockets of poverty in urban areas. These efforts have been welcomed by those who seek to bring new life to these areas through the implementation of urban revitalization strategies, such as the introduction of new mixed use and income developments. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development's HOPE VI program is based on these principles. Federal funds have been used to demolish public housing in areas of concentrated poverty to make way for mixed use development. While much is known about the effect of displacement on the original occupants of the demolished housing, little is known about the experiences of the residents who are able to move back to these revitalized areas. Employing a case study approach, this research seeks to understand the attitudes of the original residents of a public housing community in Beaumont, Texas, as they return to new housing opportunities on and in the vicinity of the redeveloped site. The findings of this five year study reveal a sense of optimism by the residents who have returned about the future of the slowly transitioning neighborhood. Specifically, they cite great satisfaction with the new developments and a strong belief that, because of the HOPE VI redevelopment, the neighborhood will eventually become more prosperous. The degree to which this optimism will be supported by actual neighborhood change is presently undetermined. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
author list (cited authors)
Jourdan, D., Van Zandt, S., & Tarlton, E.
complete list of authors
Jourdan, Dawn||Van Zandt, Shannon||Tarlton, Edward
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Go to part 2/3
Also by John Clark:
A Social Ecology
by John Clark
The article can be used if you note that it is forthcoming in M. Zimmerman et al., Environmental Philosophy, second edition (Prentice Hall, 1997)]
In its deepest and most authentic sense, a social ecology is the awakening earth community reflecting on itself, uncovering its history, exploring its present predicament, and contemplating its future. One aspect of this awakening is a process of philosophical reflection. As a philosophical approach, a social ecology investigates the ontological, epistemological, ethical and political dimensions of the relationship between the social and the ecological, and seeks the practical wisdom that results from such reflection. It seeks to give us, as beings situated in the course of real human and natural history, guidance in facing specific challenges and opportunities. In doing so, it develops an analysis that is both holistic and dialectical, and a social practice that might best be described as an eco-communitarianism.
The Social and the Ecological
A social ecology is first of all, an ecology. There are strong communitarian implications in the very term ecology. Literally, it means the logos, the reflection on or study of, the oikos, or household. Ecology thus calls upon us to begin to think of the entire planet as a kind of community of which we are members. It tells us that all of our policies and problems are in a sense "domestic" ones. While a social ecology sometimes loses its bearings as it focuses on specific social concerns, when it is consistent it always situates those concerns within the context of the earth household, whatever else it may study within that community. The dialectical approach of a social ecology requires social ecologists to consider the ecological dimensions of all "social" phenomena. There are no "non-ecological" social phenomena to consider apart from the ecological ones.
In some ways, the term "social" in "social ecology" is the more problematical one. There is a seeming paradox in the use of the term "social" for what is actually a strongly communitarian tradition. Traditionally, the "social" realm has been counterposed to the "communal" one, as in Tönnies' famous distinction between society and community, Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft. Yet this apparent self-contradiction may be a path to a deeper truth. A social ecology is a project of reclaiming the communitarian dimensions of the social, and it is therefore appropriate that it seek to recover the communal linguistic heritage of the very term itself. "Social" is derived from "socius," or "companion." A "society" is thus a relationship between companions--in a sense, it is itself a household within the earth household.
An Evolving Theory
Over the past quarter-century, a broad social and ecological philosophy has emerged under the name "social ecology." While this philosophy has recently been most closely associated with the thought of social theorist Murray Bookchin, it continues a long tradition of ecological communitarian thought going back well into the nineteenth century. The lineage of social ecology is often thought to originate in the mutualistic, communitarian ideas of the anarchist geographer Kropotkin (1842-1921). One can certainly not deny that despite Kropotkin's positivistic tendencies and his problematical conception of nature, he has an important relationship to social ecology. His ideas concerning mutual aid, political and economic decentralization, human-scaled production, communitarian values, and the history of democracy have all made important contributions to the tradition. However, it is rooted much more deeply in the thought of another great anarchist thinker, the French geographer Elisée Reclus (1830-1905). During the latter half of the last century, and into the beginning of the present one, Reclus developed a far-ranging "social geography" that laid the foundations of a social ecology, as it explored the history of the interaction between human society and the natural world, starting with the emergence of homo sapiens and extending to Reclus' own era of urbanization, technological development, political and economic globalization, and embryonic international cooperation.
Reclus envisioned humanity achieving a free, communitarian society in harmony with the natural world. His extensive historical studies trace the long record of experiments in cooperation, direct democracy and human freedom, from the ancient Greek polis, through Icelandic democracy, medieval free cities and independent Swiss cantons, to modern movements for social transformation and human emancipation. At the same time, he depicts the rise and development of the modern centralized state, concentrated capital and authoritarian ideologies. His sweeping historical account includes an extensive critique of both capitalism and authoritarian socialism from an egalitarian and anti-authoritarian perspective, and an analysis of the destructive ecological effects of modern technology and industry allied with the power of capital and the state. It is notable that a century ago Reclus' social theory attempted to reconcile a concern for justice in human society with compassionate treatment of other species and respect for the whole of life on earth--a philosophical problematic that has only recently reemerged in ecophilosophy and environmental ethics.
Many of the themes in Reclus' work were developed further by the Scottish botanist and social thinker Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), who described his work as "biosophy," the philosophical study of the biosphere. Geddes focuses on the need to create decentralized communities in harmony with surrounding cultural and ecological regions and proposes the development of new technologies (neotechnics) that would foster humane, ecologically-balanced communities. He envisions an organicically developing cooperative society, based on the practice of mutual aid at the most basic social levels and spreading throughout society as these small communities voluntarily federate into larger associations. Geddes orients his work around the concepts of "Place, Work, and Folk," envisioning a process of incorporating the particularities of the natural region, humane, skillful and creative modes of production, and organically developing local culture into his "Eutopia" or good community. Geddes calls his approach a "sociography," or synthesis of sociological and geographical studies. He applies this approach in his idea of the detailed regional survey as a means of achieving community planning that is rooted in natural and cultural realities and grows out of them organically. He thus makes an important contribution to developing the empirical and bioregional side of the social ecological tradition.
Many of Geddes' insights were later integrated into the expansive vision of society, nature, and technology of his student, the American historian and social theorist Lewis Mumford (1895-1992), who is one of the most pivotal figures in the development of the social ecological tradition. Ramachandra Guha is certainly right when he states that "[t]he range and richness of Mumford's thought mark him as the pioneer American social ecologist . . . ." Most of the fundamental concepts to which Bookchin later attached to the term "social ecology" were borrowed from Mumford's much earlier ecological regionalism. The philosophical basis for Mumford's social analysis is what he calls an "organic" view of reality, a holistic and developmental approach he explicitly identifies as an "ecological" one. In accord with this outlook, he sees the evolution of human society as a continuation of a cosmic process of organic growth, emergence, and development. Yet he also sees human history as the scene of a counter-movement within society and nature, a growing process of mechanization.
Much like Reclus before him, Mumford depicts history as a great struggle between freedom and oppression. In Mumford's interpretation of this drama, we find on one side the forces of mechanization, power, domination, and division, and on the other, the impulse toward organism, creativity, love, and unification. The tragedy of history is the increasing ascendancy of mechanism, and the progressive destruction of our organic ties to nature and to one another. The dominant moment of history, he says, has been "one long retreat from the vitalities and creativities of a self-sustaining environment and a stimulating and balanced communal life."
Mumford describes the first decisive step in this process as the creation in the ancient world of the Megamachine, in the form of regimented, mechanized massing of human labor-power under hierarchical control to build the pyramids as an expression of despotic power. While the Megamachine in this primal barbaric form has persisted and evolved over history, it reemerges in the modern world in a much more complex, technological manifestation, with vastly increased power, diverse political, economic and cultural expressions, and apparent imperviousness to human control or even comprehension. Mumford sees the results of this historical movement as the emergence of a new totalitarian order founded on technological domination, economic rationality and profit, and fueled by a culture of obsessive consumption. The results are a loss of authentic selfhood, a dissolution of organic community, and a disordered, destructive relationship to the natural world.
Mumford's vision of the process of reversing these historical tendencies is a social ecological one. He foresees a process of social decentralization in which democratic institutions are recreated at local and regional levels as part of organic but diverse communities. "Real human communities," he contends, are those that combine unity with diversity and "preserve social as well as visual variety. " Following Geddes and prefiguring bioregionalism, Mumford believes that the local community must be rooted in the natural and cultural realities of the region. "Strong regional centers of culture" are the basis for "an active and securely grounded local life." Regionalism is not only an ecological concept, but also a political and cultural one, and is the crucial link between the most particular and local dimensions and the most universal and global ones. "The rebuilding of regional cultures" Mumford says, "will give depth and maturity to the world culture that has likewise long been in the process of formation." Mumford contends that an epochal process of personal and social transformation is necessary if the course of history is to be redirected toward a humane, ecological, life-affirming future. Much in the spirit of communitarian philosopher Martin Buber (1878-1965), he foresees a humanized, cooperative world culture emerging out of regenerated regional cultures that arise in turn out of a regenerated human spirit.
While he begins with a general perspective on society and nature that is close to Mumford's, Bookchin makes a number of crucial contributions to the further development of a social ecology. Most significantly, he broadens the theoretical basis of the communitarian, organicist, and regionalist tradition developed by Reclus, Geddes and Mumford by making dialectical analysis a central focus. He thereby opens the way for more critical and theoretically sophisticated discussions of concepts like holism, unity-in-diversity, development, and relatedness. He also develops Mumford's defense of an organic world view into a more explicitly ecological theoretical perspective. Mumford's analysis of the historical transformation of organic society into the Megamachine is expanded in Bookchin's somewhat broader account of the emergence of diverse forms of domination and of the rise of hierarchical society. He devotes more detailed attention to the interaction of the state, economic classes, patriarchy, gerontocracy, and other factors in the evolution of domination. Of particular importance is Bookchin's emphasis on the central role of the developing global capitalist economy in ecological crisis, which corrects Mumford's tendency to overemphasize the technical at the expense of the economic. He also adds some additional chapters to the "history of freedom," especially in his discussions of the mutualistic, liberatory and ecological dimensions of tribal societies, millenarian religious movements and utopian experiments. Finally, while his predecessors presented a rather general vision of a politics that was anti-authoritarian, democratic, decentralist and ecological, Bookchin gives a concrete political direction to the discussion of such a politics in his proposals for libertarian municipalism and confederalism.
Some of these contributions have come at a considerable cost. Although Bookchin develops and expands the tradition of social ecology in important ways, he has at the same time also narrowed it through dogmatic and non-dialectical attempts at philosophical system-building, through an increasingly sectarian politics, and through intemperate and divisive attacks on "competing" ecophilosophies and on diverse expressions of his own tradition. To the extent that social ecology has been identified with Bookchinist sectarianism, its potential as an ecophilosophy has not been widely appreciated.
Fortunately, the fundamental issues posed by a social ecology will not fade away in the smoke of ephemeral (and eminently forgettable) partisan skirmishes. Inevitably, a broad, vibrant, and inherently self-critical tradition like social ecology will resist attempts to restrict it in a manner that contradicts its most fundamental values of holism, unity-in-diversity, organic growth and dialectical self-transcendence. Thus, despite its temporary setbacks, the project of a social ecology continues to develop as a general theoretical orientation, as an approach to the analysis of specific problems, and as a guide to practical efforts at social and ecological regeneration.
A Dialectical Holism
A social ecology, as a holistic vision, seeks to relate all phenomena to the larger direction of evolution and emergence in the universe as a whole. Within this context, it also examines the course of planetary evolution as a movement toward increasing complexity and diversity and the progressive emergence of value. According to Mumford, an examination of the " creative process" of "cosmic evolution" reveals it to be "neither random nor predetermined" and shows that a "basic tendency toward self-organization, unrecognizable until billions of years had passed, increasingly gave direction to the process."
This outlook is related to the long teleological tradition extending " from ancient Greek thought to the most recent organicist and process philosophies. It is in accord with Hegel's insight that "substance is subject," if this is interpreted in an evolutionary sense. There is no complete and "given" form of either subject or substance, but rather a universal process of substance-becoming-subject. Substance tends toward self-organization, life, consciousness, self-consciousness, and, finally, transpersonal consciousness (though the development takes place at all levels of being and not merely in consciousness). Social ecology is thus linked to theories of evolutionary emergence. Such a position remains implicit in Hegel's dialectical idealism, receives a more explicit expression in Samuel Alexander's cosmic evolutionism, underlies the metaphysics of Whitehead and contemporary process philosophy, is given a rather technocentric and anti-naturalist turn in Teilhard de Chardin, is synthesized with Eastern traditions in Radhakrishnan and Aurobindo, and finds its most developed expression in Ken Wilber's recent effort at grand evolutionary synthesis.
A social ecology interprets planetary evolution and the realization of social and ecological possibilities as a holistic process, rather than merely as a mechanism of adaptation. This evolution can only be understood adequately by examining the interaction and mutual determination between species and species, between species and ecosystem, and between species, ecosystem and the earth as a whole, and by studying particular communities and ecosystems as complex, developing wholes. Such an examination reveals that the progressive unfolding of the potentiality for freedom (as self-organization, self-determination, and self-realization) depends on the existence of symbiotic cooperation at all levels--as Kropotkin pointed out almost a century ago. We can therefore see a striking degree of continuity in nature, so that the cooperative ecological society that is the goal of a social ecology is found to be rooted in the most basic levels of being.
Some critics of social ecology have claimed that its emphasis on the place of human beings in the evolutionary process betrays a non-ecological anthropocentrism. While this may be true of some aspects of Bookchin's thought, it does not describe what is essential to a social ecology. Although we must understand the special place that humanity has within universe and earth history, the consequences of such understanding are far from being hierarchical, dualistic, or anthropocentric. A dialectical analysis rejects all "centrisms," for all beings are at once centers (of structuration, self-organization, perceiving, feeling, sensing, knowing, etc.) and also expressions of that which exists at a distance, since from a dialectical perspective, determination is negation, the other is immanent in a being, and the whole is immanent in the part. There exists not only unity-in-diversity, and unity-in-difference but also unity-in-distance. We must interpret our place in nature in accord with such an analysis, comprehending the ways in which our being is internally related, we might say "vertically," to more encompassing realms of being, and, we might say "horizontally," to wider realms of being. By exploring our many modes of relatedness we discover our social and ecological responsibility--our capacity to respond to the needs of the human and natural communities in which we participate.
The use of metaphors such as community and organism in a dialectical and holistic account of diverse phenomena is certainly not unproblematical. There has rightly been much debate in ecophilosophy concerning the status of such images, and their function and limitations must be a subject of continuing reflection. A dialectical approach assumes their provisional nature, the importance of avoiding their use in a rigid, objectifying way, and the necessity of allowing all theoretical concepts to develop in the course of inquiry. Thus, there are certainly senses in which the earth or the biosphere cannot be described as a community. One might define community as a relationship existing between beings who can act reciprocally in certain ways, taking the criterion for reciprocity to be showing respect, carrying out obligations, or some other capacity. If one adopts such a "model" of a community, the earth is certainly not one, any more than it is an organic whole, if that term is taken to mean having the qualities of a biological organism. Yet the term "community" has in fact much more expansive connotations than those just mentioned. A community is sometimes thought to include not only competent adult human beings (moral agents), but infants and children, the mentally incompetent, past generations, future generations, domesticated animals, artifacts, architecture, public works, values and ideals, principles, goals, symbols, imaginary significations, language, history, customs and traditions, territory, biota, ecosystems and other constituents that are thought essential to its peculiar identity. To be a member of a community is often thought to imply responsibilities of many kinds in relation to some or all of the categories listed.
Questions are also raised about the totalizing implications of holism. Critics of holism sometimes identify it with an extreme organicism that denies the significance, reality, or the value of the parts. It is important therefore to understand that "holism" does not refer exclusively to a view in which the whole is ontologically prior to the part, more metaphysically real than the part, or deserving of more moral consideration than the part. In fact, a dialectical holism rejects the idea that the being, reality or value of the parts can be distinguished from that of the whole in the manner presupposed by such a critique.
This is sometimes misunderstood when critics overlook an important distinction within a dialectical holism. In its comprehensively holistic analysis, the parts of a whole are not mere parts but rather holons, which are themselves relative wholes in relation to their own parts. The good of the part can therefore not be reduced to a function of its contribution to the good of the whole. Its good can be also be considered in relation to its participation in the attainment of the good of a whole which it helps constitute. But beyond this, to mention what is most relevant to the critiques of holism, its attainment of its own good as a unique expression of wholeness must also be considered. There is a striking irony here. An authentic holism is capable of appreciating the value of kinds of wholeness (realized form, self-organization, attainment of good) that are often ignored by "individualisms" that defend one level of wholeness against its possible dissolution in some larger whole. Holism does not mean the fetishization of some particular kind of whole, which would constitute a version of the fallacy of misplaced concreteness, but rather an exploration of the meaning of many kinds of wholeness that appear in many ways and on many levels within developing unity-in-diversity.
No Nature
So much for the truth of the whole. However, a dialectical holism refuses to objectify, reify or absolutize any whole, including the whole of nature. Just as our experience of objects or things points to the reality of that which escapes objectification and reification, our experience of the whole of nature points to the reality of that which which cannot be reduced to nature.
Since the beginnings of philosophical reflection, dialectical thinkers of both East and West have proposed that beneath all knowing and objects of knowledge there is a primordial continuum, the eternal one-becoming-many, the ground of being. It is what Lao Tzu described in the Tao Te Ching as the reality that precedes all conceptualization, or "naming," and all determination, or "carving of the block" :
This reality is ontologically prior to ecological differentiation, and indeed, to "nature" itself--which is one reason that a mere "naturalism" can never be adequately dialectical. It is an apprehension of the conditional reality of all phenomena that drives dialectical thought to an affirmation of both the being and non-being of all objects, categories, and concepts. This ground is what social ecological theorist Joel Kovel refers to as the "plasma of being." It is also what mystical philosophers like Böhme have, quite dialectically, called "the groundless Ground," attempting to express the idea that it is a non-objectifiable grounding of being, rather than an objectified ground, or substance, on which anything can be thought to stand, or which "underlies" other realities. If we wish to attach any concept to this ultimate, it should perhaps be (following Whitehead) "creativity."
Kovel points out, contemporary science has shown that such a continuum underlies the diversity of beings.
Kovel's account of the our relation to this primordial ground is both phenomenological and psychoanalytic. It reveals the ways in which we are ecological beings, and indeed spiritual beings, because our being extends beyond the limits of the ego or socially constructed selfhood. Much of our experience reveals to us that this self is not sufficient, or primary,
Thus, there are fundamental aspects of being that connect us, physically, psychologically and ontologically, with greater (or deeper) realities--with other living beings, with our species, with the earth, with the primordial ground of being.
This idea of connectedness leads us to the question of the place of the concept of spirit in a dialectical holism. The most radical "critical" and dialectical views after Hegel, beginning with the Young Hegelians -- Feuerbach, Stirner, Marx and their peers--were intent on banishing Hegel's central category from the philosophical realm. The post-Hegelian dialectical tradition has been dominated by a reductive materialism that has dogmatically rejected the possibility of dialectical inquiry into the most fundamental ontological questions. Some versions of social ecology have inherited this anti-spiritual tendency of Western materialism. Thus, while Bookchin has sometimes invoked the concept of "ecological spirituality" in his writings, it has usually been in the weak sense of a vague ecological or even ethical sensibility and he has increasingly sought to banish any strong conception of "spirit" from his social ecological orthodoxy.
It is becoming evident, however, that the most radically dialectical and holistic thinking restores the ontological and political significance of the concept of spirit. Without implying any of the dogmatic and one-sided idealist aspects of Hegel's conception of spirit, a social ecology can find in the concept an important means of expressing our relationship to the evolving, developing, unfolding whole and its deeper ontological matrix. Kovel begins his discussion of spirit with the statement that it concerns "what happens to us as the boundaries of the self give way." The negation of ego identity that he intends by this concept takes place when we discover our relationship to the primordial continuum and to its expressions in the processes of life, growth, development, and the striving toward wholeness. A social ecology can give meaning to an ecological spirituality that will embody the truth of the religious consciousness, which is a liberatory truth, however mystified and distorted it may have been for purposes of domination and social conformism. Such a spirituality is the synthesis and realization of the religion of nature and the religion of history. It consists of a response to the sacredness of the phenomena, of the multiplicity of creative expressions of being, and of the whole that encompasses all beings. It is also an expression of wonder and awe at the mystery of becoming, the unfolding of the universe's potentiality for realized being, goodness, truth and beauty.
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Moderated by Dr. Brittany Friedman, this virtual summit examines how the field of social innovation – including both processes and models of social innovation – can be used to reverse the centuries-long history of racism and economic discrimination within the criminal legal system. A number of social innovation models are currently underway to address various components of the criminal legal system; many social impact bonds target criminal justice and recidivism outcomes and processes of co-production and co-creation can illuminate more equitable and effective alternatives to the current criminal legal system.
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Dr. Gary Painter, Director, USC Sol Price Center for Social Innovation, Homelessness Policy Research Institute
Gary Painter is a Professor in the Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. He also serves as the Director of the Sol Price Center for Social Innovation and the Homelessness Policy Research Institute. He recently published a co-authored book entitled, “Payment by Results and Social Impact Bonds: Outcome-based Payment Systems in the UK and US.” He has published numerous articles in top journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, Journal of Urban Economics, Urban Studies, Journal of Human Resources, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Real Estate Economics, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, and Regional Science and Urban Economics.
Professor Painter is a leading figure in the field of social innovation. In addition to his recent book, he works extensively with a variety of social innovation organizations and collective impact networks to address some of the grand challenges that society faces. His current research focuses on how to activate the social innovation process. Professor Painter also has extensive expertise in housing, urban economics, and education policy, which shapes his research on how the social innovation process can identify new models of social change within these complex policy areas.
He has served as a consultant for the National Association of Realtors, Pacific Economics Group, Andrew Davidson Co., Fannie Mae, Grant Thornton LLP, Burr Consulting, and the Research Institute for Housing America.
Dr. Brittany Friedman, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences
Brittany Friedman is a sociologist of punishment and social control, researching race and prison order, inequality, mobilization against the carceral state, and the criminal legal system as an economic market. She is a 2021-2022 American Bar Foundation/JPB Foundation Access to Justice Faculty Scholar, examining the relationship between legal representation, pay-to-stay, and civil recoupment strategies. Her ABF/JPB project is titled “Pay-to-Stay as a Civil Justice Crisis: How Civil Lawsuits Against Incarcerated People for the Cost of Incarceration Deepen Socioeconomic Inequality.”
Her first book, which is under contract with The University of North Carolina Press, is tentatively titled, Born in Blood, a highly anticipated book that traces how control strategies were institutionalized and designed to eradicate Black political protest and the implications for contemporary prison order and racial inequality. The book is listed in Sociology, African American Studies, and the special series, “Justice, Power, and Politics,” home to a long list of award winning scholarly monographs.
Friedman is a member of the Multi-State Study of Monetary Sanctions funded by Arnold Ventures (Dr. Alexes Harris, PI), researching how monetary sanctions in the criminal legal system impact reentry, inequality, and poverty.
She is Co-PI (w/ Dr. April Fernandes and Gabriela Kirk) of a comparative study of inmate reimbursement practices, also known as “pay-to-stay.” Their funded project expands the study of monetary sanctions to include empirical analyses of the historical and contemporary evolution of pay-to-stay practices across states. In July 2021, they submitted written testimony to the members of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary for consideration in the hearing “A Fine Scheme: How Court-Imposed Fees and Fines Unjustly Burden Vulnerable Communities,” summarizing for the committee their research findings on pay-to-stay and its consequences for inequality.
Friedman is PI (Co-PIs Dr. Paul Hirschfield and Alexis Karteron, J.D.) of an ongoing study of Covid-19 penal policy, which traces how formal and informal practices affect the conditions of confinement in prisons.
Dr. Friedman’s research has been supported by external funding from the American Bar Foundation, National Science Foundation, American Society of Criminology, and Arnold Ventures, and university funding from several institutions.
Jeffery Wallace, President & CEO, LeadersUp
Jeffery T. D. Wallace, a native of Richmond, California, is a next generation social entrepreneur uniquely equipped to fulfill the dual roles of visionary and architect to find a sustainable solution to almost any social issue. He is president and CEO of LeadersUp, a nonprofit that bridges the gap between the untapped potential of young people and the business challenge of finding and keeping the best talent. With Wallace, LeadersUp has established best practices by facilitating employer-led solutions that are demand driven and human-centered to tackle high youth unemployment in Chicago, Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area. He gets in front of the issues that fuel educational and economic inequities and unites people around shared goals to achieve disruptive and transformative change.
A graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles (he studied music and earned a BA in education), Wallace was the first undergraduate student conductor in UCLA’s music department. He later earned an MS in education from UCLA and an MS in organizational development from the University of California, Berkeley. Additionally, he is a fellow of the Presidio Institute and a Metropolitan Non-Resident Fellow of the Brookings Institution. In 2019, he received the Dr. Winston C. Doby Community Coalition Award from the Los Angeles Urban League. In 2018, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Inc., Alpha Nu Omega Chapter, recognized him with the Excellence in Community Advocacy Award, and he was named one of Fast Company’s 100 Most Creative People.
Julio Marcial, Vice President, Programs & Foundation Relations, Liberty Hill
Julio Marcial is Vice President of Programs & Foundation Relations. In this capacity, Marcial oversees foundation-relations and strategy; partnerships with government and other sectors; and oversees public policy, research and evaluation. In addition, Marcial guides the Foundation’s youth and transformative justice portfolio, including the provision of grant-making, network building, public policy and capacity building supports, which are focused on reducing the size of Los Angeles County’s justice system and establishing a human-focused approach to justice system engagement that truly prioritizes “care first, jails last.”
Julio has significant philanthropy experience, beginning his grant-making career in 1998 at The California Wellness Foundation, a $1 billion health equity-focused foundation in Los Angeles. Most recently, Julio served as a Program Director, where he managed a combined grants portfolio of more than $60 million focused on criminal justice, public safety, and other public health issue areas.
Active in the youth justice field, Julio is an appointed member of the Juvenile Justice Standing Committee of the California Board of State and Community Corrections, and the Executive Standing Committee of the California Youth Reinvestment Fund, which provides cities and counties with $37 million in funding for community-based services to divert youth from formal justice system involvement. He is a 2014 American Express/Independent Sector NGen Fellow and a founding member of the Southern California Latino Giving Circle, which has provided more than $130,000 to immigrant-serving nonprofits. Currently, Julio serves on the board of directors for InsideOut Writers and Represent Justice. Previously, he was on the board for the All For One Youth Mentoring Program, the Los Angeles Music and Art School, Hispanics in Philanthropy, as well as the Los Angeles County Commission for Children and Families. Julio is also a contributor to the new book, “If We Want to Win,” published by the New Press, which brings together 24 leading figures who propose a collective blueprint for moving forward to a more inclusive and just democracy across the United States.
Marcial earned a bachelor’s degree in sociology from the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he was awarded an American Sociological Association fellowship to study racial and ethnic disparities in the California juvenile justice system. He has also held a graduate fellowship through the Committee on Institutional Cooperation at the Rackham School of Graduate Studies at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where his research work focused on the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to addressing childhood exposure to violence.
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Regarding intimate interactions, Defenders’ kindness develops into a pleasure definitely just present taking care of their loved ones and house, in starting to be truth be told there for psychological and practical assistance anytime it is necessary. House is where the cardiovascular system is actually for people with the Defender characteristics means, along with no other part of their particular physical lives create they aim with such determination generate the harmony and beauty they wish to read on the planet.
The problem was, they are great things about an existing long-term relationship, and Defenders’ excruciating timidity indicates normally it takes quite a while to achieve this point. Defenders is many attractive when they’re merely being by themselves in a comfortable conditions such as for instance jobs, in which their own all-natural flow demonstrates this kindness and commitment. Interactions constructed on founded expertise become a cozy possibility for Defenders – they grab internet dating severely and just enter relationships which have a proper potential for enduring a lifetime.
Defenders’ shyness and susceptibility shield exactly what are, underneath the exterior, very strong ideas.
While not usually clear to other people, this lake of emotion can’t be used lightly and for granted – Defender characters can treasure the notion of committed relationship around since highly as some aspect spiritual philosophy. Hard as it may getting, if either relationships mate doubts their own emotions, they have to part steps before real psychological damage is completed.
Since their relationships perform improvements, Defenders often still struggle with emotional phrase, but they have the opportunity to leave actual affection substitute with regards to their enjoying keywords. Individuals with this characteristics kind capture no deeper pleasure compared to attractive people, frequently actually thinking about this an individual duty, and this also relates to closeness and. While dutiful gender may not seem particularly attractive when it comes to those certain terminology, intimacy is immensely crucial that you Defenders, plus they spare no efforts within department.
Nor is the delight they ingest ensuring her partners’ delight limited by the sack – Defenders invest an enormous timeframe and energy locating techniques to hold their unique connection rewarding for his or her partners. All they inquire reciprocally try engagement, enjoy and, maybe above all, understanding.
As with any the most effective People, We Have Our Disagreements.
But few are prepared to spend also that small rates your good thing about Defenders’ kindness. If their particular associates aren’t eager or in a position to show this thanks, or bad however are freely critical of their Defender associates, might find that, considering some time and force, all those repressed emotions can bust forth https://datingreviewer.net/escort/abilene/ in big spoken attacks that the near future regret worldwide won’t blunt.
These outbursts is something to look out for, nevertheless the considerably pervasive problems in Defenders’ relations usually it may be also easy for their own altruism and kindness to be taken advantageous asset of, even perhaps without their couples recognizing it, while making Defenders’ own specifications and dreams unfulfilled. This is exactly something Defenders’ partners, and Defender characters themselves, must take care of as long as they desire the type of lengthy, satisfying relations they dream of. Revealing gratitude is commonly more than just just the right keywords, really reciprocation.
While perfectly competent in the workplace and among company, Defenders’ true interests sit in caring for their own families
from having fun with their children on the boring wants on the domestic, effort Defenders are only too pleased to lead.
Defenders become honest, loyal, enjoying and loyal and nothing delivers all of them considerably pleasure than the dedication of an appreciative and flourishing commitment. Top fits are those exactly who promote these sensibilities, namely people who discuss the Observant (S) attribute, with a small number of opposing characteristics to make sure that both lovers has place growing, develop that assist each other along, ’til the termination of their own times.
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Baccalaureate A term meaning “bachelor,” but with multiple meanings in education. In the United States, it may refer to the bachelor’s degree obtained upon successful completion of a four-year college education, to the ceremony at which the degrees are awarded or to the speech delivered when conferring such degrees.
or the trainee to receive a bachelors degree, it is necessary for him / her to study all the disciplines that are part of the curriculum of a college of higher education. In some countries the bachelor’s degree remains only given to the individual who has completed secondary or high school education.In some universities the baccalaureate degree is awarded to a student who completes a course lasting three years. Since the technical and professional courses do not confer the title of bachelor to the professional, the student receives a qualification like technician or specialist.
Duration of Baccalaureate Degree
The baccalaureate in Medicine lasts 6 years and is the longest of all – most lasts between 4 and 5 years. Here are some examples:
- Administration: 4 years
- Agronomy: 5 years
- Architecture and Urbanism: 5 years
- Biomedicine: 4 years
- Law: 5 years
- Nursing: 5 years
- Civil Engineering: 5 years
- Mechanical Engineering: 5 years
- Chemical Engineering: 5 years
- Pharmacy: 5 years
- Physiotherapy: 5 years
- Speech-Language Pathology: 4 years
- Journalism: 4 years
- Medicine: 6 years
- Veterinary Medicine: 5 years
- Nutrition: 4 years
- Dentistry: 5 years
- Psychology: 5 years
- Advertising and Propaganda: 4 years
- Public Relations: 4 years
The degree lasts between 3 and 4 years, depending on the chosen area and the educational institution, and public universities usually define their curricular degrees with a minimum of 4 years (8 semesters).
You will be able to find degrees in areas such as:
- Social Sciences (Sociology, Anthropology, Political Science)
- Natural Sciences
What Do The Baccalaureate And Undergraduate Degree Have In Common?
Bachelor’s degrees and undergraduate degrees have the following similarities:
- Both are upper-level courses
- Both are offered in public and private educational institutions
- You can find many of the options in the classroom and EAD
When obtaining a degree in history , for example, the professional can give classes in public and private schools, in addition to private lessons. Therefore, the main degrees have related to the disciplines taught in basic education, such as Physics , Chemistry , Biological Sciences , Philosophy , Physical Education , Social Sciences , Geography , Letters , Mathematics , etc.
But attention! If your dream is to teach in Higher Education, this will require at least the postgraduate diploma . The professionals who complete the post in the Masters or PhD programs are even more sought after and valued by the education market
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Terrorism can tear Singapore’s society apart, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong warned during his annual independence day address delivered August 8.
As I have written previously, officials in Singapore been sounding alarm bells about the rising threat from the Islamic State (ISIS), warning that the group may establish a base in Southeast Asia and could be destructive to Singapore’s social fabric (See: “Islamophobia Could Destroy Singapore: Shanmugam”).
Just a few days ago, Indonesia announced that it had arrested a group of militants planning an attack in Singapore with a rocket, a development that came following a string of recent ISIS attacks in several countries including Turkey, Bangladesh, France, and Malaysia. Singapore is a member of the U.S.-led Global Coalition to Counter ISIL, and Lee revealed during his visit to the United States last week that the country would boost its contribution to the fight against ISIS with a new medical team in Iraq (See: “Singapore to Deepen Role in Islamic State Fight”).
During his August 8 message to the nation commemorating 51 years of independence, Lee listed the threat of terrorism as one of the three fresh challenges that Singapore would have to confront, with the other two being managing the country’s changing economy and politics.
He warned that extremist terrorism could tear the country’s harmonious, multi-racial society apart, with authorities already detaining self-radicalized Singaporeans and foreign workers.
“[E]xtremist terrorism can tear our society apart,” Lee said. “If a terrorist attack were to occur here, will we stand together, or will we fall apart?”
Lee said he was confident that Singapore would be able to overcome this challenge. He said the city-state had fully acknowledged the threat and its citizens had taken a clear and united stand against attacks and the ideology that drove them.
However, he also highlighted that this unity would have to be sustained even during times of crisis.
“[T]he most fundamental factor in keeping Singapore exceptional is not good plans or adequate resources; it is whether we remain united,” Lee said. “It is our shared resolve to tackle challenges together that determines whether we succeed, and whether our children have a brighter future.”
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A full range of underpinning techniques can be adopted dependent upon ground / load conditions that are present. These techniques include:
- Traditional mass concrete underpinning to depths of upto 2.0m bgl.
- Piled reinforced concrete needle beams.
- Piled reinforced concrete nibs and slab, either partial or full property underpin.
All works are available with full heave protection measures if necessary.
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Yoga Asanas To Cure Acidity:- Acidity is mostly caused by consuming oily and spicy food. Over consumption of tobacco, alcohol and caffeine too leads to acidity. A good and enough sleep can reduce the acidity to some extent. Too much stress can increase the acidity problem. Restlessness, heartburn, burping, stomach ache, constant belching and constipation are the symptoms of acidity. Yoga can be a simple and effective way to cure acidity. The asanas of yoga can cure acid reflux and they can strengthen the digestive system and boost metabolism. Here are some yoga asanas that can curre acidity:
Vajrasana or the Thunderbolt asana: This pose will regulate the flow of blood to the stomach and the intestines so that the digestion will take place properly. Sit in an erected position with both the legs folded simultaneously and place your hands on the thighs.
Pavanmuktasana or the Wind relieving asana: This is called as boat pose that will stimulate the bowel movement and it brings a relief to constipation. You will not feel bloated after this asana. Lie on your back and fold the legs. Press your thighs when you clasp the wrist. Bend your neck towards the knee and touch the forehead with the knee. Relax your breath.
Nadi Shodhan Pranayama or alternate nostril breathing asana: This will give a relief for the stress and anxiety which leads to acidity. Practise this in the morning with an empty stomach. Sit in an erected position and keep your left hand on the left knee. Keep your palms open and keep the index finger on the left nostril. Press the thumb down and breathe through the right nostril. Repeat the same with your right finger and hand. Take some rest and continue the same for 20-25 minutes.
Uttarasana or Camel asana: This relieves the back pain that is caused due to the gas. It also improves blood circulation and good for maintaining a good posture. Put your knees with the shoulders and inhale deeply. Arch your back and slide your palms till the arms turn straight.
Kapaal Bhati or Skull shining asana: This cures the digestive and stomach disorders. Sit straight and take a deep breath. Pull your navel back towards the spine when you exhale. Do it comfortably.
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Request for Information on Transit Bus Automation Research and Demonstrations
Request for information.
The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) continues to research Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving Systems (ADS) in public transportation use cases. In 2018, FTA completed its five-year Strategic Transit Automation Research Plan (STAR Plan). In preparation for the next five-year plan, FTA is issuing this request for information (RFI). This RFI seeks input from public and industry stakeholders on the next phase of research, collaboration and engagement, technology development, and demonstration of ADS or ADAS necessary to improve the safe, efficient, equitable and climate- friendly provision of public transportation and sustain the associated workforce. Comments received through this RFI will provide critical information for FTA to develop STAR Plan 2.0.
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In terms of car insurance policy, there are plenty of different factors that could have an impact on your premium. You may decrease your high quality by driving properly and responsibly. Other things to contemplate when evaluating charges involve your automobile make and model, the value of your automobile, and how you employ it. If you regularly push lengthy distances, you are more likely to be associated with mishaps. Ultimately, the best way to lessen your insurance policies top quality is to find a coverage that matches your needs.
With regards to insurance coverage, the average motor vehicle operator is to blame for paying anywhere from $one,100 to in excess of $5,000 a yr. It is important to understand that premiums may vary broadly from condition to state. In certain states, entire protection prices 2 times as much as minimum amount protection. Detailed below are a few strategies to assist you get the best price. A least liability limit is simply necessary in a few states, even though full coverage generally includes a $500 deductible.
Picking out the suitable automobile is vital mainly because some cars are more expensive than Many others, causing larger insurance plan rates. Moreover, some cars are more expensive to fix and replace, so their insurance policy rates are typically better. Motorists which has a clean driving historical past usually get additional economical rates. Age and gender also Enjoy a part in deciding coverage premiums. Young drivers are generally a lot more risky than more mature motorists. In addition, some insurers use credit history scores to ascertain insurance coverage rates. Even so, some states have handed legislation prohibiting such use.
There are actually six standard forms of vehicle insurance coverages. This protection lets you personalize your plan to deal with an assortment of different predicaments. You will also want making sure that you might have liability protection. Legal responsibility insurance plan is necessary by law in many states, however you can opt for a distinct sort of protection in the event you’d want. Legal responsibility coverage handles you in case you’re at fault in a mishap, but it also handles other motorists in your car. It can pay for Others’s damages or accidents, and it could also protect professional medical payments.
A typical policy will incorporate a number of sorts of protection, such as legal responsibility, collision, comprehensive, uninsured/underinsured motorist, and clinical payments. They’re all important, and you must get adequate of them. Some coverages may very well be required in certain states, while others may not. To locate the very best automobile coverage protection for your preferences, visit a internet site which include Freeway Insurance policies. You will discover a wide variety of coverage choices and conserve time and expense.
Each and every condition sets its individual minimal vehicle insurance policies specifications, and these legal guidelines are damaged down into three different figures. In California, as an example, you will be needed to carry no less than fifteen/thirty/five in bodily injury legal responsibility protection, and thirty/50/5 in property damage liability. These numbers can vary commonly, so it’s best to examine your state’s demands before driving. Though option insurance policy could possibly be a possibility, it’s actually not normally a good idea.
The least protection expected by your point out will likely be legal responsibility protection, but several lenders involve complete protection. Complete coverage refers to the two collision and in depth insurance, and it might be necessary by your lender in case you are funding your automobile. Legal responsibility protection handles damages to Others’s assets in the occasion of an accident but not your own personal auto or self. Bodily harm liability and house damage liability insurance coverage can be merged to supply you with the best protection at an extremely fair cost.
Irrespective of whether you’ve got collision protection on your vehicle insurance policy coverage depends on your situation. Though you might not be demanded by regulation to obtain this protection, lenders will probable demand it if you propose on funding your automobile. Lenders may also have to have you to hold collision insurance policy Should you have a financial loan, which implies that you choose to ought to invest in entire protection auto insurance policy. This protection is often a necessity for most of us who finance an auto, no matter if new or utilized.
Collision coverage pays the complete value of your car inside the occasion of a collision. While the insurer pays the entire cost of repairs, it is probably not adequate to exchange the car if It is stolen or totaled. You may also ought to pay out some private revenue to replace the car. For those who have this type of protection, make sure you fully grasp the terms and conditions just before purchasing motor vehicle insurance policies. It’s also wise to fully grasp the deductible, that’s separate from your collision deductible.
There are numerous elements to look at when searching for an auto insurance policy Invoice. Some states need bare minimum limits on Property and Uninsured motorist protection, which pays for your distinction between your costs and also the coverage Restrict in the at-fault driver. Other states will not need underinsured motorist protection. Here are several strategies to assist you shop for the best coverage plan for your requirements. Hopefully, these tips will make the procedure a little less complicated and save you cash.
Legal responsibility protection for car coverage is essential so as to protect on your own and also your home against statements of harm or home hurt. This coverage can go over the price of protection or settlement in case you be uncovered at fault for an accident. There are numerous forms of protection, so it is vital to understand the distinction between them to stop high priced surprises. Point out Farm gives common rates for several levels of protection. It’s possible you’ll find it additional advantageous to pick a medium protection degree.
In most states, you’re required to have legal responsibility protection within your policy, which covers damages to other people’s assets and injuries to Others. This kind of protection also protects you in the event you result in an accident with An additional driver. This coverage would be the default coverage for most states, and is recommended for drivers in lots of countries. Nevertheless, it can be crucial to recognize that liability insurance policy limitations are incredibly diverse in Each individual point out. Your legal responsibility limit will establish the amount of you’ll need to pay for to deal with damages.
In approximately every condition, it is illegitimate to generate without legal responsibility protection, which incorporates house problems legal responsibility. Should you bring about damage to someone else’s residence, legal responsibility protection pays for repairs. Having said that, your auto insurance policy policy would not deal with your own automobile’s damages. Your condition could possibly have various minimum prerequisites for legal responsibility coverage, so it is vital to check your plan prior to buying it. Residence coverage can be vital in your economic protection. It can help you steer clear of being left with massive insurance coverage charges if you lead to an accident.
Your insurance plan need to have some kind of property damage coverage to compensate you while in the event of the collision. This coverage pays for virtually any damages you trigger to a different person’s car, such as repairs. In addition it pays for the elimination of debris following a collision. Home protection is usually written with three quantities, like bodily damage coverage per incident and residence damage coverage for each accident. Bigger limits, however, provide much more coverage. Be sure to study your plan and ask your coverage representative if you will find any exclusions or limits.
In Ny, you could claim uninsured motorist coverage if another driver does not have enough insurance plan to protect the price of your collision. This coverage applies when the other driver will not be recognized whatsoever as well as the incident is a hit-and-run. The Coverage Legislation SS 5217 specifies which the uninsured motorist coverage need to be procured in almost any Bodily collision, but courts have interpreted this provision to only use within a Actual physical collision.
Underinsured and uninsured motorist coverage are optional in a few states, but in other states, you must have them the two. Buying the two coverages will present you with further protection just in case you must fork out healthcare bills or other costs. When the uninsured driver leaves you by using a ruined auto, the uninsured motorist coverage can purchase the repairs. While this coverage isn’t really necessary, it could be a wise notion to hold not less than the minimum amount level of legal responsibility protection.
In the event you’ve never ever deemed it, vehicle insurance plan discount rates are a terrific way to get monetary savings and remain inexperienced. Quite a few new autos have security capabilities such as airbags and anti-lock brakes that may lessen your rates. You may as well get more discounts for getting protection functions inside your car, for instance daytime operating lights or anti-theft alarms. Shelling out your premium in total every year may even eliminate payment concerns for twelve months. In reality, about 50 percent of insurers provide a discount for this sort of payment.
You may additionally be qualified for reductions if you’ve experienced your coverage for a number of years. These discounts change dependant upon the amount of time you have experienced your plan, but several providers offer discount rates for being faithful for their consumers. You could be suitable for a discount of as much as 15% if you purchase your coverage at least 7 times just before your renewal day. Besides these special discounts, some companies even present savings to These in selected occupations. One example is, academics receive 10% off their premiums from Liberty Mutual. Military staff get a fifteen% low cost from Geico.
Do you think you’re a younger driver on the lookout for car coverage affordable prices? Here are some tips you are able to follow to save money on auto insurance coverage: Boosting your deductibles, obtaining a no statements low cost, and acquiring a plan having a regional insurance provider. These guidelines can save you many hundreds of dollars yearly on your car insurance policies plan. They also make it easier to get the lowest costs possible. Continue reading to see a lot more. You can be glad you did!
Younger drivers can save money on car insurance policy by driving far more safely and securely, lowering the amount of miles they generate, and letting the insurance company observe their driving patterns. You may also decrease your premiums by searching all-around for vehicle insurance coverage. Several insurers charge a greater fee for young drivers, so it is vital to buy around. Thankfully, there are absolutely free on the net quotation comparison equipment that make this easy. On top of that, it is possible to request a discount if you have several autos and also have them insured by the exact same organization.
When seeking a coverage, Be sure to Examine several rates and choose the greatest price and quality. It’s also possible to try to look for an insurance policies agent who’ll grow along with you, making it possible for you for making changes as your driving history improvements. Make sure you Look at policies that offer very similar different types of protection, as deductibles and boundaries can make a big variation. Should you be a youthful driver, It’s also wise to get ample coverage to stop fiscal disaster.
Obtaining a no statements lower price on motor vehicle protect is a terrific way to cut costs on your premiums, and it may be well worth asking your insurance provider how to apply it. With regards to the insurance company, the low cost is usually truly worth between 30% following a 12 months to as many as 65% immediately after five years. Remember that For those who have a collision, you can eliminate two decades of no claims bonus. Furthermore, a number of claims will likely wipe out your entire no promises reward. It can be vital to notify your insurer promptly of any accidents that you’ve got, as failing to take action could necessarily mean that potential promises is going to be rejected.
Most insurers offer no promises discount defense for a payment of all around PS25. It allows you to make a specific variety of promises per year devoid of stressing about your rates likely up. It’s also possible to include it to a brand new plan When you’ve got a no claims reward. Also, you may transfer your no claims low cost to a different insurance provider if you wish. To keep the no claims low cost, you must look at switching vendors each year or two.
When hunting for a cheap automobile insurance policy estimate, raising your deductibles is a terrific way to get reduced rates. Some estimates say It can save you involving 15 and 30 % on your top quality by raising your deductibles. These discounts can differ commonly dependant upon your driving history, the type of vehicle you travel, as well as your state’s regulations. Raising your deductibles could also lessen your yearly premium by around 40%.
When raising your deductible is not the right preference for everybody, it may help you conserve Many dollars above the long run. When the amount you select to lift your deductible will depend upon your monetary scenario, experts advise saving at the least two months’ truly worth of dwelling expenditures. On top of that, it is going to lessen your insurance coverage expenses each and every month. Additionally, you will conserve a big amount of money in case you at any time come up with a claim.
Getting a policy that has a regional insurance provider could be advantageous for drivers by using a inadequate credit history history. It could help you save revenue every month on your own monthly insurance coverage Monthly bill, and you will make the most of special discounts and superb customer support. Getting a policy having a regional insurance company is on the market in all fifty states, and you may Examine costs by point out to find the bottom charges. On the other hand, it can be crucial to notice that it may well have a several months to raise your credit score rating, plus some drivers using a inadequate credit history historical past can finish up shelling out around $400 a 12 months.
Erie Insurance is another regional insurance provider that provides cheap automobile insurance coverage. This company is based in Pennsylvania, and has actually been in enterprise because 1925. Erie presents automobile insurance, daily life, and residence insurance policy. Although Erie only supplies protection in sure states, it’s over 13,000 independent insurance coverage agents throughout The usa. You could pick an agent or perhaps a regional insurer In keeping with your needs. Having said that, it is recommended which you read all fantastic print prior to making a choice.
If you’re a superior-danger driver, you’ll want to Assess auto insurance prices and discover The most cost effective plan for your requirements. You should also take a look at just how much coverage is on the market close to you so you can determine if a lessen level is feasible. It would be additional economical to get extra protection For those who have decrease danger or if you compromise for an increased deductible. All of it will depend on your requirements. The good thing is, there are numerous alternatives available to you.
In the event you are seeking The most affordable car insurance quotation for prime-hazard motorists, you might be in luck. You can easily come across 1 which has a number of clicks over the internet. The online world can give you many different offers for coverage in a fraction of the price of common car or truck insurance policies. Not just that, nevertheless it can even make signing up for insurance plan a whole lot much easier. All You need to do is fill out an easy on the net sort, pay out your top quality, and you also’re performed! The insurance company will then print you a card as proof of your insurance policy protection and you will have a coverage over the road.
For those who have a lousy credit record, you will be deemed a higher-hazard driver by lots of insurance plan businesses. This is because you usually tend to file an insurance coverage claim than a driver with great credit score. Your credit history score is really a Think about how insurance coverage firms see you, and a previous DUI/DWI will raise your premium by just as much as sixty five%. This is often comparable to an additional $477 over a 6-thirty day period policy. Yet another factor that insurers take into consideration is your driving historical past. A DUI/DWI can raise your top quality by as much as $174, plus a dashing ticket can add nearly about 45%.
In case you have a DUI on your own document, you’ll be able to select the cheapest auto insurance policy supplier. Corporations for example State Farm, American Relatives, and Progressive have some very good alternatives which offer reduce rates for prime-danger motorists. Additionally they consider your credit rating rating when identifying your high quality. Insurers consider these things when choosing the amount of you spend on your policy. A bad credit score score can result in insurance policies charges to skyrocket, so It can be vital to be aware of your credit score score before you make a call.
There are a number of elements to think about When picking The most affordable car coverage for youthful drivers. Your age and marital standing play a major function in the vehicle coverage rates. The type of automobile you travel can also have an effect on your own quality. For illustration, large-overall performance autos are generally dearer to insure than reduced-overall performance vehicles. Therefore, the initial step in finding The most cost effective auto insurance coverage for youthful drivers is to find a motor vehicle with quite a few basic safety characteristics.
A great way to lessen the cost of automobile insurance plan for youthful drivers would be to decreased the coverage you’ll need. Many insurers offer you savings if you are a very good college student, or if you are in driver schooling. Even so, minimizing your protection could end in large out-of-pocket charges For those who have an accident. Consequently, be sure to weigh the threats of this option meticulously, and often err to the aspect of acquiring better benefit.
Teens Use a tricky time securing low-cost auto insurance policy. When the cost of a coverage for a sixteen-year-outdated driver is far increased than that of the Grownup, it may be diminished by including a teenager to an existing coverage. This feature increases costs by a median of $one,461 a year, but is often more affordable than obtaining a separate plan. Also, if you’re a young driver, try to find savings together with other methods to save.
The cost of car insurance varies widely depending on your profile, which can imply that you should shop all-around for the cheapest insurance plan for reduced-risk motorists. Insurers consider many factors when selecting on an insurance plan, like your driving history, demographics, and Over-all chance degree. Outlined under would be the five most critical variables to consider when comparing coverage quotes. Remember that decreased coverage charges Do not suggest that you’ve to sacrifice top quality.
First of all, take into account your zip code. All those in large-crime spots will encounter larger charges. Moreover, insurance policy firms consider site visitors volume into consideration. Also, be certain you do not have any accidents or promises on your file, as these will raise your premiums. And finally, Understand that you’ll want to compare rates each and every 6 months to stay away from having to pay a lot more than You need to. It’s also advisable to take into account obtaining a multi-policy discount if you’ve got more than one policy with a specific insurance provider.
When credit score scores are not legally used by insurers in a few states, they’re nevertheless essential considerations when evaluating vehicle insurance plan charges. In Hawaii, drivers with weak credit rating pays 168% more than equivalent thoroughly clean motorists. In Massachusetts, higher-hazard drivers spend thirty% much more than clean up motorists. For brand spanking new motorists, a DUI, speeding ticket, and lousy credit history will improve prices over others. You should definitely get some estimates prior to making a choice.
The zip code you live in is An important Think about the cost of coverage. If you reside in a location with significant criminal offense and accident premiums, you could count on to pay additional for insurance policies offers. In addition, components like website traffic quantity and incident history can boost the cost of insurance. Most insurance policies corporations also take a look at a driver’s driving history to ascertain what amount they should demand for his or her policy. Ordinarily, drivers using a lousy driving history pay out far more for protection than Those people having a thoroughly clean driving history.
Car or truck insurance policy has risen by $fifty – $a hundred in the last five years, as wellness treatment costs are actually expanding. Drivers will also be necessary to carry uninsured and PIP insurance policy, which happen to be above-normal point out specifications. Lots of states only require liability insurance plan, but The big apple needs drivers to hold both equally. These optional coverages boost the cost of insurance, and may often raise the full quality. And finally, motorists really should Look at their coverage limits, as some policies Have a very lower minimal level of coverage than Other people.
In Ny, the average individual spends 2.8 percent in their income on car insurance policy, that’s a little bit increased than the national ordinary of 2.forty per cent. People within their 30s, 40s, and 50s pays a bit under the average. The 70+ age team can pay better rates than drivers with less driving experience. Those people who are married can pay a little bit larger premiums, but nevertheless reduce than one individuals.
In addition to decreased rates, motorists also can consider defensive driving classes. These lessons are 320 minutes in duration, and include things like discussions of driver attitude and visitors legal guidelines. Additionally they instruct defensive driving tactics which can dramatically reduce the price of insurance plan. They also can enable to boost their driving file, so finishing a training course can lessen the price of a car or truck insurance policy estimate. Even so, should you be Uncertain about the exact coverage you may need, it is possible to Examine Together with the Insurance coverage Data Institute.
Even though fuel price ranges range by point out, the price of an automobile insurance quote in other states might be greater or lower than your individual. Some things may account for this, like The share of uninsured motorists, state insurance plan legislation, and the rate of theft. Also, the incidence of lousy weather conditions can improve the price of insurance policy in several states. The following desk displays common vehicle insurance policies rates in various states. These estimates are based upon a comparison of condition insurance plan needs.
Missouri is the cheapest point out for total-coverage automobile insurance coverage, paying just $944 lower than Louisiana. On top of that, this point out has considered one of the bottom expenses for each capita, and is also ranked fifth regarding price of living. In distinction, Texas motorists pay out probably the most for their car insurance plan, spending approximately 33% of their annual earnings in complete. This disparity could possibly be on account of The point that the state includes a significant range of uninsured drivers and lots of lawsuits.
The national normal for comprehensive protection car insurance policies is $one,771 a yr. The point out with the costliest insurance coverage quality is Louisiana, having a high quality of $2,839, a 19% maximize from 2020. Conversely, Maine’s common insurance coverage top quality is just $858. This is due to no-fault states have greater insurance policies rates. The cost of a car or truck coverage plan in other states can vary substantially. There are numerous aspects to take into account, like your point out’s rules on insurance.
Should you are looking for significant-risk driver automobile insurance coverage in close proximity to me, you may well be questioning ways to get a lower-Value plan. High-risk motorists pay greater insurance plan premiums than typical drivers. This is because they tend to own much more accidents or violations on their report. Depending upon the point out, the limit might be 3 a long time or 5 years. Sometimes, you can find reductions if you are taking a driver security class.
Although the national averages for prime-danger driver auto insurance policies close to me are very consistent, you will find that premiums range wildly from condition to condition. Some corporations adjust their fees to distinct states, Therefore if you live in a specific condition, you could see that 1 insurer features you the most effective coverage for any lower selling price. The most cost effective superior-possibility driver automobile coverage near me arises from Point out Farm, that has a lengthy-standing status for providing great assistance.
The ultimate way to locate a higher-hazard driver car insurance coverage close to me should be to enter your ZIP code and Look at quotations. The price of high-risk vehicle insurance policy close to me can differ from state to state, but most substantial insurers give these kinds of coverage. A few of these providers concentrate on superior-chance coverage, for instance Countrywide General. Chances are you’ll even be able to find a cheaper policy When you’ve got fantastic grades along with a lower-possibility car or truck.
There are many benefits of comparing car or truck insurance plan firms. In the following paragraphs, We are going to go over some of the most important functions, for instance scores, savings, and customer support. Selecting the greatest plan is important for your security and safety, so take the time to compare the different guidelines from different corporations. By the time you complete reading this information, you will have an concept of which insurer features the very best protection at the lowest Expense. Here are some tricks to pick the right 1 for yourself:
To obtain the best rate, it is best to Look at vehicle insurance policy quotes from diverse organizations. Insurers use several elements to determine the cost of coverage. You must recognize your person requirements and compare price ranges from several companies. As an illustration, sporting activities cars can Price tag much more to insure than regular vehicles. Also, your locality and driving background may affect the prices that you will be quoted. By making use of a comparison Device, you will discover the lowest level on the same coverage with the similar deductibles.
Insurance policy premiums can differ appreciably, so it is essential to understand how each coverage will work. Among the many things that impact rates are driving historical past, age, and credit history historical past. You can also Evaluate the perks that each organization features, which include roadside help or accident forgiveness. Although this may seem like a frightening endeavor, it may also help to match rates from various companies and pick the suitable 1. Listed beneath are some tips to get you started.
When it comes to comparing auto insurance policy organizations, you might like to start with the J.D. Ability motor vehicle insurance company ratings. These are generally dependant on customer pleasure surveys that survey A large number of automobile insurance policy buyers nationwide. The final results are compiled into numerical scores that represent the businesses’ regular consumer pleasure score. These rankings are revealed yearly, and the most effective car or truck coverage providers in Every group are awarded gold medals. But how Are you aware if the companies you are thinking about are any very good?
There are numerous approaches To guage the economic power of car or truck coverage firms. To begin with, you are able to Examine the AM Greatest insurance company score, which gives monetary balance scores for motor vehicle insurance coverage organizations. Whether the automobile insurance provider has an A, B, C, or F score, it is vital to know how secure it really is in advance of choosing a coverage. This is a crucial aspect of customer support, so make sure you go through the critiques and skim the fantastic print before making a call.
Vehicle insurance policy companies provide a range of savings. Numerous of such reductions may not be accessible for Everybody, so it’s important to examine the corporation Web page to be sure you qualify for your discounts that apply to you personally. Some companies give many bargains, and you can also request your coverage agent If they’re qualified for just about any distinct price reduction. Nevertheless, the process is easy and often will take below an hour. Beneath are some samples of possible motor vehicle insurance policies special discounts.
Legacy Savings: A car or truck insurance company might give a discount to new motorists who order their plan as a result of their moms and dads’ company. This price cut is normally all-around 10 p.c. This is often one method to thank your moms and dads for your small business over time, and it can help you save dollars on your vehicle insurance plan protection. Quite a few corporations give legacy bargains to youthful drivers, and It really is truly worth checking to discover In the event your insurance provider features one. You may also take a look at procedures supplied by American Loved ones, Farmers, or USAA.
In the insurance policies sector, there are a few businesses that regularly excel at customer service. Esurance, for example, scored 4 out of five in the J.D. Energy rankings for customer care, a large mark for a corporation whose parent company doesn’t. The corporate scored larger than its rivals in all other regions, like plan offerings and prices, in addition to the quality of service supplied by its Call center Associates and Web-site.(personalized support)
The most important ingredient of vehicle insurance policies for most people is its protection, but it is the customer care that issues most. Prospects choose to contact their insurers and acquire prompt, courteous provider. Therefore they would like to receive a response to their emails and cell phone calls rapidly, and they would like to speak with an agent who’ll listen to their concerns and supply options. Though all car insurance policies businesses may possibly supply superb customer service, some do execute a lot better than Other individuals.(rideshare insurance)(just some clicks)(insurance options)
A variety of components have an effect on the premiums of automobile insurance policies corporations. Driving heritage and age are two important things. A driver having a very poor driving record or perhaps a very poor credit rating score could have bigger premiums. Also, the cost of residing in your area will have an impact on the premiums. This is why, it’s important to check the rates of numerous insurance companies to locate the 1 that will fit your price range and your driving behaviors. There are several solutions to decreased your rates, for instance chopping coverage or having a defensive driving course. You may as well choose to buy a full 12 months of coverage up front.(Invoice on the net)(employee savings)(at fault accident)(included incident)
As well as the above mentioned-described elements, many other points can increase your top quality. For illustration, when you’ve not too long ago manufactured a claim or logged a traffic violation, your insurance coverage provider will reassess your rates. In addition, if you are taking a secure driving course, you may well be eligible for a discount. Insurance plan businesses are constantly tweaking their versions to determine the charges, and you would possibly discover a difference in your rates Even though you’ve by no means transformed your driving history.(utilization centered insurance plan)(rental cars)(motor vehicle repairs)(Risk-free driver price cut)
A car or truck insurance policy Look at is a terrific way to stay away from disreputable coverage vendors. One example is, lower prices from a specific insurance company is often deceptive In the event the quote excludes sure coverage or helps make inaccurate assumptions regarding your driving profile. By wanting up insurance policy organizations’ rankings along with the A.M. Greatest rating, you could find the cheapest insurance policy businesses in your town. Go through this informative article to Learn the way vehicle insurance compares can save you income. Then, Get the rates within the top firms and find out which one is the best in your case.(accident cost-free)
Your credit score-based mostly insurance rating is often a helpful indicator of the amount risk you happen to be likely to pose, but you mustn’t Permit it dictate your costs. The federal federal government does not enable insurers to use your credit history as the sole basis for a rise in your fees. On the other hand, states such as California, Massachusetts, Oregon, Utah, and Vermont have guidelines in position that restrict insurers from making use of credit score historical past to ascertain insurance policies costs.(could conserve)(new vehicle)(auto assert)
Even so, this sort of insurance policy does not implement to each state, so consumers don’t have any way to find out if a business is using your rating to decide just how much to demand them. Some states, such as California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, and Michigan, do ban credit rating-dependent insurance. Many other states even have constraints on the use of credit-primarily based coverage scores. In the end, you have got to make a decision on your own whether or not your credit history-based insurance policy score is suitable for you.(motorcycle insurance coverage)(roadside help coverage)(bundling automobile)(receive a car insurance policies)(pet insurance)(true hard cash benefit)(superior claims service)(yacht insurance policy)
A lot of variables affect the expense of auto insurance plan bargains, including age. Age affects your amount by much more than thirty p.c, and in some states, a younger driver can pay Nearly four situations approximately a 30-year-aged. Inexperience is yet another main issue, as younger young people usually tend to go into accidents. By understanding what elements affect your rates, you may negotiate decrease charges on your own. Outlined below are many of the ways that age impacts your vehicle insurance policy.
In general, the more youthful you are, the decrease your premiums might be. But In case you are a man, age does have an effect on the price of car or truck insurance. Although youthful male motorists pay fewer than their older counterparts, premiums for drivers of their sixties and seventies skyrocket. Statistically, males are two as well as a 50 percent situations as very likely to be linked to an auto crash than Gals, Therefore the gender gap decreases with age.(coverage solutions)(homeowners coverage)
The reality that a man pays a higher premium for car insurance than a woman just isn’t completely shocking. Many Adult men make weak choices whilst driving, causing much more mishaps and claims. Even so, There are some things which make Adult men dearer to insure. Here are some of the very best main reasons why. Please read on to discover more about the most well-liked elements that have an affect on auto insurance coverage charges by gender. And if you’re still baffled, look at the following pointers for decreasing your premiums.(vehicle coverage insurance policies)(automobile coverage quotation)(motor vehicle insurance policies level)
The Oregon Division of Financial Regulation has instructed vehicle insurers to support individuals who Do not specify their gender. Discrimination in opposition to non-binary people is often grounds for unfair discrimination rates, and insurers need to file charges for people motorists commencing in January 2019. These rates may very well be higher than People for male and female motorists. So long as they’re not abnormal, Females should be able to save money. Also, Don’t be concerned in regards to the “non-binary” fee for younger drivers.(motor vehicle coverage claim)(gap insurance plan)(auto plan)
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Generation Z still relies on word-of-mouth for purchase decisions, yet they are not as interested in buying a vehicle. Instead, they have needs surrounding individuality and spontaneity. Shared mobility services need to adopt to this generation’s needs early.
Experts in the transportation space enjoy talking about what the future of mobility is going to look like, and what our transportation habits will look like in 5, 10, and even 50 years. Take a moment to imagine what life would be like to not worry about purchasing vehicle insurance, dealing with congestion, and just getting around whenever you want.
In an ideal future, mobility will become a commodity, one which is accessible by everyone and with minimal physical or monetary restrictions. Being alone in a vehicle will be rare, as the concept of sharing will become commonplace and socially preferred. These scenarios are not idealistic, but instead necessary in order to ensure a liveable city for future generations. But how do we get there? By working with the youth – Generation Z.
Educating the Population
We are all creatures of habit, and getting a 37 year old individual to change how they get around will be challenging. The desire to own a personal vehicle has been instilled in humans since the advent of the industrial revolution. As a result, it has been a difficult task to make shared mobility adoption more widespread, but is nonetheless critical to address current congestion issues and population growth.
The shared mobility industry needs to draw attention to Generation Z, the post-millennial generation. This generation is at most 19 years of age, and is arguably more easily influenced than other generations given their life stage1.
One of the best opportunities to change the way people get around is to shape the right foundational behaviour. Typically, those part of Generation Z do not yet own a vehicle, are dependent on others, and may be resource-strapped – an optimal audience to target. They will also be impacted the most by changes in the mobility industry given their age, making it even more important that they practice the right behaviours.
Interestingly, these individuals have already begun expressing themselves differently compared to previous generations, even millennials. This makes them an interesting cohort to learn more about given their impact on the future.
Even though Generation Z has grown up with technology, for 48% of them, word-of-mouth still prevails as the source of choice when it comes to making purchase decisions1. With friends and family still a reliable source of information, the widespread adoption of new mobility relies on effective messaging about the benefits and options available. Building on word-of-mouth is online reviews, another source 30% of Generation Z use towards decision making1.
In general, Generation Z prefers products over experiences2, with females preferring to spend on experiences more than males1. The desire for products may be higher but does not mean a guaranteed purchase; instead, Generation Z is less inclined to buy than Millennials2. Possibly related, 20% of Generation Z believe debt should be avoided at all cost1.
While these questions weren’t specific to vehicle ownership, these behaviours are indicative of a shift in ownership and usage preferences. Generation Z likes products but may not be willing to or be able to own them as desired. As we begin to dive deeper into the opportunities and obstacles shared mobility operators face with this generation, we will begin to see the need for dynamic, constant changes in this industry.
One question in Deloitte’s study about vehicle preferences identified Generation Z’s desire for increased safety. The study found that regardless of age, safety was a priority when choosing transportation options. For Generation Z, they were willing to pay more for features that reduces risk of collisions and informs the driver of dangerous situations3. With safety as a concern, shared mobility operators need to address this to get people out of private vehicles.
Of course, this is just one of many needs that Generation Z have made evident so far. While many are still too young to own or even drive a car, their sentiment towards vehicle ownership, what it means to them, and what they are looking for is being shaped through what they know. Now is the time for shared mobility to garner more visibility in order become the transportation option of choice for more people.
Filling the Gap
Fortunately for the shared mobility industry, 64% of Generation Z has questioned their need to own a vehicle due to other transportation options such as ridehailing being available3. This openness to new modes of transportation highlights the opportunity to guide this generation towards using more shared mobility services. To do so, Generation Z needs to understand how shared mobility works, and shared mobility operators need to be able to meet their needs.
Generation Z is more familiar with social media than any other generation, and arguably has the most public personal brand image4. As a result, there is constant pressure to find themselves in a brand, product, or service. In the traditional car ownership world, a car would help extend one’s personality. If shared mobility operators want to reduce the demand for vehicle ownership, this channel of showcasing individuality should be addressed.
One opportunity is to provide a sense of belonging. By building a strong community, shared mobility has the potential to help Generation Z identify who they are or want to be. This is more than brand loyalty; it’s about activating individuals to further improve the product or service, and unifying them to feel heard and understood.
As a result of services like Spotify, Amazon Prime, and food delivery platforms, shared mobility services need to be available almost immediately when needed4. Users are prioritizing reliability and speed in deciding what company to use, turning these services more and more into a commodity. This is great for users but not necessarily for shared mobility operators.
Nonetheless, the on demand upbringing and fluidity of information has made Generation Z more aware of transportation options beyond vehicle ownership. Time is also more available for this group, who no longer have to dedicate time to shopping in stores or buying groceries4. Instead, time is in their control, possibly squeezing in a few extra minutes to walk around the block for a carshare.
Shared mobility is growing, but is not always able to meet the on demand needs that is available with a private vehicle. Urban cities may be viable places for Generation Z to change their transportation habits, but there needs to be greater adoption and more options. Shared mobility operators face the dilemma of either increasing supply in hopes of greater demand, or waiting for more demand before increasing supply. The right balance of risk, profitability, and social good is yet to be identified.
Generation Z has grown up inundated with information about increasing cost of living, rising debt levels, and constant inflation. With the excess sharing of experiences and products via social media, consumerism has also increased the desire to have more. As a result, it wouldn’t be surprising if Generation Z grows into a price sensitive generation, forcing products and services to add more value than just their standard offering.
In shared mobility, messaging has typically focused on being pay-as-you-go, enabling people to control their transportation costs and have more flexibility in choosing other options like walking or public transportation. While this may not be enough of a convincing reason, shared mobility operators are on the right path to influencing the mobility patterns for Generation Z. As the demand for constant improvements in products and services grow, shared mobility services need to continuously evolve to meet changing needs as well.
In the future, vehicle travel will still exist, but it will need to be through shared rides and shared vehicles. Fortunately, there are many factors already influencing the next generation’s adoption of the future of mobility. Thanks to the sharing economy, people are exposed to the benefits of sharing, whether that be houses, tools, or cars. In addition, there is a growing number of options on how someone can get around, and there is more evidence on the negative impacts of personal vehicles on the environment and the community. Shared mobility has reshaped the way people live, but the problem is that only a small fraction of people are taking advantage of these new options.
The future of mobility is only going to be better than its current form if more people adopt it, regardless if it is carsharing or scooter sharing. Education is part of the solution, but more can also be done. Shared mobility will continue to grow and should become the obvious choice of travel for intra-urban mobility. As Generation Z further realizes the constraints of vehicle ownership, flexible and purpose-driven mobility options need to be readily available in order to shape a solid foundation for the future of mobility.
- The Center for Generational Kinetics – The State of Gen Z 2017
- Vision Critical – Generation Z Characteristics
- Deloitte Insights – The Race to Autonomous Driving
- Coresight Research – Gen Z: Get Ready for the Most Self-Conscious, Demanding Consumer Segment
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Ecologist working to save the Sri Lankan leopard - CNN
The WWCT is working to protect forested land corridors for one of the most vulnerable big cats on the planet: the Sri Lankan leopard.
Anjali Watson's speech at the Whitley Awards 2018
The 25th Anniversary Whitley Awards Ceremony took place on the 25th April at the Royal Geographic Society in London. The event was hosted by WFN Ambassador and BBC presenter Kate Humble whilst the awards were presented by HRH The Princess Royal.
Anjali Chandraraj Watson, Sri Lanka - Whitley Awards 2018
Leopards as a flagship for wildlife corridors, Sri Lanka The Whitley Award donated by the Garfield Weston Foundation Thank you to the following people and organisations, this film would not have been possible without your support:
Dev Wijewardane http://www.devphoto.com
Kalyan Varma http://kalyanvarma.net/
Mathieu Leca https://www.instagram.com/mathieuleca...
Sky Networks Limited http://www.sky-net.co.uk
Animal 360 https://www.animal360.fr/welcome/
Amidst the tea where the leopards still roam
(ENG/FR) Follow Anjali Watson and her husband Andrew Kittle, two scientists who co-founded the WWCT (Wilderness and Wildlife Conservation Trust) on their fieldwork in Sri Lanka for their Leopard Project. They are studying leopards in the tea plantation area near Castlereigh and Maskeliya reservoirs where, despite the small wilderness areas left, important wildlife are using these mixed ridge forests. WWCT is attempting to get these ridge forests protected.
Suivez Anjali Watson et son mari Andrew Kittle, fondateurs du WWCT Sri Lanka, sur le terrain à la recherche de léopards dans la région des plantations de thé de Dunkeld. Ici, malgré le peu d'espace sauvage encore disponible, ils ont découvert qu'une population importante de léopards utilise les forêts de sommet qui subsitent...Le but final du WWCT : obtenir une protection de ce territoire.
The Patch forest project - WWCT
Meet Anjali Watson from the Wilderness and Wildlife Conservation Trust (WWCT) in Sri Lanka who talks about their Patch Forest Project that is conducting general biodiversity and leopard survey work in select patch forests adjacent to protected forests such as Sigiriya, Gal Oya National Park and tea estate lands in proximity to Peak Wilderness in order to increase the importance of these landscapes surprisingly rich in biodiversity and increase protection for them.
Partez à la rencontre d'Anjali Watson et du Wildlife and Wilderness Conservation Trust au Sri Lanka qui mène des études sur la biodiversité et la présence de léopard dans des zones non protégées près de Sigyria où subsistent seulement des bouts de forêts. Le but est de protéger ces zones qui sont étonnamment riches en faune sauvage...
Animal 360 -French production
In October 2017 the French film team “Animal 360” ( https://www.animal360.fr/ ) visited WWCT’s field locations and created 2 short films about our work in the Central Highlands- 'Amidst the tea where the leopards still roam '- ( https://vimeo.com/243769968 ) and about our Patch Forest Project. We want to give our most heartfelt thanks to Anne-Laure and Pascal, the team behind Animal 360, for their approach to us, their incredibly efficient field visits and their tremendous results. Their generosity and interest in conducting this work is very much appreciated and WWCT has already used the Central Highlands video at public presentations. The video is also shown at the Dilmah Tea Lounge in Colombo and parts of it were used in the David Attenborough narrated short film which highlights Anjali Watson and WWCTs 2018 Whitley Award.
German (ZDF) Television film
In January 2017, WWCT’s Andrew Kittle travelled to Yala National Park to advise a German Public Broadcasting (ZDF) team filming leopards as part of their Fascination Earth (Faszination Erde) series. The program “Sri Lanka – Gift of Heaven” was focused on the geological and social history of the island and how that has led to a surprisingly robust large mammal abundance. In one day of filming we were able to see 7 leopards from 5 different sightings in Yala’s Block I and Lunugamvehera National Park.
The link is here
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OMAHA (DTN) -- Angie Setzer, vice president of grain at Citizens Elevator, recalled a recent Facebook post showing what happens when the internet goes down. It was a picture of Laura Ingalls Wilder's home on Little House on the Prairie.
"Rural America is easily disconnected from the world, and life anymore functions completely with internet," Setzer said. "You pay that way, you learn that way, you watch TV that way."
Invigorating technology innovation in rural America was one of the justifications used by Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai in his push to revoke regulations requiring equal access to internet websites -- known as net neutrality. The FCC announced Tuesday it would move ahead with a proposal to revoke net neutrality, which Pai, a former attorney for Verizon, said essentially amounts to the federal government micromanaging the internet.
"Do you want it to be governed by engineers and entrepreneurs, or do you want it to be run by bureaucrats and lawyers here in Washington?" Pai asked Wednesday on Fox Business.
The FCC, which is divided 3-2 Republicans over Democrats, could vote on Pai's proposed rule as early as Dec. 14. The decision will likely lead to legal battles and continued debates in Congress over whether to step in.
The neutrality debate pits major internet providers such as AT&T, Verizon, Comcast and Mediacom -- just to name a few -- against a growing industry of internet content providers such as Google, Facebook, Netflix and Amazon Prime. Caught in between are rural residents who lag behind urban residents in quality internet service, but also have growing demands for internet content.
The FCC created the net neutrality rule in 2015 when Democrats controlled a majority of votes at the commission. The rule essentially classified high-speed internet as a public utility that should provide equal access. The FCC said Tuesday that the commission will return to "a light regulatory touch" that had been the FCC strategy for more than a decade leading up to the 2015 rule.
Defenders of net neutrality argue internet companies could block websites or throttle down their speeds, especially if entertainment providers are unwilling to pay for faster access. Companies could potentially favor search engines they own. Verizon Communications, for instance, owns Yahoo.
Another potential concern is that internet providers will start splitting various high-traffic websites into bundled packages, much like cable providers do with television stations. People would then be forced to pay higher fees to view other websites or find the speeds for those unbundled websites throttled down or shut off altogether.
Part of the basis for Pai's deregulatory push is the FCC's claim that the net neutrality rule has stymied investment and innovation in rural America. In a report last spring building the case to revoke the rule, the FCC stated that the smallest internet providers serving rural communities pulled back on plans to provide new and upgraded infrastructure. Actions to eliminate net neutrality would "continue our critical work to promote broadband deployment to rural consumers and infrastructure investment throughout our nation, to brighten the future of innovation both within networks and at their edge, and to close the digital divide," the FCC stated in the report.
The Wall Street Journal reported last June that roughly 39% of rural America, or about 23 million people, still lack high-speed broadband as defined by the FCC as having a minimum download speed of 25 megabits per second. That compares with just 4% of urban residents lacking high-speed access.
The FCC announced a $2 billion broadband auction plan in August to expand rural internet access over the next decade.
Jason Ward, an assistant professor of agricultural engineering at North Carolina State University, said net neutrality could have a significant impact in the new age of precision agriculture.
"We have all these public data sources now, soil maps, rainfall and weather map sources from all over the country we can pull from," Ward said. "Even something as simple as the National Agricultural Statistics Service, the majority of their information is served up via internet from their databases. If you are trying to paint a picture of ag production in a specific state or get some prescriptive stats, you are using the internet to pull their databases."
Ward added that agriculture is producing more data all the time, and farmers are increasing their use of field sensors, infrared imagery and UAVs to gather data on crop production. Tractors also have been capable of streaming data to wireless signals for nearly a decade.
"Kind of the assumption is all of those devices are hooked to the internet, so you are not having to go around to each sensor and collect data so you can describe conditions on your operations better," Ward said. "Tractors, combines and sprayers are also essentially internet devices now. We're basically counting on having that backbone -- that pipeline -- for all of the growth we are seeing in better optimization of ag and delivering the promise of doing more with less that we have to meet."
The prospect of ending net neutrality may mean internet providers can better monetize their networks and afford to expand into service areas that may not have critical populations, Ward said. "So there is a different side to that coin if they are able to monetize a non-neutral internet," he said.
Setzer said she has thought about net neutrality quite a bit. Her only access to internet in north-central Iowa is through satellite, but it's better than parts of rural Michigan where Citizens Elevator also has operations. The company still has a grain elevator in rural Michigan that remains essentially tied to poor internet access.
"It is something that has definitely crossed our minds," Setzer said. "We've had situations when the internet goes down at a facility and the phone goes down, and you are not pulling tickets through when you need to, and you can't accurately tell what needs to be hedged, and then you have concerns over whether it duplicated when you finally catch up," Setzer said. "We've had some real issues with that, and it would concern me that it could get worse."
Setzer said she doesn't know whether costs would go up, but she doesn't believe getting rid of net neutrality would spark more internet services in rural areas where farms and homes are spread wide and thin. "The amount of money it would cost to run cables out to do anything like that, I can't see how you would see an increase in innovation in areas where you have five people in a square mile," she said.
Chris Clayton can be reached at email@example.com
Follow him on Twitter @ChrisClaytonDTN
Copyright 2017 DTN/The Progressive Farmer. All rights reserved.
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Food and Drink
On this page you can find hints and advice to make your kitchen experience more enjoyable - the food tastier and easier to prepare.
Wine, baking, coffee, vegetables, meat, avocados, onions, garlic, tomatoes, herbs/spices, seafood, turkey, eggs, recipes, vegetarianism, pasta and more.
Poached Eggs Tip. For perfect poached eggs without the hassle of a poaching device, add ~5 shakes of malt vinegar into the boiling water. The egg whites will curl up on themselves due to the altered pH of the water! -- James Root. Scientist, Sandwich, Kent
Peeling Oranges. Briskly rolling an orange around on a flat surface will loosen the skin and make for easier peeling -- Adam Waldron Wapping London England
BBQ Fish - To barbecue a whole fish—prepare and slip into foil garlic-bread bag.
Fish will cook and skin stays in bag—especially salmon -- Neil McPherson
Tip to Bake a Cake. Hi! If you've run out of eggs when baking a cake, add 1 teaspoon of vinegar per egg as a substitute. Sounds crazy but it works!.-- Lee Magnusson
Slippy Wax Paper. If your greaseproof paper (Wax paper) paper slips when you are trying to work on it, add a few drops of water on the counter underneath and the paper will stay put. -- Carol
Asparagus Tips. The conventional way to do asparagus tips is to boil or steam them. My mother does them in butter and so do all the best restaurants. If you like a little garlic (I don't) you can add some and black pepper too. Hints and tips is one of my favourite websites, I just like to read at random I am fourteen and also have more serious interests. I find the site relaxing and it is funny sometimes. Thanks Hayley
Thanks for the comments -- Tips on 'tips' are always welcome! Most people think our comments and humor are corny, we take this as a compliment. Thanks again Hayley. -- Ed
Preparing Asparagus - It is nececessary to remove the tough part of the stalk. Hold tthe asparagus stalk by the tough end and press down on a flat surface and the bit you don't want will break away. - Remember to recycle or compost your waste vegetale matter - Davina
Walnut Stains. Sorry no way of removing the dark staining, just remember to use rubber gloves.. Same with Pecans and Egg Plants (Aubergines) -- Essie, Milton Keynes
Aluminum Foil: To prevent the aluminium touching the fish I cook I first wrap it in greaseproof paper, I find that it cooks just as well and no worries about the loss of taste or health problems from the aluminum. -- Mary Gol-Shekan
Minimise Drink Spillage. Before pouring a carton of milk/orange juice, after you have made the initial cut to open the carton, in the opposite side at the top puncture a small-ish hole into the cardboard. this stops the drink from splashing and coming out in bursts. instead the drink flows smoothly because it is getting another air source... try it! -- "Ben Higham"
Easy ... Saving chicken broth without the grease: Pour all into container and place covered into the refrig. The oil will float to the top and "set". You can then just skim it off and have fat free broth! (Well, almost fat free?) -- "Betty Angel"
Dressing too dry??? buy a few cans of yellow squash, you can not taste it and it keeps your dressing as moist as you want!! ~~ Dragonrider & Dragonlady
Batter: Substitute the water with beer to make a very nice batter. – Scott Edmunds.
Rice: Rinse uncooked several times to remove excess starch, as this causes the rice grains to stick together. Also try not to stir the rice as it cooks as this damages the grains and produces more starch in the water. A bit of oil or butter in the water also helps reduce sticking. – Essie Edmunds.
Butter: To prevent butter burning when frying with butter, add a little cooking oil to the melting butter. – Anon.
Saving chicken broth without the grease: Pour all into container and place covered into the refrig. The oil will float to the top and "set". You can then just skim it off and have fat free broth! (Well, almost fat free?) -- "Betty Angel"
Cream. If you don’t have single cream, a mixture of milk and melted butter is a useful substitute. To 4 units of milk, add one unit of melted butter. - Jonny Koh, Washington.
Pasta , add a lapsang souchong tea bag to water when boiling pasta, gives it a really nice smokey taste.. "steve clarke"
Flour: If you run out of self raising flour, the general rule is 2.5 teaspoons of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate - avoid baking powders they add a bitterness to the cake) to 250g (1 lb.) of plain flour -- Scott Edmunds.
No Bugs in Grain or Flour Add one or two fresh bay leaves to each bag. No bugs and no flavor transfer. -- jeanna hawley
To keep Bugs out of Canisters. Put a bay leaf in your containers ... sugar, flour, meal ... it will keep bugs out. -- Rosemary Edmonds
Cake Mixes: How to use cake mixes and add other ingredients to make it taste like homemade: '... Use a white cake mix. One can of Cherry pie filling or 2 depending on the quantity you are making. Spread the cake mix over the pie filling. Cut up one cube of marj. or butter and place though out the top of the cake mix. Bake at 350 degrees for about 40 minutes. It's fabulous. "Dump Cake" Top with whipping cream. They will think you slaved and it was simple... -- Jan Tani
Tell when a cake is ready - A cocktail stick or toothpick can be used to test whether a cake is ready, If it comes out clean then the cake is ready. You can also tell from the elasticity of the crust -- Helen Budkiewicz Toronto Canada
Bread: it is so lovely to make your own bread, and I find that brushing the bread with salty water before baking gives it a lovely crunchy topping. -- Maggie Renton, Athens, Georgia, USA
Fruit Pies: I find that tossing the fruit in flour stops the pastry at the bottom of the pie from getting soggy. Also when making cakes with glace cherries toss the washed cherries in flour to stop them sinking. --Jannine Van Dyke, Seatle.
Store sugar with vanilla pods, lemon zest, rose petals, or lavender to give it a nice flavor. -- Axel Klystron.
Soften Brown Sugar by covering the container with a damp cloth. -- Axel Klystron.
When making crumble – add a little grated peel (orange) to add a tangy taste -- Ian Richards, UK,
Keeping ground coffee in the fridge or freezer preserves the taste -- Wendel Quinn Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Coffee Filter Storage. For storing the "bowl" type coffee filters, cut the ends out of a 12 - 15 oz. coffee can. Divide filters and place them into the can in two "layers". Replace the plastic cap on the top end of the coffee can. When you need a filter simply open the plastic lid and push the bottom layer of filters out of the bottom of the can by pressing down on the top layer, once you've removed a filter from the bottom layer, insert that layer of filters into the top of the coffee can so that they are now the top layer. Replace the plastic lid and your filters will remain clean and organized until you need them again. -- J. Carrasco Judy
To prepare Italian Espresso coffee I saw this recipe in an English Newspaper. Use 50 coffee beans per person, this will produce 7 grammes each, Place the coffee in a filter and pour water at 88 degrees over it, the coffee should be served at 57 degrees in a small cup. I sometimes take it with a small amount of cream on top but it should be really be served in a small white undecorated cup A Scottish friend of mine pours it over his ice cream (Italian of Course) and I must confess that I have tried it and found it to be an unusual and excellent sweet to finish off a good meal. -- Germano, London -- For an explanation of the coffees served up these days try www.thetipsbank.com/coffee.htm
How to Decaffeinate Tea - Although tea contains about one-third the caffeine there is in coffee, and some teas are already decaffeinated, you can remove most of the caffeine from any tea by steeping it for about a minute, discarding the liquid and adding water to steep it again. You won't notice a difference in the taste, but the caffeine will be mostly gone. -- Sylvia PF
An interesting fact is that raw blackcurrants, and kiwi fruit contain more vitamin C than oranges. Green bananas go yellow quicker if there are ripe bananas with them -- Robin Gill Heston England
Dates: if you are dieting, natural dates contain only half of the sugar of the sun-dried variety you get in boxes. -- A Husaini, London W6
Lemons: when squeezing lemon, if you put them in the microwave for half a minute it makes them release more juice. -- Comi Edmunds
Sparkling wines: If your champagne or other sparkling wine froths when you open it, dip your finger down the neck of the bottle (clean, I hope! -- Ed) to make the bubbles subside. -- Rupert J Graves, Paris
Wine is best poured from a height as it airs the wine and adds aroma -- Scott Edmunds.
Open red wines an hour before drinking to allow them to breathe, serving at room temperature, chill white wines and Rosé, opening just before serving -- Scott Edmunds.
Vegetarian Holding Power. Having difficulty getting your textured vegetable protein to mold when making balls or patties? Eggs and bread crumbs won't help if you are strict Vegan. Try mashed potato flakes to hold your mold! Sprinkle just enough as is necessary. It is also a great thickener for vegetarian stews, sauces and soups, dips no drips! ~~Julie
Carrots are easier to peel if they are briefly blanched in boiling water. – Essy Edmunds.
A drop of lemon/lime juice will stop the browning (caused by oxidation) of vegetables or fruit -- Anon.
Lettuce should never be cut, but torn instead – Veronica Echols
Cook vegetables quickly and in a closed pot with only 5cm or so of water. Taste and color are better this way -- Bruce Snyder Radlett England Dec 98
When using fresh broccoli, cut off stems, and slice into thin "rounds". Freeze slices and add to homemade vegetable soup. -- walter & persis martin
Tough meat can be tenderised by marinating with vinegar or pineapple juice for several hours. The marinade must be washed off to get the taste away though. The other day I read in the paper that marinating meat prior to barbecuing it reduces the danger of cancer greatly -- Graham Peck London England
Meat-filler. Save all the ends of beef, pork roasts and put into freezer until there is enough saved to make cooking it worthwhile. Put all the meats into a heavy duty pan, add water (enough to cover meats) and cook until it is all shredded. Keep adding water if necessary. (Can also put into a roaster and do in oven). Once the meat is shredding, add some catsup, and chopped green pepper and chopped onion and a few whisks of pepper (salting not necessary). When the green pepper and onion are well cooked in the meat mixture, put on buns. Makes a wonderful "barbecue" sandwich. -- walter & persis martin
Minced Beef. If you don’t have minced beef to hand, minced pork, lamb, or veal are useful substitutes. - Sarah Hughes, Kingston
Poultry: I found that my turkey or game casserole is even nicer when I add just a little bitter chocolate. I never tell the people eating it though. -- Anon.
Witholding your name means that they will never find out !! -- Ed
Cooked -Cooked? - To check to see if a chicken or similar bird is completely cooked try flexing the legs from side to side. If they "give" easily then it is ready -- Sally Edwards Toronto Canada
Timely Turkey Tip. I have a tip for a quick, easy, put it in the oven and forget about it turkey. Personally, I do not stuff turkeys, but you can if you want. After preparing, as it's ready to go in the oven, take a piece of cheesecloth and soak it with olive oil. Spread the cheesecloth over all exposed areas of the turkey, put it in the oven and check it in the time required. No need to baste, or cover, or uncover to brown. You will end up with the most juicy turkey with the most beautifully browned skin. Just pull the cheesecloth off the turkey when it comes out of the oven. Enjoy your day. -- Valerie (Valerie Ensley)
Turkey Tips: We all have trouble getting the stuffing of the turkey. Next time put a piece of cheesecloth inside the cavity, then put in the stuffing. Then all you have to do is pull the cheesecloth and the stuffing comes right out. -- Kris Anderson
Super Moist Turkey. Just wanted to share a great Holiday Turkey tip. Cook your turkey UPSIDE DOWN! Put it in the pan, butter turkey and add spices, your usual amount of water and cover with aluminum foil. Cook your turkey at 325 degrees for 6 to 8 hours. It will be the most AWESOME turkey you've ever had.
By cooking the bird UPSIDE DOWN, the juice that usually runs down into the pan, ends up in the turkey breast. Say goodbye to dry turkey...you're guests will love it!!!
Only drawback....Your turkey will FALL OFF THE BONE, so you will not be able to present and carve it...a small price to pay for a yummy bird. -- Shawn C
How to remove an Avocado Seed! Cut the alvacado long ways all the way around where you have two seperate sides. One side will have the seed in it. With your cutting knife, hit the seed in the center and twist the seed right or left. It will come out very easy. You will be a big hit at the next alvacado party! -- Digital Wireless Satellite,
Unripe avocados ripen twice as fast as usual if stored in a brown paper bag and stored in a warm place. – Anthony Elliot.
Put lemon juice on your avocado after slicing to stop it browning - - Vanessa Echols.
When preparing guacamole, leave the avocado seed in the mix until it is ready to serve. That way it will not go brown so quickly -- Wendy Quin Kuala Lumpur
~ Tears from Onions, there are lots of ways of preventing the tears:- Forget about all the old wives tales or trying to peel them underwater, simply set up a small fan to waft away the fumes and your onion peeling experience will be completely tear free. - Davina Martin 18th April 2008
Peeling the skin of Tomato and Garlic ~ Drop it in the hot water for some time. It will be easy to peel. Saimun (Sumaia Farzana) 03 Jun 2007
~ Odour Free Garlic. Peel and freeze, they can be chopped just as easily, and without leaving stinky hands. Davina Martin 13 Aug 2008
Onions. IF cutting onions caused your eyes to watered, try using your hand to sprinkle some fresh water onto your toes (left hand sprinkled to right toes, or vice versa). strange ... but it works. I learnt from the older generation. Jaslyn .... Singapore Wah Fong & Jaslyn"
To avoid onions discoloring, use a very sharp knife – Vanessa Echols
Bread in the mouth helps stops tears when peeling/slicing onions – Wendel Quin Kuala Lumpur
Small Onions: These are peeled much easier when you pour boiling water on them. -- J Breakspear.
Before you peel your onion heat it up in the microwave for one minute. No tears, I guarantee -- Bruce Snyder Radlett England
Peel/slice onions underwater to stop eyes watering -- Anon
Onions. An easy way of preparing onions for cutting is to trim the ends off, but don’t peel them yet. Microwave the onion on high for one minute. It is then easy to peel off the skin, and also you won’t cry so much when you chop them up. - Alex Adams
When frying onions if the oil starts to dry up, add a drop of water instead of more oil. The same goes when stir-frying anything -- Comi Edmunds, UK. July 98.
To brown onions more quickly add a little sugar to caramelize them. --David Keller.
To peel tomatoes blanch them in boiling water briefly and -- Voila! - the skin now comes off easily. – Comi Edmunds.
Unripe tomatoes can be made to ripen quicker by having a ripe tomato stored with them to activate the ripening process of the others. Store them at room temperature as well. – Janet Wyatt.
Slice tomatoes from end to end to stop the seeds falling out – Ian Richards
An easy way to get the "paper" off of garlic without peeling is to smash the clove with the palm of your hand, the garlic will slide right of the "paper". So much easier than spending all that time peeling. -- "kelly"
Peeling Garlic - Make it easy by microwaving for 10 to 20 seconds -- "kelly"
Keep fresh herbs, and fresh spices such a root ginger in the freezer to stop them going off. The ginger or garlic can be grated into the food while still frozen -- Axel Klystron
Chew some parsley after eating garlic to sweeten your breath– Wendy Quin
Chili Peppers: Wear gloves when chopping hot peppers, always wash your hands after touching them, and never rub your eyes or touch other parts of the body when handling them as they will burn and sting. -- Sara Sutherland age 10
If you’ve overdone the spices in a dish, a bit of sugar will balance it out. Lemon juice helps, as does putting in half a lemon, cooking for a few minutes then removing -- Rathna Ali London England.
Spices should be roasted and cooked for a few minutes before cooking the rest of the dish to get the most of the flavours, and remove the really choking burning sensation if they are hot. -- Rathna Ali England.
Dried Herbs. The general rule of thumb is one tablespoon of fresh herbs is equivalent to one teaspoon of dried ones. - Anthony Daniels, Los Angeles
Eggs. When cracking an egg into a recipe, if you drop part of the shell in, the easiest way to get it out is with another part of the shell. It will keep slipping from your fingertips. -- Jody
Eggs Boiled. -- Boiling water hardens the protein in egg whites. To avoid this, cover eggs with 3" of salted water, heat to boiling, turn off stove and let sit for 20 minutes in the hot water. Run under cold water for easier peeling. ~~ Bill Shockley San Francisco, CA.
Filling Devilled Eggs: After boiling your eggs, and cutting in half - scoop out the yolks and make your filling for the eggs. Put the mixture in a ziplock baggie. Then - making sure the bag is sealed - cut one corner of the bottom of the bag. Squeeze the filling into the halved egg whites - simple & easy -! When all egg halves are filled - simply throw the baggie away. No more trying to fit a spoon into those small holes of an egg! :) Martha
Boiling Eggs using boiling water: Soft boiling takes 6 minutes, hard boiled eggs take 10 minutes.-- Wendy Quinn
Egg Freshness. To test eggs for freshness put in cold salty water, and bad ones will float to the top. – Wendy Quin Kuala Lumpur
Dropped Egg, If you accidentally break an egg onto the floor put some salt onto it, leave for 10 minutes, and then the egg is much easier to pick up as it had clotted. – Bonnie Pacifico
Egg Whites: To stiffen egg whites I find that adding a pinch of salt or cream of tartar does the trick. -- Michael Goldstock, USA
Egg Cracking: To discourage cracking It is best to perforate your eggs before boiling them. Sausages too, like to be perforated. -- Dave Richards
Need Boiled Eggs for recipes. Whenever I need boiled eggs for a recipe or a salad instead of the nuisance of boiling eggs and the frustration of peeling them, I use one of those poached egg cookers (found at any large discount store) and cook the eggs in the microwave. Within a minute or less, I have a perfectly cooked egg for chopping without the shell mess. Great for when you need only one or two boiled eggs. -- Nancy Collins,
Cooking fish: When shallow frying fish always coat in seasoned flour or egg as it holds the fish together and keeps it moist. -- Keith Chan.
Mussels: with live mussels clean first by scrubbing, remove the beards and barnacles with a knife, rinse several times in cold water and soak them a couple of hours so they clean themselves. Any mussels that float should be discarded along with any with cracked shells. Any mussels with open shells should be tapped, if they don’t close these should be discarded. Make sure they open when cooking, and keep stirring because they may have trouble opening if they are too packed together. To remove grit from the cooking liquor sieve through muslin or use a (clean) sock. - - Anon
Mussels - Do not wrap your live mussels, they could suffocate - never freeze and do observe the sell by date, discard mussels that do not close when given a sharp tap and discard the ones that do not fully open after cooking. -- Regards Dianne Dimke
Tartar Sauce A quick way of making a nice substitute sauce is by adding 7 tablespoons of mayonnaise to 2 tablespoons of chopped mixed pickles. - Shelia MacDonald
Healthy Chicken Gravy After oven baking, remove two cups of broth ( stock?) and place in a medium sized pan with one can of Light Cream of Chicken soup. Heat to boiling and use corn starch to thicken , if needed. Add Parsley and season to taste. -- Sue Stone
Easy Shrimp Sauce Never run out of shrimp sauce again. Add one tablespoon of minced onions and one teaspoon of horseradish to one cup of ketchup. Voila enjoy! Chuck -- Charles Stone
Low Fat Pumpkin Pie. Recipe substitutions. This past Thanksgiving I was going to make a pumpkin pie. I realized that I didn't have any evaporated milk in the house. I did have powdered nonfat dry milk. You need to add 10 oz. of warm (not hot) water into 2/3 cup of the dry milk (or enough to make 12 oz. total) for each 12 oz. can required. Mix slowly (as to keep the bubbles down) with a teaspoon, to remove any large lumps. Add into the recipe as you should the canned milk. The pie came out perfect and I also saved 240 calories (per can of evaporated milk) by using the nonfat milk mixture. Joseph Fortunato
Recipe Forum Hi! What a great page! :) Thank you! I thought I'd let you know the doityourself.com website now has a new but GREAT recipe forum! Some of those recipes are FABULOUS....thought you might want to add that for recipes. :) Thx! "Anelle =^..^="
Many top chefs never wash their frying pans. They scour them with salt and some-times salt and oil. One chef I know used to "condition" his pan by raising to a high temperature with just salt and then, when it had cooled some, he got rid of the excess salt, and only then he added the oil -- Davie
Veggie wannabes Want to try being a vegetarian but miss meat a lot? Check out a dry soy product called textured vegetable protein, which can be made up quickly and inexpensively into entrees that taste like your favorite meat products. Health food stores, on-line soy companies, and some supermarkets carry this product, which takes only 15 minute of marinating in hot veggie juice, fruit juice, or bouillon to create the meaty-tasting component of your favorite flesh-based recipe. For a hundred such recipes--including calzones, shepherd's pies, creole sauce, stuffed cabbage rolls, fajitas, szechuan stew, etc.--check out the book Meatless Meat: A Book of Recipes for Meat Substitutes by Dorothy Jane Mills, from Xlibris, toll-free 1-888-795-4274, or from your favorite online or bricks-and-mortar bookstore -- Dorothy Mills
No more mixed-up cups at BBQ/parties. Sad to see so many wasted disposable cups, especially with kids' parties? Try this, use a marker to number all the disposable cups. Everyone will ask about them, and they'll remember their own number throughout the event. Works extremely well with kids - - Skyth Smith
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Life is either a daring adventure or nothing. Security does not exist in nature, nor do the children of men as a whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no safer in the long run than exposure -- Helen Keller
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Commercial Electric Usage Reduction Tips and Tricks
As smart business owners, you are constantly looking for ways to cut costs without sacrificing the quality of your operations. Energy efficiency has come a long way over the years. These electric usage reduction tips will help make it possible to consume the same amount of electricity without having to pay the same amount on the electric bill.
Bulb Replacement with CFL and LED Lighting
Lighting up a commercial property whether it is for your own office, warehouse, parking lot, or the entire commercial building is not cheap. Most of all, if you are the landlord, it can be really costly.
Adequate lighting can make or break the efficiency of your staff. Most of all, it can negatively affect the spending mood your clients will be in. Consider installing CFL or LED lighting as a way to reduce your electric consumption. However, the cost of business does not have to be expensive. Have your local electrician come in and install the correct ballasts you need to accommodate your CFL or LED lighting, whether it is the T8 or T12.
Upgrade Outdated HVAC Equipment
The heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment, or HVAC, in a commercial space plays a huge role in the comfort its occupants will experience. This can translate to work output efficiency of employees and the comfort and convenience of clients. HVAC systems require consistent preventative maintenance in order to work properly. The older your system, the costlier your electric bill can be.
The power of the sun is free and clean. Installing a solar panel electrical system on your commercial property is a costly upfront investment, but over time, you’ll start to make up the costs by a largely reduced electricity bill. With installing a solar panel electrical system, a wide array of solar solutions also becomes available to you. In Hawaii, solar energy backups allow you to store power in batteries, making it ideal in those situations whenever you experience power outages. This is also ideal for those commercial businesses wanting to take more control of their electric consumption. Visit our sister company Laakea Solar Technology LLC to find out more.
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Walter Trier was a German-speaking Jewish illustrator best known for his illustrations for the children's books of Erich Kastner and and the covers of the magazine Lilliput. He was born in Prague and moved to Berlin for school, where he studied under Franz Stuck and Erwin Knirr and spent most of his career. Trier bitterly opposed the Nazis and emigrated to London in 1936, where he worked with the Ministry of Information in the creation of anti-Nazi leaflets. He moved to Canada in 1947 to be closer to his daughter, and passed away in 1951.
Reproductions and Permissions
We welcome fair use of this content. Please credit the Leo Baeck Institute in your citation. For usage policies and to request higher resolution images, see Reproductions and Permissions.
Trier, Walter: Checkmate the Fuehrer, Leo Baeck Institute, 89.18.
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Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing our collective future. Transitioning successfully to a low-carbon future will require significant effort and collaboration across sectors over the long term.
As a global financial institution, we know we have an important role to play in supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy. To help address these challenges, in 2020 TD announced an ambitious Climate Action Plan, building on our long history of environmental progress.
At TD, we are focused on a path to net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 as part of our Climate Action Plan, but what does that mean?
To learn more about it, and how the Bank’s targets to reduce GHG emissions play a critical role in our Climate Action Plan, we spoke to Nicole Vadori, Head of Environment, TD Bank Group.
Let's start off with some context for readers. What exactly is "net zero"?
In short, net zero is at the heart of our climate goals at TD. When companies talk about "net-zero emissions," what they mean is that their business either emits no GHGs or the company offsets its emissions by removing the equivalent amount of GHGs from the air through, for example, funding carbon removals by direct air capture technologies or large-scale forestation projects.
According to the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (the most predominant GHG) emissions need to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, and reach "net zero" by mid-century (2050), to give the world a good chance of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius and avoiding the worst impacts of climate change. Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nearly 200 countries said they would act to curb the rise in global average temperatures.
What do we mean when we talk about the "path to net zero," and how does that compare to "carbon neutral"?
When an organization talks about achieving "net-zero emissions," it is referring to reducing GHG emissions to the greatest extent possible, followed by balancing any residual GHG emissions through removing an equivalent amount of GHGs from the atmosphere, so that the net amount of emissions is essentially zero.
On the other hand, carbon neutrality is achieved when carbon emissions caused by an organization have been balanced by funding the prevention or avoidance of carbon emissions elsewhere in the world.
As we evolve our climate leadership from carbon neutrality to net zero, the scope of our targets expands to include emissions associated with our financing activities ("financed emissions"). Financed emissions are our clients’ emissions apportioned by TD's financing to that client, and they are by far the most significant part of TD's GHG footprint. Planning for net-zero financed emissions is the most challenging part of TD's Climate Action Plan.
TD will remain carbon neutral, as it has since 2010, while we work towards a target of net-zero emissions by 2050. Evolving TD's commitment to net-zero emissions requires the reduction of emissions and the removal of carbon from the atmosphere equivalent to the amount of carbon emitted. As part of the plan, we need to set various targets to measure our progress and ensure we reach our objectives.
What are the different types of targets? And what does "financed emissions targets" mean?
There are indeed different types of targets. Setting financed emissions targets is a key step forward in the Bank’s net-zero journey because they relate to emissions from sources that the Bank does not own or control. In comparison to Scope 1 or Scope 2 emissions, they represent the greatest share of our GHG footprint. Here is the difference:
- Scope 1 emissions are all direct emissions under an organization’s control or from their activities, such as fleet vehicles or onsite space heating.
- Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from electricity purchased and used by an organization.
- Scope 3 emissions are all other indirect emissions from an organization’s activities, occurring from sources that they do not own or control, and covering emissions associated with business travel, procurement, capital goods, financing and investments. Scope 3 financed emissions are the emissions of the clients to whom the Bank provides and facilitates capital.
Last year, we announced our interim target for Scope 1 and 2 emissions using a science-based approach and joined the United Nations-convened Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA) in concert with our Canadian peer financial institutions. An emissions reduction target or methodology is defined as "science-based" if it is developed in line with the scale of reductions required to keep global warming well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit to 1.5°C from pre-industrial levels.
This year we released our first set of Scope 3 financed emissions targets for the Energy and Power Generation sectors. These sectors were prioritized because they are both significant contributors to global GHG emissions and present significant opportunities to assist other sectors in decarbonizing. An initial focus on greening the energy supply is critical to enabling the decarbonization of the broader economy.
What does the path look like?
To reach net zero by 2050 means we must not only address our operational emissions, but also measure the GHG emissions of our clients, particularly in high-emitting sectors of our financing.
Our 2030 financed emissions targets are our interim goals on the path to net zero by 2050, serving as key guideposts for our organization as we further integrate climate-related risks and considerations into our business.
In setting our interim Scope 3 financed emissions targets, we are embarking on a multi-year journey to align our financing portfolio with our net-zero target. We recognize that measurement methodologies and decarbonization scenarios, as well as data quality, will evolve over time. We have made the determination to move ahead despite these challenges, and not wait for a pre-defined pathway.
We believe that data challenges should not impede or delay our objective of transparently tracking and disclosing our financed emissions. Mindful of these challenges, we will recalibrate our approach as appropriate as data improves and methodologies and pathways evolve.
Why is it important for a bank like TD to do this?
As one of the largest banks in North America, we understand that we can play a critical role in helping to create a more inclusive and sustainable future. This is core to our purpose as an organization. But as we confront the pressing challenges presented by climate change and address long-standing economic and social inequities brought to new light by the pandemic, the importance of this work is amplified. Setting our financed emissions targets represents a significant step forward, turning our commitments into action to support the ambitious goals we have set.
It is a priority for us to work with our clients to help them enable their low-carbon transitions. Many of our clients have developed, and started to implement, their own climate change and GHG emission reduction plans, and we expect many others to do so in the coming years. We are committed to supporting and actively engaging with our clients with our full suite of products and services as they execute their emissions reduction plans and seek out low-carbon opportunities.
We know that we as a business can only thrive when society as a whole thrives. Today, we are setting out another important step in our plan – our targets will provide critical guidance for how the Bank plays a role in a responsible transition to a low-carbon economy in the years ahead.
We do not underestimate the scale of the challenge ahead. Many pieces of the puzzle are still missing. The data is imperfect, methodologies are incomplete. There is no consistent global set of standards for measuring GHG emissions.
But the urgency of the climate crisis means we can no longer wait for a pathway to net zero to be neatly laid out before we act. We may not know every step, but the direction is clear.
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By Rosa Beyk
One question I always ask myself is, ‘How can you create a memorial, that is supposed to instill a memory that you never had?’ When creating a memorial for such a traumatic loss, such as the Holocaust, how does one create a memorial that serves its correct purpose and remembers those lost appropriately?
During our visit to Berlin, we visited several memorials commemorating different groups that suffered during the Holocaust. I found myself extremely anxious to revisit the city, because during my last visit, I only saw the The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe and I realized there would be other memorial to the very tragic historical events we would be seeing in the city. Any tourist walking through Berlin would have to be completely unobservant to miss the 2,711 concrete slabs in the center of town that follow a grid-like pattern. From an outside point of view it almost seems as if you can find yourself lost in a maze, but I couldn’t help but get lost in thought. My first reaction to the memorial was whether or not it actually commemorated the murdered European Jews. At first I thought that it did not correctly memorialize the murdered Jews because it simply did not say anything about them. In one of our later class discussions about this memorial, my view was confirmed by others who were equally critical, claiming that it did not justly commemorate lives of the Holocaust victims.
My view were challenged by an article by the architectural critic, Nicolai Ouroussoff , called “A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable”, in which the author describes the memorial and its ability to “convey the scope of the Holocaust’s horrors without stooping to sentimentality- showing how abstraction can be the most powerful tool for conveying the complexities of human emotion.” This made me rethink my highly critical analysis of this memorial and start seeing it as a thought-provoking object. In class, we spoke so much about how these ‘grey pillars’ did not bring justice to those that were being commemorated because it seemed more like a piece of art rather than a memorial. However Ouroussoff made me think a bit differently about its abstract character. Another interesting point he brought out was how the memorial was supposed to make you feel. He states: “The effect is intentionally disorienting. You are left alone with memories of life outside—the cheerful child, for example, balanced on the concrete platform.” His interpretation was important for me, because it reflected my experiences visiting the memorial and remembering walking through these concrete blocks, watching them get taller and taller, and trying to imagine a history that seemed to have remained only a memory.
Another memorial that, at first, struck me as inadequate was the Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism. This memorial is in the shape of a concrete cube that has a window in which visitors can come and look into to see a short film of two kissing men. My initial take was very critical. The memorial seemed so powerless compared to the Memorial of the Murdered Jews. My fellow classmates seemed to mostly agree with me that the memorial does not do justice to those killed. Add in reference to article – Similarly, I tried to learn about the memorial through additional reading. I found an article by…. that explained that the single block was to be an extension to the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. This made me notice that the two memorials looked very similar and realize that the architect probably intentionally wanted to imitate the memorial to the murdered Jews and add a separate piece to show that homosexuals constituted a group that was also persecuted by the Nazi regime. I felt like the memorial’s purpose was to shine a light on homosexuals as a group of people that was also singled out for imprisonment and murder.
After visiting these memorials I continued thinking about them. I came across an article about a Jewish Holocaust victim survivor and historian explaining his view about the memorials that completely opened my eyes. He stated: “If visitors have the impression that there was not a great difference between the suffering of Jews and those of homosexuals, it’s a scandal. A sense of proportion must be maintained.” (Gutman, 2008) This encouraged me to search for the statistics of how many gays and homosexuals were persecuted under the Nazi regime. I had found out that it was estimated that 100,000 men were arrested and about 50,000 were officially sentenced. Out of the 50,000 most of them served in regular prisons and a rough 5000-15000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps. When comparing these numbers to the numbers of Jews killed (around 6,000,000) this number seems miniscule. Of course one should never compare numbers when it comes to such matters, but I think that this is the point that Gutman as a Jewish Holocaust survivor meant to bring out.
Visiting and thinking about these two Berlin memorials was important for me, because they taught me the need to approach such public works critically. Often people love the memorials that give a complete story and explanation as to why they are there. I feel like the memorials that say the least, can actually affect the most. It is the ones that leave you with different thoughts or possible interpretations that mean the most. Another thing that I took away was that you sometimes should not compare memorials. Sometimes they are incomparable. We need to view each memorial on its own and try to understand it’s meaning for itself.
Ouroussoff, N. (2005, May 9). A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/arts/design/a-forest-of-pillars-recalling-the-unimaginable.html?_r=0
Baggot, M. (2008, June 2). Jewish Holocaust Victim: Equating Gay and Jewish Persecution “A Scandal”. Retrieved from https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/jewish-holocaust-victim-equating-gay-and-jewish-persecution-a-scandal
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Open Defecation has been described as “a threat to the environment”, with a call for all to work together through accelerated action to eradicate it.
The Coalition Against Open Defecation (M-CODe) made the call to coincide with the commemoration of the 2022 World Environment Day.
The M-CODe noted that the world cannot experience a healthy environment amid Open Defecation, which has now become a major problem in most developing countries.
Mr. Francis Ameyibor, M-CODe National Convener in an interview stated that the practice is common where sanitation infrastructures are not available, and the first step toward eradicating open defecation is to provide toilet facilities to the people.
He said World Bank Statistics suggested that regions with high rates of open defecation experience sanitation and improper waste management systems.
He said as M-CODe joins the global community to mark the 2022 World Environment Day which is on the general theme: “OnlyOneEarth,”a call for collective, transformative action on a global scale to celebrate, protect and restore our planet.
The M-CODe National Convener commended the World Vision Ghana for its demonstrated commitment in supporting M-CODe over the years for advocacy toward the eradication of open defecation and called on other stakeholders to join forces with M-CODe to achieve this objective.
Mr. Ameyibor said the movement associated itself with the global discussion that the earth faced a triple planetary emergency. The climate is heating up too quickly for people and nature to adapt, and habitat loss and other pressures mean an estimated one million species are threatened with extinction.
He said the recognition that ‘pollution continues to poison our air, land, and water is also a direct link to open defecation that is the more reason why governments and institutions worldwide must accelerate efforts to eradicate open defecation.
Mr. Ameyibor said the research data indicated that the reasons why some people refused to use toilets had either been poverty that made it difficult to build one or the lack of governmental support in providing such facilities.
On the harmful effect of Open Defecation on human health, Mr. Ameyibor said globally it had been associated with: Increase in Waterborne Diseases, Vector-borne Diseases, Compounds Problem of Disease Exposure, Malnutrition in Children, Child Stunting, and Gender-based Violence.
He said Ghana was not immune from these diseases and problems associated with open defecation and called for drastic efforts toward solving the problem.
“Open defecation contributes to the build-up of filth as loads of microbes can become so great that, in the end, they end up in aquatic systems, thereby causing harm to aquatic life,” he said.
He said heaps of human faeces or just the sight of it was “an eyesore and disgustful, to anyone close, while the stench emanating from it was also highly unpleasant and pollutes the surrounding air.
“Such places also attract large swarms that make the area completely unattractive to the eye,” the M-CODe National Convener stated.
Mr. Ameyibor called on stakeholders, governmental and non-governmental to upscale the efforts to eradicate the problem of Open Defecation in Ghana, “some communities and districts have achieved Open Defecation Free status, so it is achievable through concerted efforts”.
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Query : ninetheenth century argentine literature
- Artigas, María Emilia1
César Aira, la máquina de contar. Una lectura de Ema la cautiva
One of the recurring themes in Argentine literature is the tense relationship of man with the desert and its laws. From the first chroniclers to the romantic writers, the dialectic of the subject and the space was problematized discursively by innumerable authors. Under that perspective and debtor o...
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The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) on Friday announced the selection of 67 projects that will receive funding for coastal salmon and steelhead habitat restoration, response to the statewide drought and forest legacy restoration.
The grants, which total $16,720,061, are distributed through CDFW’s Fisheries Restoration Grant Program (FRGP) and include approximately $661,000 awarded to drought restoration projects, $2.5 million awarded for timber legacy restoration projects and $13.4 million for anadromous salmonid restoration projects. FRGP monies come from a combination of state sources and the federal Pacific Coast Salmon Restoration Fund.
In response to the February 2015 FRGP solicitation, CDFW received 143 proposals requesting more than $45 million in funding. The drought solicitation was subsequently released in June and 25 proposals were received requesting approximately $2.5 million. All proposals underwent an initial administrative review and those that passed were evaluated through a technical review process that included reviews by CDFW and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientists.
The 67 approved projects will further the objectives of the state and federal recovery plans, including removing barriers to fish migration, restoring riparian habitat, monitoring of listed populations, and creating a more resilient and sustainably managed water resources system (e.g., water supply, water quality and habitat) that can better withstand drought conditions. These projects further the goals of California's Water Action Plan and CDFW’s recently approved and awarded State Wildlife Action Plan.
The list of approved projects can be found on the FRGP website.
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Perennial plant. The inflorescence is apical, corymbose-paniculate, 2-8 cm long. The tepals are 2-3 mm long, ovate, obtuse, pale brownish, with a light median stripe and a light membranous border. Bracts are light, not colored. Leaves: Leaf blades up to 1 mm wide, grooved or flat, sharp at the end; the lower leaves are light brown. Height 10-50 cm. The stems are straight, flattened, leafy to the middle, rarely higher. With a shortened horizontal creeping rhizome. The box is spherical or oblong-oval, about 3 mm long, shiny, brownish, longer than the perianth. It blooms in June-August, bears fruit in July-September. Flattened sitnik grows in wet floodplain and dry meadows, along the banks of reservoirs, roadsides.
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Cancer is a disease that has awful effects, and a lot of people dread it. This disease has been an issue for people for a long time. The treatment of this disease has a substantial impact on victims. The time to recover, the discomfort experienced, and its long-lasting effects are tremendous. This disease has amplified effects on our pets.
Cancer in dogs is a serious issue. Some of the types of dogs are more likely to develop cancers. This issue affects not only the pet yet also the pet owner. Seeing your dog sick is an issue that a lot of individuals can not bear to see. We have to recognize some things to make sure that we are not powerless and move to have our dog healed.
What can I do?
Lots of people get dispirited when they discover that their dog has cancer. This is awful information, but there are some things that we can do to help fight cancer. Recognizing just how experts can assist would offer our dog a great chance to be treated.
From the start, we ought to understand just how cancer develops in dogs. We can familiarize ourselves with what can cause cancer and just how to identify if your dog has it. Understanding the warning signs ought to make us bring our dog to the vet from Hope Advanced Veterinary Center. If you ought to know more about what you can do after knowing your dog has cancer, here are some items that need to be done quickly.
Find a veterinary oncologist
The first thing you should do when your dog has cancer is getting a vet expert on oncology. An appointment and discussion with these experts can get you started with all the info you would need. These oncologists have the proficiency in treating your pet for cancer. You can go to an emergency vet clinic in Vienna, VA to find a vet oncologist.
Understand the treatment options
With the current advanced technology, there are a lot of treatments that can be utilized to deal with cancer in pets. The animal oncology specialist gives alternatives you can take to manage or treat this illness. You will be consulted on which treatment you are comfortable with and the level of your commitment to long-term care.
Be financially prepared
Pet medical care can be expensive. Do not be afraid or shy to raise questions for your vet for an estimate of the overall costs for the treatment. When it comes to these dire situations, money is something that needs to be out of the question when it concerns your dog’s health and wellness.
Our pet needs us as much as we need them. Remain committed to your pet and see to it that your vet is dedicated to treating your pet; when you work together, it would certainly suffice to keep your pet happy throughout the situation. This also alleviates your pet’s stress and might help maintain them calm in these difficult times.
Cancer is an awful disease that also affects our pets. Recognizing what to do could be a benefit when experiencing these stressful times. Getting the specialists, being financially prepared, and with the right mindset would certainly aid in your pet’s recuperation.
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https://trudeaumetre.ca/top-4-steps-to-take-after-knowing-your-dog-has-cancer/
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This is a series of poems of words that do not directly translate into English. I have tried to capture the essence of the word in a poem
By Thomas Page
My desk sits by the door facing the window
Looking out at the reddening trees and the chopped grass.
The September heat pours into the air with the pullover—
Steamed milk in the coffee—
Battling the air conditioning in my room.
The papers on my desk match the might of the Himalayas
With each peak a different color rising over the fake wood.
The September light fades the paper—
The wrinkles on the faded beauty—
Battling the smudges on my glasses.
The scrawl on the boards mounted on the wall
Foretell assignments that have been repeated like the Gregorian chant.
The September misery exhales like carbon—
The academic blues—
Battling the missings in the gradebook.
My desk jammed this past week
With the passes and perks locked inside.
The September zeitgeist fills the air—
The move from beach balls to pompoms—
Battling the work and print orders.
Language of Origin: German
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Why is it important?
The concept of downshifting has emerged in recent years as a way of improving work-life balance or bringing about fundamental changes that improve your quality of life. At its most extreme, it can mean giving up your job, moving house and doing something completely different – such as running a smallholding.
However, it can also mean simply reducing your hours as retirement approaches, working more flexibly, or shedding responsibility. Downshifting is often voluntary but can also be prompted by a change in circumstances, such as redundancy, that lead you to reassess priorities. Whatever the driver, the professional, financial and social considerations must be thought through if the change is to live up to your expectations.
Where do I start?
Contemplate your reasons and motivation for downshifting. It may be a culmination of events, or just one trigger episode that has forced you to think differently about your job.
Be certain you are not acting on impulse or simply reacting to a situation or set of circumstances that may be temporary.
“You should be asking yourself what you are moving away from and what you want to achieve, so you can plan a route to get there,” says Jane Turner, associate dean, executive development portfolio at Newcastle Business School in Northumbria University.
“What motivations, thoughts and feelings are influencing your actions? Make sure you’re not running away from a situation but walking towards a future that you have visualised and planned for.”
Opt for a slower lane
There are three main ways to downshift: by reducing working hours, stopping work completely or changing career.
If the better lifestyle you are pursuing can be achieved by lessening your workload and changing your role or responsibilities, consider whether your organisation would be receptive to this. It could be in the form of job sharing, term-time working, flexi-time, voluntary reduced hours, or even working from home several days a week.
Write down the implications for all areas of your life – professional, financial, social – and talk them through with your partner, family and friends. Successful downshifting relies on recognising your core values and being able to connect with them.
Turner recommends finding a coach who can work through the process objectively and help you make sense of your thoughts and feelings. “For example, if achievement and recognition are important to you, how are you going to make sense of taking a position with less money?” she says. “The coach can help you visualise a future that is authentic to you.”
The money equation
Downshifting experts say that one of the biggest mistakes people make is to continue to believe that they are earning the same money. It is easy to get so carried away with the idea of downshifting that you overlook the harsh realities. It is vital to know your outgoings and to be realistic about your income.
Do a dummy run while you are still working to see how you can cope on your projected new earnings.
If possible, try to set aside enough money to keep yourself and your family for six months to take the pressure off the early days.
If you only do 5 things
- Clarify the outcome you want from downshifting.
- Discuss the shift with close family and friends.
- Identify clear goals.
- Get help to mentally prepare.
- Calculate the amount you need to survive.
For more info
Downshifting: The Guide to Happier, Simpler Living
Polly Ghazi, Judy Jones, Hodder & Stoughton,
Downshifting: How to Work Less and Enjoy Life More
John D Drake, Berrett-Koehler,
Expert’s view on successfully downshifting
What personal characteristics make for good downshifters?
All personality types can successfully downshift with the right planning and support. The key is to be honest with yourself in relation to the motivation behind the change and the impact it will have on you and those around you. Those who thrive on stress and pressure may find the change more challenging to adjust to. This goes back to careful thought around the future and what you hope to attain through the downshift. A CEO I know downshifted for a better work-life balance, felt a complete sense of loss and ended up taking on a number of smaller roles to compensate for the loss. The end result was an even more stressful life while trying to balance a number of roles simultaneously.
Is it important to have a structured approach?
Yes, but you may not have the opportunity to do so if the reason you have downshifted has been a trigger event outside of your control, such as redundancy. In these scenarios, a coach can support you to work through your reactions, frustrations, thoughts and feelings. If you are able to take a planned, considerate approach then identifying clear goals and the steps required to achieve them will help.
What is often overlooked in the process?
The actual reality of the change can be overlooked. Downshifters are often so caught up in the idea of downshifting that they fail to think of longer-term implications and ramifications.
What can you do to mentally prepare for the shift?
I would recommend a coach to help you prepare mentally and emotionally. They will also help you think through the effect of your downshifting on the thoughts and feelings of those that surround you. You need to prepare for change in many of your closest relationships.
Top three tips:
- Find an experienced, qualified coach.
- Work with your coach to envision your desired future and the steps needed to get there
- Talk it through with significant others and be really clear in your motivation for change, so you do not end up in a more stressful place.
Executive development portfolio,
Newcastle Business School
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Popular British author Matthew gives us this super-illustrated book—an exploration of the phenomenon from earliest times to the present day that highlights the variety of activities of these most frightening of phantoms—the efforts of researchers to document and understand the phenomenon and the explanations that have been put forward. Lots of rare material, including poltergeist photos, Harry Houdini and poltergeists, phantom women, flying fruit and other objects. Chapters include: The Other World; Demons and Witches; Table Turners and Physical Mediums; Classic Victorian Hauntings; Enter the Investigators; Phantom Nudgers and Other Physical Hauntings; more. Deluxe book with end flaps. Imported from Britain.
POLTERGEISTS And Other Hauntings By Rupert Matthews. 208 pages. 8x12 Paperback. Illustrated. References. Index.
These are our current best sellers.
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How To Train Your Brain
It's a sun-drenched morning at the ASU Karsten Golf Course, and psychology consultant Debbie Crews, Ph.D., a faculty research associate at Arizona State and chair of the World Scientific Congress of Golf, is describing the brain activity of a typical golfer in the midst of a wretched putting performance. She explains in harrowing detail the anxiety, the increased heart rate, the helpless feeling of being misaligned, the complete absence of feel, the sensation of knowing the important three-footer for par has no chance of touching the hole, and finally, the pathetic stroke that results. Crews paints a dark picture, and the Arizona sun, as if on cue, momentarily slides behind the only cloud in the sky.
"Maybe I shouldn't describe this out loud," laughs Crews, who has pursued answers to the psychological riddles of putting for 25 years, including a 1997 study showing the ruinous effects on the putting of golfers who have TV cameras trained on them. "Let me show you." She pulls from a bulging folder a series of images that appear similar to MRI scans and points to the variation in color from one image to the next. "This is the amateur, and this is the professional," she says, pointing to separate brain scans. "Notice the difference?"
There is a difference, the convoluted, angry reds and pale yellows of the amateur's brain images contrasting sharply with the symmetrical, cool blues and pleasing greens of those of the professional. The colors, Crews explains, are measures of vibration, or electrical frequencies picked up by EEG sensors placed atop 12 locations on the player's head, six on each hemisphere. Each location represents a different facet of thought, emotion or physical activity, with the left side of the brain controlling logical, analytical thinking, and the right side in charge of the more creative, intuitive components. Crews imposes a wide range of thoughts or moods on her subjects, from the positive -- "think target," "breathe," "feel" -- to the downright disruptive, distracting them with sounds and even asking them to "think miss" when making the stroke. The result is a striking variety of brain-map images that are different not only in color but in how the colors are dispersed. Positive, organized thoughts are expressed as patterns that are fairly symmetrical. Scattered thinking and feelings of fear or agitation come out more like a Rorschach inkblot test or a child's finger painting, the colors and shapes erratic and jumbled.
Her goal is to one day help all golfers produce a uniform image profile on command -- and reap the benefits in improved putting. It'll be no mean feat, as she still is streamlining the process of gathering and analyzing data. The results she has so far are impressive, considering each image requires six separate software systems to operate on six computers simultaneously, producing 267 individual measurements in the three-second time frame of a putt. The data is then integrated into a single tell-all image. Crews, with the help of ASU professor and software designer Kanav Kahol, Ph.D., and electrical engineer Bob Apparian, is helping golfers control the individual brain environments through changes in attitude, focus and routine. The idea, Crews says, is to synchronize the measures so the colors in the images are predominantly of one type and flow together smoothly. This allows golfers to putt with a blend of confidence and concentration.
Crews loathes the term "zone" (she prefers "synchronicity"), but in the end she is striving to create the ideal performance state and make superb putting a simple, almost reflexive action. She believes strongly in attitudes that evoke a metaphysical quality, sensations like "willing the ball into the hole." She offers as proof examples of extraordinary putting performances on bumpy surfaces, most recently Graeme McDowell mastering the inconsistent greens at Pebble Beach to win the U.S. Open. It's one of many cases of a well-integrated mind overcoming physical barriers. Crews overflows with optimism for what it can mean to golf instruction, as she has seen high-handicappers with poor technique excel despite their lousy mechanics. To her, it's proof that an effective state of mind is as important as sound technique.
One of her favorite case studies of mind over matter involves actor Alan Alda of "MAS*H" fame, who as host of the PBS series "Scientific American Frontiers" did a segment on Crews' putting research in 2002. Alda was not a golfer and performed poorly when asked to hit a series of 12-foot putts while wired with sensors. Crews attributes his inconsistency to his being utterly unsure of himself as he grappled awkwardly with the putter, a feeling all novices are familiar with. Crews then had Alda stand on a balance board, followed by a short but intense workout on an exercise bike. When Alda's heart rate increased, it triggered greater activity in the right (creative) side of his brain so that it better coincided with the left (analytical) side. Still out of breath, Alda returned to the putting station and proceeded to drain six of 20 putts -- better than some professionals she'd tested. An even more impressive feat followed, when Alda defeated former LPGA Tour player Tina Tombs in an impromptu head-to-head putting match, Tombs weighted down by the pressure of knowing she should win, and Alda blithely concentrating only on breathing and feel.
Crews' research study has progressed in the last eight years to include additional measures of a player's hands, feet, the ball and the putter itself, using a device known as an accelerometer. Revelations about performance have emerged, including the fact that a player feeling nervous -- registered as bright red on the images -- is a good thing. "There isn't a good player coming up the 18th hole with a one-stroke lead who doesn't feel high stress," Crews says. "What's important is that the elevated state of arousal be in balance with other areas. If some of the images show red, we don't want it changing abruptly to blue or green. We like to see the high arousal in all areas." Crews points out that a quiet, meditative state can be as beneficial as nervousness, but calm is more difficult to attain because it's not a natural reaction to stress.
Some of the advice Crews offers the average player with no access to her technology can be daunting. For instance, she says that when you're confronted by the fight-or-flight response all humans experience under pressure, you need to train yourself to embrace the challenge rather than fear it. "Learn to like the butterflies," she says, which for many golfers is easier said than done. But much of what she has learned from her research is practical and borne out by the images. "The player who involves the mechanical side of the brain too much, like Alan Alda did when putting for the first time, is in trouble," she says. "You should pay a great deal of attention to aim, alignment and factors like that at the beginning, and then shut down the mechanical side of your brain. At that point you want to be target-oriented and allow your imagery, feel and emotion to take over."
Crews advises golfers to invite emotion into the putting process. "Emotion gives you intensity," she says. "When you hear about golfers willing the ball into the hole, they don't do that by being in an unemotional, flat-line state of mind." Also crucial, Crews says, is making an effort to complete the putt-ing stroke. "A complete follow-through shows you performed the stroke with authority and clear intent. A weak finish means a weak putt."
Asked if one overarching lesson has come out of her research, Crews pauses and nods in the affirmative. "I'd say it's not what you think that matters, but how you think. And if you think the right way, all things are possible."
Not surprisingly, the sun emerges from that lone cloud in the sky.
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Mobile around the bike is becoming more and more popular. To protect the cyclist from injuries with a possible fall there is a special equipment, and the helmet is one of the important attributes.
Description and device
Adult male and women’s vocations in principle do not differ at least and are determined by their appointment. Appointment of a bicycle helmet – Head protection from injury when falling. Protective quality helmets are based on the principle of operation described below.
The main strength of the strike obtained during the fall, assumes the outer sheath of helmets, and the blow to a certain extent is softened by the inner polystyrene layer of the case.
Then, to a lesser extent, the load through the layer affects the head of the person. Thus, Voshlem distributes shock power throughout the head, protecting her skin from the Russian Academy of Sciences and Absadin.
This principle is provided by a special design.
A biker helmet includes a number of elements.
Polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam material. Expanded polystyrene foam at first, and then restored in the form. It is characterized by low weight and high ecology. Polyurethane Foam reminds usual foam.
To enhance the protective effect, some models are strengthened with nylon or carbon fibers.
Case Caski outside covered with plastic shell. Sheath allows you to distribute shock power. In addition, it protects the body from damage, punctures and cracks, and also capable of sliding on the ground after the fall of the cyclist. This ability reduces the risk of hazardous damage to the neck and head.
Veloshlem is fixed using these elements:
- Rememkov – They are designed for fastening helmets on the head+
- Head Volume Controller – It is located in the occipital part of the helmet and coordinates the degree of tightening using a special disk or runner.
Holes for ventilation
They are needed to access fresh air to the head and prevent overheating.
Additional attributes of the helmet are visor and mosquito net, which create greater comfort for a cyclist. Some experienced highway attachments also attach to the viscosle Rearview mirror, What makes it easier to drive in dense traffic.
There are 2 types of bicycle helmets – Hardshell and In-Mold.
They possess the same protective properties, but have some differences in the method of manufacture.
Type helmet Hardshell It is a 2-layer design consisting of an internal foamed layer capable of amortizing the blows, and the outer layer of high-strength plastic. The weight of such a helmet is quite large, but it has a higher degree of reliability.
Cascading type In-Mold – This is a solid design of a shock-absorbing foam and a thin outdoor layer. Weight of such a helmet is relatively small and he has good ventilation. It increases comfort when wearing it and reduces the pressure on the neck. But the external coating does not have sufficient strength.
The main and main requirement for the Slem is the maximum security provision. To guarantee the protective properties of the helmets tested by depreciation when hitting, damage resistance to cutting items, the strength of the head of the head by locking belts, the quality of the fastener system, is monitored by visibility overview – It should not be less than 105 degrees.
In Europe and the United States, there are standard impairment rates. Therefore, import helmets must have a factory labeling and a mark on passing acceptance.
In addition, helmets should have good aerodynamic properties, which is achieved due to the form, size and general type. These properties reduce resistance during a ride, which is especially important for cyclists-athletes.
Other equally important requirements are Convenience when wearing, ease of helmets, aeration. Reflective sticker is also needed, it is fixed on the occipital piece of helmets. Such an element, reflected in the sun or in the light of the headlight, draws the attention of other drivers and improves traffic safety on the motorway.
There are several types of helmets. First of all, a variety is determined by the manner and style of cycling.
Cross Country (Amateur)
Such helmets are suitable for newcomers and amateurs of outdoor activities, for cycling and driving on the highway. They cover the top of the head, leaving the whiskey and the heads open open, are equipped with a large number of aeration holes that provide good ventilation. Often complemented by a sunscreen visor.
However, this is a disposable helmet. If the blow during falling is quite strong, then its inner part is damaged and makes it unsuitable for use.
Highway or racing
They are considered the easiest weight and applied by professional athletes. According to its design, they are similar to cross-crate, but differ in better ventilation due to holes are somewhat larger, good aerodynamic properties and a sufficient overview. The visor is absent.
This species is used by athletes in special bicycles type VMK (Street, Dertt). For the manufacture of such helmets is used thicker and durable plastic. Aerial holes are absent. Protective properties The bowler is higher, but also weight is much larger.
Used cyclists who prefer such extreme ride styles like Freeride, Downhill. This is a closed helmet, which protects the head and face, and the neck. It usually happens with a fastened visor (or with glasses), protecting eyes from foreign particles.
For the manufacture, high-strength materials such as carbon and fiberglass are used, which are not damaging even with very strong impact.
This species is applied by athletes in racing on cycle shops. The streamlined shape and lack of ventilation reduces resistance when driving and enhances aerodynamics.
Such helmets are intended exclusively for high-speed ring and cycline racing. Their boobs form contributes to an increase in aerodynamic properties. They have a fairly large weight and fewer air vents.
Voshlem for mountain bike
They differ in a solid fixation system, a stronger outer layer.
Men’s and female helmets can differ only by hole for fixing hair on the occipital part, designer performance and colors.
Except adults exist and Baby helmets. These are usually universal amateur types, the size of which does not exceed 45-57 cm, intended for children from 2 to 12 years. In children’s bowlers, aeration holes are somewhat less. It is lighter by weight, and the inner gasket layer is much softer.
Usually the size of the helmet is indicated by the manufacturer in the alphabet. To determine your size, It is necessary to correctly measure the scope. It is measured along the line passing over the eyebrows (above 2 cm) and through the occipital, most protruding, part of the head.
The result obtained can be verified in the table:
|Scalp in cm||Size Caski|
However, even knowing its size, before buying a helmet it is better to try it.
The rating of models of different types of caskens showed that the best and most popular models of brands GIRO, CASCO and FOX.
The best representatives of the GIRO brand are Voshlem Models Giro Synthe and Giro Foray MIPS.
- Model Synthe refers to the aerodynamic highway casak. She connected such positive characteristic features as low weight (only 223 g), comfort provided by excellent aeration, and good aerodynamic properties.
- Helmet Case due to use air system Roc Loc It has a slightly raised form, which makes it very convenient for almost every person. According to the manufacturer, the ventilation abilities of the helmet are so high at any speed, which are superior to other models of the line.
Aerodynamic characteristics are also characterized by the highest indicators.
- Model Foray It has original design. The streamlined shape of the helmets, narrowed in the occipital part, is convenient for any position of the head.
The increased strength of the helmet is ensured by the fact that the outer shell and the internal foam layer are connected to one solid layer.
The helmet is equipped with a system of protection against blows of different directions, which guarantees a very high degree of reliability. Additional stacks of foam rubber create comfort when wearing. The ventilation system includes 5 channels by which the air applies over the entire surface of the head, even at low speed. The model is equipped with a size adjustment mechanism.
- Company Casco also represented by several models. Casco Speedairo – Helmet, designed to drive at high speeds. Different with reliability and high security. Excellent ventilation is provided by internal air layers and ventilation holes, excluding overheating and supercooling.
Using a special fixing system (CASCO LOC) makes it possible to fasten and adjust even one hand.
The model has a visor, the position of which can be changed using a special device.
Casco Activ-2 – Universal Helmet, designed to move in the city and for walking on country roads. The housing is made of durable high quality materials and meets European standards.
The internal polystyrene foam layer is closed with high-strength plastic micro-brake and protects well from injuries.
Ventilation is created at the expense of large holes, forming a microclimate protected from overheating. The model is also equipped with a CASCO Loc control system, a visor, whose height can be changed, the mechanism for adjusting the size and landing, mosquito net. Increased safety at night is guaranteed by the presence of reflective labeling.
- Full-Face Voshlems are represented by the FOX brand. Model FOX Rampage Pro Carbon considered the best of the entire brand line. It combines all new technical and design achievements.
Consider the advantages of this model.
- The outer shell is made of high-strength carbon, at the same time having a small weight. The hardness of the whole design gives reinforced jaw.
- The use of an additional innovative security system of the MYPS, which is that the inner layer of helmets is attached to the outer sheath in such a way that it can slide according to it due to the fine gasket from special tissue, which reduces the risk of injury at the accident.
- Aeratorial system includes 17 holes that are located almost throughout the surface of the helmets.
- The inner layer is made of materials with climate control function. They are able to quickly absorb sweat and quickly dry, the air is well passed and have antibacterial properties.
- Reliable fixation is guaranteed by fasteners with a double ring in the shape of the letter D.
- The design is characterized by brightness and variety of paints with matte or brilliant coating.
However, the weight of this model is very large – about 1.24 kg for size M.
How to choose?
When choosing a helmet, you need to take into account many nuances.
- The size. Properly selected size guarantees not only comfort, but also safety, so when buying a helmet should be done. Models with adjustable size Customized individually. The feeling of discomfort – reason to try on another model.
- Landing Voshlem. Nutya helmet and fastening belts, you should check your feelings: helmet should not sit very freely or, on the contrary, tightly and put on the head. Strap and edges should not crash into the skin. When the head is moving, it is permissible a small deviation of the model to the sides, but it should not crawl on the neck or forehead. With proper planting, the helmet occupies a horizontal position, covering the forehead and the back.
- Fixation. The best option if the clasp is passed through the top surface of the case and attached to it. This is more reliable. Belts fixed on side surfaces do not guarantee reliable fixation, and helmet can fly when falling. Clasp must be unborn with one hand.
- Ventilation. It should be remembered that the ventilation is better if the holes in the hard hat.
- Cask weight also need to be considered. Heavy models have a great pressure on the neck, so it is preferable to choose light models, although they are more expensive.
- Safety. Helmets with Marking CE EN 1078 (European Security Certificate) have a high degree of security. This means that the model has been tested by a number of tests.
- Quality. It is necessary to check the condition of the inner layer and the outer shell. They should not have no cracks, nor dents, no other defects.
- Comfort. For greater comfort, many models have an inner lining that absorbs sweat and displays it out. In the best models, these lining are removable, and they can be washed.
- Colour. Usually cyclists choose a helmet under the color of their form. However, it is desirable that the coloring is bright, and therefore more noticeable other drivers. If night trips are possible, it is recommended to buy helmets with reflective elements or a small shimmering flashlight.
Preferably buy helmets With size adjustment. This will allow in the cold time to wear a premium, weakening the straps.
In some countries, it is obligatory for a cyclist, and there is a fine for riding without it. In our country in traffic rules, it is not provided, and you can ride without helmets, but personal safety requires its wearing.
There are certain rules for using a helmet. After buying, you first need to explore the instructions for the Slem and perform it clearly to guarantee the safety.
The main and most important rule – helmet must be put on even in the shortest trip.
It is also important to wear it right well and secure fasteners. The helmet is needed only for personal use, and it is impossible to borrow it to someone, or use someone else’s.
After falling and getting a blow, the helmet must be replaced, even if there are no visible damage, as cracks can be internal and invisible. It is also recommended to change the helmet in 4-5 years, even in the absence of accidents.
Keep hardware needed in a cool darkened and dry room. Wash with warm water with a rag napkin without the use of cleaning products.
The following video presents a review of popular models of cycling helmets.
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Colorado Lawmakers Propose Making Pot Child Proof
I don’t know about you but I sometimes have a hard time opening prescription bottles with child-proof caps or getting something out of a cabinet with a baby lock on it. It makes me wonder how difficult its going to be for pot smokers in Colorado to open their legally bought marijuana with the new guidelines being proposed to have all marijuana products in child-proof packaging.
Under proposals endorsed Monday by the state’s Amendment 64 Implementation Task Force, marijuana products would have to be sold in child-proof packaging and not contain any logos or ingredients designed solely to appeal to children.
Since it will not only be legal to sell marijuana but also candy, brownies etc. laced with pot, it is important that kids aren’t drawn to a moon cake with a picture or Spongebob Squarepants on it. The proposal also includes plans to state the potency levels of all products as well as rules for soon to be widespread “pot shops.”
Recreational-pot shops could sell only marijuana and marijuana-related items such as pipes. They could not advertise anywhere that kids would likely see their ads, such as television, radio, billboards or general-distribution newspapers.
The task force has to present its proposal to lawmakers who will put it into a bill that will be presented to the legislature by the beginning of May. Which means there may still be a chance we can see pot being sold in containers featuring Cannabis Carl the laid back Lizard with a hankering for Fritos.
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Pandemic to cost global tourism $2.0 trillion in 2021: UN
Published : Monday, 29 November, 2021 at 10:34 PM Count : 946
The coronavirus pandemic will cost the global tourism sector $2.0 trillion in lost revenue in 2021, the UN's tourism body said Monday, calling the sector's recovery "fragile" and "slow".
The forecast from the Madrid-based World Tourism Organization comes as Europe is grappling with a surge in infections and as a new heavily mutated Covid-19 variant, dubbed Omicron, spreads across the globe.
International tourist arrivals will this year remain 70-75 percent below the 1.5 billion arrivals recorded in 2019 before the pandemic hit, a similar decline as in 2020, according to the body.
The global tourism sector already lost $2.0 trillion (1.78 trillion euros) in revenues last year due to the pandemic, according to the UNWTO, making it one of sectors hit hardest by the health crisis.
While the UN body charged with promoting tourism does not have an estimate for how the sector will perform next year, its medium-term outlook is not encouraging.
"Despite the recent improvements, uneven vaccination rates around the world and new Covid-19 strains" such as the Delta variant and Omicron "could impact the already slow and fragile recovery," it said in a statement.
The introduction of fresh virus restrictions and lockdowns in several nations in recent weeks shows how "it's a very unpredictable situation," UNWTO head Zurab Pololikashvili told AFP.
"It's a historical crisis in the tourism industry but again tourism has the power to recover quite fast," he added ahead of the start of the WTO's annual general assembly in Madrid on Tuesday.
"I really hope that 2022 will be much better than 2021."
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Michelin wanted to create more digital offerings, and streamline and modernize its information system.
Two projects were launched: the IT Project (Tourist Information) and the GM Project (the Michelin Guide).
These projects concerned the implementation of an information system and a centralized editorial system, to optimize the use of their contents and to benefit from their wealth of data.
Quite naturally, 4D Concept offers its XMS solution.
The use of our tools allowed Michelin to build a single repository and use it in its various publications to distribute its content across all channels (print, web, mobile, etc.).
As part of the IT project, our tools allowed the writing and publication of the Green Guide, the Weekend Guide and the At-a-Glance Guide. These guides were organized by points of interest (hotels, museums, etc.).
As part of the GM project, our tools enabled the writing and layout of the contents of the Michelin Guide, the Bib Gourmand, etc. These guides recommend places to eat and sleep well.
Through the design of the system that was put in place, the process of producing a guide was simplified (retrieving and automatically organizing information) and so time-to-market was optimized.
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Former Notts County player Jermaine Pennant yesterday revealed the gang culture he experienced while growing up in The Meadows.
Here in the first exclusive extract from his autobiography, Mental, he looks back on the troubled family background that shaped his life.
If you have a difficult upbringing, then it’s bound to affect you in your adult life. I just didn’t realise at the time just how much it would affect me.
I grew up on a tough estate in Nottingham, The Meadows. It wasn’t so much working-class. More what people might call lower-class. That’s the simple truth.
I think that if I’d had a different upbringing, my mum and dad always on the scene, then I would have played for England, would have had a bigger career, for sure. I’ve had a good career. I’m not unhappy. But I could have done more. I know that; I’m the first to admit it.
Even when I was at school, I knew my dad was selling drugs. It’s your father, so you're not going to say anything and you probably don’t want to think about it. But at 12 or 13, I knew what was going on.
I didn’t complain, though, because he was providing for the family.
At first, he wasn’t selling from home. It would be from the pub. Everyone met up there, it was brilliant. All the old people were there, the Meadows crew, the young kids and friends.
Selling drugs there, seeing drugs there, was completely normal. And I reckon that if it hadn’t been for football and my good friends looking out for me, I would have ended up doing the same.
But it got to a stage where he was selling drugs from the house. The more money he made, the more comfortable he got, and he got a bit lazy.
That was when things started going downhill. Not only was he selling it from the house, they were doing it there as well. They were smoking heroin.
I could smell it. I didn’t have to see it. Being around that environment while growing up, you know what’s what. You know what crack smells like. You know what marijuana smells like. The drugs smell a bit like cigarettes but give off a worse, different stench.
Sometimes I would bring my friends over and they could smell it, too. It was upsetting and so embarrassing for me. I used to bring my girlfriend round and I was ashamed. It used to eat me up inside. So many times I wanted to express my feelings to my dad but I just didn’t know how.
One day I was about to get up for school and the house was raided. It was about 7am and I was still in bed. All I heard was banging. The door flew off, police were running upstairs and I was thinking, ‘I haven’t done anything!’ That was my first thought. I thought they were after me!
They took my dad away. Then I realised what it was all about.
A lot of people got arrested that day. It was a big operation. Everyone was talking about it at the youth club. Someone said he could get six years and I remember then breaking down and crying.
He was the only parental figure I had. I didn’t have a mum. I had a stepmum, but she wasn’t my mum. He was the only person. I looked up to him. I know he wasn’t the greatest role model, but he was family; he is my dad. I know it wasn’t great, but he couldn’t get a job and was doing the best he could.
Dad didn’t do that long in prison. He got about a year and did six months. I remember I went to visit him only once and he had a jumpsuit on with an orange bib, as if he was playing netball or something – that kind of bib. I remember getting him some chocolate. It was great to see him.
When he came out he was very big because he’d been spending all his time in the gym. I just thought that would be over and he’d go back to normal life. I think he tried to get on the straight and narrow, but started selling again.
This time it was worse. Dad got addicted to the heroin. He was known for being a drug dealer in the Meadows, started to take it, got hooked and became an addict. It really, really did tear me apart. I hated him for it.
I’ll always remember one particular birthday. I think I was 14. I got a few cards from my grandma and a few family members. There was about £40 in there altogether and my dad said, ‘Did you get any money? Have you got any money?’ I told him I’d got some for my birthday. He just said, ‘OK, give it to me and I’ll give it you back.’
I knew why he wanted it. I knew I wasn’t going to get it back, because he was now addicted to this stuff. He’d not got a job and he was not even selling it any more because he was using it all.
It took over his whole life. ‘Give me money.’ How do you tell your dad no? So, basically, he took it off me. I remember crying. He told me to stop crying, stop being stupid, and he’d give it back to me. I’ve never seen the money since.
He was on that stuff for ten years, and that’s a long time to be taking it.
Then he started trying to sell it again, and the only saving grace was when he got put in prison for two years for supplying again. He tried to sell some to an undercover police officer. I was about 20 when that happened.
As I was starting to progress in my career I distanced myself from him. My grandmother would tell me about what he was up to. She said he needed help, that he looked like a skeleton, and I’d be embarrassed to bring him to football matches.
That was what hurt, because I always wanted my dad there. When I was younger, he was my idol. He used to come to my games.
When he went to jail for those two years, I prayed it would change him. In the end after he came out two of his closest friends took him to a house and locked him in for a few weeks to try to wean him off it. That cleaned him up. It was never going to be easy. Even in prison they gave him drugs to substitute for the heroin.
He’s not a weak person, but once you get addicted, it’s hard.
However, once he put his mind to it, I knew he could give up, for the sake of his family.
We are fine now. He came to my wedding; that was an emotional day.
He has realised he made mistakes, and has apologised for them – and for not being there for a big part of my life.
Mental by Jermaine Pennant is out Thursday (August 9) in Hardback (John Blake)
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CFM International chief executive Gael Meheust believes an all-new airliner incorporating step-change engine technology could be introduced in just over a decade, but says the architecture would be driven by the airframe's design and integration.
The GE-Safran joint venture dominates in the single-aisle sector with its Leap turbofan, which exclusively powers the Boeing 737 Max and has a 63% market share on the Airbus A320neo, says Meheust.
"The Leap as we know it today will benefit from improvements over time, just as the CFM56 has," he says. "The question is, when is there going to be the next generation of airplane?
"We see that in the early 2030s. We think it might be when there is a new generation of aircraft that would require a step improvement in engines. But we are preparing ourselves for all sorts of scenarios that we do not control – the airframers control that."
Meheust says the engine's configuration and layout would be dependent on the design of the airframe application, as the powerplant's installation is a "key factor in determining the architecture".
He notes: "We are working with the airframers to determine what would be the optimum. But at the end the day that their decision and depending on the airframe itself we will decide which architecture makes more sense."
Meanwhile, CFM is continuing the Leap production ramp-up as it transitions from the CFM56. Some 2,000 engines are being delivered this year, including 1,800 Leaps. Production of the Leap engine is then set to stabilise at around 2,000 units per year from 2020, says Meheust.
As CFM56 production has been winding down, the final commercial -7 engine was delivered to Boeing earlier this year for the 737NG and the last -5B is scheduled to go to Airbus for the A320ceo in May 2020. Production of the legacy engine will then continue at low levels for military 737s and spare engines, before concluding in around 2024.
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San Francisco, January 17, 2020: For immediate release
From Whole Muscle Plant-Based Meat to Scent Digitization Using AI: 19 Food-Tech Innovators Shaping the Future
As consumers’ appetite grows for nutritious, healthy and sustainable food, coupled with the powerful trend towards plant-based alternatives, agile start-ups are leading the charge with breakthrough advanced technologies and transformative ideas ready to scale.
The team from the Future Food-Tech Summit has identified 18 food-tech start-ups with the potential to reshape the food-tech innovation landscape.
These selected start-ups offer game-changing technologies to solve a range of food-tech challenges, from cell-based milk to whole muscle plant-based meats and from AI-based digital scent detection to supply chain digitization.
Start-ups featured at Future Food-Tech in San Francisco include:
Amfora (USA) applies gene editing to enhance the nutritional profile of crops that are central to global food security. Its initial focus is to fuel the plant-based protein revolution by developing minimally processed raw materials for plant-based meat and other replacements for animal protein. Amfora will also develop high-protein food crops including legumes, wheat and rice, that provide more plant-based protein in the diet while enhancing wellness by helping to prevent cardiovascular disease and control blood sugar levels without relying on medication.
Atomo Coffee (USA) Founded by friends Jarret Stopforth and Andy Kleitsch, Atomo is a science and technology company recreating premium commodities in a sustainable fashion. The initial product focus is on coffee, made without coffee beans. Atomo uses naturally derived, sustainable ingredients to deliver the same taste and experience without the environmental harm.
Back of the Yards Algae Sciences (BYAS) (USA) is an industrial biotechnology company focused on innovative applications of microalgae to meet our planet’s food and agriculture challenges. BYAS develops and commercializes natural colorants and alternative proteins (high protein, zero-odor, long-life Spirulina and Chlorella flours) for more nutritious and environmentally sustainable plant-based foods. BYAS algae-based bio stimulants reduce energy requirements in vertical agriculture, whilst increasing yield and BYAS is developing sera and media (including FBS replacement) to accelerate the development of cellular agriculture.
BCD Bioscience (USA) is creating the world’s premier offering of prebiotic and functional carbohydrates by identifying, functionalizing and commercializing unique glycan structures from natural feedstocks. Its propriety food-grade process produces a wide variety of structurally diverse oligosaccharides for selective modulation of the microbiome and immune function. Through partnerships and internal programs, BCD Bioscience is developing solutions for food, clinical nutrition and pharmaceutical applications.
Connecting Food (France) is the first blockchain solution in the world to track and digitally audit food products in real-time from farm to fork, all on an interoperable platform. Founded by agri-food experts, Connecting Food uses its industry knowledge to map food supply chains and improve internal traceability. The company also helps brands and retailers improve their external transparency via a QR code and storytelling, restoring consumer confidence in food.
Creatus Biosciences (Canada) is a privately held industrial biotechnology company based in Vancouver, Canada. The company develops scalable, fermentation-based processes using a novel yeast platform with unique xylose sugar metabolism and robust environmental tolerances. Creatus’ first commercial strain, the Xylitol Bioproduction System, enables production of the major sugar alternative, xylitol, from xylose found in industrial hydrolysates. Valorization of abundant, renewable and less costly sources of xylose unlocks a highly attractive opportunity to break open growth of the xylitol market.
Eclipse Foods (USA) is a Y combinator-backed start-up making plant-based dairy products that are indistinguishable from conventional dairy in taste, texture and functionality. The company’s products are made without soy, nuts, coconut, gluten, GMO’s, gums or stabilizers, making them free from all common allergens and much cleaner than other products. Using sophisticated gastronomy and a unique blend of plants like ancient corn, oats, corn and cassava, the company has made an ice cream that is so creamy, even cows are jealous.
Emergy Foods (USA) was founded on the principle that finding the right protein should be easy and consumers should never have to choose between health, taste or the environment. Emergy produces its own nutrient-dense and sustainably made meat alternatives that deliver the enjoyment of animal-based meat while only using a few all-natural ingredients, marketed under the plant-based meat brand Meati Foods.
Hooray Foods is a plant-based meat company that makes delicious plant-based meats out of ingredients you can feel good about – hooray! Their first product is a plant-based bacon that looks, cooks, and tastes just like the real thing.
Intello Labs (India / Singapore) digitizes quality in fresh produce supply chains, reducing food wastage by detecting variance from specifications and matching output to needs. It uses images of food commodities generated by either smartphones or mounted cameras and Computer Vision to make quality-digitization solutions that are scalable, non-destructive and low cost in nature. The images are processed by its proprietary deep-learning algorithms to extract useful features for each unit of food visible in the image. The information is aggregated into real-time calls to action and quality reports available to both the store staff and management with trends and insights.
Nourish Ingredients (USA) knows that the best alternative protein foods need alternative fats: dairy, meat, and fish fats are unique. The company creates healthy, animal-free fats that taste and perform better than plant fats like coconut and palm. Even better, Nourish Ingredient’s synbio tech is not locked by existing biology so we can explore new function and flavor spaces. Nourish is building tailored fats that are healthier for your customer and taste like the real thing. Cleaner, tastier, healthier fats.
NutriLeads (Netherlands) is a pre-commercial health ingredients company that develops crop-derived food ingredients with clinically proven health benefits for specific patient and consumer groups. The company’s natural and proprietary ingredients support human physiology and beneficially modulate the gut microbiome. NutriLeads’ most advanced food ingredient Xtramunetm, a unique fibre under development to support immune function, is expected to be launched early 2021. Other benefits in the pipeline are gut health and metabolic health.
ONO Exponential Farming (Italy) is the first “Seed-to-Pack” vertical farming platform, a patented lean technology for hydroponic cultivation. All claims have been recognized for novelty, inventive step and industrial applicability: no human for operations, flexible use (vegetables, insects, algae), scalable and hyper efficient. Crops, insects and algae move automatically inside the ONO module according to the growing requirements managed by ONO AI Engine. It changes the current VF paradigm, from product to process.
Trusted by national brands, Qbit is an experience insights platform that provides the fastest and most credible way to understand consumer decision making. Qbit captures real-time experiences via audio or video ensuring in-the-moment authenticity. Qbit’s AI rapidly crunches open-ended data into crisp actionable insights based on both context and sentiment. Brands use Qbit to grow sales with SKU-level competitor intelligence, de-risk new offerings, measure in-situ experiences and accelerate growth by proving purchase intent to retail buyers.
Stable (UK) protects food and farming businesses from the risk of volatile commodity prices. With over 3,000 indexes available on the company’s global platform, clients can create an insurance policy that corresponds to their physical risk exposure, in their local currency. Stable is built by farmers, powered by AI and backed by Lloyd’s of London.
Stratuscent (Canada) has developed a breakthrough portable, real-time, and low-cost electronic nose which leverages chemical sensing and artificial intelligence (AI) to detect, digitize, and catalog simple and complex everyday scents. The technology enables its customers to improve food quality and freshness, prevent food spoilage, improve yields, and monitor greenhouse air quality.
Suggestic (USA) is a personalized nutrition platform used to create and distribute AI-powered dietary programs. A Silicon Valley-based digital health company, Suggestic empowers organizations in the food, health, and wellness spaces to create personalized food and nutrition experiences at lower costs and faster go-to-market times. Suggestic’s patented technology enables the creation of proactive and actionable food suggestions by linking context with nutrition-related scientific evidence to guide users toward optimal health.
TurtleTree Labs (Singapore) is the first biotech company in the world with the ability to create milk from all mammals. Using its proprietary cell-based methods, the company will shape the future of not just how we produce dairy milk but how humans will feed their infants. To maximize impact, the team will work with industry leaders to adopt its sustainable and safe methods to create milk. TurtleTree Labs is able to achieve a 98% reduction in carbon footprint and as a result will help to save the world by replacing dairy cows in the future.
Zymtronix (USA) packs and deploys enzymes as green catalysts, making ingredients more efficiently and precisely than chemistry or fermentation. The breakthrough enzyme immobilization platform improves the activity, stability and reusability of any enzyme. This internationally patent-protected technology bridges the gap for better use of enzymes across industrial sectors, allowing customers to use any enzyme at full activity to tackle the complex production of novel ingredients while developing efficient processes and lowering costs.
Hundreds more innovators will be among the 1,000+ delegates at this year’s Future Food-Tech Summit in San Francisco as the summit offers a crucial platform to showcase fresh and cutting-edge solutions to a global audience of food brands, technology providers, entrepreneurs and investors.
The Future Food-Tech summits are held three times per year in San Francisco, New York and London, generating valuable opportunities for networking, collaboration and partnerships across the global food innovation ecosystem.
The full program, speaker faculty and registration are online at www.futurefoodtechsf.com with the early bird price available until the end of January, and special rates for start-ups, academics, NGOs and government.
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A Russian government official said on Thursday that Greece is no longer a safe haven for its citizens.
The allegation, made by a foreign minister, comes as the Greek government continues to condemn Russia’s February invasion of Ukraine.
In the months that have followed, Greece has sent weapons and other aid to Ukraine, and Greek banks have frozen assets of selective Russian citizens.
Now, foreign minister Yuri Pilipson has been quoted as saying Russia has received reports of discrimination and aggression against its citizens in Greece, according to APA, a news agency in Azerbaijan. It cited reports in Russia’s state-controlled TASS.
Pilipson also alleged Greek officials are disseminating disinformation to media outlets about the war in Ukraine and blocking Russian information sources. Vladimir Putin’s government has long been accused of operating a complex disinformation network.
Pilipson also alleged reports of “beatings, including of children” of Russian citizens in Greece, though he did not provide details or cite specific incidents. Days after the invasion, however, Russia’s embassy in Athens said it received threats against members of its mission following the death of at least ten ethnic Greeks in Mariupol.
The Greek government has been sharply critical of Russia’s invasion from the start. Hours after the February 24th invasion commenced, Greece condemned the “unprecedented” Russian attack on Ukraine which, according to PM Kyriakos Mitsotakis, threatens stability in Europe.
However, the two countries also have deep ties—including religious—and Greece has long been a popular destination for Russian tourists and real estate investors.
Greece’s Ties to Russia
Sympathies among many Greeks still lean toward Russia.
In a survey released last month, Greeks and Cypriots were the least likely among Europeans to blame Russia exclusively for the war.
The Europe-wide poll showed that while 54 percent of EU Nations overall strongly agreed that Russia was primarily responsible for the war, just 27 percent of Greeks polled shared the same feeling. It showed that 24 percent of Greeks mostly agreed while 23 percent mostly disagreed and 22 percent totally disagreed.
In Cyprus, 21 percent totally agreed, and 24 percent mostly agreed. Those who mostly disagreed are at 28 percent while those who totally disagreed with the statement comprise 23 percent of the Cypriot votes, according to the tally.
The poll was conducted by Eurostat—the statistical body of the EU.
In late April, Russia’s Foreign Ministry warned Greece that relations between the two nations that “share the same faith” have been “reduced to almost nothing” after Greece’s decision earlier that month to declare twelve Russian officials “persona non-gratae.”
Governments around the world, including Greece, have imposed sweeping sanctions against Russia and its citizens for the invasion. In mid-March, Greece began freezing assets of Russian citizens identified on an international list for sanctions sent to all European Union countries in the wake of the invasion.
Late last month, Athens also said it would send its older weapons to Ukraine after Germany said it would send a fleet of cutting edge infantry fighting vehicles to Greece.
Greece has not totally cut its ties to Russia.
For the month of April, the number of tankers carrying Russian fuel that arrived in Greece reached record-breaking highs, indicating that the country’s waters have become a top destination for transporting Russian fuel.
Arrivals of ships carrying fuel from Russia to Greece doubled in April compared to March, according to a Reuters report at the time.
Last month, nearly twice the number of migrants and refugees entered Greece compared to the previous year, led in large part by the 8,700 Ukrainians fleeing the war. Since the onset of the invasion, Greece has recorded 32,589 Ukrainians arriving at its borders through May 31st, the Ministry of Migration and Asylum announced Tuesday.
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Find out about our curriculum subjects here:
English skills are essential to participating fully as a member of society, we expect that every child will leave Anderton Park with life-long learning and communication skills.
In English, children at Anderton Park work hard to progress in Speaking and Listening, Reading, Writing, Spelling, Grammar and Handwriting. We follow The National Curriculum Framework for English and we ensure that we provide a literate environment in school and give all of our children opportunities to develop their literacy skills through a cross curricular approach.
Reading is a priority. To support the children’s development in reading we are committed to providing every class with a daily 'Comprehending Comprehension' sessions and we expect parents to dedicate a small amount of time each day to listen to their child read to help nurture a love of reading. Home reading books are changed whenever the children finished their book.
The School Library offers books for all children in the school and develops children’s reading for both pleasure and information. Letters and Sounds is used for the teaching of phonics and Support for Spelling is used to continue this progression when children’s phonics knowledge is secure. Pupils who are still struggling to decode continue with 'Direct Phonics' until their phonics knowledge is secure.
Children are encouraged to mark make in Nursery and progress onto writing soon after. We write from experiences such as trips, visiting theatre productions and workshops; using discussion in order to learn. We build on the expertise of these Theatre companies and a range of other agencies to ensure that all children are able to communicate their ideas and emotions to others through writing and through reading and listening, others can communicate with them. Children in EYFS begin with 'Write Dance' and learn cursive handwriting.
We base our Mathematics teaching on the 2014 National Curriculum, which covers work in using and applying Maths, counting and understanding number, knowing and using number facts, calculating, understanding shape, measuring and handling data. There is an emphasis in developing number sense through using concrete, pictorial and abstract methods and developing fluency in calculations. We encourage children to talk about their work; explaining their thinking and developing their reasoning so that they become articulate mathematicians. Children have opportunities to apply the skills and knowledge they have learnt through a variety of contexts and problem solving activities.
The role ICT plays is vital in achieving our school vision for everyone; children, staff, families, governors and community. Our ICT skills and understanding are constantly evolving, and will rise to the challenge to embrace this constant change.
Skills in Information Communication Technology are becoming increasingly important in people’s lives. At Anderton Park we are aware of this and have invested in the provision of computer technology to meet the needs of pupils.
Science makes an increasing contribution to all aspects of life. As children are naturally curious about the world, science is an excellent vehicle for harnessing this curiosity, allowing them to explore and investigate, whilst establishing within them an appreciation and respect for life and scientific phenomena.
Science is important because:
- It is a body of knowledge essential to our understanding of the world around us.
- It has a built-in methodology for thinking which forms the basis of most enquiries.
- The skills and knowledge of science are widely applicable in everyday life.
- The Foundation Stage incorporates science into their work on “Knowledge and Understanding.”
- The children will explore science through practical activities, learning to use observation to help make sense of the world around them.
Most work is based on practical experience which is developed in a scientific manner. Children are encouraged to ask questions that can be explored. ICT also plays an important role in science and ICT equipment is used to collect and present information.
PE (which includes swimming and dancing) is a requirement of the National Curriculum and is really important for your child’s health and fitness. Pumps, shorts and a T-Shirt must be provided for PE and games. Tracksuits are also very useful particularly during the colder months. The Governors have reviewed our PE policy and have agreed that the following head coverings are acceptable for girls in PE:
- Bandana type cap – no strings or loose ends
- Stretchy/lycra cap – no strings or loose ends
Short hijab with Velcro fastening (not buttons of any type). It must have a fastening so that it would give if caught on equipment to reduce the risk of strangulation. One piece hijabs with no fastening or just elastic are not deemed safe.
D & T
Design and Technology gives children the opportunity to develop skill, knowledge and understanding of designing and making functional products. At Anderton Park we feel it is vital to nurture creativity and innovation through design, and by exploring the designed and made world in which we all live and work.
Design and Technology takes on many forms from the skills learnt through Junk Modelling in nursery, creating sculptures of animals in year 3, all the way through to designing model theme parks in year 6. Children develop an understanding of design and how it ties into providing a service or a product for the user. The children enjoy being allowed to have the freedom to create prototypes, thus learning through experience.
If you would like to find out more, please speak to your child's phase leader or ask to make an appointment at the Office.
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This week, Hari Sauri Prabhu and Sridhama dasa of TOVP Planetarium and Exhibits team left for a tour of the US and Europe to attend conventions and visit planetarium service providers.
Their first port is Jena, a historical town in Germany. This one thousand year old town with a lot of history houses the headquarters of Carl Zeiss. Zeiss is popular for their optical part of the business – telescopes, microscopes, and brilliant camera lenses. But little is known about their interests in planetarium technologies. They happen to be the pioneers of planetariums in the world!
Demonstrations were specially held personally by the VP, Planetarium Division, Wilfried Lang in their unique R&D theater. The Powerdome II projection system with the Velvet projectors were on display with the promise of improved and extended software backend. The latest version of the Velvet projector showcased some breathtaking images with sharp colors and clarity. Wilfried personally discussed many facets of the system like the Show manager interface, web interface, extended integration of the uniview program package, auto calibration, and remote maintenance.
This was followed by a visit to the world’s oldest planetarium housed in Jena escorted by Lutz Miller, the manager for marketing and sales. Lutz discussed full dome systems and their attributes in detail with the exhibits team, including refurbishment of dome surfaces. The synchronicity between the digital and analogue systems were experienced by the team here – digital constellations or planets enriched by by a brilliant starry background created by an opto mechanical projector.
Over the next few weeks, the team will travel to Orlando in Florida to attend the IAAPA convention with HH Jayapataka Swami, then visit Salt Lake in Utah, Hamburg, Lucerne in Switzerland, and London before winding up the tour. After their return, the team will begin serious work on setting up a modern studio for content production.
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The Ministry of Corporate Affairs of the Government of India (MCA) has clarified on the exemptions provided to enterprises from application of section 5 that regulates combinations under the Competition Act, 2002 (Act) vide notification dated 27 March 2017 that was published in the official gazette on 29 March 2017 (Exemption Notification). The MCA also rescinded an earlier notification dated 4 March 2016 (Earlier Notification) that exempted an enterprise fulfilling certain criteria from the applicability of section 5 of the Act (Rescinding Notification).
In a bid to ensure that arbitration is the preferred means of dispute resolution for government entities, and in an effort to portray Mumbai as a proposed hub for international commercial arbitration, the Department of Law and Judiciary of the Government of Maharashtra (GoM) has vide circular dated 28 February 2017 certified the Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA) as recognised arbitral institute for the purposes of its ‘Policy for Arbitration as a preferred mode of dispute resolution’ that was released by a government resolution dated 13 October 2016 (Resolution).
Pursuant to several ease of doing business initiatives of the Government of India, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion on 6 March 2017 notified the Trade Mark Rules, 2017 (Rules) thereby repealing the erstwhile Trade Mark Rules, 2002. While making the filing procedure for new trade marks simpler by, inter-alia, reducing the total number of forms, the Rules have also provided for a new procedure for determination of well-known trade marks in India.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has on 9 March 2017 permitted 100% (one hundred per cent) foreign direct investment (FDI) in ‘market place model of e-commerce’ sector under automatic route and subject to certain conditions. However, the RBI has prohibited FDI in ‘inventory based model of e-commerce’. In this regard, the RBI issued the Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or Issue of Security by a Person Resident outside India) (Fourth Amendment) Regulations, 2017 (Amendment Regulations).
The lower house of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) on 9 March 2017 passed the Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2016 (Amendment Act) which was already passed by the upper house (Rajya Sabha) in August 2016. The Amendment Act amends the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (Act) and now only requires the assent of the President of India before it is published in the Official Gazette, post which it shall become the law.
Keeping in line with the ease of doing business initiatives of the Government of India, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion on 6 March 2017 notified the Trade Mark Rules, 2017 (Rules) which repeal the erstwhile Trade Mark Rules, 2002 (Erstwhile Rules).
Some of the salient features of the Rules are as follows
Less than two days after the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) amended the SEBI (Foreign Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2014 (Regulations) by way of an amendment notification dated 27 February 2017 (Amendment Notification), SEBI issued a fresh circular making further changes to the norms laid down for investments by foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in unlisted corporate debt securities and securitised debt instruments vide a circular dated 28 February 2017 (Circular).
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) amended the SEBI (Foreign Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2014 by way of an amendment notification dated 27 February 2017 (Amendment Notification).
The Amendment Notification now defines ‘offshore derivative instrument’ as any instrument, by whatever name called, which is issued overseas by a foreign portfolio investor (FPI) against securities held by it that are listed or proposed to be listed on any recognised stock exchange in India, or unlisted debt securities or securitised debt instruments, as its underlying.
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) has through 3 (three) notifications dated 30 January 2017 issued following regulations under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016:
(i) IBBI (Advisory Committee) Regulations, 2017 (AC Regulations):
AC Regulations provide for IBBI’s power to constitute advisory committees to obtain expert advice for efficient discharge of its functions. IBBI may constitute advisory committees on service providers; corporate insolvency and liquidation; individual insolvency and bankruptcy; and such other subjects as IBBI may consider expedient. AC Regulations also provide for composition of such committees, rules of procedure for their meetings, fee payable to their members and so on.
The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion of the Government of India (GoI) amended the Consolidated Foreign Direct Investment Policy Circular of 2016 (FDI Policy) and revised the guidelines in relation to investments made into infrastructure company in the securities market vide a notification dated 20 February 2017 (Revised Policy).
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3 page training report | cheapassignmenttutors.com
TE 500 – Seminar/Workshop
Due Wednesday by 9pm
Final Research Project Paper-Due: Wednesday, July 24, 2019 by 9:00 p.m.
PROJECT: The student’s project will be an extension of the proposal. The student will identify a component for workforce or educational training to facilitate to classmates
Develop a Three to Five page report further explaining the need for training in your specified area. Paper you be in the following APA format:
– Title page
– Body of paper (no abstract)
– What is training (also discuss types of training)
– Why is proper training important to implement when conducting workshops/seminars
– Your proposed training (the extension from your proposal)
– What type of training (workshop) is it (education, industry, corporate, etc.)
– Describe proposed training (workshop)
– Purpose, Goals and objectives
– Who is your proposed target audience and why?
– What are proposed training activities for your audience–Explain (see examples below)
– Interactive activity
– Team building exercises
– What will your training (workshop) accomplish
– What new or enhanced skills will your audience “take away” from the workshop
– How can this enhance their workforce
– Why is technology important in training and how will technology be used in your training
– Reference page (3-5 reference, should not date back to 2012)
*She said specify grade level in your final paper (college, high school, middle school, etc.).
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With an estimated 16 million people in private sector supply chains living in modern slavery conditions worldwide, business plays a crucial role in tackling modern slavery.
The workshop will provide:
- Technical guidance on the expectations of businesses in implementing grievance mechanisms as outlined in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) and the Australian Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth).
- Practical support on how to design and implement grievance mechanisms that meet the UNGPs’ effectiveness criteria.
- Workshop exercises that respond to a hypothetical modern slavery scenario, including designing and peer-reviewing an effective grievance mechanism.
- Networking opportunities with other practitioners and technical experts.
- Kylie Porter, Executive Director, Global Compact Network Australia
- Vanessa Zimmerman, Board Director and Chair of Business and Human Rights and the Modern Slavery Community of Practice, Global Compact Network Australia
- Additional speakers to be announced.
This event is business only. For information about registering for the workshop, please get in touch at email@example.com
Please note that capacity is limited and registration is on a first-come, first-serve basis. Due to capacity limitations, we ask that you coordinate internally and send one representative per business. There is a small fee associated with the workshops to cover costs.
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Trust as well as open and honest communication is key to any project’s success. That is a simple idea which is hard to disagree with. But when someone starts talking about transparency in projects, it’s often considered to be such a vague substance far from exact sciences, that the topic doesn’t get due attention.
“Project transparency: definition
By transparency in project management, we understand the culture where all the information is visible and easily accessible, and communication among the stakeholders is open and honest.”
At NeuroSYS we think it’s important not only to talk about transparency in project management but strive to achieve it. And to make this conversation more practical, we want to share some specific methods and tools we use for making our projects more transparent.
1. Solid client onboarding
As a rule of thumb, the best projects come out as a result of a trustworthy partnership with a client. That’s why we take all the measures to help the client become a part of the team from day zero. And ensuring project transparency here is a key.
We secure smooth cooperation by building and strengthening the bond within the team from the very beginning. Our onboarding is engaging, honest and personal (we always try to meet in person and introduce the whole dedicated team offline whenever possible; if not – cameras during our conversations are always on).
We don’t impose our rules during onboarding. Instead, we offer to set up the way of cooperation, that would be convenient for both sides.
The onboarding aims to make it clear: what is expected from every party and how they can participate; how to track the progress of the project; what unforeseen circumstances there can be and how to deal with them; etc. None of the questions or possible scenarios should stay undiscussed after onboarding.
Last but not least, it’s also crucial to define during onboarding who will be the main person responsible for communication and making decisions from the client’s side. Having communication flow defined and under control will ensure that nothing gets lost or stays out of attention.
2. Enhancing software transparency
Let’s be realists: no matter how attached you are to the software projects you’re working on, one day you’ll most probably transfer it to someone else. And the least what you want to happen is your code becoming a black box or mysterious inscriptions of some ancient tribe in the hands of a newly joined IT team or a team member.
To make sure that the software we create is easy to take over, we accompany it with clear and informative documentation, as well as generous wiki descriptions. Sorry, but there is no other way out of it. Simply:
We practice the habit of taking care of the documentation for many years now and as a result, the code we create can be easily taken over at any moment.
3. Being always true and loyal to agile
Transparency is one of the main pillars of agility, and agile frameworks are packed with procedures and habits that will help you improve it.
Following agile ceremonies and making sure that all the stakeholders attend them regularly is a great way to make a project glass-clear. Sprint planning makes it explicit what is expected from the team, when and why. Daily meetings help to keep everyone up-to-date and react fast if something goes wrong. And retros can be a great source of lessons learnt for the whole organisation, not only the team involved.
4. Using tools for improving transparency in a project
There are plenty of tools and instruments on the market that can help you visualize information better, make communication more efficient, and thus improve the transparency of your project.
But in our humble opinion, it’s not so important what exact tool (or set of tools) you use. What matters is that people don’t get lost among too many tools and that they feel comfortable using them. We also appreciate the possibility to integrate tools between each other and apply customizations for creating one centralized flow of information.
Here are some of the tools we are using:
YouTrack by JetBrains: it’s an issue tracker for developers with a broad range of functionalities, allowing teams to visualise the agile board, organize user stories, do the planning, time tracking, reporting, and track bugs. Our clients get full access to all the information in YouTrack, so it easier for them to follow the status of the project and be involved.
Mattermost / Slack
These are the tools that great for communication overall. Our teams use dedicated channels there which are also integrated with the YouTrack, so they can get notifications when something happens that requires their attention (f.e.: a pull request is merged, or pull requests waiting for review, etc.).
Confluence is another team collaboration tool that allows to upload, manage, share the project related documentation and work on it together. We like it for its wiki section and the whole documentary format, that helps us to keep the most important information about a project in one place.
A more detailed overview of IT project management tools you can find here.
5. Transparent culture
Trust and transparency depend on the culture inside the company, or how people feel about sharing information or asking. And we believe there are also specific things you can do to improve it:
Flat organisational structure
Between our CEO and a junior, there are just a few steps in the management hierarchy. This means that everyone feels comfortable to approach the CEO or other higher-ranked colleagues regarding any matter, This makes communication less entangled. Also, it helps people of any position to influence the company decisions more easily.
No shaming for making mistakes
People tend to hide some information if they believe they can be punished or criticised for it. That’s why it’s important to reassure them in the opposite. Here agility helps again. Thanks to short sprints, it’s impossible to make a mistake that is hard to fix. People aren’t afraid to make mistakes and are more eager to communicate openly.
* * *
We can keep talking on this topic longer, but these were the main points for today. Hope you enjoyed the reading and got something useful for yourself this time. For more updates – stay tuned by following us on LinkedIn and Facebook.!
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