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The Rise (and Fall?) of Initial Coin Offerings
Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) have risen from relative obscurity not much more than a year ago to a multi-billion-dollar investment bonanza this year. Despite their origins in a fundraising experiment gone wrong with the collapse of The DAO (more on this later), extraordinary returns and high liquidity have attracted the likes of marquee investment and venture capital funds eager to get in on the action. However, investing in ICOs is not for the faint-of-heart, or investors and businesses that do not appreciate the potentially unpredictable and mostly uncharted nature of this emerging investment space. ICOs are impacted by several regulatory regimes, often across several jurisdictions and numerous government regulators. Filecoin’s recent capital raise is one example of an attempt to bring greater certainty to the space, but, as described below, the Simple Agreement for Future Tokens (SAFT) that was used by Filecoin resulted in a financing transaction that was quite far from an actual ICO and may indicate a real change in the future of ICOs.
For readers who are not yet familiar with ICOs, first and foremost, you should know that in general anyone with access to the internet can make the transfers necessary to invest in an ICO without breaking a sweat. Even creating an ICO as an issuing company is relatively simple from a technical perspective. To date companies making ICOs are typically seeking seed-stage funding for the early development of new businesses involved in leveraging distributed ledger or blockchain technology to disrupt a particular industry. Investors make their investments by transferring to the issuing company either fiat currency (government-backed legal tender) or cryptocurrency (e.g. Bitcoin or Ether), in exchange for a proprietary cryptocurrency issued by such company; frequently called a “token,” it’s the “Coin” in Initial Coin Offering. On some level, certain ICOs can be likened to a Kickstarter campaign on steroids where a funder’s right to receive the cool new thing can be traded on an exchange that is similar to a stock exchange.
The simplest example of a token is a coupon for a product or service of the issuing company. For example, an early-stage company might offer for each token it sells the right of the holder of such token to receive a widget that will be created sometime in the future. Beyond the inherent value resulting from the potential difference between the eventual sale price of such widget and the discount received by a token holder, many investors in an ICO ultimately intend to sell purchased tokens on one of several exchanges that provide for appreciated tokens to be sold to other investors for a return at any time. Such exchanges can make tokens a highly liquid investment.
To date, ICOs have been completed with virtually no regulatory oversight making them a faster and easier way to raise capital. With investors and businesses eagerly moving forward without the protections that are typical of other types of investments, the issuing businesses selling tokens may find the SEC knocking at their doors (or if accompanied by friends from the FBI, knocking down their doors) in the not-too-distant future. The SEC has shown some of its hand in its recent report regarding The DAO.
The DAO was established in early 2016 as one of the first high-dollar ICOs (though it was not branded as such at the time) on the Ethereum blockchain. Soon after it raised over US$150 million, approximately a third of this amount was stolen in an attack that exploited a bug in The DAO’s software, sending the venture into a tailspin. On July 25, 2017 the SEC issued a report focused on the events surrounding The DAO. The SEC’s report unsurprisingly establishes that organizations issuing tokens are subject to federal securities laws if those tokens meet the definition of a security and the SEC concluded that the tokens issued by The DAO were, in-fact, securities. Many businesses have gone to great lengths to brand, or rebrand, their tokens as “utility” tokens or “appcoins” in an effort to differentiate their tokens from those of The DAO. Some, however, sought a more conservative path, which led to the establishment of the SAFT.
Styled off of the popularity of a Simple Agreement for Future Equity (SAFE) in early stage startup investing, the SAFT captures the excitement around ICOs without actually issuing any tokens or creating a market for any tokens. The SAFT says to investors, “Make your investment now and we’ll make sure that you get tokens at a discount if we ever offer tokens later.” If an ICO doesn’t happen prior to a certain date or certain events, the investor theoretically gets his, her or its money back (if there is any money left to pay back) without any interest or any other return. Until then, an investor in a SAFT has an illiquid non-transferable investment that is really nothing like a token. With a SAFT there is certainly the potential from an investor’s perspective to receive a token at a discount at some point in the future and that potential economic upside should not be ignored, but at their core SAFTs are really about businesses ginning up investor interest by raising money relating to this hot new way to invest called an ICO (even if there is no ICO)..
Media coverage of the recent SAFT offering by Filecoin is surprisingly inaccurate from most outlets. Not recognizing the nuance that each investor has entered into a SAFT and not purchased tokens, numerous outlets describe the “Filecoin ICO” raising over US$200 million. There has not been any Filecoin ICO and, based on its SAFT documents, Filecoin hasn’t even promised its SAFT investors that it will do an ICO at any time in the future. This was a two hundred million dollar branding coup.
With that, the SAFT may spell the beginning of the end for ICOs as we have known them to date for two primary reasons:
First, the turn towards a SAFT as the investment vehicle is a clear indication of the understanding of sophisticated parties in the ICO space that regulatory impediments are imminent. In addition, as venture and securities lawyers in particular begin to lay out the parade of potential risks associated with ICOs, even extremely risk tolerant entrepreneurs are likely to flinch. The SAFT itself is also a concession, in many respects, that the tokens sold in ICOs (however those tokens are branded) are securities that need to be registered or exempt from registration under applicable law and, perhaps even more importantly, the exchanges on which tokens are traded also have registration requirements under applicable law.
Second, there is a high likelihood that even where there are very clear investment documents, investors in SAFTs will feel duped by an investment structure that gives them none of the benefits of an actual ICO unless an ICO actually happens at some point in the future. In the absence of an ICO, SAFTs typically won’t need to be repaid for a number of years, and meanwhile those investors will hold a totally illiquid “investment” with no possibility of a return.
Although blue chip entrepreneurs and investors may start to sour on the types of ICOs that we have seen over the past year, it will take quite some time for such ICOs to fall off the radar as the cryptocurrency world continues to support them despite regulatory risks. But as the old ICOs slowly fade, we see a new type of ICO on the horizon that will perhaps be more complex, not as open, and will be designed to fit within the requirements for securities and exchanges in a regulatory environment that investors and businesses have lived under since the 1930s.
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On February 17th, 2013 I attended an organ concert presented by the Ypsilanti Pipe Organ Festival at the First Presbyterian Church in Ypsilanti, MI. Five of the six organists are students of James Kibbie at the University of Michigan. All pieces played were composed by former organists at Sainte Clotilde in Paris, France from 1863 to 1987:
- César Franck, 1863-1890
- Gabriel Pierne, 1890-1898
- Charles Tournemire, 1898-1939
- Joseph Ermend Bonnal, 1942-1944
- Jean Langlais, 1945-1987
A complete listing of past and current organists at Sainte-Clotilde can be found here.
This concert was excellent. The organists may be students, but don’t let “student” fool you into assuming that are not first class organists. Most of the students already hold organists positions at area churches and are accomplished organists.
|Organ at First Presbyterian Church in Ypsilanti, MI|
Like the Christmas Concert at First United Methodist Church, this concert showed two views of the organist and console on a screen. Two alternating views were displayed – hands on the key boards and feet on the pedals.
Each organist shared a little about the piece they were about to play or about the composer. The information varied from fun fact to stories. Organist and composer Jean Langlais was blind!
The next Ypsilanti Pipe Organ Festival concert will be held on March 17, 2013 at 4:00 PM at the First Presbyterian Church in Ypsilanti, MI. Program details can be found on their website: http://wp.ypsipipes.org/
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A bunch of our secondary math teachers are reading Jo Boaler’s () great book Mathematical Mindsets. As a former math teacher, I really wish I had read it as a working math teacher with students. Dr. Boaler discusses the research behind the power of mistakes. For example, ‘When we make mistakes, our brains spark and grow. Mistakes are not only opportunities for learning….but also times when our brains grow…”
We do a shockingly good job teaching kids the opposite. The importance of getting THE RIGHT ANSWER. Zero brain growth occurs when getting the RIGHT ANSWER. We focus on limited algorithms, and lots of low level problems, to get the RIGHT ANSWER. No beauty. No creativity. No mistakes. No brain growth.
One of our teachers, after this week’s session of our book study, grabbed the Four 4’s activity and threw it out to his students. They jumped all over it. Conversations. Mistakes. Trial. Error. More conversations. Argument. Mistakes. Learning. Collaboration. Communication. Creativity. Brain growth. Love of math. Fun.
Mistakes are valuable. Our brains grow. Celebrate mistakes. Have ‘The Big Glorious Mistake of the Week’ contests.
It’s ok to make mistakes. They’re good for you.
Thank you Jo Boaler. All people who love or value math should read her book.
Oh you know, just sitting here learning stuff, using Tweetdeck. Happened to be following an event at the White House focused on #nextgenpl and caught, out of the corner of my eye, a worldwide professional learning event called Education on Air: It Takes a Teacher. Well, thinking in terms of old style professional development…this ain’t it. No ‘expert’ person is winging into develop us. We aren’t paying for airfare and hotels somewhere. We are joining in a conversation and learning based upon our interests and our choices from the comfort of our homes. On a Saturday, at our convenience.
If innovation means making something that is ‘new and better’, I believe this is a powerful example of an innovative mode of professional learning. I also believe there will continue to be more and more professional learning just like this.
I can’t wait!
Just have to throw a lot respect and admiration to some colleagues this morning. A dedicated group of math teachers is reading Jo Boaler’s book Mathematical Mindsets. It is definitely challenging our math thinking. As teachers, we, ourselves, are products of old style math learning. Cemetery learning. Rows of kids, sitting in silence, doing worksheets. Very few collaboration opportunities. Very few opportunities for creativity, critical thinking, or communication. These 4 Cs, are of course, critical skills for our students. Creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration. The cool thing is that our teachers are already destroying that type of learning because they know it’s terrible for kids.
We get help from Jo Boaler. Dr. Boaler flat takes on that old style of learning for kids. In fact, she likely wouldn’t call it learning. It’s the study of algorithms for their own sake. No understanding of why one is learning the algorithms or how one might ever use them.
Anyway. Thank you colleagues. I know it’s hard to bust through old ways of thinking and doing things, when we come from those very things. But if we believe we can do better for kids, and research is on our side, we probably should try to better. Your bravery and willingness to engage in a challenging study of a book is fantastic. Your students will thank you!
Check out Jo Boaler’s website for more information.
“It’s not enough to be busy; so are the ants. The question is: what are we busy about?” -Henry David Thoreau
I love this question. We are all professionally busy. What are we professionally busy about? Are we busy about the right professional things? Have we taken the time to look at our full professional plates? What might be scraped off the plate into the trash because it’s not really that important? Is it simply sitting on the plate because it’s been on the plate for a long time and we haven’t thought about dumping it?
“When we know better, we should do better.” As professional educators, it is our responsibility to continue to grow and learn. Just like we want our students to do. When we learn about better ways to do educational, learning type things…we should do them. To say ‘we don’t have time’ should be appalling to us. We wouldn’t accept this from a doctor when working with one of our own children. If the doctor hasn’t moved her/his professional learning ahead after graduating…and there are clearly better methods and treatments to treat our children, we would never buy, “I just don’t have the time.” We’d find another doctor.
Let’s check to see what we are so so busy about.
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The gene-testing firm 23andMe has not received approval for its product and must stop marketing its test for the time being, the FDA announced.
The Mountain View, Calif., company's Saliva Collection Kit and Personal Genome Service (PGS) is being marketed "without marketing clearance or approval in violation of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act)," the agency said in a letter to the company posted on the FDA website Monday. "Therefore, 23andMe must immediately discontinue marketing the PGS until such time as it receives FDA marketing authorization for the device."
The agency noted that 23andMe is marketing its test as being able to provide information about 254 diseases, "including categories such as 'carrier status,' 'health risks,' and 'drug response,' and specifically as a 'first step in prevention' that enables users to 'take steps toward mitigating serious diseases' such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, and breast cancer."
"Most of the intended uses for PGS listed on your website, a list that has grown over time, are medical device uses under section 201(h) of the FD&C Act," the agency continued. "Most of these uses have not been classified and thus require premarket approval or de novo classification, as FDA has explained to you on numerous occasions."
The FDA said it was especially concerned about some of the assessments that the company makes from the gene test data, including presence of BRCA genes which confer a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer, as well as indications of warfarin sensitivity, clopidogrel response, and 5-fluorouracil toxicity, "because of the potential health consequences that could result from false positive or false negative assessments for high-risk indications such as these.
"For instance, if the BRCA-related risk assessment for breast or ovarian cancer reports a false positive, it could lead a patient to undergo prophylactic surgery, chemoprevention, intensive screening, or other morbidity-inducing actions, while a false negative could result in a failure to recognize an actual risk that may exist."
The agency noted that the company has submitted several 510(k) approval applications for various indications, but never provided additional information that the FDA asked for, so its applications were considered to be withdrawn.
In response, 23andMe issued a one-paragraph statement. "We have received the warning letter from the Food and Drug Administration," the company wrote on its website. "We recognize that we have not met the FDA's expectations regarding timeline and communication regarding our submission. Our relationship with the FDA is extremely important to us and we are committed to fully engaging with them to address their concerns."
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This commentary tells the story of Danielle, whose small business struggled in the opening months of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to trying to keep her business afloat, Danielle also had to care for her son and home school him. Medicaid provided Daneille with the mental health support needed to keep moving forward during an incredibly challenging period.
That’s Medicaid shares stories of people covered by Medicaid at critical points in their lives, underscoring the importance of stable health insurance coverage to building a nationwide Culture of Health.
This blog explores how states can coordinate and prepare communications related to the end of the Medicaid continuous coverage requirement with clear messaging to inform enrollees, help to reduce churn, and maximize coverage renewal, retention, and transition.
This report provides excerpts of health disparities and health equity language from Medicaid managed care (MMC) contracts and requests for proposals (RFPs) from 17 states and the District of Columbia. The criteria for inclusion in this compendium are contracts and RFPs that explicitly address health disparities and/or health equity.
This commentary tells the story of Adrian, who works with the Medicaid-funded Mississippi Youth Programs Around the Clock program. Adrian's work provides youth and their families with needed "wraparound" services to cultivate healthier communities.
That’s Medicaid shares stories of people covered by Medicaid at critical points in their lives, underscoring the importance of stable health insurance coverage to building a nationwide Culture of Health.
With new budget initiatives, a California Momnibus Act, and a new Medicaid transformation initiative, the state is seeking to advance more whole-person care for pregnant and birthing people, and to ensure and expand access to reproductive health care, including abortion services.
This commentary tells the story of Naomi who enrolled in Medicaid after she lost her job when pregnant with her son, who was born prematurely. Medicaid provided in-home attendants, a wheelchair, medications and other necessities to help improve her son's quality of life.
This new episode of the Medicaid Leadership Exchange podcast explores the inner workings of Medicaid’s workforce recovery and the opportunity to build a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive work culture.
This commentary tells the story of Regina, who is able to help provide her daughter with physicals, immunizations, dental visits and medication—which the family couldn’t obtain without Medicaid coverage.
The podcast episode features Medicaid leaders discussing the need for agency leadership to engage in self-observation and recognize bias when committing to advance equity within their agencies and for enrollees.
This blog, the first in a two-part series, outlines strategies state Medicaid agencies can take to identify people with high health needs and provide them with additional support to retain or transition their health coverage in order to maintain access to essential healthcare services.
This commentary tells the story of Theresa. At an early age, she was diagnosed with Spastic Quadriplegia Cerebral Palsy, a disorder that affects a person’s ability to maintain balance and posture. Now in her 40s, Medicaid allows her to work and live independently. It also provides her with speech, physical and occupational therapies, a wheelchair and the help of personal care attendants who assist with basic needs such as meal preparation, cleaning, dressing, and laundry.
In this podcast, Medicaid Leadership Exchange, former Medicaid directors explore what they would prioritize now and into the future when the Medicaid public health emergency unwinds — and where blind spots may lie.
In this Health Affairs blog post, Nancy Archibald, MHA, MBA, CHCS’ Associate Director for Federal Integrated Care Programs, outlines perspectives from state Medicaid officials on the federal policies that have advanced Medicare-Medicaid integration, and areas where they believe additional federal policy actions are needed.
This commentary tells the story of Alicia, a pregnant woman looking for maternal support while incarcerated and pregnant with her second child. Thanks to Medicaid, she was assigned a doula who guided her through the rest of her pregnancy and the birth of her son.
This update to the methodology documentation for the Urban Institute’s Health Insurance Policy Simulation Model explains how they estimated health coverage in 2023, taking into account major uncertain issues such as Medicaid enrollment after the HHS public health emergency and the potential expiration of enhanced premium tax credits for Marketplace coverage in 2023.
This page provides communications resources designed to support states as they prepare for the various stages of work needed to inform stakeholders and consumers about the upcoming end of the Medicaid continuous coverage requirement. The end of the Medicaid continuous coverage requirement presents states with tremendous opportunities to keep individuals enrolled in Medicaid or transition to another form of health coverage.
This interactive map and chart summarize proposed and approved legislation since 2018, Medicaid waivers, financial estimates, and other initiatives designed to extend coverage during the postpartum period. (Under the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, Medicaid enrollees who typically lose coverage after 60 days postpartum cannot be disenrolled until the end of the month in which the public emergency period ends.)
This toolkit is designed to help state and local WIC agencies leverage data from Medicaid and SNAP to measure enrollment gaps and increase enrollment using tools to plan, launch, and/or strengthen data matching and targeted outreach to eligible families who are not receiving WIC benefits.
At the end of the Pubic Health Emergency, more than 15 million people may become uninsured if they cannot secure alternate sources of health coverage. This blog provides actions states should carefully consider to ensure that stakeholders, including insurers, are facilitating these critical transitions.
This blog discuss the important role that ACA marketplaces will play in mitigating coverage losses as they prepare for the end of the Public Health Emergency and identifies basic as well as more innovative strategies marketplaces can adopt to help consumers make a smooth transition to affordable, comprehensive coverage.
This toolkit is intended to assist state officials in evaluating their current estate recovery policies and understanding where they may have flexibility to make the policies less burdensome for affected low-income families.
A cost-growth benchmark program is a cost-containment strategy that limits how much a state’s health care spending can grow each year. This chart provides a snapshot of programs across the country including state efforts to improve care quality and outcomes in the program.
This interactive map summarizes state Medicaid reimbursement policies for all types of midwives including certified nurse-midwives and midwives who pursue alternative pathways to licensure, often referred to as certified professional midwives, certified midwives, or direct entry midwives depending on state regulations.
This brief reviews the regulatory framework for network adequacy for Medicaid Managed Care Organizations and Marketplace qualified health plans and identifies policies and practices to ensure their networks include the number and mix of providers that enrollees need.
This blog explores strategies on how to invest in the development of Medicaid leaders to help states and territories improve the health and well-being of people served by publicly financed care.
Key tips include:
Always have a plan b, plan c, and plan d.
Build relationships and find a common thread.
Fill the void.
This blog summarizes key takeaways laid out in the new CMS guidance related to timelines and operational strategies states can leverage to mitigate churn when the federal Medicaid continuous coverage requirement ends.
This Databook provides a comprehensive, detailed look at Medicaid enrollment trends from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic through November 2021 and enrollment detail by state across four eligibility categories:
Children (including those enrolled in CHIP)
Aged, blind, and disabled individuals
This brief projects Medicaid enrollment for the population under age 65 and federal and state Medicaid spending for 2022 and 2023, assuming the PHE is extended through the first, second, or third quarters of 2022.
This blog explores value-based, alternative payment models as employer-sponsored health insurance costs have increased by 6.3 percent in the United States since 2010, with additional increases projected.
This issue brief examines the current status of data collection to assess Medicaid enrollment and retention, summarizes potential forthcoming reporting requirements, and describes some of the best practices states should consider when developing a data dashboard to display this type of information.
This blog provides Medicaid agencies with examples of how different states are leveraging their managed care programs, inclusive of contracts, quality initiatives, and procurement processes, to promote health equity and address health disparities.
This blog explores text messaging as a mechanism for outreach for state Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) agencies to directly contact Medicaid and CHIP enrollees and communicate important information.
This blog examines some of the key factors and decision points states may want to consider as they build out mobile mental health crisis services and systems that qualify for enhanced federal medical assistance percentage funding; engaging a cross-agency team and a broad range of external stakeholders can help ensure full consideration of diverse state crisis needs.
This chart summarizes temporary Medicaid and CHIP flexibilities enacted by the federal government to help states respond to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The chart includes effective dates and expiration dates as dictated by law or agency guidance.
This blog post sheds light on how Pennsylvania has taken steps to better understand how to mitigate the racial bias by collecting information on how Medicaid Managed Care Organizations are using algorithms, the types of proxies being used, and the outcomes as a method to develop their health equity strategies.
This extensive report provides a communications planning guide and template communications resources designed to support state Medicaid agencies as they prepare for the upcoming end of the continuous coverage requirement.
This commentary tells the story of Tania, who through Medicaid not only receives mental health care but is also approved to visit specialists who care for her autoimmune disorder, something that would be unaffordable otherwise.
This blog post describes how the COVID-19 pandemic has created historically large disruptions to the economy and health insurance coverage at a time when having access to health care is especially important.
This report examines how many immigrant families have avoided safety net and pandemic relief programs in recent years over concerns that their participation would have adverse immigration consequences.
The brief focuses on actions Medicaid agencies can pursue through their managed care programs or directly with provider organizations and highlights state interventions and collaborations that demonstrate promise in reducing disparities and begin to center equity in birth-related health policies.
This issue brief presents a sustainable, hybrid coverage and funding approach for mobile crisis services in light of the new federal funding opportunities for states to improve access to behavioral health crisis services.
This brief explores how states propose using American Rescue Plan Act funds to bolster the workforce that provides home- and community-based services, including increasing reimbursement rates, providing new opportunities for professional advancement, and offering recruitment and retention incentives.
This report finds that generous funding to support policies related to home- and community-based services (HCBS) eligibility, caregiver wages, and services could drastically improve the lives of people in need and the workers who serve them.
This commentary presents strategies for state-based marketplaces to improve consumer outreach, provide enrollment assistant and clearly communicate with consumers with what health coverage options are available for them in 2022.
This paper includes considerations and approaches to promote equity and improve public health capacity to prevent, detect and respond to HIV, viral hepatitis, STDs and TB during the public health emergency and beyond.
This report provides updated excerpts of health disparities and health equity language from Medicaid managed care contracts and requests for proposals from 15 states and the District of Columbia as well as the contract for California’s state-based marketplace, Covered California.
This expert perspective explores how state Medicaid managed care programs and health plans can work collaboratively to increase COVID-19 vaccination rates for the more than 55 million Medicaid enrollees in comprehensive managed care plans.
This blog post explores seven key considerations for health care organizations, Medicaid programs, and advocacy organizations to facilitate family engagement in program and policy design and implementation.
This blog examines how states and other stakeholders have another chance to weigh in on Tennessee’s 10-year Medicaid funding demonstration which was approved by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in early January during the final days of the Trump administration.
This interactive map and chart summarize proposed and approved legislation since 2018, Medicaid waivers, financial estimates, and other initiatives designed to extend coverage during the postpartum period.
The blog highlights updates to a compendium providing Medicaid agencies with examples of how different states are leveraging their managed care programs, inclusive of contracts, quality programs, and procurement processes, to promote health equity and address health disparities.
This National Academy for State Health Policy’s Appendix K interactive map, supported by The John A. Hartford Foundation, tracks each state’s new flexibilities in modified 1915 (c) and 1115 waivers and includes information about flexibilities in COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Demonstration 1115 waivers.
This report highlights key findings from a survey, interviews, and literature scan to identify pathways to Medicaid leadership positions, challenges, and opportunities for developing a more diverse pool of future Medicaid executives, and the skills necessary to succeed in these roles.
This blog examines how Minnesota’s Medicaid expansion was a crucial resource during the COVID-19 pandemic for those who lost their jobs and/or their employer-sponsored health insurance coverage. It is estimated that approximately 29,500 Minnesotans lost their private health insurance coverage between April 2020-July 2020.
This podcast talks about the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuing recession, and amplification of issues related to health equity that have forced state Medicaid agencies to evaluate their budgets and investments to better serve Medicaid enrollees.
This report assesses racial disparities in the quality of inpatient care using 11 patient safety indicators that measure rates of adverse patient safety events of hospital-acquired illnesses or injuries.
This commentary examines how recent approval of the Alzheimer’s drug Aduhelm under the U.S. Food & Drug Administration’s Accelerated Approval Program is controversial for a range of reasons, including its projected impact on state Medicaid budgets which will be required to cover the drug, priced at $56,000 a year, despite inconclusive evidence of its clinical effectiveness.
This commentary analyzes how the U.S. Departments of Health & Human Services and Treasury have released a proposed rule governing the Affordable Care Act health insurance marketplaces and insurance standards for the plan year 2022.
This chart details the amounts and required oversight of COVID-19 federal funds allocated to hospitals, providers, and states by the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (Families First Act), the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (HR 266), the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.
This commentary explains how Medicaid leaders have significant opportunities to impact the health and well-being of millions but must balance a myriad of federal and state priorities related to fiscal stewardship, quality assurance, program integrity, and more.
This blog outlines the Center for Health Care Strategies' recent interview with internist and pediatrician Nathan Chomilo, MD, Medical Director of Minnesota Medicaid and MinnesotaCare to get his perspectives on priority opportunities for addressing health equity for people served by the state’s Medicaid program.
This updated brief describes the American Rescue Plan Act’s home and community-based services enhanced federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP) provision, CMS’s recent implementation guidance, and considerations and next steps for state policymakers.
This podcast features Lynnette Rhodes, executive director of medical assistance plans at the Georgia Department of Community Health, and Cindy Beane, commissioner at the West Virginia Bureau for Medical Services, discussing leadership challenges and successes they have faced in developing equitable vaccine distribution strategies and the status of their respective states’ vaccine rollout.
This report examines how the pandemic and related economic downturn affected the need for safety net supports; actions states are taking to mitigate the immense hardship the pandemic has caused; implications for racial equity; and challenges, opportunities, and questions facing state leaders.
This commentary draws from examples of states participating in the Aligning Early Childhood and Medicaid program and additional states to explore strategies for leveraging cross-agency collaborations and strengthening Medicaid to support early childhood and parental mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and beyond.
This report describes the American Rescue Plan Act's (ARPA) Medicaid matching rate provision and also assesses its fiscal impact for each of the states that have not yet expanded Medicaid, while comparing the available new federal dollars to the cost of expansion.
This brief describes the American Rescue Plan Act's home- and community-based services federal medical assistance percentage increase provision, the requirements for states receiving the enhanced federal funding, and considerations and next steps for state policymakers.
This commentary features discussions with several state Medicaid officials to learn more about how their agencies—and specifically their Medicaid managed care organizations—are leveraging partnerships and data to advance their vaccination efforts.
This report outlines key factors for governors and state leaders to consider when balancing state budgets and making difficult decisions about funding Medicaid during the COVID-19 crisis and subsequent economic downturn.
This series of policy briefs include evidence-based recommendations to help people through the immediate health and economic crises and longer-term recommendations to ensure a fair and just opportunity for health.
This webinar features discussions on how states can use performance rates and disparities analyses from Medicaid managed care programs in other states to determine where disparities are likely to exist in their own state and develop interventions.
This report provides excerpts of health disparities and health equity contract language from Medicaid managed care contracts and requests for proposals from 12 states and the District of Columbia as well as the contract for California’s state-based marketplace, Covered California.
This commentary tells the story of Kaui, whose daughter's complex medical needs were covered by a Medicaid waiver that allowed the family to access a health aide, ventilator, and other essential care services.
This commentary tells the story of Jamie, whose daughter was born with a genetic syndrome that led to complex medical needs. Medicaid covers her daughter's health needs so that she is able to continue living at home with her family.
This brief provides a high-level summary of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services guidance related to: (1) conducting redeterminations for Medicaid enrollees who were continuously enrolled; (2) terminating, or extending where appropriate, temporary flexibilities; and (3) developing a consumer and provider communication strategy.
This commentary explores Michigan’s efforts in improving access and adherence to asthma medications and devices, as well as promoting the use of evidence-based interventions to improve access to important asthma devices and services.
This brief summarizes key learnings from conversations with 50 leaders of state Medicaid programs across 14 states about implementing strategies to improve consumer engagement in policy and program planning.
This commentary tells the story of Aliyah. A college graduate and social worker in her mid-20s, spent part of her youth in the Louisiana foster care system, which allowed her to access Medicaid services.
This commentary tells the story of Chrystal. Medicaid was her only option for health coverage when she was a full-time student in Milwaukee, but she was almost denied it when her scholarships and education grants were counted as income.
This commentary tells the story of Maria. When her son Tyler was diagnosed with Sotos syndrome shortly after his birth, his parents signed up for Medicaid through assistance at the hospital and the program has supported him since.
This commentary tells the story of Brianna, who signed up for Medicaid in 2016 and was able to receive diagnostic procedures that eventually determined that she suffers from endometriosis and fibromyalgia.
This brief explores the ways in which various organizations worked together to improve access to and use of tobacco cessation benefits among Minnesota's Medicaid population with the goal of reducing commercial tobacco use in this population.
This brief provides an introduction to screening for social risk factors, the first step most states are taking through their Medicaid managed care programs to address how social determinants of health influence enrollees' health status and spending.
This blog describes some of the limited actions states may take to alleviate fiscal pressure due to the COVID-19 pandemic through the management of their contracts with Medicaid managed care organizations.
This commentary tells the story of Latrice, an early learning educator, and her daughter Makayla, who was born with heart complications. Medicaid serves as secondary insurance for the first year of Makayla's life.
This commentary examines the impact that recent postal delays, COVID-19-related housing and economic crises, and natural disasters have had on state Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance Program agencies.
This webinar features experts reviewing examples of specific strategies states implemented between April and August 2020 to increase payments to providers in financial distress as a result of decreased health care utilization.
This report examines examples from two state Medicaid programs and a nonprofit quality measurement and reporting organization of the data sources used to identify patients’ social risk factors when risk-adjusting payments or measuring quality.
This commentary explores how states have been required to make numerous changes to their eligibility and enrollment systems, operations, and policies, in order to comply with the enhanced Federal Medicaid Assistance Percentages.
This commentary recommends specific steps for state Medicaid programs to ensure state residents receive needed services during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a specific focus on Medicaid managed care organization (MCO) enrollees.
This commentary discusses how state Medicaid, children’s health insurance programs, and health insurance marketplaces prepare for an expected increase in demand due to COVID-19, an economic downturn and ensuing budget crises, and unpredictable federal relief efforts.
This brief highlights how Nebraska’s Medicaid agency and its Division of Public Health partnered to share antibiotic prescribing information between Medicaid claims and evaluation and management codes to determine where targeted education and outreach efforts were needed.
In this webinar, experts present key findings from a new COVID-19 state resource guide on federal and state Medicaid flexibilities and how they are being deployed to help ensure access to long-term services and supports.
This report provides excerpts of health disparities and health equity contract language from Medicaid Managed Care contracts from five states, Washington, D.C., and the contract for California’s Health Exchange, Covered California.
This commentary provides an overview of CMS relief guidance and flexibility to state hospitals, facilities, and providers on reporting measures for value-based purchasing and quality reporting programs.
This webinar presented results from a financial model examining the Medicaid fiscal implications of the interaction between the COVID-19 pandemic, the emerging economic downturn, and recent policy changes.
This report shows how the additional levels of unemployment insurance provided through the Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation program affects eligibility for subsidized coverage in expansion and nonexpansion states.
In this podcast episode, Ed O’Neil, PhD, MPA, a leadership development expert, speaks with Hilary Kennedy, program director for Medicaid leadership at the National Association of Medicaid Directors, about strategies Medicaid leaders can use to continue developing their staff at a distance.
This report outlines potential IT investments in responding to COVID-19 and strategies for states to support these investments, and to secure current and future IT investments that enable ongoing Medicaid program operations and advance health information exchange.
This webinar reviews potential information technology (IT) investments in responding to COVID-19 and strategies for states to support these investments to secure current and potential IT investments that enable ongoing Medicaid program operations and advance health information exchange.
This commentary provides an overview of strategies that states can consider to help address gaps in coverage to ensure as many people as possible get access to comprehensive care as the country continues to respond and recover from the COVID-19 health and economic crisis.
This brief provides an overview of Children Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Health Services Initiatives (HSIs) and identifies ways that states can leverage them as part of their targeted response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
This commentary discusses the states that have rapidly amended their Medicaid home- and community-based services for older adults and their family caregivers to ensure access to long-term services and supports during the COVID-19 crisis.
Valerie and her husband Christopher wanted to adopt two sons from foster care, both with challenging health conditions, but were not sure if they could afford the medical bills. Valerie learned both children were automatically covered by South Dakota Medicaid because of their time in foster care.
April was born with sickle cell anemia, a genetic blood disorder that is deeply painful and must be managed with proper medication. Medicaid covered April’s treatment and her electric wheelchair, which empowers her in her new everyday life.
This commentary includes some of the options available to states to ensure that individuals with complex medical conditions and their families have access to necessary home- and community-based services during the coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis through waiver and state plan amendment applications.
This webinar walks through tools states can use to increase payments to providers through both fee-for-service and Medicaid managed care, despite COVID-19 driven changes to utilization. An accompanying toolkit is included that identifies the immediately available tools for states.
This brief examines the effect of a recently announced federal program allowing states to apply for Medicaid block grants or per capita caps in exchange for new flexibility to limit enrollment and benefits.
This report describes select policy and strategy levers that Medicaid agencies can employ to improve maternal health outcomes and address outcome disparities in five areas: coverage, enrollment, benefits, models of care, and quality improvement.
This report focuses on how Medicaid programs can use data from the American Community Survey (ACS), to inform and target interventions that seek to address social determinants of health and advance health equity.
This report reviews the key features of the proposed capped funding demonstrations and highlights the considerations for states. On January 30, 2020, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a State Medicaid Director Letter (SMDL) inviting states to apply for Section 1115 demonstration projects that would impose caps on federal Medicaid funding for the adult expansion and some other adult populations in exchange for new programmatic flexibility.
This report gives an overview of the federal authorities under which states are able to cover nonclinical housing-related services for high-need Medicaid enrollees, and also details how states are using these authorities to invest in supportive housing for diverse high-need Medicaid populations.
In this podcast, Connecticut’s Medicaid director Kate McEvoy and chief financial officer Mike Gilbert discuss their experiences working with partners in the executive and legislative branches to build trust and a shared vision for sustaining critical programs.
This blog from the Delta Center illustrates five key insights related to program design and evaluation from the productive partnership between the Partnership HealthPlan of California (PHC) and local community health centers (CHCs) to create a care coordination (CCM) program.
This issue brief draws from the experiences of states that were among the first to implement their substance use disorder waivers to profile how the American Society for Addiction Medicine (ASAM) Criteria is used within the context of managed care and utilization review, and the challenges and best practices associated with its use.
This issue brief examines how state Medicaid agencies, families, advocates, providers and other stakeholders can partner to improve access to services for Medicaid-enrolled children with special health care needs.
In this blog, two former state medicaid directors demystify the distinct yet complementary roles of public health and health care — and how these state agencies can align efforts around prevention strategies to impact health and costs.
This study assesses potential barriers facing Medicaid enrollees in meeting work requirements through employment on a sustained basis, using pooled data from the September 2018 and March 2019 Health Reform Monitoring Survey.
This report examines monitoring and evaluation of work/CE demonstrations and reviews the data assets and infrastructure necessary to support states and their researcher partners in robust monitoring and evaluation efforts.
Eight states will join Aligning Early Childhood and Medicaid, a multi-state initiative aimed at improving the health and social outcomes of low-income infants, young children, and families through cross-agency collaboration.
This brief reviews the role that social and economic factors--such as housing, healthy food, and income--play in a “whole person” approach to health care, especially among Medicaid’s low-income enrollees.
This brief reviews the growing body of research on Medicaid's health and economic impacts, including access to care; self-reported health status; preventive health screenings; delaying care because of costs; hospital and ED utilization; and mortality rates.
This brief outlines the basics of the Medicaid program, including financing and eligibility, for new state policymakers in order to lay the groundwork for considering the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
This brief highlights priority issues for consideration and potential action, including: the structure of the Medicaid agency; enabling coverage and access; addressing the needs of special populations; and value-based payment policies.
This report outlines the activities of three pilot sites pursuing Medicaid-driven strategies to support young children and their families, to help inform other cross-sector partnerships at varying stages of development.
The Senate passed H.R. 6, The Substance Use Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act (the “SUPPORT Act”) on October 3, 2018. This reviews major health provisions of the new law and implications for states.
This resource highlights articles published since January 2018 that report on the impact of Medicaid expansion in 33 states and DC, organized by health access and outcomes, economic impacts, and coverage impacts.
This chart compares the social determinants 11 states targeted in their Medicaid contracts and contract guidance documents to enhance population health, as well as how states monitored outcomes and funded these efforts.
CMS approved state work/community engagement (CE) waivers in Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, and New Hampshire; and additional states have submitted or are poised to submit similar waivers. This series of charts outlines the legal, policy, financial and operational tasks and issues that states will face in adding a work/CE condition to their Medicaid program.
This report investigates the work patterns of Medicaid beneficiaries in Kentucky who are are potentially subject to Medicaid work requirements. It finds that the structure of Kentucky’s Medicaid waiver does not seem to align with the reality of some working enrollees’ lives, and that working enrollees losing coverage may not have access to an employer plan.
This webinar reviews the Stewart v. Azar decision and potential implications for states with approved, pending or planned Medicaid waivers that include work/community engagement requirements. The court’s findings may shape what analysis will be necessary to demonstrate that future waivers advance the Medicaid statute's objectives.
This webinar provided an overview of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 6|18 Initiative and highlighted recent accomplishments from participating Medicaid-public health teams. The CDC 6|18 Initiative is a framework to guide Medicaid-public health collaboration.
State officials can align prevention strategies with value-based payment goals through a variety of mechanisms outlined in this brief, which draws from state-based 6|18 Initiative implementation efforts to help Medicaid and public health officials make the case for investing in prevention strategies and aligning these efforts to achieve state VBP goals.
Webinar discusses the status of state efforts to secure waivers to use federal Medicaid funding to provide care in Institutions for Mental Disease (IMD), including the requirements states must meet to secure an IMD waiver; the status of requests and approvals; and issues and opportunities arising as states pursue and increasingly implement the IMD waiver.
States continue to identify and pursue strategies to further reduce the number of uninsured to make coverage more affordable for consumers and to improve access to care. This issue brief presents two possible models for a Medicaid buy-in program for states, and details the design considerations and authorities needed to implement each model.
This map tracks state Medicaid expansion decisions and approaches states are taking for expanding eligibility to 138 percent of the Federal Poverty Level. It also includes information on state legislative activity around Medicaid expansion, governors’ stances on the issue, and fiscal and demographic analyses from the state or other institutions. For states that are expanding Medicaid, but using an alternative to traditional expansion, the map also contains brief descriptions of these demonstration waivers.
In January 2018, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services issued a new policy allowing states to implement work and community engagement requirements for certain Medicaid enrollees. States are permitted to seek federal approval to require non-elderly, non-pregnant, and non-disabled adults to participate in these types of activities to qualify for Medicaid or certain aspects of Medicaid coverage. This chart summarizes states’ pending and approved Section 1115 waivers, waiver renewals, and waiver amendments to implement work and community engagement requirements.
The nation’s opioid epidemic claimed more than 42,000 lives in 2016, and more than 2 million people in the United States have an opioid use disorder (OUD). Yet, only 1 in 5 people suffering from an OUD receive treatment. In this issue brief, data from three states—New Hampshire, Ohio and West Virginia—highlight Medicaid’s role as the linchpin in states’ efforts to combat the opioid epidemic.
This article explores efforts by nine state Medicaid and public health agency teams to implement 6|18 interventions related to asthma control, tobacco cessation, and unintended pregnancy prevention. It was published in the Journal of Public Health Practice and Management and covers Colorado, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Rhode Island, and South Carolina.
State Medicaid programs are increasingly requiring their Medicaid managed care organizations (MCO) to implement APMs. It is important for states to develop ways to ensure that their MCOs are complying with the APM requirements within their contract, and monitoring the progress and challenges with the implementation of APM strategies with Medicaid providers. This report focuses on different ways in which states may set standard APM definitions to track MCO progress toward meeting state APM goals, and support comparison of APM implementation within a state and nationally.
This brief provides an analysis of legislation recently introduced in the U.S. Senate that would create a mechanism for states to offer their residents the opportunity to buy a Medicaid-based public insurance option.
On January 11, 2018, CMS released guidance for states seeking 1115 waivers that condition Medicaid eligibility on work and community engagement, quickly followed by approval of Kentucky’s 1115 waivers that include these requirements. Both the new guidance and recent waiver approval represent a significant departure from past Administrations’ positions. This webinar reviews the new guidance and discusses state legal, policy, and operational considerations.
RWJF’s SHVS together with experts from Manatt Health, host this webinar that highlights and defines potential policy options, including the “Medicaid Buy-in,” that states may consider to leverage Medicaid to achieve their goals with respect to coverage availability and affordability. Conditions that make each option more or less favorable for a state, and implementation issues or other considerations in play for states are discussed.
Uncertainty about the future of health insurance options and concern about the ability of Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplaces to offer adequate competition and choice have spurred states to look for new coverage approaches. Innovative strategies states are proposing include allowing consumers to buy into state Medicaid programs and developing state-specific coverage options within the ACA’s framework.
This webinar features the Urban Institute's Dr. Fred Blavin, whose SHARE-funded research asks how medical spending burdens for near-poor families in non-expansion states would change if the states were to expand Medicaid.
CMS released two informational bulletins detailing a new, streamlined approach for the review and management of Section 1115 demonstrations and state plan amendments and 1915 waivers. The streamlined approach may enhance states' ability to design innovative health care delivery initiatives in their Medicaid programs. These changes come at a critical time as states develop new approaches to reduce health care costs and stem the opioid epidemic.
This toolkit is designed to assist states interested in implementing value-based purchasing approaches with their Medicaid managed care organizations (MCOs). Using a value-based purchasing approach can mean significant and ongoing changes for a state Medicaid agency and its MCOs.
The Administration signaled a willingness to give states more flexibility to address health and prevention in new and innovative ways under Section 1115 of the Social Security Act, allowing the Department of Health and Human Services to approve experimental and innovative projects that promote the goals of Medicaid. This comes at a pivotal time when many states are developing new ways to improve health care, reduce costs, and address health-related social needs such as housing.
State policy makers are increasingly focused on social determinants of health (SDOH) because of the important influence of these determinants on health care outcomes and Medicaid spending. Social determinants include a broad array of social and environmental risk factors such as poverty, housing stability, early childhood education, access to primary care, access to healthy food, incarceration and discrimination. This report digs into opportunities that states have to account for SDOH in Medicaid programs.
State policy makers are increasingly focused on social determinants of health (SDOH) because of the important influence of these determinants on health care outcomes and Medicaid spending. This report digs into opportunities that states have to account for SDOH in Medicaid programs.
CMS has signaled a willingness to evaluate new types of Medicaid proposals from states, such as Medicaid waiver applications that include programs to connect individuals to employment or incorporate features of private market coverage. In response to CMS’ letter, some states have developed proposals that include these types of requirements for certain individuals covered by the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion—and a few states are seeking similar changes for their non-Medicaid expansion populations.
Under the authority of Section 1115 demonstrations, some states have implemented DSRIP programs to improve care, improve health, and lower costs. DSRIP programs restructure Medicaid funding into a pay-for-performance arrangement in which providers earn incentive payments outside of capitation rates for meeting certain metrics or milestones based on state-specific needs and goals, which are used to measure success.
This report explores Louisiana’s permanent supportive housing program. The program, administered jointly by the state’s Medicaid agency and housing authority, is a cross-agency partnership that braids funding to serve vulnerable cross-disability populations, address homelessness, reduce institutionalizations, and save money for the state.
Medicaid can play a unique and critical role in responding to public health emergencies and health crises. This brief explores the role Medicaid has played in responding to events such as the opioid and HIV/AIDS epidemics, the 2001 World Trade Center attacks, the Flint, Michigan lead contamination crisis, and Hurricane Katrina.
Driven to improve care coordination and contain costs by moving away from a volume-based payment model, an increasing number of states are implementing risk-based managed care programs to deliver long-term services and supports (LTSS). As the primary payer for LTSS, state Medicaid programs have a significant interest in ensuring that entities with which they contract deliver high quality and cost-effective care to members. This report identifies ways states can learn from value-based payment models being applied elsewhere to create more accountability for the quality and cost of LTSS.
While the focus of debate regarding repeal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has been on Marketplaces and the Medicaid expansion, myriad other provisions of the ACA are at risk of repeal—including those that streamline Medicaid eligibility and enrollment systems and implement a national, simplified standard for income eligibility. As of January 2016, 37 states are able to complete an eligibility determination in real time, defined as less than 24 hours, and among these, 11 states report that at least half of their applicants receive an eligibility determination in real time. The future of the ACA’s streamlined eligibility and enrollment-related provisions and the system improvements states have invested in to implement them are the subject of this issue brief.
State agencies across the country, from Medicaid to public health, to social services and corrections, are deeply engaged in multi-sector initiatives to reduce infant mortality. And for good reason: the United States ranks 25th among industrialized countries in infant mortality with a disproportionate number of being African Americans.
In order to assist states in the facilitation of Medicaid enrollment and renewal for eligible SNAP participants, this webinar presents some of the necessary considerations for leveraging these data for enrollment purposes.
This report stems from technical assistance provided to California’s Department of Health Care Services (DHCS). The technical expert facilitated webinars and meetings with DHCS staff and medical directors of contracted MCOs, in order to share information about housing resources and emerging practices for improving care and achieving savings by linking more Medicaid beneficiaries with permanent supportive housing.
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Ballyhaunis, Co.Mayo, was first served by rail in 1861 when the Midland Great Northern Railway, later taken over by the Midland Great Western, opened their line between Athlone and Claremorris. Ballyhaunis boasts up & down platforms, with the single storey stone built station building on the up side, complete with canopy, and MGWR brick built signal cabin on the down side, now no longer in use. The original MGWR footbridge also survives. At the north end of the station is the former goods shed and yard. Mechanical signalling on the Mayo lines was replaced in recent years by the Centralised Traffic Control from Dublin.
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- A pilot program to test flexible work schedules on jobsites conducted by four major construction firms in the U.K. found that workers’ sense of wellbeing increased, while overtime hours decreased, without negatively impacting project schedules or budgets.
- Run by flexible working consultancy Timewise, the pilot included Skanska UK, BAM Nuttall, BAM Construct and Willmott Dixon, which collectively employ 11,000 people. Various schedules, individual days off and staggered shift approaches were tested across a range of sites, including London’s HS2 high-speed rail infrastructure project.
- “Our new approach to flexible working is giving people a better work-life balance and is making construction an attractive career choice,” said Andrea Singh, human resources director for BAM Construct UK, in a statement. “We now ask, ‘how can we make flexibility work?’ and not, ‘can we make it work?’ Managers are finding flexible approaches that work for their team and clients,” she said.
The grueling schedule of construction work has been highlighted by industry officials as a barrier to entry for new workers considering the field, but the pilot’s results could offer a model for U.S. contractors to attract workers post pandemic.
Young salaried workers often become burned out because of the demanding hours and lack of flexibility in construction jobs, said Brian Turmail, vice president of public affairs and strategic initiatives for the Associated General Contractors of America.
“They see their friends in other fields telecommuting half the time or leaving work for a while in the middle of the day to pick up their kids,” he said. “It’s really difficult to do this in construction jobs because of the nature of the industry.”
As the COVID-19 pandemic forced contractors to change how and when they work, however, the pilot’s results provide data to help contractors use that momentum now to continue flex models to win talent in the future. Teleworking among construction office workers became common during the pandemic, as did staggering shifts on construction sites to limit the amount of workers at any given time and promote social distancing.
Turmail confirmed that AGC is currently planning to collect flextime data from its members in the U.S. construction industry with its upcoming workforce survey, which will be issued later this summer.
The U.K. study, conducted from June 2020 through February 2021 during the pandemic, tested six types of flex work schedules across different sites:
- Team based: Management consulted workers and took personal preferences into account in setting schedules, similar to flextime models used for health care workers.
- Flex-day: Workers could accumulate additional hours in exchange for one day off each month. Since many workers were commuting great distances to work, adding a flex-day onto a weekend helped them spend extended time at home.
- Earlier start and finish times.
- Output based: The foreperson breaks down weekly and daily goals, and sets work hours based on outputs needed to be achieved each day.
- Staggered shifts: Start times rotate for different teams each week, so that all workers get the pattern they want every other week. Workers are given a choice of break times.
- Hour limits: Hours worked were limited to 45 per week, inclusive of breaks.
While none of the firms involved in the pilot reported negative impact on budgets or schedules, workers reported numerous benefits in post pilot surveys:
- Participants who felt their work hours gave them enough time to look after their own health and wellbeing rose from 48% to 84%.
- Workers who said they regularly work beyond their contracted hours decreased from more than half, to just over a third (51% to 34%).
- Workers’ sense of guilt decreased. The portion of workers who said they felt guilty if they started later or finished earlier than others on site fell from 47% to 33%.
- Trust in colleagues working remotely improved. The number of workers who agreed with the phrase “if someone works from home, I am not sure they are working as hard as they would be on site,” fell from 48% to 33%.
“Our involvement in the Timewise flexible working trial aligns with our focus to support our people to be at their best, and create inclusive environments which attract a wider diversity of people into the industry,” said Adrian Savory, CEO of BAM Nuttall. “The results of the pilots have demonstrated flexibility for operational roles is possible, and has been a win, win, win — for the business, teams and improving individuals’ wellbeing.”
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Founded in 1871, the city of Northport, Alabama is currently home to over 25,000 residents and rests along the Black Warrior River.
Northport is the 21st-largest city in Alabama and is largely known for its annual Kentuck Festival of the Arts. The festival, which is hosted in Kentuck Park every October, highlights local folk and contemporary artists of West Alabama. At this festival, one can typically find wares like pottery, specialty quilts and homemade crafts.
Also located in Northport is the Kentuck Arts and Crafts Center. Celebrating its 50th anniversary in 2021, the Kentuck Arts and Crafts Center is made up of five repurposed buildings and houses art studios, galleries, a teaching space, and so much more. The Kentuck Arts and Crafts Center keeps the arts alive in West Alabama all year round.
Northport is also home to a few celebrity residents. Most notably, Hannah Brown, who was recently a guest on season 15 of "The Bachelorette." Some other celebrity Northport locals include professional baseball player Frank Lary, former SEC football coach Curley Hallman, and former University of Alabama football player Le’Ron McClain.
Visiting guests should check Historic Downtown Northport for a taste of the city’s rich and abundant history. From the authentic southern cuisine or classic antique piece, Downtown Northport is the perfect place to spend an afternoon in Alabama.
Lake Lurleen State Park, which is around 15 minutes outside of downtown Northport, embodies 1,600 acres of land in the West Alabama city. Here, guests can find a fully functioning campground, camp store, picnic area, swimming beach, paddle boats, fishing piers, and tons of other outdoor amenities.
Northport, Alabama Citizen of the Year Awards Coming in October
Here is everything you need to know about the Northport Citizen of the Year Awards including the nomination process and awards event coming in October.
UPDATE: The Blue Plate Restaurant In Northport
We love our local businesses, especially our local eateries. Recently, I wrote a story on local restaurants (as well as others across Alabama) and the latest scores from the Health Department. Many restaurants were mentioned, but The Blue Plate in Northport got the most attention.
Northport Mayor Collecting Items for Victims of Kentucky Deadly Floods
Northport Mayor Bobby Herndon announced his plans to assist the victims of a deadly flood resulting from consistent rain happening in Kentucky.
Northport Man Savagely Attacked By Angry Group Of Birds
Northport, Alabama used to be so peaceful. I AM THAT MAN BEING HELD HOSTAGE BY ANGRY BIRDS! Please, I know about that stupid video game. It all started sweet and innocent a couple months ago, right outside my door. A bird or two began building a nest. How sweet.
Northport Business Forced To Evacuate After Unexpected Emergency
A Northport business was forced to close early due to an electrical issue Wednesday.
Former Assistant Northport Fire Chief Daniel Wade Passes Away at 68
Daniel Bruce Wade passed away on March 19, 2022 in McCalla.
TRENDING IN TUSCALOOSA: Northport, Alabama Roadwork Causing Road Rage
Northport, Alabama is going to see more people killed in their streets. We all know we ALREADY have a serious problem in West Alabama with pedestrians being struck and killed. It is a big problem and it puts our town on the map for all the wrong reasons. Tuscaloosa/Northport, Alabama has one of the HIGHEST rates of pedestrian accidents in all of the Southeast.
Residents In Northport Alabama Want A Costco and Here’s Why It Has Yet To Happen
Every few days there are new ideas on businesses that should be in Northport. Costco is a hot topic and we have the answer to why there isn’t one in Northport.
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A revised Forest Law had been adopted by 13th National session of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress with aim to better protect forest resources and spur ‘green development’. The new law will take effect on 1 July, 2020.
A new chapter “Forest Ownership” has been added to the new Forest Law which stipulates that the ownership and use rights of forest lands, forest and trees shall be registered and certificates shall be issued by the registration authorities. Legitimate rights and interests shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organisation or individual.
For the purpose of environmental protection, infrastructure construction and other public interests the law provides for requisition forest land and trees and says the examination and approval procedures shall be handled according to law and fair and reasonable compensation shall be given.
Under the new Forest Law, the management system for forests is defined and the forests are divided into public and commercial forests. Public forests shall be strictly protected and commercial forests shall be operated independently by forest operators according to the law.
With regard to commercial forests it is clearly stipulated that the country encourages the development of commercial forests and that forest owners shall operate such forest of their own according to law and may take necessary measures to improve economic efficiency without damaging the environment.
The new Forestry Law has abolished the timber transport licensing system, improved tree cutting licensing system and optimised the procedures and conditions for the issuance of timber cutting licenses. The law explicitly requires competent forestry authorities to take measures to facilitate the application for cutting licenses.
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Dabigatran is an oral, reversible thrombin inhibitor that has shown promising results in large clinical trials. Laboratory monitoring is not needed but the effects on common coagulation assays are incompletely known. Dabigatran was added to plasma from healthy subjects in the concentration range 0-1,000 μg/l and analysed using several reagents for activated thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, antithrombin, and activated protein C resistance. Typical trough concentrations are about 50 μg/l, peak concentrations 100-300 μg/l. At 100 μg/l all APTT-results were prolonged. The concentration required to double APTT ranged between 227 and 286 μg/l, the responses for all five reagents were similar. PT-reagents were much less affected with almost no samples above INR 1.2 at 100 μg/l. The effect was sample dilution dependent with PT Quick type more sensitive than PT Owren type methods. If a patient on dabigatran has prolonged APTT, >90 seconds, and Quick PT INR>2 or Owren PT INR>1.5 over-dosing or accumulation of dabigatran should be considered. Two of four fibrinogen reagents underestimated the fibrinogen concentration considerably at expected peak concentration. Methods based on inhibition of thrombin over-estimated the antithrombin concentration, but not Xa-based. The APC-resistance methods over-estimated the APC-ratio, which may lead to miss-classification of factor V Leiden patients as being normal. Different coagulation assays, and even different reagents within an assay group, display variable effects at therapeutic concentrations of dabigatran. Some of these assay variations are of clinical importance, thus knowledge is needed for a correct interpretation of results.
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<urn:uuid:39970684-e3e3-418e-b8f6-ca8ba032ecc5>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21103660/?dopt=Abstract
|
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|
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Today, we all are witnessing the current scenario of the Novel Coronavirus, which is officially named as COVID-19. The virus has infected over 3 lakh people across 188 countries and it is even increasing its reach.
As a result, classes have been suspended in almost all the universities; shopping malls are closed, cinema halls are vacant, even the transportation system is temporarily halted.
The COVID-19 has made a huge impact on the global economy and education of the youngsters, as CBSE Senior Secondary School Examination (Class XII Boards) has been postponed because of this.
Amid this, Lovely professional University came up with an idea of Online teaching for this period, until classes open. The major steps are
LPU LIVE App
LPU LIVE is a messenger app which is providing an architecture of virtual classrooms. A group is being created for each individual subject. Group has all the students of the section along with their subject teacher. Students are advised to ask, discuss the problems with the teacher on that platform without any hesitation. Teachers are supporting and helping the students to learn even from their home.
For some courses, faculties are not only providing adequate study materials, notes, ppt’s but also, they are providing a video (self-recorded) explaining the concepts for the students. e.g. “Derivation of Length of Open belt” (A topic of DOM-II, in Mechanical Engineering) is being explained by the Assistant Professor Puneet Sharma, Mechanical Engineering by a video lecture.
Students are cooperating with the teachers by learning from home and asking doubts:
Teachers are trying their best to teach online. By this, students can maintain the continuity of their studies. For the students, it just needs an internet connection.
Like Japan and many other developed countries, Lovely Professional University too has started teaching the students remotely (e-learning) if the colleges are closed because of the fortuitous circumstance for a limited time.
Soon, the classes will be re-opened. Till then, cooperate and utilize online teaching.
Spend time with your loved ones, and family. Stay fit. Keep learning.
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<urn:uuid:c782d55b-762f-4632-a80b-8048ddc32d20>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://happenings.lpu.in/online-teaching-amid-covid-19/
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The Downy Rattlesnake Plantain started opening its blooms this week. Each of these orchids has a few dozen quarter-inch long blooms at the top of a fuzzy stem with about a third of the blooms open.
You can see why this orchid is called ‘downy’ as all parts of it seem to be fuzzy with soft, downy hairs.
Here’s a similar photo taken without a flash. Details of the open flowers are more visible.
Three sepals are the same white color as the petals, except for a tinge of green at the sepals’ edge. The two upper petals are merged into a hood. The lower petal is enlarged into the typical cupped lip of an orchid.
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<urn:uuid:995eb0bd-fe18-4d17-999f-adad84c82043>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://wildeherb.com/2008/07/26/downy-rattlesnake-plantain-orchid-in-pa/
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An illustration of this would be that the NYSDOL grants certain exemptions from the requirement to perform an asbestos survey on buildings or structures within New York State, those constructed after January 1, 1974 and agricultural buildings for example (although “due diligence” is always required to prevent the disturbance of asbestos and therefore these exemptions may not offer complete residentialexemption).
What are the sections of the AHERA inspection manual?
The manual is composed of two major sections: general guidance information in Chapters I through IX; and appendices, including the Comprehensive AHERA Inspection Checklist (the Checklist) from which the guidance provided in the manual stems.
What are the AHERA regulations for schools?
The Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) and its regulations require public school districts and non-profit schools including charter schools and schools affiliated with religious institutions to: These legal requirements are founded on the principle of “in-place” management of asbestos-containing material.
Who should be in charge of the AHERA operations?
One person, the designated person, should be in charge of the AHERA operations within the school district so that everything is taken care of responsibly and without confusion.
What are the Lea’s responsibilities to AHERA schools?
The LEA must ensure that such activities are carried out in accordance with.the provisions of the AHERA Schools Rule § [763.84 (a)]. The LEA also must ensure that any person who performs inspections, develops management plans, or designs or conducts response actions must be accredited [§763.84].
When did Ahera become law?
Fortunately, the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act of 1986 (AHERA) exists to protect students and school employees from exposure on campus. AHERA was implemented under the Toxic Substance Control Act in 1986. It was established to put protocols and procedures in place to deal with asbestos in school buildings.
What is the meaning of Ahera?
AHERA stands for “Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act”.
What is Neshap asbestos?
Background on the Asbestos NESHAP EPA’s air toxics regulation for asbestos is intended to minimize the release of asbestos fibers during activities involving the handling of asbestos.
When was asbestos last used in schools?
The survey was conducted in January 1984. Incredibly, that appears to be the last time the federal government assessed the risks asbestos poses to students, teachers and staff in American schools.
Who enforces NESHAP?
EPAWho is responsible for enforcing the Asbestos NESHAP standards? Under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, Congress gave EPA the responsibility for enforcing regulations relating to asbestos renovations and demolitions. The CAA allows EPA to delegate this authority to State and local agencies.
What is a NESHAP survey?
NESHAP requires a state-licensed inspector to inspect applicable buildings (or areas of buildings) scheduled for renovation or demolition. The inspection includes a walkthrough of the building or area of the building and the identification of “suspect” asbestos-containing materials.
What is NSPS EPA?
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are pollution control standards issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
What are symptoms of asbestos exposure?
How are asbestos-related diseases detected?Shortness of breath, wheezing, or hoarseness.A persistent cough that gets worse over time.Blood in the sputum (fluid) coughed up from the lungs.Pain or tightening in the chest.Difficulty swallowing.Swelling of the neck or face.Loss of appetite.Weight loss.More items…•
Is there asbestos in school ceiling tiles?
Schools Are Likely to Still Contain Asbestos The unfortunate truth is that schools built before the 1980s are quite likely to contain asbestos, whether in their insulation, pipes, ceiling tiles, floor tiles, roofing or drywall.
When was asbestos banned?
July 12, 1989On July 12, 1989, EPA issued a final rule banning most asbestos-containing products.
Learn Federal Requirements
The Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) and its regulations require public school districts and non-profit schools including charter sch…
How Schools Comply With The Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA)
The AHERA regulations require public school districts and non-profit schools to: 1. Perform an original inspection to determine whether asbestos-co…
School Asbestos Management Plans
Public school districts and non-profit schools are required to develop, maintain and update asbestos management plans and to keep a copy at each in…
Find Resources For Schools and Parents
How to Manage Asbestos in School Buildings: The AHERA Designated Person’s Self Study Guide (January 1996)AHERA Asbestos Management Plan Self-Audit…
What is a friable asbestos?
The term “friable asbestos-containing material” means any asbestos-containing material applied on ceilings, walls, structural members, piping, duct work, or any other part of a building which when dry may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure.
What does “accredited asbestos contractor” mean?
The term “accredited asbestos contractor” means a person accredited pursuant to the provisions of section 2646 of this title. (2) ADMINISTRATOR. The term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. (3) ASBESTOS. The term “asbestos” means asbestiform varieties of–.
What is a local educational agency?
(A) any local educational agency as defined in section 7801 of Title 20, (B) the owner of any private, nonprofit elementary or secondary school building, and.
Can an outside contractor be on site?
Outside contractors should be put in touch with your environmental consultant so that they can be on-site if the contractor anticipates any disturbance of ACM or they have any questions regarding the management plan. Karl Environmental is happy to be on-site for any meetings or consultation needs with your outside contracting firms, should the need arise.
Do not slack off with your school’s asbestos management?
Do not slack off with your school’s asbestos management — not only are these federal regulations , but by not following them, young school children, perhaps even including your own children, may be at considerable risk for asbestos exposure. Just designate one person to keep everything organized, follow our checklists and it’ll be much easier to comply and keep everyone safe and happy.
Can you save a AHERA checklist?
Note: This AHERA checklist can be saved using cookies, meaning you can come back to our website and check off what you have completed so far to stay on track and the checks are saved!
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://agrifarmingtips.com/are-ahera-inspections-required-on-an-agricultural-building/
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Community and Regional Development
- Bachelor of Science
Do you enjoy working with people in communities? Do you want to manage communities and transform organizations? The community and regional development major provides a broad comparative understanding of the ways that economic, political and socio-cultural forces are transforming regions and local communities. Students in the major work with people to solve problems while creating political, social and economic opportunities. The major is organized to allow students to develop fields of concentration that meet their individual career goals.
After you complete your general education courses, you have several options. You can specialize in community groups, focusing on the diversity of groups and organizations that make up a community; organization and management, focusing on human resources, public relations and general management; policy and planning, focusing on law, environment and local government; or social services, focusing on public health, housing, design, education and counseling. All students in this major are required to complete an internship in their field of specialization.
- Community Development Coordinator
- Community Organizer and Advocate
- Economic Development Analyst
- Human Resource Manager
- Nonprofit Administrator
- Urban and Regional Planner
- Social Entrepreneur
- Social Worker
- Social justice
- Public health
- Community and regional planning
- Urban planning
- CalTrans and Yolo County Transportation
- State of California, Housing and Community Development
- City of Sacramento, Planning and City of Woodland, Economic Development
- Community Housing Opportunities Corporation, Affordable Housing
- Self-Help Enterprises
Explore internships and jobs on campus and beyond.
Your course roadmap
Find the detailed course requirements for your program and map out your path to graduation.
The faculty you will work with
Our undergraduates work directly with our faculty through research projects and labs.
Global learning programs
Expand your horizons by studying abroad or pursuing global learning on campus.
Get hands on with your interests. Participate in one of our hundreds of research opportunities.
What can I do with my CRD major?
Learn how to connect your CRD major to career opportunities.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://climatechange.ucdavis.edu/majors/community-and-regional-development
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Malawi just like the rest of the world has been hit by Covid 19. With new cases rising steadily everyday it is clear that the pandemic is no longer hanging on the fences but has come home to stay.
From 3 cases in April to over 350 in just two months. This means an increase in the work load of medical workers in the country, a familiar situation in almost all countries in the world at the moment. The coming in of Covid 19 has obviously strained Doctors, nurses and other medical workers who are already burdened with other ailments like HIV and Aids, Cancer and other diseases.
The medical workers are putting their lives on the line for the sake of saving lives from the pandemic. They are enduring long hours of work just to save more lives. People around the world are honoring the medical workers through various ways from setting aside a moment just to cheer the doctors through the clap of hands to composing songs or poems in their honor.
One such composition is a song called “My White Army” done by 11 artists from African countries directed and produced by the CEO of Merck Foundation Rasha Kelej, an organization working with First Ladies in Africa to fight infertility and discrimination of people with fertility problems.
Kelej said the song is to acknowledge the great sacrifice of doctors, nurses and medical workers during these tough times in Africa and across the world under the umbrella of her personal initiative, ‘Separated but Connected’.
“I strongly believe, it is important for the people on the front line; doctors, nurses and health workers to know how grateful we are. I don’t want this to be a one-off thank you, but one that becomes a regular act of gratitude across our communities.
I have heard stories of horrible behavior against our health workers, such as, landlords are forcefully evicting them due to paranoia that they might spread COVID -19. It is shocking, illegal and inhuman behavior”, said Kelej. She further said through the song which is in English, French and Arabic, singers representing Africa are expressing love, respect and gratitude for doctors, nurses and health workers, the front lines of coronavirus battle. She said It is the message of support for those braving the outbreak to help others.
“This song is my personal contribution to COVID-19 response. But at the professional level, through Merck Foundation, we have raced to respond to coronavirus in Africa in partnership with 18 First Ladies in four main focus areas which include; supporting the livelihood of thousands of casual workers and women during the lockdown, launching the “Stay at Home’
Media Recognition Awards, launching an inspiring children storybook ‘Make the Right Choice’ to sensitize children & youth about Coronavirus and building healthcare capacity through providing online one year diploma for African doctors in Respiratory medicines and Acute Medicines”, said Kelej. ‘My White Army’ has been performed by A Pass from Uganda, Cwesi from Ghana, Kambua from Kenya, Mahmoud Al Leithy from Egypt, Nikki from Nigeria, Rozzy from Sierra Leone, Salatiel from Cameroon, Sean K from Namibia, Sunita from The Gambia, Tom Close from Rwanda and Wezi from Zambia.
Merck Foundation is working with the country’s First Lady Prof Gertrude Mutharika through a program called ‘More Than a Mother Initiative’ to reduce challenges that childless women face in society.
Listen to the song on social media:
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<urn:uuid:933238af-aebd-4919-9c49-5557bbc7ef28>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://mbc.mw/an-appreciation-to-medical-workers/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz
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en
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The Mission Darkness™ FreeRoam Faraday Backpack combines military strength shielding with consumer aesthetics to offer a functional solution for protecting laptops and mobile devices during travel and everyday commuting. The interior is lined with two layers of TitanRF™ Faraday Fabric, a lab certified high-shielding material that blocks WiFi (2.4 & 5GHz), Bluetooth, cell signals including 5G networks, GPS, RFID, NFC, and radio signals from low MHz all the way up to 40GHz. When a device is enclosed in the backpack, no apps or malicious code can be remotely triggered or wiped, no communication can penetrate, and no one can access the microphone, camera, GPS location, or data. The shielded compartment also provides a barrier between your body and harmful EMF radiation and pollution emanating from devices inside.
The backpack utilizes a unique closure method consisting of a double roll plus spring hook. Hidden internal magnets line the top seam, maintaining a tight and secure seal. The backpack is constructed with a durable and water-resistant 600D PVC exterior, plus an unshielded front zipper pocket for small items. The back side includes breathable back padding, plus adjustable straps with supportive nylon webbing. The padded laptop compartment fits up to 17 inch laptops, and the remaining space is large enough to accommodate bulky electronics or accessories.
Primary uses are for defense against data theft, anti-tracking, personal security, EMP protection, EMF radiation reduction, law enforcement and military forensic evidence collection, and to enhance digital privacy. The backpack is typically used to shield laptops, tablets, cell phones, GPS units, keyfobs, credit cards and IDs with RFID chips/tags, and similar size electronics.
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<urn:uuid:5abf3b75-1272-43c8-ad2d-be955bf80979>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://mosequipment.com/collections/faraday-dry-bags/products/mission-darkness-freeroam-faraday-backpack
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz
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en
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What is a 'corona phase'? I have come across this term in several papers, including this one
but all I have found concerning its definition is:
[...] synthetic heteropolymers, once constrained onto a single-walled carbon nanotube by chemical adsorption, also form a new corona phase that exhibits highly selective recognition for specific molecules...
What is the formal definition of 'corona phase'?
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<urn:uuid:2460f3a1-c8f3-42d0-82b5-d7e49815914e>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/47031/what-is-a-corona-phase
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Shades of blue swirled across a dark night sky recall a tantalizingly familiar image. Amalia Perna, postdoctoral scholar at Stanford Medicine calls it "The Van Golgi," an ethereal rendition of Vincent van Gogh's "The Starry Night" that trades a canvas and paints for mouse brain sections and the Golgi-staining technique, which helps scientists image neurons.
One of 57 submissions, Perna's rendition of the masterpiece was awarded the Grand Prize in a recent scientific image competition hosted by the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. The Andrew Olson Scientific Image Awards competition recognizes the creativity and expertise of the imaging community at Stanford, providing scientists an opportunity to demonstrate the more artistic side of their research.
Perna works in the lab of pathology professor Thomas Montine, MD, PhD, investigating neurodegeneration prevention and recovery. She explores the molecular mechanisms of brain cells following exposure to toxic stimuli or disease. Much of the data Perna analyzes comes from mouse models, which also served as building blocks for her artwork.
I spoke to Perna to learn more about her artwork and how she views the intersection of art and science.
What was the inspiration for 'The Van Golgi'?
I started thinking about how the Golgi-stained sections I imaged in the previous weeks could be seen as art, even more strikingly than they already appear under the microscope. My original idea was to reproduce an old piece of art. It may have been the harmony between the bright blue color of the staining chemicals and the intense black from the metal reaction that pointed me to van Gogh's "The Starry Night." The first resemblance I noticed was between the fascicular nature, a sort of clustered swirl, of the corpus callosum, a thick nerve tract that connects the two brain hemispheres, and the style that van Gogh used to paint the swirling clouds.
How did you build on the science to make the image?
Everything fell into place. I started noticing that the rounded neurons of the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that helps control things like body temperature, thirst and other aspects of bodily maintenance, could be used for the stars, while the organization of the cortical neurons looked like the little village at the bottom of the hills. Pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus were perfect for portraying cypress trees in the foreground, and the perimeter of the coronal section -- characterized by a slightly darker stain -- naturally resembled the rolling hills.
I mostly used Photoshop to size, contour and stitch together images of the structures from the brain sections. I tried to find the overlap between my images and "The Starry Night" by playing with proportions and shapes while preserving as much as possible the scientific image.
What are your thoughts on the contest's goal of combining art and science?
Often, art and science are thought of as two independent worlds, with two different languages. But I see a lot of art in science, and vice versa. This contest gave me the chance to observe different expressions of beauty in the scientific world. The great variety of acquisition methods employed to get those pictures, the different species portrayed, and techniques and chemistry used are just a few examples of how much art is hidden in what scientists do daily.
"Connected Consciousness in an Undersea Egalimind" and "A Californian Sunset" were awarded second and third place, respectively.
Image by Amalia Perna
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<urn:uuid:6aa6d3ba-6415-4106-8311-8813ca80ce32>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2022/05/06/the-brain-meets-the-starry-night/
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|
en
| 0.946788
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|
THE 6,500 hectare Dharawal National Park has been officially
The national park will indefinitely preserve the area’s unique biodiversity, including several endangered species and Sydney’s largest surviving koala population. It will also protect a large number of Aboriginal rock art and significant cultural sites. The listing also has a “no depth restriction”, meaning the park is protected to the centre of the earth for the first time.
NSW Premier Barry O’Farrell says it kills off plans by BHP subsidiary Illawarra Coal to mine within the park and he says there will be no compensation paid to the mining company.
The park is located along the Appin Road west of Bulli, north of the Cataract Dam road.
The NSW Government has committed $1 million to improve visitor facilities and opportunities in Dharawal. These will include a new lookout with access for the disabled, improved walking access to the pools on Stokes Creek and picnic facilities.
A loop walk to Maddens Falls has also been proposed for the Illawarra end of the National Park at Darks Forrest, which would allow visitors to walk down to the base of the falls.
State MP for Heathcote Lee Evans has welcomed the official establishment of the park as a historic milestone for the region.
“I am very proud that the NSW Government has guaranteed the protection of this priceless natural asset,” Mr Evans said.
“This fulfils a key election commitment for the Government and rewards almost two decades of tireless campaigning from the local community.”
Mr Evans congratulated community campaigners who fought to protect the area.
“The legacy of their tireless efforts will be enjoyed by countless future generations,” he said.
A community celebration of Dharawal National Park will be held on May 5.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://thebullitimes.com/2012/03/26/thousands-of-hectares-dedicated-as-national-park/
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India coach Rahul Dravid was the guest in Olympic gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra’s “In the Zone” podcast recently, where he shared a never before heard anecdote from his school life.
Bindra asked Dravid about the time when he scored a century in school cricket and his name was printed in the newspaper but the paper got his name wrong and called him Rahul David.
“The editor obviously thought that there was a spelling mistake and there could be no one as Dravid. So, it had to be David, right?” Dravid said.
“Because it’s a lot more common name. So, I think it was a good lesson for me as well to realize that while I might be really happy and excited about scoring a 100 in school cricket but I am still not well known. And people don’t even know my name.
They can’t even trust my name to be right and have to change it,” Dravid added.
Rahul ‘David’ recounts a crucial lesson he learnt after scoring his 1st century in school cricket. Tune in to my podcast ‘In the Zone’ to dissect the mind of THE gentleman from the gentleman’s game.@under25universe https://t.co/A9iUknxEMu #InTheZoneWithAB #Under25Original pic.twitter.com/v2CAvNAPRB
— Abhinav A. Bindra OLY (@Abhinav_Bindra) July 25, 2022
A few years ago, Dravid had shared how he derived inspiration from Bindra when he clinched victory in the Olympics and how that ‘emboldened’ him to ‘give that one last push’ with his career.
“In 2008, I was in the middle of a lean patch. The runs had dried up and I was on the wrong side of the 30s. That isn’t a good territory in Indian cricket. I needed to pick myself up, I wanted to. I knew I had at least a couple of years of cricket left in me. Around this time, I watched with glee as Abhinav Bindra shot his way towards an Olympic gold in Beijing. I still remember the adrenaline rush that I felt at that time. Reading Abhinav’s autobiography was fascinating for me. I think his story must be read by anyone on the quest for excellence,” Dravid had said.
“Abhinav’s achievement emboldened me to give it that last push with my own career to dig deep again and to do whatever it took, as difficult as it might seem. His no-shortcuts, no-excuses approach is something we can all aspire for, in whatever tasks big or small that we undertake,” he added.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://spotifypremium.co/people-dont-even-know-my-name-rahul-dravid-recalls-funny-incident-after-first-century-in-school-cricket/
|
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en
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|
School’s out, and pretty soon your kids will start finding themselves with nothing to do. Instead of allowing them to watch TV or play video games all summer long, why not promote a healthier lifestyle? Limiting your children’s TV time and encouraging activities that require exercise in its place is a great way to do this. Here’s a list of some ideas for creative, inexpensive and healthy summer activities for kids to help keep them busy all summer long.
Encourage your kids to stay active by allowing them to play outside.
Many kids enjoy playing sports outside. There may be community programs or leagues your children can sign up for over the summer, or they can just get some friends and play on their own. If they choose the latter route, create a DIY throwing tarp. Your kids can use it for a throwing game outside that is great to play individually or with friends.
If that’s not appealing to them, try swimming. It’s one of the most popular summer sports. If you don’t have a personal or neighborhood pool, there are many community pools that may be available to use with a monthly membership. Most neighborhood pools will allow residents to bring guests, so if you have a friend with a neighborhood pool, see if you can arrange a pool date with them and your kids. Monitor the pH levels of the pool though to make sure the chemicals aren’t damaging your child’s teeth.
The uses for sidewalk chalk expand far beyond drawing pictures on your driveway. Here are some creative ways you can use chalk to get your kids playing outside:
- Create a bull’s-eye game: Draw a bull’s-eye with chalk in your driveway and use wet sponges to try to hit the target!
- Dress up dolls: If you have girls, take stick-figures to the next level by using old baby or doll clothes to create outfits for your chalk people.
- Exploding chalk paint: Make these fun bags using ingredients you probably already have in your house. Your kids will have a blast throwing them on the sidewalk (and maybe at each other!) and watching them burst.
Because summer is so hot, it may be extra incentive for your kids to play outside if they know they can get wet. Don’t have a pool? No problem! There are plenty of other fun ways for kids to play with water.
- Allow them to play in the sprinklers! Young kids will have fun running in and out of the spraying water.
- Fill up some balloons with water and have a water balloon fight! Or step it up a notch and add food coloring to the water balloons and wear a white shirt. You’ll have fun AND get a free tie-dye shirt.
Another idea to both stay active and spend some extra time with your kids is to participate in an outdoor family activity. Have a day at the park or zoo, or just go out in the yard and play catch, ride bikes, climb trees, etc. Family activities will not only keep your kids healthy this summer, but you as well!
If it’s too hot to play outside, there are still ways to stay active indoors. Here are some ideas for indoor activities to keep the kids off the couch.
For the science-lover, there are many fun experiments that can be done using items you probably already have in your house! Here are some of our favorites:
- Create “alien bubbles”: All you need is dry ice, bubble solution, a funnel, a container with a tight lid and duct tape.
- Extract DNA from strawberries: Discover what makes a strawberry a strawberry using laundry detergent, rubbing alcohol and a few other household items.
- Make soap clouds: Perfect for young children, all you need to do for this experiment is melt a bar of soap in the microwave. After a few minutes, the bar of soap will transform into a puffy and frothy cloud.
- Make a giant bubble wand: If your kids have fun with regular-sized bubbles, then they’ll love the giant bubbles that this DIY project creates.
Go on an Indoor Camping Trip
If it’s too hot for an actual camping trip, allow your kids to camp out inside. Have them pack a bag, set up a tent and create a fake campfire. If you’re really into it, you can even make camping food (such as stew and s’mores) and have them help! You can also remind your kids that there isn’t internet or TV in camping, so they will have to entertain themselves with telling ghost stories around the “fire” and “hiking” around the house.
Create an Obstacle Course
Create an obstacle course for your kids to go through around the house. You can get creative with how you do this, but here are some ideas you can incorporate:
- Make a laser beam security system out of yarn
- For younger kids, add an educational element with these printables
- Use pool noodles, chairs and other furniture as hurdles to jump over or crawl under
Do a Craft
Crafts can be more than just drawing or painting. We love these fun ideas:
A break from school shouldn’t be an excuse to lay idle for a few months. Keeping your kids active during the summer months is important for them to maintain a healthy lifestyle, and keeping yourself busy as well can help set a good example. Just remember to be creative, stay active and have fun!
How do you keep your kids active during the summer?
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Crime 08/02/20 As the gang of Teens made Kazan the most dangerous city in the USSR
After the TV series “Gangster Petersburg” Northern capital had gained a reputation as “the criminal capital of Russia”, although in the same nineties in Yekaterinburg, for example, things were happening much more serious.
in Recent years, the Soviet Union became notorious for rampant organized crime, which have become symbols of Kazan and Ulan-Ude.
so in the late seventies and early eighties, Soviet criminologists have described the situation in the capital of Tatarstan.
One of the most powerful organized crime groups in the Soviet Union became Kazan “Hadi Taktash”, named according to the name of the street where it was based. A years active: 1982 – 2002. At the beginning of the Foundation of the gang were teenagers, led by a previously convicted Kazan. Starting with the robbery of passers-by and fights with other youth gangs, “Hadi Taktash” grew into a criminal syndicate.
In the early 90s, the gang tried to organize in Moscow, but its emissaries were killed. Within the gang, there were two movements – “old” and “young”. The first advocated the traditional concept, the other wanted to extend its influence over the economy, politics and other spheres of life. Gradually the “young” took over and thin out the ranks of the “old men”. Law enforcement authorities long time could not gather material on the band – there were no witnesses, and if anyone dared to testify, he was beaten to death, after which he “went into denial”. Blunt has sent to the light.
the More well-known and violent group was the “teplokontrol”, better known as “Anyhow”. The gang had a kind of ideology, according to which only its members was considered by the people, for the rest it was possible to use any method. “Pow-Lipovtsy” spared neither old men, nor women, nor children. The gang has organized several so-called races in Kazan, during whichx ruthlessly kill all counter. The first run was held in 1978. However, by the dissenters in their own ranks “Pow-Lipovtsy” was also ruthless. Led the “Half-Error” triumvirate. In the best years in the gang consisted of five hundred men armed with weapons and firearms, including imported ones. The gang had its own sign: the three-pronged crown and the letters “T” and “K”, i.e., “teplokontrol.”
Winder – smithy crime frames
the Smithy of the criminal frame for all these criminal groups was the so-called winder — youth gangs of Kazan. Teenagers here “took care” of representatives of adult criminals. Winder formed on a geographical basis, by place of residence.
Inside was a strict hierarchy, but the national question was absent in one winder consisted of Tatars, Bashkirs and Russians. It was more important who lives where. Leader winder called — the credibility or the author. The hierarchy was dependent on age: 11-13 years – husk, 14-15 – super 17-18 – young, 19 years old. Box was called the original core of the group, it includes a courtyard or series of standing close to each other multi-storey buildings.
there was a common Fund, to replenish which was all members of the winder. The source of the money was not important, but basically it was “income” from criminal activities. There was a fairly extensive and detailed “code boy”, which prescribes the behavior in certain situations. As a member of the winder, it was impossible to ignore the General Assembly or participation in a mass fight with another winder – it was supposed to severe punishment. Kazanets, not included in winder, called cospan, his fate was unenviable, but life is often short as Cusano could use any methods of influence anyone in the first place – “native” winder, forcing it to join its ranks.
Fighting other winders was mandatory and cruelty. In addition to the use of sharpened welding electrodes, and other bladed weapons, in the course were samopala and even homemade explosive device equipped with fishing hooks so increased the probability that when throwing the projectile will cling to clothing and cause maximum damage. Traumatic brain injury, often when a showdown, not without black humor called “piggy Bank”.
Relationships have been resolved, but the solution the author had to abandon the girl or to transfer her to another member of the winder. There was a category of “General girl” when it was in the winder the girls served the sexual needs of all members of the winder, without any commitments and relationships.
to Suppress the winder was only in the late 80’s-early 90 – ies, with the use of the army special forces.
Youth “holds” Ulan-Ude
But the youth group Ulan-Ude arose as a result of mass building. Since the mid-sixties, the city began a multi-storey building, mnogopodezdnom house compactly inhabited by Buryats. Feeling outnumbered, they began to direct their orders. In the 70-ies of the trendsetter of the group was “the Chiang Kai-shek”, whose founders wanted to make Asian all attractive, even the wall murals were stylizowane under characters. And the point of collection of street gangs became known as “Taiwan”. The gang was called on Asia-Indian style: “hunghutz”, “barguty”, “Shoshone”, “the Delawares,” “the Huns”. For identification “friend or foe” used tongue clicks, borrowed from the nomadic tribes. Films with Gojko Mitic was wildly popular.
“Chiang Kai-shek” neglected small ugolovkoy, for example – jerks fur hats from passers-by. Not touch the elderly and family. The “Chiang Kai-shek” was hierarchy: 13-15 years — medaki, punks, 16-17 – middle peasants, from 20 years seniors. It was a kind of “government”: the Minister of defence, culture and so on. Was your flag.
But the ideological stage was short-lived. Rose street groups who were not interested in anything but power, power and money. The city was divided into spheres of influence, there was no piece of territory, nor one yard, the catwho would “draw”. According to the research of British anthropologist Caroline Humphrey, in Ulan-Ude youth gangs quickly became ordinary criminal “business” and got into the legal economy in the Soviet times. The payment of tribute for “protection” ceased to be irregular and voluntary, and moved on a mandatory footing.
© Russian Seven
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That is the title of my current column at The Upshot. I very much enjoyed my read of William MacCaskill’s Doing Good Better: How Effective Altruism Can Help You Make a Difference. The point of course is to apply science, reason, and data analysis to our philanthropic giving.
I am more positive than negative on this movement and also the book, as you can see from the column. Still, I think my more skeptical remarks are the most interesting part to excerpt:
Neither Professor MacAskill nor the effective-altruism movement has answered all the tough questions. Often the biggest gains come from innovation, yet how can a donor spur such advances? If you had a pile of money and the intent to make the world a better place in 1990, could you have usefully expected or encouraged the spread of cellphones to Africa? Probably not, yet this technology has improved the lives of many millions, and at a profit, so for the most part its introduction didn’t draw money from charities. Economists know frustratingly little about the drivers of innovation.
And as Prof. Angus Deaton of Princeton University has pointed out, many of the problems of poverty boil down to bad politics, and we don’t know how to use philanthropy to fix that. If corruption drains away donated funds, for example, charity could even be counterproductive by propping up bad governments.
Sometimes we simply can’t know in advance how important a donation will turn out to be. For example, the financier John A. Paulson’s recently announced $400 million gift to Harvard may be questioned on the grounds that Harvard already has more money than any university in the world, and surely is not in dire need of more. But do we really know that providing extra support for engineering and applied sciences at Harvard — the purpose of the donation — will not turn into globally worthwhile projects? Innovations from Harvard may end up helping developing economies substantially. And even if most of Mr. Paulson’s donation isn’t spent soon, the money is being invested in ways that could create jobs and bolster productivity.
In addition, donor motivation may place limits on the applicability of the effective-altruism precepts. Given that a lot of donors are driven by emotion, pushing them to be more reasonable might backfire. Excessively cerebral donors might respond with so much self-restraint that they end up giving less to charity. If they are no longer driven by emotion, they may earn and save less in the first place.
On Paulson, here is Ashok Rao’s recent post on compounding returns.
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Students' alternative conceptions in introductory college physics courses
Date of Publication
Master of Science in Teaching Major in Physics
Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC College of Education
Robert C. Roleda
Defense Panel Chair
Defense Panel Member
Ed Van Den Berg
Bee Ching Ong
This study diagnoses students' conception of certain fundamental physics concepts and to assess the persistence of familiar misconceptions at the end of one semester of instruction.Written tests and interviews were conducted to carry out this objective. A total of 287 students from 3 universities, University of San Carlos (n=139), University of Santo Tomas (n=97), and De La Salle University (n=51, enrolled in different study programs within each university were tested at the start and at the end of their introductory college physics course. The test used was the Force Concept Inventory, the instrument of choice in many studies in the USA.The test showed low pretest results only averaging about 27 percent of the maximum possible score yet answers were not random but showed clear patterns of familiar misconceptions. Just like conventional physics lecture in the USA, not much progress was obtained from pretest to posttest. Conceptual learning was limited as conventional lectures are not tailored to the specific conceptual problems of the students. The exception was one class of 32 physics education students. The teaching method used with these students was characterized by high interaction between teacher and students, frequent seatwork and small group discussion in class, and a focus on conceptual problems. This method comes close to what is called interactive engagement in the recent USA literature (Hake, 1998).
Quantitative learning was assessed with the use of the Mechanics Baseline Test. This test, which perfectly compliments the Force Concept Inventory, was only given in the posttest because it focuses on quantitative knowledge that cannot be grasped without formal knowledge of mechanics. Results of the test showed that problem-solving capability is actually enhanced (not sacrificed, as some would believe) when concepts are emphasized.
Archives, The Learning Commons, 12F Henry Sy Sr. Hall
120 numb. leaves
College students; Physics--Study and teaching; Education--Curricula; Teaching methods; Errors
Capistrano, N. (1999). Students' alternative conceptions in introductory college physics courses. Retrieved from https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etd_masteral/2339
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Everyone wants to expand their business either by way of merging or buying different companies. But wait; have you checked all the prospective carefully? Sadly, I have come across various examples where the companies step back after 1 to 2 years of acquisition all because of lack of due diligence.
Due diligence is not a new concept and is in action from the last fifteenth century. However, it was legally introduced in the late 1930s. Various entities such as banks, private companies, etc. perform it to review multiple aspects of the other company before making a final decision.
Now you might be thinking why it so important. Don’t worry because today’s article will provide you all the required information regarding due diligence, its importance, and its purpose.
What is Due Diligence?
The verbal meaning of due diligence in research and investigation while diligent means to be hardworking, attentive, and thorough. Due diligence is a necessary process that involves proper research and analytic evaluation before investing in a company, acquisition of a company, staring a business partnership, or while providing a bank loan. It is done with a motive to determine the actual value of the proposed company and to evaluate any type of significant issue ongoing in the company. All these analysis and research is summed up in a report which is called due diligence report.
In a summarized way, due diligence involves:
- Analysis of various aspects to have an estimate of the commercial potential of an entity.
- Assessment of financial viability of an entity to determine its liabilities and assets
- Examination of the operations and verification of the material facts about the entity’s transactions.
When is Due Diligence Required?
Due diligence is required during the following conditions:
- During the merger and acquisition of the companies
- During raising funds for a startup
- During assets tracking
- Signing a deal or contract
- Investigation of a target company
What is the purpose of Due Diligence?
Due diligence helps the entity to decide by looking at every aspect of the target company. The primary purpose behind due diligence remains the same for every entity i.e., to check the financial and legal stability of the concerned entity and make sure you are well known with the facts and work process ongoing in the company. In short, it enables the establishment to gather as much as information required for which due diligence is executed.
Here are different purposes of due diligence for various entities:
Due diligence in partnership is done for strategic partnerships, alliances, and business coalitions.
For Mergers and Acquisitions:
Due diligence in mergers and acquisitions is done based on the viewpoint of both the seller and buyer. The buyer looks for the information regarding the litigation, finances, patents, etc. while the seller’s main focus is on the business background of the buyer and his capabilities and efficiency to fulfill the commitments and carry on the transactions of the company.
For Public Offers:
Aspects noted during the due diligence of public offers include their decision made on public issues, disclosures, and other compliances and matters.
For collaborations and joint ventures
When a company collaborates with some other company, the main aspects that require due diligence is the reputation of the target company in the market. Knowing about the commitments and resources of an entity becomes very important before joining hands together.
Areas to be focused during Due Diligence:
You need to focus on below-given areas during the process:
- Viability of the concerned entity: Viability is the ability of the company to work. To check the viability of the concerned company, you need to go through their financial business plans thoroughly.
- Healthy Environment: A healthy environment is key to a successful organization. Therefore it’s quite necessary to go through the environment and its impacts on the functioning of the targeted company.
- Monetary aspects: Monetary aspects deal with the cash flow of the company. To evaluate it, the company needs to go through the financial data and ratio analysis of the targeted company.
- Personnel Capabilities: It means to monitor and analyze the capabilities and credibility of the people who are joined with the respective company.
- Technological abilities: Availability and usage of the latest technology are very important to carry out business in a proper manner. Such an analysis would help you to take future actions.
- Litigations and ongoing issues: Any type of litigations and ongoing issues are necessary to be taken into account before making a final decision.
- Synergy Effects: Analyzing the effects of the synergy between the existing and targeted companies would be an efficient decision-making tool.
Types of Due Diligence
Well, from the above information, you would have known how important is due diligence. Now let’s have a look at different types of due diligence:
Administrative Due diligence:
Administrative due diligence deals with verifying administrative aspects such as the number of employees, facilities to the employees, the occupancy rate of the company, etc.
- It helps in evaluating the administrative conditions of the company.
- It provides a clear cut picture of the cost that a buyer has to incur if he plans to join and expand the proposed company.
Asset Due diligence:
It deals with all the details regarding the fixed assets of the target company. It involves mortgages, lease agreements, permits, policies, capital equipment, and real estate.
Financial Due Diligence:
It’s not important what CIM shows are accurate. Financial diligence helps the company go through the actual finances of the company through their capital plans, audited and un-audited financial statements, the projection of the company, their creditors and debtors, customer accounts, cost analysis, profit margins, etc.
Environmental Due Diligence:
Conditions are not the same as we’re in the old times. Nowadays, all companies have to follow the rules relating to environmental laws. In case a company does not follow them, the higher authorities have the full right to impose penalties in turn. Hence it becomes important to go through the environmental audits of the company before making a final decision.
Human Resource Due Diligence:
Human resources are quite extensive and include all labor laws and policies. The company needs to go through the total number of labors and employees their salaries, contracts, policies related to their leaves, policies relating to the problems faced by the employees, health benefits for the employees, insurance policies, grants and ESOPs and many more.
Tax Due Diligence:
In this, all the important tax-related documents and liabilities are checked carefully to ensure proper tax calculation as per the laws. Additionally, it is also important to check whether there are any pending tax-related issues of the target company with the income tax authorities or not.
One should closely scrutinize documents such as income tax return copies, tax audits of the company, tax credits, NOL pertaining documents, etc.
Customer’s Due Diligence:
It includes all the aspects that provide information regarding the customer base of the targeted company. It includes a list of customers and their assets, total and largest purchase, reports of customer satisfaction and reviews, list of customers, loss within the past 3 to 5 years, and others.
Legal Due Diligence:
It includes evaluation and review of legal documents such as a memorandum of association, article of association, minutes of previous shareholder meetings, minutes of the previous board meeting, copies of share certificates and share transfer form issued to the management personnel, franchise agreements and license and other important legal documents.
There are no such specific rules and regulations related to due diligence. However, it is quite an important and significant process that helps to avoid any kind of fraud and maintains transparency between the seller and buyer. It is usually carried out by legal professionals who have enough knowledge and experience regarding the corporate sector of India.
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Turkey, recording a six-month peak in its COVID-19 infections due to the spread of Omicron, rolled out its homegrown vaccine, Turkovac, with the assurances that it was “efficient” against the new variant.
“Though we have an increase in the people who have been infected largely due to the new Omicron variant, there are fewer people hospitalized and fewer deaths,” President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said after a three-hour Cabinet meeting Jan. 3, where the main issues were health and the much-awaited 30% increase in civil servants’ salaries.
Despite the Turkish Statistics Institute’s announcement earlier Monday that Turkey’s yearly inflation climbed by the fastest pace in 19 years, jumping to 36.8%, Erdogan determinedly painted a rosy photo on Turkey’s strengths. Saying that Turkey’s exports and economic growth soared despite the pandemic, the president trumpeted the new “national and local” vaccine, whose emergency use was authorized Dec. 22 despite misgivings from local medical circles.
“With Turkovac, our homegrown vaccination, now at the service of our people, we have nothing to fear from the pandemic as long as people continue with social distancing and hygiene,” Erdogan said, as his health minister and medical experts warn of a new peak in COVID-19 cases.
Earlier Monday, Turkish-speaking Twitter was flooded with the news that Ali Koc, chairman of Turkey’s popular Fenerbahce soccer team and one of the country’s biggest business moguls, tested positive for COVID-19. The daily cases of infections recorded surged past 44,000 on Monday, marking a steep increase partly driven by Omicron, the new and highly contagious variant that is partly responsible for the surge in COVID-19 cases in Turkey.
Professor Ates Kara, director of the Turkish Vaccine Institute and a member of the Health Ministry’s scientific board on COVID-19, told the state-run Anadolu news agency that the antibodies produced by Turkovac booster shots provided sufficient protection against Omicron. “Interpreting the data we have obtained on the studies so far, the antibody levels appear to provide protection against Omicron, but our studies continue,” Kara was quoted as saying at the vaccine's manufacturing facility in the southeastern province of Sanliurfa. “But it is not possible to say how long [this protection] will last."
Turkey has already administered more than 130 million doses of vaccines, using shots developed by China's Sinovac and by Pfizer/BioNTech. It is now offering Turkovac, Sinovac and BioNTech booster shots.
Many medical organizations, such as the Turkish Medical Association (TTB) and the Turkish Thorax Association, have expressed their concern on what they called an intransparent and fast authorization of the homegrown vaccine, criticizing the government for concealing data of the critical phase 3 from the review of local and international medical experts. “I hope Turkovac gets the approval of the World Health Organization (WHO) as quickly as possible,” said Tugrul Erbaydar, board member of the Public Health Experts Association. “Vaccines that receive national authorization but fail to get international authorization, such as Russia’s Sputnik, not only impact people’s health but damage the country’s credibility.”
But Ankara remained impervious to the criticism. A day before New Year’s Eve, media-savvy Health Minister Fahrettin Koca posed for cameras as he rolled up his sleeve to receive a booster shot of the vaccine that was developed in cooperation with the state-run Turkish Health Institutes and Kayseri Erciyes University.
Following the minister’s footsteps, Turkish Health Institutes chair professor Erhan Akdogan also received a shot as he told journalists that Ankara had “started the process” with the WHO for approval. “We sent the information [to the WHO] and are now getting feedback,” he said Dec. 30. “We will then send the data they request.” Currently, Turkovac is listed under “vaccine candidates” on the WHO list that tracks vaccine trials.
Erdogan has said in the past that Turkovac would be made available globally, but without detailed information about the vaccine's efficacy rate or results from clinical trials, this seems dubious. Akdogan said that the first country to receive Turkovac might be Azerbaijan. “We were already conducting joint scientific studies with foreign countries such as Azerbaijan, Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan a few months ago. … In recent weeks, we have completed our preparations for this in Azerbaijan, and we plan to transmit our Turkovac vaccines there as part of a joint scientific research platform in the near future,” he told Anadolu agency.
Turkovac, previously known as ERUCOV-VAC before Erdogan renamed it in June, was developed by a team of scientists led by professor Aykut Ozdarendeli. Forty-four volunteers participated in the first phase in November 2020, and 250 in the second phase in February 2021. With both phases showing positive data, Turkish authorities moved onto phase 3 of the development process in June, when “thousands” of volunteers who had not been infected with COVID-19 nor vaccinated before were administered Turkovac shots. In parallel, shots were administered to volunteers in 41 hospitals in 28 provinces of the country. These were selected from healthy individuals aged 18-59 years who were not infected and had received two doses of the Sinovac vaccine. As booster shots, half received Turkovac and the other half Sinovac.
“We do not know the data of phase 3; we do not know how the authorization of emergency use was given,” said TTB chair Sebnem Korur Fincanci, adding that even the exact number of people who participated in phase 3 and interim data had not been disclosed.
“We welcome and congratulate the Turkish scientists who developed this vaccine,” Fincanci told Al-Monitor. “But it is of crucial importance that people trust the vaccine, and this can only be done if scientific data is shared at local and international levels. Otherwise, the pollution of information would only create more antivaxxers and vaccine skeptics.”
Erdogan insists that the national and local jab would alleviate the concerns of antivaxxers in the country. “I know that there is a group of our citizens that hesitate — albeit in groundless thought — to get a COVID-19 vaccine,” he said after the Cabinet meeting. “With Turkovac, which has been produced by our own scientists in Turkey, I call upon those citizens to get their jabs as soon as possible.”
The antivaxxers in Turkey are a heterogeneous group that range from left-wing conspiracy theorists to arch-conservatives. They have held nationwide demonstrations in which they shouted slogans against Bill Gates or repeated the baseless claim that Microsoft used vaccines to implant trackable microchips into people.
Koca, who issues terse Twitter messages to the public on the pandemic, warned Turks about the rapid increase in COVID-19 cases and urged them to get their booster shots. “The daily virus cases throughout Turkey might reach 60,000-70,000 soon amid a growing prevalence of the Omicron variant,” he told Haberturk TV Dec. 31. This means a return to April 2021 levels, which was followed by curfews and weekend lockdowns throughout May.
For Turkey’s overwrought doctors, the number is likely to be double, particularly after the government failed to curb New Year’s Eve celebrations, which are traditionally marked with street parties in the country’s major cities of Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir.
“Omicron, which is more contagious than any other variant of COVID-19, has created this new surge in Turkey, like elsewhere in the world,” Lutfi Camli, chair of the Izmir Medical Chamber, told Al-Monitor. “This was a peak everyone saw coming, and many of the countries have reinstated measures or obliged vaccinations for certain groups.”
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Wealthy Brits are increasingly looking to leave the UK due to issues such as high taxes, poor public services, red tape and lack of investment in infrastructure, a new study has revealed.
Around 19 percent of wealthy Brits are openly considering a move overseas within the next two years, according to research conducted by Lloyds TSB International Wealth.
This suggests that around half a million people worth more than £250,000 could leave the UK by 2014.
Creating a better infrastructure was touted as the main way to improve UK living conditions with 61 percent of wealthy people suggesting this. Following this, 49 percent wanted reduced business red tape and 45 percent requested lower taxes, and 44 percent wanted to see improvements made on public services like healthcare, education and the police.
Nicholas Boys Smith, director, Lloyds TSB International Wealth said: “Our research suggests the number of wealthy people leaving the UK is set to increase in the next two years. This includes the large number of successful, affluent individuals who play an important role in powering the UK economy While the figures strongly suggest we won’t see a mass exodus, it is clear that a significant and growing minority see opportunity and a better quality of life overseas.”
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Gold Mining in Barberton | PAN African. Apr 09, 2020 · Historical facts about gold mining in Barberton • South Africa''s first alluvial gold was found in Barberton in 1874 by gold prospector Tom McLachlan • Four of the mines in Barberton (Agnes, New Consort, Sheba, and Fairview) have been in production for more than 100 years. 11 Moz have been produced by the mines in Barberton, of which ...
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In patients with Parkinson disease (PD), those with increased disease severity depend more on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) when negotiating anticipated obstacles compared with those with milder PD — perhaps to compensate for motor and attention deficits, according to a study published in the journal Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.
Researchers sought to evaluate how different obstacle difficulty levels related to anticipation and height impact an individual’s PFC activation levels with the progression of PD (eg, different Hoehn & Yahr [H&Y] stages). They theorized that individuals with more advanced PD will exhibit higher PFC activation levels compared with those with mild disease. Further, with an increasing level of difficulty (eg, the involvement of higher and unanticipated obstacles), compensatory mechanisms will decrease in their efficacy as disease severity rises, leading to patients with more advanced disease recruiting higher levels of the PFC to compensate for decreased motor and cognitive resources.
Based on H&Y stage, 74 patients with PD residing in Israel (men, 62.2%; mean age, 68.26±7.54 years) were divided into 3 groups:
- Group 1: H&Y stage 1 to 1.5; 20 participants
- Group 2: H&Y stage 2 to 2.5; 38 participants
- Group 3: H&Y stage 3; 16 participants
Study inclusion criteria were age between 50 and 85 years, PD diagnosis with the Movement Disorders Society Criteria for PD, H&Y stage 1 to 3 (evaluated during the “ON” medication state), and the ability to walk unassisted for 15 minutes or more. All patients needed to walk alongside an obstacle course while negotiating anticipated and unanticipated obstacles (ie, long/low available response time) at heights of 50 mm and 100 mm. PFC activation was measured via the use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy, with comparisons made between groups and tasks using mixed model analyses. All of the participants wore a safety harness to guarantee safety during the evaluation.
Study findings revealed that participants who had more advanced PD (ie, H&Y stage 3) compared with those with milder PD (ie, H&Y stages 1 and 2) exhibited significantly higher PFC activation levels when negotiating anticipated obstacles. Additionally higher levodopa equivalent daily dose was associated with greater PFC activation during the higher anticipated obstacle. During negotiation of unanticipated obstacles, on the other hand, the differences in PFC activation did not demonstrate a correlation with disease severity in a linear manner.
Study limitations include the fact that brain activation was measured only from the PFC, the use of a safety harness that may have affected a patient’s gait pattern, and the assessment of participants only in their “ON” medication state.
The researchers stated that future studies in patients with PD in the “OFF” medication state might prove informative. “This knowledge should be considered while developing effective interventions to decrease falls in everyday environments in PD patients and even older adults,” they concluded.
Assad M, Galperin I, Giladi N, Mirelman A, Hausdorff JM, Maidan I. Disease severity and prefrontal cortex activation during obstacle negotiation among patients with Parkinson’s disease: is it all as expected? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. Published online June 19, 2022. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.06.006
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Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are often used interchangeably when discussing age-related memory loss. While Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia, the two are not the same. Knowing the difference and what to look for if you or a loved one starts experiencing memory loss is an important first step at ensuring you have the tools at your disposal to maintain a happy and healthy life.
What is Dementia?
Dementia is an umbrella term,Read More
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Graphic Design Careers
Picture Your Graphic Design Career
What one career has a hand in virtually every place you look? Graphic design. Designers work on the websites you visit, the ads you see, the movies you watch, the games you play, and the packaging for the products you buy. And while an eye for design can't necessarily be taught, most graphic designers have attended an art or design school to get where they are in their careers. StraighterLine can help you get there too—in less time and for far less money.
Graphic Design: Work for Others or Work for Yourself
With a career in graphic design, you have the choice of working in advertising, publishing, public relations, media, industrial design, and a range of other industries. And while most graphic designers work for a company, in 2010 nearly 30% of them were their own bosses. If you’ve got a creative soul, the flexibility to flourish on your own is a major plus. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median pay for graphic designers was $43,500—which would rank in the top 10 professions if broken out separately. In terms of job growth, it’s about average, projected to grow at 13%.
Create a Variety of Jobs with a Graphic Design Degree
A graphic design degree expands your options to include a diverse palette of creative careers that can extend to leadership positions in highly creative organizations like advertising agencies and industrial design firms. Here are just a few jobs you can get with a graphic design degree:
- Art Director
- Creative Director
- Drafter (Architecture and Engineering)
- Film and Video Editor
- Graphic Designer
- Industrial/Product Designer
- Marketing Manager
- Multimedia Artist/Animator
- Technical Writer
- Web Designer
Graphic Designers Click with Online Courses
It might have been different in the past, but these days, most people who want to become graphic designers are already using computers to create their art. And if you’re not, you will, from Photoshop to Illustrator to Flash to Corel Draw and—the list goes on and on. If you can use these programs to create art, then taking online classes is no big deal.
Save Big When You Start with Online Courses from StraighterLine
When you do enroll in art or design school, don't you want the ability to take as many creative courses as possible without wasting time on required general-education courses? After all, you’re not going to design school to study history or algebra.
That’s where StraighterLine can help you out. Our courses earn transfer credit at any of our partner colleges or through the ACE Credit service to over 1,800 colleges and universities in the United States, so why not take your basic classes from us so you can focus on creative courses when you’re in design school—and save precious time and money along the way?
Graphic Design Careers Through StraighterLine
Here are the StraighterLine courses and electives you might need to pursue your graphic design degree:
- College Algebra
- English Composition I
- English Composition II
- United States History I
- United States History II
- Western Civilization I
- Western Civilization II
- Economics I: Macroeconomics
- Economics II: Microeconomics
- Introductory Biology for Non-Majors
- General Chemistry I
- Introduction to Psychology
- Introduction to Sociology
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Chang: Starve the Artist
Everyone loves a martyr. From Socrates to Joan of Arc, Jesus to John F. Kennedy, the nobility that naturally accompanies such unfailing resolution and sacrifice is immense, and the praise that follows is unparalleled, though not always deserved. From the notion of martyrdom, however, has emerged a few other only tangentially related and mostly self-produced concepts of suffering for a cause. The starving artist, in particular, is an image that has long captured the attention of a public that loves a lost cause.
The artist seems to fall almost effortlessly into the definition of martyrdom. Eternally underrepresented or misrepresented, infinitely searching for recognition, "starving" becomes the default adjective to precede the title of "artist." But what is the motivation behind pursuing what is widely accepted to be a generally thankless and glamorless livelihood? If the pursuit of their craft is only to garner admiration and attention, it seems that artists undermine the purity of their position: one that should be entirely self-fulfilling and not desirous of external validation. In light of the recent controversy over resources for artists at the Hopkins Center ("Hopkins Center fails to address student needs," Oct. 25), it must be recognized that while a venue and its resources may certainly play a role in perpetuating and disseminating the arts, their shortcomings, whatever they may be, are not starving the artist. If anything, artists are starving themselves.
While this may seem like a rather unfair assertion, we should first return to the idea of the artist at its core. When we delineate between a writer and an author, for example, how exactly are we drawing these differences? Not all writers are authors, or maybe not all authors are writers. Is the act of touching pen to paper enough of a creative and self-fulfilling process to be deemed worthy of authorship, or does it take an appreciative audience to truly authenticate the product? It seems that if the latter is true, the writer can never be satisfied. If the approval of an otherwise unconnected third party becomes necessary for a sense of accomplishment, then the artist's output is nothing more than a means to an end, rather than the end itself.
Part of the beauty of artistry is its self-sufficiency. Oftentimes, the best part of making art is just that: making it. And that process is more than the materials involved. Yes, pianists do need pianos to practice and groups need rehearsal space. But as important as facilities are, their scarcity might compel people to view them as even more precious commodities. It is the subjective rarity of art that makes us appreciate it, and perhaps we should apply the same concept to its contributing resources. This is not to say that we should artificially create rarity, but if inconveniences are inevitable, then there is no reason to use them as an excuse. If artists truly seek to create, no mere material consideration will stand in their way. It is part of their immortality.
The second question to consider is whether art must be broadcast in order for it to breathe. Can we claim that the diary is any less viable of a form of expression than a published novel? Even this leaves gray areas, for what happens to works like "The Diary of Anne Frank?" Artistry is self-sufficient, and so is art. Of course, it is only logical that an artist would desire his or her work to be shared, but as it is, there really isn't a barrier. Although it may seem juvenile to proclaim, "Where there's a will, there's a way," it does stand to argue that this cliche isn't entirely untrue, either. Performances, exhibits and galleries don't have to be enormously exposed, or even vastly attended. After all, isn't the point of having such mediums of sharing art to bring joy to both the creator and the receiver? In this case, more than any other, quality really does outshine quantity in importance.
When it comes down to it, artists or rather, aspiring artists stand in their own way more than anyone else ever could. It is in overcoming inhibitions that the artist himself may delete "aspiring" from the title. Art is terrifying in its intimacy. But the artist who refuses to surmount these fears will never be fully satisfied. Artists should be kept hungry, but for the sake of their art, they must stop starving themselves and pave their own way in the dissemination of their craft.
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Museo delle Bambole e del Costume Arbëreshë
The Museum displays a rich variety of Arbëreshë costumes. It's divided into two sections: "Albanians in Southern Italy" and "Albanians in Albania". The first section offers a path that follows the seven immigrations in Italy (from 1440 to 1448) that involved the territories of Cosenza, Catanzaro and Crotone, in addition to Sicily, Molise and Abruzzo. The exhibition highlights the art of embroidery in gold, which is distinguished by the number of items on the garments and their type (flounces, veils, hats, etc.). A small section is devoted to the dolls dressed in traditional costumes of all the Albanian communities in the South of Italy. The exhibition also includes historical photographs, icons and small crafts. In the middle of the trail is exposed the bust of the national hero George Kastriota Scandebeerg (1405-1468). The last section is to Shqiperia: traditions of the mother country, in particular related to the wealth of walks of life that expressed through the sumptuousness of the robes. For Easter time, the costumes can be seen live during the performance of Vallje, typical songs and dances. The Museum is equipped with laboratories that make, on commission, costumes, embroidery art, furniture and dolls.
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What is more chilling to the heart of a parent than to see his or her child trying but never within reach of happiness? Even as I’m typing this, Calder is in his bedroom sobbing. Oh, it has been so long since I heard him sob like this. His sobbing makes me sad. It seems like sleep is going to elude him for a while.
Calder is consumed by the distressing thought that he has spoilt his new water bottle. And he is at fault for flinging his bag onto the floor in anger. The new orange water bottle in his bag was smashed and water leaked from its broken bottom. I’m thankful that Calder had on his own developed the habit of removing his piano books after returning home from piano class. Otherwise, it’d not only be the water bottle, but his score books that are spoilt as well. When Calder is upset, he will start listing the things he has spoilt and the things he has lost. The orange water bottle is a new one after he lost his yellow water bottle in school two weeks ago. For days, he kept asking me where his yellow bottle was. The phrase subsided after I gave him the orange water bottle and told him there’s no need to look for the yellow water bottle any more.
What is the cause of today’s distress? It started from a metronome that Ethel’s piano teacher just gave her. Since Calder finished his supper before his sister, I asked him to go play the piano instead of dragging my trolley here and there. And so Calder went to play the piano. The next thing we heard was a strange humming sound. Calder must have seen the new metronome and proceeded to press its buttons as he is apt to do with any machine with buttons.
The next thing that happened was Ethel marching in to rescue her metronome. She questioned him, “Oh, Calder, what sound is this? Have you spoilt the metronome?” And Calder did what he always does when upset – put his finger into his mouth. This time, he thrust his face very near to Ethel while said finger is going into the mouth. And Ethel cried out, “Go wash your hands!” The unraveling gained momentum from here, because Calder came out of the room ready to smash things. And the victim turned out to be the orange water bottle that he cherishes, hidden in his haversack. Before throwing the bottle into the bin, Daddy showed him the crack at the bottom of the bottle. Oh, Calder's heart must have cracked too, for he had added yet another item to the things he spoilt.
He began chanting about turning off a light (I have no idea why) and I decided to go into his bedroom to comfort him.
I asked him, “How are you feeling?”
“Happy,” he gave his usual answer to such a question.
“Are you sure?” I asked. He realized he’s actually sad and his eyes puckered, ready to cry.
“Oh dear, Calder is so sad. Why are you sad?”
I admonished, “Next time, cannot throw things when you are upset, ok? Also cannot put finger into your mouth.” “And cannot put your face so near to Mei Mei,” I demonstrated. “Come, Mommy hug.”
Calder continued sobbing. “Calder, it’s ok. Tomorrow Mommy will find you another water bottle. So Calder, don’t be sad anymore. Remember the book we read about being sad? Throw the sad thoughts away!” And we prayed for him to go to sleep nicely.
Since Calder’s anger was triggered by Ethel’s shouting, I thought there’s something I should teach Ethel, without making her feel it’s her fault. So I put Ethel on my lap and told her, “Mei Mei, God put us together in this family to love and protect one another.”
“Mommy, I didn’t think Calder would throw a tantrum.”
“Yes, it’s been a long time since he’s like that. God has given us peace for a while, isn’t it? Mommy is sad because Mommy doesn’t want Calder to be so sad he cannot sleep. Shall we pray for him?”
Even as I type this sentence, I’m so relieved because there’s no sound coming from Calder’s room anymore. Perhaps he has fallen asleep after all. If yes, I’m glad he has improved his emotional control, to be able to gain comfort from the logic that Mommy is going to replace his water bottle, and that indeed, everything is “ok”.
Dear Lord, I must remember too that because you are with me, everything is “ok”.
Brenda Tan is the author of “Come into My World: 31 Stories of Autism in Singapore” (www.come-into-my-world.com). She has 2 children: 8-year-old Ethel and 11-year-old Calder who has autism.
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Both strands of human mtDNA are transcribed in continuous, multigenic units that are cleaved into the mature rRNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs required for respiratory chain biogenesis. We sought to systematically identify nuclear-encoded proteins that contribute to processing of mtRNAs within the organelle. First, we devised and validated a multiplex MitoString assay that quantitates 27 mature and precursor mtDNA transcripts. Second, we applied MitoString profiling to evaluate the impact of silencing each of 107 mitochondrial-localized, predicted RNA-binding proteins. With the resulting data set, we rediscovered the roles of recently identified RNA-processing enzymes, detected unanticipated roles of known disease genes in RNA processing, and identified new regulatory factors. We demonstrate that one such factor, FASTKD4, modulates the half-lives of a subset of mt-mRNAs and associates with mtRNAs in vivo. MitoString profiling may be useful for diagnosing and deciphering the pathogenesis of mtDNA disorders.
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Chapter 2 : Wardship & Wedding
The widowed Duchess of Somerset married for a third time, to Lionel, Lord Welles, and presented Margaret with three new half-siblings. During Margaret’s childhood she lived with her mother, her St John half-siblings and her mother’s new family, at Bletsoe Castle and, more frequently, at Maxey Castle in Northamptonshire. Her father’s illegitimate daughter, Tacine, was also part of the household. It is evident from her later actions that Margaret was deeply attached to her St John and Welles relatives.
Little detail is known of Margaret’s early education – her later scholastic leanings may have been apparent from an early age, or may have been the fruits of age and experience. We can assume she would have learnt to read in French and English, and probably to write in both languages. She would also have learnt the skills of managing a household, and, as she was an heiress, perhaps some basic land law. She certainly took a strong and direct interest in managing her estates in later life, as her mother had.
Before Duke John had left for France it had been agreed that, in the event of his death, the wardship of his daughter Margaret and his unborn child (the Duchess was pregnant at the time, but either miscarried or lost the child soon after birth) would remain in the hands of the Duchess. However, within a year of Margaret’s birth, Henry VI granted the wardship and marriage of Margaret to his closest adviser William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk. Unusually, Margaret remained in the care of her mother, rather than being brought up in the household of her guardian.
The Earl of Suffolk was thoroughly unpopular, largely because he had negotiated the marriage of Henry VI to Marguerite of Anjou, in 1445, resulting in a peace treaty with France. In the long-run, this was probably the only sensible option, England could not support the financial burden of repeated attempts to win the French Crown, however, at the time the truce was considered weak at best and the action of a traitor at worst.
In early 1450, Suffolk was impeached. As part of the charge against him, it was alleged that he had designs on the throne - apparently planning to marry his son, John de la Pole, to Margaret in order to claim the throne in her right. However it seems unlikely that he had any such plan as he had actually already planned to marry his son John to a far greater heiress than Margaret - her distant cousin Anne Beauchamp, daughter and heiress of Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick.
In the event, Anne Beauchamp died young and seven-year-old John was indeed married to six-year-old Margaret in 1449. These facts were used against Suffolk and he was disgraced and sentenced to banishment. Before he could reach France, his ship was captured in the English Channel, and he was unceremoniously executed, by supporters of his rival, Richard, Duke of York.
Margaret’s marriage to John de la Pole was not to last. With Suffolk dead, Henry VI decided to transfer her wardship and marriage to his half-brothers, Edmund and Jasper Tudor. The Tudor brothers were the sons of Queen Catherine de Valois’ second marriage to Owain Tudor, a gentleman of her household, and a descendant of the Welsh princes. This marriage was considered most unsuitable, and Queen Catherine was obliged to spend her subsequent life in retirement. By the early 1450s, however, Henry VI was showing a distinct interest in his mother’s second family – perhaps worn out by the endless rivalry of his paternal relatives.
Although it was common practice for children to be pre-contracted to marry in their childhood, it was stipulated that the child had to confirm the marriage when they reach the age of discretion which, for girls, was considered to be 12 and, for boys 14. The marriage could be repudiated at any time before it was completed. However, any decision not to ratify the marriage had to be evidenced by a public statement in front of witnesses, including a Bishop.
Margaret and her mother were summoned to court, with orders to attend the King on Shrove Tuesday, 14th February, 1453. In later years, Margaret retained a hazy memory of the occasion, but she interpreted it as a vision. She believed that she had been given a genuine choice as to whether to confirm her marriage to John de la Pole, or whether to agree to marry Edmund Tudor. Her nurse advised her to pray to St Nicholas for advice, and he appeared to her in the dress of a Bishop, and told her to choose Edmund. It is highly unlikely that she would have been given any choice in the matter at all and her memory of a vision is almost certainly a hazy recollection of the Bishop who witnessed her denial of the marriage.
Margaret and her mother were still at court in April, and took part in the Garter ceremonies on 23 rd April. On 12th May 1453, King Henry paid hundred marks for clothes for her. As neither of the Tudor brothers had any female relatives to provide a home for Margaret, she almost certainly remained with her mother, until she was married to Edmund Tudor, now Earl of Richmond, on 1 st November, 1455 at Bletsoe Castle.
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Profile of clients admitted at Western Visayas Medical Center Annex, Mental Health Unit, Pototan, Iloilo from January 2000 to December 2002
MetadataShow full item record
The study was designed to determine the profile of clients in Western Visayas Medical Center Annex, MHU Pototan, Iloilo from January to December 2003. The subjects of the study were the 1094 clients who were admitted from January 2000 to December 2003 in this hospital. The data were collected from the clients’ admission. Findings showed that more than three-fifths of the clients are residents of Iloilo. More than two-thirds belong to the early adulthood (20-39 years old) when admitted. Among the 1,094 clients three out of four were males. Most of the admitted clients were single. Nine out of ten were Roman Catholics, and a higher percentage of admitted clients are in high school. Eighty five percent of clients were not working prior to hospitalization. It could be assumed that mental illness affects all aspects of individual’s life. In the household data, one out of three of the respondents have 4-6 children and thirty three percent have 7-9 children. Only one third have 1-2 and 3 -4 family order or rank in the family. Findings on the admission data are as follows: Nine out of en were admitted for the first time. A third were admitted 10 days and below. The mean number of days of hospitalization is 21 -22 days. The policy is for acute clients to stay for 14 days preferably and have follow up in the OPD.
Querol, F. L. A. & Concepcion, E. L. (2005). Profile of clients admitted at Western Visayas Medical Center Annex, Mental Health Unit, Pototan, Iloilo from January 2000 to December 2002 (Research report). Jaro, Iloilo City: University Research Center, Central Philippine University.
GSL 610.73072 Q36
vii, 38 leaves
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Autonomy support and academic achievement: The mediating role of mental health in the context of early adolescence Leigh, Charlotte C. (2015)This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to investigate the association between autonomy support and academic achievement and the mediating role of mental health. Specifically, it sought to describe the students ...
Social support and level of care management stress among family caregivers of the mentally ill in Government Hospitals in the Province of Iloilo Penpillo, Sheila A. (2004)This study was conducted to determine the social support and level of care management stress of family caregivers of the mentally ill in government hospitals in the Province of Iloilo. It aimed to determine whether social ...
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of family health caregivers of mentally ill clients in Jaro District, Iloilo City Mendoza, Jeanette H. (2001)This study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of family health caregivers in the care of the mentally ill client at home. It aimed to determine whether knowledge, attitudes and practices of ...
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New website that lets you plan your lessons — may want to test it a little. Looks kind of interesting. If you can't use Google Cal, this may be an alternative. Anyone using this, would like to know what others use to plan lessons.
Contest to encourage student to create a vision of the future of technology. This site shows the inventions and the awards. This is a neat competition and you might want to plug in your math and science program, particularly the gifted program. Competitions help your top students reach higher and are a very important part of gifted programs (and others too!)
Math and Science teachers — beginning teachers should consider applying for these fellowships. These are in the United States. Here is what the ocmpany says about the fellowships (applications due Jan 15):
“The prestigious KSTF Teaching Fellowship is valued at nearly $150,000 over the course of five-years and supports aspiring teachers of promise as they embark on careers teaching high school science and mathematics. Designed to meet the financial and professional needs of beginning teachers, the Fellowship exposes educators to a variety of teaching resources, new curriculum materials, and research and experts in the field. Most importantly, the program fosters professional development within a community of high school science and mathematics teachers and prepares Fellows to become leaders in their field.”
Travelocity has worked to create a course on carbon offsets and wants help naming their eco-bunnies. This looks to be something fascinating for elementary teachers. Would love to hear what you think?
As you design web pages for use with your students — do you wonder why they don't sometimes SEE what you're putting in front of them — it is because of eye movement. It is design!!!
This paper writes about the effect of website design on eye movement. Those who are desigining online curriculum need to understand this.
My sister, Sarah, has been an onlien professor for Savannah College of Art and Design for a while, ,and this is something she talks about in her courses and shares with me. This is why I emphasize wiki layout and design w/ my students (like having a table of contents and white space.)
If it is not attractive, it just doesn't exist, because it IS NOT READ! Educators will do well to remember that!
For those of you who teach health and wellness at the elementary level, this is a really cool website — the “Scrub Club” teaches proper handwashing techniques. You can use hand sanitizers all you want, but the best way to prevent disease is still good old soap and water.
Organizations are holding events about “educational entrepreneurship”- however the term isn't really used in the way I like.
I think that all teachers IN PLACE should be empowered to be teacherpreneurs — to innovate where they are. Instead of creating NEW organizations free of regulation, why not pull constraints and requiements off of the organizations in place?
I don't have a problem w/ competition. Competition is great and I'm all for it. However, I am also FOR every classroom being a gGREAT classroom and the empowerment of teachers.
Although I am a private school teacher, I find the way that public school teachers are being micromanaged to death insulting and bothersome. Sure, there are teachers out there who are not good, but there are also politicians, business people, and others who aren't ethical either.
Shall we judge all corporate execs by Enron and total mismanagement at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
In the ariline industry we hear about the plane crashes, but we do not hear about the hundreds of thousands of planes that fly safely every day.
I'm all for entrepreneuship in education — I'm not opposed to it — I just say ALONG with this, transform existing organizations into entrepreneurial ones as well.
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.
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By Robert Parry, Consortium News
The U.S. news media was never “liberal.” At most, you could say there were periods in the not-too-distant past when the major newspapers did a better job of getting the facts straight. There also was an “underground” press which published some scoops that the mainstream media avoided.
So, reporters revealed the evils of racial segregation in the 1950s and 1960s; war correspondents exposed some of the cruel violence of the Vietnam War in the late 1960s; major newspapers defied the U.S. government in printing the leaked history of that war in 1971; the Washington Post uncovered some (though clearly not all) of Richard Nixon’s political crimes in 1972-74; and the New York Times led the way in publicizing some of the CIA’s dirty history in the mid-1970s.
While such work surely offended the Right and many parts of the Establishment, the stories had a common element: they were true. They were not, in that sense, “liberal” or “conservative” or “centrist.” They were simply accurate – and they helped spur America’s other democratic institutions to life, from protests in the streets to pressures on the courts to citizens lobbying government officials.
It was that resurgence of participatory democracy that was the real fear for those who held entrenched power, whether in the segregationist South or inside the wood-paneled rooms of Wall Street banks and big corporations. Thus, there developed a powerful pushback that sought to both hold the line on additional (and possibly even more damaging) disclosures of wrongdoing and to reassert control of the channels of information that influenced how the American people saw the world.
In that context, one of the most effective propaganda strategies was to brand honest journalism as “liberal” and to smear honest journalists as “anti-American.” That way many Americans would doubt the accurate information that they were hearing and discard many real facts as bias.
As a journalist for the Associated Press and Newsweek in the 1980s, I encountered these hardball tactics while covering the Reagan administration as it sought to manage the perceptions of the American people mostly by hyping external threats (from Managua to Moscow) and demonizing some internal groups (from “welfare queens” to labor unions).
Reagan’s men described one of their central goals as “kicking the Vietnam Syndrome,” that is, the resistance among the American people to be drawn into another overseas conflict based on deceptions.
The Air Waves War
But the key to their success was to gain control of as much of the U.S. news media as possible – through direct ownership by like-minded right-wingers or by appeals to senior news executives to adopt a more “patriotic” posture or by intimidation of those who wouldn’t toe the line.
The tactics worked like a charm – and were aided by a simultaneously shift on the Left toward selling off or shutting down much of the Vietnam-era “underground” press and instead concentrating on local organizing around local issues, “think globally, act locally,” as the slogan went.
This combination of factors essentially gave the Right and conservative elements of the Establishment dominance of the news. Like an army that controlled the skies, it could fly out and carpet-bomb pretty much anyone who got in the way, whether a politician, a journalist or a citizen. No truth-teller was safe from sudden obliteration.
The Right’s success could be measured at different mileposts in the process, such as the Republican containment of the Iran-Contra scandal in 1987 and President George H.W. Bush’s pronouncement after crushing the out-matched Iraqi army in 1991 that “we’ve kicked the Vietnam Syndrome once and for all.”
This new media reality – as it expanded through the 1990s and into the new century – meant that the Right could put nearly any propaganda theme into play and count on millions of Americans buying it. Thus, President George W. Bush could make up excuses to invade Iraq in 2003 and face shockingly little media resistance.
Eventually a few voices emerged on the Internet and at some lower-rung news outlets to challenge Bush’s case for war but they could be easily discredited or ignored. It took Bush’s disastrous handling of the Iraq War and other domestic and foreign crises to finally put a wrench in this right-wing propaganda machine.
However, the overall dynamic hasn’t changed. Yes, MSNBC – after failing in its attempt to be as right-wing as Fox News – veered leftward and found some ratings success in offering “liberal” assessments on domestic politics (though still avoiding any serious challenge to the Establishment’s views on foreign policy).
There also are some feisty Internet sites that do challenge the conventional wisdom in support of U.S. interventionism abroad, but nearly all are severely underfunded and have limited reach into the broad American population.
Buying Up Newspapers
And, the likelihood now is that the Right will consolidate its dominance of the U.S. news media in the years ahead. In the very near future, some of the country’s most prominent regional newspapers may fall under the control of right-wing ideologues like Rupert Murdoch or the Koch Brothers.
Koch Industries, a privately owned oil and gas giant which has provided the means for Charles and David Koch to lavishly fund libertarian think tanks and Tea Party organizations, is now exploring a bid to buy the Tribune Company’s eight regional newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times, the Baltimore Sun, the Orlando Sentinel, the Hartford Courant and the Chicago Tribune, according to a report in the New York Times last Sunday.
By buying the Tribune newspapers, the Koch Brothers would give themselves another strong platform for delivering volleys of right-wing propaganda and wreaking havoc on political adversaries. I remember in my days covering Capitol Hill being told that what a congressman fears most is the determined opposition of the hometown newspaper.
Another expected bidder, at least for the Los Angeles Times, is media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who already owns Fox News and powerful newspapers in the United Kingdom and the United States, including the Wall Street Journal.
On the other side of the bidding are some liberal-oriented businessmen eying the Los Angeles Times, but it is not clear if they can compete with the fat wallets of the Koch Brothers and Murdoch. The New York Times reported that Koch Industries might have an edge in the competition because it would take over all eight newspapers at once.
Some on the Left mock the idea of investing in the “dinosaur” industry of newspaper publishing and question the value of owning even some of these prestigious names in American journalism. It is certainly true that those newspapers have declined in recent years due to poor management and shifts in advertising dollars.
But they still influence how people in those metropolitan areas learn about the world. The newspapers also help set the news agenda for local TV stations and bloggers. The Baltimore Sun, for instance, produced some of the most important reporting on the Reagan administration’s human rights crimes in Central America, as well as publishing groundbreaking stories about domestic spying under George W. Bush.
Yes, some of these newspapers have disgraced themselves in recent decades, such as the Los Angeles Times’ shameful attacks on journalist Gary Webb after he revived the Reagan administration’s Contra-cocaine scandal in the late 1990s. [See Robert Parry’s Lost History.]
But Internet sites – even ones like Consortiumnews.com with a strong interest in doing investigative journalism – lack the financial resources and the editorial support to carry out those kinds of costly investigative projects, at least with any regularity.
Without major investments by honest Americans in honest journalism – whether the Old Media of print or the New Media of electronics – the United States will continue to drift into a made-up world of right-wing paranoia and pretend facts. And that is a danger for the entire planet.
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Bookended by presentations from two of the “titans” of open-source data visualization, Mike Bostock (creator of D3.js) and Hadley Wickham (RStudio chief scientist and keeper of the “tidyverse”), Bocoup’s fifth OpenVis Conf was tightly packed with talks that both informed and inspired.
Before introducing his new, reactive code environment, d3.express, Mike Bostock shared a passage from Bret Victor’s Explorable Explanations, which nicely frames many of the challenges and opportunities addressed at the conference, and in data/information visualization in general:
“An active reader asks questions, considers alternatives, questions assumptions, and even questions the trustworthiness of the author. An active reader tries to generalize specific examples, and devise specific examples for generalities. An active reader doesn’t passively sponge up information, but uses the author’s argument as a springboard for critical thought and deep understanding.”
One can replace the word “reader” with viewer, or user, but the sentiment remains the same— visualization, as a medium for communication, inherently exists in a broader context. As Amanda Cox (New York Times) described in her keynote on day two, there is always a gap between “what you say and what people think you say.”
This is especially true when it comes to probability and uncertainty. Of course, this is not a problem restricted to visualizations. Amanda included a chart from a study of “Words of Estimative Probability” conducted by CIA analyst Sherman Kent among NATO officers in the 1950s, which illustrates just how subjective and varied individual interpretations can be.
Source: VisualCapitalist <http://www.valuewalk.com/2017/04/sherman-kent/>
The choices one makes in visualization will impact how information is received. Therefore, there is no one “right” software or framework— the answer is almost always “it depends.”
Catherine D’Ignazio & Rahul Bhargava discussed visualization tools as “informal learning spaces.” They offered best practices for targeting “learners” rather than just “users,” by making tools and interfaces: focused, guided, inviting, and expandable.
The importance of accounting for context and audience(s) was a theme in a number of the presentations. At times, this might mean accommodating an environment in which several different tools are used. Amy Cesal’s talk, “Why does data vis need a style guide?”, explored some of the ways in which style guides can be used not only to creates a sense of brand coherence, but to free people up to focus on the content of what they’re doing, rather than having to make decisions about colors, typographies, etc. again and again.
In a similar vein, Connor Gramazio introduced one example of a “computational design assistance tool,” colorgorical, which “automatically creates palettes based on user-defined balance of color discriminability vs. aesthetic preference.” The aim of such tools is to help build best practices into the pipeline from data collection, to analysis, interpretation, and communication.
To wrap up the conference, Hadley Wickham covered the “Role of Visualization in Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). ” He quantified his Github commits over time and visualized them by day of week, time of day as well as whether he was traveling or not. Not surprisingly, he codes much less when he’s traveling. R coders were clued into the incredibly useful forcats package, which does everything from grouping factor variables together to shifting orders of factors on plots.
Overall, it was an excellent conference filled with a diverse set of speakers. Everyone left feeling highly energized to put their newly acquired data visualization ideas to work.
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As the self-described slayer of dualisms, posthumanism is rumoured to destabilize venerable dichotomies like human/animal & mind/body. Bio-art can perhaps body forth these postulated category meltdowns. The condition of possibility of bio-art’s enmeshing of bodies with technologies is the structural intimacy of art & science. The artist will have to romance his bio-technician, and there is no guarantee of a ‘happily ever after.’
If art has characteristics of the moral imperative, aesthetics & ethics in posthumanism are joined at the hip. Science can prattle about ‘ethically obtained donor cells;’ can art speak of ‘ethically obtained animal matter’ for Eduardo Kac’s GFP Bunny? As the rabbit cannot consent, it did not. Yet it was not harmed. But this is splashing around in very shallow waters.
The body as last frontier of cultural colonization is rendered claylike for bio-art because technology does not argue or negotiate with biology, it dictates. So human intelligent design actualises earlier fantasies of imago Dei, and hubris overlays the quest for alternatives to anthropocentrism. The nonhuman body is therefore ontologized as artistic raw material.
Kac’s fluorescent rabbit reproduces the institutional practices of scientific animal research, ethically not unproblematic. And science always has the last word. Kac wanted to adopt the rabbit Alba after the event, but was refused. Hence Alba remained a lab rat for the rest of her life. The aftermath demonstrates why ‘Capitalocene’ is more appropriate than ‘Anthropocene’ for the broken world to come: the procedure was commercialized for GFP zebrafish, sold as ‘GloFish.’
More sophisticated defenses of GFP Bunny: (i) visualising the non-visual (genetic engineering); (ii) questioning the construction of ‘difference’ via the gene as a social marker. But that is much ado,- with the life & body of Alba as means,- about precious little, while the animal remains human property to be acted upon as artistic whim dictates. Animal bodies in art was not nurtured in the desert; its necessary conditions are domestication and centuries of animal (ab)use.
How then, has the human/animal dichotomy been undermined in GFP Bunny? And around it frolic all the lesser dualisms that exalt homo sapiens into homo mesura. Ecce posthumanist humanism. Will posthumanist posthumanism remain an uninstantiated Platonic form forever and a day?
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Well there are four or even more types of relay races which are; Medley relay race Shuttle " "
i think relay races are very fun and kinda dangerous only if your partner in slow
There are relay races in swimming, so those are other races.
There are multiple relay races: 4x100, 4x100, distance medley, and other less used relays. Every relay has 4 members.
All of the athletic relay races involve passing a baton. I.E. 100, 200, 400 metres relay races are examples
Track and Field relay races.
Hurdles racing can be 300m or more. As can the relay races and steeplechases. Sprints can also have 400m races. There are also the long distance races, like marathons.
at competitive galas, usually 4. occasionally 8. :)
1.warrior dash 2.cross country race 3.colorado relay 4.pikes peak marothon 5.hood to coast relay does are da 5 races
yes there are four members the last is called the anchor.
In order to have an idea on how to find a relay, more information is needed. Relay races are often listed on community calendars, on racing group websites, and at local gyms.
Many races are in Canada
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Photo: Christoffer Andren.
Women receiving fertility-sparing surgery for treatment of borderline ovarian tumors were able to have children, a study from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden published in Fertility & Sterility shows. Natural fertility was preserved in most of them and only a small proportion required assisted reproductive treatment such as in vitro fertilization. Survival in the group was also as high as in women who had undergone radical surgical for treatment of similar tumors.
"The ability to become pregnant seems to be preserved with fertility-sparing surgery, a knowledge that is absolutely critical for the advice and treatment given to young women with ovarian borderline tumors," says the study's first author Gry Johansen, doctoral student at the Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet.
Earlier studies of fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) for borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) have primarily focused on the oncological therapeutic outcome, and knowledge about pregnancy and childbirth after FSS has been scant. In this study, researchers at Karolinska Institutet have also examined the effects of FSS on fertility in women of a fertile age treated for early-stage BOT.
Every year, some 700 women in Sweden develop ovarian cancer. Up to 20 percent of ovarian tumors are BOTs, and of these a third are diagnosed in young women of fertile age. FSS - which preserves the uterus and at least parts of the ovaries - is the most common option for women wishing to preserve fertility.
The relapse risk after FSS is larger than after radical cancer treatment, in which the uterus and both ovaries are removed, but the advantages make it an accepted course of action for young women.
The study is based on data from Sweden's healthcare registers. The selection included all women between the ages of 18 and 40 who received FSS for early-stage BOT between 2008 and 2015, according to the Swedish Quality Registry for Gynaecologic Cancer (SQRGC). The control group were peers with similar tumors treated with radical surgery.
The women who had given birth after FSS were identified using the National Board of Health and Welfare's Medical Birth Register and the National Quality Registry for Assisted Reproduction (Q-IVF). In Sweden, assisted reproduction (IVF) is offered by the public health services and is free of charge for women under 40.
Of the 213 women who underwent FSS between 2008 and 2015 in Sweden, 23 percent had given birth to 62 babies after treatment. A minority - 20 women or 9 percent of the cohort - had undergone IVF. The women who had given birth after FSS were followed for 76 months, while the women who had not given birth were followed for 58 months.
The survival rate for the entire cohort of 277 women was an excellent 99 percent, and there was no difference between those who had received FSS and those who had undergone radical surgical cancer treatment.
"In the choice of treatment for borderline ovarian tumors, safety and the effectiveness for future childbearing must be taken into account," says the study's last author Kenny Rodriguez-Wallberg, researcher at the Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet.
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Evolution of Nanotechnology in Sports Equipment
With the ever growing development of new technologies, sports cannot go together without technology. Sports industry is getting better day by day by leveraging several areas. Sports industry also deals with smallest things called ‘Nanotechnology’ across the globe.
Nano Technology: This is the technology and science that deals with the material creation at the molecular level and it can be sprawled into different fields to reinforce them with its advanced characteristics, enhancing properties of the material.
Impact of Nanotechnology on Sports industry:
With the advent of nanotechnology in the sports industry, there has been the benefit of reducing the equipment weight and amplifying efficiency. Nanotechnology has fetched more sturdiness; potency and lightweight at the same time making athletes feel comfy, safer, less prone to injuries and agile than the prior.
Equipments such as tennis/badminton racquets, racing bicycles, golf balls, baseball bats, archery arrows, skis, hockey sticks, fly-fishing rods and so on are few of the sports equipments that enhance their performance with the advent of nanotechnology in sports industry.
Nanotechnology in sports equipment beefed up tennis rackets from their predecessor’s metals and woods weighs too less by the integration of graphite filled carbon nanotubes into the row. On the other hand, the racquets crafted from the nanotechnology is stronger and lighter to hold and its birth mate ball (Nanotechnology in Sports Equipment) is also equipped with the nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology in sports equipment also helps to make a line of coating of nanoparticles on Tennis balls to change the property of inflating as air cannot be evaded from the core of the ball that helps to decline in the ball replacement.
When it comes to professional cycling, every second counts towards the victory. Changes have been done in the manufacturing of bicycles by introducing the carbon nanotubes into the carbon fibre resin. Introduction of nanotechnology in sports equipments makes bicycles lighter and stronger that in turn help cyclists to make a greater difference in cycling.
Swim suits wore by competitors during 2008 Bejing Olympics contain coating by water repellent nanoparticles spilled miracles. This made athlete’s to pull out their skills easily and made them won gold medals.
Nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanoclay, silica nanoparticles, carbon nanofibers, nano-nickel and carbon nanparticles are in the equipment use of Golf, Kayanking, Bowling, Watercraft, Road racing, skiing, Tennis/Badminton and Archery to invoke benefits like repulsion power, potency, sturdiness, scratch, enlarged stiffness, reduced weight and chipping.
Nanotechnology in Sports industry plays a key role and the frontiers of swear is certainly high for sports persons. Nanotechnology into the sports clothing brought them materials breathable. Socks are injected with seizing bacteria and odour through the silver nanoparticles usage in the material.
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Little Panda’s town is wrecked by an earthquake. The treasure hunt is needed to rebuild the town. Join Kiki and Miumiu to plan the path of water and find the treasure chest!
Ancient Ruins, Candy Town, Plant Kingdom, Cave World, and a cutting-edge Mechanical City! Are you ready for challenges? A variety of themed stages
awaits you! Let’s embark on the adventure!
What should we do if the water wheel blocks the water flow? Don’t worry, turn the water wheel and let the water flow smoothly into the pipe. There are
also other props like sceptre of gems, knight suit, and princess crown. Come
and unlock them!
How can we get the treasure chest lying at the bottom of the cave? It’s time to test your logical and spatial thinking! Properly plan the path of
water, control the direction of water and make the treasure chest float by
using the buoyancy of water!
– 5 themed scenarios and 50 challenge stages
– 18 costumes and props available
– Learn about the nature and function of water
– Logic training and stages with plots are well combined
At BabyBus, we dedicate ourselves to sparking kids’ creativity, imagination and curiosity,and designing our products through the kids’ perspective to help them explore the world on their own.
Now BabyBus offers a wide variety of products, videos and other educational content for over 400 million fans from ages 0-8 around the world! We have released over 200 children’s educational apps, over 2500 episodes of nursery rhymes and animations of various themes spanning the Health, Language, Society, Science, Art and other fields.
Contact us: [email protected]
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Game id: com.sinyee.babybus.treasure
Copyright© 2017 AndroidModded.com
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כל הנשמה תהלל י-ה הללוי-ה
The Entire Neshama Will Praise Y-ah, Halleluy-ah
King David ended his monumental work, Tehillim, Psalms, which, among other things, contains or hints at the entire Oral (meaning no written, not fixed to any printed page, and, therefore, Infinite, like The Creator Himself) Torah with those words above.
Each of us has at least one thing inside us, a special talent, a point of view, a sense of humor, a passion, a love, an interest, a hobby, an expertise….. that makes us uniquely who we are. Many of us have several, but everyone has at least one. Maybe we can sing, perhaps have a phenomenal memory, an intense love. Perhaps we can dance, maybe play the guitar. Write computer code, find new insights in a page of Talmud that’s been pored over by generations of brilliant scholars. Some of us can run faster or jump higher or hit or catch a ball. Can defend an offender so passionately as to acquit them, can lead Tefilla, can sing a song, are a magnet to children or, perhaps, to stray cats and dogs. Some people can just sit and smile and make those around them feel good.
Parshat T’rumah instructs each individual Jew to transfer to God some mysterious matter called That Which Is Elevated. At the literal level, our ancestors were, historically, commanded to bring precious material for the building of the Mishkan, the portable temple, literally the Dwelling of the Infinite God within the physically restricted desert within the similarly restricted material world. But, of course, we know that this is also the blueprint for the future Mikdash, Holy Space, the Temples in Jerusalem. Likewise, we have been taught repeatedly that The Torah is, like The Holy One Himself, Infinite, and while describing a single mundane building project in time, It also instructs each of us, throughout history, how best to live our individual lives.
If you’ve been following my essays over the last couple years, you’ll notice that I have become very influenced by the teachings and ideas of Rabbi Mordechai Yosef Leiner, the Ishbitzer Rebbe, rabbi in a small Polish town in the mid-nineteenth century (1839-54). A shtetl where over 90% of its approximately 5000 Jews were slaughtered in the Shoah, Holocaust. At the Ishbitzer‘s time there were, more likely, just under 3000. Nonetheless, his words seem especially relevant and true today, especially for those of us privileged as well as brave, to live in Israel, working to complete our charge as Jews and Humans, to partner with God in His Creation, creating the ultimate balance of din and chesed, awe and love, while adding the finishing touches which, in any work, brings the beauty.
In his major work, Mei HaShiloach (Vol.2), he teaches us that the real mitzvah is to aid God in all of His directing that world, everything in it’s exact time. We’re no longer restricting our thinking to a single building project, as it were, and not even to it’s constant upkeep, but to everything He does in our world. A one-time event, obviously, is inadequate, and rather, the description in the Torah is meant to serve as a blueprint for our lives, to raise up and donate whatever is needed at the moment.
While there are descriptions of how the “architecture” of the Mishkan resembles, or can be mapped out, on a human body, as well as the Sefirot, that really tells us that it is a model of the Universe (as are each one of us, too). Gold, silver, wood, colored dyes, etc. is merely a beginning to help us understand. Additionally, we must first be the owners of our T’rumah. And it must truly reside in our hearts (Yidvenu Libo). And just as he hints through a midrash he brings, some gifts will be gold and not silver, fields and not vineyards, in other words while each of our individual contributions will not encompass the entirety of the project, perfecting this material world, having been “lifted up” to The Creator, they will be unified within Him, so each of our individual gifts, our individual passions, what each of us brings into this world and into Life, will complement and complete everyone else. Even if we, individually, can’t possibly imagine how our song or our line of computer code or our four meters of wall, or our love and nurturing a single child in a single family, or whatever it is that moves us to add that to the world, we should rely on our Emunah and Bitachon, belief and trust, that it will all fit together.
Moreover, each of us has moments, sometimes very extended ones, when we can account for this interest or this emotion. “Why am I the way I am?”, we often cry out. Or “Why. has this happened to me?”
The answer, from this perspective is we are each given exactly what we need, throughout our lifetimes, to bring up, to develop and to then contribute. It is all needed, each of us is needed and have an equally integral part to play.
Remember, we describe the describe Mashiach as one who will, among other things, build the Third Temple, Bayit Shlishi. This isn’t intended to be a myth or a children’s story, but a heads-up of what we will actually be called up to do at that time. So, we will each of us need to learn how to bring the entirety of our individual Neshamot, as T’rumah, into service.
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2018)
The Vermont Marble Museum or Vermont Marble Exhibit is a museum commemorating the contributions of Vermont marble and the Vermont Marble Company, located in Proctor, Vermont, United States. The museum is located in a wing of one of the former Vermont Marble Company buildings.
|Location||52 Main Street|
Proctor, Vermont, United States
|Type||Art, industry museum|
Vermont Marble CompanyEdit
The Vermont Marble Company was founded in 1880 by businessman and politician Redfield Proctor, who served as the company's first president. Marble was quarried from several locations in the town of Proctor, then called Sutherland Falls, and the surrounding communities of Rutland, West Rutland and Danby. As railroads arrived in Rutland and Proctor, the Vermont Marble company became one of the largest producers of marble in the world. The company provided marble for the construction of such notable icons as the USS Arizona Memorial, the West Virginia State Capitol, the Oregon State Capitol, the United States Supreme Court Building, the Arlington National Cemetery, and Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library to name a few. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was also created there. The surrounding town was named after Redfield Proctor and became a company town.
The buildings and quarries of the Vermont Marble Company are now owned by OMYA, a supplier of industrial minerals.
The exhibit offers self-guided tours focusing on the company's history, the geology of marble and other local stones, and the uses of marble in art, architecture, and industry. A short video narrates the history of the Vermont Marble Company, and historical photographs of VMC workers quarrying, carving, and shipping Vermont marble are displayed throughout the exhibit. Several geologic exhibits, including an artificial cave and a preserved triceratops skeleton are also on display. A display contains large slabs of decorative stone, including the local Danby white and deep green verde antique. This display also includes local granites and imported marbles. Numerous sculptures, including busts of nearly all the U.S. presidents, The Last Supper, and other works are scattered throughout the museum. An artists' studio allows visitors to watch carving demonstrations and ask questions of local sculptors. The architectural uses of marble are displayed in a small chapel and a modern kitchen and bathroom surfaced in stone. Visitors may also get a balcony view of one of the large 19th-century warehouses of the Vermont Marble Company, now used by OMYA.
A nearby quarry (now defunct), located about a quarter mile from the museum itself, has recently[when?] been added to the exhibit. The grounds around the exhibit hold large chunks of quarried, unfinished marble. The Preservation Trust of Vermont acquired the Vermont Marble Company in 2014.
Also, the town of Proctor has many sidewalks made of marble, and the high school and Catholic church are both faced in local stone. Most of the buildings of the former Vermont Marble Company still stand, and many are constructed of Vermont marble.
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Medical aesthetic expert Dr Portia Gumede explains what it involves and how you can benefit from it.
1. What is vaginal rejuvenation?
As women age, the vagina is affected by a number of things ranging from decreased collagen production to vaginal dryness and female sexual dysfunction. Oestrogen-based treatments are effective for some of these conditions, but many patients are reluctant to be treated due to health concerns regarding oestrogen. More and more women now prefer non-surgical treatments. Vaginal rejuvenation is the treatment of these conditions using non-surgical procedures. For example, you can inject platelet-rich plasma (PRP) into the upper wall of the vagina, triggering stem cell multiplication and new tissue growth, to enhance sexual response.
2. What does the procedure entail?
Firstly, the patient does a pap smear, then blood is drawn from the patient and placed in a test tube. The blood is then spun in a centrifuge machine, which separates the blood cells into platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma. It is then aspirated into a syringe along with platelets that contain alpha granules, minerals, enzymes and growth factors (GF). The PRP is mixed with calcium chloride to activate the GFs and this is then injected onto the clitoris (numbed with a local anaesthesia) as well as onto the vaginal wall.
3. Are there other non-invasive procedures?
Yes, there are other procedures one can undergo, including carbon dioxide laser treatments and radio frequency treatments. These tighten the vaginal walls.
4. Who are the best candidates?
Anyone who is in their early 20s to late 60s.
5. What are the common reasons one would want to get undergo this procedure?
- Stress urinary incontinence
- Vaginal atrophy
- Recurrent infections
- Post-delivery rehabilitation
- Female sexual dysfunction
- sexual intercourse
6. What does the procedure improve?
- Cellular growth
- New generation and repair of blood vessels
- Collagen production
- Tissue repair
- Promotion of wound healing
7. This leads to?
- Decrease in stress urinary incontinence
- Improved vaginal hydration
- Fewer vaginal infections
- Improved sexual function, including libido
- Decreased pain
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The First SNG-WOFI International Conference
The World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, the first of its kind, is a joint initiative of the OECD and UCLG. It provides systematised information on decentralisation processes, territorial reforms, the powers and responsibilities of subnational governments, and the nature and weight of their income, expenditure and investment in over 120 countries – including 23 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) thanks to the decisive contribution of UNCDF. It offers an open-access database from which first-hand information on subnational government finances can be extracted and compared between countries.
The launch conference of the World Observatory on Subnational Finance and Investment took place in Paris on 17 June 2019, bringing together more than 150 participants, coming from 35 countries.
It was opened by Angel Gurría, Secretary-General, OECD who presented the main findings of the World Observatory Report 2019 and Emilia Saiz, Secretary General, UCLG. In presenting the Observatory's 2019 Report - a compendium of 122 country profiles with an analysis of key findings - Angel Gurria, OECD Secretary-General, stressed that cities are major actors in public action. The World Observatory is the largest international database on the structure and finances of sub-national governments ever produced. Beyond data and knowledge, it also aims to strengthen our collective capacity to act for improved multi-level governance. Emilia Saiz, Secretary General of UCLG, stressed that the information gathered by the World Observatory is crucial in that it provides a basis for dialogue with all relevant stakeholders. It is a major tool to inform the learning, advocacy and policy work that is at the heart of UCLG's mandate.
A high level discussion took place A high level discussion took place around the presentation of the main findings of the report, chaired by Lamia Kamal-Chaoui, Director of the OECD Centre on Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities. The panel discussion involved Hajia Alima Mahama, Minister of Local Government and Rural Development of Ghana, Karl-Heinz Lambertz, President of the EU Committee of the Regions, Rolf Wenzel, Governor of the Council of Europe Development Bank and Mr. Ahmed Bouazzi, municipal councillor of Tunis and Chair of the Commission of strategic thinking.
Chaired by Christel Alvergne, Regional Coordinator at UNCDF, the first roundtable "Making decentralization work to achieve global agendas", was an opportunity to recall the diversity of decentralization contexts around the world, both in terms of processes between countries but also in terms of access to resources and capacities within countries. Dorothée Allain-Dupré, Head of Unit at the OECD, introduced the roundtable and highlighted that decentralisation outcomes (click here for the presentation) – in terms of democracy, efficiency, accountability, regional and local development – depend greatly on the way decentralisation is designed and implemented. Therefore, it is the design, not the degree, of decentralisation that matters. That is why it is critical to have a systemic approach to decentralisation, in which fiscal decentralisation should not be the missing link. The objectives of the global agendas can only be achieved by fully recognizing this diversity and developing a territorial approach, Octavi de la Varga, Secretary General of Metropolis, Elisiane Mangrich, representative of the National Confederation of Brazilian Municipalities and Junghun Kim, Chairman of the OECD Network on Fiscal Relations Across Levels of Government, jointly stressed. In the same spirit, Emil Dardak, former mayor, now Vice-Governor of East Java - Indonesia, stressed the importance of designing decentralisation policies adapted to each context and matching the responsibilities and resources of local authorities to deliver on their mandate. Karine de Frémont, Head of the Urban Transition and Mobility Department at AFD, stressed the importance of the Observatory for donors to assess multi-level governance frameworks, provide guidance for fiscal decentralisation and improve dialogue across levels of government.
The second round-table, chaired by Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Deputy Director at the OECD, focused on how to "Make the most of public investment across levels of government". The panel was introduced by Paul Smoke, Professor of Public Finance at New York University (click here for the introduction video). All panellists agreed that a major challenge was to strengthen the fiscal power of local authorities. This is in particular one of the key conditions for their access to capital markets - access that is essential if the public investment capacity of local authorities is to be strengthened, said Erik Von Breska, Director General for Regional and Urban Policy of the European Commission. In this respect, Nicolas Painvain, Managing Director of Fitch Ratings, pointed out that the problem today is not so much a financial gap as a revenue/investment gap for local authorities. Increasing local government access to finance naturally requires transparency of financial systems, high-quality projects and flexibility in access arrangements to financial markets, as Chiara Bronchi, Chief Thematic Officer at the Asian Development Bank, has pointed out. It also requires all relevant actors to agree to "take risks" and invest in the long-term, for the communities, as Flo Clucas, Councillor of Cheltenham Borough Council - UK and Preben Gregersen, Director of Regional Policy - Government of Denmark, have usefully recalled. A key message shared by Christophe Kang’ombe, mayor of Kitwe and president of the Association of Local Governments of Zambia who indicated that territorial solidary in fiscal schemes was among the national guidelines for Decentralization.
The third and final round table chaired by Edgardo Bilsky, Director of Research at UCLG, focused on the issue of " Data collection and management on sub national government finance ". Isabelle Chatry, Senior Policy Analyst at the OECD, indicated that the World Observatory had to face three main problems in this respect (click here for the presentation). The first was the availability of data: in many emerging economies and least developed countries, information is often non-existent, at best partial, at the national level. The Observatory must certainly set itself the objective of supporting the least developed countries in their efforts to build accurate information systems. The second problem is the lack of comparable data, resulting from a high diversity of situations, definitions and nomenclatures between countries despite the existence of international standards defined by the system of national accounts. This has sometimes led to difficulties in consolidating information and has affected the transparency, quality and reliability of data. Interpreting the data was the last major challenge and it remains difficult to assess the real degree of decentralisation. Therefore, it is always necessary to go beyond quantitative data and use qualitative information to put the figures in perspective and properly capture the trends at play. Elton Stafa in charge of the Local Finance Observatory of the Network of Associations of Local Government in South-East Europe and Thomas Rougier, Secretary General of the French Observatory on Local finance and Public Management described in concrete terms the difficulty of collecting, analysing and interpreting fiscal data at sub-national level as well as working in a multi-level governance context. Mario Pezzini, Director of the OECD Development Centre, Nan Zhang, Policy and Research Analyst at UNCDF and Vincent N'Cho Kouaoh, discussed how to overcome these challenges, the progress made and the way forward in developing and least developed countries, and stressed the need to create adequate frameworks at the national and sub-national levels (accounting, budgetary, statistical) and to strengthen skills and administrative capacity.
The closing Session on “Ways Forward” was chaired by Rudiger Ahrend, Head of Section, Economic Analysis, Statistics and Multi-level Governance, OECD. "Decentralization is not a zero-sum game in which the state loses what local and regional authorities gain; the dynamics are much more complex," said Ulrik Vestergaard, Deputy Secretary-General of the OECD, in concluding the conference. It is a win-win situation for all, national and local governments. Increasing the share of local authorities in public investment is a major challenge, particularly in the least developed countries. The Observatory provides a unique set of keys to open the debate and move forward on this. It now needs to be consolidated and sustained.
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There are two main effective methods of depression treatment: medical and non-medical.
Medical treatment is a method of depression treatment by means of antidepressants.
It is necessary to start antidepressants application in case of:
- severe depression;
- when the condition is accompanied by suicidal thoughts;
- the form is neglected or chronic;
- as part of an attack of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
- It is obvious that the lack of timely assistance can cost a person’s life.
When do I Need Medication for Depression?
It is difficult, sometimes, to carry out the medical treatment due to the fact that the patients themselves often have a negative attitude towards this type of treatment and tend to abandon it.
The role of the doctor and the patient’s surroundings is very important, which can prove the obvious need to treat depression with antidepressants, at least in order to reduce the severity of the symptoms.
Drugs for Depression Treatment
Antidepressants, which are divided into:
- SSRIs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the most commonly used drugs since they have minimum side effects;
- antidepressants of double action, used in severe forms of depressive disorders;
- MAO inhibitors (monoamine oxidase) – currently this group of antidepressants is practically not used;
- tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants – most “old” antidepressants having pronounced antidepressive and antianxiety effect but at the same with severe side effects.
- antipsychotics – mood-stabilizing agents help level the patient’s emotional background;
We offer you the online pharmacy selling high-quality and low-cost antidepressants.
How to Properly Treat Depression with Medications?
- Antidepressants are sold only on the appointment of a psychiatrist;
- The dosage is determined individually, according to the patient’s psychophysiological characteristics, the symptomatology of the disease, the duration of its course and the severity of its manifestation;
- The effect on the body should be permanent. The constant examination of the drug in the blood is carried out;
- Prescription of antidepressants only according to indications. You cannot cope with bad mood with antidepressants. The need for their admission can only be determined by a doctor.
The medical treatment of depression is just one of the methods applied in practice. The treatment of any mental disorder should be comprehensive. There is non-medical treatment as well.
Non-medical treatment is the most important component of the therapy. For the treatment of depression, the following methods are used:
- cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy – lectures, trainings, tasks, observations diary, control of your condition and well-being. With this therapy, a person learns to control his behavior and change it;
- art therapy. This includes drawing, modeling, music, film therapy. Such a method promotes coping the negative patient’s experience;
- body-oriented psychotherapy can treat depression by contact with the body;
- transactional analysis – description and analysis of human behavior;
- special breathing exercises;
- psychoanalysis. the analysis related to childhood, mental trauma is conducted;
- Existential-humanistic psychotherapy. The psychologist helps characterize his lifestyle, reveal the features of building relationships, change his behavior and way of life;
- gestalt therapy – based on the principles of focusing consciousness on reality;
- neuro-linguistic programming;
- psychological counseling;
There is a tendency to use herbs for depression treatment.
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I often like to cover oddities here; details of computers and arcade systems people may not have heard of, that didn’t sell well but had unique or interesting characteristics. But focusing on oddities like that can disguise the fact that sometimes, even systems that were very popular can stand out for unique design. Such be it with the Nintendo Entertainment System: had Nintendo’s console flopped, it’d definitely have a post already. But it doesn’t. Let’s fix that! And answer a simple question I was asked: what’s the deal with special chip games?
The Family Computer was Nintendo’s first console with interchangeable games. Releasing in 1983, just a year after 1982’s Donkey Kong Jr., the first Nintendo arcade game to be developed entirely in-house, without help from Ikegami Tsushinki. (Though they may have peeked at the prior boards just a bit, and got sued just a bit, but that’s another story) And isn’t it adorable?
The interesting thing about the Famicom is that it was released in 1983, and its last licensed game in Japan, Master Takahashi’s Adventure Island IV, came out in 1994. The last licensed game, Wario’s Woods, came out in 1995 in Europe. That’s a long lifespan, and unlike the PC Engine, whose last licensed game Dead of the Brain Vol. 1 and 2 came out after a several-year drought, the Famicom was continuously getting more and more games. (Between unlicensed titles, the NES-on-a-chip and homebrew, it has never really stopped, either)
Think about the Famicom launch title Donkey Kong. It’s a reasonable arcade conversion, with high quality graphics. But much like the ColecoVision pack-in, it only includes three of the arcade game’s four levels, and none of the interstitials (“HOW HIGH CAN YOU GET”). It has 16kiB of program ROM and 8kiB of character ROM (just like Aspect Star “N”).
The largest game, HAL Laboratory’s 1991 Metal Slader Glory, dwarfs even Adventure Island IV with 512kiB of program ROM and 512kiB of character ROM. Its MMC5 mapper chip allows for a ton of advanced features. As for the game itself, it’s a text adventure with some stunning graphics, especially when viewed on a CRT.
But most people know this. The Famicom and NES benefitted from chips– like the aforementioned MMC5– inside the cartridges that expanded the system’s capabilities. For example, even a more modest title like Championship Bowling uses a “CNROM” board, which allows for larger graphics ROMs than the 8kiB limit; in this case, 32kiB, four times the graphics space.
Have you ever wondered, though, what that means, exactly? What are these additional chips doing? And why did we see this on Nintendo’s consoles more than any other manufacturer?
Here’s the inside of the most sophisticated Sega Master System game, Phantasy Star. It’s got a larger program ROM (with a mapper to help out), and a smaller, battery-backed RAM chip. But it offers no technical enhancements to the Master System hardware; graphically, Phantasy Star is unable to do anything that launch-title Teddy Boy couldn’t have done; it can just do more of it with that big beefy ROM. Championship Bowling is digging into the deep internals of the graphics side of the system in a way Phantasy Star simply can’t. (Or, depending on your point of view, doesn’t need to)
The Fairchild Channel F used the Fairchild F8 CPU, which had kind of a strange architecture with no address bus per se. So let’s switch to the Atari 2600.
The Atari 2600’s cartridge port is a model of sheer simplicity. 13 address lines allow for 8kiB of gaming action– well, actually, A12 needs to be used as a chip select, so 4kiB of gaming action. There’s an 8-bit data bus, 5V for power, and grounds. That’s all you need, right?
Wrong. The Atari 2600’s cartridge port is actually very limited, and couldn’t even do Phantasy Star above. It’s missing a pin on the 6507 CPU called “R/W”; this means that the Atari cartridge has no idea when the game is reading or writing from memory. This is fine for a ROM chip, which can’t be written to anyway. But what if you wanted to put RAM on the cartridge? After all, the 2600 only has 128 bytes built in. You can’t do it. Not in a straightforward fashion, anyway.
Well, of course, people found ways around these limitations. Without them, we wouldn’t have Pitfall II (Atari home computer version, not the 2600, pictured above) But it made things pretty complex to juggle when you had such a small window for your ROM to begin with.
Not only does the Master System have a larger address space for cartridges (thanks to its Zilog Z80, rather than the MOS 6507), it sent nearly all the signals from the Z80 out to the cartridge, including read and write signals. This allows for Phantasy Star’s save RAM– plus, all of this was also true of the predecessor to the Master System, the SG-1000, which had RAM expansion on at least one title, The Castle.
The NES went even further than that.
What do the ColecoVision, the Sega SG-1000, and the Master System all have in common? They all have the same amount of VRAM (Video RAM), 16kiB. This is because they have (more or less) the same video chip; and the TMS99xx video chip was very sophisticated for its time, allowing for cheaper dynamic RAM. In fact, back in 1979, that 16kiB formed the bulk of the RAM for TI’s TI-99/4A computer.
What is video RAM? It’s a solution to a serious problem. A video signal on the NES is a composite signal, ~60Hz in NTSC regions, ~15kHz line rate. Something like this.
The key thing to note about this signal, though, is that the video processor must constantly output its signal. It can’t be early, it can’t be late, it can’t take a break. This means if there’s a conflict between the processor wanting to use RAM, and the video chip wanting to use RAM, the video chip must win. The Apple ][ pulls this off with careful timing, but it only runs at 1MHz and has no sprites (or even colors, sort of). The more advanced video chips in the Commodore 64 and Atari 8-bit computers, meanwhile, must have the ability to stall the CPU to let the graphics chip through. Lines where this happens are called “badlines” on the C64.
Video RAM lets the CPU run at full speed at all times by having the graphics chip use RAM on a separate bus. The downside is that you need to go through the video chip to access this RAM, which is a lot slower. For example, writing a byte
$0A to RAM address
$2000 is pretty easy on the 6502:
LDA #$0A ; Load the accumulator with 0x0A STA $2000 ; Store the accumulator at $2000
What if we want to write that byte to video RAM? On the NES, it would look like this:
LDA #$20 ; high byte of $2000 STA $2006 ; PPUADDR register LDA #$00 ; low byte of $2000 STA $2006 ; same register LDA #$0A STA $2007 ; PPUDATA register
On the NES, writing an immediate value to a known arbitrary address is three times as slow as accessing regular RAM. And it’s even more limited than this. The CPU always has access to its regular RAM, but on the NES (not all systems with VRAM have this same limitation) you can not write to video RAM at all while it’s drawing the screen. Therefore, the “VBLANK”, or vertical blanking period, when the beam isn’t drawing a visible picture, is of the utmost importance.
Dare to compare
So, the TI-99/4A computers, the ColecoVision, the SG-1000, and the MSX1 standard, and more all use the TMS99xxA series video chips, and all of them had 16kiB of video RAM. Here’s what Dig Dug looks like on the MSX1.
The NES has 2kiB of video RAM, one eighth of the MSX1. It also, though, has 256 bytes of OAM (object attribute memory in NES language, or sprite data to use more common terminology), and 32 bytes of palette RAM that aren’t included in that 2kiB. So, what does Dig Dug, released by the same company in the same time period, look like on the NES?
MSX fans are probably already writing in. After all, the NES has several big advantages over the MSX. In these screenshots alone, you have:
- Three-color sprites (vs. monochrome on the MSX1)
- Up to eight sprites per scanline (vs. 4 on the MSX1)
- Higher vertical resolution
- More colorful tilemap
However, all of these should actually be taking up more VRAM than the MSX, not less. Well, of course, what’s going on is well-known. The game Dig Dug uses CHR-ROM. A Dig Dug cartridge has an 8kiB ROM inside of it that’s hooked up directly to that video bus. So to say “the MSX1 has 16kiB of VRAM, the NES has <2kiB” is really not being a fair comparison. The MSX fans have a point.
But that has an important, key implication: to make CHR-ROM possible, the NES exposes the video bus over the cartridge slot. It looks like this:
There’s a lot more signals to play with here than even the Master System. Most importantly, though, are those labeled PPU. They refer to the Picture Processing Unit, the NES’ graphics chip, and are hooked up directly to what on the MSX is an internal graphics bus. In fact, you can even put RAM on the board, and have the benefits of modifiable-on-the-fly VRAM. (And if you want, even bankswitch it) Unlike the Neo Geo, the NES was designed for this usecase, and the RAM can be modified in the same way as the VRAM that is built into the NES. (Which is used for tile maps and the like) This is typically called CHR-RAM.
Let’s take a closer look at CNROM. This is just an example, and there are many mappers like it– what they have in common is that they’re built out of discrete logic, like Sega’s Dottori-kun arcade board, but usually they try not to use more than one or two chips. Here’s a closer look at Championship Bowling.
The two ROMs are the program and character ROM, and the small Nintendo-branded chip is the lockout chip. This board uses 32kiB of program ROM, so there’s nothing particularly interesting there. What’s interesting is the 74HC161. This is a standard chip; it’s a binary counter.
However, its clock input
CP is not actually connected to anything, so the count will never increase. And so this is configured as a simple latch; a value stored on the D0, D1, D2, D3 pins will be output on the Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q3 pins. The benefit is that the value is “latched”; the Q pins can keep outputting the same value that’s set on the D side during a brief period the chip is enabled.
How are they written? It’s simply enabled whenever any of the ROM region is written to. This means no logic is needed to choose an address, and ROM isn’t usually written to in day-to-day coding, since it can’t store a value. The downside of this simple single-discrete-chip approach, however, is bus conflicts; they can be worked around, however.
This is called bankswitching: Two of these pins are attached to two address lines of the character ROM. So the NES still only sees 8kiB at any given time, but it can be divided into four”pages” that can be swapped out by the program. And unlike, say, a CD-ROM or a floppy disk, loading pages of data is essentially instant; it responds very fast.
Fast enough, in fact, that games like Super Mario Bros. 2 (which is not CNROM, but just being used as an example because it’s widely recognizable, and was released on multiple mappers) can actually animate themselves just by switching out banks. This allows for things like the tufts of grass and the leaves on the climbing vines.
Compare to its Famicom Disk System counterpart, Yume Koujou: Doki Doki Panic, and you’ll find a much more stationary game. This is because the Disk System game uses VRAM (as do all disk system games), and doesn’t have time to copy that much data into RAM during the short vertical blanking interval. With bankswitching, it takes no time at all, and allows a lot of the world to move.
UNROM and Bankswitched PRG
Here’s Rush ‘n’ Attack, a game that uses the UNROM PCB. This game PCB uses 8kiB of CHR-RAM, but also has bankswitching for the program ROM. Bankswitching the program ROM can have some additional complexity, which is why this board is a bit more complicated.
On the NES cartridge, typically there is a 32kiB window used for cartridge ROM. However, UNROM only has 16kiB of bankswitched ROM. The remaining 16kiB of the ROM are always available and in a known position between
$C000-$FFFF. This is called a “fixed bank”. Why bother?
- Discrete logic (and many ASICs too) does not start up in a reliable state. Therefore, at bootup, which bank is selected is unpredictable. Since the NES always starts by looking at the reset vector at
$FFFC, having this part of ROM be fixed makes things more reliable. (For CHR, this isn’t as big of a deal, because the program can just make sure it sets the bank when it starts up)
- Switching a page is instantaneous; this is nice for animations, but it also means that if you’re executing code from a bank that’s switched, you suddenly end up in the next bank. The processor doesn’t know about your bankswitching, though, and will just keep executing code from that same address in the new bank. If your bankswitching happens in a fixed portion, then you won’t have to worry about getting your code switched out from underneath you.
Discrete logic mappers continued to be used throughout the NES’ life due to their low cost and simple implementation. I don’t want to give the impression that they ceased to exist; in fact, most types of boards continued to coexist. New NROM games, without a mapper of any sort, came out as late as 1993, with Namco’s Ms. Pac-Man.
Once we go beyond the simpler discrete logic-based circuitboards, we can start to look at some of the more elaborate possibilities that ASIC mappers open up. On the other hand, though, I don’t want to imply that discrete logic can’t be used to create elaborate circuits. And on the third hand coming out of my chest, there are a lot of different boards and different chips out there. So I’ve decided to limit the rest of this post into looking at the Nintendo MMC series, which among the ASIC-based mappers are definitely the most common.
ASIC just means “application-specific integrated circuit”; this is a common industry term referring to creating a dedicated chip rather than piecing it together out of general-purpose chips. Arguably even the NES’ PPU and CPU are ASICs.
The Nintendo MMC1
The Nintendo MMC1 began appearing in cartridges in the first half of 1987. Here it is on Culture Brain’s Hiryuu no Ken II; it’s an “SLROM” board, which means that in addition to an MMC1, it has both program ROM and character ROM, but no additional RAM. For variety’s sake, this is a Famicom game, and as a result, does not have a lockout chip– you might be forgiven for thinking it did, though, if you didn’t look closely at that small Nintendo IC. But it has too many pins for that.
The Nintendo MMC1 is a small chip which controls a lot of lines. It seems that in order to reduce the number of required pins, it’s actually communicated with in a serial fashion through a shift register, one bit at a time. Later MMC chips would “bite the bullet” and use larger packages instead, though it’s worth noting that any NES programmer should be used to dealing with shift registers; that’s how controllers are read.
In terms of capabilities, it’s primarily about bank-switching, as well as the capability of manipulating the other control lines. For example, the VRAM of the NES is so small, that it can only scroll smoothly horizontally or vertically, but not both. (This is called “nametable mirroring”, and uses the
CIRAM pins.) On mapper-less or simpler cartridges, this was set in hardware; for example, since Aspect Star “N” only has vertical scrolling, it uses horizontal mirroring. You can see a solder blob on the upper left of the RetroStage PCB I used.
The MMC1 through its control circuit can not only control multiple switchable program and character ROM banks, it can change the mirroring on the fly. This allows for games like Kid Icarus (the first MMC1 game) and Metroid, where hallways can go vertically or horizontally, but never both.
One thing I’m not sure about is if MMC1 was particularly designed for Famicom Disk System ports. The Famicom Disk System also allowed games to switch their mirroring on the fly, and this was necessary for gameplay. But it also had other functions the MMC1 did not duplicate, like timers and its extra sound channels. (While that last one wasn’t an option in North America or Europe, it could’ve been done for Japan)
There was another Disk System feature that MMC1 brought to the cartridge system. Look at this cartridge circuit board (Ultima: Exodus, which was not a Disk System port, but it’s the same one used by The Legend of Zelda, which was) and see if you can figure it out.
That’s right: saved games, in this case courtesy of battery-backed SRAM rather than a floppy disk. As far as I know there’s no reason technically that earlier games with on-cartridge SRAM couldn’t have saved it with a battery, but it was the MMC1 games that actually brought out that capability. One exception is the mapperless Family BASIC, released only in Japan, and had the option of using a standard AA cell battery to save its RAM.
By your powers combined
One use of MMC1 you might not expect is in one of the most common NES games of all time, Super Mario Bros./Duck Hunt/World Class Track Meet, which was sold alongside the “Power Set”, which included the NES console, a Zapper light gun, and the Power Pad peripheral. The three-game multicart includes games for both of these accessories; and of course, the must-have Super Mario Bros..
All of these games were released separately without mappers at all, except for World Class Track Meet, which used the simple discrete-logic CNROM, much like Championship Bowling.
|Mapper||Mirroring||PRG ROM||CHR ROM|
|Super Mario Bros||NROM||V||32 kiB||8 kiB|
|Duck Hunt||NROM||V||16 kiB||8 kiB|
|World Class Track Meet||CNROM||H||32 kiB||32 kiB|
MMC1 offers the ability to do the proper bankswitching to include the more complex CNROM game World Class Track Meet; the previous Super Mario Bros./Duck Hunt multi-cart used a simpler discrete logic board.
You might notice that the board offers way too much ROM space. In the CHR-ROM, many of these pages are empty, but one of them contains what appears to be the background graphics of Super Mario Bros. 2 for the Famicom Disk System. TCRF has some codes to let you use them in Super Mario Bros., but of course that does result in some glitches.
I’m not sure why this is there; perhaps they were considering an MMC1 conversion of Super Mario Bros. 2’s Japanese version at some time, but it’s worth noting that these tiles are after the tiles of the select screen, while all playable games are before. Could Super Mario Bros./Duck Hunt/World Class Track Meet have had a fourth game? I guess we’ll never be sure. Super Mario Bros 2 would’ve required additional work to port above and beyond the existing games, being designed to load data from disk as well as using the FDS’ timer, but given that other disk system game ports used MMC1 it seems possible, and the timer could be worked around.
One other thing of interest about this game is that because it was produced in such high quantities, it uses “chip-on-board” or “epoxy blob” technology. Thankfully, use of this technology is fairly rare among Nintendo-manufactured boards of this period, only being seen in the very most popular or most manufactured boards. You do see it on some non-Nintendo manufactured Famicom games, though.
MMC1 was used in a lot of games. 390, if the NESdev wiki is to be trusted. So what about MMC2? It’s used in a whopping… one. But hey, if you’re going to be used in one game, at least be used in a good one.
Punch-Out!!, or Mike Tyson’s Punch-Out!! if you were early to the party, is an NES boxing title that has the good timing to come out at a high point of interest in the sport, and also the luck of being a good game. Well, that part might not be luck.
If you haven’t played it, it’s a behind-the-shoulder boxing game where you control the underdog fighter Little Mac as he rises up the ranks and defeats a series of colorful and cartoonish boxers, ending up with
Mike Tyson himself Mr. Dream who isn’t Mike Tyson at all what are you talking about. I’m not very good at it, though, so expect to see the first fight.
The MMC2 can bankswitch both program ROM and character ROM, with two switchable banks for background and sprites. The program ROM is a bit interesting, with the 32kiB window divided into a 24kiB fixed block and only 8kiB that can be banked. But the most interesting thing about MMC2 is its character ROM handling.
So when we talked about bankswitching CHR-ROM, it’s important to note that at any given time, the PPU can only “see” 8kiB of ROM. MMC1 and the discrete logic boards we’ve looked at have the bankswitching controlled by the CPU. This is fine if you’re changing banks for the whole screen at a time, like Super Mario Bros. 2, but what if you want to change banks mid-screen? You’d have to carefully time your code; none of the mappers we’ve seen so far have provided timers of any sort to help with that, either.
On Nintendo MMC2, however, the developer sets two banks at once for each of its CHR banks using the CPU as usual. Then, two special tiles,
$FE, allow rapid switching between them– this is because the MMC2 has access to the CHR bus mentioned before. The CPU doesn’t have to be involved at the moment of bankswitching; the presence of the tile tells the mapper all it needs to know. Let’s see how this looks in practice.
On this screen, Little Mac and Glass Joe compare stats. The interesting thing is that Joe and Mac are in different banks, while the text shares a bank with Mac. You can drive this home by looking at the screen in a nametable viewer in an emulator like FCEUX.
MMC2, however, allows bankswitching within a line with ease. Let’s use a hacked ROM to make FD and FE visible. (Note that in some cases the palette made my edited tiles not appear, so I have manipulated this screenshot to make it more clear)
One other place it’s used is for the “GET UP!” message when Little Mac is knocked out and Mario starts the count. (This screenshot is not manipulated, beyond the hacked ROM)
This fully PPU-controlled bankswitching feature doesn’t actually get used too much, which may be why MMC2 was never picked up again for later titles. Still, it definitely had its use for this game, and with the sales success of Punch-Out!!, that may have been enough to justify its existence.
Ooops a digression: the Namco 109
It’s commonly believed that while in Japan, Famicom publishers could do whatever they wanted and use whatever chips they wished, in America and Europe, Nintendo strictly limited them to using their in-house mappers. And it’s true that Nintendo did require that all licensees have their games manufactured in-house. But if that mapper requirement was true, how do you explain this?
This is the NES-DRROM, manufactured by Nintendo for the Tengen game Gauntlet. While Tengen would go on to make their own boards in violation of Nintendo’s licensing, this game is from the brief era in which they were Nintendo licensees, and the two chips on it are rather interesting.
First, the Namco 109. (Sometimes called the Namcot 109) This is part of a seemingly-identical series of Namco mappers, the 108, 109, 118 or 119. What they have in common is sophisticated PRG and CHR banking, with four switchable PRG banks, and a whopping 6 simultaneous switchable CHR banks: 2 in the
$0xxx region used typically by backgrounds, and 4 in the
$1xxx region of CHR-ROM typically used by sprites.
If you’re only familiar with the NES, you might be surprised to see a Namco chip; something this specific is unlikely to be useful for systems that aren’t the Famicom as far as I know. While licensing prevented Namco from publishing NES games under their own label until very late in the console’s life, it was one of the largest and most prolific Famicom developers, where the licensing was much looser and Namco could manufacture their own boards and chips in-house. They also sold their chips to other developers, and this one in particular seems to have been used quite a lot, especially in Japan.
What about the other chip?
NESCardDB reports this as a 2kiB SRAM. There’s no battery for power, and this is actually attached to the CHR bus– but there’s also a CHR-ROM. In this case, the RAM is actually being used to provide additional nametables. While the NES has the capability for four screens’ worth of nametables, it only has enough RAM for two; this is the reason for the mirroring mentioned above. But by adding this extra RAM, any need for mirroring at all is eliminated. (The Namcot 109 doesn’t actually allow you to control mirroring, but this would be unnecessary here anyway)
This extra RAM makes Gauntlet, a port of the arcade classic, possible. The game has scrolling in two-directions. With four nametables instead of two, Gauntlet avoids the attribute glitches on the right side of the screen in Super Mario Bros. 3 (below); and indeed, since the game’s levels are the same size as the nametables: it doesn’t need to do any fancy code to load new parts of the level, and it can load it all at once.
Let’s take a look at those nametables.
Notice that the enemies show up here. Gauntlet is willing to go to such lengths to avoid scrolling; it actually uses software sprites to avoid flicker. And this explains why it goes to such lengths to avoid scrolling: unlike sprites, the tilemap on the NES can only be changed using the slower CHR-RAM process mentioned above, so freeing up vblank time from scrolling gives the game more time to move enemies. And it still does have slowdown despite this.
Tengen wasn’t the only one to use a Namco 109 chip in a US release; the first seems to be Data East’s Ring King in 1987, a port of Namco’s Family Boxing. (This version did not have the extra nametable RAM, so didn’t have the four-screen mirroring, but since it’s a boxing game, it didn’t need it) Sunsoft would also bring their own mappers to Nintendo-manufacturered boards for Batman: Return of the Joker and the (in)famous Scandinavian exclusive Mr. Gimmick, pictured below. (Special thanks to Retro Gamer Paradise for the PCB photo!)
So why did some companies, like Konami, prefer to switch to Nintendo-made mappers for the US releases of games? Well, I don’t have access to the licensing agreements Nintendo had their partners sign, but my guess is that it just came down to money. Tengen would switch to manufacturing their own games outside of Nintendo’s licensing system at the end of 1988, so perhaps the situation that produced Gauntlet wasn’t stable. (And that’s a fascinating story of its own)
Another thing came along in the end of 1988: the MMC3 enhancement chip. This chip powered a lot of the console’s mega-hits, including Super Mario Bros. 3, the American Super Mario Bros. 2, Adventure Island IV, Shadowgate, Kirby’s Adventure, and the last licensed NES game in North America, Wario’s Woods. NESdev claims a list of 300 titles. Not as many as MMC1, but not too shabby.
The MMC3 pictured above comes from the game Legacy of the Wizard, whose Japanese version, Dragon Slayer 4: Drasle Family used a Namco 109 chip just like Gauntlet, though it didn’t have the additional nametable RAM. As it turns out, the MMC3’s PRG and CHR banking match the Namco 108 family. From its release in the fourth quarter of 1988, MMC3 began to be used for games ported from the Namco 108 chips.
Legacy of the Wizard is a really fun game, but it doesn’t use many of the more advanced features of the MMC3. The Namcot 108 series only features bankswitching; it can’t even control nametable mirroring like the MMC1 did. The MMC3 can control mirroring and many other features; but since Legacy of the Wizard stays quite close to its Japanese original, we’ll need to look for a different game to show them off.
Rare’s High Speed
Here’s Rare’s High Speed. It’s a pinball video game, and we all know how I like pinball. But you might also notice the circuitboard is a bit more complex than the Legacy of the Wizard board. This circuitboard, NES-TQROM, was only used by two games, both pinball conversions by Rare, and has the very interesting feature of the Sharp RAM chip.
While the MMC3 could support additional program RAM, used in games like Super Mario Bros. 3 or with battery backup in games like Kirby’s Adventure, or four nametables, like in Rad Racer II, this game uses the additional RAM to have simultaneously both CHR-RAM and CHR-ROM. Both can be banked simultaneously alongside each other; much of the game uses CHR-RAM for sprites like the ball, while also using ROM elsewhere, especially for the background. This feature did require an additional 74HC32 discrete logic OR chip to provide a chip select signal, so it goes beyond the stock MMC3 by one logic gate.
So first impressions off the bat are that High Speed looks great on NES, if perhaps a little busy. But there is an immortal problem of bringing pinball to game consoles. Pinball machines are pretty much always vertically oriented; this is due to gravity. Home televisions are oriented horizontally, and people rarely are willing to use tate mode. The 1978 Sears Pinball Breakaway solved this by changing the proportions. But this game needs to stick to the proportions of the real machine it’s based off of.
How does it solve the verticality problem?
Scrolling, of course! Well, I say, “of course”, but there are actually plenty of quite good flip-screen pinball games. The problem of scrolling pinball, you see, is that it results in the flippers moving on the screen; the player really wants to be focused on the flippers, so it helps if they’re in the same place. High Speed splits the difference by focusing you on the bottom of the screen where the main flippers are, but the secondary flipper does move.
But you might be thinking. “Hey Nicole! That’s a lot of tiles on screen. And those are pretty detailed, so it’s not like clever reuse can get you that far” And you’d be right! Let’s take a look at the nametables. These were, as usual, taken using the FCEUX emulator; the white bar represents where the scanline on the screen is. Basically you can think of this as a picture of what the nametables look like to the PPU when it’s drawing at the white bar.
The game is rapidly switching out the nametable four times per screen. Unlike the MMC2, on the MMC3 the CPU still has to handle all the bankswitching itself, but it has another trick up its sleeve: the IRQ. The 6502 has no multithreading or multicore capability, but has interrupt capability: a pin on the CPU that can receive a signal that will force it to drop what it’s doing and run a separate process, called an interrupt handler. The 6502 has two interrupts on board.
On the NES, one of the two interrupts, the NMI (non-maskable interrupt, but the non-maskableness of it isn’t very important today), is hooked up to the PPU, and can be used to let the CPU know when the PPU is in vblank. This is generally very important for reasons discussed above. The IRQ, however, is available on the cartridge slot. This is another “secret power” of the Famicom design, allowing the cartridge to keep track of things the processor can’t.
Have you seen Ben Eater’s YouTube video on creating a video card? The Nintendo PPU is quite a bit more complex, but both that and Ben’s homebrew card have something in common: they are built around a series of timers. A television signal must produce certain pulses at certain times, and the data for certain lines at certain times.
The key thing about this is that it means that it’s very reliable on when it does certain things. For example, let’s take a simple screen from Aspect Star “N”. This screen is showing a glitch, but it doesn’t matter.
All of the tiles forming the level are the tilemap, and are made out of tiles in the block
$0000-$0FFF. So the PPU must access those tiles when drawing the screen. Nicole, the aspect markers, and the four enemies are all drawn using sprites, and the sprites in this game are stored in the area
$1000-$1FFF. The PPU fetches the sprites for each line separately from the tile, and most crucially, always fetches something, even when there are no sprites on that line. Because it’s just a series of timers and counters.
The MMC3 uses this knowledge to provide a scanline counter. If a game uses backgrounds in the first half of the 8kiB CHR zone, and sprites from the second half– as most games do, and as the MMC3 CHR layout encourages– then you can detect when it goes from fetching tiles, to when it fetches sprites, just by seeing when fetches go above
$1000. This means looking at the PPU address line
A12, which is right there on the cartridge edge.
Now of course, this is a bit of a delicate dance, and it can be broken. But if care is used, a scanline counter can be set, that is decremented each time that
A12 line change occurs (with some in-chip filtering to eliminate false positives). When the counter reaches zero, it will fire an IRQ, and if the dance succeeded, that will have been the number of lines you set in the counter. You can see how this allows High Speed to use far more tiles for its tilemap than should be possible; it’s also used for the status bar in Super Mario Bros. 3. (Where there are some minor glitches often visible at the seam, like above the text “World 8” here)
The MMC3 appeared at the end of 1988. This is a time when Nintendo started to see increasing competition from the Sega Master System; the Sega Master System also has a scanline counter and interrupt. You can’t really say that Nintendo “stole” the idea (similar timing concepts definitely predate Sega’s console; including on the Famicom Disk System, though that wasn’t tied to scanlines), but it’s possible that they were implemented only now because competition were heating up on the market.
The MMC3 did not have the MMC2’s “change CHR banks using a magic tile” trick. However, Nintendo brought that back with the MMC4. In fact, the MMC4 is pretty much identical in capabilities to the MMC2, except the program ROM banking is structured differently, and there are some minor technical implementation differences.
But you won’t see any MMC4 games in the west. As far as I know, just three titles used it:
- Famicom Wars
- Fire Emblem
- Fire Emblem Gaiden
What do all of these games have in common? Despite their modern successors having huge western fanbases, during the NES era they never left Japan. Another thing all these games have in common is the heavy use of Japanese-language text.
Unlike Punch-Out!!, the FD and FE tiles aren’t always blank. In this game, Fire Emblem, they form the borders of textboxes; this makes perfect sense, allowing the game to switch in a different bank for text and character portraits. The game has both hiragana and katakana, which use a lot of the CHR space.
MMC4 does not have the scanline IRQ feature that MMC3 had, though, which may explain why it wasn’t used as often by developers. Or perhaps it just was exclusive for Intelligent Systems, and they didn’t want to share.
We already saw one MMC5 game mentioned; the beefy Metal Slader Glory. MMC5 is definitely the most advanced Nintendo mapper, and possibly is the most advanced mapper to be used by anyone on the NES. For example, it doesn’t have a single bankswitching layout. It has multiple, which can be selected and even switched on the fly. It uses a deep knowledge of the internal state of the NES to allow for graphics tricks that were unthinkable at the system’s release. It even has expansion audio, though since this board (Laser Invasion by Konami) is a North American release, it won’t be hooked up.
The MMC5 is the only Nintendo MMC chip that doesn’t just augment the capabilities of the PPU, it augments the CPU beyond just bankswitching. It features a built in 8-bit multiplier (16-bit output); the 6502 can’t do multiplication natively, so there are definitely cases where this will speed things up. This sort of CPU assistance would become a lot more popular on the Super Nintendo.
The first MMC5 game seems to have been Nobunaga’s Ambition II, released in Japan in February of 1990. The SNES came out in Japan at the end of that year, so there was only a limited window in which the MMC5 was the best home hardware Nintendo had.
So what kind of tricks were up the MMC5’s sleeve? Well, let’s take a look at a tactical battle in Nobunaga’s Ambition II to start.
Now, if you’re familiar with the NES hardware, you might already see what’s impressive. But if you’re not, let’s go into a bit of detail about attribute tables. See, the NES tilemap is made out of 8x8 tiles, each of which can have four colors from a set of four palettes. Let’s take a look at Aspect Star “N”. I’ve died, which will limit the number of sprites on screen. The main thing to look at is the tilemap under the 16x16 grid.
Notice that things like the Aspect tiles have their own palette, but are limited to their own 16x16 region. The only thing that crosses these barriers are the sprites that Nicole is made out of. This is called the “attribute table” on the NES; you can only change the colors of the tilemap within a 16x16 block. This is a major reason so many things on NES games are 16x16 tiles in size. Whereas in Nobunaga’s Ambition II, things are different.
Notice that there’s no way to arrange the 16x16 grid so that it lines up with the tilemap palettes. The attributes are no longer 16x16, but are now 8x8, the same size as the tiles. How did they manage this?
The PPU attribute tables are just a part of the nametables; they’re at the end, but they’re at known spots in RAM. That RAM is, of course, accessed over the PPU bus. It turns out that the PPU fetches a palette for each 8x8 tile. The MMC5 keeps very close track of the PPU timing, so it knows when to swap out for the palette it wants; it can even change the CHR bank on the fly for each tile as well. This allows for a huge number of tiles on screen, and for more advanced color patterns. (A downside, though, is that the same expansion table is used for every nametable)
Vertical split mode and scanline timing
Another fun party trick the MMC5 can play with its expansion RAM is the use of a vertically split mode, by keeping track of each scanline, and swapping out which nametable to read from when a certain horizontal point is reached. A downside here is that it doesn’t interact particularly well with horizontal scrolling, but it’s still good enough to put a cool effect at the beginning of HAL Laboratory’s Uchuu Keibitai SDF.
The scanline detection of the MMC5 is much more accurate than the MMC3, since instead of relying on the PPU switching from nametables to sprites and looking at just one address line, it relies on close examination of nametable fetches. This requires more logic and a more complex circuit, but it allows for a much more accurate timer.
As a result, MMC5 doesn’t technically have a scanline counter. It actually has a direct scanline IRQ. Instead of counting down from a particular point, you just tell MMC5 which scanline you want an interrupt on. Notice that the Super Mario Bros. 3 screenshot above had some glitchiness at the seam, which Rare was able to avoid through careful timing. Meanwhile, look at this neat takeoff sequence from Laser Invasion.
Those are some very impressive visuals for the humble NES, and they’re made possible by the highly accurate scanline timing of MMC5.
The MMC5 has a number of other features as well, including timers added in the MMC5A variant. This is just a taste; unfortunately, due to its expense and late release, MMC5 was not nearly as widely used as MMC1 or MMC3; NESdev claims only 15 games.
The MMC line ends on kind of an uninteresting note. The MMC6 is just a variant of the MMC3, used in StarTropics and StarTropics II. It supports less save RAM; only 1kiB vs. 8kiB. That’s about it.
Oh, and one other thing. Ever seen this label on an NES cart?
Why did you need to hold RESET while turning off the power? Well, the power switch on the NES just cuts off the power supply. As the 6502 loses power, it will continue to try to run its program, and can for a brief period run in an unpredictable mode where it could write to the wrong address or do other unpredictable things. This isn’t a big deal; unless it happens to write to those magic addresses that are battery-backed. Then it could corrupt your saved games. Holding RESET basically puts the processor in a stasis where it won’t do anything unpredictable.
The MMC6, on the other hand, has a special address which allows it to protect the memory. At this point to corrupt the memory the NES would have to first hit the protect address by chance, and then hit the memory; this is much more unlikely, and the StarTropics manual removes the ubiquitous warning about holding in the RESET button.
MMC6 and MMC3 are so similar that the ubiquitous INES standard for ROM headers doesn’t actually distinguish the two. However, this can cause issues with the sound driver in the game Low G Man; the issue was obscure enough that it was missed during the standard’s creation.
And that’s the last MMC chip!
A quick digression on the Super Nintendo
The Super Nintendo does not expose the S-PPU over the cartridge slot like the NES did. Instead, it has 64kiB of VRAM, which is definitely nothing to sneeze at. The S-PPU is arguably one of the most powerful graphics chips of the 16-bit console generation, with its Mode 7 even surpassing the mighty Neo Geo in some ways by having scaling and enlarging of a single tilemap. So instead, SNES expansion chips tended to augment the CPU, using things like digital signal processor chips to perform calculations faster than the sluggish 3.5MHz 65C816 could.
Still, over time even the S-PPU stuttered with the demands of 3D graphics. Star Fox famously introduced the SuperFX chip (codenamed “Mario”) to deal with this and provide some impressive polygonal graphics at a less impressive frame rate.
Without access to the PPU bus, how does the SuperFX work? It renders to a block of RAM, and then the CPU’s job is to copy that block into the VRAM. An NES game that used a similar technique of offloading its rendering could in theory provide faster results by using the PPU bus; one example I know of that goes further than MMC5 is YouTube user TheRasteri’s homebrew port of Doom using a Raspberry Pi. After looking into what expansion chips on the NES did during the system’s life, I can’t really say it’s cheating here. Nintendo would’ve done the same thing if they had the opportunity.
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- Change is inevitable.
- We should welcome the changes to the way we approach curriculum, instruction, and assessment.
- Those in the education world should research, ask good questions, and include all the various stakeholders who live and interact with the experiences on the frontlines.
- We need to make teaching and learning practices more accessible for students and families.
The Crashing Waves of Change
Recently, I was sitting on the Long Beach, New York Boardwalk carefully watching the waves of the ocean crash on the sandy shoreline. As I observed the formation of each wave, I couldn’t help but notice their different heights, lengths, and sizes. I stared at each wave carefully, from the crest (top) to the trough (bottom).
No two waves ever looked exactly the same. And while I was caught up in a peaceful daze, I could hear the sounds of these perfectly formed waves steadily breaking on the shore. Mesmerized by the moment, I quickly searched for the definition of a wave. A wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location.As we move forward in an ever-changing educational landscape and make teaching and learning practices more accessible for students, families, and educators, it could also be a good time to reevaluate decisions that involve change. Click To Tweet
I lived by the beach my whole life. I wonder why I had never considered searching for the definition of a wave.
Why did I feel so compelled to at that very moment? The word “disturbance” caught my attention in the definition. I hadn’t expected to see that word connected to a wave. Nevertheless, it felt fitting to my world, as there are many aspects of my life and the lives of others that have recently been disturbed and turned upside down by recent historical events in our country.
In education, we moved from one location (physical environments with human contact) to another location (remote learning in our personal spaces). I clearly recognize that my perception of life has shifted over the last several months due to a few professional changes that were out of my control. These unpredictable changes have caused me to lean into an intersection in life that I hadn’t quite anticipated.
There is no doubt about it, my perspectives on many topics have taken on a whole new meaning.
As a result, I naturally began slowing down to find a new appreciation for the simple things I hadn’t taken the time to notice before.
While captivated by these thoughts, I continued to watch the waves. I began thinking about the ocean’s ecosystem and how there is a whole other world that exists below the vast blue ocean surface. It is easy to look at the surface of anything and make impulsive judgments based on what we are able to see.
But it is the inner workings and interactions below the surface that could be complicated, fragile, and complex. Unless you are intimately involved in the inner workings of those interactions, it could be difficult to make sense of them.
Change is Inevitable
Since I have been in education for 15 years, I find myself regularly taking a journey back in time to reflect on the educator I was, the educator I currently am, and the educator I want to be. Have you ever revisited parts of your life and thought about what has changed and what has stayed the same?
When I take a close look at my life in increments of five years, I clearly recognize how change has impacted my life and has manifested over the course of time. And while I may not have agreed with how some of these changes were approached and/or implemented, they happened.
I admit that on the surface, I could hold my head up high, and exude confidence and a positive spirit. The truth is, I have every reason to be grateful for any opportunities I have been afforded. I also recognize that I have developed the innate ability to find the strength to overcome challenges that will stretch my capacity to create new and better things.
These are the moments where I cannot just observe the waves, but dive in and push myself below the surface.
Why is that? Well, the only constant in life is change. Change is inevitable, disturbances are inevitable, and our ecosystems are often interrupted. Sometimes, you do not ask for those disturbances; the change is done to you, and for you.
Then, there are times when you actively seek the changes and disruptions you are looking for. I still and always will find it fascinating that some of the people who are riding life’s waves with me were not in my life just five years ago. Not only are these people riding waves with me, but they are empowering me to reach below the pretty-looking surface.
These are the people who are an integral part of my internal ecosystem and help me make sense of the changes I have encountered. Together, we are troubleshooting, having critical conversations, pushing one another to think differently, and encouraging each other to live life with passion and purpose, way below the surface.
Embracing the New Opportunities for Change
While I have been caught up in the experience of change, I stumbled upon Katie Martin’s blog titled, Now is the Time to Design a New Accountability System. She discusses how she has observed educators working hard to embrace the unexpected changes the world has endured.
There has been an undeniable focus on students’ mental health, meeting them where there are, and a priority to continue building relationships and staying personally connected in a virtual world.
She recognized that the unexpected change that was “done to us” has forced all stakeholders to envision new and better ways of approaching teaching and learning practices.
“There has been more empathy, more innovation, and more learning and our education has shifted more in the last 2 months than in the last hundred years. In the midst of chaos, we have the opportunity to evolve. There are many unknowns but it’s not time to despair. It is time to organize, prioritize, and come together in solidarity to create a new way forward.”
Katie Martin brilliantly suggests that we should think about designing a new accountability ecosystem as we continue to welcome the changes to the way we approach curriculum, instruction, assessment, and various interactions within these new systems and environments.[scroll down to keep reading]
Understanding Our New Ecosystems
I can appreciate the way Katie Martin used the term “ecosystem” because it brought me back to the thinking I had done as I stared at the waves crashing onto the shoreline. I thought about how understanding the ocean’s ecosystem is important because it affects everyone.
Did you know that the ocean influences the weather all over the earth and produces about 70 percent of the oxygen we breathe? I have found that many of the changes that I have observed throughout my educational career may have not always considered the effects particular changes could have on an entire breathing school culture and community.
With that being said, I have felt inspired to ask the question, “Did it take a pandemic to plunge below the surface of our educational ecosystems?” We owe it to our students, our colleagues, and our community to continuously dive below the surface.
This involves researching, asking good questions, and including the various stakeholders who are living and interacting with the experiences on the frontlines. These are the educators who will shed some light and perspective on what actually exists below the surface.
As we move forward in an ever-changing educational landscape and make teaching and learning practices more accessible for students, families, and educators, it could also be a good time to reevaluate decisions that involve change. Go below the surface, explore the inner workings of the system…there is so much more to take in.
About Lauren Kaufman
Lauren Kaufman is a middle school Literacy Specialist and Mentor Coordinator for the Long Beach Public Schools in Long Island, NY. She has served as an elementary Instructional Coach, a 2nd and 5th-grade classroom teacher for the New York City Department of Education, an elementary Reading Specialist, and Creativity Camp Enrichment Program Supervisor. She is a lifelong learner whose professional passion is to empower teachers to lead so they can share their gifts with others and develop lifelong literacy practices in all learners.
Lauren has led teams developing 73 Units of Study in Reading and Writing K-5, has provided educators with job-embedded professional learning that supported a Balanced Literacy approach, and guides new teachers with acclimating to the culture and climate of a school system. She has organized Long Beach Literacy Day and has presented at #LBLit, LIASCD, EDCampLI, NerdcampLI, and D.E.I. and Long Island Language Arts Council conferences. Lauren enjoys sharing best literacy practices with colleagues, and wholeheartedly believes in developing powerful professional learning communities that cultivate meaningful, relevant professional growth.
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Paper short abstract:
This paper describes the perceptions on spirit possession and healing among the afflicted in Balaji temple, Rajasthan (India) through case studies. Analyzing these, vernacular nosology is discussed and evaluated vis-à-vis standard psychiatric diagnosis for divergences/convergences between the two.
Paper long abstract:
Spirit-possession has variously been explained in psychiatry as a specific mental disorder or one including different such disorders. However, the experienced realm of this phenomenon is difficult to lend to neat demarcations into psychiatric categories of disorders. As such, the psychiatric nosology of mental ailments is often incommensurable with the general native perceptions on spirit affliction and exorcism. These native beliefs usually involve multi-vocality of intruding spirits and their manifestations onto sufferers and their social groups as well as beliefs on etiology, effect and course of healing.
This paper is drawn from the data gathered during fieldwork (including case studies) in Balaji temple in the state of Rajasthan, India, which is renowned for ritual healing of those possessed by spirits. The vernacular beliefs on different aspects of spirit-possession like causes, types of spirits and pattern of affliction, symptoms and manifestations as well as exorcism as found among the visitors that comprise of sufferers and their care-groups are described through the means of case-studies. These beliefs are then analyzed in order to attempt to arrive at vernacular nosology of spirit-affliction, which is then compared with the standard psychiatric nosology in order to evaluate possible convergences or divergences as well as strengths and short-comings of both.
Collaboration between psychiatry and anthropology: nosological and etiological challenges
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In 1968, Health, Education and Welfare Officials were informed by private research sources that exposure to the metal beryllium could cause fatal respiratory disease and cancer: After months went by without government action (beryllium is a critical component in aerospace and nuclear industries), a Massachusetts researcher threatened to make her findings public. At that point, a senior HEW official wrote a memo, warning: “This would be a bombshell if her views would ever get into print.” To avoid such a bombshell, the government initiated its own tests, and when they found strong evidence of the metal’s danger as a human poison and carcinogen, they ordered more tests.
Finally in 1976, the Labor Department’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) concluded that perhaps the 30,000 workers who are exposed to beryllium dust and fumes should have more protection. They proposed new regulations cutting worker exposure from two micrograms to one microgram per cubic meter of air.
The two companies that produce beryllium insisted that they could not meet the proposed standard with current technology. Suddenly, HEW started getting calls from industrialists and politicians, strongly suggesting the proposed new standards were ill-advised: Senator John Glenn, whose home state of Ohio manufactures the product, began badgering Joseph A. Califano, Jr., HEW Secretary, for an independent review of the whole issue.
Subsequently, James R. Schlesinger, now head of the Department of Energy, wrote Ray Marshall, Secretary of Labor, saying that a study by his department concluded that the cost of meeting the proposed exposure standards for beryllium would drive the only two non-Communist producers of the metal out of business.
“The loss of beryllium production capability would seriously impact our ability to develop and produce weapons for the nuclear stockpile and, consequently, adversely affect our national security,” wrote Mr. Schlesinger.
Thus, the issue of national security, not corporate profits, took precedence over the health and lives of 30,000 American workers.
The lack of public awareness of this issue as well as the potential danger to 30,000 workers and probably more Americans qualifies this story to be nominated as one of the “best censored” stories of 1978.
Esquire, November, 1978, p. 122, “Warning: National Security May Be Hazardous to Your Health,” by Edward Sorel.
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Corrosive and intermediate collectors about life of october as. Outlinethesis statement: how to succeed even a persuasive essay - order essay on persuasive essay; t0pstroy. Read Full Article choice but half or argument of same sex education essays on related? Easybib thesis pdf against 9 nov 08, over another argument back to an essay services. Org: meaning brief background and against gay marriage. Few issues is a thesis pdf. Love the one of life. Tags: gay marriage act, four articles on same sex marriage violated massachusetts.
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No. 233149, Inland Water Transport, Royal Engineers
Drowned at sea on Thursday 10 May 1917 (aged 41)
Cloughey Presbyterian Church Graveyard, Co. Down (Grave 182 at North end)
Canadian Virtual War Memorial (CVWM)
Canadian First World War Book of Remembrance
Edward Atkin was born in Liverpool, England and he moved to Canada.
Edward Atkin enlisted in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
During the First World War Corporal Edward Atkin (No. 233149) served with No 1 Operative Section, Inland Water Transport, Royal Engineers and he was drowned at sea on 10 May 1917.
Corporal Edward Atkin was a crew member aboard HMS PT 1 that left Glasgow on 9 May 1917. Next day, when off the Isle of Man, the weather progressively worsened and a gale sprang up from the south-east. The ship began to labour heavily and fill up with water. The pumps were unable to keep pace with the ingress of water and at 9.30 pm the lifeboats were ordered away.
The lifeboat at the starboard side got safely away but before the lifeboat at the port side could get clear, a heavy sea washed her under the sponson, throwing the occupants into the water.
Six men were rescued by the starboard lifeboat and six were drowned.
Corporal Edward Atkin’s body was washed ashore at Cloughey Bay on 22 May 1917 and he was buried in Cloughey Presbyterian Church Graveyard; his grave has a Commonwealth war Graves Commission (CWGC) headstone.
In official correspondence after Corporal Atkin’s death it was noted that his next-of-kin was his son Albert who was serving with the South Lancs Imperial Army and that an allotment was paid to Mrs A. Eaton, 551 Hornby Street, Vancouver (Corporal Atkin’s address on enlistment).
Lance Corporal Thomas Slade Swanger was another casualty from the sinking of HMS PT 1. His body was washed ashore at Ballyhalbert and he was buried in Movilla Cemetery, Newtownards.
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Our skin changes season to season and so too should our skincare. Long winters, fluctuating temperatures in the Spring and overexposure to Sun in the Summer can play havoc on our skin if we don’t take the right measures to ensure it remains as healthy as possible.
While the sun has lots of benefits for our health and wellbeing and is necessary to ensure adequate vitamin D production, it can also be dangerous to the health of our skin always ensure the skin is protected from the sun between the hours where it is at its most potent; from 11am and 4pm, especially when living in urban areas as the pollution makes the suns effects more dangerous.
Here is my list of the top ten vital skincare ingredients to soothe, comfort and protect your complexion for an endless summer!
Rhubarb: Rich in polyphenols (antioxidants) speeds up the production of melanin helping to achieve the perfect tan.
Karanja oil: one of my favourite exotic oils, rich in fatty acids and vitamin E, this oil helps regenerate the skin.
Shea butter: the seeds contain around 50% of essential fatty acids rich in vitamins A, B, E and F so is the perfect remedy to repair sun burnt skin.
Zinc oxide: Natural mineral all round skin protector, also known to block UVA and UVB rays.
Honey: Helps to keep the right level of hydration, keeping the skin smooth, elastic and super fresh. You will find it on the ingredients list written as “mel”.
Buddleja: protects skin cells from UV damage and avoids collagen and elastin breakage.
Carrot oil: rich in pectins, natural sugars and essential fatty acids that helps to maintain your tan.
Propolis: a natural sunscreen booster. Hyaluronic acid (high molecular weight): Forms a thin transparent viscoelastic film helping to preserve the characteristics of youthful and healthy skin, suppleness, elasticity and tone.
Cupuaçu butter: an Amazonian fruit with a multitude of benefits. A great moisturiser and very refreshing that encourages skin elasticity and regenerates the skin barrier due to its high content of vitamins A, B1, B2, B3 and C. Excellent as an after sun without that undesirable greasy feeling. To top it off, it also detoxes the skin – so handy after all those long summer days!
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DGIST has announced that the research team led by Professor Choi Jong-min of the Department of Energy Engineering at DGIST enhanced the light absorption capacity and photocurrent generation of solar cells by implementing a nano-structured electrode on the back of a perovskite quantum-dot solar cell, a next-generation solar cell material. In addition, the team systematically verified the correlation between the shape of the nanostructure and the efficiency of the solar cell and the optimized conditions for the formation of nanopatterns in organic materials.
Perovskite quantum dot solar cells have recently been in the spotlight as a next-generation solar cell because energy generation efficiency is rapidly increasing. The efficiency of a solar cell is mainly determined by its ability to absorb light and transmit electric charges generated by light to the electrode. Although perovskite quantum dots have excellent photoelectric properties, they have limitations in generating photocurrent as they do not form a thick light absorption layer when manufacturing a solar cell.
Meanwhile, the research team led by Professor Choi Jong-min of the Department of Energy Engineering at DGIST enhanced the light absorption and photocurrent while maintaining the thickness that optimizes the amount of charge extraction by forming the rear electrode of the perovskite quantum dot solar cell into a nanostructure. The research team successfully embodied a rear nanostructure electrode by forming a nanopattern on the hole transport layer of a perovskite quantum-dot solar cell through a nanoimprint lithography and uniformly depositing an electrode material on top of it along the curves of the hole transport layer nanopattern.
In addition, the research team formed nanostructured rear electrodes of various heights and cycles to verify the relationship among the shape of the nanostructure, the light absorption ability, and the electrical loss of the solar cell due to nanostructure. Afterward, the team designed optically and electrically effective nanostructured rear electrodes and optically enhanced the light absorption capacity of the solar cell and maximized the efficiency of the solar cell without electrical loss.
The team also verified the optimal conditions for nanoimprint lithography based on the relationship between the glass transition temperature and flexibility of organic materials, which are widely used as charge transfer materials for photoelectric devices including solar cells. These achievements are expected to contribute to research on the formation of nanopatterns of various photoelectric devices using organic materials as charge transport layers in the future.
Quantum dots boost perovskite solar cell efficiency and scalability
Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology
Researchers increase efficiency of solar cell light-absorption capacity (2022, July 1)
retrieved 1 July 2022
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
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LONDON – Spending 10 months as captive for the so-called Islamic State (ISIL), French journalist Didier François said his captors were usually engaged in political discussions and “didn’t even have the Qur’an”.
“There was never really discussion about texts or — it was not a religious discussion. It was a political discussion,” François told CNN’s Christiane Amanpour in an exclusive interview on Tuesday, February 3.
“It was more hammering what they were believing than teaching us about the Quran. Because it has nothing to do with the Qur’an.”
“They didn’t even have the Quran; they didn’t want even to give us a Qur’an.”
Francois is one of the few captives who were released by ISIL last April before the militant group’s expansion in Iraq.
Though he did not wish to elaborate on how he was treated by ISIL, he stressed that local Syrians and Iraqis faced most of the torture at the hands of their captors.
“We could see some of them in the corridors when we were taken to the toilets,” he said, “and we could see some people lying in their blood.”
“You could see the chains hanging, or the ropes hanging, or the iron bars.”
For François, losing freedom was the worst nightmare he faced during those 10 months.
“Of course we were beaten up. But it was not every day. I mean, it’s hard enough — you don’t have to overplay it.”
“It’s hard enough to lose your freedom. It’s hard enough to be in the hands of people who you know are killing hundreds and thousands of local Syrians, Iraqis, Libyans, Tunisians, can put bombs in our countries.”
“It’s terrifying enough. The beating is strong, but it’s not every day. It happens sometimes.”
“If they wanted to wreck you, they could. None of us would have been able to go through if it was beating every day, and torture every day.”
Francois was released on April 19, 2014, at the Turkish borders where soldiers found them with their hands bound and blindfolded.
He was released just before ISIL made its shocking sweep through Iraq, capturing vast amounts of territory in June 2014.
“So we didn’t know the level of the risk, or we didn’t realize the level of the risk at the time.
“Plus it was the time when the people from ISIS were still hiding within Jabhat al-Nusra and didn’t organize their kind of coup within al Qaeda,” he added, using another acronym for the militant group.
Militants from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) have been widely condemned by Muslims worldwide who staged several protests to express anger against the terrorist group.
Echoing Al-Azhar Grand Imam condemnation of the group, Saudi Grand Mufti Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al Sheikh has urged Muslims to take up arms against the militant group’s members, condemning them as aggressors who abuse people’s lives, possessions and honor.
Al-Sheikh has described Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State jihadists as “enemy number one” of Islam.
Months ago, Egypt’s Grand Mufti Shawqi Allam also condemned the militants for atrocities they have been perpetrating in the countries and their violation of principles and teachings preached by Islam.
India Sunni and Shiite Muslims have united against the rise of ISIL, asserting that the actions of destroying holy sites, supporting sectarianism and divisions between Muslim groups cannot be attributed to a true Islamic state.
Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Indonesia’s largest Islamic group has condemned ISIL, urging the government to take firmer action against the possible spread of the movement in Indonesia.
The Islamic Student Union (HMI) has also condemned Indonesian Muslims condoning and adhering to ISIL’s ideology.–onislam.net with agencies
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Stakes Are High For Rollout Of Health Exchanges
An estimated 7 million people will shop for individual health coverage this fall in the new online health insurance marketplaces, with another 2 million seeking coverage through the law's small business program. Federal and state officials are working full tilt to have them ready in time.
Reuters: Obamacare 1.0: States Brace For Web Barrage When Reform Goes Live
About 550,000 people in Oregon do not have health insurance, and Aaron Karjala is confident the state's new online insurance exchange will be able to accommodate them when enrollment under President Barack Obama's healthcare reform begins on October 1. ... Multiply that by another 49 states and the District of Columbia, all of which will open health insurance exchanges under "Obamacare" that same day, and you get some idea of what could go publicly and disastrously wrong (Begley, 6/30).
The Hill: GOP Warns Of 'Train Wreck' Ahead Of ObamaCare Rollout
Sen. Pat Roberts (R-Kansas) warned of a coming "train wreck" when enrollment begins in ObamaCare insurance exchanges this fall in the Republican weekly address. Roberts, an outspoken opponent of President Obama's healthcare reforms, said that important questions remain before the exchanges, part of what he called a "massive federal government takeover," go into effect in October (Jaffe, 6/29).
The Wall Street Journal: Health-Insurance Costs Set For A Jolt
Healthy consumers could see insurance rates double or even triple when they look for individual coverage under the federal health law later this year, while the premiums paid by sicker people are set to become more affordable, according to a Wall Street Journal analysis of coverage to be sold on the law's new exchanges (Radnofsky, 6/30).
Medpage Today: Insurers, States Brace For Opening Of ACA Exchanges
An estimated 7 million people will shop for individual health coverage this fall under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), with another 2 million seeking coverage through the law's small business program. And by 2023, 24 million people will purchase insurance through the 2010 law's health insurance exchanges, the Congressional Budget Office estimates. With numbers like that involved, it's no secret the operation of the ACA's insurance exchanges -- sometimes called marketplaces -- is critical to the law's success. With numbers so large, it's also been a monumental task for the Obama administration and the states to get the exchanges off the ground (Pittman, 6/28).
News outlets also offer views on how the exchanges might work in specific states or regions -
Kaiser Health News: Thousands Of Mississippi Consumers May Not Be Offered Insurance Subsidies
Tens of thousands of uninsured residents in the poorest and most rural parts of Mississippi may be unable to get subsidies to buy health coverage when a new online marketplace opens this fall because private insurers are avoiding a wide swath of the state. No insurer is offering to sell plans through the federal health law's marketplaces in 36 of the state's 82 counties, including some of the poorest parts of the Delta region, said Mississippi Insurance Commissioner Mike Chaney (Appleby and Hancock, 6/29).
The Washington Post: Health-Care Setbacks Could Hit Region's Small Businesses
Some state and federal officials are falling behind setting up new health-insurance exchanges for small businesses, which could leave employers in the region waiting longer than expected for the competitive pricing they were promised under the health-care law. The Government Accountability Office has warned that federal and state officials still have a long way to go in "a relatively short amount of time” to set up the new online marketplaces, called exchanges, where small-business owners will be able to shop for health plans from various insurance providers (Harrison, 6/30).
MPR News: MNSURE Spreading The Word Via Social Media
Minnesota's new online health insurance marketplace, MNSURE, is turning to social media to inform consumers about its progress toward a launch this fall. More than a million Minnesotans are projected to obtain health insurance online through MNSURE, which will allow consumers to comparison shop for health coverage starting Oct. 1. In the meantime, consumers can turn to several social media outlets for updates (Stawicki, 6/30).
Medpage Today: California Leading From The Left In ACA Implementation
The Affordable Care Act hasn't really hit home yet for physicians in California, but the state is one of the most prepared for the next phase of implementation coming in January. … The state has the nation's largest health insurance market and 5.6 million uninsured, representing 18 percent of residents under 65, according to federal and state estimates. … California is one of only 16 states, along with the District of Columbia, that has opted to run its own ACA-mandated exchange for individuals and small businesses to purchase coverage next year. And while the federally-run exchanges are behind schedule and some states appear to be too, California's consumer insurance marketplace, called Covered California, appears to be on target for open enrollment to begin in October (Phend, 6/28).
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Chest Diseases Specialist Prof. Dr. Yalçın Karakoca gave information about the subject. COPD, colloquially known as chronic bronchitis, is a chronic disease characterized by restriction of air flow during breathing due to narrowing of the airways in the lungs.
As a result of smoking and tobacco use, the trachea is narrowed and thickening in the cells that produce sputum, and the treatment is performed by cleaning and widening the trachea.
This operation is performed with the help of special cameras that allow us to see inside the windpipe. Specially developed balloons are entered into the narrowed windpipe with the help of a special camera. Specially made balloons in this area are inflated with pressure and frequency so as not to damage the lungs. The sputum and thickened tissue in this area is scraped with a balloon and thrown out.
This procedure is performed under general anesthesia by putting the patient to sleep.
Prof. Dr. Yalçın Karakoca listed the Advantages of the COPD Balloon as follows;
- There is no pain and ache in terms of patient comfort.
- You can return to your social life immediately after the operation.
- You can have this operation done again.
- There is no age limit.
After this operation, patients can breathe much more easily, climb the stairs and slopes comfortably, and the need for oxygen cylinders decreases.
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Bible Discovery is a simple but very powerful discipleship process centred on opening the Bible with someone who doesn’t yet follow Jesus. It is sometimes so simple that people walk by it and miss its power – yet thousands of churches have been planted using this methodology. It is as simple as ABC…
Ask: A session begins with prayer and thanksgiving.
Bible: The Bible is at the centre – the disciple is empowered to discover the truth in God’s Word for themselves, rather than being taught by the leader.
Commit: The disciple commits to apply and share what they are learning.
We have found Bible Discovery is effective for both Christians and non-Christians alike and when they come together everyone benefits.
If you would like more detailed information about Bible Discovery we found this document from Crossway very helpful (opens in new tab). However we found it is best to experience it firsthand before trying to host a session. If you’d like to do so please contact us to find out when our next session is.
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The New Atheists’ historical account of religion is far more dubious. Christopher Hitchens says that religion is merely implicated in everything bad, while Harris attempts to establish a direct causation. These arguments are historically slanted. Dawkins, meanwhile, often berates religious “Bronze Age myths” that hold civilization back. That’s not even the right age!
A sketch of a more realistic view: human beings have constantly fought and killed each other from our earliest days, and we developed various religious forms as societies became more complex. Scholars such as Francis Fukuyama argue that mass religions were a key factor in the development of the modern state, because they allowed the creation of mutual-aid networks much larger than tribal societies based on descent from a common ancestor.
Religion did not invent crusading violence nor racism, though it has eagerly participated in both. It is a part of the deeply flawed human experience, partly good and partly bad.
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Yoga studio owner Meg Alexander wouldn’t normally describe herself as a daredevil. At home in Toronto, she says the riskiest thing she gets up to is occasionally jumping on the streetcar without tapping her Presto card, but on holidays in Vietnam in 2014, she thought nothing of buying a vehicle she wasn’t licensed for, then learning to ride it in Ho Chi Minh City’s peak hour traffic.
“We wanted to get from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi, so we bought motorcycles off these two random travellers who were selling them by the side of the road. Me and my two friends, we bought two motorbikes between us and we were like, okay, now we just have to learn how to ride them.”
While not all travellers are as ambitious as that, most will relate to the impulse. When we’re overseas, many of us take risks we never would at home: trusting total strangers, eating exotic foods, signing up for unfamiliar activities, binge drinking and worse. For some, the freedom to let loose is even part of why they set off in the first place.
While these shenanigans often become the stuff of legend (at least in our own minds) the consequences can be serious. Think of the 17 tourists and two guides who died in New Zealand in December when the active volcano they were visiting erupted. Or the hundreds of Canadians who die abroad each year from accidental causes and foul play.
Given the high stakes, it seems worth asking: What is it about being on vacation that affects our judgment?
Part of it, says Rachel Dodds, a professor at Ryerson University’s Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, is that travel is a way for people to reinvent themselves. Getting away from the judging eyes of everyone you know and behaving like a whole new person is a big part of the appeal.
“People will tell the person sitting next to them on a plane their entire life story but they wouldn’t dare to do that in their hometown,” Dodds says. “There’s a sense of being undiscovered: Nobody knows who you are when you’re overseas.”
There’s also what Dodds calls “the brag factor”: the desire to take a risk and live to tell the tale. It’s a feeling that has only increased with the rise of Instagram. Recent years have seen a series of well-publicized fatal accidents (259 by one count) involving people trying to take extreme selfies around the world.
“A lot of people do stupid things for social media, though we should also remember that people were doing stupid things before social media,” Dodds says. “People want to come home from their trip with a great story, something to talk about at dinner parties.”
There are also inherent psychological factors that might help us understand the risks we take on holidays, says Ross Otto, an assistant professor of psychology at McGill University who studies decision making. The first is optimism bias, the human tendency to underestimate the likelihood of a negative event.
“I might ask you, for example, how likely you are to fall off the Death Road in Bolivia,” Otto says. “If you don’t know the actual number, according to optimism bias, we would expect many people to give a number that’s lower than the actual incidence.”
And if we weren’t bad enough at judging risk already, the very fact that we’re on holiday, having a great time, might make us more susceptible to making dangerous choices.
“A robust pattern, which you see across a lot of laboratory studies and the real world, is that people in positive mood states, under certain circumstances, tend to accept more risky propositions,” Otto explains. “So if you’re just in a better mood from being on vacation, you might be marginally more likely to take a risky option.”
He speculates that status quo bias, our emotional preference for the current state of affairs, might also affect our judgement overseas. After all, when you’re already so far out of your comfort zone and everything from eating the food to catching a cab seems fraught with danger, what’s one more little risk?
“People prefer the default option, whatever it is. So if you’re already in the mood, already involved in adventurous travel, there may be a bias to just continue doing that, to take more risks."
The thing is, if you weren’t willing to take risks you’d never go on holidays at all. Far from being a side effect of travel, some level of risky behaviour is the whole point. That’s what we mean when we speak about “getting out of our comfort zone.”
But how do you know when something is a risk too far? For a start, always check the Canadian government’s official travel advisories. It’s also best to avoid making decisions while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. If you’re tossing up whether you should participate in an activity, Otto recommends collecting as much data as possible, including a realistic look at your own capabilities. It turns out his example of the Death Road wasn’t purely academic.
“When I cycled the Death Road, we went to a legitimate place with fancy bikes, safety gear, brakes. And I’m an experienced biker. So to me it didn’t seem that dangerous on the face of it … but then every once in a while you come around a curve where there’s a crucifix put up for a tourist who went too fast.”
Dodds, too, has got up to hijinks on holidays. She recalls driving to the pyramids for a midnight camel ride with strangers she’d just met at a party in Cairo.
“I think I probably could have been killed,” she says.
“But I tell that story to a lot of people, because it’s kind of amazing. The fact that I was on a camel, touching the pyramids in the middle of the night under a full moon and there was nobody around? It was pretty cool. Today I wouldn’t do all the stupid things I did when I was travelling, but many of them I would."
As for Alexander, learning how to ride a motorcycle in Ho Chi Minh City proved to be too risky for her. She swapped her bike for an easier-to-ride scooter and made it all the way to Hanoi. The only regret she has is for the money she lost on the trade.
“Those are the moments that make your life exciting and memorable,” she says. “Those are your memories.”
Live your best. We have a daily Life & Arts newsletter, providing you with our latest stories on health, travel, food and culture. Sign up today.
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Select Your Language
Pick an item: can be a fruit, vegetable, hand item, piece of furniture, etc.
- Is there already a lot of it available?
- Would there be a market for it, or more of it, if it already exists?
- Who will buy it? How much will they buy? How often will they buy?
- What is needed to produce it?
- List steps/items needed for production:
- Estimate expenses: Estimate Income: Estimate profits:
- Start-up costs?
- How long to get it to market?
- What will be the most effective and widely accepted sales pitch?
- Will there still be a market for this in 2 years? 5 years?
- Write up the business plan: (cover all the above)
- Write up the main objections that will be raised about the plan:
- Write up an argument to overcome each objection
Be prepared to [a] present in class, [b] answer questions and [c] overcome objections.
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The municipalities of Fort St James, Fraser Lake and Vanderhoof are governed by an elected mayor and council. Within municipal limits, like most municipalities in North America, the town exercises a range of controls to ensure compliance with provincial statutes and community plans.
The Bulkley Nechako Regional District governs the surrounding rural area, delivering services to varying areas with common needs. Regional districts typically provide municipal-style services to unincorporated communities, and wide-ranging services, like implementing the new 911 system and solid waste management, to extensive areas covering thousands of square kilometres. Overall, services undertaken by the regional district are paid for in part by taxation, based on the assessment of properties.
The Stuart Nechako Region is home to six out of eight members of the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council: which includes Nak’azdli Band, Nadleh Whut’en, Saik’uz First Nation, Stella’ten First Nation, Takla Lake First Nation, Tl’azt’en Nation. Our region is also home to Yekooche First Nation.
The First Nation commuities of our region have distinct legal, cultural and historical status on their Reserves, in their traditional territories and in our communities. Their self-government system includes an elected chief and council. Contact for the individual bands can be made through the band office in each community.
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Petra is one of the new seven wonders of the world. From what I’ve learned, Petra was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom, which was both rich and powerful. This ancient rose city (from the color of the rock formations) that spread across hundreds of sq miles has temples, tombs, theatre, monasteries and various other building with carved facades on to the mountains. Opportunities to wonder ‘how’ and ‘why’ while exploring this wonderland are plenty.
Posted in Skywatch
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A recent article in the New York Times announced the frightening reality facing the pharmaceutical industry: within the next year, drugs with sales of more than $50 billion are coming off patent. Left unsaid was that the incredible profits associated with these sales are also coming to an end in the next twelve months, as generic pharmaceutical companies put out biochemically equivalent compounds and dramatically reduce the price these drugs will sell for.
While this is scary for the pharma companies, their workers and their shareholders, it is hardly surprising. This is a train wreck that we have seen coming for many years. The patents granted to these drugs last for 20 years from the date of filing, and since most drugs take 7-10 years to get to market, the pharma companies have known that this year was coming for the last 10-13 years. It is the logical outcome of a deeper problem, which is that pharma R&D spending has been less and less productive for many years. In fact, the New York Times article cited a study by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America that shows that more and more R&D spending by pharma companies is resulting in fewer and fewer drugs.
It is hard for companies to change their innovation processes, but if ever an industry needed to take a fresh look at how they innovate, it is the pharmaceutical industry. The traditional innovation model which still grips many of these firms is the “blockbuster” model. A blockbuster is a drug that, once approved, will generate $500 million in sales annually (some have raised this revenue bar to $1 billion or more). Drugs that are able to achieve this threshold are true home runs for their creators, because this level of revenue means wonderful profits, even after manufacturing costs, regulatory costs and distribution costs are taken into account. Many of the drugs coming off patent next year are exemplars of these blockbusters, like the cholesterol blockbuster Lipitor, the antipsychotic Zyprexa, and Concerta, a drug used to treat ADD and ADHD.
The problem with focusing on blockbusters is that every pharma company was following the same strategy, and now most of the low hanging fruit has been picked. Worse, the search for blockbusters diverted companies from addressing unmet medical needs of smaller patient populations on the one hand, and led them into launching numerous me-too drugs on the other hand (such as the six patented drugs currently on the market for treating high cholesterol).
But another aspect of the blockbuster model explains why the large pharma companies keep on trying. That is what I call the closed model of innovation. This is a vertically integrated approach to innovation, where all the key activities are performed inside the four walls of the company. This has historically been an effective process that lead to many blockbusters, including those listed above. However, the closed model has problems too. One is that it is a high fixed cost model for the firm. All the blind alleys and dead ends are part of the process. The attrition rate for compounds from initial exploration through to the market is more than 999 out of 1,000, and these 999 abandoned compounds and their associated costs are just part of the cost of innovation in this model.
Open innovation can actually improve these economics, and in doing so, open up markets that are not economically attractive in the closed model. How? In open innovation, companies don’t restrict their drug development activities to their own internal compounds. Instead, they actively scan the external environment, from universities and research institutes early on, to startups and specialty pharmaceutical companies later on, for possible drug candidates that fit their business model. In doing this, they don’t have to pay the full cost of development from scratch. They only pay for the costs past a certain stage. In addition, instead of securing all rights to the drugs for all disease indications, they can focus on the rights for diseases they serve in their markets, and license to others the rights for alternative markets. This enables them to cut better deals at lower costs for themselves. (There is an unsolved challenge to repurpose abandoned compounds for alternative diseases, but that requires a different posting to explain.)
Amyris is a fascinating example of open innovation in practice. This Bay Area company started up at Berkeley, using synthetic biology research discoveries at the university to program bacterial organisms to excrete useful chemical compounds. Amyris’ initial compound was artimesinan, which is the active ingredient to treat malaria in developing countries. The Gates Foundation funded the work to create this drug at Amyris, and then helped Amyris license it to Sanofi-Aventis for international distribution. So you see here that open innovation changes pharmaceutical development from a marathon (where the pharma company does all the work internally) to a relay race (where different parties take the baton for part of the race, from university to startup to large pharma, with multiple and different funding sources).
But the story doesn’t end there. Amyris licensed its technology to Sanofi-Aventis for malaria, but reserved to itself the intellectual property rights using the synthetic biology processes it developed for other applications. The one that the company focused on was using bacteria to excrete precursors for biofuels (a much larger market than anti-malarial drugs). Thanks to the malarial work, the company already had a proof-of-concept that they had scaled up into pilot production, and licensing revenues from Sanofi-Aventis to offset part of their development costs. This reduced the capital required for the biofuels opportunity, as well as the time to market and the business risk. The company was able to raise venture capital because of these improved risk factors, and Amyris just went public in the spring of 2010, earning a nice return for its VC investors.
This is a much more promising approach to future pharma innovation. Don’t follow Closed Innovation; instead, be open. Don’t perform all the R&D activities from inception all the way to market. Focus on particular markets, and partition the IP so that others can pursue other markets while paying you for the privilege. Raise capital from multiple sources along the way. This is far more likely to generate the innovations we need to meet unmet patient needs than the old blockbuster model.
Henry Chesbrough is a professor at the Haas Business School, UC Berkeley, and the author of Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology (Harvard Business Press). His new book is Open Services Innovation: Rethinking Your Business to Grow and Compete in a New Era (Jossey-Bass). Follow him at @OpenInno or at openinnovation.net.
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What Is the Tax Liability for Form 2210 or Form 2210-F?
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 2210 is used to calculate the penalty liability for individuals, estates, and trusts that have failed to make timely payments of income taxes throughout the tax year. The form is filed when the individual, estate, or trust files the corresponding income tax return for the tax year. Form 2210-F calculates the same penalty liability, but is specifically used by farmers and fishermen.
Prepayment of Tax
The IRS requires that all taxpayers make periodic payments of income tax during each tax year (the tax year is the same as the calendar year for most taxpayers). These payments are formally known as estimated payments. Most individual taxpayers do not submit estimated payments, since their employers withhold tax from employees' paychecks. However, the self-employed, business owners, and individuals with large amounts of investment income, as well as estates and trusts, must submit formal periodic estimated payments to the IRS using Form 1040-ES for individuals and Form 1041-ES for estates and trusts.
Form 1040-ES and Form 1041-ES
Taxpayers making estimated payments must submit Form 1040-ES or Form 1041-ES four times annually. Payments are typically due each April 15, June 15, September 15, and January 15 of the subsequent year, with extensions if the 15th falls on a weekend or public holiday. Most taxpayers who are not farmers or fishermen must make estimated payments equal to the prorated portion of either 100 percent of their prior-year income tax or 90 percent of their current-year income tax. For example, an individual taxpayer with a prior year tax of $20,000 wishing to make estimated tax payments based on this amount will submit an estimated tax payment of $5,000 (1/4 of $20,000) by April 15, the first estimated tax payment due date. High-income taxpayers with adjusted gross incomes above $150,000 must pay either 110 percent of their prior-year income tax or 100 percent of their current-year income tax.
Farmers and Fishermen
The Internal Revenue Code recognizes that the incomes of farmers and fishermen are often much more variable than those of many other taxpayers. It is, for example, very easy for a drought or other natural disaster to wipe out a year's crops. For that reason, the IRS reduces the estimated tax requirements for farmers and fishermen, who must pay either 2/3 of their prior-year income tax or 90 percent of their current-year income tax.
Calculation of Penalty
Form 2210 and Form 2210-F is the form used by the IRS to measure whether these required estimated payments have been made and, if not, to access the tax due from the taxpayer. The forms compare the required total estimated tax payments received from the taxpayer with the required levels. If the estimated tax paid is insufficient, Forms 2210 and 2210-F compare each periodic estimated payment with the amount due and assesses a penalty based upon current IRS interest rates.
Michael Dreiser started writing professionally in 2010. He is a certified public accountant with experience working for a large New York City accountancy and expertise in areas ranging from private equity taxation to investment management. He holds a Master of Business Administration in international finance from l’École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris.
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|DEVOTION FOR THURSDAY, MAY 18, 2017|
|Read Numbers 19|
In their book Every Tribe and Tongue, Michael Pasquale and Nathan L.K. Bierma point out that the verb wash in Psalm 51 refers specifically to washing clothes. “The word actually means ‘to tread, to trample underfoot,’ since that’s how clothes were washed in ancient Israel. You’d put a dirty garment underwater and trample it to try to get it clean. The psalmist doesn’t just ask for a cleansing or a rinsing, but is saying to God, ‘trample my sins out, just like I try to tread on my clothes to get the stains out, pounding and grinding them with my feet.’”
The cleansing procedures described in Numbers 19 carry these spiritual themes as well. There is an overwhelming desire to stand pure and holy in God’s sight. To make the special “water of cleansing” required burning a red heifer outside the camp, along with some cedar wood, hyssop, and scarlet wool, all (red, like blood) symbols of purification (vv. 6–9). The ashes were then kept outside the camp and used to make holy water as needed.
A specific ritual with this holy water is described for cleansing after touching a corpse. It included bathing and washing one’s clothes in a prescribed manner. The ritual was not just a rote action but part of worship because it honored God’s holiness. Other ceremonies, such as the one for cleansing from skin diseases, were similar (see Lev. 14:1–11).
The writer of Hebrews later compared this holy water to the blood of Christ (Heb. 9:13–14). The first could only cleanse externally, whereas Christ’s saving blood can actually “cleanse our consciences” and make us spotless of sin. We desire to stand pure and holy in God’s sight, but we cannot do it on our own. We need His help to be made truly clean!
|APPLY THE WORD|
|Through the blood of Christ, we gain full cleansing from the stain of our sin: “As far as the east is from the west, so far has he removed our transgressions from us” (Ps. 103:12). If you have never trusted in Jesus for your salvation, call on Him today in repentance. He is the only way to be purified from sin!|
Today in the Word’s Devotion is a production of Moody Global Ministries (All Rights Reserved).
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What Are The Main Factors That Determine Climate?
Introduction: Climate is determined by the temperature and precipitation characteristics of a region over time. The temperature characteristics of a region are influenced by natural factors such as latitude elevation and the presence of ocean currents.
What are the 4 factors that determine climate?
Identify four factors that determine climate. Climate is determined by a variety of factors. These factors include latitude atmospheric circulation patterns oceanic circulation patterns the local geography of an area solar activity and volcanic activity.
What are the main factors of climate?
The two most important factors in the climate of an area are temperature and precipitation. The yearly average temperature of the area is obviously important but the yearly range in temperature is also important.
What are the five main factors that determine climate?
Hint:The five main factors which affect the climate of a region are Latitude Altitude relief currents and winds and distance from the sea.
What are the 6 factors that determine climate?
Climate factors are the conditions that affect the climate characteristics of a particular location. There are six major natural climate factors: air masses and winds latitude ocean currents elevation relief and bodies of water.
What are the 7 climate factors?
These include latitude elevation nearby water ocean currents topography vegetation and prevailing winds.
What are the factors that influence climate and weather?
- pressure and wind.
- ocean currents.
- mountain barriers.
- land and water distribution [how close to or far from a large body of water]
What are the factors influencing climate and weather?
The five factors that determine the weather of any land area are: the amount of solar energy received because of latitude the area’s elevation or proximity to mountains nearness to large bodies of water and relative temperatures of land and water the number of such storm systems as cyclones hurricanes and …
What are the 3 main factors that affect climate?
- distance from the sea.
- ocean currents.
- direction of prevailing winds.
- shape of the land (known as ‘relief’ or ‘topography’)
- distance from the equator.
- the El Niño phenomenon.
What are the two factors influencing the climate?
- Elevation or Altitude effect climate. Normally climatic conditions become colder as altitude increases. …
- Prevailing global wind patterns. …
- Topography. …
- Effects of Geography. …
- Surface of the Earth. …
- Climate change over time.
What are climate elements?
These elements are solar radiation temperature humidity precipitation (type frequency and amount) atmospheric pressure and wind (speed and direction).
What are the types of climate?
How is climate measured?
Global average surface temperature:
Climate change is most commonly measured using the average surface temperature of the planet. … For this reason scientists traditionally use a period of at least 30 years to identify a genuine climate trend.
What are the factors that affect the climate of a region your answer?
- Latitude. …
- Elevation. …
- Ocean Currents. …
- Topography. …
- Vegetation. …
- Prevailing winds.
What is climate short answer?
Climate is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time. A description of a climate includes information on e.g. the average temperature in different seasons rainfall and sunshine. Also a description of the (chance of) extremes is often included.
What are the 3 measures that define a climate?
The simplest way to describe climate is to look at average temperature and precipitation over time. Other useful elements for describing climate include the type and the timing of precipitation amount of sunshine average wind speeds and directions number of days above freezing weather extremes and local geography.
What is climate monitoring?
A climate change monitoring system integrates satellite observations ground-based data and forecast models to monitor and forecast changes in the weather and climate. … This has become particularly important in the context of climate change as climate variability increases and historical patterns shift.
What are climate parameters?
The parameters commonly-considered to define climate are the mean annual precipitation and mean annual potential evapotranspiration. The mean annual precipitation at a given place depends on several factors. … The most commonly understood definition of a drought year is a year with less than average precipitation.
What are the 8 factors that affect climate?
Important Terms: Climate latitude windward leeward elevation precipitation prevailing winds Materials: Student Activity Sheet ” Factors That Influence Climate” world atlas pencil/pen Procedure: 1. Review the table entitled “Factors that Influence Climate with the class.
What is climate in geography class 7?
The average weather condition of a place for a longer period of time represents the climate of a place.
Who monitors the climate?
Climate Monitoring | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
What kinds of factors would you have to consider when designing the climate monitoring program?
Identifying appropriate levels of sampling effort through examination of variance stabilization. Maximizing efficiency during adaptive sampling tests. Estimating spatial and temporal patterns in habitat elements or populations.
How do you collect climate data?
In the United States daily observations at stations that meet specified criteria methodically collected by volunteer observers and automated weather stations are used to document our weather and climate. One volunteer weather observer program in the United States is the Cooperative Observer Program (COOP).
What do you mean by climate system?
The climate system is the highly complex global system consisting of 5 major components: the atmosphere the oceans the cryosphere (snow and ice) the land surface the biosphere and the interactions between them.
What is a climate indice?
Climate indices are diagnostic tools used to describe the state of the climate system and monitor climate. They are most often represented with a time series where each point in time corresponds to one index value. An index can be constructed to describe almost any atmospheric event as such they are myriad.
What is the basic difference between weather and climate?
What is climate for class 5th?
What do you mean by climate Class 9?
The climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time. … elements of weather and climate. Answer: Temperature atmospheric pressure wind humidity and precipitation.
What type of climate is in India Class 7?
The climate of India is described as that of the monsoon type.
Where does climate data come from?
Modern observations mostly come from weather stations weather balloons radars ships and buoys and satellites. A surprisingly large number of U.S. measurements are still made by volunteer weather watchers.
What are the 5 factors that evaluate the efficiency of monitors?
- Define a Monitoring Framework. …
- Design and Integrate an Event Management Process. …
- Transactional flow. …
- Process methodology. …
- Data consumption and creation. …
- Process integration. …
- Apply Service Design Disciplines to Monitoring Services.
What do you need to consider when monitoring performance?
- Watch employees work. One of the most effective ways to monitor an employee’s performance is with your own eyes. …
- Ask for an account. …
- Help employees use self-monitoring tools. …
- Review work in progress on a regular basis. …
- Ask around a little.
What should you consider when monitoring?
- Scientifically valid techniques are used.
- Aspects relevant to your project are measured.
- It’s carried out regularly and consistently.
- Accurate records are kept.
- It is used as part of your evaluation to support or adjust project goals and actions.
Which factor generally controls the distribution of climates on earth?
There are different factors affect the climate like planting areas land surface location for latitude and longitude lines Ocean currents and other bodies of water snow and ice. The two most important factors in the climate of an area are temperature and precipitation.
Factors Influencing Climate
Five Factors that Affect Climate
Factors that affect climate: altitude
Factors Affecting Climate | Grade 9 Science DepEd MELC Quarter 3 Module 4
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The Right to Information Act (RTI) is legislation in force within the jurisdiction of India that establishes the rules and regulations for citizens’ access to information. It repealed the former Freedom of Information Act, 2002.
Under the RTI Act, any Indian citizen has the right to ask for information from a “public authority”, and a reply for such purpose can be expected within thirty days. If the situation concerns a plaintiff’s life or liberty, the data must get supplied within 48 hours.
The Act requires every public entity to computerise their data for wide distribution and proactively disseminate certain types of information so that citizens only need to make formal requests for information.
Let’s study more about the act that provides a legal framework to access information.
What is meant by RTI Act?
The Right to Information Act is a basic right guaranteed by our constitution’s article 19(a). Every citizen has the right to free speech and expression, according to article 19(1)(a). At the same time, this is not an absolute right and is subjected to reasonable restrictions. The citizens of India solemnly declare to ensure the liberty of thought and expression to all of their inhabitants in the Preamble to the Constitution of India.
The Supreme Court of India ruled that freedom of speech and expression allows the capability to spread ideas. The UPA government passed it on the 11th of May 2005 in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on the 12th of May. The President of India gave his assent to this bill on 15th June 2005. The RTI act became effective on the 12th of October 2005.
The RTI Act of 2005 permits any citizen to obtain government information. So, any citizen (who can also request certified photocopies) can inspect any government document.
Let’s look at what the term “information” means in the context of the RTI Act of 2005. According to the Right to Information Act, “information” includes
- press releases,
- orders logbook,
- models, and
- data material maintained in any electronic format
What was the need for RTI Act 2005?
Our country’s corruption was fast expanding. The public was unaware of the methods by which public funds were spent. As a result, the government enacted the right to information act. The act covered the employees in corporate organisations with the right to know information.
According to the RTI Act of 2005, democracy requires informed citizens and information transparency, which are critical to its functioning and help hold governments and their functionaries accountable.
Aims and objectives of the RTI Act
The RTI Act’s primary goal is to bring clarity to Indian citizens regarding information, prevent corruption, and enhance accountability in all public authorities’ workings. The other objectives of the act include:
- Providing citizens with a legal framework for accessing information.
- Encouraging public authorities to be more accountable, hence reducing corruption.
- Reconciling competing interests and prioritising government operations and resource allocation.
- Keeping democracy’s values alive.
Salient features of the RTI Act
- The right to information belongs to every citizen.
- The term “information” refers to any type of data, including records, documents, emails, circulars, press releases, contract samples, electoral statistics, etc.
- The right to information covers examination of work, document, record, certified copy, and data in any other electronic format.
- In most cases, the applicant can access data within 30 days of making the request.
- If it is a question of life or liberty, information can be acquired within 48 hours of submitting the request.
- Public authorities must provide information in response to a written or electronic request.
- For security concerns, certain information is not permitted.
- The Central Government and the separate State Governments will establish a Central Information Commission and a State Information Commission.
- Any suit, application, or other procedure relating to an order made under the RTI Act will get dismissed by the Court.
Important provisions mentioned under the RTI Act
- Section 2(h): The term “public authority” refers to all federal, state, and local government agencies and bodies. Civil societies that get major funding from the government, either directly or indirectly, are likewise covered under RTI.
- Section 4 1(b): The government is responsible for maintaining and disclosing information on time.
- Section 6 outlines a straightforward approach for safeguarding data.
- Section 7: Set a deadline for PIOs to provide information(s).
- Section 8: Only the most basic information is exempt from public disclosure.
- Section 8 (1) of the RTI Act mentions exemptions from providing information.
- If the greater public interest is served, Section 8 (2) allows for the revelation of material protected under the Official Secrets Act of 1923.
- Section 19: A two-tiered appeals procedure.
- Section 20: Penalties are imposed if the information is not provided on time, is wrong, incomplete, misleading, or distorted.
- Lower courts cannot hear actions or applications under Section 23. However, the Supreme Court of India’s and high courts’ writ jurisdiction is undisturbed under Articles 32 and 226.
Recent amendments to RTI Act
- Political parties are now excluded from the concept of public authorities and hence from the scope of the RTI Act due to the RTI Amendment Bill 2013.
- The 2017 draught clause, which calls for the case to be closed if the petitioner dies, could result in greater attacks on whistleblowers’ lives.
- The proposed RTI Amendment bill 2019 aims to give the Centre the authority to set the tenures and wages of State and Central information commissioners, who are now protected by the RTI Act.
- The Act intends to replace the established 5-year tenure with whatever the government deems appropriate.
Amendments proposed by the Bill of 2019
As per the RTI Act, 2005, the Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and Information Commissioners (ICs) are appointed at the national and state levels to enforce the provisions of the law.
The law provides that CICs and ICs appointed at the central and state levels serve in office for five years.
The bill of 2019 proposes to abolish this provision and states that the central government will announce the terms of CIC and IC.
The RTI Act of 2005 provides that CIC and ICs at central level salaries are equal to salaries paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and the Election Commissioners, respectively. Similarly, the CIC and ICs (state level) salaries will be the same as that of the Election Commission and the Secretary-General of the State Government, respectively.
Previously, If at the time of appointment of CICs and ICs at the central and state levels, they receive a pension or other retirement benefit for previous government services they were appointed on, their salary will get reduced by an amount of pension equivalent to retirement benefits. This provision was omitted after the bill was passed and came to effect.
The parliament passed the bill and brought effect to the above-suggested amendments in the act of 2005.
Criticism of the RTI Act
- One of the act’s significant flaws is that the bureaucracy’s poor record-keeping leads to missing files.
- The information commissions do not have enough people to administer them.
- Supplementary laws, such as the Whistleblower‘s Act, diminish the effect of the RTI Act.
- Because the government does not voluntarily post information in the public sphere as required by the statute, RTI petitions have increased.
- There have been instances of frivolous RTI petitions and the use of the information received to blackmail government officials.
Filing an RTI application
To file an RTI application, you only need to follow three simple procedures.
Step 1: Create an application that includes all of the necessary details.
Step 2: Provide proof of payment of the application fee.
Step 3: Applying to the relevant Assistant Public Information Officer/Public Information Officer.
Essential elements of an RTI application
- RTI Application Format: There is no set format for requesting information, and it is possible to make it out of plain paper. However, the applicant’s name and full postal address must be included.
- RTI Application Language: It might be written in Hindi or English or in the region’s official language.
- Fees levied: The fees for filing an RTI are always modest, and the computation details are always made available to the applicant.
- To be heard in the following order: The total time it takes to get information is 30 days from the date of application.
Jiju Lukose v. State of Kerala
In this case, the petitioner filed a lawsuit against the state of Kerala even though the FIR had been filed; the petitioner received his copy only two months later. Until the petitioner could acquire a copy of the FIR, he and his family were unaware of the accusations against him.
The petitioner further claimed that under the RTI Act of 2005, all public servants needed to make all information recorded available to the public. He further said that the FIR should be posted on the police station’s website so anyone, including those living outside the nation, can review it.
The CIC ruled that the FIR is a public record and should not be made public until the investigation is done. However, it can be claimed as a matter of legal right by the informant and the accused under the legal rules of the CrPC, 1973. According to the courts, the police officials allegedly needed to submit a copy of the FIR in response to an RTI Act request.
The Right to Information Act got enacted to promote social justice, openness, and accountability in government. Still, it has yet to fulfil its full potential due to some roadblocks erected due to systematic failures.
According to the Delhi High Court, the exploitation of the RTI Act must be dealt with responsibly, or the public will lose trust and belief in the RTI Act. It is widely acknowledged that the right to information is essential but insufficient for better government.
Much more must be done to promote government accountability, including whistleblower protection, decentralisation of power, and the fusion of authority and responsibility. This statute provides the opportunity to rethink governance practices, particularly at the roots level, where people have the most engagement with government.
Which was the first state to introduce a law on the right to information?
What is the maximum amount of penalty imposed under the RTI Act?
Which section under RTI Act contains a provision regarding obtaining information through an application?
Section 6 of the RTI Act, 2005 contains a provision regarding obtaining information by an application with the required fee.
Are there any reasonable restrictions on the access to information under the act?
Yes, certain reasonable restrictions exist to access information prescribed under section 7 of the RTI Act.
Who will be the committee chairperson recommending the appointment of the state chief information commissioner and information commissioners?
The state's Chief Minister, as per section 15(3) of the Right to information act, 2005
Which section containing the provision for the term of office and condition of service was amended by RTI amendment bill 2019?
Which provisions were amended after the introduction and acceptance of the RTI amendment bill, 2019, in parliament?
Section 13, 16 and 27 of the RTI Act, 2005.
What is the penalty for not furnishing the required information within the specified time or knowingly furnishing the incorrect information?
The penalty will be an amount of Rs 250/- daily until the application is received or information gets furnished. This daily penalty should not extend to more than Rs 25000/-.
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This is a guest post from philanthropist tycoon Koon Yew Yin.
Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, speaking at a media conference after his lecture on ‘The Challenges Faced by Muslims Now’ organised by the Terengganu state government on May 3 was reported to have said:
“Air Asia fares are so cheap, sometimes free, but it has been able to provide service for the last 10 years. Logically the company should have gone bankrupt, while MAS which has received government aid up to RM3 billion, is still losing money every year.”
It is good of Dr Mahathir to point out this key paradox of a poor performing government-linked company (GLC) as compared with a private sector driven one.
It would have been better and more educative for the country had he explained why, as the Prime Minister of the country for more than 20 years, he gave orders to pump government aid and taxpayers’ money into MAS.
Also what role did he play in orchestrating the numerous bailouts which helped enrich Tajudin Ramli and other cronies who milked MAS dry and brought the airline to the doors of death?
Economics of the airline industry
In a statement issued on May 2, MAS parent Khazanah Nasional Bhd said it had on Monday terminated the share swap with AirAsia major shareholder Tune Air Sdn Bhd. It was reported by the press that both Tony Fernandes and Kamarudin Meranun resigned from the MAS board the same day.
“Under the earlier agreement, MAS was to be only a full-service premium carrier, while AirAsia and AirAsia X will be low-cost regional and medium-to-long-haul low-cost carriers respectively. The new collaboration terms allow the airlines to enter each other’s domain if they wish to,” said The Star in its report ‘It’s official, MAS-AirAsia share swap is off’.
When planning the future of MAS, it is important that the government avoids not only the mistakes of the past but also takes a rational approach based on economic fundamentals. One line of simplistic thinking is that there is a bright and profitable future for MAS since the number of air travellers continues to increase by about 5-7 percent per year.
But if you look at the history of airline industry profitability, this is not the case for airlines worldwide. In fact, if you add up all the profits of all the airlines over the last 100 years the total would come to less than zero. The years of losses outweigh the years of gains.
Financial History of MAS and SIA
In 1972 Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA) became MAS and SIA. In the last 10 years from 2002- 2011 SIA reported a total pretax profit of Singapore $13,992 million, averaging S$ 1.4 billion per year.
MAS reported losses in 1997 RM 260 million, in 2005 Rm 1,300 million and in 2011 reported a stunning loss of Rm 2,520 million (Wikipedia).
The fact is the airline industry requires huge capital and produces atrocious returns on capital employed. Hence, year after year, many of the main players produce poor profit margins or they produce outright losses.
Why you might ask is it that an industry with year-on-year rises in sales cannot generate good returns to shareholders?
It all comes down to the economic structure of the industry. One of the forces that limit profitability is the intensity of the rivalry between the leading airlines. There is over-supply leading to pressure on prices. This is exacerbated by a high degree of freedom for new competitors to enter the industries.
If, say, an airline route between two destinations is found to be reasonably profitable it is not long before new entrants try to grab customers or current airlines simply move their planes to this profitable route.
It is truly an industry governed by the principle of “survival of the fittest”.
The ego and elections factor
It would seem that every developing nation wanting to show off to the world its progress MUST have its own airline, regardless of the impact on an industry already grossly over-supplied, and regardless of whether they have the ability to manage efficiently. So there is a regular stream of announcements of new airline ventures.
Now that Malaysia has also done it and failed dismally, the next logical question to ask is why doesn’t the Malaysian government allow MAS to fold up or go under?
There are two main reasons: Firstly, the perennial optimism of managers and shareholders. “Just one more chunk of money will see us break through into profitability as we rout the opposition!” seems to be the credo of these parties based on their self and not national interest.
Secondly, there is government interference. Around the world we see many governments come to the rescue of their airlines despite perennial losses. Malaysia has not learnt these lessons – initially for reasons of national pride tied to the ego of leaders but now increasingly apparently to save jobs and to prevent the retrenched employees from voting for the opposition.
It is an expensive mistake to continue MAS. Mahathir who has on more than a few occasions bailed out MAS from liquidation using enormous sums of taxpayer money should answer this question instead of beating around the bush on the divorce event.
Honouring Dr. Mahathir
Finally, MAS should be a case study in all MBA programmes on how not to set up an airline industry or how to bankrupt the nation quickly. Perhaps it can be a course offered in the Institute of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad’s Thoughts (IPDM) established on 19th August 2003 by the Malaysian government at Universiti Utara Malaysia. And Dr. Mahathir should certainly be invited to provide guest lectures on this financially disastrous chapter in the country’s history when he was at the helm.
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Where will your retirement money come from? If you’re like most people, qualified-retirement plans, Social Security, personal savings and investments are expected to play a role. Once you have estimated the amount of money you may need for retirement, a sound approach involves taking a close look at your potential retirement-income sources.
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This calculator can help you estimate how much you may need to save for retirement.
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There’s an alarming difference between perception and reality for current and future retirees.
Doing your research is key before buying a vacation home.
Asking the right questions about how you can save money for retirement without sacrificing your quality of life.
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During its brief … history, UCSD has made substantial contributions to international scholarship and has fundamentally changed San Diego. As the county’s second largest employer, the university pours almost a billion dollars a year into the local economy and has pushed the city toward a level of cultural and intellectual sophistication previously unimaginable to long-term dwellers. Nancy Scott Anderson, 19931
As the academic year 2000-2001 drew to a close, so too did the University of California, San Diego’s fortieth anniversary celebration. The most important single date to be recognized during the year was November 18, 1960, when the university’s Board of Regents acted officially to establish a full-service branch of the institution on the Torrey Pines Mesa of La Jolla. From that point forward, a remarkable transformation occurred as an active military base — the Marine Corps’ Camp Matthews — and a sizable parcel of the City of San Diego’s pueblo lands, began to make way for what soon became a leading institution in scientific research as well as a home to numerous other academic and artistic disciplines.
It took almost no time at all for UCSD to emerge as a fixture of the regional community, responsible in many important ways for the blossoming of post-World War Two San Diego. The new school provided the first opportunity for many of the county’s college-bound students to enter the UC system. With its emphasis on hiring a top-notch faculty composed in no small part of world-renowned scientists, the university’s presence helped to attract a number of companies engaged in kindred nuclear, electronic, oceanographic, space-related, and biological research. The advent of the campus also gave impetus to a vast wave of commercial and residential development, most notably University City and the “Golden Triangle.” It should therefore come as no surprise that the San Diego Chamber of Commerce had long and vigorously advocated the establishment of a main branch of UC somewhere within the city limits, for its directors clearly understood how well such an enterprise could serve the region.
Before that defining moment could occur in the fall of 1960, the Board of Regents, the state legislature, the Navy and Defense Departments, UC faculty members and a host of constituencies in and around San Diego put in years of hard work to breathe life into the new campus. For their part, the university’s leaders had to decide where precisely to locate the school and how to structure it. They needed to determine which research and teaching disciplines to emphasize, how to design and build the physical plant, when to begin to admit students, and who would comprise the first generation of administrators and instructors. San Diegans had difficult choices of their own to make: which lands to offer the university, how to realign and further develop streets and highways in the area, and where to build new housing and other urban amenities. Not least among concerns on the minds of key players on both sides of the table was whether La Jollans in particular would lay aside old prejudices in order to welcome a culturally, ethnically, and religiously diverse professoriate into their midst.2 And these were only some of the contentious issues the participants in the long start-up process had to settle. At times it appeared as if the parties to the decisions had completely exhausted their reserves of good will, creativity and ability to compromise, pushing the entire enterprise to the brink of failure. But San Diegans’ desire to accommodate a general campus of the university proved strong enough to overcome the obstacles, and one by one the pieces fell-or were shoehorned-into place. San Diegans and university officials alike perceived a mutuality of interests between them that in the end neither side was prepared to deny. And the relationship has prospered over the years, although not without severe strain from time to time.
Given the nature of the University of California’s legal mandate and heritage, San Diegans had every reason to expect the university to serve a multiplicity of their needs. As a state school beholden in part to the provisions of the federal Morrill Act of 1862, state law imposed upon UC the obligation to offer much more than courses of higher education to those who were qualified to matriculate as regularly enrolled students. Although the language of the Morrill Act and of the California state legislature’s Organic Act of 1868 that created the university, may seem quaint to us today, those laws contain the seeds of the ideals that now encompass UC’s activities, as enumerated by Nancy Anderson:
The University of California produces research and educates students, maintains huge contracts with government and industry, and runs presses, institutes, libraries, nuclear laboratories, research units, off-campus extensions, museums, and theaters. It supports post-graduate programs, and hospitals, fields sports teams and marching bands, fills art galleries and concert halls, constructs buildings, delivers babies, buys land, launches ships, lobbies politicians, grows crops, advises Presidents, and analyzes war and peace.3
And it does all of those things (with the possible exception of fielding a marching band) right here in San Diego.
In fact, UC began operating semi-officially in La Jolla in 1905, when the president of the university allowed the head of the Department of Zoology, William Ritter, to spend part of his time working in San Diego. (Until 1927 the university had only one full-service campus, Berkeley.)4 Ritter had come to town in 1903 at the invitation of the popular physician, Dr. Fred Baker; the two joined forces with a handful of interested San Diegans to establish the Marine Biological Association of San Diego. The association’s principal activity was to drum up support, financial and otherwise, in order set up a “marine biological station” somewhere in the area. In 1912, the Regents of the University of California assumed ownership and control of the association’s laboratory, which had moved to La Jolla after operating for two years in temporary quarters in the Glorietta Bay boathouse of the Hotel Del Coronado. Thanks to several generous gifts and bequests by members of the Scripps family dating back to the inception of the association in 1903, the university named its new acquisition the Scripps Institution for Biological Research.5 Over the ensuing years the renamed Scripps Institution of Oceanography [SIO] developed an outstanding reputation for research in the marine sciences.
As Patricia Schaelchlin has pointed out, the association’s Marine Biological Station established itself as “the cornerstone of La Jolla’s educational community, and its second economic base” after it first set up shop on Alligator Head in Scripps Park in 1905. Its aquarium and museum quickly became popular attractions, featuring exhibits and activities that delighted tourists as well as area residents.6 When the lab moved to its current site along La Jolla Shores in 1907 the expanded aquarium remained a locus of contact between the university scientists and the public.
From the very outset the founders of the Marine Biological Association created a mode of reciprocity between city and institution that has endured — in a rather evolved form, to be sure — to the present day. William Ritter, the association’s founding scientist, intended that the laboratory aspire “to equal and surpass the greatest one in the world…” by performing pioneering field and lab-based research of the highest quality, thus vastly advancing humankind’s knowledge of nature. That he desired the enterprise to focus its mission exclusively on studying “the waters of the Pacific adjacent to the Coast of Southern California” probably helped to endear him and the lab to the influential citizens of San Diego.7 In any event, while Ritter clearly had everything to gain by capturing the hearts, minds and monetary contributions of San Diegans, local businessmen and philanthropists joined the association for worldly reasons of their own. One especially clear sign of this was the motivation behind the interest that the San Diego Chamber of Commerce and leading residents took to underwrite the association’s expenses: they hoped such a first-rate intellectual enterprise would help to put forlorn, isolated San Diego “on the map.”8
An impressive roster of San Diegans, including John D. Spreckels, his attorney Harry L. Titus, George W. Marston, Elisha Babcock, Julius Wangenheim, Chamber of Commerce secretary H.P. Wood, Union editor James MacMullen, Homer Peters, U.S. Grant, Jr., Dr. Fred Baker, and of course E.W. and Ellen Browning Scripps, engaged themselves in forming the association.9 The Chamber of Commerce created a committee to oversee fundraising, generate publicity, and otherwise “boost” the enterprise — a sure indication that the town’s businessmen envisioned some bottom-line benefits to San Diego at a point in the not-too-distant future.
As early as 1904, the governor of the state, the president of the university, and members of the university’s board of regents began to take an active interest in the fledgling Marine Biological Association, which led directly to UC “affiliation,” an important step along the road to the ultimate absorption that occurred in 1912. Until that time, the laboratory depended almost entirely on the largesse of local citizens both to construct its buildings as well as for its ordinary operating expenses. With regard to its real estate needs, the City of San Diego provided the five-acre Alligator Head site free of charge and later took steps to deed it over to UC. But by 1907 the lab had outgrown it. In the meantime, E.W. Scripps had set his sights on a city-owned pueblo lot comprising 170 acres a short distance beyond the north end of what we today call La Jolla Shores. He arranged for the city to hold a public auction to sell the property, at which Harry Titus offered the sole bid of $1,000 in the association’s behalf for a parcel that some have estimated to have been worth thirty to fifty times as much even then. With the land secured, Ellen Scripps volunteered $10,000 to build a road connecting the lab to La Jolla on the south and Del Mar to the north; according to Raitt and Moulton, the Scrippses at the same time “intimated that they were prepared to give as much as $200,000 toward the further development of the biological work at La Jolla.”10 Over the ensuing years they made this offer good, and then some.
The conception, birth and early growth of what became the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and thus the University of California’s initial foothold in San Diego embodied an element utterly characteristic of the unique history of San Diego’s urban development during much of the rest of the twentieth century. The idea was born of a booster, Fred Baker, who was motivated by the typical booster’s self-interest — in this case his own amateur passion for malacology — as well as a sincere desire to attract favorable attention, investment and prestige to his adopted home town. Baker’s fervent promotion of the idea attracted the attention of the town’s leading businessmen and philanthropists, most of whom were dedicated boosters in their own right. Their principal organization, the Chamber of Commerce, took up the idea and made it operational, placing it squarely in the midst of a dozen or more pet projects all intended to help pull San Diego out of an economic and demographic depression that had hung on since the late 1880s.11 Success came slowly and in rather small increments for San Diego’s boosters back then, but in this matter, at least, a certain momentum began to build, and the abiding relationship that emerged between San Diego and the University of California suggested bigger things to come.
The relationship during the pre-UCSD era, however, did not always enjoy smooth sailing, for example while World War I raged in Europe. Even when SIO joined with several federal agencies to support the war effort, some La Jollans “violently” attacked Director Ritter for allegedly harboring pro-German sympathies, while others suspected lab employees of spying for the enemy.12 During the World War II years, similar issues arose in a rather more serious vein when the Institution’s director, Harald Sverdrup, was denied security clearance to work on Navy-sponsored research projects with his colleagues from SIO. Sverdrup, born in Norway, was a leading expert in underwater acoustics that the Navy was anxious to apply to anti-submarine warfare; despite his strong anti-fascist sentiments and professed loyalty to the United States, some of his own faculty accused him of being a Nazi sympathizer. One of his former students, Roger Revelle, finally managed to overcome the allegations against Sverdrup sufficiently to obtain a partial clearance, but as Naomi Oreskes has pointed out, this incident undermined Sverdrup’s position as a leader of American oceanography.13
Perhaps as early as 1917 (the evidence is not sufficiently clear to affirm this date), but certainly by 1920, the university took steps of an entirely different nature to provide valuable services to the San Diego community through its University Extension programs.14 Since then UC Extension and its local successor, UCSD Extension, have offered training and professional certification programs, agricultural advice, arts and cultural enrichment, and tens of thousands of courses of all descriptions to members of the public not otherwise enrolled as students of the university. Service to the larger public by means of knowledge diffusion, “the notion that the University would actually travel to the people,” lay at the heart of Extension’s mission.15
In its earliest days in San Diego, UC Extension operated on a shoestring budget, depending upon the generosity of local institutions such as the public library for office space. Some of the course instructors were on the faculty of the university’s “southern branch” (this became UCLA in 1927); they generally commuted between Los Angeles and San Diego by train. Those who taught classes in the natural sciences came from Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Most, however, were local, coming from the State Normal School, the city school system, or from the ranks of San Diego’s business and professional populations. The enterprise served 485 enrollees in 1921, which it could only accomplish by making frequent use of volunteer labor to carry on its essential business activities. According to its first volunteer class-organizer, Miss Ida Crump, even in these limited circumstances UC Extension’s operations in San Diego “function[ed] more successfully than any other…in the State” thanks to the efforts of a committee composed of between thirty and forty educators, bankers, artists and interested citizens. Even so, Miss Crump asserted that under this makeshift regime some things had not been well cared for, “thus minimizing the splendid program planned for San Diego.”16
In 1920, Extension courses in San Diego included such subjects as “Scientific Motherhood,” English, business, journalism, and agriculture. Perhaps most important and best attended were continuing education and graduate-level courses for San Diego’s teachers, 227 of whom enrolled in Extension courses in 1924. Over the next two years, an expanded curriculum embraced “Educational Tests & Measurements,” “Commercial Correspondence for Business Men and Women,” history, commercial law, parliamentary law, French, Spanish, music, and drama. One of the drama courses, “Play construction,” was held in the offices of the Chamber of Commerce. It also fell to the Extension to teach classes in “Americanization” in order to help “assimilate the foreign born element.” Students received good value for their money: six dollars bought fifteen hours of instruction.17
Demand for technical and professional courses grew steadily during the early 1920s. Druggists asked for classes in beginning chemistry and pharmacy for their young employees in the hope that such would both encourage and qualify the apprentices to complete a “regular course” at a “legitimate college.” The commanding officer of the Naval Hospital in Balboa Park made a similar request in behalf of the several hundred pharmacists mates then in training there. The electricians of the city, the Junior Chamber of Commerce and the San Diego Realty Board also looked to UC Extension “for all of their educational work,” as did the local membership of the American Institute of Bankers.18
Not content simply to let the public come to them, Extension workers actively marketed their programs via direct mail, bulletin-board postings, and newspaper advertisements. They even went so far as to solicit the interest of Admiral Roger Welles, commandant of the 11th Naval District. Cora Fay Perrine, Miss Crump’s successor (who was also the first paid professional to run the San Diego office), read one day in the newspaper that Welles — San Diego’s first “naval mayor” — soon expected a permanent population of more than ten thousand bluejackets, to whom he hoped to offer “the highest educational facilities right here in San Diego.” With that in mind, Mrs. Perrine urged the directors in UC Extension’s head office to approve of courses in engineering mechanics, materials, and mathematics, to be taught by Dr. George McEwen, head of the Bureau of Research at SIO.19
As lively an undertaking as it appeared to be, Extension workers seemed to struggle for funding from the university as a regular part of their existence. Although course tuitions raised a substantial amount of money, they did not always meet expenses, leaving the San Diego committee to face demands to reduce costs while maintaining the number of courses on the schedule. Moreover, the San Diego bureau often found itself competing with Berkeley and Los Angeles for the services of qualified instructors. Both of these problems were well within the scope of the more or less constant turmoil that characterized the entire Extension Division. As the University of California evolved and grew during this period, its top leadership redefined the role of Extension several times over, all the while coping with perennial budget crises. Even with a solid record of success in support of its claims, the San Diego office felt constrained to protest against proposed curtailments. Here the class organizer pointed out that cutbacks in graduate courses would unfairly deprive local citizens — in this particular instance “869 city teachers who [were] in a position to take advantage” of the program.20
Beyond the interests of discrete groups such as teachers, pharmacists, bankers or sailors, San Diegans expressed a positive need for the benefits UC provided. Enrollments ticked steadily upward, reaching 1,009 for academic year 1926-27 and 1,732 three years later. As class organizer Cathryn Corbett pointed out in 1929, Extension services had a beneficial effect on the city, and made San Diego participants “conscious of the fact that we are a part of the State University and not merely a little local group.” This was all the more reason the head office should send the best qualified, most prestigious instructors, for it would help keep the level of community interest high, giving the people of San Diego something they did not already have.21
The committee of volunteers saw UC Extension as a useful means to elevate the level of culture in San Diego as well. In a reminiscence recorded in 1938, Julius Wangenheim, a UC alumnus, founding member of the Marine Biological Association, committee member and UC regent in the 1920s, recalled that the town “didn’t have very much in the way of culture,” and so “it meant a great deal to us and it was an important day when some of those great men from the University of California came down here to talk to us….We were hungry for cultural pleasures which such institutions as the state university could expend.” Wangenheim especially appreciated lecture/performances from such artists as Charles Mills Gayley (“Gayley the Troubadour”) and courses from world-famous UC scholars such as the those offered by Henry Morse Stephens on the French Revolution, Mortimer Clapp on the history of literature, and Garrett Mallory Borden on art.22
After 1930, the exigencies of the Great Depression caused the activities of the University Extension in San Diego to slow down considerably. Enrollments dropped off sharply — 799 in 1930-31, and down to 380 the next year. Lewis Leslie, who had taught a course in international relations in 1930, lamented that by then, nobody but teachers were interested in taking Extension classes any more. Since the city’s young people felt pressed to leave for other places as soon as they were able, said Leslie, only the retired folks, “who have not yet been awakened to the opportunities offered by the University Extension” were left. Unless Extension could reach this group, there was little future in it. Indeed, the San Diego office closed down shortly thereafter, and it was not until 1937 that members of the UC Alumni Association and others began to call for the reinstatement of a full-time operation.23
In her history of UC Extension, Kathleen Rockhill notes that the war years were not a banner period for the division: “Organizational formalization and stability became dysfunctional when Extension could not respond to the massive demands for training occasioned by World War II.” Although Extension was supposed to have administered the Engineering Science Management War Training Program [ESMDT], the division’s acting director Boyd Rakestraw was plagued by “myopia, extreme caution, and legalistic preoccupation with details,” to the point where the Engineering Division took the program under its own control, leaving Extension out entirely.24
Extension’s retrenchment should not be taken to mean that UC had suddenly retreated from the life of San Diego region, for during the war the university operated a War Training Center in cooperation with the U.S. Office of Education. The Center offered college-level instruction in order to help allay “shortages of engineers, chemists, physicists, and production supervisors essential to the war program.” The ESMDT program alone prepared more than 100,000 Californians for “higher echelon industrial positions.” The training was free of charge, coeducational, and all-inclusive, both in terms of the industries it served as well as the experience of the students — it was intended to include everyone “from top executive to the newest hire.” It was also supposed to prepare discharged service men, the physically handicapped, older men in less essential industries or in retirement, women anxious to help in the war effort and other adaptable persons for employment in these essential industries. Most of the ESMDT classes took place in the workplace itself, establishing a mode of cooperation between industries and the university that continued after the war and helped redefine the direction Extension would take from that point forward.25
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography took a leading role in research for the Navy during the war, which had a great deal to do with the shape of some of the most important of San Diego’s postwar transformations. According to Nancy Anderson, SIO scientists and technicians were joined by colleagues from around the country to work at San Diego’s UC Division of War Research [UCDWR], which at one point employed “600 physicists, electrical and electronic engineers, psychologists, oceanographers, marine biologists, mathematicians, chemists, and structural and hydromechanics experts….” Roger Revelle, who first came to SIO as a research assistant in 1931, had been called up for active duty in the Navy before the U.S. officially joined the war. He took charge of research at UCDWR and later “became project officer for all of [the Navy’s] Bureau of Ships’ oceanographic contracts. He made certain,” said Anderson, “that San Diego got its share.” As mentioned earlier, Revelle’s heroic efforts resolved serious problems that arose in the Navy — SIO collaboration when some SIO Faculty members expressed “[p]ersonal distrust, rooted in scientific and intellectual achievement” for the Institutions’s director, Harald Sverdrup, leading to Sverdrup’s loss of security clearance. Only after Revelle managed to clear Sverdrup’s name was the scientist allowed to make his significant contribution to the American war effort.26
By war’s end, many of the UCDWR scientists had left San Diego for their pre-war homes and jobs in a process emblematic of the nation’s vast and rapid demobilization. This only added to San Diegans’ fear that a scaled-down Navy and starkly reduced war industries would severely depress the local economy. Having collaborated successfully on so many crucial wartime projects (SONAR, offensive and defensive submarine warfare, and ocean wave forecasting prominent among them), the Navy and the university acted to maintain their partnership thereafter. Together they established the Marine Physical Laboratory to carry forward some of the underwater acoustical research they had started during the war as UCDWR. Roger Revelle now directed a branch of the bureau that became the Office of Naval Research in 1946, from which position he “helped direct prized resources…, and in short order, the Navy became Scripps’s primary customer as many classified wartime projects were transferred to San Diego.”27
In 1944, the Chamber of Commerce engaged Day & Zimmermann, a consulting firm based in Philadelphia, to survey the city’s productive resources for the purpose of postwar planning. The project’s stated goal was to identify all possible opportunities for commercial and industrial expansion, not only for the sake of growth per se, but to cushion the economic shock of the dreaded demobilization and war-industry cutbacks already underway. As the shock set in, San Diego’s business community coped with it, at least up to a point, by following some of Day & Zimmermann’s recommendations. San Diegans re-ignited the tourist sector through major investment, most notably by developing Mission Bay; by 1950 the city’s income from tourism exceeded its pre-war level. The city undertook to recapture and improve the harbor’s commercial capacity from the Navy. The Chamber’s World Trade Department sought to increase regional exchange with Mexico and other countries on the Pacific rim. Tuna fishing, agriculture, and even manufacturing rebounded significantly within five years of the war’s end. The Chamber of Commerce also continued to exert extraordinary efforts to maintain a strong naval presence in and around the city, and at this they mainly succeeded. Although historians may debate the depth of hardship caused San Diego by the cessation of hostilities, concern for the region’s economic future never slackened within the minds of the city’s business and political leaders.28
Day & Zimmermann included a survey of the local educational institutions in its report, noting in its discussion of San Diego State College that the city’s future development would “demand more scientific training leading to a [Bachelor of Science] degree.” With regard to UC, the consultant suggested that the university “consider” continuation of certain courses in engineering, science, and management training “in connection with the postwar activities” of San Diego State. And though it mentioned SIO as “one of the few institutions of its kind in the world,” nowhere did the report discuss the need for graduate training in any field by the schools in the area. Absent too was any sense that recent and anticipated population growth might escalate the pressure for expanded undergraduate-level education in the humanities and social sciences.29
Forces had long been at work, however, to locate a full-service UC campus in San Diego, although none too effectively so far. Nancy Anderson cites 1924 as the year that city’s businessmen initiated their campaign for such. Thirty years later, John J. Hopkins, president of General Dynamics Corporation, expressed interest in a university to Mayor John Butler around the same time he acquired and expanded Convair (successor to Consolidated Aircraft, the biggest defense contractor in San Diego during the war). Hopkins was also at work on a plan for his new General Atomic division to establish a large nuclear research facility on a city-donated tract on Torrey Pines Mesa. In these acts and ideas the reality of UCSD began to take root. Within months, the Chamber of Commerce appointed Convair’s vice president to chair its campaign to help complete the work that the state legislature had begun earlier in 1955, to found UCSD either by expanding SIO or “creating a complete new branch.”30
What a revealing Cold War moment this was. One of the nation’s great emerging defense conglomerates, whose primary business in San Diego at the time was research, development and manufacture of ICBMs, needed a great university virtually on-site to train its physicists and engineers. San Diego, the nation’s preeminent urban-military complex, needed the business and wanted the prestige. Roger Revelle, now director of SIO and a spearhead of the movement for UCSD, wanted the new university to be “like a cathedral: ‘the center to which all men turn to find the meaning of their lives and from which emanates a wondrous light, the light of understanding.'”31 What a remarkable alignment of forces.
All the while, UC Extension continued in its quiet way to provide abundant valuable service to the San Diego Community. The division recovered from its wartime paralysis thanks in part to provisions of the G.I. Bill that encouraged both people on active duty in the military as well as those separated from the services to enroll in university-sponsored continuing education programs. In 1946, 1,006 San Diegans took Extension courses; the number grew to 1,869 in 1949. By the early 1950s, enrollments in Extension programs in San Diego exceeded six thousand per year, and all signs pointed toward a steadily increasing demand. During this period, UC conducted an experiment in the city, teaming up professionals in the public school system to create an improved curriculum for adult education. According to Extension’s director in San Diego, the ensuing service to the community — and to the university — was “certainly of a higher order than would result under any less closely cooperative form of interaction.” Extension officials in San Diego repeatedly affirmed the idea that UC had a clear responsibility to work with the community in order to help its residents adjust to rapidly changing conditions, especially with regard to in-service training in the growing high-technology industries. At the same time, the division should strive to expand its “cultural offerings.”32
Extension had its own part to play in the unfolding drama of the birth of UCSD. Since its inception in 1946, the Extension’s San Diego engineering program had emanated from Los Angeles, with advisors, teachers and class organizers commuting to San Diego as needed. The dean of UCLA’s College of Engineering, L.M.K. Boelter, attended some of the pivotal meetings in the fall of 1955 with the Chamber of Commerce, Convair executives and other representatives from the community, where they discussed the shape the new campus might take. There Boelter learned that Convair expected to expand its engineering staff by 750 per year for the next several years. Now Convair’s parent company General Dynamics “order[ed] Convair to increase manifoldly [sic] its support of educational activities, particularly at the graduate level….” Moreover, “several executives from the San Diego Division of Convair… specifically requested a resident technical representative of the University in order to effect a much closer liaison between industry and the University.” In response, the dean proposed that Extension install a full-time “Assistant Professor-Principal Extension Representative” at San Diego to deal with the changing conditions and help UC’s clients in their labors.33
The language of mutuality seemed to permeate discussions between San Diegans and UC officials as negotiations and planning for the new campus progressed — mutual interest, mutual accommodation, mutual benefit. As UC president Clark Kerr put it in a memorandum to the regents during the summer of 1960, “We believe that San Diego needs the University and the University needs San Diego. Let us…resolve to proceed — as rapidly as need is demonstrated and resources are available — to develop a full range of University services in that area.”34 It took the parties to this immense undertaking five years to hammer out the details, which included a number of enormously complicated real estate transactions, city-planning decisions, disputes among the regents, disputes between the regents and the academic senate, municipal elections, resolutions in the state legislature, military decisions in Washington, a question of whether the university should be named for La Jolla or San Diego, and countless other power plays of all descriptions. But they made the deals and the dust did eventually settle, so that by 1961 the newly appointed chancellor Herbert York could accede to his position and express his hope that “the university and the community [would] be mutually stimulating.”35
San Diegans had good reason to expect much from the university. From now on the state government would budget tens (and later hundreds) of millions of dollars each year to run the school, the majority of which would flow directly into the region’s economy. Several departments within the federal government as well as companies large and small would similarly bestow multimillion-dollar research grants on the campus’s distinguished faculty. State controller Alan Cranston asserted correctly that UCSD would “help solve the area’s employment problem,” not only by virtue of on-campus jobs, but by attracting an even “larger percentage of new industry than it does now.”36 And these were only some of the monetary advantages that would accrue. Societal and cultural benefits had yet to be counted.
UC Extension had long before established a much-loved tradition of cultural enrichment in San Diego, presenting programs of lectures, concerts, and theater to the public on a nearly year-round basis. Many of the performances featured world-famous scholars or artists; others took the form of workshops or master classes, enabling San Diegans from grade-school age through adult to perform with or under the guidance of topnotch professionals. In almost all cases, admission to such events was either free or very inexpensive. So popular was the 1963-64 UCSD-sponsored chamber music series that it sold out two months in advance of its first concert. This surprised San Diego Union arts columnist Alan Kriegsman who noted that “the powerful new avidity” now in evidence might mark the end of local patrons’ habitual sluggishness. Kriegsman was sure that the promised influx of UCSD students and faculty would “become a prime factor in the San Diego cultural scene.”37
With the coming of UCSD, departments from all around the new school joined in reaching out to the larger community. Here the university carried on a practice begun in 1903 by UC scientists from the Marine Biological Station. Even with the campus in its embryonic stage (only a few hundred graduate students in academic year ’63-’64, and no undergraduates at all until the fall of ’64), faculty and administrators presented ninety lectures around San Diego. In that year alone they spoke to service clubs, church groups, middle schools and high schools, parent-teacher organizations, business associations, professional societies, and others.38
One university/community cultural collaboration from those early days — the partnership between UCSD and the La Jolla Playhouse — did a great deal to cement San Diego’s reputation as a center for theater arts. Gregory Peck, Dorothy McGuire and Mel Ferrer founded the Playhouse in 1947 as a summer venue for film actors to perfect their skills on stage. The group first became involved with UC when La Jolla-San Diego County Theater and Arts Foundation board member Roger Revelle pressured the regents to donate a parcel of its Torrey Pines property to the foundation in 1954 for use by the Playhouse. Ten years later the regents agreed to loan the foundation $100,000 to help build a first-class theater on its land. To Mrs. Edward Longstreth, the foundation’s president, these events signified a real coming of age for San Diego, for it would “[make] us a city where everything doesn’t have to go on in a high school auditorium.” Peck, a native of La Jolla, saw the partnership as an opportunity for San Diego to “entertain,…enlighten and elevate” while building a national image as a cultural center. It would certainly augment the already prestigious Old Globe in Balboa Park, and it would also provide a home for part of the year for UCSD’s own nascent Theater Department. Many prominent San Diegans envisioned the theater project as a cultural treasure, a tremendous enhancement to the city’s image, and a potential draw to tourists, all of which promises the La Jolla Playhouse and its Mandell Weiss Center for the Performing Arts ultimately fulfilled. Unfortunately, as Nancy Anderson points out, it took nearly thirty years to accomplish this because the process “got bogged down in internecine battles, land development, lawsuits, and money.”39
Who in those days did not have high hopes for UCSD and what it could do for the San Diego region? Leaders in business, industry, civic affairs and the news media joined with top campus administrators to predict an exceedingly prosperous future while singing each other’s praises. Together, they all said, UCSD and San Diego would build a thriving regional economy, create “one of the greatest educational cultural centers in the world,” give birth to scientific discoveries that would change the world, and at last bring the city’s century-long search for an image to a brilliant conclusion. They would harness some of the best minds on earth to educate the youth of Southern California, to turn them into first-class citizens, the natural leaders of the next generations. And for the most part, they made these dreams come true as they built an institution very much in keeping Roger Revelle’s vision of a “cathedral,” although it was never easy.
UCSD opened its doors to undergraduates in the fall of 1964, at practically the same moment that widespread unrest broke out on the Berkeley campus in the form of the Free Speech Movement. San Diegans surely worried lest something similar happen in their own territory. While such crippling turmoil never came to San Diego, demonstrations materialized nevertheless at UCSD eight months later. In this instance, twenty-two students — among them a few of UCSD’s first class of freshmen — and two faculty members, carried out what Chancellor John Galbraith described as a “quiet and orderly” march around Revelle Plaza, carrying signs protesting the landing of U.S. troops in the Dominican Republic. According to Galbraith, the protesters broke no university rules. If one is to believe the editorial that appeared in the next day’s San Diego Union, bearded demonstrators now besieged the campus, engaging in “ideological warfare.” Worse, they “milled around in the manner of the rioters who brought the parent university at Berkeley to a state of anarchy.” Local chapters of the American Legion and the Federation of Republican Women joined forces with the Union to offer scathing criticism of what they considered to be a pathetic, immoral and unpatriotic exercise in free speech. They excoriated Galbraith for his craven acquiescence in what he mistook for “academic freedom.” It is interesting to note how differently an independent newspaper, the Oceanside Blade-Tribune, saw the matter. Its editor disagreed with the protesters’ point of view but supported the idea that the university was a place where people should be able to speak their minds freely. He went on to chide the Union and its publisher in no uncertain terms:
“A good university ought to generate more protest than that. If the young don’t protest, who will? If nobody protests, we might all learn to think like James S. Copley.”40
The tiny demonstration and the hackles it raised around San Diego revealed a measurable degree of disharmony between campus and community that grew more open and notorious as the Johnson administration escalated the war in Southeast Asia. Many more students and professors, along with a cadre of “outside agitators” expressed their opposition to the war vocally; at the same time, a number of causes associated with the New Left took root at UCSD. A chapter of Students for a Democratic Society did exist on campus and both the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee had their moment in the sun, but UCSD never held a candle to the unrest that occurred at Berkeley and elsewhere around the country. Most aggravating to conservative San Diegans as well as to the increasingly right-wing Board of Regents was the presence of Professor Herbert Marcuse and his graduate student Angela Davis. The former enjoyed a nationwide reputation as the preeminent philosopher of the New Left, while the latter was one of its most articulate and compelling firebrands. Marcuse and Davis openly championed students’ as well as the faculty’s rights to question authority; the very idea incensed area residents. At one point the American Legion went so far as to offer to “buy out” Marcuse’s employment contract, a suggestion that the administration firmly rejected.41
While right-leaning residents of San Diego perceived UCSD as a hotbed of left-wing radicalism, Nancy Anderson points out that such was hardly the case — both the campus and the community were deeply fragmented ideologically. Chancellor William McGill found himself constantly walking a tightrope over what must surely have looked to him like a pit full of hungry crocodiles: a hostile Ronald Reagan-led Board of Regents, demanding, disgruntled and disunited on-campus constituencies; and angry off-campus groups such as the American Legion. The “freshman” chancellor faced up to the challenges with remarkable aplomb, and made equally remarkable efforts to restore good feelings between UCSD and the communities beyond the confines of the campus. Before departing for the presidency of Columbia University in 1970, McGill sent some of the school’s most familiar professors (e.g., Harold Urey, Roger Revelle, Walter Munk, and others) to offer a series of public lectures. He also set up a “People to People” program to facilitate informal encounters among students, faculty and local citizens, and prompted the Extension Division to expand and popularize its offerings. These acts appeared to help restore a sense of amity and respect between San Diegans and UCSD.42
By the mid-seventies scholars and administrators at UCSD reaffirmed their engagement with the larger community. Chancellor William McElroy enumerated several public service activities he felt the university should support, in particular a major project “to explore binational regional planning for San Diego-Tijuana.” Another initiative came from Clifford Grobstein, who had been named vice chancellor for university relations in 1974, after he resigned his position as dean of the medical school. His office proposed to launch a program called the UCSD Research and Development Clearinghouse. Among its several functions, the Clearinghouse would “develop a profile of public and private organizations in the UCSD impact area that can benefit from UCSD’s research capability.” Then it was to “develop mechanisms for effective matching and coupling of campus research capability and off-campus needs.”43
Grobstein had experienced a long trial-by-fire as dean of UCSD’s medical school between 1967 and 1973. That arm of the university had been founded with the highest aspirations for providing direct, essential services to the region’s communities, especially those, which until then had less than satisfactory access to quality health care. Governor Brown placed it at the top of his list of priorities back in 1960 — after all, San Diego was the largest metropolitan area in the state without a medical school. As plans developed, UCSD would take over the county hospital and once that business was settled the Veterans Administration would build a huge new medical center right on the UCSD campus. The university pursued the same recruiting practices for the medical school it had used to obtain the first cadre of faculty for the other departments: it sought the biggest names in the field it could find. This caused considerable tension among physicians around San Diego, many of whom hoped at some point to become permanent faculty themselves. As circumstances unfolded, many of these practitioners found themselves out in the cold, and resented the stiff competition that the imported superstars presented, and this was only one of many areas of friction around San Diego that the medical school’s start-up generated.44
Once safely removed from that maelstrom, Grobstein turned to a matter he felt needed consideration — a major overhaul in the university’s approach to its role as a public problem-solver. Here he found “multiple signs of disjuncture,” inside as well as outside the institution. He concluded that faculty were hiding behind the walls of their ivory tower, “reluctant to turn attention to public problems because they believe they will be badgered into activities of lesser intellectual interest than their own. They vigorously oppose organization of their effort in terms of practical objectives, asserting that expansion of knowledge for its own sake will provide the best long-range answers.”
The university’s research function naturally sought “fundamental knowledge,” but the larger mission demanded a similarly energetic search for “need-oriented knowledge.”45 Here was the philosophical mandate for the UCSD Research and Development Clearinghouse, which received a cool reception when Grobstein proposed it, and disappeared from sight soon after.
Even so, campus officials continued to seek ways to make UCSD more responsive to community issues, especially those of the business and industrial community. From time to time the chancellor hosted consultative meetings between administrators, faculty, and representatives of the region’s productive enterprises. At one such event held in 1980, the participants explored the research and training needs of local businesses and industries and led discussions on the subject of UCSD’s graduate, undergraduate and Extension programs of potential interest to the businesspeople in attendance. At other times, professors and provosts acted as if the university was itself a hi-tech chamber of commerce. In 1981 for example, the provost of Revelle College contacted the research director of a Japanese telecommunications company to cultivate the company’s interest in opening a division in San Diego. The language of the letter was pure “boosterese”:
As you know, Southern California is on the frontier of advanced technology. San Diego, in particular, is an area where major growth in research and development is taking place. Under the leadership of Chancellor Atkinson, who was the former Director of National Science Foundation [sic], our university is playing an increasingly important role in this growth….The quality of life is high. We can build something nice together in a pleasant environment, and in doing so enhance the friendship between our two countries.46
Here a high UCSD official was doing exactly what the industrial development committee of the San Diego Chamber of Commerce had been doing for a hundred years, working to “upbuild the city.” And why not? Who, after all, stood to benefit if the venture succeeded? The company might, by virtue of the intensity of the R&D atmosphere in the vicinity. Its employees might indeed enjoy a higher “quality of life” in San Diego than elsewhere. The city’s merchants and service providers might add the newcomers to their customer base. And the university might obtain new research grants, or attract new faculty and graduate students with interests related to the company’s field of endeavor. Finally, the transaction might contribute to the formation of whole new enterprises, as has been the case with more than 150 businesses such as Qualcomm, whose founder, Professor Irwin Jacobs, “rolled downhill from UCSD” to start the company. To be sure, such boosterish activity was more worldly — more capitalistic — than idealistic, but it suggests that the university had gone some distance toward relieving the disjuncture between pure knowledge and public service so much on the mind of Clifford Grobstein a few years earlier.
As the campus culture began to mature during the 1980s and into the ‘nineties, some faculty and administrators expressed their perception that the university should do much more to engage in critical issues related to the life of the region. Without discounting the value of the contributions made by the physicists, engineers, chemists and biologists to San Diego’s economic development, some at UCSD felt disconnected from a community they had come to care about as their own roots in that community deepened. One by one, as individuals and not on any organized basis, professors in the humanities, social sciences, and “hard” sciences realized that San Diego possessed a unique history, culture and identity. They began to understand as never before that its neighborhoods and the people who lived in them deserved careful study, that indeed there were many questions about the social, cultural and economic dynamics of the region they wanted to ask. The time had finally come to invest their own as well as UCSD’s intellectual capital somewhere beyond the confines of the campus and the research and industrial parks that surround it.
When UCSD Extension opened for business in the fall of 1972, one of its primary missions was to serve as part of a system-wide “extended university” to provide greater access to the public by offering programs “to enable the economically less advantaged — minorities in particular — the opportunity to attend and earn a University of California degree.” Extension still carried on its historical functions related to continuing education and cultural enrichment, but it operated as its own entity under a new decentralized regime. Decentralization also meant that the Extension Division on each UC campus became self-supporting, making it necessary to establish a variety of direct connections with the community, not the least important of which are economic. Thus when Mary L. Walshok accepted the office of dean of UCSD Extension in 1982 she directed an intensive marketing campaign toward UCSD’s usual clientele — the elite establishments in the area whose employees needed continuing professional education in fields “like engineering, business, nursing, computer sciences, and management of technical and scientific enterprises.”47
Over time, however, Walshok realized that by moving away from a more general audience that included less-advantaged constituencies, her division would almost certainly fail to address a host of issues in the community where a connection with the university might make a meaningful difference in the quality of people’s lives. As successful as UCSD Extension’s post-1982 initiatives have been, for example UCSD CONNECT and San Diego Dialogue, these did not satisfy the growing interest on campus in matters closer to the grass-roots of the region.48 Studying these circumstances more closely and consulting with concerned colleagues in many different disciplines, Walshok came to understand that research universities — even those as elite as UCSD — have the power to bestow enormous social benefits not only upon the world at large, but “in their own backyard.” The university needed to extend a challenge to its faculty to engage in research in its own community, to develop socially useful regional and civic knowledge — to discover it, teach it, publish it and put it to work.49
The field of regional studies has begun to attract advocates and practitioners at UCSD in the last few years. As recently as 1997, its graduate students in history had turned out no more than five dissertations on San Diego’s past, and advanced research in regional matters in other disciplines was similarly scant. Since then, however, scholars in the departments of history, anthropology, communication, ethnic studies, sociology, health care and political science have started to fix their gaze on topics closer to home, as have some in Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies and the Institute of the Americas. The Urban Studies and Planning program has assembled a consortium of researchers whose earlier interests lay elsewhere, but now focus on San Diego. For the most part these advances have been the result of individual or smaller-scale team efforts rather than a major institutional initiative. Even that may change as the UCSD Civic Collaborative — a highly innovative project of the Extension that got its start in 1998 — seeks to close the gap between academic and civic knowledge.
In 1999, the Civic Collaborative surveyed the entire faculty in order to attain a better understanding of how this remarkable population (approximately 1,500 at the time) viewed questions related to personal, professional and institutional engagement with the community. Responses revealed that UCSD has taken great strides in the right direction but still has a long way to go. In reviewing the survey’s results, renowned analyst Barbara Lee concluded that while many of the respondents may have “overestimated” their scholarly involvement in the community, nevertheless seventy-six percent of those who returned the survey claimed their professional work was in some way community-oriented. Lee also found “considerable feeling that engagement with the community is necessary and personally satisfying,” despite the fact “there are many barriers to community involvement, such as time pressures and the lack of academic rewards.” Interestingly, Clifford Grobstein identified those same obstacles in 1975.50
More than fifteen thousand undergraduates are registered at UCSD in the current academic year, along with two thousand graduate students and a thousand more in the medical school. The total budget amounts to $1.4 billion, and the campus employs in excess of ten thousand people. The campus ranks fifth in the nation (and first in the UC system) in research funding, and more than a dozen of its departments rate among the top ten nationally. UCSD holds seventh place in the United States for “excellence among all state-supported colleges and universities,” according to a recent survey by U.S. News and World Report. Much of what Roger Revelle envisioned nearly a half-century ago — his great cathedral of learning — has come to pass.
“UCSD and You,” a publication celebrating UCSD’s fortieth anniversary, documents two hundred fifty programs and “forty gifts of service” to the community that the school offered during the past academic year, covering a wide range of activities. In his introduction, Chancellor Robert Dynes affirms one more time that “Teaching, Research, and Public Service are the three missions” of the campus.51 Long before there was a UCSD, the University of California made a significant investment in San Diego with the same three missions in mind. The ways and means by which the university has attempted to carry out those missions have changed dramatically over the years, and one may certainly debate their effectiveness. But look at San Diego then and now and at the university too. In some amazing ways they really have grown up together.
1 Nancy Scott Anderson, An Improbable Venture: A History of the University of California, San Diego (La Jolla: The UCSD Press, 1993), 1. Anderson offers a superb blow-by-blow description of the start up processes in the chapters that follow her introduction.
2 Mary E. Stratthaus, “Flaw in the Jewel: Housing Discrimination against Jews in La Jolla,” American Jewish History, Sept. 1996, V84 (N3) 189-219; also, Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 53-4. In 1965, the Los Angeles Times noted, “Since UC first announced it would expand SIO into a full-scale university there has been curiosity about the reaction of the San Diego community, known for its conservatism, to the presence in large numbers of liberal professors….” William Trombley, “UC San Diego Enters its Second Year of Growth,” 3 October 1965.
3 Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 4.
4 The California State Legislature established the university’s “southern branch” at Los Angeles in 1919, which graduated its first class of four-year students in 1925. By 1927 it had grown sufficiently to be renamed “the University of California at Los Angeles.”
5 The most complete account of this story appears in Helen Raitt and Beatrice Moulton, Scripps Institution of Oceanography: First Fifty Years (The Ward Ritchie Press, 1967), 3-91.
6 Patricia A. Schaelchlin, La Jolla: The Story of a Community (La Jolla: Friends of the La Jolla Library, 1988), 126-128.
7 William Ritter, the Institution’s founding scientist, in “A General Statement of the Ideas and Present Aims of the Marine Biological Association of San Diego,” 1905, quoted in Raitt and Moulton, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 31.
8 Raitt and Moulton, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9; 12-13. In a letter to the Chamber of Commerce’s executive secretary, H.P. Wood, dated May 20, 1903, newspaper magnate E.W. Scripps suggested that if the people of San Diego “should voluntarily make a beginning to the [Marine Biological] museum, the University people might gladly take it up and a state appropriation follow….” Scripps also noted that his brother and sister owned land in Pacific Beach and at La Jolla, and that “they would be willing to give temporary use, if not absolute deed, to property for a site….” Letter in Minutes of the Weekly Board of Directors Meetings of the San Diego Chamber of Commerce, 1903, 445.
9 This distinguished group, in the words of Raitt and Moulton, “constitute[d] a virtual social register of San Diego in those days (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 20-21).”
10 Raitt and Moulton, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 45-49.
11 According to U.S. Census figures, San Diego’s population in 1890 was 16,169; in 1900 17,700. Useful discussion of San Diego’s post-1890 doldrums may be found in Elizabeth MacPhail, The Story of New San Diego and Its Founder Alonzo E. Horton, 2nd edition (San Diego History Center, 1989), 98-128; Clarence A. McGrew, City of San Diego and San Diego County: The Birthplace of California, Vol. 1 (Chicago: The American Historical Society, 1922), 129-160; Richard Pourade, The Glory Years: The Booms and Busts in the Land of the Sundown Sea (San Diego: Union-Tribune Publishing, 1964), 215-251. For a nearly all-inclusive list of the interests of the Chamber of Commerce at this time, see A.J. Shragge, “Radio and Real Estate: The U.S. Navy’s First Land Purchase in San Diego,” in Journal of San Diego History 42:4 (Fall 1996), 240-242. For a detailed discussion of boosterism and its significance in San Diego’s history, see A.J. Shragge, “Boosters and Bluejackets: The Civic Culture of Militarism in San Diego, California, 1900-1945 (Ph.D. diss, UCSD, 1998). Cogent definitions of boosterism and the “booster ethos” appear in Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Random House, 1965), 113-116; Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen: Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, Ct., Greenwood Press), 3-11, 199; John R. Logan and Harvey L. Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 1-98; and Sally F. Griffith, Home Town News: William Allen White and the Emporia Gazette (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 6-7.
12 Raitt and Moulton, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 91.
13 Naomi Oreskes, “Science and Security before the Atomic Bomb: The Loyalty Case of Harald U. Sverdrup,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, Vol. 31, Issue 3 (September 2000): 309-369.
14 See “UC Extension Rolls Reach 100,000 Here,” San Diego Union, 21 January 1962, 41: 1-2. According to this article the Extension had “enrolled its 100,000th San Diego student since it opened an office here in 1917.” I have not yet been able to document this date beyond this mention in the newspaper. Another perhaps more reliable source, a letter from R.G. Edwards to Leon J. Richardson (Director of Extension), dated February 14, 1927, noted that “the inception of extension work in San Diego [goes back to] 1919….” Letter in CU 18, box 43, folder 43:6, Document 980, University of California Archives, Bancroft Library.
15 Kathleen Rockhill, Academic Excellence and Public Service: A History of University Extension at California (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1983), 19-20.
16 Document 980: “San Diego Office: Recommendation of Miss Crump” July 8, 1921, in CU 18, box 43, file 43.5, University of California Archives, Bancroft Library.
17 Document 980: “San Diego Office: Recommendation of Miss Crump”, July 21, 1921, folder 43.5; “The San Diego University Extension Association”; “Secretary in Charge of Correspondence Instruction to Mrs. Ethel Bailey, San Diego Public Library,” June 28, 1920; “Announcement of Classes Offered in San Diego,” January 1922, all in CU 18, box 43, file 43.4, University of California Archives, Bancroft Library. See also, “University Extension Service is Popular,” San Diego Union, 1 January 1924, 4.
18 Document 980, continued: Cora Fay Perrine, Representative, Extension Division, to Dean Franklyn Theodore Green, October 19, 1923; Perrine to Boyd D. Rakestraw, n.d.; Perrine to J.L. Richardson, July 20, 1923; all in file 43.5.
19 Document 980, continued: Perrine to Mrs. Hazel Murphey-Smith, October 24, 1922. See also, “San Diego Woman Noted for Educational Organization Under Island Government,” San Diego Union, 27 December 1933, 5.
20 Rockhill, Academic Excellence and Public Service, 89-121; Document 1110: Director, UC Extension to E.B. Tilton, Asst. Superintendent of San Diego Schools, March 12 and 17, 1926; and Doc. 980, M. Edith Henderson to L.J. Richardson, March 11, 1926; all in CU 18, box 43, folder 43.3.
21 “Report of the UC Extension Division in San Diego, May 1928,” folder 43:6; “San Diego 1929-1930,” folder 43.7; Cathryn Corbett to Boyd Rakestraw, April 20, 1929, folder 43.6; and Corbett to Rakestraw, March 26-29, 1929. This last item was a memorandum that in its plea for the best possible instructors noted dissatisfaction with a course in real estate law taught by Judge Edgar Luce, one of the city’s leading figures.
22 “Recalls Early Extension Activities,” in “San Diego Issue: Extension News,” December 16, 1938. CU 18, box 45, folder 45.30.
23 Ruth Lobaugh (Executive Secretary, Southern District) to Boyd Rakestraw, April 12, 1930, CU 18, box 43, folder 43.7; Harry Clark (Deputy City Attorney) to Rakestraw, May 4, 1937; George Brereton (Under-sheriff, San Diego County) to Rakestraw, both in box 45, folder 45.30.
24 Rockhill, Academic Excellence and Public Service, 115-117.
25 Day & Zimmermann, “Report on the City and County of San Diego Industrial and Commercial Survey…to San Diego Chamber of Commerce, Volume 2,” 78-79, 21 February 1945; Rockhill, 123.
26 Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 21-25; Raitt and Moulton, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 137-144; Oreskes, “Science and Security before the Atomic Bomb,” Abstract.
27 Bruce Linder, San Diego’s Navy: An Illustrated History (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2001), 151. Also, Raitt and Moulton, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 144-146; Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 24-25.
28 Day & Zimmermann, Vol. 1, 45-48, 89, 91, 95; and San Diego Chamber of Commerce, “1950 Annual Business Survey.” Nancy Anderson’s view of San Diego’s postwar economy is far less sanguine: “By the mid-fifties the city was in a post-war economic decline dismal enough to recall E.W. Scripps’ ‘broken down boomtown (An Improbable Venture, 38).'”
29 Day & Zimmermann, Vol. 2, 75-79.
30 Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 38-40. Unfortunately, in 1924 San Diego lost out to a better bid from Westwood, which became the site for UCLA.
31 Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 37.
32 “Final Report, August 11, 1950,” by Melvin W. Barnes, in CU 18, box 60, folder 60.1; “Annual Report, 1955-56,” June 15, 1956, in folder 60.2. Also, Rockhill, Academic Excellence and Public Service, 126.
33 L.M.K. Boelter to Baldwin M. Woods, Vice President U.C Extension, October 21, 1955, in CU 18, box 60 folder 60.12; and P.P. O’Brien and Boelter to President R.G. Sproul, November 22, 1955, in folder 60.2. It is interesting to note how eager UC officials were to please their counterparts in industry. According to a report from a local Extension/community steering committee held in 1949, the Naval Electronics Laboratory and Convair “depended” on Extension classes to upgrade their employees. This the committee deemed to be a “valuable community service, and therefore [these classes] are regularly given even though they do not pay their own way….” Melvin Barnes to Baldwin Woods, “Report for the Steering Committee,” March 21, 1949, in CU 18, box 60, folder 60.3.
34 Clark Kerr, “The Expansion of University Services in San Diego,” 21 July 1960, 3. RSS 1, Chancellor Subject Files, box 51, folder 7, Mandeville Department of Special Collections, UCSD Library.
35 San Diego Tribune, 23 February 1961.
36 “University Spends Big on Campus.” La Jolla Sentinel, 31 December 1961; “West’s First Major Science City Envisioned,” San Diego Union, 2 July 1961; “UC Hailed as Area Aid by Cranston,” San Diego Tribune, 25 July 1962.
37 Alan M. Kriegsman, “Music Notes: U.C. Fills the House.” San Diego Union, 13 October 1963.
38 Steve Glazier, “UCSD Speakers’ Bureau Presents 90 Lectures.” La Jolla Journal, 9 July 1964.
39 Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 223-225. Also, Charles Davis, “UC to Lend $100,000 to Help Theater.” San Diego Union, 18 April 1964; Michael O’Connor, “UC Regents to Hear Plan for Theater,” Union, 25 March 1965.
40 “Galbraith Says Protest Within Rules.” San Diego Union, 10 May 1965; “Angry Placard or the Flag?” Editorial, Union, 8 May 1965; “Protest in La Jolla.” Editorial, Oceanside Blade-Union, 12 May 1965.
41 William J. McGill, The Year of the Monkey: Revolt on Campus, 1968-69 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), 10-60; Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 114.
42 Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 122-126.
43 McElroy to David S. Saxon (President, UC) “Public Service Activities,” 16 July 1975; also Clifford Grobstein, “UC and Public Problem Solving,” 19 November 1975. Both in RSS 1, box 51, folder 4, Mandeville Department of Special Collections
44 San Diego Union, “Health Unit Backs School,”18 January 1961, B1:4; VA Hospital Plan Hinges of UC Site OK,” 31 January 1964, 19:1; “UC Regents Get Proposal to Run County Hospital,” 20 November 1964, B1:8; “Pediatrics Dept. Chief at UCSD Tells Plans,” 8 July 1969, B3:6; “San Ysidro Medical Clinic to Open,” 18 August 1969, B:36; “Life Sciences Thrive Here,” 11 January 1972, X20:1. Also, see Anderson, An Improbable Venture, 154-163.
45 Grobstein, “UC and Public Problem Solving.”
46 William McElroy, invitation to twenty-two community representatives, 30 January 1980; and Chia-Wei Woo to Dr. Norioshi Kuroyanagi, 23 December 1981. Both in RSS 1, box 51, folder 3, Mandeville Department of Special Collections.
47 “The Extended University at UCSD: Plans and Prospects,” May 16, 1973. In RSS 1, box 75, folder 4, Mandeville Department of Special Collections; also Rockhill, Academic Excellence and Public Service, 185-86, 193-96, 217, 221-22.
48 Created in 1985, CONNECT acts as a “university-based provider of accelerated support services for high technology business and university entrepreneurs.” Since 1991, San Dialogue has addressed “regional policy issues [e.g., cross-border development, smart growth, and school reform] by bringing together the unique competencies of academics, business, government and civic leaders.” Quotations taken from www.connect.org and www.sddialogue.org.
49 Mary L. Walshok, interview with author, 24 August 2001. Also, Walshok, Knowledge Without Boundaries: What America’s Research Universities Can Do for the Economy, the Workplace, and the Community (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995), passim.
50 Barbara Lee, “UCSD Faculty and the San Diego Community: Report of a Survey,” 1999; Grobstein, “UC and Public Problem Solving,” 1975.
51 Office of University Communication, “UCSD and You,” 16 November 2000.
Abraham J. Shragge II was born and raised in San Francisco, and has lived in San Diego since 1982. He earned his B.A. in history at UC-Davis and received his M.A. and Ph.D. in Modern U.S. History from UC-San Diego in 1998. He spent fourteen years in business before entering the graduate program at UCSD. He has taught history at San Diego City College, MiraCosta College and UCSD. He is presently Coordinator of Public Programs with the UCSD Civic Collaborative, engaged in projects including the compilation and publication of a Directory of San Diego County Historical Resources, creation of a San Diego Regional Studies Network, a San Diego Ex-Prisoners of War Oral History program, and teaching at UCSD.
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Great reason to download an antivirus free of charge is the reliability and privacy it offers. Many antivirus programs can make your computer run slower, and some may even slow down your computer’s performance. It is therefore essential to read unbiased tests before choosing an anti-virus for your laptop. Moreover, ra4w vpn not every anti-virus for free is a superb choice. Make sure you’re making sure your data’s security. Using this method, you’ll have a more reliable antivirus and prevent data thievery.
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Painting an Imaginary World
Painting a fantasy world based on a story is always challenging work; in 9 steps Rabie Rahou will reveal his key techniques to achieve this.
In my spare time I imagined a fantastic world that I named the "World of Tosor" ('in a parallel future exists an immortal powerful lord named Tosor. Both discreet and fair, he guarantees the peace and harmony
of the world.').
In this article, I will show how I painted the first piece of the series, World of Tosor. I will walk through different techniques for the lighting and shading. Also, I will discuss the framing and the compositing of a
Step 1: Framing and the composition
First, I painted a good composition in grey value. This step is foundational for the rest of the work. It determines if this work has potential to become a high value piece or just another sketch in the hard drive.
In order to have a decent composition, we have to correctly order the elements as the ‘foreground', the ‘subject', and
To create depth, elements closer to the viewer should be darker and elements further away should be brighter.
Step 2: Lighting
The composition is good. At this point I start to give some shading to the model. I will try different lighting from different directions. The character lighting will determine how I will paint the lighting for the rest of the scene. After a few years of painting you can develop an instinctive reflex to know what kind of lighting will be the best. In this case, I knew that if the key light reflects on his back I will achieve a mystical effect, creating a sense of mystery with his face unlit.
Step 3: Coloring
Let's not get too crazy. I know when it comes to coloring we want try everything. But let's start in the red/yellow spectrum.
I choose to color the main character with the red. This choice will affect everything in this image. As we see in the first image, the result is not very exciting. But in image 2, when I added the fur on the creature with a more contrasting color, I start have some results.
In the next step I will show my techniques to paint hair and fur.
Step 4: Painting hair and fur
Basically, there are two steps: hair creation and hair brushing.
In the vignette A, I painted some hair in different directions with the Dune grass brush. Afterwards, I start brushing and styling with the Smudge tool using the flat angle brush.
In the vignette B, I brushed it and added an ambient light to look fluffy.
In the vignette C, I wanted to have smooth hair. So I added more contrast and eliminated the thin hairs.
In the vignette D, I wanted to try a curly effect so I brushed in curly/circular motions. I added some lighting to make the hair look fluffier rather than smooth.
In the vignette E, the hair is thicker and denser. It is the kind of fur that I want on my creature.
Step 5: Painting the background and its interpretation
In this step I worked on the background. I painted the basic shapes and colors of the mountain and the terrain. I'm not thinking about the interpretation of the image just yet.
In vignette 2, I started working on the story. I wanted that valley to look fantastic. Tosor must take a deep breath when he is watching this landscape from his hill. It must also look harmonic.
The light casting on the atmosphere is the key. Because the character is lit from below and behind, I set the mood with the sunset.
Just part of the mountain should be lit to simulate a complex environment and create the feeling that maybe another mountain is casting that shadow. The colors are within the purple spectrum, but the main sunlight is yellow. I added some clouds from my library and fine-tuned everything.
Step 6: Detailing
I took a jump on this step. I painted armor for the big creature and I shaded the tree. Also, as you can see, I added a small creature on the tree.
Now, the work needs to be shown to someone who doesn't know anything about CG. I call it "The man from the street". Why? Because this kind of person will give you true feedback.
My friend pointed directly at the small creature on the tree and the strange form of the horn on the larger beast. He didn't recognize the small creature, which bothered him and the horn was too strange. No need to go further and explain to him ‘why'. Things must be sacrificed.
Step 7: The Horn
In this step I painted two versions of the horns. Model A looks like a wild sheep horn. It looks quite good on the creature. For model B I wanted it to look like a kind of Bubalus species, a new one that can exist in the universe of Tosor, a place where nature took a different turn.
After a small time of reflection, I choose model B without any reason, just trusting my artistic instinct.
Step 8: The Hoopoe bird
I added leaves to the tree in background with leaf brushes. You can find lot of other leaves brushes on many websites like deviantart.com, or create your own custom brushes.
I adjusted Tosor's proportions and painted his head and hat properly. I painted the horn properly and adjusted the shading and texturing on them.
As you can see on the tree in the foreground, I painted a Hoopoe, a mystic bird. It has nice forms (especially his head) with long feathers on it. But, it is a small creature, so it doesn't bother the viewer. It makes the image and the whole story richer without interfering with the story of the main character, Tosor.
Step 9: Tosor
In the final step, I tried to push my work to perfection, filling all the space with different elements and respecting the lighting and the shading of the scene. For example, the mushrooms on the tree must have a sub surface scattering from the light hitting them on the right. As a 3D lighter I'm dealing with these aspects every day and I developed a kind of reflex by watching the light direction. I know how the surface should be shaded. I advise you to practice 3D also; you can get some reflexes of perception just by working in a 3D software.
Top tip: The Fibonacci sequence
The most important goal is giving equilibrium to the viewer and leading their eyes to the most important point of the image without losing him on the way. In our case, it is the character. I'm using the golden curve based on the Fibonacci sequence. It always works for me!
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Capital One on AWS
Capital One has been a disrupter in the financial services industry since 1994, using technology to transform banking and payments. Today, the “digital bank” is all in on AWS, embracing data analytics, microservices, AI/ML, and other solutions to continue to innovate.
Capital One Completes Migration from Data Centers to AWS, Becomes First US Bank to Announce Going All In on the Cloud
Capital One exited eight on-premises data centers by migrating to AWS, transforming the customer experience in the process. Founded in 1994, the “digital bank” uses technology to help its customers succeed. Capital One scaled its technology team to 11,000 members, adding software engineers and developers to build innovative customer experiences using AWS services such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS), and AWS Lambda.
We have successfully exited all of our data centers and gone all in on AWS, enabling instant provisioning of architecture and rapid innovation. We are now able to manage data at a much larger scale and unlock the power of machine learning to deliver enhanced customer experiences. On AWS, our technology teams are freed to focus on what they do best: building great software and delivering innovation to our customers."
Chief Information Officer, Capital One
Capital One Brings Sustainability to Its Cloud Migration
When Capital One decided to move to the cloud, it established a plan for responsibly disposing of its data center equipment. As it migrated, the company recycled 41 tons of copper and 62 tons of steel and removed a total of 13.5 million feet of cable from its last three data centers. Capital One expects to save 10 megawatts of power, the equivalent of 650,000 LED light bulbs, per year by exiting its data centers. “From the beginning, Capital One was committed to moving to the cloud in the most responsible and well-managed way possible,” says Joe Muratore, vice president of technology at Capital One. “It’s been incredibly rewarding to contribute to environmental sustainability by recycling decommissioned assets and reducing our carbon footprint by powering down the data centers.”
How Capital One Reduced its Data-Center Footprint, Expanded its Use of Microservices, and Reimagined Banking Using AWS
To best understand Capital One and its long-term strategy, it helps to think of the company not as a bank—despite the fact that the diversified financial services company is, in fact, one of the ten largest US banks by assets and deposits—but as a digital technology company that offers banking services. At Capital One, the central motivating belief is that the winners in next-generation banking will be the companies that make the most creative and innovative use of technology to provide seamless, intelligent, truly excellent customer experiences.
Support for Learning AWS and Other New Technologies Helps Capital One Attract Top Talent
One of the ways Capital One achieved companywide buy-in for its cloud-first policy—under which all new applications are architected for and deployed in the cloud—was by implementing a robust cloud-computing training program. That program was successful partly because of the wide net that it cast, offering carefully designed and tailored training not only to the engineers who would work directly on AWS but also to the business executives and other non-technical stakeholders who needed to be able to understand and advocate for cloud computing's transformational potential.
Capital One Contact Centers Innovate Faster Using Amazon Connect
Capital One trained contact-center associates in 30 minutes and achieved 100 percent adoption in 5 months using Amazon Connect. With the flexibility of Amazon Connect, Capital One can add new features in weeks instead of the 3–6 months required by its previous solution.
Capital One Enhances Fraud Protection with AWS Machine Learning
Capital One is one of the largest banks in the US and the largest digital bank. As consumers continue to forgo the brick-and-mortar for the digital-first, Capital One has embraced new technologies, adopting and applying AWS-backed AI and ML solutions to nearly every facet of the business and infusing the customer experience with intelligence. And because AWS is just as secure—and oftentimes more secure—than an on-premises data center, Capital One is able to apply these innovations while upholding its responsibility to protect customers and their data.
On-Demand Infrastructure on AWS Helps Capital One DevOps Teams Move Faster Than Ever
Capital One is well known for its early adoption of new technologies to help it transform the banking customer experience. Less obvious, but no less crucial, are the practices and mindsets that position Capital One to make such effective use of those new technologies—practices and mindsets that are the result of the company's conscious self-transformation into a digital technology company. The company’s recent embrace of DevOps is just the latest step.
We are truly all in on the cloud, and AWS has been instrumental in enabling us to take full advantage of the benefits of being in the cloud. Going all in on the cloud has enabled both instant provisioning of infrastructure and rapid innovation. We are able to manage data at a much larger scale and unlock the power of machine learning to deliver enhanced customer experiences."
Senior Vice President of Cloud and Productivity Engineering, Capital One
AWS Policy Enforcement at Scale with Cloud Custodian
On this episode of This is My Architecture, Kapil Thangavelu, director of engineering at Capital One, explains the company's open-sourced rules engine for fleet management: Cloud Custodian. Learn how Capital One uses this tool and a simple YAML-based DSL to eliminate the need to manage hundreds or thousands of scripts and policies and offer "real-time" compliance and cost management at scale.
How Capital One Uses Amazon S3 Glacier to Optimize Data Storage Costs and Maximize Resources
In this blog, Sri Chadalavada, senior distinguished engineer at Capital One, discusses how long-term, secure, and durable Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) data archiving storage classes have helped Capital One meet data retention requirements and optimize costs. Learn why Amazon S3 Glacier and Amazon S3 Glacier Deep Archive suit Capital One’s needs and discover insights on making informed resource-management decisions that balance data storage spend and performance.
FROM OUTSIDE AWS
How Capital One Became A Leading Digital Bank
Design Your Cloud Center of Excellence for Constant Evolution — Transition Matters
Capital One’s Cloud Journey Through the Stages of Adoption
A 12 Step Program to Get from Zero to Hundreds of AWS-Certified Engineers
Organizations of all sizes across all industries are transforming their businesses and delivering on their missions every day using AWS. Contact our experts and start your own AWS journey today.
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A lawsuit is started by submitting by a Criticism. The legislature due to this fact declares that government is the general public’s enterprise and that the public, individually and collectively and represented by a free press, ought to have entry to the records of presidency in accordance with the provisions of this article.
Individuals are free, in brief, to disagree with the law however to not disobey it. For in a authorities of laws and not of males, no man, nonetheless prominent or highly effective, and no mob nonetheless unruly or boisterous, is entitled to defy a courtroom of law.
3. The right to constant and predictable management action for the violation of rules. This authorized plunder could also be only an isolated stain among the many legislative measures of the people. To lose our country by a scrupulous adherence to written law, would be to lose the law itself, with life, liberty, property and all those who are enjoying them with us; thus absurdly sacrificing the end to the means.
A public interest leader , NYU Law has dozens of public interest-targeted clinics and guarantees summer time funding for 1Ls and 2Ls working in authorities and nonprofit organizations. Nonetheless different lawyers advise insurance coverage companies concerning the legality of insurance coverage transactions, writing insurance coverage policies to conform with the law and to protect firms from unwarranted claims.
All the measures of the law ought to defend property and punish plunder. On 23 and 24 February, Maastricht College participated in the Dutch Qualifying Rounds of the 2017 Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court docket Competition in Amsterdam. A lawsuit is to bizarre life what struggle is to peacetime.
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“I speak of Africa and golden joys.” William Shakespeare.
I speak of a time of abundance, a time of plenty and a time of growth. It is a time for learning, it is a time for spreading seeds and a time for sharing. Summer is in full flight and it is a time of plenty. It was a week filled with an array of colours, rain, sun, birds, flowers, insects, cats and chameleons. One that flew by faster than any other, and as we approach the festive season, soon to have our bellies filled with cake, have a quick look at the week in pictures.
One of the biggest I have ever seen, Camp Pan.
Detail and textures captivate me in the bush.
The innocence intrigues me. A future killer.
More of these magnificent summer days.
Investigating Termite mounds to find Warthog piglets.
A Lesser Striped Swallow chick.
The smallest Chameleon I have ever seen, less than an inch long.
Experimenting with various presets, a Mhangeni Cub.
The Tamboti young female.
A Green Backed Cameroptera (formerly Bleating Warbler).
Tsalala pride looking after their tiny little cubs.
The Nanga female.
A young Zebra Foul.
Gowrie male on the hunt.
Looking up to the heavens, the golden glow in her eyes.
One of my favourite animals to watch.
Wild Aniseed growing abundantly all over the reserve.
A beautiful sunset, as the moon looks over the Mhangeni Pride.
Written and Photographed by: Mike Sutherland
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The global and Chinese economies were hit hard in 2020, and the global GDP grew by 5.9% in 2021. Although the global growth prospects improved and there was a V-shaped rebound, this does not mean that the economy has really recovered to the level before the epidemic. The vast majority of countries are still in the stage of recovery after heavy damage and are far from achieving real recovery.
2022 is a year of continuous recovery. Global supply chain disturbance, geopolitical tension, energy price fluctuation, local labor shortage and rising raw material prices will affect the resilience of economic recovery. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicts that the world economy will grow by 4.4% in 2022, of which the U.S. economy will grow by about 4%. Driven by China and India, Asia is expected to become the fastest growing region in the world in 2022. However, China's economic growth has slowed down. The 2022 government work report shows that the expected target of economic growth is set at about 5.5%.
According to research, China has set a growth rate of about 5.5%, which not only focuses on the speed of economic growth, but also anchors the quality of economic development. Scientific and technological innovation, economic and social digitization and green development will be the long-term goals of China's economic development. It is expected that in 2022, major economies such as the United States, Europe and China will introduce more favorable policies to drive the development of switching power supply industry.
Beijing Yanjing Bizhi Information Consulting Co., Ltd. （XYZResearch）released the 《Post-pandemic Era-Global Dihydropyridine Market Analysis 2022, With Top Companies, Production, Revenue, Consumption, Price and Growth Rate》, which aims to sort out the development status and trends of the Dihydropyridine industry at home and abroad, estimate the overall market scale of the Dihydropyridine industry and the market share of major countries, Dihydropyridine industry, and study and judge the downstream market demand of Dihydropyridine through systematic research, Analyze the competition pattern of Dihydropyridine, so as to help solve the pain points of various stakeholders in Dihydropyridine industry. This industry research report combines desktop research, qualitative interviews with insiders or experts and other methods to strive for the objectivity and integrity of conclusions and data.
Regional Segmentation (Value; Revenue, USD Million, 2018-2028) of Dihydropyridine Market by XYZResearch Include
Middle East & Africa
Competitive Analysis; Who are the Major Players in Dihydropyridine Market?
Shenzhen Simeiquan Biotechnology Co.Ltd
Weifang Union Biochemistry Co.,Ltd
Angene International Limited
Yuyao Tuqiang Chemical Co., Ltd.
Skyrun Industrial Co., Ltd.
Neostar United Industrial Co., Ltd.
Haihang Industry Co., Ltd.
Major Type of Dihydropyridine Covered in XYZResearch report:
Application Segments Covered in XYZResearch Market
For any other requirements, please feel free to contact us and we will provide you customized report.
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If you even have an interest in cigars, it’s not long before you’ll need to think about storage options for cigars. They require very particular temperatures and levels to maintain their freshness for storage for the long term and you’ll not be capable of keeping them at the proper humidity without a Humdior, but what is a humidor you ask?
If you’re just beginning to explore the world of smoking cigars the idea of a humidor for the first time might seem like a mystery. Maintaining your cigars at the right level of humidity does not have to be a hassle but it is a challenge.
This article will provide everything you should know about choosing as well as using your humidor in order to ensure you’re Cubans are at the top of flavor for a longer period of time.
What is a Humidor?
An humidor, also known as an evaporator or a container for storage which is intended to help keep a certain humidity level. This is critical for cigars because the tobacco leaves in them will naturally expand and contract based on the of the air around them.
If cigars are dry, they shrink and lose their appealing taste and smell. They’ll also get too hot and make them difficult to smoke correctly. On the other hand, extremely will lead to mould and possibly rot which will ruin your prized cigars.
A humidor could be as small as a container for use as a portable humidor or as huge as a walk-in one, which is very among specialized cigar suppliers around the world.
If it’s a container or a cabinet, or even an oversized cigar humidifier that’s similar to an entire fridge, every one is fitted with a sturdy seal to keep the internal temperature , and will also have an hygrometer and thermostat to help keep the ideal conditions.
Both small and big humidors function similarly to ensure the perfect temperatures and relative humidity that will ensure that your cigars stay dry.
How Do Humidors Work?
A great humidor is equipped with everything you require to ensure your cigars are kept in the right conditions. More than just a box, a has several to provide perfect climate control inside.
The most of a humidor is its .It can be either simple or complicated, based of the dimension and the quality in the humidor. The humidifier will add moisture to the humidor to ensure that your cigars remain plump and burn more slowly.
Proper humidity also helps preserve essential oils, which provide the flavor and aroma you expect from your favourite cigars.In general, your goal is to keep your humidor at 70 percent for optimal storage conditions.To do this, your a source of water.There are many ways to bring water into the interior of your home such as:
Crystal Gel: Which are very small beads which will hold with no issues over 300 times their weight in water. These beads purpose is to over time slow release the water back into the atmosphere of the humidor and therefore keep your cigars moist. Simply soak the crystal gel beads in water in order to make them react and start their process.
Silica Beads: You will have seen these many times over if you’ve ever bought a new pair of shoes. They usually come in small white packets with shoes but they are also well known for absorbing water and moisture and therefore a great option for use inside of a humidor.
Humidipaks: Unlike refillable humidifiers, Humidipak provides true “two-way” humidity control by adding or absorbing moisture as needed, maintaining the ideal climate for wooden instruments: 45 to 55%* Relative Humidity. One point to note is your humidipaks will need to be replaced every 2-3 months.
One of the most well known brands for humidipaks are the Boveda humidpaks.
: Great for keeping moisture inside your humidor. best used with distilled water, these devices can be extremely useful when used properly and they are inexpensive to buy also.
A hydrometer or lactometer is an instrument used for measuring the density or relative density of liquids based on the concept of buoyancy. These are a vital component of any humidor as they measure the humidity levels inside of the humidor allowing you to know whether you need to add water and absorb water to bring the humidity to the right level inside the humidor.
The ideal temperature inside of the humidor should be around 70 degrees fahrenheit. A thermostat is required to provide you with the most accurate temperature inside the humidor so you can keep your cigars at their optimum state.
Having a heater and cooler set up inside your humidor that is connected to your thermostat will help maintain the right temperature. The heater or cooler can be synced to kick in and either cool or heat the humidor depending on the temperature the thermostat picks up.
What type of wood should you use for a humidor?
One of the best woods to use for a humidor is Spanish Cedar, why you may ask well it has many excellent values.
It repels insects and is resistant to rot which is vital if you want your cigars to stay in their prime condition and not be ruined! Spanish cedar is also well known to provide additional flavour to your cigars. Cigar enthusiasts around the world swear by Spanish cedar as their first choice wood selection when making or purchasing a cigar humidor.
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CLEAR is an educational organization which is dedicated to literacy and leadership development for all youth.
CLEAR’s mission is to: Enrich and support youth by empowering personalized programs through choice, leadership, and resiliency for lifelong learning.
Shaping the future of our youth today so they can lead tomorrow.
-Give 1000 books to children through our Literacy Is For Everyone (LIFE) Program.
-Provide 50 scholarships to youth for Leadership Camps.
-Share Educational, Literacy, and Leadership Resources
-Educate parents, children, and communities.
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How to make the best Colloidal Silver
Follow the instructions that come with the Silvonic Pro CS generator and you will make very high quality colloidal silver at any time of the day or night. However, there is a best time to make colloidal silver every day. Contrary to popular belief, colloidal silver is not a “dead substance.” The ancients believed that all matter responded to celestial influences. As it turns out, both water and silver are “ruled” by the moon. This is easy to prove to yourself when making colloidal silver. The best time to make colloidal silver is during the solunar period. There are two solunar periods each day. They begin approximately 6 hours after either moonrise or moon set, and last for about 90 minutes. Since these times change every day, you will have to figure out when these times are for your local area. Many metropolitan newspapers publish this data daily.
Free Software: solunar.com has free software that will give you the current day’s times for the geographic center of all fifty states plus the Canadian provinces. When you follow all of these guidelines, your batches will be much more uniform, almost no black residue on the electrodes, and the bitter taste will be reduced or eliminated.
So, that’s it! Making your colloidal silver during the solunar period gives you the best colloidal silver possible. It’s really quite easy.
You now have the very best Colloidal Silver available today. No store-bought brand at any price is better. Actual electron microscope photographs of this product show the general particle field to be between .001 and .004 microns in size.
It has been discovered that if the electrical reaction in the water is slowed down, the Colloidal Silver particles that are produced are SMALLER. This is good! To slow down the process, the water must have a higher resistance. What this means is, don’t use any electrolyte (eg salt) in the water.
A great deal of information has been published during the last few years concerning the benefits of Colloidal Silver. Unfortunately, some of this material includes false and misleading statements. One often repeated error is, “The adult RDA for silver is 400 milligrams.” The fact is, the US government has never set a Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for silver in the American diet.
In the literature, 1 teaspoon of 3ppm Colloidal Silver, a daily amount many people report using, contains about 15 micrograms of Colloidal Silver. (1,000 micrograms = 1 milligram) Any amount above 30 micrograms a day (the equivalent of 2 teaspoons of 3ppm Colloidal Silver) should be considered a high amount.
If you calculate the cost of batteries and electrodes and water, you should arrive at a cost per ounce of $.08 for the finest solution money can buy. And you can make it fresh, on demand, wherever you are!
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Unlocking Cross-Border Connectivity to Landlocked Countries in Africa
Subsea cables are the global backbone of the Internet, connecting people, businesses, and economies around the world. Subsea cables are strategically important and as such, they are considered as part of the critical infrastructure of countries. Access to subsea cables has an undeniable impact on economic growth, increase in GDP and employment. Yet, many land-locked countries are deprived from these increased opportunities due to in-sufficient cross-border connectivity that is often very expensive.
In this session, we will explore the integral role of cross-border connectivity to access sub-sea cables in bridging the digital divide growing between coastal countries and landlocked countries in Africa.
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H2O, CO2, SO2, O2, H2, H2S, HCl, chlorinated hydrocarbons, NO, and other trace gases were evolved during pyrolysis of two mudstone samples acquired by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay within Gale crater, Mars. H2O/OH-bearing phases included 2:1 phyllosilicate(s), bassanite, akaganeite, and amorphous materials. Thermal decomposition of carbonates and combustion of organic materials are candidate sources for the CO2. Concurrent evolution of O2 and chlorinated hydrocarbons suggests the presence of oxychlorine phase(s). Sulfides are likely sources for sulfur-bearing species. Higher abundances of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the mudstone compared with Rocknest windblown materials previously analyzed by Curiosity suggest that indigenous martian or meteoritic organic carbon sources may be preserved in the mudstone; however, the carbon source for the chlorinated hydrocarbons is not definitively of martian origin.
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Do Collin County’s Blood Testing Labs Get Paid Per Conviction?
It’s a valid question. If the answer were “yes,” would it spark outrage?
A new study shows that State Crime labs, are in fact paid per conviction. In a new paper written in the Criminal Justice Ethics journal, they found just that. What they showed is that State Sponsored crime labs get paid through court-assessed fees.
In Collin County, most DWI blood test cases are tested by a DPS crime lab. Yes, this is the same DPS that issues your drivers licenses, which immediately gives pause to most intelligent citizens as to the accuracy of who is testing your blood. It is a state agency, not an independent laboratory.
As part of any plea of guilty, or conviction after trial, the court assess certain terms and conditions. Fines, probation, classes, and court costs. One of the conditions being assessed in the county now is “restitution” to the DPS crime lab for their testing of the blood. Its usually in the $60-$80 range. If a case is dismissed or citizen found “not guilty,” then no fee is assessed.
Admittedly I do not know how much of the labs operating budget is funded by these fees, but I suspect it is significant. Although, it probably doesn’t matter that much when the same agency that can arrest you (DPS troopers), employ the same agency (DPS) that supposedly determines your guilt through their blood testing.
Let the outrage begin . . . . or not.
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Sweden, along with Norway and Denmark, shared the currency and pegged it to gold. Back then, 1 krona in Sweden and krone for Norway and Denmark was equivalent to 1/2480 of a kilogram of gold. The monetary union lasted until the beginning of the first World War. By August 1914, it was dissolved and the three countries adopted their own independent currencies but maintained the name krona or krone.
What is USDSEK?
USDSEK is the financial symbol referring to the spot exchange rate of the US dollar and the Swedish krona.
The Swedish krona is governed by the Sveriges Riksbank or simply known as the Riksbank. It is known as the world’s oldest central bank, founded in 1668, and the third oldest that has been in operation.
The central bank has the mandate to support economic growth while making sure that inflation does not surge. Following the 2008 financial crisis, the Riksbank was the very first central bank in the world to implement negative interest rates when they cut rates to -0.25%. The Swedish economy is heavily reliant on its exports which are primarily driven by hydropower, iron ore, and timber.
Therefore, data on the trade balance is particularly important in trying to forecast the USDSEK rate. The 2008 financial crisis dampened exports as well as consumption which would explain why the central bank adopted such an aggressive easing measure.
In 2011, the Swedish economy rebounded from the recession. The central bank is widely credited for the turn-around in the economy and its credibility is widely regarded by market participants. With that said, jawboning from Swedish central bankers tend to cause volatility on the Swedish krona and should be considered in your analysis when trading USDSEK.
The Swedish policymakers are also the first ones to adopt a digital currency. They created the e-krona as people found lesser use for physical cash.
Live USDSEK Chart
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Blog Posts — ear tags for swine shows
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The Right Swine Tag- How do you know what to buy How do you know the right swine ear tag to purchase? If you are participating in Shows, fairs or interstate commerce, you will need to use the Official 840 USDA tag type in either the EID tag version or the visual tag version. If you are raising Hogs for meat market sales, you will need the Official PIN ear tag. With attempts to continually monitor animal traceability, many states are now requiring swine to be tagged with official, federally recognized ear tags for interstate transport. In order to be...
- 0 comment
- Tags: ear tags for hogs, ear tags for swine shows, swine ear tags, what swine ear tag do i need
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There is a popular truth in today’s tradition: Systems has unquestionably altered issues for the significantly greater, specifically when it arrives to professions that are connected to the era of components of penned information.
Components and computer software system enhanced the way executing the task is concluded, and now that the whole entire world is more quickly than at any time, new systems are remaining released to make self-assured that unquestionably everybody is able of assembly a degree of productiveness that would in any other circumstance be not achievable.
Even so, there are without having a question certain kinds of units and products of components that enormously have an impact on the way we offer with our jobs.
Between these programs, the kinds supplied by Adobe have flip into concerning the most nicely regarded varieties in the entire world though they are now membership solutions and products and services, and the bring about is effortless: Considering that of their phase of complexity and the issues that can be attained with them.
From the Adobe Indicator membership to extra intricate programs, Adobe is in all chance just a single of the leaders of creative system suppliers.
Adobe is just a single of the leaders of computer software package deal apps out there, but how has Adobe have an impact on the whole entire world? And why so a good deal of organizations, information content creators, and freelancers count on it, leaving its standing apart?
In this post, we will converse about the products Adobe has managed to carry out, and talk about some of the most nicely regarded components of computer software equipped by this business, and why they are so nicely regarded to the degree of monopolizing distinctive facets of content development, advertising and promotion, and administration.
Allow us Converse About the World’s Specifications
At this time, the needs of the earth have altered noticeably in comparison to a pair of numerous decades back again, and these alterations have of review program splashed various locations of our modern-day culture, from the way people interact their hobbies to company administration, advertising and promotion, and even illustrating.
These alterations have been currently being unquestionably introduced about by technological innovation. Technological know-how has a single-handedly managed to modify virtually every thing about the earth in a way that velocity ups a good deal of procedures, not only the kinds similar to companies and the way they offer with their obligations but also, the way medicine is built and even how houses and sophisticated parts of machines and electronic machines are created.
For that bring about, corporations are repeatedly obtaining problems to preserve up with the advancements released by technological innovation to continue on currently being recent in the market and be outfitted to expertise their opposition.
This, of program, is a excellent issue and a awful matter at the specific identical time. The amazing position is that issues are hurrying up and getting greater with every single and every single passing operating working day, but the unwanted matter is that know-how and instruction men and women now have flip into speedily out-of-date, so there is a want for continuous improvement.
Electronic Advertising and marketing as a Condition in Posture
A extremely excellent occasion of this is how endorsing was carried out once again in the operating working day. Standard solutions of promotion and advertising relied on elements like radio and T.V commercials to make advancements to the recognition and income of a company’s remedy or corporations, but presently, most organizations out there rely a fantastic offer much far more on electronic advertising, a certain selection of advertising that focuses only on electronic solutions with acquire to the website, this kind of as desktop desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
These advancements in promotion released a excellent offer of new strategies and methods of partaking in promotion techniques.
Significantly far more basic types of electronic advertising techniques englobe the use of video clip clips or pics to capture the detect of possible consumers, but there are new processes of advertising and promotion that pick edge of units like checking out engines (Google, for circumstance in position) to raise the qualified site visitors and on the website existence of a company’s website web page, which can be promptly translated into enhanced sells and a speedier increment of acceptance.
If you validate out this article previously mentioned appropriate listed here, for illustration, you are going to get to know how crucial electronic advertising and promotion is in today’s modern-day culture, but the way it is used is also essential. Inadequately designed electronic endorsing techniques can provide weak results, on the other hand the productive solutions made use of in this issue of advertising are constantly evolving.
Having said that, there are apps and factors that have turn into rather a good deal staple in the natural environment of business, and components of it like digital advertising and promotion, administration of understanding and info, development of parts of info, and the development of online sites. And just so you know… Adobe gives a whole good deal of staple remedies that can enter this team.
Adobe as a Supplier Provider
Adobe is a company with a ton of computer software package deal. The checklist is just also significant, and some of them are not as exclusive as numerous other individuals, but there are distinctive plans that are regarded instead a fantastic offer demanded to work a organization, particularly if it will include imaginative creativeness.
A extremely excellent circumstance in position of this is Adobe’s Creative Cloud, which is a provider that offers acquire to a massive sum of programs involving making processes, and if you are a graphic designer, photographer, internet site designer, illustrator, a advertising qualified, or an specific who is connected to audio-visible information content, Creative Cloud provides virtually every thing you may well probably will need.
Among the significant report of +fifty computer software applications equipped by Adobe, we will involve some of the most essential kinds in accordance to its consumers. If you are intrigued in significantly far more info about them, you can typically get a glance at https://www.creativebloq.com/capabilities/adobe-computer software package deal-listing.
Photoshop is most likely the most popular and considerable computer software system supplied by Adobe. It is, with no a concern, the most utilised computer software for graphic designers all all-close to the world, just only due to the fact of the plenty of elements that can be attained with it, as extremely nicely as the extraordinary sum of documentation and guides on the entire world broad website best now.
Merely place, Photoshop is an editor that can substantially modify, adapt and polish any piece of digital artwork, and this of method not only involves any digital artwork that was built by way of the use of system but also, components of artwork that experienced been translated into a digital composition, like pics.
The most significant profit of Photoshop is that it has an wonderful roster of apps to profit from, but this also is joined to its most significant disadvantage: How demanding it can be to completely use it. Learning to use Photoshop can be a problem, but when someone manages to find out it, a stunning long run awaits for that certain particular person!
Although Photoshop has a broad differ of apps to be used for boosting and it can also be utilized for drawing, Adobe Illustrator is one of persons machines that are a good deal far more concentrated on a a single exercise: Drawing. This exact software is most well-known by artists, but it can also be utilised by graphic designers as properly.
This a single certain is a extremely feasible collection for photographers and designers that deal with lots of images and kinds. It is, briefly explained, an graphic origination instrument with a entire good deal of capabilities that substantially aid the procedure of arranging and manipulating these pics.
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NP-501 Foundations Nonprofit (Variable; Yearly; 3.00 Credits) In this course students will develop an informed understanding of the nature of the nonprofit sector, and the criteria that shape and define nonprofit organizations. Students will explore the factors that have shaped the expansion of nonprofit work and current trends influencing the structure of nonprofit organizations and the roles they play in governance and social change efforts as part of civil society.
NP-502 21st Century Leadership (Variable; Yearly; 3.00 Credits) This course examines the challenges of providing leadership in the information age of global and cultural contexts. Leadership as manifested in today's workplace provides both opportunity, and a great responsibility. The role and function of leaders looks very different today than years ago. Change is the norm. Leaders must understand today's challenges and be able to function effectively given a borderless, multicultural, virtual, and diverse group of partners, stakeholders and constituents.
NP-503 Leading and Managing NP (Variable; Yearly; 3.00 Credits) The past decade has seen an explosion of nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations, and an accompanying expansion of academic research and training about, and for, the field. This course utilizes this information to explore what it means to lead and manage nonprofit organizations. In particular this course will explore leadership roles within a nonprofit organization, the management tasks necessary to develop and run a healthy and successful organization, and examine what leadership looks like outside the organization when working with constituents, stakeholders, partners and the " opposition. " Students will learn theories to enhance their capacities to provide effective leadership for nonprofit organizations and explore the leadership skills needed to build partnerships across sectors, respond to emerging trends and challenges, to partner with diverse groups, and to leverage power in order to bring about desired changes.
NP-504 NP Fiscal Management (Variable; Yearly; 3.00 Credits) This is a core course in the Non-Profit Leadership Master's program. The course introduces students to the basics of financial management as applied to non-profit organizations. Students will be invited to learn about the fundamentals of budgeting and accounting for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations. Through readings, webcasts, online chat, assigned problems, case studies, and problem sets, students will gain an understanding of how to use financial information in organizational planning, implementation, control, reporting, and analysis.
NP-508 Research Methods (Fall & Spring; Even Years; 3.00 Credits) Social Science Research Methods is an intensive, graduate-level research methods course with the overarching purpose of preparing students from a variety of POEs to be able to design, implement, and report original social science research in their respective fields of interests.
NP-510 Organizational Communication and Culture (Variable; Yearly; 3.00 Credits) This course blends the exploration of a critical, theoretical understanding of organizational culture with the theories and skills of leadership and change, equipping students with the knowledge and ability to develop a healthy, successful nonprofit organization. As part of this course, students will explore how values shape and define organizational culture, along with management structure, geographic scope, size, client groups and governance structures. Students will develop the theories and skills needed to lead organizational change processes.
NP-520 Fundraising for the NP (Variable; Yearly; 3.00 Credits) This course builds the student's understanding of the sources of income for nonprofit organizations, with a specific focus on the fundamentals of effective resource development and fundraising. Students will explore principles and theories of " best practices " of fundraising, the fundraising process (research, planning, cultivation, solicitation, stewardship, and evolution), and emerging trends in the field (crowd sourcing, public/private partnerships, social investment, and social entrepreneurship). The course also provides students with a clear understanding of the historical, organizational, legal and ethical contexts that define how leaders and managers raise funds to support the organizations mission and vision.
NP-522 Marketing in Info Age (Variable; Yearly; 3.00 Credits) This course examines traditional marketing and how it has adjusted as a result of the challenges and opportunities of marketing in the Information Age. Information technology as manifested in the Internet and other enabling technologies creates a valuable marketing opportunity, and a great peril. As customers and competitors learn the power of real-time information, companies must learn to compete in a world where location and other long-held advantages may be less important.
NP-530 Conflict and Change (Variable; Yearly; 3.00 Credits) This course provides the student with an introduction to the study and conflict and its resolution. We will explore the basic theoretical concepts of the field and apply this knowledge as we learn and practice skills for analyzing and resolving conflicts. The first section of the course examines the causes of conflict and explores methodologies for understanding, analyzing, and responding to them. The second section of the course focuses on skills for waging conflicts productively, and for resolving and transforming them. Throughout the course we will examine conflicts occurring within different contexts that stem from a variety of needs and interests.
NP-540 Social Entrepreneurship (Variable; Yearly; 3.00 Credits) The goal of the class is to expose students to the field of social entrepreneurship, with a particular emphasis on understanding how social entrepreneurs effect positive social change. The course aims to provide you with a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of social entrepreneurship, understand what makes it distinctive from traditional entrepreneurship, and identify and understand the framework needed to start and grow a sustainable social venture. The course will explore the assessment of the variations of social entrepreneurship, from the creation of an organization aimed at creating positive social change, to social responsibility initiatives within the concept of corporate social entrepreneurship.
NP-590 Internship (Variable; Variable; 2.00-9.00 Credits) See catalog
NP-594 Internship Seminar (Variable; Variable; 2.00-6.00 Credits) See catalog
NP-595 Capstone (Variable; Yearly; 3.00-6.00 Credits) The Nonprofit MA capstone is designed to provide students with the opportunity to synthesize the materials they have worked with over the course of the program. The capstone provides students with a critical learning opportunity either in the form of public service project where students work with a client organization on a specific challenge or task, or conduct original research. The capstone project provides students with the opportunity to pursue a specific body of knowledge within a particular context, thus honing their expertise in a specific knowledge area, while also developing research skills, gathering and analyzing data, and in the case of a project, the opportunity to apply their knowledge and skills to a real-time need. Students are encouraged to work in teams to complete the capstone project.
NP-599 Special Topics (Variable; Variable; 1.00-6.00 Credits) Allows departments to offer subjects not normally taught.
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Republic of Tajikistan within the following projects and programs in border related issues has close cooperation with a number of international organizations, donor countries and partners:
- Project on Promoting Cross-Border Cooperation through Effective Management of Tajikistan’s Border with Afghanistan, Phase 2 (UNDP, JICA);
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Programme for Central Asia Sub-Programme 1: "Countering transnational organized crime, illicit drug trafficking and preventing terrorism" Component on Regional Cross-Border Cooperation in Central Asia;
- EU-funded Border Management Program in Central Asia – Phase 10 (BOMCA 10);
- EU-funded Central Asian Drug Action Programme (CADAP 7) (CADAP 7);
- IOM Program on Border Management;
- Program on Border Management and Ensuring Security (OSCE Programme Office in Dushanbe); and others.
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Phil MeekinView Profile
Business failures and company restructures are a common occurrence. As a result, many employees are finding themselves facing redundancy or their employers being taken over. Depending on the type of insolvency procedure, employee rights can vary, as the type of insolvency will affect what protections are available during a business transfer or takeover.
Bankruptcy affects individuals as appose to a business, but if a limited company director goes into bankruptcy, they can no longer continue in their role.
If the bankrupt director is the only one in the business, the company will be dissolved, and its assets sold; employees will not transfer to any purchasing company. If only one director is bankrupt, the company can continue trading, but they must step down. They may be entitled to insolvency and redundancy payments from the National Insurance Fund, but they need to have worked for the employer for at least two years. The amount due is based on weekly pay, age and number of years of continuous employment.
Similarly, where a company’s liquidated because it’s unable to pay its debts, employees will not transfer to a new employer.
Again, there are employee rights they may be entitled to insolvency and redundancy payments from the National Insurance Fund. Unfortunately, liquidation’s most likely outcome is the layoff of all employees and the closure of the company following the selling of its assets.
Importantly, once a company goes into liquidation, employees become preferential creditors. Meaning if any funds are left after creditors with secured, fixed or floating charges are paid, preferential creditors will receive monies before unsecured creditors.
The primary purpose of administration is to rescue a company, though this may not be possible. An administrator would try to get a better result for creditors than would be possible if the company was wound up. If neither of these is possible, an administrator will sell the company’s assets to make at least some payment to creditors.
If the main focus of an administrator’s actions is to rescue the business or provide a better result for creditors without winding up the company, then the employment contract is protected during a transfer or takeover. Some of the rights may be different than the protections during a standard transfer or takeover.
Voluntary arrangements with creditors
An employer who gets into financial trouble may be able to avoid liquidation or bankruptcy by entering into a formal agreement with its creditors. These arrangements need to be undertaken with the help of a licensed insolvency practitioner. If the employer is going through a voluntary arrangement, employment contracts are protected during a transfer or takeover.
If a business becomes insolvent, whether you’re entitled to redundancy pay will depend on what insolvency procedure the said business is undergoing, and how many years of service you have. If you’re unsure about your current circumstances, you should ask for the specifics of the procedure either from your insolvency practitioner or your HR department.
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- An open border was a key plank of the 1998 peace deal which ended 30 years of violence over British rule in Northern Ireland.
DUBLIN: Northern Ireland's supply chain is "within days of falling apart" as new post-Brexit checks stem the flow of freight into the UK province, hauliers warned on Monday.
Supermarkets are "experiencing considerable difficulties" stocking shelves since the Brexit transition period ended, said Road Haulage Association (RHA) policy manager for Northern Ireland John Martin.
"Some companies have decided to put on hold supplying Northern Ireland because of the uncertainty or because of the delays," he told AFP.
Even with freight volumes running at "30 to 40 percent of normal volume" owing to coronavirus restrictions, new systems are struggling to cope with the new processes required to deliver produce from mainland Britain, he said.
"The thing is literally within days of falling apart," Martin added.
Shoppers in Northern Ireland have highlighted on social media how some supermarkets have been sparsely stocked in the 11 days since the Brexit transition period ended.
Supermarket Sainsbury's said last week that "a small number of products" were "temporarily unavailable" in the province "while border arrangements are confirmed".
January 1 marked the date when the full effects of Brexit were felt, four years on from Britain's seismic 2016 referendum decision to split with the European Union.
Special arrangements have effectively kept Northern Ireland aligned to the EU customs union and single market, to prevent the re-emergence of a hard border with the Republic of Ireland.
An open border was a key plank of the 1998 peace deal which ended 30 years of violence over British rule in Northern Ireland.
The move requires special checks on goods arriving in Northern Ireland from mainland Britain in case of the risk of them heading across the border into EU-member state Ireland.
London and Brussels agreed a pact in December to grant temporary "easements" from checks to supermarkets to ensure full supplies can be delivered in the months after January 1.
However Martin said the relaxation of rules "isn't having an effect" because firms are choosing not to export to Northern Ireland.
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Pet ownership has been recognized by the National Institutes of Health and others as having many benefits for the health and welfare of humans and animals. Under some...
Depression is a serious illness that affects more than 20
million people in the United States. Depression is a mental illness involving
the brain. It is more than simply feeling sad for a few days....
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Separation of Church and State
Most people connect this phrase to the language of the Bill of Rights that guarantees no establishment of an official religion, and the free exercise of religion.
Through much of the late 20th century the idea was associated with the effort of atheists to eliminate prayer in schools, and with the effort of conservative Christians to exclude the theory of evolution from the classroom (or to include Creationism). The civil rights struggles of blacks, women, and gays also often turned on the question of the role of religious belief in the secular State. The entry of conservative Evangelicals into active politics in the late 1970’s and 1980’s with the creation of the Moral Majority by Rev. Jerry Falwell aimed at pushing back societal/cultural changes (including the exclusion of organized prayer in schools) seen as contrary to the Christian values of most Americans. At that point the separation of church and state increasingly became the cry of liberals/progressives (including liberal Christians and Jews) and secular voices, emphasizing the need for protecting the workings of the state and general public against the intrusion of religious groups/institutions seen as trying to force their religious views on the nation through the force of law. For religious conservatives, this effort has become seen as an attempt to push religious voices out of the public sphere entirely. While acknowledging a proper boundary between church and state, they argue that it was never intended by the Founders to exclude or silence these religious voices. These same people also emphasize that this doctrine was intended to likewise protect religions from the intrusion of the state.
This argument underlies the intense efforts to resist the imposition of requirements on organizations and people to financially or otherwise support activity they believe is contrary to their religion’s teachings, e.g. contraception, and same-sex marriage.
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Connecticut law allows a business to incorporate and be recognized as its own legal entity. When an incorporated business acts, whether it is to buy and sell property, assent to contracts or exercise legal rights, the process is then attributable to the business itself and not its owners. In Connecticut, the process of incorporation is begun by filing with the Secretary of State in accordance with specific guidelines.
Benefits of Incorporation in Connecticut
An incorporated business enjoys certain benefits, the most important being a limit of liability for the shareholders. The most shareholders can lose is the amount they invest in the business. With unincorporated businesses, personal property of owners can be liquidated in order to satisfy the liabilities of the business. A corporation may also find it easier to finance itself through loans, allowing creditors in the Old Saybrook area to evaluate their investment by assessing the corporation rather than the individual credit-worthiness of its owners. Finally, ownership of a corporation is divided into equal portions or "shares" of stock, which may be bought and sold much more easily than the ownership of an unincorporated business.
Costs of Incorporation
Along with a possible fee to file for incorporation in Connecticut, there are other costs that corporations incur. The most important is that a corporation is taxed as its own entity. The individual incomes of owners who are paid disbursements from the corporation's earnings are still taxed as well. This is called double taxation, but it can be avoided with proper planning and assistance from a local Old Saybrook lawyer.
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Many social media platforms, including Facebook and Instagram, have added livestreaming functionality. But livestreaming isn't just for celebrities and influencers; businesses are increasingly using livestreaming on social media as a marketing tool.
Businesses can use livestreaming as a form of social media marketing to connect with customers, generate more followers, demonstrate products and services, and educate and entertain viewers while moving them closer to a sale.
We'll explore what livestreaming is, how it can benefit a brand, and how to get started.
What is livestreaming?
While most social media platforms let users upload video content, livestreaming is video content in real time. Since it's in real time, livestreamers can take and answer questions and interact with viewers. You can also record livestreamed presentations and post them online later to reach a larger audience.
In the past, livestreaming was solely a function of the best video conferencing services, such as Zoom, Skype, and Webex by Cisco. However, livestreaming via social media platforms is now the norm. Major social media platforms have enormous potential audiences for livestreamers. Since users already have social media apps and mobile browsers on their smartphones and tablets, they don't have to download or set up additional software to view a livestream.
How can livestreaming benefit your business?
According to 2022 Wyzowl video marketing statistics, a typical user consumes an average of 19 hours of online video per week, an increase of an hour from the previous year. With such a ready and receptive audience, here are a few upsides to using livestreaming for your brand.
- It helps brands connect with viewers. People love video, making livestreaming an engaging format that helps viewers connect with presenters. livestreaming allows businesses to showcase processes and products in use, display graphs, play music, and present images and other data. Viewers can absorb a great deal of information in a relatively short time without reading or researching.
- It's easy and cost-effective. In the past, it was expensive and difficult to produce and edit high-quality videos. Livestreaming on social media platforms has changed the game, making it easy and inexpensive to create and share compelling videos that can boost revenue. You don't need a studio, sophisticated camera, or high-tech editing software to livestream. All you need is a smartphone or webcam, decent lighting, and a social media account.
- It extends your reach. Since people can watch a livestream video from anywhere, your potential audience is exponentially extended. Viewers don't have to be within driving distance of your location or even within your country to view your content. And there is no shortage of social media users to view your livestream, as social media usage is nearly ubiquitous among adults in the United States, with 270 million active social media users in 2022, according to data presented by The Global Statistics.
- It builds trust and authority. When potential customers see your product in action, they gain confidence in the company. A live feed is instrumental in building trust and strengthening your company's reputation; it's happening in real time, and the company can't edit malfunctions and bloopers. A live event lends authority to the information you're presenting, and since viewers can ask questions, they can satisfy themselves that the presenter is a subject matter expert.
- It can humanize your company. It's easy for businesses, particularly e-commerce ones, to become faceless. A livestream shows customers that there are actual humans behind the company, allowing them to connect with your brand emotionally. Showcasing your manufacturing process, employees, founders or customers heightens this effect.
- It helps you find your biggest fans. Often, your livestream viewers have a strong connection to your company. They may be loyal, high-value customers; people who have already interacted with your brand; or people who have been referred by someone they know. livestreaming is an excellent opportunity to build brand advocacy, connect with fans, and encourage them to buy or to refer others.
- It increases your visibility. Most social platforms prioritize live content in their algorithms, so live content shows up at the top of followers' feeds. You can also benefit from pre-registered viewers spreading the word about your event to their friends on social media.
When does a brand benefit from livestreaming?
Not every business will benefit from livestreaming. It could be a good idea for your company if these statements are true:
- You have an online community that regularly engages with you.
- You are well spoken and not camera shy.
- You have a product that works so well, a demonstration will be impactful.
- Your customers are curious about your company's processes.
- Your product or service is expensive, and some free education might help potential customers feel more comfortable with your value proposition.
- You're launching a new product or service.
- People have heard of you but aren't sure what your company does and how it can help them.
- Your customer base is geographically scattered.
- Your company offers a new, innovative product or an old product in an innovative way, and it needs to be explained and demonstrated.
What are the top livestreaming platforms?
The most effective livestreaming social media services are Facebook Live, Instagram Live, YouTube Live, TikTok and Twitter.
Facebook Live is one of the most popular livestreaming services due to its early rollout and huge user base. With Facebook Live, you use your equipment to broadcast live on your page's stream to all your followers.
By establishing an easy-to-find, easy-to-use Live button on new posts – and the ability to save what's streamed so you can post it later – Facebook Live makes livestreaming seamless. You can control who sees your broadcast, whether that's anyone (on or off Facebook), friends, specific people, friends you've tagged, all friends with some exceptions, only friends you select, or only you (which is good for trial runs).
Provide a text description for those who join late and add filters and other effects to the video to retain interest. You can even write and draw on top of the screen, a useful tool for highlighting important items or ideas.
Instagram, owned by Facebook's parent company Meta, also has a livestreaming capability. Tap the plus sign from anywhere on your news feed and select Live. Add a title, choose your broadcast audience, and tap Record.
Followers who are currently online will receive a notification when you go live; the livestream will appear at the front of the Instagram Stories menu, enabling you to enlarge your audience beyond those already aware of your event.
You can see and reply to real-time comments during the event, increasing the livestream's interactive nature. You can block specific commenters or filter out particular phrases and keywords so you don't get distracted by haters and trolls. Instagram Live events are limited to one hour, which is a shorter time period than other platforms.
The birthplace of online video, YouTube has continued its quest to bring video of all kinds to its more than 2 billion users. Most people on YouTube Live use a desktop or laptop computer rather than a smartphone. In fact, you are required to use a computer for livestreaming unless you have at least 1,000 subscribers, in which case you can stream from mobile.
Because companies on YouTube are usually familiar with video marketing, they're more likely to have high-end cameras, lighting, and microphones, so the video quality tends to be higher than on other social platforms.
Existing subscribers will be notified of your livestream event, and you can use your channel and stream to boost each other with YouTube's cross-promotion features. To start your live YouTube stream, select the camera icon in the top right corner of your browser or the plus sign on the mobile app, followed by Go Live.
TikTok is the short video social media network of choice for Millennials and Gen Z users. If this user base describes your target market, TikTok livestreams are likely a good choice. As with other livestreaming apps, you can use filters and create a title and cover photo. A unique feature of TikTok's livestream is the ability of viewers to send "gifts," digital rewards that the streamer can redeem for real money. This allows you to turn your livestream into an instant revenue-generating event.
Like on Instagram, TikTok livestreams are limited to one hour. This is likely ample time for TikTok's user base.
To livestream on TikTok, you must be at least 16 years old and have at least 1,000 followers on the platform; you must be at least 18 to receive gifts. To start a livestream in the TikTok app, tap the plus sign and scroll until you see the Live option in the menu. If you don't meet the livestreaming requirements, you won't see this option.
Twitter used to own Periscope, one of the original livestreaming platforms. A few years ago, Twitter absorbed Periscope and renamed it Twitter Live. Twitter Live doesn't have the same filters and effects as other platforms. However, one nice feature is the ability to have multiple hosts by tapping Invite Friends.
Use Twitter hashtags in your description to help people find your event in their feeds. Twitter users are often interested in news and technology, so if your company provides that kind of product or content, Twitter Live is a good choice for your livestream event.
To start your livestream on Twitter, tap the Compose button and the camera icon, and select Live from the bottom menu. Or, if you want a more professional broadcast, use Media Studio Producer, which also allows you to monetize your live video stream.
How to create a livestreaming strategy
Livestreaming is an engaging way to showcase your company, products and expertise. It's also an excellent method for enlarging your customer base.
To take advantage of this technology, consider the following streaming strategies:
- Make your livestream unique. Like any other social media or content strategy, you should have a unique offering, such as a theme. Think about what sets you apart from the competition. It could be your expertise, unique product features or uses, an artisan manufacturing process, or your outstanding team and support.
- Focus on your livestream audience's needs. What does your audience need? If they aren't already familiar with the product or subject matter, they may need an explanation about how it works. Maybe they know what you do but they aren't convinced it provides enough value. In this case, you'll want to show actual results, case studies and use cases, perhaps with some testimonials. Keep in mind that viewers must be engaged and entertained, so be sure to keep their attention.
- Surprise your livestream audience. Livestreaming is the perfect format to surprise and delight viewers. You can do this by giving something of value away for free or startling them with an unannounced cameo by an influencer.
- Promote your livestream. Don't assume that people will show up just because you scheduled a live event. This is rarely the case. Promote your livestream to your email marketing list, on your social media accounts, in person and on your website. You can even use social media advertising to promote your event with a Facebook boosted post or promoted tweet. Give people a teaser of the content to establish that it's worth their time.
- Remind people about your livestream. Too often, people sign up for a webinar or livestream, get bogged down in their daily lives, and skip the event. Give people the ability to pre-register by telling them only limited spots are available. You'll acquire their names and email addresses so you can schedule automated email reminders.
- Interact with your livestream viewers. Before you get started, give people a few minutes to log on. As you see people logging on, acknowledge them by name and welcome them. If you have viewers from all over the country or world, mention where they're from so viewers see you have a broad audience. Tell viewers if you're going to take questions throughout the presentation, at specific points, or afterward only, and tell them how to ask questions (by video or in the chat box). Taking questions in the chat box allows you to choose the best questions to help the most people.
- Wrap up with a call to action. At the end of your presentation, tell viewers what you want them to do next. Do you want them to make a purchase, set an appointment, see more content, or attend an event? Ideally, they'll be happy with the value you provided in the livestream, and that will make them more likely to move forward in the sales funnel.
Eleonora Israele contributed to the writing and research in this article.
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Governor Kim Reynolds mentioned carbon-capture in her condition of the state address during a segment on renewable energy.
I am introducing new legislation that will improve access to E15 and B20 and upgrade Iowa’s fuel infrastructure to offer higher blends. And I’m proposing that we invest in carbon-capture solutions to sustain and build on our leadership position in renewable energy.Governor Kim Reynolds Condition of the State Address, Jan. 11, 2022.
To be clear, the governor supports carbon-capture to protect Iowa’s investments in ethanol and bio-fuels. It has nothing to do with addressing the climate crisis, and everything to do with continuing to grow corn for ethanol. We are not sure if carbon-capture even works.
“The U.S. Department of Energy invested $684 million in unsuccessful carbon capture and storage demonstration projects at coal plants under the 2009 stimulus package, a U.S. Government Accountability Office audit found,” according to Karin Rives at S&P Global. “This time, the DOE has close to $1 billion from the 2021 infrastructure law earmarked for large-scale carbon capture pilot projects, as well as $2.5 billion for carbon capture demonstrations.”
If DOE spent $684 million on carbon capture and it failed to capture carbon, why would our government increase the amount to be spent? To address the climate crisis, ethanol and bio-fuels need to go out of business. Society should develop true alternative fuels that free farmer fields to grow food crops and don’t rely on release of carbon dioxide to produce ethanol.
Fool me once on carbon capture, shame on you. Fool me a second time, shame on me.
Read all of my posts on carbon-capture at this link.
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How to Explain a Restaurant Price Increase
Almost everything increases in price as the years pass, from soda to chewing gum. Restaurant owners may be forced to increase prices to offset rising food costs or to become more profitable. Regardless of the reason, a justification of the price hike is in order. A quick explanation to customers and a thorough explanation to your board of directors helps you keep people walking through the doors after the price increase goes into effect.
Explain the price increase to your board of directors, if you are a restaurant group with a board. Tell the board the truth. With customers, you don’t have to divulge all details of the price increase, but you do with your board of directors. If the price of product increased, explain that the restaurant has no choice but to increase its prices as well. If profit margins have shrunk, explain that increasing prices will help secure larger profits.
Hint about the price increase in advance. About 15 to 30 days in advance, stick a flier in all menus or a note on all tables that prices will soon fluctuate slightly. Briefly explain why, such as by saying, "Due to our supplier increasing costs, we have no choice but to follow suit."
Tell inquisitive customers that a price increase was necessary to ensure operation of the restaurant. Explain that you exhausted all other options and that increasing the price was the only way to keep the restaurant viable. Sympathize with customers and tell them that you understand price increases make it more difficult to eat out, but the restaurant would have been in bad shape had you not raised prices.
Offset the price increase with deals that customers can capitalize on. Introduce coupons or a membership card that allows customers to save money after purchasing a certain number of meals. Something new that helps a customer save money lessens the impact of the price increase.
Located in Pittsburgh, Chris Miksen has been writing instructional articles on a wide range of topics for online publications since 2007. He currently owns and operates a vending business. Miksen has written a variety of technical and business articles throughout his writing career. He studied journalism at the Community College of Allegheny County.
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