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Iranart:Meisam Mohammad-Amini is the translator of the book originally published in 2019.
Do doctors really know what they are talking about when they tell us vaccines are safe? Should we take climate experts at their word when they warn us about the perils of global warming? Why should we trust science when our own politicians don’t?
In this landmark book, Oreskes offers a bold and compelling defense of science, revealing why the social character of scientific knowledge is its greatest strength—and the greatest reason we can trust it.
Tracing the history and philosophy of science from the late nineteenth century to today, Oreskes explains that, contrary to popular belief, there is no single scientific method.
Rather, the trustworthiness of scientific claims derives from the social process by which they are rigorously vetted. This process is not perfect—nothing ever is when humans are involved—but she draws vital lessons from cases where scientists got it wrong.
Oreskes shows how consensus is a crucial indicator of when a scientific matter has been settled, and when the knowledge produced is likely to be trustworthy.
Based on the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Princeton University, this timely and provocative book features critical responses by climate experts Ottmar Edenhofer and Martin Kowarsch, political scientist Jon Krosnick, philosopher of science Marc Lange, and science historian Susan Lindee, as well as a foreword by political theorist Stephen Macedo. | <urn:uuid:860e4dd8-7d7f-405a-8ce3-de3ed3b72f98> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.iranart.news/Section-culture-5/64079-why-trust-science-at-iranian-bookstores | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.930906 | 298 | 2.90625 | 3 |
China Grinding Ball supplier, Grinding Media, Mill Ball Manufacturers/ Suppliers Jinan Zhongwei Casting And Forging Grinding Ball Co., Ltd.
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Grinding media balls are extensively used in grinding mills for grinding and crushing limestone and clinker in cement plants, mineral ore in mines and coal in thermal power plants.
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500kg 700kg Oil Gas fired Steam Boiler for Textile Industry,US $ 2,000 6,000 . textile mill gas boiler Cotton mill Wikipedia A cotton mill is a factory housing | <urn:uuid:edf6604a-94c3-4d20-8a55-c1ff7a83c584> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dutchwudc.nl/boiler-list/boiler/in/cotton/factories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.865375 | 1,028 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Laboratory DEEP at INSA Lyon is partner in the Co-UDlabs project (Building Collaborative Urban Drainage research labs communities), funded under the European Horizon 2020 programme.
INSAVALOR is supporting the DEEP Laboratory in the management of this project.
The main aim of CO-UDlabs project is to integrate research and innovation activities in the field of Urban Drainage Systems (UDS) to provide opportunities for pervasive monitoring of water quality, UDS performance and smart and open data approaches.
The Co-UDlabs consortium comprises 4 Universities (University of A Coruña (Spain), University of Sheffield (UK), INSA Lyon (France) and Aalborg University (Denmark), all with world-class urban water research groups, combined with 3 leading national research institutes (Deltares (Netherlands), EAWAG (Switzerland) and IKT (Germany). The consortium also includes GRAIE, a non-profit organization with proven abilities in creating partnerships between industry, water utilities, policy-makers and the researchers from public institutions, and the specialized multi-sectorial SME EURONOVIA. | <urn:uuid:a12949c8-e0a9-4272-9e6e-08967f96691e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://recherche.insavalor.fr/en/actualites/laboratory-deep-partner-co-udlabs-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.89556 | 236 | 1.515625 | 2 |
The Truth About Anti-Dandruff Shampoos
Image Courtesy: Corbis
A flaky scalp can be a real downer. Besides making dark-coloured clothes almost impossible to wear, dandruff can lead to hair fall and premature balding. You pick up an anti-dandruff shampoo and hope the problem disappears. But do you know how it works? We get you the infomation behind the ‘miracle’ anti-dandruff ingredient: ZPTO.
The root cause
There is a misconception that dandruff is caused due to a dry scalp. Although there might be other causes for a flaky scalp (eczema, scalp psoriasis, etc), dandruff is believed to be caused by a kind of fungus called pityrosporum. This fungus causes the scalp cells to multiply at a fast rate, leading to flakes.
ZPTO or zinc pyrithione is a chemical compound with anti-fungal properties, meant for topical application. ZPTO is an effective and relatively safe treatment for dandruff. It works well on mild and moderate cases but for severe cases, a stronger formulation containing ketoconazole along with some oral medication could be needed, says Dr Nitin Walia, senior consultant dermatology, Max Healthcare, New Delhi. ZPTO also helps in curbing hair fall, where it is caused by dandruff. It is prescribed in cases when male pattern baldness is a concern. “It also has a minor effect in preventing baldness as it neutralises the active form of testosterone on the scalp,” explains Dr Rohit Batra, dermatologist, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital,
Lather with care
Most over-the-counter anti-dandruff shampoos contain ZPTO in concentrations that are safe enough to be used without supervision. Medicated shampoos, however, are more potent formulations and should only be used when recommended by a dermatologist. Experts also warn even over-the-counter products with ZPTO should not be used every day or kept for long durations on the scalp. “The shampoo should be used on alternate days and should not be kept on the scalp for more than a few minutes,” advises Dr Walia. About two to five minutes is more than sufficient.
Avoid using if you have an inflamed scalp or suffer from eczema. At times, seborrheic scalp and scalp psoriasis could be mistaken for dandruff, making the use of ZPTO unnecessary. “It’s best to contact a dermatologist if you have persistent dandruff-like signs,” says Dr Batra. ZPTO can also become ineffective if overused, so use sparingly and stop when your problem resolves.
Subscribe to iDiva & get never miss out on the latest trends!
Don't worry, We'll not spam you & You can unsubscribe with us any time. | <urn:uuid:431b95d4-8107-4741-aec9-8099136edcf3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.idiva.com/beauty/tips/the-truth-about-antidandruff-shampoos/14875 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.909767 | 630 | 1.984375 | 2 |
The United States Congress has voted to override President Donald Trump’s veto of a major defence bill, bringing to an end a tumultuous legislative session and a political showdown that pitted the US president against members of his own Republican Party.
In a rare New Year’s Day session, the Senate voted 81 to 13 to reach the two-thirds majority required to override Trump’s veto of the National Defense Authorization Act.
Democrats and Republicans joined together to support the $740bn defence bill, which sets the US’s military and strategic direction for the year ahead.
Friday’s vote was the first time US legislators overrode a Trump veto in the Republican leader’s presidency, after the Democrat-controlled US House of Representatives on December 28 also overwhelmingly voted in favour.
Trump, just weeks before he is set to leave the White House, had raised several points of opposition to the bill, saying it would restrict his ability to reduce the number of US troops in Afghanistan, South Korea and Germany.
Trump objected to language requiring the US military to rename bases named for Confederate figures in the US Civil War.
He also wanted Congress to repeal Section 230 of a US communications law that allows users to freely post content on social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook.
Trump slams Republican leaders
On Friday afternoon, Trump hit out at the Republican-controlled Senate for overriding his veto.
“Our Republican Senate just missed the opportunity to get rid of Section 230, which gives unlimited power to Big Tech companies. Pathetic!!!” he tweeted.
But in debate before the veto override, members of Congress – including senior Republicans – dismissed Trump’s objections to the bill as misguided.
“The reasons the president has given, I don’t think are frivolous at all – but they just shouldn’t be tagged to this particular piece of legislation,” Republican Senator John Cornyn said.
Trump has been increasingly at odds with Republican leaders since Senate Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell acknowledged Joe Biden as the winner of the US presidential elections.
McConnell had promised to pass the defence bill into law “one way or another” before Congress concluded on Sunday.
Trump also criticised the Senate on Friday for blocking his push to increase COVID-19 relief payments to Americans. “Now they want to give people ravaged by the China Virus $600, rather than the $2000 which they so desperately need. Not fair, or smart!” he tweeted.
Our Republican Senate just missed the opportunity to get rid of Section 230, which gives unlimited power to Big Tech companies. Pathetic!!! Now they want to give people ravaged by the China Virus $600, rather than the $2000 which they so desperately need. Not fair, or smart!
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) January 1, 2021
Meanwhile, Democratic Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi said in a statement Friday that the bipartisan votes in the Senate and House “delivered a resounding rebuke to President Trump’s reckless assault on America’s military and national security”.
Pelosi, the Democratic House Majority Leader, said US lawmakers are urging “Trump to end his desperate and dangerous sabotage” before Biden’s inauguration later this month.
Focus on China
The 4,500-page defence legislation marked a continuing and gradual shift in US military priorities, as it identified China as the country’s top strategic threat.
Among numerous provisions, the legislation includes a new “Pacific Deterrence Initiative” designed to refocus the Pentagon on key gaps in US military capabilities in the Pacific. The Pentagon plans to invest more than $18.5bn during the next five years under the new initiative.
“We are in the most dangerous situation that we’ve been in before,” said Senator James Inhofe, Republican chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, which wrote the bill.
In Senate floor remarks, Inhofe said he views China’s construction of military bases in the South China Sea as preparation for “World War III”.
“This is the first time we have really stepped back and said, ‘We have a new threat rising in the Pacific. We have to take a holistic view’,” said Senator Jack Reed, the top Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee.
US-China relations have deteriorated during the past year.
Earlier this week, China’s defence ministry accused the US of a “provocation” and “a show of force” after two American warships sailed through the sensitive Taiwan Strait – the second such mission in December.
The defence legislation also directs the US military to accelerate development and testing of hypersonic missiles, a new kind of weapons system technology that China and Russia have deployed but the US has not.
Additionally, it includes a number of provisions to strengthen the US government’s cybersecurity capabilities – an issue that has come to the fore after several government agencies were hacked in a wide-reaching cyberattack that senior US officials blamed on Russia.
Under the legislation, a new National Cyber Director position will be created at the White House, which incoming President-elect Joe Biden has said he will fill.
Biden slammed Trump last month for “downplaying” the cyberattack. | <urn:uuid:c7448b2d-2395-45ae-b2cc-5068aa9b27c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/1/us-congress-overrides-trumps-veto-of-defence-bill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.955132 | 1,096 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Nigeria has taken the lead in regulating digital assets in Africa, and is one of the countries looking keenly into governing the digital asset space, an executive director with the country’s securities regulator has said. The director also made clarifications on the different regulatory roles played by the central bank and the Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
According to the executive director of Nigeria’s securities regulator, Dayo Obisan, his country is “leading in Africa in terms of making the rules and regulating into the digital asset space.” Globally, Nigeria is one of the countries keenly looking into that space, Obisan claimed.
In comments published by Nairametrics, Obisan said the objective of his organization, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Nigeria (SEC), is to create an operating environment that allows players in the digital asset space to prosper but one that also protects investors.
The remarks by Obisan concerning the SEC’s regulation of digital assets come just over two months after his organization announced a new set of rules to govern the use of cryptocurrencies as well as the activities of virtual asset service providers (VASPs). As reported by Bitcoin.com News, the new rules govern the issuance of digital assets as securities. The regulations also include rules on the registration requirements for digital asset offering platforms (DAOPs), VASPs, and digital asset exchanges.
The SEC director’s comments come at a time when questions over which body, between the SEC and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), should regulate cryptocurrencies continue to linger. Some players in the Nigerian digital asset space have said the seemingly conflicting statements issued by the two regulators suggest they do not see eye to eye when it comes to the regulation of digital assets.
Digital Assets as an Investment Tool
However, when speaking during a webinar organized by Nairametrics, Obisan attempted to address the confusion by clarifying the respective role of each regulator. He said:
The regulatory space is evolving. Even after we came up with our classification of digital assets. You know there is this fungibility in the use of the language, crypto assets and cryptocurrency, so it depends on the usage. When anything is a fiat – fiat is money – we use it as a means of exchange, that is an exclusive precedence from the Central Bank of Nigeria. But when it is used as an investment tool, then it falls squarely on our lap.
After the SEC unveiled the latest set of rules governing the digital asset space, Bitcoin.com News sought CBN governor Godwin Emefiele’s reaction to the announcement. However, at the time of writing, Emefiele has not responded to our inquiry.
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What are your thoughts on this story? Let us know what you think in the comments section below.
Terence Zimwara is a Zimbabwe award-winning journalist, author and writer. He has written extensively about the economic troubles of some African countries as well as how digital currencies can provide Africans with an escape route.
Image Credits: Shutterstock, Pixabay, Wiki Commons
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only. It is not a direct offer or solicitation of an offer to buy or sell, or a recommendation or endorsement of any products, services, or companies. Bitcoin.com does not provide investment, tax, legal, or accounting advice. Neither the company nor the author is responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods or services mentioned in this article.
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Press Release - Biden Condemns Bush Administration Abuse of Power
It is time to reestablish our moral stature in the world
Des Moines, IA - In a speech before the American Constitution Society at the Drake University School of Law, Sen. Joe Biden today condemned the Bush Administrations cavalier attitude toward individual rights and liberties and warned that the Bush Administrations abuse of power has made us less secure, led to the alienation of our key foreign partners, undermined our constitutional balance of power and weakened our national security.
By abandoning these fundamental values, the President has squandered the opportunity to unite and lead the world and made us less safe from both tyranny and terrorism, said Biden. Today, I call on him to reform these policies in order to restore our constitutional balance, reaffirm our individual rights and liberties, and renew our moral leadership in the world.
Biden says the time is now to rein these policies back in, restore our constitutional balance, reaffirm our commitment to individual rights and liberties and renew our moral leadership in the world.
"It is time to send a clear message to our citizens, to our men and women in uniform, and to people around the world," said Biden. We are a nation of laws and not men, and that we do not choose between security and liberty, we demand both."
Below is an abstract of Sen. Biden's speech today. You can find the remarks as prepared for delivery by clicking here.
Abstract of Sen. Joe Biden's Address
Drake University School of Law
April 3, 2007
Our commitment to the rule of law, balanced constitutional government, and individual rights and liberties has always defined the United States and set us apart on the world stage. After September 11, the Bush Administration believed it was necessary to sacrifice these fundamental values to improve national security. It promulgated policies with respect to torture, extraordinary rendition, secret prisons, warrantless wiretapping, and habeas corpus for terrorism detainees that rejected the rule of law, disrupted the constitutional balance of power between the branches of government, and subverted individual rights and liberties.
The result, predictably, has not been to make us safer at home or stronger abroad. Our strength as a world leader has always derived from our refusal to compromise our fundamental values. Americans don't choose between security and liberty, we demand both. By abandoning these values, the President has squandered the opportunity to unite and lead the world and made us less safe from both tyranny and terrorism. Today, I call on him to reform these policies in order to restore our constitutional balance, reaffirm our individual rights and liberties, and renew our moral leadership in the world.
The United States was a chief architect of the international conventions outlawing torture. Our domestic law, too, strictly prohibits torture and severely punishes those who engage in it. In the now-infamous torture memo, however, the Administration permitted techniques the rest of the world regards as torture and allowed the President, as Commander-in-Chief, to use torture in the name of national security.
On this topic, Senator Biden stated that the American people and the world have had enough of the equivocations and loop holes and called on the President to comply with our domestic law and our international treaty obligations.
On Extraordinary Rendition
The President has instituted a practice, called extraordinary rendition, of kidnapping terrorism suspects and transporting them to secret prisons or foreign countries. According to the State Department, the countries to which the President renders these individuals consistently subject prisoners to brutal torture. Foreign partners have charged criminally more than 35 American personnel for their roles in extraordinary renditions. Although rendition to justice, in which a suspect is transported to a jurisdiction where he receives a fair trial, may be justified in some circumstances, rendition to torture is never justified.
The Presidents abuse of rendition has diminished our moral stature and sapped popular support for the United States around the world, making it difficult to get from foreign partners the cooperation and intelligence we need to effectively fight terrorism.
On Secret Prisons or Black Sites
The President has operated a system of secret prisons where terrorism suspects are brutally mistreated. He has concealed these facilities from the American public and the international community and claimed that they are not subject to any law. Although little is known about these black sites and the President has resisted Congressional oversight, international organizations report that several black site detainees have been killed.
In making his case that these secret prisons must be closed, Senator Biden cited the National Intelligence Estimate and stated: According to unclassified reporting on last years National Intelligence Estimate, the abuses that occur at these secret prisons and at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay have stoked the jihad movement. Senator Biden went on to call on the President to cooperate with Congress, to disclose the details of your [President Bush] secret prison program.
On Warrantless Wiretapping
The President has ignored clear provisions of United States law that require him to obtain a court order before spying on Americans e-mails and conversations. His Administration has also used National Security Letters to obtain Americans sensitive financial, phone, and Internet records without complying with procedural safeguards that protect Americans privacy. He has reluctantly complied with the wiretapping law only in response to public outrage and an unmistakable rebuke in the mid-term elections.
Senator Biden said that he would fight terrorism without destroying the very values were fighting to preserve. I would require a United States Attorney to approve the use of National Security Letters, to ensure that the government gets the information it needs without sacrificing our privacy.
On Habeas Corpus
The President has argued that habeas corpus, our principal constitutional safeguard against erroneous or illegal imprisonment, is unavailable to terrorism detainees in U.S. custody. The Supreme Court, dominated by Republican nominees, has rejected the Presidents argument on three separate occasions.
His efforts to deprive detainees of habeas have been repudiated three times by a Supreme Court dominated by Republican nominees. But still he persists.
As a result, nations around the world view Guantanamo not as a facility necessitated by the war on terror, but as a symbol of American disregard for the rule of law.
Our enemies have used it and Abu Ghraib to recruit additional terrorists. These prisons have become symbols of American duplicity, not beacons of American justice.
We should not wait for another Supreme Court decision. We should immediately move to restore habeas and, as I have said before, we should shut Guantanamo down.
The Presidents policies in these five areas have betrayed our national values, alienated foreign partners, and fueled al Qaeda recruitment. We will not be secure at home and respected abroad until we right these wrongs. It is time to reestablish the rule of law, restore our constitutional system of checks and balances, and reaffirm our individual rights and liberties. Only then can the United States once again lead the world effectively and defeat international terrorism.
Joseph R. Biden, Press Release - Biden Condemns Bush Administration Abuse of Power Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/316826 | <urn:uuid:7e211b42-e5c3-4d37-96d1-e1710b0404ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/press-release-biden-condemns-bush-administration-abuse-power | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.94457 | 1,459 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Living longer and feeling better: healthy lifestyle, self-rated health, obesity and depression in Ireland.
BACKGROUND: The combination of four protective lifestyle behaviours (being physically active, a non-smoker, a moderate alcohol consumer and having adequate fruit and vegetable intake) has been estimated to increase life expectancy by 14 years. However, the effect of adopting these lifestyle behaviours on general health, obesity and mental health is less defined. We examined the combined effect of these behaviours on self-rated health, overweight/obesity and depression. METHODS: Using data from the Survey of Lifestyle Attitudes and Nutrition (SLAN) 2007 (), a protective lifestyle behaviour (PLB) score was constructed for 10 364 men and women (>18 years), and representative of the Republic of Ireland adult population (response rate 62%). Respondents scored a maximum of four points, one point each for being physically active, consuming five or more fruit and vegetable servings daily, a non-smoker and a moderate drinker. RESULTS: One-fifth of respondents (20%) adopted four PLBs, 35% adopted three, 29% two, 13% one and 2% adopted none. Compared to those with zero PLBs, those with four were seven times more likely to rate their general health as excellent/very good [OR 6.8 95% CI (3.64-12.82)] and four times more likely to have better mental health [OR 4.4 95% CI (2.34-8.22)]. CONCLUSIONS: Adoption of core protective lifestyle factors known to increase life expectancy is associated with positive self-rated health, healthier weight and better mental health. These lifestyles have the potential to add quality and quantity to life. | <urn:uuid:27e9f1df-97f6-4f87-82fc-a631ceddef06> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://repository.rcsi.com/articles/journal_contribution/Living_longer_and_feeling_better_healthy_lifestyle_self-rated_health_obesity_and_depression_in_Ireland_/10773965/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.944394 | 351 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Conservative American Catholic bishops are pressing for a debate over whether Catholics who support the right to an abortion should be allowed to take Communion.
The Vatican has warned conservative American bishops to hit the brakes on their push to deny communion to politicians supportive of abortion rights — including President Biden, a faithful churchgoer and the first Roman Catholic to occupy the Oval Office in 60 years.
But despite the remarkably public stop sign from Rome, the American bishops are pressing ahead anyway and are expected to force a debate on the communion issue at a remote meeting that starts on Wednesday.
Some leading bishops, whose priorities clearly aligned with former President Donald J. Trump, now want to reassert the centrality of opposition to abortion in the Catholic faith and lay down a hard line — especially with a liberal Catholic in the Oval Office.
The vote threatens to shatter the facade of unity with Rome, highlight the political polarization within the American church and set what church historians consider a dangerous precedent for bishops’ conferences across the globe.
“The concern in the Vatican,” said Antonio Spadaro, a Jesuit priest and close ally of Francis “is not to use access to the Eucharist as a political weapon.”
Pope Francis, who has explicitly identified the United States as the source of opposition to his pontificate, preached this month that communion “is not the reward of saints, but the bread of sinners.” His top doctrinal official, Cardinal Luis Ladaria, wrote a letter to the American bishops, warning them that the vote could “become a source of discord rather than unity within the episcopate and the larger church in the United States.”
The result is a rare, open rift between Rome and the American church.
Opponents of the vote suspect a more naked political motivation, aimed at weakening the president, and a pope many of them disagree with, with a drawn-out debate over a document that is sure to be amplified in the conservative Catholic media and on right-wing cable news programs.
Asked about the communion issue, Andrew Bates, a White House spokesman, said, “As the American people know well, the president is a strong person of faith.”
Pope Francis, along with the rest of his church’s hierarchy, explicitly opposes abortion, which they consider among the gravest sins, and incessantly speaks out against it. But that is not the same as punishing Catholic lawmakers with the denial of communion, which many here believe would be an intrusion into matters of state.
That effort is being led by Archbishop José Gomez of Los Angeles, the president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, who has been passed over repeatedly by Francis for elevation to the rank of cardinal.
“The focus of this proposed teaching document,” Archbishop Gomez wrote in a memo, “is on how best to help people to understand the beauty and the mystery of the Eucharist as the center of their Christian lives.”
The conservative American bishops are largely out of step with Francis and his agenda of putting climate change, migrants and poverty on the church’s front burner. But Rev. Thomas J. Reese, a Jesuit priest, and a senior analyst with Religion News Service, said conservatives constitute at least half of the American bishops’ conference and could have the votes to begin the process of drafting a teaching document about who can receive communion.
It is unlikely the conservatives would be able to ultimately ratify such a document, which would require unanimous support from all the country’s bishops, or two-thirds support and the Vatican’s approval. But the debate promises to keep the issue alive and present a nagging headache for President Biden and other Catholic politicians who support abortion rights.
A good portion of the bishops want to avoid the question altogether. Already, 67 American bishops, about a third of the conference, and including top cardinals aligned with Francis, signed a letter on May 13 asking Archbishop Gomez to remove the item from the virtual meeting’s agenda.
One of those signees, Cardinal Wilton Gregory, the archbishop of Washington, has the ultimate decision on whether to deny communion to President Biden in the archdiocese of Washington. He has made it abundantly clear he will not.
Cardinal Gregory’s authority in the matter is a result of a compromise in 2004 when he himself led the bishops’ conference.
That year a group of conservative bishops sought to deny communion to then Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry for his support of abortion rights. Conservatives had more support in the Vatican then; the top doctrinal official, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who soon after became Pope Benedict XVI, wrote that politicians who persistently supported abortion rights were unworthy to receive the sacrament.
But at a meeting in 2004, the American bishops chose instead to let individual bishops decide on a case-by-case basis.
The whole situation took a political toll on Mr. Kerry, who lost the election and now, as President Biden’s climate envoy, would rather not relive those days.
On a recent visit to Rome, during which he saw the pope, Mr. Kerry preferred to talk about the Biden administration and Francis’ shared commitment to combat climate change.
In an interview, Mr. Kerry argued that the political climate in the United States had “matured a lot” since his run-in with the conservative bishops, and that there is tolerance for “people to act on their faith in ways that do not somehow cross a line into politics.” He suggested that it was a misstep for the conservative bishops to try again.
“It’s been there and done that,” he said. “And it doesn’t always work out well for people.”
But if anything, America’s church politics have become more polarized in the last 17 years. Some clergy close to Francis in the Vatican say privately that elements within the American church have become political and extremist.
Francis himself has said it is “an honor that the Americans attack me.” But on this issue, he, like Mr. Kerry, would prefer to talk about something else.
Sandro Magister, a Vatican expert with L’Espresso magazine, said that the issue was uniquely American, and was basically unheard of in Europe. He said, “The pope himself would rather not have this vivid debate.”
But the conservative American bishops have for weeks made clear they want to do more than talk.
On May 1, the archconservative bishop of San Francisco, Salvatore J. Cordileone, issued a letter arguing that “erring Catholic” politicians who supported abortion rights should be excluded from communion. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, a Catholic and staunch supporter of abortion rights, is a parishioner in his San Francisco diocese.
Soon after, Archbishop Gomez sent a letter to the Vatican’s chief doctrinal office informing it that the American bishops’ conference was preparing to tackle “the worthiness to receive Holy Communion” by Catholic politicians who support abortion rights at their June meeting.
The Vatican apparently had seen enough. On May 7, Cardinal Ladaria wrote Archbishop Gomez urging caution. He said it would be “misleading” to present abortion and euthanasia as “the only grave matters of Catholic moral and social teaching.”
If the American bishops were going to crack the door open on the communion issue, Cardinal Ladaria added ominously, they should be prepared to consider extending the policy to all Catholics “rather than only one category of Catholics.”
The matter seemed settled. It wasn’t.
On May 22, Archbishop Gomez sent a letter to the American bishops defending the decision to schedule a vote, arguing — critics say with shocking disingenuousness — that doing so “reflects recent guidance from the Holy See.”
Complete Article ↪HERE↩! | <urn:uuid:149aa426-ef0c-4b68-8803-2007aebb8480> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.gaycatholicpriests.org/tag/abortion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.970691 | 1,644 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Vasiliki “Kiki” Dimoula (née Radou; Greek: Κική Δημουλά; 6 June 1931 – 22 February 2020) was a Greek poet. She was active from 1952 until her death. She was the first female poet ever to be included in the poetry series of the notable French publisher Gallimard. Her poetry has been translated from Greek into English, French, German, Swedish, Danish, Spanish, Italian and many other languages.
Dimoula was born in Athens. She was married to the poet Athos Dimoulas. The couple had two children. She had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) later in her life. On 22 February 2020, she died in Athens due to cardiac arrest caused by COPD and heart failure. She was 88.
References[change | change source]
- ""Έφυγε" η Κική Δημουλά". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- "Κική Δημουλά: Το ιατρικό ανακοινωθέν για το θάνατο της ποιήτριας". iefimerida.gr (in Greek). 22 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. | <urn:uuid:227ee304-409a-4919-94c2-fd9dd45d8716> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki_Dimoula | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960888 | 327 | 1.835938 | 2 |
The Myths and Facts About The Raw Food Diet
In this video, Vesanto Melina from Canada presents some insightful scientific research about the myths and facts surrounding the raw food diet.
Vesanto begins by explaining what a raw food diet is. A raw food diet means 75% or more of your food by weight is raw – meaning it hasn’t been heated above 118 degrees Fahrenheit.
You will hear the scientific studies used to back up the facts and dispel the myth.
Leave your comment below after watching this video stating whether you agree or disagree with scientific research presented by Vesanto. | <urn:uuid:d5b82bfd-7f40-49d2-b08c-911c0a8118ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rawveganmatters.com/myths-and-facts-about-the-raw-food-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.863725 | 126 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- Open Access
WHO cone bio-assays of classical and new-generation long-lasting insecticidal nets call for innovative insecticides targeting the knock-down resistance mechanism in Benin
Malaria Journal volume 16, Article number: 77 (2017)
To increase the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) in areas of high resistance, new long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) called new-generation nets have been developed. These nets are treated with the piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist which inhibit the action of detoxification enzymes. The effectiveness of the new-generation nets has been proven in some studies, but their specific effect on mosquitoes carrying detoxification enzymes and those carrying both detoxification enzymes and the knock-down resistance gene in Benin is not well known. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of LLINs treated with PBO on multi-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l.
The study occurred in seven cities in Benin, Abomey, Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Zangnanado, Parakou, Malanville and Tanguiéta, and included ten locations selected on a north–south transect. Mosquito larvae were collected from these sites, and adult females from these larvae were exposed to single-pyrethroid-treated nets (LifeNet, PermaNet 2.0, Olyset Net) and bi-treated nets (PermaNet 3.0 and Olyset Plus) based on their level of resistance and using WHO cone tests following WHO guidelines.
The different LLINs showed 100% mortality of the susceptible laboratory strain Kisumu and the resistant strain Ace-1R Kisumu. However, with the resistant laboratory strain kdr-Kisumu, mortality was low (16–32%) for all LLINs except PermaNet 3.0 (82.9%). The mortality of local strains carrying only the kdr mechanism varied from 0 to 47% for the single-pyrethroid-treated LLINs and 9 to 86% for bi-treated LLINs. With local strains carrying several mechanisms of resistance (kdr + detoxification enzymes), the observed mortality with different LLINs was also low except for PermaNet 3.0, which induced significantly higher mortality, usually greater than 75% (p < 0.001), with multi-resistant strains. The inhibition of the mortalities induced by the LLINs (11–96%) on multi-resistant field populations was similar to the inhibition observed with the laboratory strain carrying only the knock-down resistance mechanism (kdr-Kisumu) (p > 0.05).
This study showed that the new-generation LLINs treated with pyrethroids and PBO showed better efficacy compared to conventional LLINs. Although the addition of PBO significantly increased the mortality of mosquitoes, the significant role of the kdr resistance gene in the low efficacy of LLINs calls for LLIN technology innovation that specifically targets this mechanism.
Malaria is a major public health problem worldwide, and particularly so in Benin. It remains a permanent threat from its high morbidity (214 million) and mortality (438,000). Africa is the most endemic region affected (395,000 deaths per year) . It affects one-fifth of the world population. However, this proportion has decreased significantly by 37% between 2000 and 2015 due to the effect of malaria prevention and treatment methods, including long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying of residual insecticides (IRS), chemo-prevention for pregnant women and children, and therapeutic treatment with artemisinin-based combinations.
Among these prevention methods, LLINs have emerged in recent years as a privileged tool to prevent malaria. The insecticides selected by the World Health Organization (WHO) for LLIN treatment are pyrethroids, which have little toxicity to humans, are effective at low doses, are fast acting (knock-down effect) and, along with repellants, have an irritant effect . The Abuja Conference, which brought together all the leaders of Africa and other UN representative states, donors and NGOs in April 2000, gave impetus to a political commitment to the fight against malaria with the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) . Efforts are being made to increase accessibility for populations, especially pregnant women and children under five, who are vulnerable to malaria, a major cause of perinatal mortality, low birth weight and maternal anaemia .
Several research studies have been conducted and have shown the effectiveness of ITNs in the fight against malaria in Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Gambia [6,7,8,9], the Democratic Republic of Congo , Kenya , Ghana , Benin and Côte d’Ivoire .
However, several studies have shown that Anopheles gambiae s.l. has developed strong resistance to pyrethroids and DDT in Benin, with a very high knock-down resistance frequency of approximately 80% in the urban areas of Cotonou and in rural areas [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23].
Despite this resistance developed by An. gambiae s.l. to pyrethroids, LLINs remain effective in vector resistance areas and provide protection through their mechanical barrier role . However, Asidi et al. showed a decrease in their effectiveness in areas of high resistance of Anopheles in southern Benin. Major developed resistance mechanisms are the targets of modification (kdr resistance and ace-1R) and metabolic resistance (over-expression of detoxification enzymes, oxidases, esterases, GST) . The kdr mutation is associated with pyrethroid and DDT resistance, and ace-1R is associated with organophosphate and carbamate resistance (two classes of insecticides which are not used to treat LLINs) [15, 28].
To increase the effectiveness of ITNs in areas of high resistance, new nets treated with a so-called new-generation of chemicals has been developed. They are treated with a synergist called piperonyl butoxide (PBO). For some LLINs, the PBO is used on all sides of the net (Olyset Plus®). For others, only the upper part of the net is processed (PermaNet® 3.0). The principle of an ITN synergist is to inhibit the action of detoxification enzymes, which will result in increasing the effectiveness of the insecticide against resistant populations of mosquitoes.
Evidence of the efficacy of PermaNet 3.0 has been shown in some studies, particularly in Tanzania , but we do not know its specific action on mosquitoes carrying detoxification enzymes and on those carrying both detoxification and kdr mechanisms in West Africa, particularly in Benin. There have been limited data on the bio-efficacy of new-generation LLINs against multi-resistant mosquitoes in Africa in general and particularly in Benin. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) treated with PBO on multi-resistant An. gambiae s.l. populations in Benin. It aims to assess the bio-efficacy of LLINs in areas with a high frequency of molecular resistance genes (kdr and ace-1R) and over-expression of detoxification enzymes (oxidases, esterases, GST). The efficacy of the new-generation LLINs against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles was also compared to that of conventional LLINs.
This study is transversal and compares variability of the efficacy of two different types of LLINs against An. gambiae s.l. carrying kdr resistance mutations and detoxification enzymes in Benin. The two types of LLINs included conventional LLINs only treated with pyrethroids (Olyset Net, LifeNet, and PermaNet 2.0) and a second type of new-generation LLIN treated with pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), which inhibits the action of enzymes, particularly oxidases.
The study was conducted in Benin, a West African country from June 2015 to March 2016. Among the 12 departments of Benin surveyed, seven were selected in this study (Atlantique, Littoral, Oueme, Zou, Borgou, Atacora and Alibori). Priority was given to areas where higher oxidase activity was observed compared to the susceptible strain An. gambiae Kisumu. They were represented by Abomey, Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Zangnanado, Parakou, Malanville and Tanguiéta districts. The assessment of oxidase activity was conducted on 50 An. gambiae s.l. collected from each district using haem-peroxidase assay as described by Brogdon et al. .
The larvae of these mosquito populations were collected in different ecological areas (vegetable, urban, rice and cotton areas). The study was also conducted on resistant laboratory strains (kdr-Kisumu and ace-1R-Kisumu).
Malanville district is bordered on the north by the Republic of Niger, on the south by Kandi and Segbana districts, on the west by Karimama district and on the east by the Republic of Nigeria. It has an area of 3016 km2 and had a population of 144,843 inhabitants in 2013 (Fig. 1).
It is bordered on the north by the Republic of Burkina Faso, on the south by Boukoumbe district, on the east by Kerou, Kouande and Tounkountouna districts and on the west by Materi and Cobly districts. It covers an area of 5456 km2 and had a population of 77,987 inhabitants in 2013 (Fig. 1).
Abomey-Calavi is bounded on the north by Ze district, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Cotonou and So-Ava districts, and on the west Ouidah and Tori-Bossito districts. It has an area of 539 km2 and had a population of 438,564 inhabitants in 2013 (Fig. 1).
Cotonou is bordered on the North by So-Ava district and Nokoue lake, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Seme-Podji and on the west by Abomey-Calavi district. It has an area of 79 km2 and had a population of 947,917 inhabitants in 2013 (Fig. 1).
Porto-Novo is bounded on the north by Akpro-Missérete and Avrankou districts, on the south by Seme-Podji, on the west by Aguegues district and on the east by Adjarra district. It covers an area of 223,552 km2 and had a population of 318,608 inhabitants in 2013 (Fig. 1).
It is bordered on the north by N’Dali district and on the south, east and west by Tchaourou district; it has an area of 441 km2 and had a population of 213,498 inhabitants in 2013 (Fig. 1).
This town is bounded on the north by Dassa-Zoume district, on the south by Ouinhi and Zogbodomey districts, on the west by Cove, Zakpota and Djidja districts and on the east by Ketou and Adja-Ouere. It has an area of 540 km2 and had a population of 52,387 inhabitants in 2013 (Fig. 1).
Bio-efficacy tests were conducted at various selected sites. Such tests required mosquitoes of 2–5 days old, so the larvae were collected. These collections were conducted in the different localities mentioned above. Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae and pupae were collected from different locations at each site and carried to the insectarium of the Entomological Research Center of Cotonou (CREC), where they were reared to adult stage at a relative humidity of 70–80% and a temperature of 25–30 °C. Female adults aged 2–5 days were used for bio-efficacy tests.
Highlighting resistance mechanisms
Before the bioassays, living and dead mosquito populations kept after susceptibility testing were analyzed by PCR to detect the genotypes of the kdr gene. The detection of kdr mutation L1014F was performed according to the method of Martinez-Torres et al. .
For the molecular characterization of insecticide resistance, two molecular markers were used for characterization of the resistance genes, kdr and ace-1R.
Similarly, for the biochemical characterization of resistance mechanisms, biochemical assays were performed to compare the activity levels of mixed function oxidases (MFO), non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) according to the protocol described by Hemingway et al. in susceptible Kisumu and field An. gambiae strains. The mosquitoes used for biochemical analysis had not been exposed to insecticides before the biochemical assessment. These enzyme activities were measured using a sample of 50 mosquitoes per site.
Five types of long-lasting insecticidal nets were evaluated in this study. The group of mono-treated LLINs included LifeNet (polypropylene LLIN with fiber coated with 340 mg/m2 ± 25% deltamethrin), Olyset Net (polyethylene LLIN with permethrin incorporated into the fibers at 20 ± 3 g/kg), and PermaNet 2.0 (polyester LLIN with fiber coated with deltamethrin at 55 mg/m2 ± 25%). The group of new-generation LLINs included: Olyset Plus (same characteristics as Olyset Net but with PBO incorporated throughout the LLIN) and PermaNet 3.0 (polyethylene roof with deltamethrin at 2.8 g/kg ± 25% and PBO at 4.0 g/kg ± 25% incorporated into the fibers, and polyester lateral sides with the fibers coated with deltamethrin at 2.8 g/kg ± 25%). All these nets were obtained from local markets. All nets included in the study are rectangular and were selected by type.
The cone test is used to assess the effectiveness of an insecticide and its persistence on the net. It was conducted following the WHO protocol. This test aims to compare the behaviour of mosquitoes while in contact with treated mosquito nets without PBO or with PBO.
Cone tests were performed on five types of nets (Olyset Plus, Olyset Net, LifeNet, PermaNet 2.0 and PermaNet 3.0). These tests were carried out using fragments of LLINs (30 cm × 30 cm) cut from five (05) positions on each net. Two standard cones were fixed with a plastic sheet on each of the five (05) screen fragments. For PermaNet 3.0 LLIN, an additional two cones were added on the PBO-containing roof. Five unfed An. gambiae females aged 2–5 days (Kisumu or wild type) were introduced into each cone placed on the LLIN for 3 min. After exposure, the mosquitoes were removed from the cones using a mouth aspirator and then transferred into paper cups and provided 10% sugar solution. Mosquito knock-down was recorded every 5 min for 60 min. A negative control (untreated net) was included in each series of cone tests. After 24 h of observation, mortality post exposure was recorded. No correction of mortality with Abbott’s formula was used as mortality in the control was <5%. All these operations were carried out at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C and a humidity of 70 ± 10%.
According to the WHO, the bio-effectiveness threshold is 95% knock-down and 80% mortality for laboratory mosquitoes; but for resistant field mosquito populations, we used a threshold of 70% knock-down and 50% mortality. Therefore, all nets showing less than 95% knockdown for laboratory mosquitoes and 70% for field mosquitoes after 60 min, or less than 50% mortality for laboratory mosquitoes and 50% for field mosquitoes after 24 h of observation, were considered ineffective. These knock-down thresholds were chosen taking into account the kdr resistance level observed in the country in general (>50%).
The inhibition of mortality induced by resistance mechanisms was estimated using the following equation:
where p1 = proportion of resistant mosquitoes dead and p2 = proportion of susceptible Kisumu mosquitoes dead.
To determine if there was any significance difference between the outcome variables (knock-down, mortality and inhibition), Poisson regression (for numeric data) and logistic regression (for proportional data) were used. The 50 and 95% knock-down times and their confidence intervals were obtained after log-probit regression using the method described by Finney .
Characteristics of the studied mosquito populations
The majority of female mosquitoes were collected and identified morphologically as An. gambiae s.l. The biochemical and molecular analyses indicated that among ten sites, five showed significantly higher oxidase activity than the susceptible strain Kisumu (Table 1). Esterases were significantly expressed in the Tanguieta mosquito population (Table 1). Over-expression of glutathione-S-transferase was observed at four sites (Table 1). However, the allelic frequency of the kdr mutation was high at almost all sites and ranged from 0.03 to 0.93.
Knock-down (KD) and mortality of laboratory strains
Figure 2 shows the proportion of laboratory mosquitoes (ace-1R-Kisumu, kdr-Kisumu, and susceptible Kisumu) knocked down after 60 min for each LLIN. The Olyset Plus and PermaNet 3.0 LLINs induced 100% knock-down of An. gambiae Kisumu. The knock-down effect was 96.15% for Olyset, 90.2% for LifeNet and 93.22% for PermaNet 2.0.
With the ace-1R-Kisumu strain, which carries the acetylcholinesterase-1 resistance gene, there was a knock-down effect greater than 95% for all nets, with 98.11% for LifeNet, 100% for Olyset, 98.18% for Olyset Plus, 97.96% for PermaNet 2.0, and 98.78% for PermaNet 3.0 (Fig. 2).
For the kdr-Kisumu strain (carrying the resistance knock-down), the knock-down effects observed were 89.29% for LifeNet, 63.64 for Olyset Net, 71.43% for Olyset Plus, 45.78 for PermaNet 2.0 and 71.05% for PermaNet 3.0 (Fig. 2).
Kisumu and ace-1R-Kisumu (Fig. 3). With the kdr-Kisumu strain, mortality was 16% for Olyset Net, 26% for PermaNet 2.0, 28% for LifeNet, and 32.1% for Olyset Plus but was more than 82.9% for PermaNet 3.0. Therefore, based on the bio-efficacy threshold set by WHO (80%), PermaNet 3.0 was effective on all laboratory strains, and Olyset Plus was only effective on the susceptible and ace-R1-Kisumu strains (Fig. 3).
Inhibition of mortality conferred by the kdr resistance gene
Comparing the mortality observed with the susceptible Kisumu strain with that of the resistant kdr-Kisumu strain, the inhibition of mortality induced by the kdr gene regarding the effectiveness of LLINs was 84% for Olyset Net, 74% for PermaNet 2.0, 72% for LifeNet, 68% for Olyset Plus and 17% for PermaNet 3.0.
Knock-down (Kd) effect and mortality induced by mosquito nets on local An. gambiae s.l.
Approximately 2819 local An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes and 889 An. gambiae Kisumu laboratory strain mosquitoes were tested on different types of LLINs. Tables 2 and 3 show the percentage of local strain mosquitoes knocked down after 60 min for LifeNet, Olyset Net, Olyset Plus, PermaNet 2.0, and PermaNet 3.0.
Knock-down (KD) and mortality induced by the LLINs on mono-resistance mosquito strains
Only PermaNet 3.0, Olyset Plus and LifeNet LLINs showed a knock-down effect greater than 50% at Agblangandan, Vossa, Zangnanado and Malanville (areas of low resistance) (Table 2). These knock-down values varied between 51 and 95%. At Abomey, only PermaNet 3.0 and Olyset Plus LLINs showed a knock-down effect greater than 50%.
PermaNet 3.0 was the only LLIN that showed significantly higher mortality of greater than 50% in all localities where mosquitoes carried only the kdr gene. The average mortality for other types of LLINs tested in these areas varied from 5 to 47% (Table 2). These mortality rates varied from 0 to 14% for Olyset, 7 to 27% for LifeNet, from 9 to 22% for Olyset Plus, from 24 to 47% for PermaNet 2.0 and from 40 to 86% for PermaNet 3.0.
Inhibition of mortality in mono-resistant An. gambiae s.l. strains
The observed inhibition of mortality induced by kdr resistance of local mosquito strains on LLIN effectiveness was 100–86% for Olyset, 92–73% for LifeNet, 53–76% for PermaNet 2.0, 78–91% for Olyset Plus and 14–60% for PermaNet 3.0. These inhibition rates are similar to those observed with the kdr-Kisumu strain (p > 0.05).
Knock-down (KD) and mortality induced by the LLINs on multi-resistant mosquito strains (carrying kdr and biochemical resistance mutations)
In areas with multi-resistance, the knock-down effects observed were also low (Table 3).
At Akron, the percentage of mosquitoes knocked down after 60 min was 31.48% [19.52–45.55] and 74.55% [60.99–85.33] for Olyset Net and Olyset Plus, respectively; 70.49% [57.43–81.84] and 81.71% [71.63–89.38] for PermaNet 2.0 and PermaNet 3.0, respectively, and 30.77% [18.71–45.1] for LifeNet. At Houéyiho, the knock-down effect was 23.08% [12.53–36.84] and 49.15% [35.89–62.5] for Olyset Net and Olyset Plus, respectively; 46.3% [32.62–60.39] and 73.5% [61.46–83.97] for PermaNet 2.0 and PermaNet 3.0, respectively, and 61.11% [46.87–74.08] for LifeNet. It was generally observed that knock-down was significantly higher with Olyset Plus than with Olyset on multi-resistant Akron and Houéyiho strains (p < 0.05). The same observation was made with PermaNet 3.0, whose knock-down was significantly higher than that observed with PermaNet 2.0.
The same observations were made at Ladji, Parakou and Tanguiéta, where the KD induced by Olyset Plus was higher than that of Olyset. Similarly, PermaNet 3.0 (98%) was more effective than PermaNet 2.0 (39%) (Table 3). However, at Tanguieta, only three LLINs were tested. The three types of mosquitoes tested showed a KD effect ≥75%. Overall, in areas where there was high activity of oxidase enzymes associated with the kdr gene, only three LLINs (LifeNet, Olyset Plus, and PermaNet 3.0) showed a KD effect that was generally high. However, the mortality observed in these populations was generally low (Table 3). Only the PermaNet 3.0 LLIN induced significantly higher mortality (p < 0.001) that was generally greater than 75% (Table 3).
Inhibition of mortality in multi-resistant strains
The inhibition of the mortality induced by LLINs observed with strains carrying several resistance mechanisms (compared to the susceptible strain Kisumu) ranged from 60 to 96% for Olyset, 53 to 90.2% for LifeNet, 45 to 86% for PermaNet 2.0, 59 to 76% for Olyset Plus and 11 to 55% for Permanet 3.0. These inhibition rates are similar to those observed with the kdr-Kisumu strains (p > 0.05).
Knock-down time of LLINs on local An. gambiae s.l. strains
The average time estimated for knock-down of 50% of resistant local An. gambiae s.l. populations was significantly shorter with PermaNet 3.0 (12 min) (p < 0.001), followed by Olyset Plus and LifeNet (33 min). However, the time required for 95% of mosquitoes to be knocked down was high for all LLINs. Generally, there was a slower effect with LLINs treated with permethrin (Table 4).
This study is one of the first conducted in Benin to compare the response of local malaria vectors in Benin to several LLINs recommended by the WHO. It helps to observe the variation in mortality of vectors submitted to different types of LLINs. This mortality was generally low, especially with LLINs only treated with pyrethroids. Cone tests showed that LLINs treated with piperonyl butoxide and pyrethroids (especially PermaNet 3.0) have optimum efficacy on all strains of An. gambiae s.l. (mono and multi-resistant).
Several studies have shown a decrease in the bio-efficacy of LLINs against local pyrethroid-resistant vectors [34, 35]. The effectiveness of LLINs treated only with deltamethrin (PermaNet 2.0 and LifeNet) was found to be significantly lower compared to that of nets treated with deltamethrin and PBO. The same observation was made with the LLINs treated with permethrin only (Olyset Net) and those treated with permethrin and PBO. However, the effectiveness of LLINs treated with permethrin was generally lower than that of LLINs treated with deltamethrin, with lower mortality and a very slow knock-down time (KDT 50 and 95%) compared to other LLINs. In a recent study conducted in Benin , Olyset Plus, treated with permethrin + PBO, demonstrated a higher efficacy than Olyset Net against wild multi-resistant An. gambiae s.l. in experimental huts, as observed in WHO cone tests used in the present study. In south-western Ethiopia and in Uganda , a reduced efficacy of mono-treated LLINs was also observed against wild resistant An. gambiae s.l. in comparison with Permanet 3.0 treated with deltamethrin + PBO. The results are similar to those observed in this study. However, these studies did not include Olyset Plus, the second type of new-generation LLINs treated with permethrin + PBO.
The reduced efficacy of LLINs treated with permethrin would be related to the strong resistance of the local vectors to permethrin due to the resistance selection pressures generated by the use of the same class of insecticide for malaria vector control in public health and for pest control in agriculture [16, 17, 23, 37, 38].
The comparison of LLIN bio-efficacy performed in this study provides the necessary information for the selection of appropriate LLINs for mass distribution. The optimal and constant efficacy of PermaNet 3.0 LLINs on all vector populations shows that this combination of deltamethrin and PBO on LLINs is a most successful strategy against pyrethroid resistance in Benin. Variations in the mortality of vectors also showed that certain types of LLINs are more appropriate than others for distribution in specific regions. This is related to the fact that the effectiveness of an LLIN depends on the characteristics of the mosquito population tested and the chemical structure of the molecule (insecticide) used.
The mosquito populations assessed in the present study were characterized by a high frequency of the kdr gene. This high frequency was probably due to the massive use of pyrethroids in agriculture and public health. In some areas, such as Tanguieta, Parakou, Houeyiho, Akron, and Ladji, farmers and gardeners use huge amounts of insecticides to reduce pests in their crops, which explains the presence and strong expression of several resistance mechanisms in the mosquito populations [39, 40]. Over-production of resistance enzymes in these areas would be linked to pressure on mosquito larvae from insecticides used by farmers to protect vegetable crops [41,42,43]. This expression of the kdr resistance gene induced a 17–84% reduction in LLIN efficacy against laboratory strains. These frequencies are similar to those observed in natural populations of An. gambiae s.l. This observation shows that the kdr gene is the main mechanism involved in the reduction of the effectiveness of LLINs. Although detoxification enzymes contribute to resistance, their impact is successfully inhibited by the presence of PBO on new-generation LLINs and the remaining part is more likely related to the presence of kdr gene in the mosquito populations. This also suggests that the search for new molecules or combinations of molecules that target the kdr resistance mechanism should be promoted.
The WHO recommends preventive measures against vector resistance to insecticides . The results of this study therefore constitute important evidence that can guide decision making in the selection and distribution of high efficacy LLINs in specific regions of Benin. The use of LLINs that showed high bio-efficacy against the local vector populations should be encouraged to contribute substantively to reducing the transmission of malaria in Benin.
This study also suggests the need to develop a routine for monitoring the bio-efficacy of LLINs against local malaria vectors for the replacement of ineffective LLINs. However, community studies would be needed to evaluate the epidemiological impact of these LLINs to confirm whether or not the low efficacy observed is followed by a loss of the epidemiological impact of these nets.
Although the important results of this study, it had certain limitations. Strong evaluation would have been possible if tunnel tests were conducted on LLINs that did not meet the criteria of 80% mortality with resistant mosquito strains. In addition, a chemical analysis of the LLINs prior to the start of the study would also have improved the quality of the results. However, all the LLINs demonstrated a good performance with susceptible laboratory stain Kisumu (mortality > 80%), as recommended by WHO , and the focus of this study was to demonstrate the important role of resistance mechanisms on LLINs efficacy.
This study showed variable effectiveness of LLINs on An. gambiae s.l. populations from different localities surveyed from north to south in Benin. The new-generation LLINs with pyrethroids and PBO (PermaNet 3.0 and Olyset Plus) showed higher efficacy than conventional LLINs (PermaNet 2.0, LifeNet and Olyset net). However, the strong resistance of local vectors to permethrin suggests that the combination of deltamethrin + PBO is the most appropriate strategy against local vectors in Benin. Although the addition of PBO (targeting many biochemical mechanisms of resistance) significantly increased the mortality of mosquitoes, the significantly high role of the kdr resistance gene in the low efficacy of LLINs calls for LLIN technology innovation that specifically targets this mechanism.
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MA, VG and MCA designed the study, supervised laboratory work, analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. BY, RA, FA and BA conducted field collections, laboratory tests and contributed in the writing of the manuscript. AH and GGP helped in the study design and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank CREC personnel for their technical assistance and collaboration.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
Data collected during this study are included in the published article and its additional files.
This work is supported by Faculty of Letters, Arts and Human Sciences of the University of Abomey-Calavi.
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Allossogbe, M., Gnanguenon, V., Yovogan, B. et al. WHO cone bio-assays of classical and new-generation long-lasting insecticidal nets call for innovative insecticides targeting the knock-down resistance mechanism in Benin. Malar J 16, 77 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1727-x
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As part of the Arctic Indigenous diet, Inuit fermented foods are all animal-sourced, even the ones made from plants. From the stomach content of the caribou to the seabirds in sealskins, this short seminar introduces Inuit fermented foods illustrating how these rare foods present us with an opportunity to appreciate the diversity of dishes and flavors that might come from an entirely animal-sourced diet. Aviaja Hauptmann, who is an Inuk microbiologist, will discuss the role that Inuit fermentation has played and has the potential to play in the future.
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A person’s character depicts his past actions and whether the person has led a good or a bad life. Even in our day to day live character of people plays an important part as the action and reaction of people is dependent upon the assumption how the other person is going to behave. The Indian law is silent when it comes to defining the word ‘character’, but takes into consideration, a person’s character as evidence in certain situations. There is relevance of character in civil and criminal cases.
In almost all the jurisdiction character has been taken as a relevant evidence under certain circumstances. Character of any person is divided into two types- Reputation and Disposition. Indian law states the conditions as to character when relevant under evidence act. In the context of using character as an evidence there are two important question that needs to interpreted as per the Indian Evidence Act. These two questions are-
To understand and two answer these questions one can consult the top criminal defense lawyers.
Section 52 to 55 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 deals with the character as evidence and relevance of character evidence. Thus to understand the relevance of character Indian Evidence Act one has to study the important sections of Indian Evidence Act which are Section 52 to 55 of the Act. Explanation to Section 55 of evidence act states that the word ‘character’ includes disposition along with reputation of a person. Disposition has been defined as what a person actually is i.e. all the acquired and inherited traits which sums up a person’s individuality. On the other hand, reputation means the society’s opinion regarding what a person’s traits must be. Reputation is the primary measure to prove a person’s character. Both civil and criminal law in India take regard of character as evidence as per the Evidence Act in India.
When it comes to admissibility of evidence under Indian Evidence Act , it can be done only under 2 circumstances:
To prove the existence of character as one of the facts of the case. This is also known as a character as a fact in issue in Indian Evidence Act. Here, the character is a disputed fact and its existence has to be proved by evidence.
To prove the existence of character as circumstantial evidence under Indian Evidence Act for proving another fact in the case. Here, the character is offered as an evidence to infer some other facts.
When the character of a person is the fact in issue, it may be used in both civil and criminal cases. However, when the character is used as circumstantial evidence, then it is allowed in only criminal cases and some special circumstances in civil cases.
As the character is a very indefinite and individualistic aspect, any conclusions drawn on its basis about the liability of a person. The general rule is that a person’s character is irrelevant when it comes to establishing their guilt. However, there are certain circumstances given under Section 52-55 of the Indian Evidence Act in which a character is considered as relevant in civil and criminal cases.
Section 52 of the Indian Evidence Act talks about relevancy of character in civil cases and lays down that in civil cases, evidence of a person’s character cannot be given to show that the person’s conduct is predictable or not. This means that a person cannot show his good character as evidence to prove that they would not have said or done something. Likewise, a person’s previous bad character cannot be used as an evidence that they have done or said something with regards to the civil case.
However, the law also states that a relevant fact cannot be ignored as an evidence only because it indirectly highlights a person’s character. Section 54 of the Indian Evidence Act lays down that the previous bad character of a person is irrelevant except when it is used in a reply. For instance, in case of cruelty as a ground for divorce, the cruel nature of the spouse can be used as an evidence of their previous bad character.
Another exception is given under Section 55 of the Indian Evidence Act which permits a person’s character to be considered important to determine the amount of compensation claimed. This is primarily used in defamation cases when a person causes injury to another’s reputation and damages are calculated on the basis of the person’s character.
When it comes to criminal cases characters, Section 53 of the Indian Evidence Act states that a fact that the person accused is of a good character is relevant, whereas under Section 54 of evidence act the fact that the accused is of a bad character is irrelevant. Every accused has a right to show that they are a person of good character. Additionally, the evidence that a person is of bad character is also admissible. Such evidence, however, is only admissible in form of a reply and not as a fact.
Difference between evidence of character in civil and criminal case -
Relevance of character in civil and criminal cases can be taken is the character of the person is per se if the question regarding the character is a fact in issue in the matter in which character evidence is needed. Thus a character can be admissible in the court depending upon the relevancy of facts under evidence act. However, when the character is to be used as a circumstantial evidence in Indian Evidence Act then it can be admissible only in criminal case and in civil case can be admissible only in certain specific conditions and circumstances only. It has also been clearly stated in the Section 52 of the Indian Evidence Act that to take previous conduct as an evidence in civil case is irrelevant unless from the other material facts of the case it is noted that the character as an evidence is relevant in the particular case.
Reason as to why character as an evidence is accepted only in criminal case without any restriction is because the civil cases which deal with contracts, promissory note do not involve the moral conduct of a person and thus previous conduct as an evidence is not relevant but civil cases such as cruelty, assault or negligence good or bad conduct of person becomes relevant. Thus, character as an evidence in civil cases is relevant only under specific circumstances.
Relevancy of character when applicable -
- When the character of any party is a fact in issue
- Character of any party becomes relevant because of the facts of the case and it is required that character is needed as an circumstantial evidence.
Whether character evidence is a fact in issue or not will depend upon the facts of each case and will be seen relevant depending upon case to case basis. Such as in cases of defamation character is of the prime importance as the person filing the case or the person being defamed alleges that the other person has maligned his/her image, reputation or character in public. For instance, in the case of B. Vasanthi vs Bakthavatchalu where the issue involved was the custody of minor child between the divorced parents.
In this case it was alleged by the wife that husband had illicit affairs with women which he used to bring home also and was a habitual drinker. She further said that he discontinued the education of their daughter, denying the allegations husband contended that wife’s influence is bad on child as she threatens to commit suicide in front of the child, has relation with other men and instead of sending daughter to school she makes her deliver letter to these men. Thus, in this case character of both husband and wife becomes relevant and it became a fact in issue so as to decide in whose custody lies the best interest of child.
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (January 2021)
Itapuca is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
It is located at 28º53'43" S latitude and 52º02'12" W longitude, with an altitude of 660 meters above sea level. Its population in 2020 was estimated at 2,065 inhabitants. It has a surface area of 184.48 km². | <urn:uuid:5a010774-3a0d-41bd-9717-c84d94635291> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itapuca | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.923562 | 102 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Find where you can get a free flu vaccine.
Getting a flu vaccine is more important than ever to protect yourself, your family and your community from the flu. A flu vaccine this season can also help reduce the burden on our healthcare systems responding to the COVID-19 pandemic and save medical resources for care of COVID-19 patients.
The more people vaccinated; the more people protected. Do your part. Get a flu vaccine!
Clean Hands Saves Lives FlyerCover your Cough-Handwashing
We encourage everyone to contact their primary healthcare provider or local pharmacy or retailer to receive the seasonal flu vaccine. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) encourages individuals to get vaccinated. This is especially true for pregnant women, children, young adults, caretakers of infants, and health care workers. Because seasonal flu viruses change every year, the vaccine is updated annually. So even if you or your children got a flu vaccine last year, you both still need to get a flu vaccine this season to remain protected.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers recommendations found here.
The Texas Vaccines for Children program provides no-cost vaccines to eligible children 18 years old and younger. Clinics participating in the Texas Vaccines for Children program may be located here.
Early detection and early response are key to preventing the spread of any disease.
Makes sense, but how are disease outbreaks detected in real time?
Letting individuals report symptoms in real-time can complement traditional tracking while providing useful information directly to the public. While important systems exist for reporting and tracking disease, they’re not perfect, missing those who don’t go to the doctor, and a bit slow because it takes time for reports to be collected and sent to health departments.
Flu Near You relies on voluntary participation from the general public, asking you to take a few seconds each week to report if you or your family members have been healthy or sick.
Thousands of reports are analyzed and mapped to generate local and national views of influenza-like illness, providing public health officials and researchers with real-time, anonymous information that could help prevent the next pandemic.
With your help, we can all see what’s coming and - better still- you have the knowledge to protect yourself and your family against disease. Visit FluNearYou.org or download the mobile app for Android or iOS. #FluNearYou
Access the latest reports on influenza in the U.S., including Texas and El Paso, TX by visiting the CDC FluView. This series of dynamic visualizations allow any Internet user to access influenza information collected by CDC’s monitoring systems.
Influenza surveillance data from the 1997-1998 through current season from the U.S. World Health Organization (WHO) and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) collaborating laboratories and U.S. Outpatient Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network (ILINet) can be accessed through the FluView Interactive website.
FLU ON CALL Project Description | <urn:uuid:c6fcec57-2e93-483a-8d6d-a652b3b471bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.elpasotexas.gov/public-health/services/flu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.904721 | 633 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This is a very common affection among infants. The nose becomes obstructed, so as to render it necessary for them to breathe in a measure through the mouth, hence they are obliged, when nursing, to relinquish the nipple frequently, in order to get breath.
Nux-v. will frequently be all that is required, especially where there is obstruction of the nose with dryness.
Three globules, or a powder may be placed on the tongue, morning, noon and night.
Three globules, or one drop in a glass of water, ateaspoon-ful at a dose may be taken once in four or six hours, until better, unless one of the followiug remedies is indicated.
Same as Sambucus.
A little tallow applied with the finger to the bridge of the nose will often produce relief. | <urn:uuid:527d75a5-1a6d-4ce1-851b-91e081912fa5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Homoeopathic-Domestic-Practice/Cold-In-The-Head-Snuffles-Coryza.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956559 | 179 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Enforcing and Communicating Policies
- A leader should be able to take personal responsibility for his/her followers' performance and actions by enforcing policies which encourage high performance.
- The key is knowing when and how to communicate them because the workplace is constantly changing, as well as changing policies and procedures. Regularly communicating your policies and procedures means that workers are informed and on track.
A leader needs to take personal responsibility for the performance and actions of followers by enforcing policies that encourage high follower performance. By enforcing policies, leaders communicate what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior (Lawler & Rhode, 1976) and establish standards for performance (Manz, 1986).
Communicating workplace policies is important not only because it allows employees to understand the rules but also because written clarification of those rules makes it easier to implement them if appropriate. There are however advantages and disadvantages of verbally communicating job policies or setting them in writing.
The following are just a few issues you should consider when determining the best way to ensure employees understand conduct standards in your workplace:
- When to communicate work policies. Before they have the chance to break them, you will need to make sure your employees are aware of the rules, and you will want to send regular reminders too. When you hire your first employee, for example, chances are the process of orientation will be pretty informal. You may just want to explain to your employee what behavioral standards you expect.
- Oral communication of work policies. It's hard to capture a discussion. Be confident you've come away from it in agreement with both sides. Oral communication is usually best for very small businesses, where employers and employees need a great deal of freedom to communicate with each other.
When you want to meet verbally, just make sure you've scheduled plenty of time with the person to go over the policies. This would generally happen when the employee is recruited first. Make a list of the policies and rules you want the employee to follow so you don't miss any of them. Explain why you need to take the time to explain your standards and expectations to the employee.
- Written communication of work policies. Some people don't like writing things out because they believe it ties them to a commitment they don't want to hang on to. And, in truth, they're right in many instances. On the other hand, there are several benefits of placing the rules and standards of in writing.
They're formalized and you can make sure all staff get the same details. When an individual makes an infraction, you should apply the policy. If you don't have any written policies, you would have to rely on your memory to explain them. You can document that all employees know the work rules because you can make sure they sign a receipt after getting a copy of the rules.
However you chose to do it, you need to make sure you have consistency. Workplace policies must be regularly followed to minimize vulnerability to claims of discrimination and increase becoming a part of the culture of a company. A policy cannot be extended to one person, changed for another or responded to in specific situations only. To reach this level of consistency, employees, managers and executives must all demonstrate the same dedication to organizational compliance implementation.
- Lawler, E. E., & Rhode, J. G. (1976). Information and control in organizations. New York, NY: Goodyear Pub. Co.
- Manz, C. C. (1986). Self-Leadership: Toward an Expanded Theory of Self-Influence Processes in Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 11, 585–600.
Here at Lead Read Today, we endeavor to take an objective (rational, scientific) approach to analyzing leaders and leadership. All opinion pieces will be reviewed for appropriateness, and the opinions shared are solely of the author and not representative of The Ohio State University or any of its affiliates. | <urn:uuid:90755302-aa61-48c2-861a-64d904b6df40> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fisher.osu.edu/blogs/leadreadtoday/blog/enforcing-and-communicating-policies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952524 | 799 | 2.21875 | 2 |
The poet.A cow hung from the tree outside my grandparents’ window. It swayed without skin. Raw. I knew how this must feel. To be without skin. My mother told her parents that my father had left.
They say when you lose one of your senses, the others become stronger. It was not one of the five, but I had lost my sense of comfort, and all the others were working in overdrive. I could hear the flies buzzing, the tears falling. The gray clouds were palpable. The slightly forever over-cooked pans on my grandma’s stove wafted in the thick air. I stared at the cow. I stared at my grandfather. Back and forth, as if to ask if this was my mother’s fate. My grandfather said very little, ever. So when he did, you listened. “No,” he said, “this will not break your mother.” He found the words. The ones I needed.
Today we are living without hugs. Without touching. Displays of comfort hover somewhere in between six feet of social distancing. We need to find the words to take their place. We need to find the words that hold and gather. The words that offer the “there, there.” The words that fall into each other’s arms with laughter. The words that smile and hold and forgive and offer hope. We have the words. Let’s use them.
Adrienne Rich writes, “It is always what is under pressure in us, especially under pressure of concealment–that explodes in poetry.”
Let yourself explode today – offer the words of kindness and strength. You are the poet. Find the words. | <urn:uuid:ce69ec49-e221-4afe-b5b3-a0a967534e0d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jodihillsblog.com/2021/02/20/the-poet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.976196 | 359 | 1.804688 | 2 |
The Spruce View Skating Club provides different levels of skating through Skate Canada.
PreSkate (3+ years)
A 30 minute non-parented class for children ages 3 and up who have not had any significant time on skates. It is designed to introduce children to the ice and help them become comfortable. This program teaches children the basics of how to get up when they fall down, how to move forward, basic backward movement and how to stop. Music, toys and games are used to help children feel ready to take the next step.
A 1 hour lesson designed for those children ages 5 and up who can work independently within a group lesson. A comprehensive series of balance, control and agility skills designed to prepare skaters for all ice sports requiring skates, as well as recreational skating.
The level to develop fundamental figure skating skills in the areas of ice dance, skills, free skate and artistic skating.
A registration night is held in September for new members.
A themed carnival is held in March to showcase to the public what our skaters have learned at the end of the season.
Public Skating is available Friday nights at 6:00 p.m. for Ag Society members. Helmets are required.
President: Whitney Quartly
Vice President: Janine Seymour
Treasurer: Lindsay Stoyberg
Secretary: Suzie Sveinson | <urn:uuid:11dab920-a247-4161-ae8f-29ba5946ac80> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.spruceviewag.com/spruce-view-skating-club | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.946785 | 292 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Four Reasons to Believe in Jesus: A Reply to Richard Carrier
EDITOR'S NOTE: Today ends our four-part series on the historical evidence for Jesus. Popular atheist writer Richard Carrier began Monday with an article titled "Questioning the Historicity of Jesus". On Tuesday, Catholic writer Jimmy Akin responded with his piece, "Jesus Did Exist". Next, Richard offered a post titled “Defending Mythicism: A New Approach to Christian Origins". Finally today, Trent Horn provides a rejoinder.
I’d like to thank Dr. Carrier for responding to my article “Four Reasons I Believe Jesus Really Existed”. I’ve followed his work for quite a while and recommend that defenders of the view that Jesus never existed take heed of his advice (especially his rejection of mythicist arguments made in the vein of videos like Zeitgeist).
I’m sure he will agree that the debate over Jesus’ existence is an intricate affair that can’t be settled in a short blog post, but I’d like to comment on some points he raised in response to my original post which gave four reasons for why I believe in the historical Jesus.
4. It is the mainstream position in academia.
Like Aquinas, I agree that appeal to authority is the weakest of logical arguments (or, “so says Boethius”). However, mythicists who are not as well-read as Dr. Carrier may think that contemporary scholarship is legitimately divided on this issue, a misconception I wanted to make sure was cleared up before advancing my main arguments.
It is true that merely holding a fringe view does not mean that Dr. Carrier is automatically mistaken. It only means that he must put forward substantial evidence in order to defend a claim that nearly every other scholar in the relevant field, including fellow skeptics, have not found convincing. Or, as he is fond of saying in other contexts, “Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.”
Dr. Carrier also points out that scholars do not have a unified consensus of who the historical Jesus was (i.e. cynic sage, prophet, revolutionary, etc.) and he says this counts against the mainstream position. But I don’t see why this disagreement should cause us to doubt there was at least a Jesus who scholars now study. There are many figures in history whose motives or deeds are hotly debated by scholars, but that debate is rarely used as evidence that those people never existed.
3. Jesus’ existence is confirmed by extra-biblical sources.
Dr. Carrier dismisses the references made by Josephus and Tacitus as being unreliable. Unfortunately, Dr. Carrier provided no reason in his response to think the references in Josephus are unreliable. He merely referenced his own article on the subject that is published in the December 2012 issue of the Journal of Early Christian Studies in his response to Jimmy Akin. As a result, I will stand behind the scholarly consensus that Josephus is at least partially authentic and wait to see how fellow Josephus scholars interact with Dr. Carrier’s paper on the subject.
In regards to these accounts being independent of the Christian tradition I will simply say that Tacitus’ disdain for Christians and his reputation as a careful historian, as well as Josephus’ intimate knowledge of Galilee after Jesus’ death, both bode well for their ability to vouch for the events they describe.
2. The Early Church Fathers don’t describe the mythicist heresy.
Dr. Carrier said that we simply don’t have enough information about what heresies existed in the early Church to know what happened to the mythicists. But this still does not explain the problem I raised. It seems incredibly unlikely that early gnostic heresies about Jesus being God disguised in human form could plague the Church for centuries but the mythicist “Gospel” preached by Peter and the other real founders of Christianity could simply disappear into thin air in the span of one generation, a length of time where those who knew the apostles could object that the events described in the Gospels never happened.
Dr. Carrier claims that even in the face of this silence there are “hints” pointing to the ancient mythicist believers. He cites 2 Peter 1:19 where the author says Christians did not follow “cleverly devised myths,” but this passage makes no reference to any particular myth or particular groups of people promoting a Jesus myth, so it could just be a general statement about the historical value of the Christian faith. Dr. Carrier also mentions The Ascension of Isaiah which features prominently in the writings of fellow mythicist Earl Doherty. However, the liberal Christian blogger James McGrath provides an excellent summary of why this apocryphal book does not support the mythicist thesis.
1. St. Paul knew the disciples of Jesus.
According to Dr. Carrier, Paul only knew apostles, or the deluded followers of a celestial Jesus who were “sent” to preach the Gospel after learning about it through a series of visions. Paul allegedly never describes interactions with people who were the disciples of an earthly Jesus. Of course, even if Paul did describe Jesus “discipling” the apostles, how could someone prove these “interactions” were not mere spiritual visions? If Paul’s descriptions of Christ’s death and resurrection could take place in the “lower heavens,” then why couldn’t these events take place there as well?
Dr. Carrier also replies to my argument that Paul is giving a biological reference about the apostle James when Paul mentions James as “the brother of the Lord” in Galatians 1:19. Carrier claims that Paul could be referring to James as a “spiritual brother” of the Lord and writes:
"All baptized Christians were the adopted “sons of God” (Romans 6:3-10) and thus were only “brothers” because they were brothers of their common Lord (Romans 8.15-29, 9.26; Galatians 3.26-29, 4.4-7). We cannot tell from his letters themselves whether Paul means brother of the Lord by adoption, or brother of the Lord biologically."
I’m curious that Dr. Carrier cites Galatians 4:4 as evidence that Paul viewed all believers as Christ’s spiritual brothers when the context clearly states that believers become adopted sons of God (or “brothers”) precisely because, as Galatians 4:4 says, God sent his son “born of a woman, born under the law” to redeem mankind. This seems to be strong evidence that Paul saw Jesus as a “God-man” who became a man like we all did, by being born. Paul did not view Jesus as some kind of non-human cosmic savior figure.
Dr. Carrier is correct that other people did refer to themselves as having a kind of brotherly relationship with Jesus. In Ephesians 6:21 Tychicus describes himself as “the dear brother and faithful servant in the Lord” and in 1 Corinthians 6:5-6 Paul refers to any believer as a “brother” in Christ. But it is very different to be a brother in someone, as in the spiritual sense that we’re all brothers “in the Lord,” and being the brother of the Lord. In Galatians 1:19 Paul says, “I saw none of the other apostles except James the Lord's brother” or in Greek, “ouk eidon ei me Iakobon ton adelphon tou kyriou.” The use of the genitive case for tou kyriou signifies that the corresponding English preposition is “of” the Lord, as opposed to “in” the Lord.
Another point in favor of this being a biological title is that Paul does not say Peter is a “brother of the Lord,” only James. This doesn’t make sense under the spiritual view since both men would have a claim to that title (Peter even more so as chief of the apostles). The biological view would make sense and be an easy way to identify James and not confuse him with James the son of Zebedee (another apostle) or James the son of Alphaeus.
Finally, Dr. Carrier says that we can’t conclusively prove Paul is referring to biological brothers of Jesus. That may be true, but I doubt that any of the arguments put forward in defense of the mythicist thesis could meet the standard of “conclusive proof.” The better standard to use is what is most probable, and I think a biological reading of the passage meets that standard.
While I disagree with Dr. Carrier’s conclusion I look forward to reading his upcoming book on the subject and hope that future posts at Strange Notions will be able to explore other facets related to the Jesus myth debate.
Note: Our goal is to cultivate serious and respectful dialogue. While it's OK to disagree—even encouraged!—any snarky, offensive, or off-topic comments will be deleted. Before commenting please read the Commenting Rules and Tips. If you're having trouble commenting, read the Commenting Instructions. | <urn:uuid:6d3a7e4f-7389-4d66-bbbf-6f8536bf05f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://strangenotions.com/four-reasons-to-believe-in-jesus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.95987 | 1,940 | 1.9375 | 2 |
The diagnosis of acute diverticulitis can usually be made on the basis of the history and physical examination. Laboratory testing may be helpful when the diagnosis is in question. A hemogram may reveal leukocytosis and a left shift, indicating infection. However, the absence of leukocytosis does not rule out diverticulitis. This is particularly true in patients who are immunocompromised, older, and have less severe disease.
If a colovesical fistula is suspected, a urinalysis may reveal red or white blood cells. However, inflammation and infection due to diverticulitis adjacent to the ureters or the bladder may be the source of these cells. Urine culture results may confirm sterile pyuria due to inflammation versus polymicrobial infection in the case of a fistula.
Although the diagnosis of diverticulitis can be made on clinical grounds, a CT scan of the abdomen is considered the best imaging method to confirm the diagnosis. CT scans are preferred over intraluminal examinations (eg, barium enema) because the bulk of the inflammation is extraluminal. CT scans can help clinicians assess disease severity, the presence of complications, and clinical staging. Possible CT scan findings include pericolic fat stranding due to inflammation, colonic diverticula, bowel wall thickening, soft tissue inflammatory masses, phlegmon, and abscesses. Peritonitis, fistula formation, and obstruction can also be assessed. In addition, CT scanning can be used to guide percutaneous drainage of an abscess.
Barium contrast enema is not the imaging modality of choice during an acute episode of abdominal pain. It should only be considered in mild to moderate, uncomplicated cases of diverticulitis when the diagnosis is in doubt or for follow-up evaluation for a suspected fistula.
Medscape © 2020 WebMD, LLC
Any views expressed above are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect the views of WebMD or Medscape.
Cite this: B.S. Anand. Fast Five Quiz: Diverticulitis and Diverticulosis - Medscape - Jul 01, 2020. | <urn:uuid:8ade7dd6-6cb1-44c9-b679-ede4b4b7ab0c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://reference.staging.medscape.com/viewarticle/932900_5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.88615 | 451 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This article is about the capital of Mexico.
For other uses, see Mexico City (disambiguation).
Ciudad de México (Spanish)
|Mayor||National_Regeneration_Movement Claudia Sheinbaum|
|Capital city||1,485 km (573 sq mi)|
|Elevation||2,240 m (7,350 ft)|
|Highest elevation (Ajusco)||3,930 m (12,890 ft)|
|Density||6,000/km (16,000/sq mi)|
|Time zone||UTC−06:00 (CST)|
|Summer (DST)||UTC−05:00 (CDT)|
|ISO 3166 code||MX-CMX|
|Patron Saint||Philip of Jesus (Spanish: San Felipe de Jesús)|
|HDI||0.827 Very High|
|GDP (Nominal)||$266 billion|
|UNESCO World Heritage Site|
|Official name||Historic center of Mexico City, Xochimilco and Central University City Campus of the UNAM|
|Criteria||i, ii, iii, iv, v|
|Designated||1987, 2007 (11th, 31st sessions)|
|Region||Latin America and the Caribbean|
Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México, locally [sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈmexiko (listen); abbreviated as CDMX; Nahuatl languages: Āltepētl Mēxihco) is the capital and largest city of Mexico and the most-populous city in North America.
Mexico City is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world.
The city has 16 subdivisions, formerly known as boroughs.
The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people, with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers (573 sq mi).
According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million, which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere (behind São Paulo, Brazil), the eleventh-largest agglomeration (2017), and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world.
The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's GDP, and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP.
The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards.
In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585, it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City).
Mexico City was the political, administrative, and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire.
After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were finally given the right to elect both a head of government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by election in 1997.
On 29 January 2016, it ceased to be the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.)
and is now officially known as Ciudad de México (or CDMX), with a greater degree of autonomy.
A clause in the Constitution of Mexico, however, prevents it from becoming a state within the Mexican federation, as it is the seat of power in the country, unless the capital of the country were to be relocated elsewhere.
They were believed to correspond to the lower Cenolithic period (9500–7000 BC).
However, recent studies place the age of the Peñon woman at 12,700 years old, making her one of the oldest human remains discovered in the Americas.
Studies of her mitochondrial DNA suggest she was either of Asian origin, or Caucasian having an appearance like Western Europeans, or Australian.
The latter arrived around the 14th century to settle first on the shores of the lake.
Main article: Mexico-Tenochtitlan
The old Mexica city that is now simply referred to as Tenochtitlan was built on an island in the center of the inland lake system of the Valley of Mexico, which it shared with a smaller city-state called Tlatelolco.
According to legend, the Mexicas' principal god, Huitzilopochtli, indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting a golden eagle perched on a prickly pear devouring a rattlesnake.
Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco and in the Valley of Mexico.
Cortés and his men marched along the causeway leading into the city from Iztapalapa, and the city's ruler, Moctezuma II, greeted the Spaniards; they exchanged gifts, but the camaraderie did not last long.
Cortés put Moctezuma under house arrest, hoping to rule through him.
Tensions increased until, on the night of 30 June 1520 – during a struggle known as "La Noche Triste" – the Aztecs rose up against the Spanish intrusion and managed to capture or drive out the Europeans and their Tlaxcalan allies.
Cortés regrouped at Tlaxcala.
Cortés began a siege of Tenochtitlan in May 1521.
For three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of smallpox brought by the Europeans.
Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and slowly fought their way through the city.
Cuauhtémoc surrendered in August 1521.
The Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest.
Cortés first settled in Coyoacán, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order.
He did not establish a territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown.
The first Spanish viceroy arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later.
By that time, the city had again become a city-state, having power that extended far beyond its borders.
Although the Spanish preserved Tenochtitlan's basic layout, they built Catholic churches over the old Aztec temples and claimed the imperial palaces for themselves.
Tenochtitlan was renamed "Mexico" because the Spanish found the word easier to pronounce.
Growth of colonial Mexico City
See also: List of colonial churches in Mexico City
The city had been the capital of the Aztec empire and in the colonial era, Mexico City became the capital of New Spain.
The Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, the seat of the Archbishopric of New Spain, was constructed on another side of the Zócalo, as was the archbishop's palace, and across from it the building housing the city council or ayuntamiento of the city.
A late seventeenth-century painting of the Zócalo by Cristóbal de Villalpando depicts the main square, which had been the old Aztec ceremonial center.
The existing central place of the Aztecs was effectively and permanently transformed to the ceremonial center and seat of power during the colonial period, and remains to this day in modern Mexico, the central place of the nation.
The rebuilding of the city after the siege of Tenochtitlan was accomplished by the abundant indigenous labor in the surrounding area.
Franciscan friar Toribio de Benavente Motolinia, one of the Twelve Apostles of Mexico who arrived in New Spain in 1524, described the rebuilding of the city as one of the afflictions or plagues of the early period:
Preconquest Tenochtitlan was built in the center of the inland lake system, with the city reachable by canoe and by wide causeways to the mainland.
The causeways were rebuilt under Spanish rule with indigenous labor.
Colonial Spanish cities were constructed on a grid pattern, if no geographical obstacle prevented it.
In Mexico City, the Zócalo (main square) was the central place from which the grid was then built outward.
The Spanish lived in the area closest to the main square in what was known as the traza, in orderly, well laid-out streets.
Indian residences were outside that exclusive zone and houses were haphazardly located.
Spaniards sought to keep Indians separate from Spaniards but since the Zócalo was a center of commerce for Indians, they were a constant presence in the central area, so strict segregation was never enforced.
At intervals Zócalo was where major celebrations took place as well as executions.
It was also the site of two major riots in the seventeenth century, one in 1624, the other in 1692.
The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters.
As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding.
A major labor draft, the desagüe, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding.
Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets.
By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread.
However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.
The 16th century saw a proliferation of churches, many of which can still be seen today in the historic center.
Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of trade.
Unlike Brazil or Peru, Mexico had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds.
Although the Spanish crown tried to completely regulate all commerce in the city, it had only partial success.
The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas.
Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own.
Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it.
In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not.
The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family.
Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes.
The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century.
Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.
The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores"), also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence.
The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later.
After a decade of war, Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on 27 September 1821.
Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.
The Mexican Federal District was established by the new government and by the signing of their new constitution, where the concept of a federal district was adapted from the United States Constitution.
The Battle of Mexico City in the U.S.–Mexican War of 1847
During the 19th century, Mexico City was the center stage of all the political disputes of the country.
It was the imperial capital on two occasions (1821–1823 and 1864–1867), and of two federalist states and two centralist states that followed innumerable coups d'états in the space of half a century before the triumph of the Liberals after the Reform War.
The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war.
The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the Battle of Churubusco on 8 August, where the Saint Patrick's Battalion, which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexicans, fought for the Mexican cause, repelling the American attacks.
After defeating the Saint Patrick's Battalion, the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S.
The invasion culminated with the storming of Chapultepec Castle in the city itself.
During this battle, on 13 September, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle.
Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Niños Héroes (the "Boy Heroes").
The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city.
Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards.
The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.
Porfirian era (1876–1911)
During this time the city developed a modern infrastructure, such as roads, schools, transportation systems and communication systems.
However the regime concentrated resources and wealth into the city while the rest of the country languished in poverty.
Under the rule of Porfirio Díaz, Mexico City experienced a massive transformation.
Díaz's goal was to create a city which could rival the great European cities.
He and his government came to the conclusion that they would use Paris as a model, while still containing remnants of Amerindian and Hispanic elements.
This style of Mexican-French fusion architecture became colloquially known as Porfirian Architecture.
Porfirian architecture became very influenced by Paris' Haussmannization.
During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization.
Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908.
While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue.
Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style.
Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed.
One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution.
Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz.
Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
The capital escaped the worst of the violence of the ten-year conflict of the Mexican Revolution.
The most significant episode of this period for the city was the February 1913 la Decena Trágica ("The Ten Tragic Days"), when forces counter to the elected government of Francisco I. Madero staged a successful coup.
The center of the city was subjected to artillery attacks from the army stronghold of the ciudadela or citadel, with significant civilian casualties and the undermining of confidence in the Madero government.
The two were murdered later while on their way to Lecumberri prison.
Huerta had abandoned the capital and the conquering armies marched in.
20th century to present
The history of the rest of the 20th century to the present focuses on the phenomenal growth of the city and its environmental and political consequences.
In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000.
The city began to grow rapidly westward in the early part of the 20th century and then began to grow upwards in the 1950s, with the Torre Latinoamericana becoming the city's first skyscraper.
The rapid development of Mexico City as a center for modernist architecture was most fully manifested in the mid-1950s construction of the Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, the main campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Designed by the most prestigious architects of the era, including Mario Pani, Eugenio Peschard, and Enrique del Moral, the buildings feature murals by artists Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and José Chávez Morado.
It has since been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The 1968 Olympic Games brought about the construction of large sporting facilities.
In 1969, the Metro system was inaugurated.
Explosive growth in the population of the city started in the 1960s, with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into the neighboring State of Mexico, especially to the north, northwest, and northeast.
Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population more than doubled to nearly 9 million.
In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City.
Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services.
Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems.
With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles.
Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.
The autocratic government that ruled Mexico City since the Revolution was tolerated, mostly because of the continued economic expansion since World War II.
This was the case even though this government could not handle the population and pollution problems adequately.
Nevertheless, discontent and protests began in the 1960s leading to the massacre of an unknown number of protesting students in Tlatelolco.
Three years later, a demonstration in the Maestros avenue, organized by former members of the 1968 student movement, was violently repressed by a paramilitary group called "Los Halcones", composed of gang members and teenagers from many sports clubs who received training in the U.S.
Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America, it proved to be a disaster politically for the one-party government.
The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.
However, the last straw may have been the controversial elections of 1988.
That year, the presidency was set between the P.R.I.
's candidate, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and a coalition of left-wing parties led by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, son of the former president Lázaro Cárdenas.
The counting system "fell" because coincidentally the light went out and suddenly, when it returned, the winning candidate was Salinas, even though Cárdenas had the upper hand.
As a result of the fraudulent election, Cárdenas became a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution.
Cárdenas promised a more democratic government, and his party claimed some victories against crime, pollution, and other major problems.
He resigned in 1999 to run for the presidency.
Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico.
This valley is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico.
It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 meters (16,000 feet).
This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding.
Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.
Mexico City primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco.
Seismic activity is frequent there.
Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century.
Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay.
This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called groundwater-related subsidence.
Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine meters (30 feet) in some areas.
This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the summer.
The lower region of the valley receives less rainfall than the upper regions of the south; the lower boroughs of Iztapalapa, Iztacalco, Venustiano Carranza and the east portion of Gustavo A. Madero are usually drier and warmer than the upper southern boroughs of Tlalpan and Milpa Alta, a mountainous region of pine and oak trees known as the range of Ajusco.
The average annual temperature varies from 12 to 16 °C (54 to 61 °F), depending on the altitude of the borough.
The temperature is rarely below 3 °C (37 °F) or above 30 °C (86 °F).
At the Tacubaya observatory, the lowest temperature ever registered was −4.4 °C (24 °F) on 13 February 1960, and the highest temperature on record was 33.9 °C (93 °F) on 9 May 1998.
Overall precipitation is heavily concentrated in the summer months, and includes dense hail.
Snow falls in the city very rarely, although somewhat more often in nearby mountain tops.
Throughout its history, the Central Valley of Mexico was accustomed to having several snowfalls per decade (including a period between 1878 and 1895 in which every single year—except 1880—recorded snowfalls) mostly lake-effect snow.
Since 1908, snow has only fallen three times, snow on 14 February 1920; snow flurries on 14 March 1940; and on 12 January 1967, when 8 centimetres (3 in) of snow fell on the city, the most on record.
The 1967 snowstorm coincided with the operation of Deep Drainage System that resulted in the total draining of what was left of Lake Texcoco.
After the disappearance of Lake Texcoco, snow has never fallen again over Mexico City.
The weak winds of these systems do not allow for the dispersion, outside the basin, of the air pollutants which are produced by the 50,000 industries and 4 million vehicles operating in and around the metropolitan area.
The area receives about 820 millimeters (32 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from May through October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year.
The area has two main seasons.
The wet humid summer runs from May to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea, the wettest month being July.
The cool sunny winter runs from November to April, when the air is relatively drier, the driest month being December.
This season is subdivided into a cold winter period and a warm spring period.
The cold period spans from November to February, when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry.
The warm period extends from March to May when subtropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain to form.
See also: Water management in Greater Mexico City
Originally much of the valley lay beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes.
These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods.
If approved by the government the project will contribute to the supply of water from natural sources to the Valley of Mexico, the creation of new natural spaces, a great improvement in air quality, and greater population establishment planning.
Further information: Air pollution in Mexico City
By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however, the city has become a model for drastically lowering pollution levels.
The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.
To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides.
When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week.
The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels.
The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of 31 January 1824, and the Federal Constitution of 4 October 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence.
In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located.
This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority.
The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Querétaro.
Due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically.
The choice was official on 18 November 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo.
This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing that state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco.
In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of Mexico City almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion.
(The Mexican–American War had just been fought.)
The last changes to the limits of Mexico City were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos.
By that time, the total number of municipalities within Mexico City was twenty-two.
While Mexico City was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century.
In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District.
Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District.
In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District.
The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.
In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged with the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name but not the autonomous municipality).
From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City.
Since then, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered de facto a synonym of Mexico City.
The lack of a de jure stipulation left a legal vacuum that led to a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept had engulfed the other or if the latter had ceased to exist altogether.
In 1993, the situation was solved by an amendment to the 44th article of the Constitution of Mexico; Mexico City and the Federal District were stated to be the same entity.
The amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District.
On 29 January 2016, Mexico City ceased to be the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.
), and was officially renamed "Ciudad de México" (or "CDMX").
On that date, Mexico City began a transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state.
It will have its own constitution and its legislature, and its delegaciones will now be headed by mayors.
Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as it is the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, or the capital of the country has to be relocated elsewhere.
Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, belongs not to any particular state but to all of them.
Therefore, the president, representing the federation, used to designate the head of government of the national capital (today the head of the government of Mexico City), sometimes called outside Mexico as the "Mayor" of Mexico City.
In the 1980s, the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, and dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake made residents begin to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.
In response to the demands, Mexico City received a greater degree of autonomy, with the 1987 elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno) and the creation of an assembly of representatives.
In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded, and since 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government to Mexico City and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly, which succeeded the previous assembly, by popular vote.
The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas.
In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected to serve until 2012.
The city has a Statute of Government, and as of its ratification on 31 January 2017, a , similar to the states of the Union.
As part of the recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the head of government and approved by the Legislative Assembly.
According to the 44th article of the Mexican Constitution, if the powers of the Union move to another city, Mexico City would become a new state, the "State of the Valley of Mexico", with the new limits set by the Congress of the Union.
Elections and government
In 2012, elections were held for the post of head of government and the representatives of the Legislative Assembly.
Heads of government are elected for a six-year period without the possibility of re-election.
Traditionally, the position has been considered as the second most important executive office in the country.
Mexico City is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by the plurality voting system, locally called "uninominal deputies".
Mexico City, as a whole, is a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives, elected by proportional representation, with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies".
Even though proportionality is supposed to prevent a party from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats.
No party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal.
In the 2006 elections, the PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats.
As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation.
The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:
|National Regeneration Movement||18||4||22|
|Party of the Democratic Revolution / Labour Party / New Alliance Party||14||7||21|
|National Action Party||5||5||10|
|Institutional Revolutionary Party / Ecologist Green Party of Mexico||3||6||9|
|Social Encounter Party||0||2||2|
The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government, as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s, or by laws that were since approved by the Legislative Assembly.
The Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it at the choice of the mother before the 12th week of pregnancy.
In December 2009, the then Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of very few in the world to legalize same-sex marriage.
Boroughs and neighborhoods
For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 16 alcadias, or councils (formerly delegaciones).
While they are not fully equivalent to municipalities, the boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000, their heads of government have been elected directly by plurality (they had been appointed by the Head of Government).
Since Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the city government, not by the boroughs themselves; in the constituent states, such services would be provided by the municipalities.
The boroughs of Mexico City with their 2010 populations are:
The Historic Center, in the borough of Cuauhtémoc, is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoacán and San Ángel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century.
Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class folklore and large flea markets.
West of the Historic Center (Centro Histórico) along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the State of Mexico) Interlomas, which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers, and shopping malls.
Nevertheless, some areas of lower-income colonias are right next to rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe.
The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoacán, San Ángel, and San Jerónimo.
Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south past the World Trade Center and UNAM university toward the Periférico ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space.
East of the center are mostly lower-income areas with some middle-class neighborhoods such as Jardín Balbuena.
Urban sprawl continues further east for many miles into the State of Mexico, including Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl, now increasingly middle class but once full of informal settlements.
Such slums are still found on the eastern edges of the metropolitan area in the Chalco area.
North of the Historic Center, Azcapotzalco and Gustavo A. Madero have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class colonias such as Claveria and Lindavista to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico.
In recent years, much of northern Mexico City's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico.
Northwest of Mexico City itself is Ciudad Satélite, a vast middle-class to upper-middle-class residential and business area.
The Human Development Index report of 2005 shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85), and one with a medium HDI value (almost high).
Benito Juárez borough had the highest HDI of the country (0.9510) followed by Miguel Hidalgo, which came up fourth nationally with an HDI of (0.9189), and Coyoacán was fifth nationally, with an HDI of (0.9169).
In contrast, the boroughs of Xochimilco (172nd), Tláhuac (177th), and Iztapalapa (183rd) presented the lowest HDI values of Mexico City, with values of 0.8481, 0.8473, and 0.8464, respectively, which are still in the global high-HDI range.
The only borough that did not have a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta, which had a "medium" HDI of 0.7984, far below those of all the other boroughs (627th nationally, the rest being in the top 200).
Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was 0.9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of 0.9225 (very high), or (by newer methodology) 0.8307, was Mexico's highest.
Main article: Greater Mexico City
As of 2009, 21,163,226 people live in this urban agglomeration, of which 8,841,916 live in Mexico City proper.
In terms of population, the biggest municipalities that are part of Greater Mexico City (excluding Mexico City proper) are:
- Ecatepec de Morelos (pop. 1,658,806)
- Nezahualcóyotl (pop. 1,109,363)
- Naucalpan (pop. 833,782)
- Tlalnepantla de Baz (pop. 664,160)
- Chimalhuacán (pop. 602,079)
- Cuautitlán Izcalli (pop. 532,973)
- Atizapan de Zaragoza (pop. 489,775)
- Ixtapaluca (pop. 467,630)
The above municipalities are located in the state of Mexico but are part of the Greater Mexico City area.
Approximately 75% (10 million) of the state of México's population live in municipalities that are part of Greater Mexico City's conurbation.
Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country until the late 1980s.
Since then, and through a policy of decentralization in order to reduce the environmental pollutants of the growing conurbation, the annual rate of growth of the agglomeration has decreased, and it is lower than that of the other four largest metropolitan areas (namely Greater Guadalajara, Greater Monterrey, Greater Puebla and Greater Toluca) even though it is still positive.
The net migration rate of Mexico City proper from 1995 to 2000 was negative, which implies that residents are moving to the suburbs of the metropolitan area, or to other states of Mexico.
In addition, some inner suburbs are losing population to outer suburbs, indicating the continuing expansion of Greater Mexico City.
Main article: Law enforcement in Mexico City
The Secretariat of Public Security of Mexico City (Secretaría de Seguridad Pública de la Ciudad de México – SSP) manages a combined force of over 90,000 officers in Mexico City.
The SSP is charged with maintaining public order and safety in the heart of Mexico City.
The historic district is also roamed by tourist police, aiming to orient and serve tourists.
These horse-mounted agents dress in traditional uniforms.
The investigative Judicial Police of Mexico City (Policía Judicial de la Ciudad de México – PJCDMX) is organized under the Office of the Attorney General of Mexico City (the Procuraduría General de Justicia de la Ciudad de México).
The PGJCDMX maintains 16 precincts (delegaciones) with an estimated 3,500 judicial police, 1,100 investigating agents for prosecuting attorneys (agentes del ministerio público), and nearly 1,000 criminology experts or specialists (peritos).
Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime".
Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country.
Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the police force.
Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens.
Since 1997 the prison population has increased by more than 500%.
Political scientist Markus-Michael Müller argues that mostly informal street vendors are hit by these measures.
He sees punishment "related to the growing politicisation of security and crime issues and the resulting criminalisation of the people living at the margins of urban society, in particular those who work in the city's informal economy."
Femicides and violence against women
In 2016, the incidence of femicides was 3.2 per 100 000 inhabitants, the national average being 4.2.
A 2015 city government report found that two of three women over the age of 15 in the capital suffered some form of violence.
In addition to street harassment, one of the places where women in Mexico City live in violence is public transport.
Annually the Metro of Mexico City receives 300 complaints of sexual harassment.
While the violence against women in Mexico City is rising, there is still a large number of incidents of kidnappings and killings that go undetected and unreported due to the corruption in the police department.
Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country, including Hospital Ángeles, Hospital ABC and Médica Sur.
The national public healthcare institution for private-sector employees, IMSS, has its largest facilities in Mexico City—including the National Medical Center and the La Raza Medical Center—and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos.
The IMSS and other public health institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city.
These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others.
The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories.
They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter, which reduces the emissions released.
Trucks must use only liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
It has over 201 km (125 mi) of track and carries over 5 million people every day.
Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during rush hours the crush is so great, that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women.
Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve; it is cleaner than it was in 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year.
Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in Latin America.
The city proper produces 15.8% of the country's gross domestic product.
According to a study conducted by PwC, Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world and the richest in Latin America.
Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world.
Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the service sector (25.3%).
Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of Mexico City in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country.
Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double from 2008 to 2020.
The high spending power of Mexico City inhabitants makes the city attractive for companies offering prestige and luxury goods.
The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized.
He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico, or more commonly to the northern border.
By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city.
When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's Cuauhtémoc borough.
According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.
This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify with a heritage other than Amerindian.
However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of cultural heritage rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due to cultural influence.
In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.
Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico, but since then, its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million.
With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world.
Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization.
The net migration rate of Mexico City from 1995 to 2000 was negative.
Representing around 18.74% of the city's population, indigenous peoples from different areas of Mexico have migrated to the capital in search of better economic opportunities.
Mexico City is also home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from Argentina and Colombia, but also from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras); from Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany and Switzerland, but also from Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Romania), from the Middle East (mainly from Egypt, Lebanon and Syria); and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from China, Japan, Pakistan, India and South Korea).
While no official figures have been reported, population estimates of each of these communities are quite significant.
Mexico City is home to the largest population of U.S.
Americans living outside the United States.
Estimates are as high as 700,000 U.S. Americans living in Mexico City, while in 1999 the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs estimated over 440,000 Americans lived in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.
The majority (82%) of the residents in Mexico City are Roman Catholic, slightly lower than the 2010 census national percentage of 87%, though it has been decreasing over the last decades.
Many other religions and philosophies are also practiced in the city: many different types of Protestant groups, different types of Jewish communities, Buddhist, Islamic and other spiritual and philosophical groups.
There are two Roman Catholic cathedrals in the city, the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral and the Iztapalapa Cathedral, and three former Catholic churches who are now the cathedrals of other rites, the San José de Gracia Cathedral (Anglican church), the Porta Coeli Cathedral (Melkite Greek Catholic church) and the Valvanera Cathedral (Maronite church).
See also: Barrios Mágicos of Mexico City
Mexico City is a destination for many foreign tourists.
Landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constitución (Zócalo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace, ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor ("Major Temple") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another.
(The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables).
The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden Angel of Independence on the wide, elegant avenue Paseo de la Reforma, modeled by the order of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico after the Champs-Élysées in Paris.
Another important avenue is the Avenida de los Insurgentes, which extends 28.8 km (17.9 mi) and is one of the longest single avenues in the world.
Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle, now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology (which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone).
Another piece of architecture is the Palacio de Bellas Artes, a white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below.
The Plaza de las Tres Culturas, in this square are located the College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, that is the first and oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas, and the archaeological site of the city-state of Tlatelolco, and the shrine and Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe are also important sites.
There is a double-decker bus, known as the "Turibus", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed.
In addition, according to the Secretariat of Tourism, the city has about 170 museums—is among the top ten of cities in the world with highest number of museums—over 100 art galleries, and some 30 concert halls, all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year.
It has either the third or fourth-highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and perhaps Toronto.
The house where Leon Trotsky was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán.
In addition, there are several haciendas that are now restaurants, such as the San Ángel Inn, the Hacienda de Tlalpan, Hacienda de Cortés and the Hacienda de los Morales.
Main article: Mexican art
Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the Spanish Empire (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and Spanish West Indies), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of artistic expression.
Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum.
While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico.
Much of the early colonial art stemmed from the codices (Aztec illustrated books), aiming to recover and preserve some Aztec and other Amerindian iconography and history.
From then, artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme.
Directly in front of this building is the Museo Nacional de Arte (Munal) (the National Museum of Art).
During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos (San Carlos Art Academy), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (the National School of Arts) including painting, sculpture and graphic design, one of UNAM's art schools.
Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos (National Museum of San Carlos).
One of the students, José María Velasco, is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century.
Porfirio Díaz's regime sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school.
The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens.
Many of the works of muralists José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros and Diego Rivera are displayed in numerous buildings in the city, most notably at the National Palace and the Palacio de Bellas Artes.
Frida Kahlo, wife of Rivera, with a strong nationalist expression, was also one of the most renowned of Mexican painters.
Her house has become a museum that displays many of her works.
The former home of Rivera muse Dolores Olmedo houses the namesake museum.
The facility is in Xochimilco borough in southern Mexico City and includes several buildings surrounded by sprawling manicured lawns.
It houses a large collection of Rivera and Kahlo paintings and drawings, as well as living Xoloizcuintles (Mexican Hairless Dog).
It also regularly hosts small but important temporary exhibits of classical and modern art (e.g. Venetian Masters and Contemporary New York artists).
During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as Leopoldo Méndez, an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular (Popular Graphics Workshop), designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art.
It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme.
José Luis Cuevas opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics.
Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and contemporary art, and international art.
The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter Rufino Tamayo.
The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown.
The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art.
In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil (Carrillo Gil Museum) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art (Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo – or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect Teodoro González de León, inaugurated in late 2008.
The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in Plaza de Loreto in southern Mexico City.
It is said to have the largest private contemporary art collection in Latin America and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits by leading contemporary artists.
The Museo de San Ildefonso, housed in the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City's historic downtown district is a 17th-century colonnaded palace housing an art museum that regularly hosts world-class exhibits of Mexican and international art.
The National Museum of Art (Museo Nacional de Arte) is also located in a former palace in the historic center.
It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits.
It was here that he accidentally shot his wife.
Most of Mexico City's more than 150 museums can be visited from Tuesday to Sunday from 10 am to 5 pm, although some of them have extended schedules, such as the Museum of Anthropology and History, which is open to 7 pm.
In addition to this, entrance to most museums are free on Sunday.
In some cases a modest fee may be charged.
Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011.
The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide.
Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities.
Music, theater and entertainment
Mexico City is home to a number of orchestras offering season programs.
These include the Mexico City Philharmonic, which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the National Symphony Orchestra, whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of the Fine Arts), a masterpiece of art nouveau and art decó styles; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (OFUNAM), and the Minería Symphony Orchestra, both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualcóyotl, which was the first wrap-around concert hall of the world's western hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976.
There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the Carlos Chávez Youth Symphony, the Cuarteto Latinoamericano, the New World Orchestra (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the National Polytechnical Symphony and the Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra (Orquesta de Cámara de Bellas Artes).
The city is also a leading center of popular culture and music.
There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers.
These include the 10,000-seat National Auditorium that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading performing arts ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts grand opera performances from New York's Metropolitan Opera on giant, high definition screens.
In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media.
Other sites for pop-artist performances include the 3,000-seat Teatro Metropolitan, the 15,000-seat Palacio de los Deportes, and the larger 50,000-seat Foro Sol Stadium, where popular international artists perform on a regular basis.
There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers.
These include the Hard Rock Live, Bataclán, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador and Voilá Acoustique.
Recent additions include the 20,000-seat Arena Ciudad de México, the 3,000-seat Pepsi Center World Trade Center, and the 2,500-seat Auditorio Blackberry.
The Centro Nacional de las Artes (National Center for the Arts has several venues for music, theatre, dance.
UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the University Culture Center) (CCU).
The CCU also houses the National Library, the interactive Universum, Museo de las Ciencias, the Sala Nezahualcóyotl concert hall, several theatres and cinemas, and the new University Museum of Contemporary Art (MUAC).
A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs, known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City.
The Cineteca Nacional (the Mexican Film Library), near the Coyoacán suburb, shows a variety of films, and stages many film festivals, including the annual International Showcase, and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and LGBT-themed films.
Mexico City has a number of IMAX theatres, providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to blockbusters on these large screens.
Once considered plebeian fare, by the 19th century tacos had become a standard of Mexico City's cuisine.
As authorities struggled to tax local taquerias, imposing licensing requirements and penalties, they recorded some details of the types of foods being served by these establishments.
The most frequent reference was for tacos de barbacoa.
There is evidence of some regional specialties being made available for recent migrants; at least two shops were known to serve pozole, a type of stew similar to hominy that is a staple of Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Mexico City is known for having some of the freshest fish and seafood in Mexico's interior.
Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines: restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city, and the city also has several branches of internationally recognized restaurants.
For the 2019 list of World's 50 Best Restaurants as named by the British magazine Restaurant, Mexico City ranked 12th best with the Mexican avant-garde restaurant Pujol (owned by Mexican chef Enrique Olvera).
Also notable is the Basque-Mexican fusion restaurant Biko (run and co-owned by Bruno Oteiza and Mikel Alonso), which placed outside the list at 59th, but in previous years has ranked within the top 50.
Other that has been placed on the list in 2019 is the restaurant Sud 777 at 58th place.
At the other end of the scale are working class pulque bars known as pulquerías, a challenge for tourists to locate and experience.
Mexico City has many modes of public transportation, from the metro (subway) system, to suburban rail, light rail, regular buses, BRT (bus rapid transit), 'pesero' minibuses, and trolleybuses, to bike share.
Main article: Mexico City Metro
The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations.
The metro transports 4.4 million people every day.
It is the 8th busiest metro system in the world, behind Tokyo (10.0 million), Beijing (9.3 million), Shanghai (7.8 million), Seoul (7.3 million), Moscow (6.7 million), Guangzhou (6.2 million), and New York City (4.9 million).
It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 pesos (roughly US$0.27) from 05:00 am to midnight.
Several stations display pre-Columbian artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction.
However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area.
The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were created for the illiterate, a unique system that has become iconic characteristic of Mexico City.
Each icon was developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or geographic references.
A complementary system of icons was used for the Metrobús (BRT) stops.
A suburban rail system, the Tren Suburbano serves the metropolitan area, beyond the reach of the metro, with only one line serving to municipalities such as Tlalnepantla and Cuautitlán Izcalli, but with future lines planned to serve e.g. Chalco and La Paz.
Peseros are typically half-length passenger buses (known as microbús) that sit 22 passengers and stand up to 28.
As of 2007, the approximately 28,000 peseros carried up to 60 percent of the city's passengers.
In August 2016, Mayor Mancera announced that new pesero vehicle and concessions would be eliminated completely unless they were ecologically friendly vehicles, and in October 2011 the city's Secretary of Mobility Héctor Serrano states that by the end of the current administration (2018) there would no longer by any peseros/microbuses circulating at all, and that new full-sized buses would take over the routes.
In 2014, the city launched so-called "Bus Rapid Service", with mid-sized Mercedes-Benz Boxer buses carrying 75–85 passengers painted purple-on-white, replacing 'peseros' on certain groups of routes.
Operation is a concession to the private firms (SAUSA, COTOBUSA, TREPSA) instead of to individual vehicle operators.
City agency Red de Transporte de Pasajeros (RTP), formerly M1, operates various networks of large buses including regular, Ecobús, Circuito Bicentenario, Atenea, Express, school and night routes.
In 2016, more bus routes were added to replace pesero routes.
In 2016, the SVBUS express bus service was launched, with limited stops and utilizing the city's toll roads on the second-level of the Periférico ring road and Supervía Poniente and connecting Toreo/Cuatro Caminos with Santa Fe, San Jerónimo Lídice and Tepepan near Xochimilco in the southeast.
Suburban buses also leave from the city's main intercity bus stations.
Bus rapid transit
As each line opened, the 'pesero' minibuses were removed from each route, in order to reduce pollution and commute times.
As of mid-2017, there were 568 Metrobús buses.
In late 2016 they transported an average of 1.1 million passengers daily.
Trolleybus, light rail, streetcars
Electric transport other than the metro also exists, in the form of several Mexico City trolleybus routes and the Xochimilco Light Rail line, both of which are operated by Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos.
The central area's last streetcar line (tramway, or ) closed in 1979.
Roads and car transport
In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side.
The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north–south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east–west roads.
Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Periférico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla).
A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the segundo piso ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed.
The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east–west from Observatorio to the airport.
There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion.
While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.
Main article: Parking in Mexico City
Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the franeleros a.k.a. "viene vienes" (lit.
"come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park.
Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass.
In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue, 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove.
30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named "ecoParq") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements.
The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.
Main article: EcoBici (Mexico City)
The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city.
This includes North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year.
within 300 meters (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card.
Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclovías (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometers (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line.
The city has four major bus stations (North, South, Observatorio, TAPO), which comprise one of the world's largest transportation agglomerations, with bus service to many cities across the country and international connections.
There are some intercity buses that leave directly from the Mexico City International Airport.
This airport is Latin America's busiest, with daily flights to United States and Canada, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia.
In 2016, the airport handled almost 42 million passengers, about 3.3 million more than the year before.
This traffic exceeds the capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country.
An alternate option is Lic.
Adolfo López Mateos International Airport (IATA Airport Code: TLC) in nearby Toluca, State of Mexico, although due to several airlines' decisions to terminate service to TLC, the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior.
In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Querétaro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México, distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico.
The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network.
In the Plaza de las Tres Culturas is the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco that is recognized for being the first and oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas and the first major school of interpreters and translators in the New World.
The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds.
Three Nobel laureates, several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students.
UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres.
UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006, making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world.
The sprawling main campus of the university, known as Ciudad Universitaria, was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007.
The second largest higher-education institution is the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), which includes among many other relevant centers the Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done.
Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), the National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH), the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM), the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (3 campuses), the Universidad Panamericana (UP), the Universidad La Salle, the Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), the Universidad Anáhuac, Simon Bolivar University (USB), the Alliant International University, the Universidad Iberoamericana, El Colegio de México (Colmex), Escuela Libre de Derecho and the Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica, (CIDE).
In addition, the prestigious University of California maintains a campus known as "Casa de California" in the city.
The Universidad Tecnológica de México is also in Mexico City.
The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as El Colegio de México, funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities).
The city's public high school system is the Instituto de Educación Media Superior de la Ciudad de México (IEMS-DF).
The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy Pérez Tamayo, José Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Soberón Acevedo.
Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.
Best known are the Colegio Alemán (German school with three main campuses), the Liceo Mexicano Japonés (Japanese), the Centro Cultural Coreano en México (Korean), the Lycée Franco-Mexicain (French), the American School, The Westhill Institute (American School), the Edron Academy and the Greengates School (British).
Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods.
Consumers may buy in fixed indoor markets, in mobile markets (tianguis), from street vendors, from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores, in modern supermarkets, in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor, in department stores, in big-box stores, and in modern shopping malls.
In addition, "tianguis" or mobile markets set up shop on streets in many neighborhoods, depending on day of week.
Sundays see the largest number of these markets.
See also: Traditional fixed markets in Mexico
The city's main source of fresh produce is the Central de Abasto.
This in itself is a self-contained mini-city in Iztapalapa borough covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks.
The wholesale market supplies most of the city's "mercados", supermarkets and restaurants, as well as people who come to buy the produce for themselves.
Tons of fresh produce are trucked in from all over Mexico every day.
The principal fish market is known as La Nueva Viga, in the same complex as the Central de Abastos.
The world-renowned market of Tepito occupies 25 blocks, and sells a variety of products.
A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado".
Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one.
These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole.
Main article: Street vendors in Mexico City
Street vendors ply their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at plazas comerciales, where vendors of a certain "theme" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk.
In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.
In the centre of the city informal street vendors are increasingly targeted by laws and prosecution.
The weekly San Felipe de Jesús Tianguis is reported to be the largest in Latin America.
The Historic Center of Mexico City is widely known for specialized, often low-cost retailers.
Certain blocks or streets are dedicated to shops selling a certain type of merchandise, with areas dedicated to over 40 categories such as home appliances, lamps and electricals, closets and bathrooms, housewares, wedding dresses, jukeboxes, printing, office furniture and safes, books, photography, jewelry, and opticians.
The main department stores are also represented downtown.
Supermarkets and neighborhood stores
Many anchor shopping centers that contain smaller shops, services, a food court and sometimes cinemas.
Small "mom-and-pop" corner stores ("abarroterías" or more colloquially as "changarros") abound in all neighborhoods, rich and poor.
These are small shops offering basics such as soft drinks, packaged snacks, canned goods and dairy products.
Parks and recreation
Chapultepec, the city's most iconic public park, has history back to the Aztec emperors who used the area as a retreat.
Other iconic city parks include the Alameda Central historic center, a city park since colonial times and renovated in 2013; Parque México and Parque España in the hip Condesa district; Parque Hundido and Parque de los Venados in Colonia del Valle, and Parque Lincoln in Polanco.
There are many smaller parks throughout the city.
Most are small "squares" occupying two or three square blocks amid residential or commercial districts.
Northwest of the city is a large ecological reserve, the Bosque de Aragón.
Amusement parks include Six Flags México, in Ajusco neighborhood which is the largest in Latin America.
There are numerous seasonal fairs present in the city.
Mexico City has three zoos.
Chapultepec Zoo is located in the first section of Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo.
It was opened in 1924.
Visitors can see about 243 specimens of different species including kangaroos, giant panda, gorillas, caracal, hyena, hippos, jaguar, giraffe, lemur, lion, among others.
Zoo San Juan de Aragon is near the San Juan de Aragon Park in the Gustavo A. Madero.
In this zoo, opened in 1964, there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf.
Other guests are the golden eagle, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, caracara, zebras, African elephant, macaw, hippo, among others.
Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre (11.2 ha) zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan.
It was inaugurated on 2 February 1999.
It has more than 301 specimens of 51 species of wild native or endemic fauna from the area, featuring eagles, ajolotes, coyotes, macaws, bobcats, Mexican wolves, raccoons, mountain lions, teporingos, foxes, white-tailed deer.
|América||Azteca Stadium||Association football||Liga MX|
|UNAM||University Olympic Stadium||Association football||Liga MX|
|Cruz Azul||Azteca Stadium||Association football||Liga MX|
|Diablos Rojos del México||Fray Nano Stadium||Baseball||Mexican League|
|Mayas||Wilfrido Massieu Stadium||American football||Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional|
|Mexicas||Casco de Santo Tomás Arena||American football||Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional|
|Condors||Jesús Martínez "Palillo" Stadium||American football||Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional|
|Capitanes de Ciudad de México||Juan de la Barrera Olympic Gymnasium||Basketball||Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional|
Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium, home to the Mexico national football team and giants América, which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America.
The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara, of Mexico's traditional "Big Four" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings).
The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 Pan American Games, the last after Santiago and São Paulo withdrew.
The ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships were hosted here in 1974 and 1994.
Lucha libre is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country.
The Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez is the main venue for motorsport, and hosts the Formula 1 Mexican Grand Prix since its return to the sport in 2015, the event being held in the past from 1962 to 1970, and again from 1986 to 1992.
Both races were removed from their series' schedules for 2009.
Baseball is another sport played professionally in the city.
Mexico City has some 10 Little Leagues for young baseball players.
The crowd of 103,467 people attending this game was the largest ever for a regular season game in NFL history until 2009.
The city has also hosted several NBA pre-season games and has hosted international basketball's FIBA Americas Championship, along with north-of-the-border Major League Baseball exhibition games at Foro Sol.
This came to fruition on 12 December 2019 when commissioner Silver announced at a press conference in Mexico City Arena that LNBP team, Capitanes de Ciudad de México will be joining the G League in the 2020–21 season on a five-year agreement.
Other sports facilities in Mexico City are the Palacio de los Deportes indoor arena, Francisco Márquez Olympic Swimming Pool, the Hipódromo de Las Américas, the Agustin Melgar Olympic Velodrome, and venues for equestrianism and horse racing, ice hockey, rugby, American-style football, baseball, and basketball.
Courses throughout the city are available as private as well as public venues.
Mexico City is Latin America's leading center for the television, music and film industries.
It is also Mexico's most important for the printed media and book publishing industries.
Leading magazines include Expansión, Proceso, Poder, as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as Vanidades, Quién, Chilango, TV Notas, and local editions of Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest.
It is also a leading center of the advertising industry.
Other local television channels include:
Nicknames and mottos
Mexico City was traditionally known as La Ciudad de los Palacios ("the City of the Palaces"), a nickname attributed to Baron Alexander von Humboldt when visiting the city in the 19th century, who, sending a letter back to Europe, said Mexico City could rival any major city in Europe.
But it was English politician Charles Latrobe who really penned the following: "... look at their works: the moles, aqueducts, churches, roads—and the luxurious City of Palaces which has risen from the clay-builts ruins of Tenochtitlan...", on page 84 of the Letter V of The Rambler in Mexico.
During all the colony the city's motto was "Muy Noble e Insigne, Muy Leal e Imperial" (Very Noble and Distinguished, Very Loyal and Imperial).
During Andrés López Obrador's administration a political slogan was introduced: la Ciudad de la Esperanza ("The City of Hope").
This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname but has faded since the new motto, Capital en Movimiento ("Capital in Movement"), was adopted by the administration headed by Marcelo Ebrard, though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media.
Since 2013, to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns, the abbreviation CDMX has been used (from Ciudad de México), prior to this but recently, the abbreviation was "the DF" (from Distrito Federal de México).
The city is colloquially known as Chilangolandia after the locals' nickname chilangos.
Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to "connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person".
For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in la provincia ("the provinces", the periphery) and many proudly embrace the term chilango.
Residents of Mexico City are more recently called defeños (deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read "De-Efe").
They are formally called capitalinos (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but "[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized".
Twin towns – sister cities
Mexico City is twinned with:
Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities
Mexico City also is a part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities.
- Cuisine of Mexico City
- Gentrification of Mexico City
- Greater Mexico City
- Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
- Largest cities in the Americas
- Metropolitan areas of Mexico
- Outline of Mexico
- World's largest cities
Credits to the contents of this page go to the authors of the corresponding Wikipedia page: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico City. | <urn:uuid:c30f3e1c-3880-48db-a6ff-d793e7a66d68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mediawiki.feverous.co.uk/index.php/Mexico_City | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.94876 | 19,293 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Family: (Parulidae) Wood-Warblers
Preferred Habitat: Woodlands.
Seasonal Occurrence: Common in spring; uncommon in fall.
Profile by Glenn Olsen: Spring migration was underway on an early April morning as those in my warbler identification class walked toward Boy Scout Woods. Just ahead, bright colors flashed as a male Baltimore Oriole flew across the road and into an Australian bottlebrush. I called out for everyone to look at the bottlebrush as more birds flew into it. The shrub looked like a Christmas tree adorned with colorful ornaments of Baltimore Orioles, Orchard Orioles, Tennessee Warblers, and the bright red flowers of the shrub. Both orioles have distinctive color patterns and are easily identified, but the Tennessee Warbler’s color pattern is subtle, and this species often presents identification challenges.
Like many warblers, the Tennessee is most often moving about in a tree or shrub searching for food; and getting a good look is not easy. The overall image is a thin, sharply pointed bill, a small body, short tailed, no streaks, or spectacles and no wing bars on the bird. The gray crown and nape of the male is distinct and contrasts with the olive green to yellow green upperparts of the bird. The entire underparts are off white to gray-white. The male’s facial pattern is a key for me, namely a thin bill, a thin white eyebrow, and a thin gray eyeline with a white to pale grayish face, and gray crown. The female is similar but much paler with less contrasting color and most often has a yellowish tinge of color on the upper breast and throat. I think that the color pattern of the Tennessee most closely resembles some vireos, like the Philadelphia, Red-eyed and Warbling. But a close look at the bill of the Tennessee, that is fine and needle-sharp, eliminates any species of vireo.
We most often see Tennessee Warblers during spring migration, primarily mid to late April, as they head to their breeding grounds in Canada and the northern U.S. So this April take up the challenge of finding, identifying, and enjoying the subtle beauty of a Tennessee Warbler as it passes through.
Comments by Don Verser: Some first fall Tennessee Warblers can have very yellowish underparts and look quite different from spring birds. These can be easy to mistake for Orange-crowned Warblers. Always look at the undertail coverts which should be distinctly white for Tennessee and yellow on Orange-crowned. | <urn:uuid:382e35b2-337f-4049-814f-8e9c3865ec51> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://houstonaudubon.org/birding/gallery/tennessee-warbler.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952137 | 545 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A camera operator uses digital camera equipment to record video footage for motion pictures, television programs, music videos, commercials, news and sporting events.
Often, multiple camera operators work on the same production, each assigned to a different camera. Sometimes, one operator remotely controls several robotic cameras. These approaches allow for capturing the same events from multiple angles.
Camera operators typically work as part of a larger production crew and must coordinate their work with directors, producers, cinematographers, sound and lighting technicians, and production assistants, in order to reflect the project’s creative vision.
On smaller projects, a camera operator may also perform the duties of the video editor, which means that they use computer software to edit the footage they captured.
A camera operator must be familiar with a variety of recording equipment, such as hand-held cameras, robotic cameras, drone cameras, mounting equipment, lighting kits, and audio recording equipment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Film and Video Editors and Camera Operators,
on the Internet at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/media-and-communication/film-and-video-editors-and-camera-operators.htm | <urn:uuid:118bebef-8624-480c-b48d-66cf716db6a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://comstudent.org/camera-operator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.905467 | 256 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization. The goal is to promote policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunities and well-being of all people around the world. The OECD works closely together with governments, policy makers and citizens for a better understanding of economic, social and environmental changes. The OECD serves as a knowledge hub for data and analysis, exchange of experiences and best-practices and sets international standards in a variety of areas.
Based on facts and experiences, the OECD recommends policies to improve people's quality of life. The OECD works with companies within the OECD's Advisory Committee on Business and Industry (BIAC) and with employees representatives within the Advisory Committee of Trade Unions (TUAC). Close contacts are also maintained with other civil society organizations. Common guidelines and shared values are, among others, democracy, rule of law, human rights, the commitment to open and transparent market-economy principles, high standards in the digital economy and the foocus on the well-being of all citizens.
The current focus of the OECD's work covers inter alia:
- Restoring trust in the markets and institutions after COVID-19
- Restoring sound public finances as a basis for future, sustainable economic growth
- Supporting new sources of growth through innovation, green growth strategies and the development of new economies
- Ensuring that people of all ages are empowered to work pro-actively and satisfactorily in the workplaces of the future
- Exploring the benefits but also challenges of the digital transition
- Supporting policies to mitigate and adapt the impact of climate change
Department for OECD, Sustainability: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:a462cd71-dcde-43c4-afe4-bf4f38aea469> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bmaw.gv.at/en/Topics/International/OECD-Coordination.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.914551 | 355 | 2.53125 | 3 |
“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”
Patients with personal or family history of kidney stones are at increased risk for kidney stones in the future. There are a number of key factors that promote kidney stone formation. Addressing these can successfully decrease the frequency of kidney stone recurrence.
[col type=”two-third last”]
Keys to Success:
- – Adequate fluid intake, at least 3 L of fluids a day with the goal of producing at least 2 L of urine daily.
- – Weight loss for patients who are overweight
- – Thorough evaluation of dietary, metabolic and endocrine risk factors. Addressing specific areas identified to be contributing to kidney stone risk.
- Avoidance of salt. Limiting dietary salt intake.
Contrary to popular belief, restriction of calcium is not recommended for most patients as this can counter-intuitively cause kidney stones.
Learn more about Kidney Stones
Dr. Alex Shteynshlyuger is a fellowship trained board certified urologist with expertise in treating kidney stones. If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with renal colic or kidney stones, make an appointment to take advantage of Dr. Shteynshlyuger’s expert advice. | <urn:uuid:f546adbd-a6ce-4259-b809-9522f079a8e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.dralexurology.com/kidney-stones/stone-prevention-recommendations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.912556 | 299 | 2.28125 | 2 |
It is significant that you get to hire the most appropriate online tutors since the advancements that are there in technology has made it possible. Always when you are choosing the most appropriate online tutor it is advocated that you be keen so that you get to locate the most appropriate one that will be significant for you. Besides, it is significant that you get to understand that there are also online tutor apps that can be installed so that you can use to access the services that you want. You have to make sure that you are incorporating the services from online tutors because of the following reasons.
One of the benefits of online tutors is the availability. There are no geography limitations that are involved with the selection of the online tutors. The time is also not an issue that you should get stressed about. Through this you can be sure that you will get the online tutors any time. For this reason, you can do all your activities and access the online tutors when you are free.
The selection is also among the advantages of considering the online tutors. Through the help of the internet a wide range of selection is provided for you. In this case you are allowed to choose the tutor you feel is the best for you. This gives you a wonderful opportunity to select the right online tutor but to get this tutor requires cautiousness during the selection. Making decision in hurry leads people to choosing the tutors that make them regret.
The other benefit is convenience. It is always significant that you get to understand that you will be able to access the online platform or meet your online tutor anytime you want from the comfort of your home. You will be able to use the online tutor freely as you wish as you will be having that freedom.
You will be able to have an access to the online tutor where you can get the right skills that will be significant for you at a reduced cost. You will not get to pay so much for you to have an access to online tutor since it will be less costly for you and you will easily get the best price that is appropriate for you. You will be able to equip yourself with the right skills that are essential for you through the tutoring that will be rendered to you by the online tutor. You should make sure that you are choosing the most appropriate online tutor that will meet your needs and experience lots of benefits. | <urn:uuid:0a7edb83-8b5c-4011-88f5-2f62d9262a01> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://van141.com/2019/01/14/how-i-achieved-maximum-success-with-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.96457 | 474 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Media coverage of a Duke University study on a supposed 6,648 spills in the oil and gas industry left out some crucial information.
Media outlets like BBC News, Seeker, Inside Climate News, and The Daily Kos used the research to claim that fracking was “worse than we thought,” but many of the spills it looked at weren’t of harmful substances at all or never impacted the outside environment. The study identified the spills in Colorado, New Mexico, North Dakota and Pennsylvania across roughly 10 years.
“Context is essential when it comes to studies of this nature, and unfortunately the authors provided little in an effort to generate scary headlines,” Seth Whitehead, a researcher at the pro-industry group Energy In Depth, told The Daily Caller News Foundation. “For example, the largest spill in the report was a freshwater spill. And at least 10 percent of the total volume of spills documented in the report can be attributed to 10 freshwater spills in North Dakota.”
A freshwater spill means that no contaminants, chemicals or anything dangerous was released, and would be comparable to spill tap-water on the ground. The largest spill poured 991,200 gallons of freshwater out in North Dakota. The largest spills by volume were freshwater.
“The authors also fail to note that a vast majority of spills are small and contained on site,” Whitehead said. “Data from North Dakota — where more than two-thirds of the spills in the report occurred — have consistently shown that between 70 and 80 percent of spills have been contained on site and not reached the environment since the Bakken shale boom began. The latest data also show that 58 percent of 2016 North Dakota spills were 10 barrels or less.”
A New York Times database of such spills starting in January of 2006 found that 78 percent were contained on site and never affected the environment.
Additionally, one of the researchers conducting the study, Kate Konschnik, has several anti-fracking ties. Konchnik worked for the green law firm Earthjustice and has served on the executive committee of a local Sierra Club. She also used to work for Rhode Island Democratic Senator Sheldon Whitehouse, who heavily opposed fracking.
“The oil and gas industry is well-regulated and there are systems in place to help prevent spills and deal with any issues should they occur,” Chris Warren, a spokesperson for the Institute for Energy Research, told The Daily Caller News Foundation. “It’s important to remember that resources are valuable and companies have strong market incentives to prevent spills. The data shows that the vast majority of spills are contained to the well pad without impacting the environment.”
Other than these spills, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found no evidence that hydraulic fracturing contaminates groundwater after 5 years of study.
A ban on hydraulic fracturing would kill 14.8 million jobs and cost the average American family $4,000 dollars, according to a report by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
Send tips to andrew@
Content created by The Daily Caller News Foundation is available without charge to any eligible news publisher that can provide a large audience. For licensing opportunities of our original content, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:83f1bcaf-5eb9-4f06-9cfc-7e621f54c6c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dailycaller.com/2017/02/23/media-reports-on-blockbuster-study-of-fracking-spills-fail-to-mention-the-biggest-among-them-were-fresh-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947163 | 669 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Greener neighborhoods may be good for children's brains
Children living in urban greener neighborhoods may have better spatial working memory, according to a British Journal of Educational Psychology study. Spatial working memory is responsible for recording information about one's environment and spatial orientation, and it is strongly inter-related with attentional control.
In the study of 4758 11-year-olds living in urban areas in England, lower quantity of neighborhood greenspace was related to poorer spatial working memory, and this relationship held in both deprived and non-deprived neighborhoods.
"Our findings suggest a positive role of greenspace in cognitive functioning. Spatial working memory is an important cognitive ability that is strongly related with academic achievement in children, particularly mathematics performance," said corresponding author Dr. Eirini Flouri, of University College London. "If the association we established between neighborhood greenspace and children's spatial working memory is causal, then our findings can be used to inform decisions about both education and urban planning." | <urn:uuid:f3b61898-da9e-4595-b2fa-a3edb06d3631> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-09-greener-neighborhoods-good-children-brains.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.955336 | 203 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Lying on gentle hills overlooking the Adriatic Sea, Fossacesia is in the province of Chieti, in the heart of the Costa dei Trabocchi. Its territory develops north of the mouth of the river Sangro, where the coast is particularly jagged with bays and inlets alternating beaches of pebbles and sandy beaches. A rich Mediterranean vegetation is a frame, dotted with broom and sea fennel, with orange groves and olive groves that almost reach the sea. Inhabited already in pre-Roman times by the Frentani family, in the Middle Ages it became a feud of the splendid Cistercian basilica of San Giovanni in Venere that dominates the wide gulf below. The town centre preserves public palaces and noble villas built since 1600. Most of the accommodation facilities are located south of the rocky coast of Punta Cavalluccio, a very beautiful and well-preserved stretch of coast, made even more characteristic by trabocchi. Hiking and mountain-biking routes allow you to immerse yourself in nature and enjoy the tranquility of the places. For sea lovers, the town also offers a landing place for pleasure boats.
Learn more about it: http://fossacesia.gov.it | <urn:uuid:8a584b68-4f96-4dea-8e94-562699cb431b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://abruzzoturismo.it/de/node/9256 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.905435 | 307 | 1.96875 | 2 |
The calendar is a way that reveals the dates, days and every occasion that held during the whole years. That reminds us about all holidays and festival also. Most people at their office, home generally uncover calendar to preparation for any occasions and holidays. It provides elasticity to consider any planning up to that time. The calendar is a perfect answer as occasion planner and it provides additionally good look to wall of your own home or workplace. If you are considering about yr 2012 planning, you need to find 2012 calendar that lets you find out about each occasions, dates, days and any festivals. You’ll really get great experiences with calendars. There are several calendars meet in effectively designs and stunning seems to be. You’ll find additionally calendar with scenic pictures or images. There are precisely hundreds of calendars that go well with to nearly every persona and pursuits. Folks normally search for calendar with pure scenes that gives stunning appearances and attract any one additionally. The attention-grabbing things about calendar are that if you cling it your bedroom, it provides feeling for extra personal.
Calendar 2021 Excel Templates, Printable Pdfs & Images Printable 2021 2021 Depo Calendar – 34130
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Because of a lot demanding of calendar, there are several calendars accessible online in addition to in shops. The net calendar gives flexibility to look days and dates online. If you’re in office and have a PC or laptop computer with web connection, you simply discover calendars and likewise plan for any events and events. You can even think about for conferences with the help of it. It offers safety for any miss-planning. However on-line source is among the finest choices for finding calendar and there are ample shops of calendars that are provided by many services suppliers. The calendars you’ll be able to meet on-line in nice designs and in addition in dynamic. It may be additionally altered as per the folks’s choice. Find calendar for the 12 months 2012 versions which might be simply obtainable on the net. Just obtain it and use it as occasion planner and it’s also possible to give it your personal look.
The yearly calendar helps you to know each occasions and festival of entire year. By reading this it is possible for you to to search out day and dates simultaneously. It lets you discover about which day will fall on following dates. During the 12 months, many occasions and celebrations fall out and you can easily plan for it beforehand. From months January to December, you possibly can easily recognize all dates and days with the calendar of 12 months. You must find such calendar out there in stylish seems and sizes with rich graphics, shade and designs. The calendars are additionally out there in scenic, impressive and enchanting footage.
Free Printable 2021 Yearly Calendars Printable 2021 2021 Depo Calendar – 34124
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These daysPsychology Articles, calendar isn’t just a manner to present information about days but in addition makes use of as personal organizer where you can combine your private and professional schedules. You could download and print out the printable calendar and put it to use as preserve observe of all of the events of your on a regular basis life. The calendars can be found in nice ranges and with properly looking that also impress you simply. The calendars are designed totally by conserving in mind for all holidays and occasions at the degree of nationwide and international. The calendars can be found in both PDF and Phrase format that can easily downloadable. It’s also possible to customize it with own method and provides additionally greatest look in response to your creation. Additionally create your individual calendar with attaching some images that you even captured. Simply use this free calendar supplied by a number of companies after all free of cost and you don’t have to pay any prices for downloading it. You also share these calendars with your friends and close ones. | <urn:uuid:199e7db7-852c-43ef-8664-2f697c405ce0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rancholasvoces.com/printable-2021-2021-depo-calendar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.929541 | 911 | 1.851563 | 2 |
FELA Plaintiffs Must Prove A Genuine and Serious Fear of Cancer
In a win for defendants in general and some asbestos defendants in particular, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a June 1, 2009 per curiam opinion holding that when FELA claimants pursue “fear of cancer” claims, the defendant is entitled to an instruction that the jury must find evidence that the fear is “genuine and serious.” The opinion is titled CSX Transp., Inc. v. Hensley, 556 U.S. _______ (2009). The slip opinion is here. The issue arose because a plaintiff said to have suffered other severe diseases also claimed damages for alleged fear of cancer due to having been diagnosed as having asbestosis.
The win is significant for railroads and others because FELA applies nationally since it is a federal statute. Click here for a Wikipedia article on the history of FELA. | <urn:uuid:5d0f8f51-4aaf-4da1-8dce-44bb787b19a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.globaltort.com/post/fela-plaintiffs-must-prove-a-genuine-and-serious-fear-of-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.957128 | 195 | 1.625 | 2 |
Google has partnered with several tech companies to develop and build OpenTitan, a new, collaborative open-source secure chip design project.
The aim of the new coalition is to build trustworthy chip designs for use in data centers, storage and computer peripherals, which are both open and transparent, allowing anyone to inspect the hardware for security vulnerabilities and backdoors.
It comes at a time when tech giants and governments alike are increasingly aware that hostile nation states are trying to infiltrate and compromise supply chains in an effort to carry out long-term surveillance or espionage.
OpenTitan builds off the success of Google’s own custom-built chip, Titan, which it uses in its multi-factor security keys and its own-brand Android phones. Critical to the chip’s success is its root-of-trust technology, which cryptographically ensures that the chip hasn’t been tampered with. Root-of-trust provides a solid foundation for the operating system and applications running on the chip.
Google said OpenTitan will be run by LowRisc, a nonprofit community, and will rely on partnerships with ETH Zurich, G+D Mobile Security, Nuvoton Technology and Western Digital to support the project.
OpenTitan will be platform-agnostic and can be adapted to almost any device or software, Google said.
It’s not the first project dedicated to building secure chip designs. The Open Compute Project, supported by Facebook, Intel and Google, was created to open-source designs for its core infrastructure servers as part of an effort to gain better efficiencies from data center operations.
Apple also has its own secure — albeit proprietary — custom silicon, the Apple T2, found in its latest MacBooks, which it uses to control a device’s security functions and store the user’s passwords and encryption keys. | <urn:uuid:e70be313-30fe-4f4b-9b41-340d2cb946cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/05/google-opentitan-secure-chip/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.930405 | 380 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Whether you’ve recently started golfing or you have been a pro player for years, having proper knowledge regarding sand trap rules is absolutely crucial.
We have all been put in the difficult position of having to shoot from sand traps; it’s high time we learn a thing or two about them.
Sand traps are a hazard and can get tricky. Moreover, these rules just add to the difficulty, but surprisingly, that’s what makes the game interesting.
In this post from Totally Driven, we will discuss the essential rules every golfer should know about sand traps.
1. You Can’t Touch the Sand With Your Club
With some exceptions, you are generally not allowed to touch the sand with your club, including making a backswing or grounding your stick to take a better shot.
This usually counts as testing the sand, and you are most certainly not allowed to do that in golf.
2. You Can Remove Obstacles
Pine cones are common impediments found in the sand trap, and they can interfere with your shot.
Previously, you were not allowed to remove such obstacles or impediments from the sand traps, but the rules have changed. You are now allowed to remove such impediments under the condition that they do not alter or displace the position of the ball.
3. You Can’t Test the Sand
You are not allowed to test the sand in any way, including using your hands or your fitted clubs, because that would allow you to judge the conditions and take a better shot.
If you try to test the sand through any maneuver, you will be penalized.
4. Unplayable Shots in Sand Traps
Some shots are not playable in the sand trap, meaning the ball is stuck in an unusual position, and you can't take a shot. Hence it would make sense for you to retake the shot.
But even to do that, you must place your ball in the previous position and replay the shot in such situations.
5. You Can Dig in With Your Feet to Form a Stance
You can dig your feet in the sand carefully to form a proper stance to strike the ball out of the bunker. However, it would help if you made sure that the ball is not displaced in any way while doing that.
Get Registered With Us Today!
If you are really passionate about playing golf, we can help you out. At Totally Driven, we have assembled a team of expert coaches and instructors to help you learn golf in the best way possible.
Besides offering personal training and golf lessons, we also help you plan out strategies and plans of attack, all of which can elevate your golf game to the next level.
What are you waiting for then? Schedule a fitting with us today! | <urn:uuid:fc2f973c-653c-4840-93f9-d958184759de> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://totallydriven.com/about-us/blog/entryid/53/5-rules-golfers-need-to-know-about-sand-traps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.954675 | 571 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Three steps to being assertive without being aggressive
Assertiveness comes from being super-confident. Aggressiveness comes from being defensive and arrogant and having a sense of entitlement. No one has the right to abuse or disrespect you in any way; however, some people are so self-centred they are unaware that they are doing something to offend you, some know exactly what they are doing and see you as a soft touch.
By being assertive, you will form strong, more mutually respectful relationships - both professionally and personally - and you will considerably raise your self-confidence.
Golden rules for assertive communication
- Use ‘I’ statements: This is very powerful as it comes from taking responsibility for yourself and speaking merely from your personal point of view and not blaming your feelings, thoughts or opinions on others.
- State facts, not judgements: Always label the behaviour, not the person. e.g It’s not OK for you to be unkind about my appearance.
- Use open body language: Stand or sit straight. Your voice must be calm, gentle and firm. Make direct eye contact.
Now you know the golden rules, here are three steps to help you avoid aggressive communication:
1. Good fences make good neighbours, right?
Good boundaries give you measurable borders and do not allow others to take limitlessly - they are crucial to set and maintain. If you want to learn to stand up for yourself, you need to have boundaries. This will develop your emotional strength and build your confidence. Setting boundaries illustrates that you have self-respect and displays to others that you honour and value yourself.
2. You get to decide
Be clear about what your limits are. Perhaps you don’t approve of someone smoking in your car. Perhaps you feel it is unacceptable for others to use bad language in front of your children. Perhaps you feel that your teen is abusing your house by inviting friends over every night. Perhaps you feel it is not acceptable for your colleague to constantly help herself to your milk in the fridge without asking. Perhaps a colleague keeps dumping extra work on you and assuming you will do it.
3. Turn your thoughts around, turn your world around
If you ever feel you are overreacting, being too sensitive, behaving childishly, being a drama queen or being unreasonable, stop right there as you are not. If someone is being aggressive, manipulative, demanding, rude and arrogant, if they have expectations of you and a sense of entitlement, they don’t contribute financially and aren’t respectful to you, they put you down or jokingly show you up, they have the issue – not you!
Make it happen - Why? It's your time to shine. | <urn:uuid:b5ce33ee-f831-49d9-9b90-e9876f121966> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lifecoach-directory.org.uk/memberarticles/3-steps-to-being-assertive-without-being-agressive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.95823 | 562 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Dall-E Mini, the AI-powered text-to-image generator has taken over the internet. With its ability to render nearly anything your meme-loving heart desires, anyone can make their dreams come true.
DALL-E 2, a portmanteau of Salvador Dali, the surrealist and Wall-E, the Pixar robot, was created by OpenAI and is not widely available; it creates far cleaner imagery and was recently used to launch Cosmpolitan’s first AI-generated cover. The art world has been one of the first industries to truly embrace AI.
The open-sourced miniature version is what’s responsible for the memes. Programmer Boris Dayma wants to make AI more accessible; he built the Dall-E Mini program as part of a competition held by Google and an AI community called Hugging Face.
And with great technology, comes great memes. Typing a short phrase into Dall-E Mini will manifest 9 different amalgamations, theoretically shaping into reality the strange images you’ve conjured. Its popularity leads to too much traffic, often resulting in an error that can be fixed by refreshing the page or trying again later.
If you want to be a part of the creation of AI-powered engines, it all starts with code. CodeAcademy explains that Dall-E Mini is a seq2seq model, “typically used in natural language processing (NLP) for things like translation and conversational modeling.” CodeAcademy’s Text Generation course will teach you how to utilize seq2seq, but they also offer opportunities to learn 14+ coding languages at your own pace.
You can choose the Machine Learning Specialist career path if you want to become a Data Scientist who develops these types of programs, but you can also choose courses by language, subject (what is cybersecurity?) or even skill - build a website with HTML, CSS, and more.
CodeAcademy offers many classes for free as well as a free trial; it’s an invaluable resource for giving people of all experience levels the fundamentals they need to build the world they want to see.
As for Dall-E Mini, while some have opted to create beauty, most have opted for memes. Here are some of the internet’s favorites:
no fuck every other dall-e image ive made this one is the best yet pic.twitter.com/iuFNm4UTUM
— bri (@takoyamas) June 10, 2022
There’s no looking back now, not once you’ve seen Pugachu; artificial intelligence is here to stay.
In A Time Of Climate Anxiety, Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson Is Paving A Hopeful Path Forward
With disasters like metal-melting, marine life-boiling heat waves across the Pacific Northwest, flash floods turning streets into rivers and subway stations into toxic lakes, wildfires in Oregon so intense they filled the New York skyline with a smoky haze. Then there's the ocean surface burning due to oil spills while companies are still trying to force oil pipelines through Indigenous lands. It's been especially difficult these days to feel hope for the future.
In a 2017 study by the American Psychological Association, researchers used the term "eco-anxiety" to describe the mental health impacts of climate change and its social and ecological consequences. Think: fatalism, chronic stress, fear, exhaustion, anger, depressive episodes, even violence. Honestly, how can you not feel that way when you doom-scroll through social media and watch the 24-hour news cycle of climate emergencies happening around the world?
Greta Thunberg, one of the youth movement's biggest voices, has talked about struggling with depression in the early years of her activism. This was brought on by her frustrations with the continued inaction of adults in positions of power. It's no surprise that the doomsday prep and emergency management industry is expected to grow by billions of dollars by 2025.
As much as we'd like to disconnect or look away, climate change and its many intersecting consequences — and the planet-damaging systems that got us into this situation — aren't going away any time soon. How, then, can we move through this collective anxiety we share about the future? How can we come together locally and globally to lessen the blows of environmental change, especially for our most vulnerable communities?
Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson's tireless work as a marine biologist and climate policy advocate should be an example to us all of how to build a path forward together through education and collective action. Maybe you've heard of her, or at least heard of her work: She's written about racism as one of the biggest obstacles to stopping climate change, coastal and ocean conservation efforts across New York City (she's also a board member of the Billion Oyster Project), and how environmental justice is essential to the Black Lives Matter movement.
A co-founder of the coastal cities policy think tank Urban Ocean Lab, Dr. Johnson co-authored the Blue New Deal. This plan was released during Senator Elizabeth Warren's 2020 presidential campaign and would prioritize restoring America's ocean habitats and rebuilding coastal economies and communities impacted by warming oceans, pollution, and overfishing. Dr. Johnson's even discussed being a climate justice advocate with Billie Eilish.
But it's her current role as the co-host of Gimlet Media's podcast How To Save A Planet where Ayana's passion for climate change education and collective empowerment really shines. Episode subjects range from agriculture's greenhouse gas emissions to the history of wildfires and land management. Listeners' questions often take center stage. Think: Is the carbon footprint a helpful tool for measuring our individual action against climate change? Are electric cars really that much better for the environment? Does recycling actually make a difference? No environmental justice-shaped stone is left unturned.
Dr. Johnson, with the help of great guests including farmers, activists, and researchers, reframes these ongoing debates in a way that's refreshingly accessible. Listeners not only learn about topics left out of their science textbooks, but they gain a better understanding of how climate science terms and theories manifest in our day-to-day lives. She also covers what we may experience at our local level to big-picture changes in our regional and global ecologies as well as our economic and political systems.
Through Dr. Johnson's solutions-focused approach, the scary unknowns that tend to paralyze our discussions around climate change—and make us feel like none of our actions even matter—feel a little less scary. Dr. Johnson's intention, throughout this show and through all of her work, really, is not to shame people for not doing enough or fear-monger without offering a course of action. Instead, she engages with everyone, regardless of how much they know and their proximity to the climate movement, to build a better foundation of our environmental understanding, to challenge misinformation, and to inspire us to make change together.
The stories collected in the anthology All We Can Save: Truth, Courage, and Solutions For The Climate Crisis, which Dr. Johnson co-edited alongside Dr. Katharine Wilkinson, are urgent reading. Especially in this perpetual era of environmental calamity wherever we look. Poems about the Anthropocene share pages with stories of climate migration, Indigenous resistance, stories of communities of color fighting against systems of environmental racism, and motherhood during the climate crisis.
The collection uplifts just as much as it educates. Flip through each chapter and you'll find terms defined, statistics and insights marked for your attention, offering accessible entry points into looming threats and ongoing struggles that oftentimes feel beyond our comprehension.
In her chapter on mental health and the climate crisis, climate adaptation researcher Susanne C. Moser notes how "climate grief" has sprung up in many of us. Scholars define this as an attempt to process the traumatic effects of living on a changing planet marred by overwhelming impacts of natural disasters, and forced migration and displacement. But both Moser and Johnson call for resilience as opposed to giving into the fear. As Moser writes, "Burnt-out people are less effective people. Burnt-out people can become sick people...Burnt-out people aren't equipped to serve a burning planet."
We cannot predict the future. Already, climate change has defied our modeling and our expectations, impacting communities across the world in disproportionate ways. It's understandable to avoid thinking about it until the climate crisis ends up at your front door.
Those in power who strive to continually get away with the damage we've done want us to focus on everything that's gone wrong and want us to give up. But now, more than ever, we must educate ourselves, unite, build political power, help enact community-based change, close the gaps and mend the harmful systems that have impacted frontline communities for so long.
Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson's ongoing climate advocacy is a reminder that all hope is not lost. Her work suggests that taking care of our bodies and minds is critical now more than ever.
So take a step back and breathe. Remember to celebrate victories and good news and treat yourself and each other with compassion. Listen to the marginalized communities who have been and continue to be most victimized by this climate emergency. Look to them for guidance and support their fight with the resources and tools you already have. As Dr. Johnson writes, together with Dr. Katherine Wilkinson: "Roll up your sleeves. Everyone has a role to play."
Eleonor Botoman is a critic and poet based in Brooklyn, New York, whose work has appeared in C Magazine, Artforum, Sunlight Press, Interiors Journal, BUST Magazine,The Mantle, and Dream Pop Journal. A former sketchbook librarian, she now studies in NYU's Experimental Humanities program. When she's not reading science fiction or visiting museums, she's working on her newsletter, Screenshot Reliquary. | <urn:uuid:65cf5180-aac4-44a0-9f9c-0319d1264d3c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.libertyproject.com/what-is-eco-anxiety-dr-ayana-elizabeth-johnson-2655784509.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948259 | 2,049 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Inception is an absurdly complicated, clattering contraption of a movie that impresses only in a mechanical, Rube Goldberg–ish way. My intellect had to work so hard to figure out what was happening that my emotions never got engaged. But the flick gives me an excuse to revisit a topic that's fascinated me ever since I had an odd dream more than 40 years ago: I was sitting on a stoop with two pals when suddenly I realized we were in a dream—my dream. When I told my buddies, they mocked me. "Yeah, right! We're not real! We're just in your dream!" I woke up muttering, "I told you." Story of my life.
The Dutch psychiatrist Frederik Willem van Eeden coined the term "lucid dreaming" in 1913, but descriptions of dreams in which you know you're dreaming date back at least to Aristotle. Most people can recall at least one lucid dream, and perhaps one in 10 has them regularly. A half century ago some researchers still insisted that lucid dreaming is a contradiction in terms; if we are aware we are dreaming, we must be at least semiawake.
In the 1970s, however, the psychophysiologist Stephen LaBerge demonstrated the reality of lucid dreams in experiments at Stanford University. (See the discussion of his work in another Inception-inspired article on this site, "How Can You Control Your Dreams?".) LaBerge employed lucid-dreaming adepts that he dubbed "oneironauts," from the Greek words for "dream" and "explorer". Oneironauts learned to signal that they were lucid with prearranged eye movements while an EEG (electroencephalogram) confirmed that they were in the REM (rapid eye movement) stage of sleep, when dreams usually occur. (Eye muscles can be controlled during REM sleep, whereas most other muscles are immobilized.)
LaBerge showed that activities such as counting numbers or having sex evoke similar neural and physiological responses in both the dreaming and waking states—and if your dream self holds its breath, your real self does, too. Moreover, events take about the same time to unfold in lucid dreams as they would in real life. (Inception posits, and some researchers still believe, that dream time is often compressed so that a dream that seems subjectively to take an hour only takes a few seconds.)
LaBerge, whom I interviewed in 1994 for the now-defunct science magazine Omni, has morphed into a somewhat New-Agey promoter. He touts lucid dreams as an all-purpose self-improvement tool that can help us overcome fears, tap into our creative powers, practice a sales pitch or achieve spiritual enlightenment. LaBerge has written a half dozen books on lucid dreaming, and in 1986 he created the Lucidity Institute, which disseminates information and sponsors research and workshops. A workshop in Hawaii this fall will "present instructions on methods of developing the mental skills that foster lucidity and on directing consciousness within both dreaming and waking states towards fulfillment of personal goals."
To his credit, LaBerge offers tips for cultivating lucidity without flying to exotic locales. You will lucid dream more often if you think about dreaming while you're awake. You should also keep asking yourself, "Is this a dream?" And keep an eye out for weirdness: if you are flying or chatting up Lady Gaga, you probably are dreaming. Also, look for text of any kind, because in dreams written words usually look different every time you try to read them.
A technique that LaBerge calls mnemonic induction of lucid dreams, or MILD, involves waking up an hour earlier than usual in the morning, recalling your last dream, and going asleep again while thinking, "The next time I'm dreaming, I want to remember I'm dreaming." Lucid dreams occur most often in the morning just before awakening.
LaBerge has experimented with artificial means for promoting lucidity, including the essential nutrient choline and other substances that supposedly intensify dreams; tapes that whisper, "This is a dream"; vibrators that gently jiggle the bed; and an electronic mask called the NovaDreamer. When an infrared sensor in the mask detects REM-type eye-twitches, the mask emits lights or sounds that, ideally, make the sleeper lucid without completely waking her up.
While doing my article on LaBerge in 1994, I tried his MILD technique and had a few lucid dreams, which were very cool. I haven't had one, or tried to have one, in many years. Too lazy, I suppose. But a couple of things that LaBerge told me have stuck with me.
One is that we are, in a way, always dreaming. That is, our neocortex constantly generates scenes and stories based on neural data available to it. While we are awake, neural data come from sensory perceptions of external phenomena; while we sleep, the data are unconstrained—or only slightly constrained—by external input.
I'm even more haunted by LaBerge's description of an ancient Tibetan Buddhist practice called dream yoga, which involves becoming lucid in and then mastering the content of dreams. Dream yoga can be lots of fun; you can do and be anything—anything!—in your dreams. But its ultimate goal is to realize that reality is a dream, too. Enlightenment, the supreme goal of Buddhists, is a kind of meta-lucidity, in which you wake up from reality.
This idea once appealed to me, but now it strikes me as the most perverse form of escapism. Maybe that's why I didn't like Inception, because it suggests that we're never really awake; we just shuttle from one dream to another. If life is but a dream, I don't want to wake up.
Painting by Albert Joseph Moore, courtesy Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:61ad7915-7e84-477c-8bf9-865e52e1713b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/inception-is-a-clunker-but-lucid-dreaming-is-cool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.962982 | 1,208 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Monday, 2 February 2009
Incubation, learning with Abba and chunking.
Not only did I sit through Mamma Mia (the Abba film/musical) last night I also endured the documentary about the making of. I consider this paternal duty.
During the choreography documentary the associate choreographer, Nichola Treherne, kindly announced to the dancers not to worry if they hadn't fully remembered the entire dance sequence as it would be better the next day, "Somehow," she said, "the body learns it overnight!"
I thought this was a great insight and made me think of the 'incubation' period we usually go through when learning new systems or structures or even when we're weighing up a big decision in our mind. this takes me back to my thesis on design development and the creative process. Incubation is often referred to as the period between setting the objectives and actually getting down to doing the concept generation. Incubation might then be considered, as Debussy defined for music, "the silence between the notes" : That time during periods of creation or learning when we've committed the problem to our mind. It then goes and works on it in the background while we get on and do other things so that when we apply ourselves again to the problem (be it creation or learning) we've already got a bit of a head start (pun intended).
So learning as a process might have useful 'spaces' between practice too: just like those Mamma Mia dancers whose bodies magically remember moves overnight, then we can be encouraged by the fact that complex new forms or sequences might be helped by periods of incubation.
As incubation is helpful to learning new sequences, so too can chunking. (This idea first came to my attention from reading a blog but I can't find the reference for it! If you've seen it let me know and I'll gladly acknowledge.)
Sadly chunking is not a new form of Cadbury's chocolate. Happily it is helpful in our training and maybe even when teaching techniques to others. Chunking consists of breaking down new experiences to be learned into chunks of seven (plus or minus two). It is said that our short term memory has this capacity (7+/-2) and that learning within these confines is beneficial to increasing the power of our learning capacity. For example I would find it quite hard to memorise a number such as 3871095847, but if I break it down into 'chunks' then it suddenly becomes much more 'appealing' to my cranky old brain: 38, 710, 958, 47. The first string is 10 digits so more than our 7+/-2 but the second sequence of four chunks falls within this easy-to-remember range.
The similarity to learning new sequences or forms in the martial arts can easily be seen. Chunking might be a good teaching aid for seemingly bafflingly long hyungs. Often we break down these long forms into shorter chunks for the learner to easily digest. Hopefully not ALL in one go as I think quality is sometimes lost but at least this rule of thumb helps in knowing how much information to give to newbies.
So don't forget: having trouble learning that new form? Don't worry: chunk it up and sleep on it! | <urn:uuid:132e01ce-6051-4106-87c2-9115965171be> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://diaryofamartialartist.blogspot.com/2009/02/incubation-learning-with-abba-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.96082 | 691 | 2.125 | 2 |
[Rev. 5/2/2022 8:09:19 AM--2021]
NRS 610.010 Definitions.
NRS 610.020 Purposes.
STATE APPRENTICESHIP COUNCIL
NRS 610.030 Creation; members.
NRS 610.040 Terms of office of members.
NRS 610.050 Vacancies.
NRS 610.070 Officers; bylaws; meetings; quorum.
NRS 610.080 Compensation of members and employees.
NRS 610.090 Duties.
NRS 610.095 Additional duties.
NRS 610.100 Report to Legislature and public.
ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT
NRS 610.110 State Apprenticeship Director: Appointment; qualifications.
NRS 610.120 Duties of State Apprenticeship Director.
NRS 610.140 Duties of local or state joint apprenticeship committees.
NRS 610.144 Requirements for program to be eligible for registration and approval by State Apprenticeship Council.
NRS 610.146 Representation of employees and apprentices in management of program with more than one employer.
NRS 610.150 Required contents of agreement.
NRS 610.160 Approval of agreement; signatures; training extending into majority.
NRS 610.170 Agreement signed by association of employers or organization of employees.
NRS 610.175 Determination of hours completed under certain educational training programs which may be counted towards hours required under apprenticeship program.
NRS 610.180 Violations of programs or agreements: Investigations; hearings; exhaustion of administrative remedies.
NRS 610.185 Suspension of right to participate in program if discrimination practiced.
NRS 610.190 Effect of chapter on collective bargaining agreement establishing higher standards.
NRS 610.195 Employer’s authority to enforce statutory health and safety requirements notwithstanding antidiscrimination protections relating to hair texture and protective hairstyles.
1. “Agreement” means a written and signed agreement of indenture as an apprentice.
2. “Apprentice” means a person who is covered by a written agreement, issued pursuant to a program with an employer, or with an association of employers or an organization of employees acting as agent for an employer.
3. “Council” means the State Apprenticeship Council created by NRS 610.030.
4. “Disability” means, with respect to a person:
(a) A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of the person;
(b) A record of such an impairment; or
(c) Being regarded as having such an impairment.
5. “Gender identity or expression” means a gender-related identity, appearance, expression or behavior of a person, regardless of the person’s assigned sex at birth.
6. “Program” means a program of training and instruction as an apprentice in an apprenticeable occupation, as defined in 29 C.F.R. § 29.4.
7. “Protective hairstyle” includes, without limitation, hairstyles such as natural hairstyles, afros, bantu knots, curls, braids, locks and twists.
8. “Race” includes traits associated with race, including, without limitation, hair texture and protective hairstyles.
9. “Sexual orientation” means having or being perceived as having an orientation for heterosexuality, homosexuality or bisexuality.
10. “State Apprenticeship Director” means the person appointed pursuant to NRS 610.110.
1. To open to people, without regard to race, color, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, religion, disability, genetic information, national origin or age of 40 years or older, the opportunity to obtain training that will equip them for profitable employment and citizenship.
2. To establish, as a means to this end, an organized program for the voluntary training of persons under approved standards for apprenticeship, providing facilities for their training and guidance in the arts and crafts of industry and trade, with instruction in related and supplementary education.
3. To promote opportunities for employment for all persons, without regard to race, color, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, religion, disability, genetic information, national origin or age of 40 years or older, under conditions providing adequate training and reasonable earnings.
4. To regulate the supply of skilled workers in relation to the demand for skilled workers.
5. To establish standards for the training of apprentices in approved programs.
6. To establish a State Apprenticeship Council.
7. To provide for a State Apprenticeship Director with the authority to carry out the purposes of this chapter.
8. To provide for reports to the Legislature and to the public regarding the status of the training of apprentices in the State.
9. To accomplish related ends.
STATE APPRENTICESHIP COUNCIL
1. The following voting members, appointed by the Governor upon recommendation of the Labor Commissioner:
(a) Two members who represent management and have, or have had, a defined role in a jointly administered apprenticeship program, one of whom must be from northern Nevada and one of whom must be from southern Nevada.
(b) Two members who represent labor and have, or have had, a defined role in a jointly administered apprenticeship program, one of whom must be from northern Nevada and one of whom must be from southern Nevada.
(c) Two members, one who represents management and one who represents labor, who have, or have had, a defined role or job in a statewide, jointly administered apprenticeship program.
(d) One member who is a representative of the general public.
2. The following nonvoting members:
(a) The Executive Director of the Office of Economic Development or his or her designee.
(b) The Superintendent of Public Instruction or his or her designee.
(c) One representative of a community college located in a county whose population is 700,000 or more, appointed by the Chancellor of the Nevada System of Higher Education.
(d) One representative of a community college located in a county whose population is less than 700,000, appointed by the Chancellor of the Nevada System of Higher Education.
1. Each voting member of the Council shall serve for a term of 3 years, so long as the member has the qualifications required by NRS 610.030. A member of the Council who no longer has the qualifications specified in NRS 610.030 under which the member was appointed shall continue to serve on the Council until the member’s successor is appointed. A voting member may not serve more than four terms.
2. The voting members of the Council serve at the pleasure of the Governor.
3. The nonvoting members of the Council appointed pursuant to paragraphs (c) and (d) of subsection 2 of NRS 610.030 serve at the pleasure of the Chancellor of the Nevada System of Higher Education.
[Part 2:192:1939; 1931 NCL § 506.01]
1. The Labor Commissioner shall select from the membership of the Council a Chair and Vice Chair, who shall hold office for 2 years. Notwithstanding the provisions of NRS 610.030, the Chair, or the Vice Chair in the absence of the Chair, is not entitled to a vote except to break a tie.
2. The State Apprenticeship Director shall serve as the nonvoting Secretary of the Council.
3. The Council may prescribe such bylaws as it deems necessary for its operation.
4. The Council shall meet at least once in each calendar quarter at a time and place specified by the call of the Chair, the State Apprenticeship Director, the Labor Commissioner or a majority of the members of the Council. Special meetings of the Council may be held at the call of the Chair, the State Apprenticeship Director, the Labor Commissioner or a majority of the members of the Council at such additional times as they deem necessary.
5. The Chair, or the Vice Chair in the absence of the Chair, and four voting members of the Council constitutes a quorum, and a quorum may exercise any power or authority conferred on the Council.
1. Each member of the Council is entitled to receive a salary of not more than $80 per day, as fixed by the Council, while attending meetings of the Council.
2. While engaged in the business of the Council, each member and employee of the Council is entitled to receive the per diem allowance and travel expenses provided for state officers and employees generally.
1. Establish standards for programs and agreements that are not lower than those prescribed by this chapter.
2. Upon review and approval, extend written reciprocal recognition to multistate joint programs.
3. Adopt such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the intent and purposes of this chapter.
4. Administer the provisions of this chapter as a regulatory body.
5. Consistent with its duties and obligations under this chapter, demonstrate linkages and coordination with the State’s economic development strategies and workforce investment system that is paid for wholly or in part out of public money, as set forth in 29 C.F.R. § 29.13.
6. Adopt regulations pursuant to 29 C.F.R. Parts 29 and 30.
7. Perform such other functions as may be necessary for the fulfillment of the intent and purposes of this chapter.
1. Register and approve or reject proposed programs and standards for apprenticeship.
2. After providing notice and a hearing and for good cause shown, deny an application for approval of a program, suspend, terminate, cancel or place conditions upon any approved program, or place an approved program on probation for any violation of the provisions of this title as specified in regulations adopted by the State Apprenticeship Council.
ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT
1. The Labor Commissioner shall appoint a State Apprenticeship Director.
2. The State Apprenticeship Director:
(a) Shall report to the Labor Commissioner.
(b) Is in the unclassified service of the State and serves at the pleasure of the Labor Commissioner.
(c) Must have responsible administrative experience in public or business administration or must possess broad management skills in areas related to the functions of this chapter.
(d) Must have the demonstrated ability to administer a major public agency in the field of workforce development, and must possess the following skills and attributes:
(1) A comprehensive knowledge of administrative principles and a working knowledge of broad principles relating to subject matters under his or her administrative direction.
(2) The administrative ability to assess the adequacy of agency operations and the protection of the public interest as related to the subject fields.
(3) An ability to organize and present oral and written communication to the Governor, the Legislature and other pertinent officials or persons.
(4) A background which demonstrates that he or she can impartially serve the interests of both employees and employers.
(e) Must not, at the time of appointment or at any time during his or her term of office, receive payment or compensation as the officer of any labor organization or have a pecuniary interest in any labor organization.
1. Under the direction of the Labor Commissioner, the State Apprenticeship Director shall:
(a) Administer the provisions of this chapter with the advice and guidance of the State Apprenticeship Council.
(b) Keep a record of agreements and their dispositions.
(c) Issue certificates of completion of apprenticeship at the request of the local joint apprenticeship committee.
(d) Promote apprenticeship programs through public engagement activities and other initiatives.
(e) Ensure information and resources related to applications for new apprenticeship programs are made available to the public, including, without limitation, information related to technical assistance and requirements for applicants of new apprenticeship programs.
(f) Establish and maintain an Internet website that provides information regarding apprenticeship programs to the public.
(g) Assist the Council in identifying opportunities for linkages and coordination with the State’s economic development strategies and workforce investment system that is paid for wholly or in part with public money, in accordance with 29 C.F.R. § 29.13.
(h) Coordinate community-based outreach initiatives designed to promote apprenticeship opportunities among students, displaced workers and other persons who face barriers to entering the workforce.
(i) Prepare budgets and compile annual reports to the Legislature and the Governor.
(j) Perform other administrative duties on behalf of the Council.
(k) Perform such other duties as are necessary to carry out the intent and purposes of this chapter.
2. The administration and supervision of related and supplemental instruction for apprentices, coordination of instruction with job experiences, and the selection and training of teachers and coordinators for that instruction are the responsibility of the local joint apprenticeship committees.
3. As used in this section, “technical assistance” means guidance provided by the State Apprenticeship Director to the sponsor of a proposed or existing apprenticeship program for the development, revision, amendment or processing of standards of apprenticeship or apprenticeship agreements and the provision of advice to or consultation with such a sponsor to further compliance with the provisions of this chapter and any regulations adopted pursuant thereto.
1. A local or state apprenticeship committee shall:
(a) In accordance with standards established by the Council, work in an advisory capacity with employers and employees in matters regarding schedules of operations, application of wage rates, and working conditions for apprentices, which conditions must specify the number of apprentices which may be employed locally in the trade under programs and agreements entered into under this chapter.
(b) Adjust disputes concerning apprenticeships not otherwise provided for in bona fide collective bargaining agreements.
(c) Within 10 days after the termination of any agreement, submit to the State Apprenticeship Director a written notice which includes the name of the apprentice and the reason for the termination.
(d) Keep the Council informed of all actions.
2. The decisions of local or state joint apprenticeship committees are, at all times, subject to appeal to the Council.
1. To be eligible for registration and approval by the Council, a proposed program must:
(a) Be an organized, written plan embodying the terms and conditions of employment, training and supervision of one or more apprentices in an apprenticeable occupation, as defined in 29 C.F.R. § 29.4, and be subscribed to by a sponsor who has undertaken to carry out the program.
(b) Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, use a:
(1) Time-based approach, as described in 29 C.F.R. § 29.5(b)(2)(i);
(2) Competency-based approach, as described in 29 C.F.R. § 29.5(b)(2)(ii); or
(3) Hybrid approach, as described in 29 C.F.R. § 29.5(b)(2)(iii).
Ê A program for a construction trade must use a time-based approach.
(c) Contain the pledge of equal opportunity prescribed in 29 C.F.R. § 30.3(c) and, when applicable:
(1) A plan of affirmative action in accordance with 29 C.F.R. § 30.4;
(2) A method of selection authorized in 29 C.F.R. § 30.10;
(3) A nondiscriminatory pool for application as an apprentice; or
(4) Similar requirements expressed in a state plan for equal opportunity in employment in apprenticeships adopted pursuant to 29 C.F.R. Part 30 and approved by the United States Department of Labor.
(d) Provide for the development of skills that are intended to enable an apprentice to engage in a skilled trade generally, rather than for a particular employer or sponsor.
(1) Provisions concerning the employment and training of the apprentice in a skilled trade;
(2) A term of apprenticeship that:
(I) If the program uses a time-based approach, requires the completion of not less than 2,000 hours of on-the-job learning, consistent with training requirements as established by practice in the trade;
(II) If the program uses a competency-based approach, specifies the skills that must be demonstrated by an apprentice and addresses how on-the-job learning will be integrated into the program; or
(III) If the program uses a hybrid approach, specifies the skills that must be acquired and the minimum number of hours of on-the-job learning that must be completed by an apprentice;
(3) An outline of the processes in which the apprentice will receive supervised experience and training on the job, and the allocation of the approximate time to be spent in each major process;
(4) Provisions for organized, related and supplemental instruction in technical subjects related to the trade with a minimum of 144 hours for each year of apprenticeship, given in a classroom or through trade, industrial or correspondence courses of equivalent value or other forms of study approved by the Council;
(5) A progressively increasing, reasonable and profitable schedule of wages to be paid to the apprentice consistent with the skills acquired, not less than that allowed by federal or state law or regulations, by a collective bargaining agreement or by the minimum apprentice wage established by the Council;
(6) Provisions for a periodic review and evaluation of the apprentice’s progress in performance on the job and related instruction and the maintenance of appropriate records of such progress;
(7) A numeric ratio of apprentices to journeymen consistent with proper supervision, training, safety, continuity of employment and applicable provisions in collective bargaining agreements, in language that is specific and clear as to its application;
(8) A probationary period that is reasonable in relation to the full term of apprenticeship, with full credit given for that period toward the completion of the full term of apprenticeship;
(9) Provisions for adequate and safe equipment and facilities for training and supervision and for the training of apprentices in safety on the job and in related instruction;
(10) The minimum qualifications required by a sponsor for persons entering the program, with an eligible starting age of not less than 16 years;
(11) Provisions for the placement of an apprentice under a written agreement as required by this chapter, incorporating directly or by reference the standards of the program;
(12) Provisions for the granting of advanced standing or credit to all applicants on an equal basis for previously acquired experience, training or skills, with commensurate wages for each advanced step granted;
(13) Provisions for the transfer of the employer’s training obligation when the employer is unable to fulfill his or her obligation under the agreement to another employer under the same or a similar program with the consent of the apprentice and the local joint apprenticeship committee or sponsor of the program;
(14) Provisions for the assurance of qualified training personnel and adequate supervision on the job;
(15) Provisions for the issuance of an appropriate certificate evidencing the successful completion of an apprenticeship;
(16) An identification of the Office of Labor Commissioner as the agency for registration of the program;
(17) Provisions for the registration of agreements and of modifications and amendments thereto;
(18) Provisions for notice to the State Apprenticeship Director of persons who have successfully completed the program and of all cancellations, suspensions and terminations of agreements and the causes therefor;
(19) Provisions for the termination of an agreement during the probationary period by either party without cause;
(20) A statement that the program will be conducted, operated and administered in conformity with the applicable provisions of 29 C.F.R. Part 30 or a state plan for equal opportunity in employment in apprenticeships adopted pursuant to 29 C.F.R. Part 30 and approved by the United States Department of Labor;
(21) The name and address of the appropriate authority under the program to receive, process and make disposition of complaints; and
(22) Provisions for the recording and maintenance of all records concerning apprenticeships as may be required by the Council and applicable laws.
2. If a program of apprenticeship in a skilled trade is proposed by an employer or association of employers for approval and registration by the Council and the Council has previously approved and registered a program for the skilled trade, the Council shall provide a copy of the proposed program to the sponsor of the approved and registered program and hold a hearing before approving or rejecting the application. The Council shall not approve a proposed program pursuant to this subsection unless the program requires the completion of at least as many hours of on-the-job learning or the demonstration of at least the same number and quality of skills, or both, as applicable, as all existing approved and registered programs in the relevant skilled trade.
3. To determine whether a proposed program should be approved or rejected pursuant to subsection 2, the Council shall consider, in addition to the requirements in subsections 1 and 2, without limitation:
(a) Relevant information concerning the approved and registered program, including, without limitation, the standards for apprenticeship of the program;
(b) Whether the sponsor of the approved and registered program is jointly administered by labor and management;
(c) The provisions of any applicable collective bargaining agreements;
(d) Dictionaries of occupational titles;
(e) Opinions of experts provided by interested parties, including, without limitation, organized labor, licensed contractors and associations of contractors;
(f) Recognized labor and management practices in the relevant industry;
(g) Scope of work descriptions issued by the Labor Commissioner and the United States Department of Labor; and
(h) The supply of skilled workers in the trade in relation to the demand for skilled workers in the trade and the extent to which the sponsor of the approved and registered program is willing and able to provide apprentices to the proposed program.
Ê The Council may condition approval of the proposed program on the payment of compensation to apprentices that is equal to or greater than the compensation provided by the approved and registered apprenticeship program.
NRS 610.146 Representation of employees and apprentices in management of program with more than one employer. All programs operated with more than one employer or an association of employers must include provisions sufficient to ensure meaningful and trustworthy representation of the interests of employees and apprentices in the management of the program.
(Added to NRS by 1987, 442)
1. The names and signatures of the contracting parties and the signature of a parent or legal guardian if the apprentice is a minor.
2. The date of birth of the apprentice.
3. The name and address of the sponsor of the program.
4. A statement of the trade or craft in which the apprentice is to be trained, and the beginning date and expected duration of the apprenticeship.
5. A statement showing the number of hours to be spent by the apprentice in work and the number of hours to be spent in related and supplemental instruction, which instruction must not be less than 144 hours per year.
6. A statement setting forth a schedule of the processes in the trade or division of industry in which the apprentice is to be trained and the approximate time to be spent at each process.
7. A statement of the graduated scale of wages to be paid the apprentice and whether or not compensation is to be paid for the required time in school.
8. Statements providing:
(a) For a specific period of probation during which the agreement may be terminated by either party to the agreement upon written notice to the State Apprenticeship Director; and
(b) That after the probationary period the agreement may be cancelled at the request of the apprentice, or suspended, cancelled or terminated by the sponsor for good cause, with due notice to the apprentice and a reasonable opportunity for corrective action, and with written notice to the apprentice and the State Apprenticeship Director of the final action taken.
9. A reference incorporating as part of the agreement the standards of the program as it exists on the date of the agreement and as it may be amended during the period of the agreement.
10. A statement that the apprentice will be accorded equal opportunity in all phases of employment and training as an apprentice without discrimination because of race, color, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, religion, disability, genetic information, national origin or age of 40 years or older.
11. A statement naming the Council as the authority designated pursuant to NRS 610.180 to receive, process and dispose of controversies or differences arising out of the agreement when the controversies or differences cannot be adjusted locally or resolved in accordance with the program or collective bargaining agreements.
12. Such additional terms and conditions as are prescribed or approved by the Council not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter.
1. No agreement under this chapter is effective until it is approved by the local joint apprenticeship committee and the Council. A copy of the agreement must be forwarded within 10 days after approval by the local joint apprenticeship committee to the Council.
2. Every agreement must be signed by the employer, by an association of employers or by an organization of employees acting as agent for an employer, and by the apprentice. If the apprentice is a minor, the agreement must also be signed by:
(a) Both parents, if the minor is living with both parents;
(b) The custodial parent, if the minor is living with only one parent; or
(c) The minor’s legal guardian.
3. If a minor enters into an agreement under this chapter for a period of training extending into his or her majority, the agreement is likewise binding for the period covered during his or her majority.
NRS 610.170 Agreement signed by association of employers or organization of employees. For the purpose of providing greater diversity of training or continuity of employment, any agreement made under this chapter may, at the discretion of the local joint apprenticeship committee, be signed by an association of employers or an organization of employees instead of by an individual employer. In that case the agreement must provide expressly that the association of employers or organization of employees does not assume the obligation of an employer, but agrees to use its best endeavors to procure employment and training for the apprentice with one or more employers who will accept full responsibility, as provided in this chapter, for all the terms and conditions of employment and training set forth in the agreement between the apprentice and the association of employers or organization of employees during the period of employment.
[10:192:1939; 1931 NCL § 506.09]—(NRS A 1987, 447)
NRS 610.175 Determination of hours completed under certain educational training programs which may be counted towards hours required under apprenticeship program. The Council may determine the number of hours, if any, completed by a person pursuant to a training program for occupational, vocational, career, trade or technical education pursuant to NRS 622.087 which may count towards the number of hours required for a program approved by the Council pursuant to this chapter.
(Added to NRS by 2021, 2158)
1. Upon the complaint of any interested person or upon its own initiative, the Council may investigate to determine if there has been a violation of the terms or conditions of an approved program or an agreement made under this chapter. The Council may hold necessary hearings, inquiries and other proceedings. The parties to each agreement and the sponsors and interested participants in the program shall be given a fair and impartial hearing, after reasonable notice. A copy of the determination or decision of each hearing must be filed with the State Apprenticeship Director.
2. A person shall not institute any action based upon:
(a) An agreement;
(b) Proposed or approved standards for apprenticeship; or
(c) A program governed by this chapter,
Ê unless the person first exhausts all administrative remedies provided by this chapter.
NRS 610.185 Suspension of right to participate in program if discrimination practiced. The State Apprenticeship Council shall suspend for 1 year the right of any employer, association of employers or organization of employees acting as agent for an employer to participate in a program under the provisions of this chapter if the Nevada Equal Rights Commission, after notice and hearing, finds that the employer, association or organization has discriminated against an apprentice because of race, color, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, religion, disability, genetic information, national origin or age of 40 years or older, in violation of this chapter.
NRS 610.190 Effect of chapter on collective bargaining agreement establishing higher standards. Nothing in this chapter or in any agreement, standard or program approved under this chapter invalidates any provision in any collective bargaining agreement between employers and employees setting up higher standards for apprenticeship.
[12:192:1939; 1931 NCL § 506.11]—(NRS A 1987, 448)
NRS 610.195 Employer’s authority to enforce statutory health and safety requirements notwithstanding antidiscrimination protections relating to hair texture and protective hairstyles. Notwithstanding the protections in this chapter for hair texture and protective hairstyles, an employer may enforce health and safety requirements set forth in federal or state law.
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A construction project is about to begin. How much will it cost? Whether the exact amount is known at the project’s outset will depend on the type of contract the contractor and project owner agreed was best. Two common types of contracts are fixed-price, for which the project’s total cost is predetermined, and cost-plus, for which expenses are estimated but the final price is determined at the project’s end. Profit is also handled differently, with varying levels of risk.
Before entering into either type of contract, contractors and project owners alike should understand their pros and cons and why one may be better-suited than the other for a particular project.
What Is a Cost-Plus Contract?
A cost-plus contract may be a good option for a large, long-term project where it’s difficult to determine the full scope of work and, therefore, the final cost. Under a cost-plus contract, the client agrees to pay the contractor’s direct and indirect expenses for a construction project plus an additional, separate fee representing the contractor’s profit. The contractor provides a thorough estimate of expenses upfront and then carefully documents and provides its records to the client.
A construction project’s direct expenses include raw materials, labor (including specialized subcontractors) and equipment bought or rented for the work to be done. In other industries, these are known as cost of goods sold (COGS). Indirect costs include overhead expenses related to business operations, ranging from office rent, fees for maintaining insurance, utilities, transportation and communication systems, to name a few.
The profit part of a cost-plus contract — the “plus” — can be calculated a few different ways. In a cost-plus fixed-fee contract, the contractor is paid a set, negotiated fee regardless of the final cost of the project. Meanwhile, contracts that base a contractor’s profit on a set percentage of the project’s total cost are called cost-plus fixed-percentage contracts.
To guard against expenses getting out of hand, a project owner may require the cost-plus contract to include a cap on the final price. If, for example, a contractor estimates a project will cost approximately $100,000, the project owner may allot a maximum of another $10,000. If the contract also stipulates a fixed $20,000 profit, the most money that can change hands is $130,000.
A cost-plus contract has advantages for both the contractor and project owner. Flexibility is one, allowing work to begin before the project’s full scope can be determined. Another important advantage: Because project expenses are reimbursed, the contractor can better focus on quality of work, using the best materials, rather than worrying about the cost of materials. This also eliminates the contractor’s responsibility for cost overruns (providing they don’t exceed a cap set forth in the contract). And with profit being its own line item, so to speak, how much the contractor makes on the job is protected against unexpected expenses along the way.
Of course, a cost-plus contract has some drawbacks to consider as well. Significant among them, a contractor must be meticulous about managing and tracking all expenses it lays out in order to be reimbursed. This can create potential cash-flow issues if not handled well, which is why many turn to software for the heavy lifting.
Not knowing how much the project will cost in the end may make some project owners feel uneasy. If profit is to be paid as a percentage of costs, a contractor has little reason to keep costs down, right? A cost-plus contract that includes a cap on expenses can go far in avoiding disputes down the line.
Finally, some project owners may push back on having to pay a contractor’s indirect costs. A contractor will want to think ahead about how to handle the situation should it arise.
What Is a Fixed-Price Contract?
A fixed-price contract is typically used for simple projects with predictable costs. Under this agreement, the contractor and project owner agree to the scope of work required and set a price to complete a project. The contractor’s profit is built into the fee. Any changes along the way — for example, if additional material is needed — would require an approved change order.
Take, for example, a contractor who specializes in building and repairing driveways and sidewalks. The contractor knows exactly how much cement it takes to replace a square foot of a sidewalk, as well as how long the job will likely take. With measurements in hand, the contractor can easily determine how much the project will cost and submit a fixed-price bid for the work.
Fixed-price contracts come in a few variations. The one described above is a firm fixed-price contract. Another type is a fixed-price incentive contract, which includes financial incentives if, for example, the contractor completes the project ahead of schedule. Yet a third type, a fixed-price contract with economic price adjustments (FP-EPA), allows for the fixed price to be adjusted based on inflation or a significant change in cost for materials or labor. This contract usually works better for longer-term projects that span several years.
With a fixed-price contract, the cost is clear right from the project’s outset. Perhaps that advantage is the most obvious. Prices for time and materials are understood in advance. The contractor and project owner know what is to be done and exactly how much money will change hands in the process. The contractor knows how much profit they will make, too.
Administrative needs tend to be minimal with a fixed-price contract compared to a cost-plus contract, but some monitoring is necessary. However, this can be to the contractor’s advantage in terms of managing costs and possibly coming in under budget, which would lead to a higher profit.
Disadvantages:On the flip side, a fixed-price contract may increase risk for any contractor who underestimates the project’s total price. In that case, the contractor is responsible for paying for the added expenses, which eat into the profit margin.
Along those lines, another disadvantage lies in the difficulty in making changes to a fixed-price contract once it has been signed. It’s not out of the realm of possibility that something may change during the course of a project — perhaps a change in direction or scope. A good contract will stipulate a process for making changes, but it’s important to realize such a process can slow down the project’s progress.
Finally, added attention to maintaining costs under a fixed-price contract may sometimes come at the cost of work quality and creativity.
Fixed-Price vs. Cost-Plus Contracts: Key Differences
Differentiating between fixed-price and cost-plus contracts mainly comes down to three factors: budget, profit and risk.
- Budget: A fixed-price contract is just that: fixed. The agreed-on price at the beginning of the project is the price at the end. Conversely, a cost-plus contract estimates a project’s costs but doesn’t set the final price until the project is completed.
- Profit: In a fixed-price contact, profits are not guaranteed. Prices are established at the beginning of the job — with profit built in — but if costs exceed estimates, the contractor has to absorb them. A cost-plus job, meanwhile, separates profit from expenses. Profit can be a fixed fee or a percentage of the project’s total price.
- Risk: With a fixed-price contract, the bulk of the risk rests on the contractor, who must work to keep costs as budgeted so as to not cut into the profit margin. Miscalculations at the onset can also prove costly to the bottom line at the end. With a cost-plus contract, the project owner assumes more risk should a project’s costs exceed expectations.
Choosing the Right Contract
The “right” contract depends on what a contractor and project owner negotiate. Whether fixed-price or cost-plus, all terms must be agreed to at the outset, and each party should feel comfortable with the other. The more significant in scope the project, the more it makes sense to have a legal specialist review the terms. This could save both parties stress and money down the road.
A fixed-price contract is often appropriate for projects with a predictable scope. These tend to be smaller projects that a contractor has performed numerous times, like replacing a roof. But for bigger projects where the scope of work is hard to fully know ahead of time, such as the construction of a new apartment complex, a cost-plus contract is often the better choice.
Either way, it’s critical that contractors track all expenses and keep accurate records not only for reimbursement purposes, but also to maximize their profitability. Project accounting and financial management software automates many of these tasks so that contractors can focus on doing their best work and win new business.
Construction projects carry with them a degree of uncertainty. Just how much underpins whether a contractor and project owner decide to use a cost-plus or a fixed-fee contract. In short, smaller, straightforward projects lend themselves well to a fixed-price contract, which establishes the full price from the outset. Larger, longer-term projects for which the scope is difficult to determine at the outset are more the domain of a cost-plus contract, which estimates costs for a project’s various needs but leaves open a final price until the end. But whichever contract type is selected, all parties should understand their pros and cons and be prepared to carefully monitor and track expenses.
Cost-Plus vs. Fixed-Price Contracts FAQ
Which is better, cost-plus contract or fixed-price contract?
The “better” contract depends on a variety of factors. A fixed-price contract is often appropriate for projects with a predictable scope. These tend to be smaller projects that a contractor has performed numerous times. But for bigger projects where the scope of work is hard to fully know ahead of time, a cost-plus contract is often the better choice.
What is a disadvantage of a cost-plus fixed-fee contract?
A cost-plus fixed-fee contract predetermines a contractor’s exact profit for a project, regardless of the project’s total cost. That means if a project’s scope increases, the contractor still makes the same profit, decreasing the profit margin.
What are the advantages of a cost-plus contract?
A cost-plus contract has several advantages. Flexibility is one, since work can begin before the project’s full scope is determined. Another is that project expenses are reimbursed, which means contractors can choose the best materials, rather than worrying about the cost of materials or the risk of cost overruns. And since profit is separated from costs, the contractor makes money regardless of unexpected expenses along the way.
How much do contractors charge for cost-plus?
The profit in a cost-plus contract is typically set as a fixed amount or a fixed percentage of the project’s total costs. The percentage typically ranges from 10% to 20% of the total cost of the project. | <urn:uuid:265c6989-3d00-4e95-82a5-279451002307> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://us-approval.netsuite.com/portal/resource/articles/accounting/fixed-price-vs-cost-plus.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.949982 | 2,329 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Upward Bound and Ready to Flop
The first in her family to go to college, I watched my freshman year roommate struggle every time she had to register for classes, deal with financial aid forms, and other college details. Things that I could get help from my parents or my older brothers. Or things that I kind of already knew because I had heard their stories.
Remembering this, we were excited to visit Southern Regional Technical College in Thomasville, Georgia to facilitate a leadership workshop for high school students in the Upward Bound program which supports first generation college bound students. A year-round program, they meet on-campus for six weeks during the summer for a mix of academics, life skills, college visits, and special guests like us.
One of the school counselors that works with the students first learned about us and Flop Balls last summer at the American School Counselor Association Conference. She knew our Flop-osophy woven with practicing Flop skills would be a perfect fit for the goals of the Upward Bound program.
We encouraged students to practice strategies for incorporating failure into the learning process. Resulting in more empowered students willing to try new things with less fear and to ask for help when needed. | <urn:uuid:ff1250bd-e0ee-4cab-9ae4-d8eccca8a05e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.flowcircus.com/post/upward-bound-and-ready-to-flop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.970134 | 248 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Flanders – BATTLE OF MESSINES RIDGE (until June 14): 9 divisions of British Second Army (Plumer) attack on 9-mile front and capture Messines-Wylschaete ridge. Attack preceded at 0310 hours by devastating, 500t largest non-nuclear explosion of 19 mines (1 still unexploded); causes panic in Lille 15 miles distant. British take 6,400 PoWs. German Gruppe Wytschaete commander Laffert sacked (June 16).
Belgium: Petain impresses King Albert at first meeting, tells him ‘The French Army is no longer what it was’, Belgians to join Anglo-French Flanders advance at certain stage.
Atlantic: U-boats begin offensive off US East Coast. Q-ship Pargust (Campbell, crew win 2 Victoria Cross) sinks UC-29 (Rose) off southeast Ireland.
Baltic: First Congress of the Baltic Fleet (until June 28) at Helsinki tries to clarify C-in-C’s authority.
Western Front: Mannock scores his first victory. | <urn:uuid:3e2e6810-923d-4a92-8eb0-cd82e618897f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ww2-weapons.com/diary-june-7-1917/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.866031 | 239 | 2 | 2 |
“I will build My church” (Matthew 16:18).
Jesus loved the church and gave Himself up for her. As the Good Shepherd who lays down His life for the sheep, Jesus — with His life blood — purchased for God humans from every tribe, language, people and nation.
After His resurrection, before He ascended to His Father, Jesus gave His followers a mission to fulfill.
“Go and make disciples of all nations.” He said, “The Holy Spirit will come on you and empower you and you will be My witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.”
And as the followers of Christ take up this mission, they do it supported by a great promise from their Master – “I will be with you always, to the end of the age.”
The One who is able to save us to the uttermost, sends His ambassadors to the uttermost parts of the earth to make disciples of all nations. We witness and work with great anticipation of a final celebration of an international harvest of souls —people from every tribe, tongue and nation—worshipping the Lamb who is worthy!
Through means of the cross, God was reconciling the world to Himself—not counting our trespasses against us — by making the One who knew no sin bare the just punishment for our sin, that we might have right standing with God through Him. That was what God was doing through the cross!
Now God is making His appeal through us — the ambassadors of Christ — and we implore people (on Christ’s behalf) to be reconciled to God. “As the Father sent Me,” our Lord said, “I am sending you.”
Between the disappearing and the reappearing of Jesus we have a mission to fulfill — to go and sow the good seed of the Gospel in the world. One has said, “Christianity without mission is Christianity no longer” (John R. W. Stott, The Contemporary Christian, p. 324).
Christians are not here to meet, eat and retreat. We are a “sent people,” a people to “sowing and reaping,” an ever-present witness in a dark world, instructed by our Lord to capture strategic places of influence like well-lit cities on a hill which cannot be hidden.
On a personal level, it starts with you — where you are!
Please do not dream of foreign fields of mission until you are being His witness where you are. Your family, friends, co-workers, neighbors, — do you want them to join the final assembly?
If you say, “I am not sure I want them there. I can’t even stand Thanksgiving or Christmas holiday with them.” Perhaps then you should pray, “Let me see this world, dear Lord, as though I were looking through Your eyes. A world of men who don’t want You, Lord — yet a world for which You died. Let me kneel with You in the garden. Fill my eyes with tears of agony. For if once I could see this world the way You see, I just know I’d serve You more faithfully.”
An old hymn offers another great line. “May His beauty rest upon me, as I seek the lost to win, and may they forget the vessel, seeing only Him.”
John R. W. Stott reminded us that our mission is shaped by four things.
- Our model—the incarnation
- The cost—taking up the cross
- The motivation—our exalted and coming Lord
- The power—the ever-present, indwelling Holy Spirit
Once again, Jesus said, “I will build My church.” As we trace the steps of the early disciples as they obey the great commission, a clear pattern emerges from the New Testament. And we must follow (as closely as possible) the apostolic pattern. Trying new and different ways, which do not adhere to the pattern, could put you at cross purpose with the Lord who builds His church. If you pastor Christ’s Church, remember that it is the “flock of God” (I Peter 5:1-4).
Jesus identifies with His followers in such a way that what we do to or for them, we do to or for Him.
- Acts 9:4 “Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting Me?”
- Matthew 25:34-40 – what you’ve done for them you’ve done for me.
- Hebrews 6:10 “…the labor of love you have shown Him by ministering to his people.
- 1 Corinthians 12:27 “Now you are Christ’s body and individually members of it.”
And as the pattern emerges, we must think of the church not merely as some universal, international, invisible body of believers from Pentecost to the rapture. No! We must relate to and serve the church as a local, visible body of believers.
We do not serve the Lord in the abstract. We serve Him through meaningful connection with a local fellowship of believers, which I would suggest to be the headquarters for discipleship.
The apostles and early followers of Jesus did not simply lead people to Jesus and leave them alone. New Christians were not merely directed to join a Bible study or fellowship group. Instead, evangelism was done with the express intent of placing believers in a local church. And the early church strategically targeted major centers of influence in specific regions:
- Jerusalem in Syria
- Corinth in Achaia
- Thessalonica in Macedonia
- Ephesus in Asia Minor
Local churches were established in these strategic cities of influence and when people came to Christ, they became parts of these churches. And each church was to function as a kind of headquarters for evangelism and discipleship.
Let’s answer the call and follow the pattern. Keep in step with the Master Builder, Jesus Christ. | <urn:uuid:a038bd10-059d-479a-ad72-8d790cae9670> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thinkpoint.wordpress.com/2014/07/07/answer-the-call/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.959709 | 1,279 | 1.59375 | 2 |
RICHMOND — St. Brides Correctional Center in Chesapeake, Virginia, is using solar energy to preheat ground water entering its buildings, thus significantly reducing the facility’s reliance on propane.
The solar panel systems are located on the rooftops of the prison’s housing units and kitchen. Cold water flows through the panels and is heated by the sun before entering the internal water supply system. As a result, less propane is required to increase the water temperature to sufficient levels for use in the showers, kitchens and bathrooms.
“Instead of taking cold ground water and sending it to the water heaters, this system is right before the flame and raises the temperature up to somewhere between 120 and 130 degrees,” explains Brian Newbern, Buildings and Grounds Superintendent at St. Brides Correctional Center. Newbern also served as the project manager.
“From day one when this thing turned on, it was saving the state somewhere around $35,000 per year in propane, which is substantial for me. It’s a win-win.”
The solar energy project was 100% grant funded. It was contracted by the Department of General Services in partnership with several state agencies and higher education institutions under the Public-Private Educational Facilities and Infrastructure Act (PPEA). The Virginia Department of Corrections project was funded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 in the amount of $2.3 million.
Funding was authorized in 2010. Installation of the solar panel units was completed in 2012.
Follow this link to get an up- close view of the solar panel systems at St. Brides Correctional Center and hear from Buildings and Grounds Superintendent Brian Newbern:
More information on the VADOC can be found at www.vadoc.virginia.gov. | <urn:uuid:5697b1b5-3fce-4764-ada7-76e015565f6a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vadoc.virginia.gov/news-press-releases/2016/st-brides-correctional-center-reduces-fossil-fuel-usage-with-grant-funded-solar-panels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.94784 | 374 | 2.484375 | 2 |
The story of Phiona Bhatasara is a testimony of the impact of life skills, entrepreneurship and mentorship in developing young people especially women. Phiona is a 25-year-old JA Alumni who participated in the JA Company Program at Girls High in 2009 in partnership with Barclays Bank.
She was the Human Resources Director for their JA Company at Girls High school. She would handle the recruitment, motivation, and any other human resources issues of the company. Through this exposure she gained skills in leadership, public relations and entrepreneurship.
She went on to study BSc in Economics at the University of Zimbabwe where she was also elected to be the Vice Project Leader of Enactus. She has also obtained the opportunity to work as research assistant for the Institute of Environmental Studies in March 2015, and researcher for the Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe in September 2015.
Currently she is based in Germany where she is studying Master’s in Economics at Universitat Siegen, and a delegate of the Model United Nations in Economic and Social Council. As a delegate Phiona focusses on strengthening the coordination of humanitarian assistance, integrating sustainable development into post conflict reconstruction and implementing sustainable development goals. In November 2017 she was elected the Best Delegate representing Guyana in the Common Wealth Heads of Government Meeting to combat climate change. | <urn:uuid:671963e9-ee33-4567-9a6e-eb1ac36b0ac1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://jazimbabwe.org.zw/phiona-bhatasara/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.967473 | 267 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Birder Activity Book
Grab a friend and explore the world of birds, right from your neighbourhood. This downloadable activity book is filled with challenges and activities to activate your senses and provide opportunities to learn about our local birds. Mark completed challenges by colouring the bird stamps and see how many you can complete throughout the Vancouver Bird Celebration.
Activities can be completed from your home, out in nearby parks, or exploring your neighbourhood.
Instructions: Download either the black & white or colour version of the book. These files are printer ready! If possible, select your printer setting to print double-sided. Once printed, cut along the dotted line and fold each page on the solid line. Assemble the pages and staple to secure. Enjoy! | <urn:uuid:3be0c09c-ae9e-4b81-b4c0-e54c622a30b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vancouverbirdcelebration.ca/resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.925033 | 152 | 2.453125 | 2 |
When it comes to choosing an malware app pertaining to Android, it’s simple to get puzzled. There are a few many types to choose from, so it’s important to find out with all the correct features. Here we’ve posted a few of the finest. Avira’s totally free antivirus gives a range of features which can be essential for Google android users. Avira’s absolutely free antivirus incorporates malware safeguards, anti-theft safeguards, privacy deciphering, blacklisting, unit admin, and VPN. The free release has a 100 MB daily limit, however you can upgrade to the paid out version to get unlimited VPN and also other premium features.
Some applications have concealed features like collecting personal data or perhaps draining battery. Some anti-virus apps are not what they seems to be. These applications could be malicious and spread spy ware, steal private information, sign up you to products that you did not sign up for, and siphon funds from your investment strategies. Therefore , you must only down load those apps that have confirmed their really worth. While it may be tempting to download the free rendition of a well-known antivirus, it’s best to check the features and costing of each application before downloading it.
Smart Protection combines anti virus features with portable protection. Its defender scans your Android device with respect to viruses and malware and keeps track of its vulnerabilities. In addition, it cleans your phone’s foc, junk imp source files, and hogging processes, so you can use enjoy the complete functionality of your device without having to worry about your cellular phone being destroyed by spyware and. It’s also a fantastic choice for people who prefer to keep their device totally free of unwanted articles. | <urn:uuid:ffc57b19-3b61-4b47-b226-de189ef94529> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://prabhplacements.com/anti-virus-apps-pertaining-to-android/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942419 | 359 | 1.539063 | 2 |
The human tragedy and mounting crisis of orphans and vulnerable children demands a global response. Attention now is required to generate the resources and to expand the partnerships needed to respond adequately, and with common objectives, over the long term.
The priority actions for Education and Orphans and Vulnerable Children elaborated in this paper are: to ensure access to education for all, including orphans and vulnerable children, through initiatives such as abolishing school fees, reducing hidden costs and opportunity costs, establishing comm
Cambodia is among the countries most severely affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Asia. In 2003, an estimated 123,100 adults in Cambodia were living with HIV/AIDS and 60,000 children were affected by HIV/AIDS.
This report finds that, compared to the situation 20 years ago, young people are entering adolescence in better health and reaching puberty earlier. They are also more likely to attend school, more likely to postpone entering the labor force, and more likely to delay marriage and childbearing.
This thematic guide from Forced Migration Online provides an overview of key issues in reproductive health, focusing on both longer-term and emergency settings.
This report presents the findings of research proposed and implemented by a team of Shan and Karen researchers regarding girls and women who have migrated from Burma into domestic work in Thailand.
This document is a sumarry of the National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey 2003-2004 conducted by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports with the support of UNICEF and UNESCO. The aim of the survey was to assess the risk behaviour of young people between ages of 11 and 18.
This report provides a regional overview of adolescents' knowledge of HIV/AIDS and behaviors that put them at risk for or protect them from infection. It also examines the social and economic context of adolescents' lives.
Recruiting, retaining and retraining secondary school teachers and principals in Sub-Saharan Africa is based on country studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Tanzania and Uganda and an extensive literature review.
We examine the effect of orphan status on school enrolment in Zimbabwe, a country strongly impacted by the HIV/AIDS pandemic with a rapidly growing population of orphans. | <urn:uuid:c88e395d-c854-4837-acb6-150246aa6ccf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/resources-library/languages/english-2512/languages/french-2517/dates/2004/dates/2010/resource_types/case-studies-research-2571/resource_types/toolkits-guides-2581/themes/school-health-and-nutrition-2602/themes/young-key-populations-2595?keys=&pg=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948274 | 445 | 2.640625 | 3 |
ICV Physics II
|Course||Course Title||Class||Lab/ Shop||Clinical/ Co-op||Credit|
|ICV 214||ICV Physics II||1||2||0||2|
|Prerequisites: ICV 114 or RAD 131|
|Effective Term: Fall 2008|
This course is designed to escalate basic physics studies that underlie x-ray production and image enhancement techniques of fluoroscopic equipment utilized in interventional cardiac/vascular laboratories. Topics include the production of x-rays, electromagnetic interactions with matter, equipment circuitry, targets, filtration, various filming techniques, digital equipment, and principles of magnification. Upon completion, students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the application of physical concepts and specialized imaging techniques as related to image production.
- : Comprehensive Articulation Agreement - This course is recommended for students transferring to a four-year university.
- : Local Requirement
- : Instructional Service Agreement
- : Universal General Education Transfer Component (UGETC)
- : Global Distinction
- : Requisite(s) | <urn:uuid:9050ef0a-fe08-42d1-8eea-38264d25cb85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.forsythtech.edu/catalog/1112/course/ICV/214 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.794556 | 239 | 1.648438 | 2 |
With prices continuing to climb and midterm elections approaching, the Biden administration is searching for any way to curb inflation for spending-weary Americans.
What is the Biden administration doing?
The plan involves lifting a summertime ban on sales of higher ethanol blends of gasoline, known as E15.
The move by EPA Administrator Michael Regan would allow year-round sales of gasoline containing 15 percent ethanol, which comes from corn and other plant materials. Most gasoline burned in the United States has lower concentrations of ethanol.
Aiming for a political win, President Biden spoke Tuesday at a bioethanol production plant in Iowa, the country’s top corn-growing state. Putting ethanol in gasoline is popular with farmers in the Midwest, but generally criticized by environmentalists and oil companies.
“I’m here today to talk about the work we’re doing to lower costs for American families and put rural America at the center of our efforts to build a future that’s made in America,” Biden said.
The announcement comes amid a wave of actions from the White House and Federal Reserve to keep inflation in check.
But Biden’s speech came just hours after the Bureau of Labor Statistics announced a 8.5 percent rise in prices in March compared with a year ago, driven in part by a surge in energy costs.
Will this actually ease fuel prices?
A little. For drivers, buying gasoline with more ethanol mixed in could save a family 10 cents per gallon on average, Biden officials estimate, with greater discounts available at some stores.
Pavel Molchanov, an energy analyst with Raymond James, pegged the savings at about 5 cents a gallon. “Not much, but every little bit helps,” he said.
But E15 isn’t available to every driver. Only about 2,300 stations sell the fuel, across 30 states. And older cars, which are often the biggest gas guzzlers, can’t use it. Only vehicles made within the last two decades can burn it safely.
What’s more, the move doesn’t address the underlying reason oil is in such short supply and fuel prices are so high: the disruption to oil coming from Russia after its invasion of Ukraine as well as the lingering effects of the coronavirus pandemic.
According to AAA, the price of a gallon of gasoline averaged $4.10 on Tuesday, a 43 percent increase from a year ago.
“There’s no magic wand,” said Patrick De Haan, an oil analyst at GasBuddy. “There’s no way to move the needle significantly enough to bring prices to pre-covid levels.”
Will this be bad for the environment?
The decision does carry some environmental and health risks.
After all, the original restriction between June 1 and Sept. 15 was first put in place over concerns that burning ethanol-rich fuel in the summertime heat would make smog worse. Indeed, California, which has some of the worst air pollution in the nation, doesn’t allow E15, but is considering it.
Ed Avol, a professor and air pollution expert at the University of Southern California, said switching to ethanol reduces carbon monoxide pollution but leads to higher levels of outdoor ozone, which is linked to asthma and an array of other ailments.
“So depending on how you look at it, ethanol could be argued to be ‘good’ or ‘bad’ for air pollution,” he said. But all things considered, he added: “I am supportive of removing ethanol from gasoline.”
Then there’s climate change. A study published earlier this year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests corn-based ethanol, despite being a renewable fuel, may not be a solution to rising global temperatures.
Funded in part by the National Wildlife Federation and the Energy Department, the research looked at the entire process of manufacturing ethanol and found it was probably at least 24 percent more carbon-intensive than regular gasoline.
That’s due in part to how much land had been converted to corn fields since a 2005 mandate from Congress that ethanol be mixed into the nation’s gasoline supply.
“Biden’s move to double-down on production from the pollution-plagued ethanol industry is driving us deeper into the hole,” Mitch Jones, managing policy director of the environmental group Food & Water Action, said in a statement. | <urn:uuid:4ad9c54e-014a-431c-a1c3-f81aa9cd02ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/04/12/biden-gas-prices-ethanol/?itid=lk_inline_manual_43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.943786 | 932 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Should biological males, who are transgender, compete in women’s sports?
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) made its decision and praises New Zealand weightlifter Laurel Hubbard.
Hubbard is set to debut as the first transgender athlete in the Olympics.
Of all the possible sporting events, Hubbard will compete against women in weightlifting.
Hubbard transitioned at age 35. Hubbard, who is now 43, enters Olympic competition after only eight years following the transition. Hubbard went through male puberty. Hubbard qualified to joined New Zealand’s team in weightlifting and compete for gold.
“We have to pay tribute to her courage,” the IOC said.
Awkwardly, the IOC’s own medical and science director — Dr. Richard Budgett — acknowledged that Hubbard competing in weightlifting was “large, difficult and complex,” Fox News reported.
Despite this admission, Budgett backed the IOC’s decision to allow Hubbard to compete.
Budgett said, “To put it in a nutshell, the IOC had a scientific consensus back in 2015.”
“There are no IOC rules or regulations around transgender participation. That depends on each international federation. So Laurel Hubbard is a woman, and is competing under the rules of her federation, and we have to pay tribute to her courage and tenacity in actually competing and qualifying for the Games.”
Unbelievably, Budgett suggested it is tough to definitively determine whether Hubbard has an unfair advantage by going through male puberty.
Budgett says there are “many other factors to go into account.”
“There is a lot of disagreement across the whole world of sport and beyond on this issue of eligibility,” he added. “Everyone agrees transgender women are women. But it’s a matter of eligibility for sport, and particular events, and it really has to be very sport specific.”
“One of the reasons there is no new framework published yet is not just because of the difficulty in coming to any consensus. It’s because it would have been inappropriate to come out with new guidelines just before the Olympics. There will be a new framework to help individual sports, and we’re working very closely with them, but it’s not published yet.”
While transgender athletes are required to demonstrate that their testosterone level is below a specific measurement for at least 12 months prior to their first competition, serious questions remain whether decades of higher testosterone levels have already produced significant muscle growth and maturity, which give Hubbard an unfair advantage against her fellow female competitors.
TRENDING 👇 Top Democrat Donor Found Guilty
Ed Buck was finally convicted in court on Tuesday of very disturbing crimes.
The prominent liberal activist who donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to Democratic candidates injected men with methamphetamine in exchange for sex, causing two deaths.
Buck was convicted by a federal jury of two counts of meth distribution resulting in death. He was also found guilty of three other charges following deliberations. The trial took two weeks. Buck, who is 66 years old, will face a mandatory minimum of 20 years in prison at his sentencing.
More from NY Post:
The verdict was handed down four years to the day after 26-year-old Gemmel Moore was found dead of a drug overdose in Buck’s West Hollywood apartment. An investigation revealed that Buck had purchased a plane ticket for Moore, who was black, to fly from Texas to Los Angeles to “party and play” with the older white man.
“The party is the drugs, the play is the sex,” Assistant US Attorney Chelsea Norell told jurors in her opening statement. “If they didn’t party, he wasn’t interested.” | <urn:uuid:24ba0078-e80f-4db8-bd4b-d13e2a75e2b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sarahpalin.com/2021/638634/we-have-to-pay-tribute-to-her-courage-supporters-fawn-over-the-1st-transgender-ahead-of-olympic-debut/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.967831 | 785 | 2.203125 | 2 |
A possible outbreak of foot and mouth disease is being investigated at a Norfolk pig farm – sparking major worries for the region’s livestock industry.
Defra has enforced a 10km Temporary Control Zone for foot and mouth disease at a farm between Feltwell and Brandon.
The precautionary measure was put in place at 10pm on Thursday “following suspicion of vesicular disease in pigs”.
The control zone, which restricts the movement of “susceptible animals”, will remain in place until vets complete disease tests on the animals.
Defra said preliminary testing “does not indicate the presence of disease, but further work is now under way to fully rule it out”.
Until then, there is an anxious wait from an industry which suffered badly during the last major foot and mouth crisis in 2001, which led to the destruction of six million farm animals and cost an estimated £8bn to the economy.
Norfolk pig farmer Rob Mutimer, who is chairman of the National Pig Association, said he expects to hear the results of the tests this afternoon.
“We have been told that there is a suspicion of a notifiable disease in a pig herd,” he said. “There have been blood tests done for two diseases, foot and mouth and swine vesicular disease.
“That is all we know and all we can say at the moment, but we just have to hope that the results come back negative because it would be horrendous if foot and mouth was to return.”
A Defra spokesperson said: “We are currently investigating a suspected case of foot and mouth disease.
“Movement restrictions and a 10km temporary control zone have been put in place on the farm in Norfolk as a precaution. Preliminary testing does not indicate the presence of disease, but further work is now under way to fully rule it out.”
The APHA (Animal and Plant Health Agency) has informed nearby premises of the suspected case and the restrictions currently in place. | <urn:uuid:f9fc3f60-09c8-4054-a814-79d092bfb2da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shtf.tv/possible-foot-and-mouth-disease-case-investigated-at-pig-farm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.963989 | 421 | 2.28125 | 2 |
The Stanford University researcher who studied Sen Elizabeth Warren’s (D-MA) DNA sample did not actually use samples of Native American DNA.
The Boston Globe broke the story Monday of Warren’s DNA test, which she and the newspaper claimed as proof of her Native American ancestry, after results suggested she may have had a Native American ancestor six to ten generations ago. That means her genome may be between 1/64 to 1/1024 percent Native American.
Buried deep within the Globe story, however, is the admission that the Stanford University researcher who studied her DNA sample did not actually use samples of Native American DNA to determine whether Warren’s dubious claims of Cherokee ancestry were true.
The Globe reported (original links):
The analysis of Warren’s DNA was done by Carlos D. Bustamante, a Stanford University professor and expert in the field who won a 2010 MacArthur fellowship, also known as a genius grant, for his work on tracking population migration via DNA analysis.
Warren provided a sample of her DNA to a private lab in Georgia in August, according to one of the senator’s aides. The data from that test was sent to Bustamante and his team for analysis. Warren received the report last week.
To make up for the dearth of Native American DNA, Bustamante used samples from Mexico, Peru, and Colombia to stand in for Native American. That’s because scientists believe that the groups Americans refer to as Native American came to this land via the Bering Strait about 12,000 years ago and settled in what’s now America but also migrated further south. His report explained that the use of reference populations whose genetic material has been fully sequenced was designed “for maximal accuracy.”
Bustamante said he can tease out the markers that these South Americans would have in common with Native Americans on the North American continent.
The analysis depends, therefore, on faith in Bustamante’s methods of extrapolation, and on the other methods he used to determine that Warren’s supposedly Native American DNA segments were not mere statistical noise.
It is also unclear how his methods would corroborate her specific claims of Cherokee ancestry.
23andMe, a prominent DNA testing company, reported in 2014 that ” European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American,” according to the New York Times.
Warren’s DNA test, even if accurate, would put her genome at somewhere between 0.1 percent and 1.56 percent Native American, meaning she could be no more Native American than the average “European-American,” or even less so.
Joel B. Pollak is Senior Editor-at-Large at Breitbart News. He is a winner of the 2018 Robert Novak Journalism Alumni Fellowship. He is also the co-author of How Trump Won: The Inside Story of a Revolution, which is available from Regnery. Follow him on Twitter at @joelpollak. | <urn:uuid:3dd12cf4-56ac-41cb-aa27-87c401f4c96f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2018/10/15/elizabeth-warren-dna-test-included-0-actual-native-american-dna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.974238 | 634 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The purpose of this assignment is to practice interpreting qualitative interview transcripts by recognizing patterns. This is called coding and it is an important skillset for public health professionals.For this assignment, code the “Interview Transcript” document. Use the “Coding Qualitative Data Worksheet” to document your results from the “Interview Transcript” and to provide a summary of your findings.APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.*** Please provide 3 to 5 references***I have added additional help for this assignment. The rubric is attached. | <urn:uuid:04a1c1d4-9cfb-44bb-8068-28a8b9320d14> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://topgradetermpapers.com/interpreting-qualitative-interview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.929559 | 157 | 2.015625 | 2 |
My best friend in high school ended our friendship in a letter. She was a year older and in her first year of college in a different city. In the letter she listed a number of issues she had with me. Of all the words she wrote me in that two-paged front-and-back handwritten missive, I vividly remember reading: “And you’re too quiet sometimes! It’s like: talk!” The words struck me with as much force as if she’d come back to town just to punch me in my stomach.
She isn’t the last person to comment on my quietude, though thankfully others have been less hurtful about it.
Even today, nearly 20 years later, I find that sometimes when I’m with someone one on one I’m overly concerned about whether I’m talking enough to keep them entertained.
I’ve been a quieter type for as long as I can remember. As a child, some chalked it up to shyness. I assumed I must be shy since people said I was. It wasn’t until I discovered a love of performing in junior high that I realized I was far from shy.
“Oh you must be an introvert.”
Why do I have to be something? Why can’t I just be me?
You’ve probably taken one of those “are you introvert or extrovert?” quizzes. I generally fall in the center – an ambivert: not quite introverted, not quite extroverted.
Like extroverts, I often feel charged after hanging out with people whose company I enjoy. It’s being in environments I find tedious and dull that drains my energy. On the other hand, much like introverts, I tend to do my thinking internally rather than aloud to others. I form my thoughts and ideas before expressing them.
But who needs another label?
You know what sometimes happens when I tell people what I’m thinking?
One of my sisters recently told me: “Keisha, you ask these kinds of questions that my professors would ask in class that had my head hurting. They’re good questions, but it’s too early for this intellectual talk.”
I hate small talk. I love a meaty conversation and would prefer jumping into a discussion to having to answer “What do you do? How do you like it?” Gag.
That isn’t to say my brain’s always in the land of deep thoughts. Sometimes I think about things like how to incorporate “Baking soda! I got baking soda!” into regular conversation because that line cracks me up every time I hear it.
I can’t imagine what kind of writer I’d be if I didn’t spend so much time with my thoughts. I view life as a series of stories in one giant book. I weave stories in my head, the output of which you sometimes read in my blog, others I work into conversation with cinematic flair.
I spend a lot of time listening and perhaps as a byproduct, I attract talkers because they need an audience. It certainly takes the pressure off me to be a chatterbox. It’s important though to find a talker who knows when it’s their turn to listen. I find that when I do speak, people are more inclined to listen because they assume I have something to say.
There’s a less obvious way a quieter nature sometimes works in my favor. For instance, when someone incorrectly assumes that quiet equals meek and is surprised to find that I will snap back. Have you heard the phrase, “It’s the quiet ones you have to watch out for?” Yeah.
Occasionally someone comments on my silence – usually a person I don’t know very well – trying to cajole me into conversation. It generally has the opposite effect intended; I don’t respond well to demands to speak on command.
I’ve been described as aloof. It’s not intentional, but some take it personally as though I’m quiet because I’m silently appraising them. It’s unfortunate, because unless someone is saying douchtastic things that’s not likely the case.
I can’t explain why I’m quieter than others anymore than my cat can explain why he always chooses to vomit on my rug instead of ANY other spot on the hardwood floor. I shouldn’t have to either. We people come in all kinds. There are those who can’t seem to stop talking, those who won’t waste words and others in between and that’s okay. As the saying I just made up goes: “Accept me as I am, or kick rocks.”
How about you? Do you get told you’re too quiet or too talkative?
I’ve been thinking about my weight since I was 13.
One day I ate everything I wanted with abandon and the next, the size of my thighs were cause for angst.
Thirteen is about when I started working out. My mom had a catalog of Jane Fonda videos from the 80s and I was Jane Fonda’s devoted follower. Those videos work!Jane still looks hot today. It’s unreal. I also became a fan of Joyce Vedral and her fat-burning workout. I thank her to this day for my interest in being fit and toned.
Once, upon being presented with “soaked in the deep fryer” chicken for dinner, I whined to my parents with dramatic horror:
Fried chicken?! Oh.my.God. Do you know how much fat and salt is in that, mother?!
(I learned from watching white teens on TV that if you are angry with your parents you refer to them – with the disgust only a teen can muster – as “mother” and “father”. See: Brenda Walsh). My mom would reply with something like: “You don’t like it, you can get a job! Sit your butt down at this table. I don’t have time for this. And do not take the Lord’s name in vain.”
“Mo-ther! I am not eating this!”
In college I gained the “Freshman 15.”
I’m short, so even an extra five lbs becomes noticeable. That first year, I steadily free-fed on dorm food – bovine-style. My frequent meal-buddy and I would even stow away bread rolls and whatever else we could easily hide for later consumption. It felt deliciously decadent to have dessert with every meal. Then, the summer after my freshman year, I looked at myself in the mirror one day and my rounder image horrified me. My face was fat(ish), like a burnt chipmunk. I was wearing a crop top with a fat roll muffining its way out. Who was this schlub?! Well it had to stop.
I went on a superdiet.
I greatly reduced my caloric intake and worked out like I was training for The Olympics. My weight quickly came down, and down, and down, until I looked like a chocolate Tootsie Roll pop. I’d gone too far. I lost my butt. As the ever-wise Lil Wayne says about women with no ass: “You ain’t got shit.” Or as his labelmate, Tyga raps: “If you ain’t got no ass, bitch, wear a poncho.” When the ass goes, you’ve overdone it and misogynistic men won’t give you a second glance. What will you do with your life then?
The problem is that even though I was too thin, I received a lot of compliments about my size: from men (“hey baby!”) and women (“please share your secret!”) alike. I learned: skinny = validation.
When I graduated college I was ill-prepared for the shock of the real world. I went from constant partying studying and working, to what seemed like days and days of endless, routine boredom. I came to understand that this is called “working for a living.” The novelty of ordering office supplies for my desk quickly wore off and the reality of working in corporate America set in: this shit is boring.
So, I ate and my weight crept up.
One evening I went out with my roommates for a much needed bout of drinking and dancing. While walking into one of San Jose’s “clubs” (the city was boring as all hell) I bumped into a cute, slender Asian girl about my height. Having already thrown back a few, I gushed to her: “You’re so cute. You must be a size three. I used to be a size three.” She looked me over – I was probably no bigger than a size six – and with her voice dripping in bubbly judgement replied:
What happened to you?!
Her reaction stunned and hurt me. It also saddened me that a size six is considered worthy of disgust. I should have been fine with my size. I was healthy and within the right range for my height. But, by this point, my body image was so distorted, I didn’t like what I saw in the mirror. I also wasn’t getting the skinny validation I’d gotten in the past.
Then followed an intense battle between my body, my mind and my other mind.
My body insisted on stowing away fat for the winter that never comes in my part of California. My mind wanted to eat everything in sight to soothe my boredom and loneliness. My other mind wanted to be thin.
I started bingeing and purging. I’d go crazy eating cookies, chips and soda in one sitting, feel ill and disgusted with myself, and then run to the bathroom to throw it up. I only did this for a short time. It’s not effective and it’s too much damn work. Do you know how much work it takes to stick your fingers down your throat and force yourself to vomit? Who has the time? People are starving all over the world and I’m eyeing food with a mix of lust and hatred. It’s also bad for your teeth and I like my teeth. Not to mention, if anyone catches you in public, you have to explain why your feet are facing the wrong way in the bathroom stall. Either you are barfing or you have a secret penis. My dance with bulimia ended within a couple of weeks, never to be revisited again.
A few years later, I was in Los Angeles. I’d started dating an actor (warning: don’t do it). He said to me one day while we were phone-flirting:
You got some thick thighs, I like that.
Well, I sure as hell didn’t like that! Thick?! Why the hell had I been going to the gym?! He meant it as a compliment, but I took it as a reason to go annihilate myself at Bally’s. I replied with a hesitant “Uh, thanks.” That relationship crashed and burned miserably (I said not to date an actor).
Another couple of years later, I’d worked my weight down to my “normal” (for me) size. I went to visit my feisty grandma. She took one look at me and said matter-of-factly “Keisha, you’re too thin. Men like women with a little extra padding.” I’ve heard more than enough times from others that men like more “cushion for the pushin’”. Grandma knows. My grandma is no “oh my, golly gee, let me bake you some cookies” granny. She tells it like it is, she keeps it real and you can bake your own damn cookies. I laughed and told her how awesome she is.
Then I got into a serious long-term relationship.
For at least a year, I maintained my weight. Boyfriend liked my body and the “thick” thighs were just the right size. Then came year two. Happily in love, I spent less time at the gym and more time, well…none of your business. By year three, I’d grown faaat. I mean, actually fat. I was clinically overweight. I had never weighed so much in my life. I comforted myself with the thought: boyfriend will still love me anyway, right? But, I didn’t love me.
I had to buy a whole new wardrobe. Not only did I feel bad about how I looked, I felt bad physically. My body wasn’t used to carrying so much extra weight. I didn’t know how to dress for my new size. What looked good on me? So, I tried to lose weight. Then boyfriend and I broke up. That was the kick in the pants I needed to get my fat ass back in the gym. It’s the depression weight loss plan.
I couldn’t shake the weight, no matter what I did. I figured it was because I was nearing that age where people say your metabolism slows. Since, I was also having problems sleeping and breathing properly, I visited a specialist to check things out. He said to me,
“You’re too heavy! That’s why you can’t sleep.”
That was his expensive doctorly wisdom: you are a fat bitch. Well, fuck you very much doctor dickhead. The issue did turn out to be medical and once pinpointed, the weight started to come off. I’ve been able to maintain a reasonable weight (for me) since then.
I straddle two worlds: one black and one mainstream.
In the “black world” depending on who you ask, I am either “just right” or “too thin”. One of my younger sisters is very slender. She once had a black boyfriend tell her she was too skinny and that she needed to start eating some cornbread. I marveled at this. A free pass to pig out on cornbread? I’m sold! Does he have an older brother?
In the “white” or “mainstream” world, the view of what constitutes thin has shrunken over time. In Los Angeles, some women probably think I’m “big.” To those types, if you’re larger than a size two, you’re a tub o’ Crisco.
I would love to say that I no longer care. That I don’t think about my weight and that I don’t have days when I just want to say “Fuck it all, I’m going to eat some motherbleepin’ ice cream and then a big ol’ tub of movie popcorn and be fat and happy!” But, that’s not the case. However, after several low-carb diets, starvation diets, weird heart patient lemonades, and flirting with bulimia, I’ve learned to allow myself to enjoy food. I can eat well and be healthy. I’ve also learned to appreciate my womanly figure, including the “thick thighs”, and pay less attention to my clothing size.
What happened to the days when women with a little bit of belly fat were thought of as gorgeous? Can we go back to that? To the figurative days when having extra pounds meant you were fortunate enough to have plenty of food to eat? We aren’t meant to starve ourselves into stick figures. Life is meant to be lived and food is part of living (and too damn good to be chucking in the toilet). So, live, eat, and love your body!
I'm Keisha ("Kee-shuh", not to be confused with Ke$ha). I am a (later) thirty-something, non-mommy, non-wife, who lives in San Francisco, California New York and has lots of opinions on lots of things. | <urn:uuid:da96387f-8a76-476d-89a4-431386f4962d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thegirlnextdoorisblack.com/tag/self-acceptance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.97414 | 3,477 | 1.570313 | 2 |
34 No. 5
The beginnings of chemistry may be traced to ancient Egyptians nearly 4000 years ago. Evidence for this comes from the so-called Ebers papyrus found near Luxor, the old capital of Egypt in the Middle Nile area. This 110-page document, dating to 1550 BC offers much information, referring to up to 700 preparations of various substances. A lot of scientific knowledge that was developed in Egypt, the Middle East, and North Africa formed the basis for the development that emerged in Western Europe during the Renaissance.
Despite these early beginnings, modern chemistry, as it relates to higher education and research, in Africa is no more than 100 years old. For example, the South African Chemical Institute is celebrating it’s centennial this year. In Africa, much of the teaching of chemistry in the first half of the 20th century followed Western standards, with little done to adapt or modify it for relevance to African situations. What little serious research was conducted in Africa was aimed at attaining the quality of research conducted at parent institutions in Europe, Russia, and the USA. Not surprisingly, the pioneers who started this teaching and research in chemistry introduced what they knew best.
|Young Ambassadors for Chemistry in Grahamstown, South Africa, in March 2007 (see July 2007 CI).
The chemical industry and applications of chemistry, which were created and developed in the West, provided so many useful products that to the rest of the world seemed to be just short of miracles. After all, it was the contributions of chemistry that allowed the USA to produce, for the first time, surplus agriculture in the 1950s and 1960s through the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides. Chemistry gave rise as well to drugs like antibiotics and other medicines and much, much more. Based on these experiences with chemistry, it was believed that economic development in Africa could be created through technology transfer or development assistance from the West. We know this didn’t work; it’s now clear that technology transfer alone is a faulty approach for bringing about lasting development anywhere, including Africa.
Whether it is in Africa or elsewhere, chemistry needs to redefine and reposition itself. I am not at all sure that we chemists have gone far enough to correct the love-hate relationship with chemistry that exists throughout much of the world. On the one hand, people tend to appreciate the contributions of chemistry, while on the other hate chemicals and the risks associated with them (and not without good reason).
The International Year of Chemistry 2011, with its slogan “Chemistry—our life, our future,” gave a huge boost to the image of chemistry among the general public. Chemistry must be relevant and understood by society. Some 25 years ago, an article entitled “The Chemist and His Mother” appeared in Solutions (the newsletter of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia), which was written by chemistry school teacher Yohannes Balcha. The article was a conversation between a chemistry student and his mother. The mother, sensing her son’s stress as he prepared for exams, decided she should find out what chemistry was all about, thinking she might be able to alleviate some of his stress. The son tried very hard to explain what chemistry was all about, that it deals with understanding the composition and properties of matter . . ., but the mother, who listened with much patience and eagerness, did not understand what her beloved son was talking about. In her unwavering determination to gain more insight, she decided to find out what this “chemistry of his” would eventually qualify him to be. So, she asks “Will the study of chemistry make you a builder?” “No!” he says to her, those who build roads study civil engineering and are called engineers. “Are you going to be a doctor?” “No! To be a doctor one studies medicine,” he replys. The conversation continues in this way, with the son eloquently explaining what chemistry is not, but not succeeding in describing what it is, with the now distressed mother becoming increasingly frustrated. I think the conclusions from this little story are that we need to better explain what chemistry is all about to society.
In 1969, a major conference was held in Kwame Nukrumah’s capital, Accra, spearheaded by the Association of African Universities and under the auspices of the Organization of African Unity. The purpose was to establish the African University instead of simply a University in Africa. This debate and intellectual discourse led to recommendations to establish the African University, which was unfortunately derailed by the political and economic problems that Africa faced in the subsequent two decades. But the spirit and essence of that debate is as relevant today as it was 40 years ago. Nevertheless, the succeeding decades witnessed the expansion of higher education.
In the mid-1960s, Africa probably had fewer than 70 universities, now it has close to 700. This massive expansion of higher education resulted in the dilution of the quality of education. Universities focused more on teaching and less on research. Very little effort went into establishing endogenous world-class institutions that would generate new knowledge and undertake serious research to find solutions to the problems of African communities. For many African chemistry departments and research institutions, success is often measured against sets of external standards, such as how they compare to elite institutions outside the continent. As a result, they try to mimic European and North American institutions. This has led to two negative consequences: a lack of relevance and a failure to be innovative. As a result, with very few exceptions, chemistry research in Africa may have made small contributions to global science, but it has not delivered many products for use by the poor people on the ground.
In this regard, the rather slow-to-take-off initiative of the African Union—The Pan-African University—is an important step toward establishing a teaching and research institution more focused on African needs. The university is to be hosted by various countries in the five regions of the continent. Each institution will have a distinct focus area:
- basic sciences, technology, and innovation—Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Kenya
- earth sciences—Ibadan
- political science and governance—Yaounde
- water sciences—Algeria
- space sciences—Southern Africa
Pan-African bodies like the African Academy of Sciences and the Association of African Universities are expected to be intimately involved with these initiatives. The African Academy of Sciences participated in the curriculum development of the Pan-African University and argued for the inclusion of the Millennium Development Goals in the discussions. Signed by African heads of state in 2000, the target year for achieving these goals is 2015. Although many countries may be on course to achieve them, it is quite clear that many poor countries in Africa are unlikely to meet the goals. Therefore, they will remain as the key drivers for sustainable development for some years to come.
Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, six are clearly science driven and would involve chemistry. Scientists have a responsibility to respond appropriately to a world under stress from the effects of climate change. It is important to note that Africa is most vulnerable to these effects, although it may not have contributed as much as other regions to the causes of climate change. Scientists should adopt a broader science platform and engage in a more effective integration and collaboration with other disciplines and knowledge systems.
African scientists should highlight indigenous knowledge systems and strive for effective modernizations and inclusive innovations. There is a need for a new vision of science for sustainable development, which will demand a complete re-engineering of science education and research in Africa. Instead of teaching in fragmented disciplines, sustainable science would be unified and trans-disciplinary. Sustainable science would include the epistemology of systems thinking and would encourage inclusive and responsible innovation.
|Young Ambassadors for Chemistry in Kasulu, Tanzania, in April 2012, moving tables to stage the public event held in the nearby football stadium—see feature.
This new thinking and re-engineering has been a subject of much intellectual discourse in recent times. Many pan-African institutions (such as the African Academy of Sciences, Network of African Science Academies, African Technology Policy Studies Network, and the Pan African Chemistry Network) have been engaging in such debates. These discussions were stimulated during the Mandela era and the subsequent integration of South Africa into the African Union. The emergence of progressive African leaders at the turn of the 20th century (e.g., Thabo Mbeki of South Africa who proposed the Millennium Africa Recovery Plan, Abdoulaye Wade who came up with the Omega plan) paved the way for articulating a new vision for African development, popularly referred to as the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD). This partnership resulted in the Consolidated Plan of Action, which includes several Flagship Programs, which are being implemented on regional and subregional levels.
Flagship Programs include such transdisciplinary fields as: biodiversity, biotechnology and indigenous knowledge; energy, water, and desertification; material sciences, manufacturing, laser, and post-harvest technologies; mathematical sciences; and information, communication, and space science technologies. African leaders have endorsed these programs and have established an African Ministerial Committee for Science and Technology, which meets regularly to monitor their progress. NEPAD has now been incorporated into the African Union under the name NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency.
Finally, a key issue for Africa’s future is the need to encourage young people to become involved in science. Africa’s population is now 1 billion, approximately 14 percent of the global population. Of importance, 71 percent of this population is below 25 years of age. This is both a challenge and an opportunity. A challenge for Africa’s strategic planning is how to unleash the power of the youth to bring about the continent’s development. The African Academy of Sciences has identified engaging the younger generation as a key strategic vision over the next decade. In this regard, it is important that they have role models in the scientific community for them to believe that they can help turn things around in Africa.
last modified 5 September 2012.
Copyright © 2003-2012 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Questions regarding the website, please contact [email protected] | <urn:uuid:a8e348b5-1e6a-464c-a14a-368f495bcfd4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rsync.iupac.org/publications/ci/2012/3405/1_abegaz.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960299 | 2,134 | 3.125 | 3 |
Food and Beverage for Energy, Mental Clarity and Creativity
In an unbalanced, out-of-control world, it’s natural for people to strive to reclaim some semblance of balance. New research released by Symrise has found this yearning for balance is one of the top functional health trends right now.
The use of natural ingredients — adaptogens, nootropics, and green foods — has increased in popularity as consumers and researchers both strive for a more holistic understanding of health and wellness.
Symrise used a multi-lens approach — exploring secondary data, speaking with experts, and surveying consumers and manufacturers — to identify five innovation platforms that can be used to improve food and beverage manufacturing with customer needs in mind. These five platforms are:
- Back to the Future
- Let Food Be Thy Medicine
- Blurring Boundaries
- Natural Power-Up
- Permissible Pleasure
In today’s guide, we’ll take a closer look at the concept of Natural Power-Up and how this platform can be used to guide innovation in the food and beverage industry.
In today’s ultra-connected, productivity-focused world, consumers are looking for natural ingredients that can give them the boost of power they need to get through the day. They hope for mental clarity and creativity inspired by the foods they eat.
The idea behind the natural power-up platform is to provide bookends framing a consumer’s day, starting with a productivity and energy booster in the morning and ending with soothing, relaxing foods in the evening to help them put the day’s stressors behind them and drift off into an easy sleep. This powerful combination can keep consumers sharp during the day without disturbing their sleep or causing anxiety in the evening.
Healthy Food and Beverage Ingredients to Spotlight
There are four major functional ingredients to spotlight within this innovation platform. They are:
Green Machine: From spirulina to wheatgrass, consumers are looking for green, all-natural alternatives to caffeine with the power to boost energy levels naturally.
Nootropics: Consumers want to rev up their days with mind-sharpening ingredients, including ginkgo biloba and Siberian ginseng, that have been shown to boost focus and increase productivity.
Relaxation Foods: Traditional nightcaps are being set aside in favor of warm drinks — like chamomile tea or golden milk — that soothe the body and the soul. At the end of the day, consumers want to destress and drift effortlessly to sleep.
Teas: Consumers are turning to herbal and botanical ingredients to lift their moods, both at the beginning of the day and at the end of the day, and to calm stress and anxiety.
Want to learn more about about our top functional health trends? Contact us here today!
Market Examples for Holistic Health
From snack bars to energy drinks, there are many foods consumers reach for to make it through the day. What makes this new innovation platform different is that consumers care more than ever before what goes into these energy boosters. Consumers are searching for healthy food and beverage ingredients, suggesting they might be more attracted to an energy drink featuring spirulina and green tea than an energy drink largely composed of chemicals they can’t pronounce.
Meanwhile, fortified waters and sweet snack foods are emerging as promising foods in this sphere. Functional ingredients combined with a sensuous flavor palette make these the perfect natural power-up foods and drinks.
Don't forget to Subscribe to our weekly newsletter here! | <urn:uuid:543f1586-4061-4113-bae3-26c783489f2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://in-sight.symrise.com/article/top-functional-health-trends-natural-power-up | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.927193 | 739 | 1.632813 | 2 |
On the internet video gaming is the practice of playing video games through a computer network. This suggests that anybody can participate in the action from throughout the world. In the early days of the Web, individuals would play their favorite video games via a public local area network such as the Net. Nevertheless, today, the number of people playing these video games has actually raised, as well as the variety of individuals that want this kind of home entertainment is on the increase. Below are some things that you must understand about online gaming. agen slot online terpercaya
The first as well as most apparent advantage of on the internet gaming is the innovative graphics and also processing power of the video games. Nonetheless, the modern technology that enables gamers to get in touch with each other and also complete in on-line games has its beginnings in early computer technologies. In the late 1970s, many colleges in the USA attached to the ARPANET, which was the forerunner to the Internet. Via this network, customers might connect with each other in real time. This link enabled a number of undergraduate students at the University of Essex to create a text-based fantasy journey video game. It was called a “multiuser dungeon” and was later turned into World of Warcraft.
While online video gaming is coming to be significantly preferred, the threats connected with it are actual. Whether players are using swear word or communicating with complete strangers via message chat, these dangers are real. Along with subjecting children to offending language as well as various other forms of harassment, they are revealed to the possibility of cyberbullying and also sexual harassment. Moms and dads might also be bothered with the types of video games that their youngsters are playing, that they are speaking with, and also the length of time they are investing playing these video games.
Youngsters that play multiplayer video games on the web are subjected to offending language and actions from various other players. Furthermore, kids playing these video games might be targeted for bullying. This type of bullying is called grieving. It involves selected players that send out upsetting messages and even attempt to damage the video gaming world entirely. Some youngsters might additionally be prone to sexual predators. As a result of their on the internet actions, they are at threat for a number of different dangers.
Similar to any kind of brand-new innovation, online gaming can come with threats. While it is still a popular activity, it can lead to cyberbulling and various other kinds of bullying. Due to the fact that a lot of popular video games are played as a group, this sort of cyberbullying usually targets the target’s capacities and attempts to get them outlawed from the video game. Additionally, younger youngsters are more likely to tell their moms and dads regarding their experiences, which can cause prohibiting them from the video game.
Another danger of on the internet pc gaming is cyberbullying. It is important to keep an eye on the web content of the games you use the web. Regarding sex, gender, and also race, these teams are probably to be targets for harassment. Moreover, online bullying can be extremely harmful to the psychological health of youngsters, as well as it can impact the quality of their lives. Therefore, young people ought to make certain that they take correct preventative measures to prevent this.
Along with cyberbullying, youngsters might undergo other kinds of harassing if they play multiplayer video games. As a result, they may be subjected to offensive language, inappropriate messages, and also also sex-related killers. If their close friends are able to participate in such behavior, they are most likely to be the sufferers of cyberbullying. Because of this, they can easily become targets of cyberbullying. Luckily, the internet can be utilized to curb this trouble.
On the internet video games are ending up being significantly preferred, and also lots of benefits of this sort of enjoyment have emerged. Despite the extensive charm of on-line games, they can likewise be risky. Additionally, young people are more likely to be victims of harassment than older people. Those that relate to marginalized teams are particularly prone. In addition, #GamerGate brought to light the prevalence of cyberbullying amongst players. Women gamers have reported fatality dangers, rape risks, tracking, and also doxing.
The appeal of on-line gaming is enhancing. Nevertheless, it is not without its risks. For instance, on the internet gaming is likewise susceptible to cyberbullying. While the number of reports of harassment is incredibly low, it has been reported sometimes. It is feasible to get hacked in an online game. In addition, online harassment can bring about physical damage, and it is commonly not limited to gender. Those who are targeted for harassment are probably to be black or transgender. | <urn:uuid:9d81720a-2ff0-4e75-9b64-eacd261951ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cardsofcharacter.com/2022/03/26/discover-the-truth-regarding-online-gaming-in-the-following-one-minute/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.970644 | 969 | 2.0625 | 2 |
According to WHO, around 3.4 million people die annually from water-related diseases. Furthermore, there are 4 billion cases of diarrhea per year, 20 million of typhoid, 146 million of trachoma, and the list goes on.
Even though this is majorly a problem for developing countries, its prevalence in developed countries is as dangerous.
The municipal water filtration system in developed countries purifies your water from physical contaminants. However, this filtration is not enough to eradicate microorganisms.
Moreover, the chlorination process they use to eradicate microorganisms is not as effective, and manually boiling the water requires a lot of labor and time.
So, what else can we use to purify our water from these menacing pathogens without spending too much money, energy, and time?
The answer is simple, an ultra-violet filtration system or a UV filtration system!
A UV filter is a device consisting of a UV lamp and a sleeve that covers this lamp. This method infiltrates the weakness of microorganisms towards the ultra-violet rays.
However, as UV filters are not popular among masses, a lot of questions might be popping up in your head right now!
So, without further delay, let us dive into our topic!
Type of UV filters
There are two main types of UV filters available.
Simple UV filter
The simple one is used in the areas where the water may contain microbial contaminants but is free of physical pollutants. These pollutants may include minerals (such as arsenic or lead), microplastics, industrial and agricultural wastes, etc.
It works well with an additional filter that removes the physical contaminants.
UV Filter with Built-in Sedimentation and Carbon Filtration System
This one is a complete package. It can remove both the microbial as well as physical impurities from your water.
If you do not trust your municipal water filtration system over physical impurities, this could be your best choice!
Mechanism of Action
No matter which type of UV filter you go for, the filtration technique is quite similar.
UV filter consists of a bulb and a sleeve that surrounds the bulb.
This bulb emits Ultraviolet rays that penetrate the microorganisms and damage their DNA.
This abruption in the structure of their DNA kills the microorganism and halts its reproduction and spread.
However, for this method to work efficiently, the water should be free from physical contaminants. For which, you may have to install an additional filter, or buy a UV filter with a built-in carbon filtration system.
Pros and Cons of Ultra-Violet Filters
As mentioned earlier, our water contains many microorganisms that can cause all sorts of diseases. These diseases include vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, bloody stool, bloody diarrhea, ulcerations, severe dehydration, coma, cancers, and even death.
UV filters remove almost 99.99% of these harmful pathogens from your water, saving you from painful illnesses and expensive clinical visits.
Moreover, this type of filtrations is more effective against a broader range of organisms than methods like chlorination or boiling. In fact, we have long been using Ultra-violet rays to disinfect surgical equipment and laboratory items.
From a simple UV filter to an advanced one, the price ranges from $100 to $300.
Considering how much a single clinical visit in good quality hospital costs, a UV filter saves a LOT in the long run.
Other disinfecting methods, such as chlorination, use chemicals to eradicate microbes. In excess quantity, these chemicals do more harm to your body than benefit.
On the contrary, a UV filter uses no such chemicals and has no by-products. You can enjoy pure water without having to worry about any additional chemicals.
These filters provide a fast water flow, work 365 days straight without maintenance, and remove 99.99% of the organisms.
Moreover, the energy required by these filters is quite low. A good quality filter uses the same amount of energy as an average light bulb.
Easy to Install and Maintain
These filters are easy to install, you even may not have to call a plumber. Just follow some easy steps from the manual provided, and you will be enjoying a pure-organisms free glass of water in no time!
Similarly, you do not have to worry about their maintenance too much. You only need to replace the UV lamp once every year.
Limited to Microorganisms (Only the Simple Type of UV Filter)
A significant drawback of the simple type of UV filters is that they do no filter physical particles. As a consequence, you either have to make sure your water is filtered well by the municipal authorities, or you need to install an additional filter.
However, this additional filter doesn’t need to be an expensive one. Even a simple faucet filter of about $10-$15 will do the work.
Nevertheless, this disadvantage is for the simple type of UV filters only. An advance filter, like the HQUA-OWS-6 whole house UV filter, does not require additional filters, purifies all the water in your house, and costs only around $120!
Since the continuous emission of UV rays requires electrical energy, you won’t be able to use these filters if they are powered off.
However, as mentioned before, your electricity bills will not be affected much as the energy requirement is as low as an average light bulb.
All in all, water-related diseases are one of the most critical health concerns worldwide. They are the reason behind millions of deaths and billions of sick people per year. Moreover, all the clinical visits and treatment expenses cost a lot.
By installing a UV filter, you make sure your water is free from these pathogens. Consequently, leading yourself to a fit, healthy, and ultimately, a happy life.
In the long run, every penny you spend on installing a UV filter saves you from spending fortunes over medical visits and treatments.
For more information, check out our reviews of the best Ultra-violet filtration system available in the market and go for the one you need! | <urn:uuid:36cf0ad7-acd6-41b2-83dc-8e5014277ba8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://purewaterguide.net/ultra-violet-water-filtration-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938324 | 1,292 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In 1972, the United Nations General Assembly decided to institute a World Development Information Day coinciding with United Nations Day on October 24. The General Assembly had the object of drawing the attention of world public opinion each year to development problems and the necessity of strengthening international co-operation to solve them.
|World Development Information Day|
|Next time||24 October 2022|
|Related to||United Nations Day|
The day was further recognized as the date on which the International Development Strategy for the Second Nations Development Decade was adopted in 1970.
On May 17, 1972, the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) proposed measures for information dissemination and for the mobilization of public opinion relative to trade and development problems. These became known as resolution 3038 (XXVII), which the UN General Assembly passed on December 19, 1972. This resolution called for introducing World Development Information Day to help draw the attention of people worldwide to development problems. A further aim of the event is to explain to the general public why it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation to find ways to solve these problems. The assembly also decided that the day should coincide with United Nations Day to stress the central role of development in the UN's work. World Development Information Day was first held on October 24, 1973, and has been held on this date each year since then.
In recent years many events have interpreted the title of the day slightly differently. These have concentrated on the role that modern information-technologies, such as the Internet and mobile telephones free from digital divide can play in alerting people and finding solutions to problems of trade and development. One of the specific aims of World Development Information Day was to inform and motivate young people and this change may help to further this aim.
- United Nations General Assembly Session 27 Resolution 3038. Dissemination of information and mobilization of public opinion regarding problems of trade and development A/RES/3038(XXVII) 19 December 1972. Retrieved 2008-10-24. | <urn:uuid:dc8aebc4-7374-40cf-8c65-0912dfc13113> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Development_Information_Day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.93447 | 445 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In mid-August, the Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency hosted a debate with stakeholders in Bengaluru to discuss its proposed Standards and Labelling (S&L) rules on solar water heaters. The primary objective of the S&L programme will be to allow consumers to make informed choices whenever they buy SWHs that comply with the agency’s IS:16368 standards. This sort of proposal is especially important in India, where the market is being flooded with imported, sub-standard vacuum tube systems. Initially, compliance with S&L rules will be voluntary, at least for a year. The maximum collector area of solar thermal systems to be labelled under the programme will be 8 m², enough for about 500 litres a day.
Photo: Jaideep Malaviya
Labelling is crucial to raising the quality of solar water heaters and confidence among consumers, said M. D. Akole, Chairman of the Solar Thermal Federation of India. “It will give manufacturers a strong incentive to produce highly efficient systems and help increase the companies’ reputation in the market.”
The S&L programme will reportedly include a rating system based on stars. The number of stars will indicate the efficiency of labelled systems under the following standard conditions:
- Average storage temperature = 50 °C
- Average ambient temperature = 25 °C
- Average solar radiation = 700 W/m2
|No. of stars|
|1||40 % (minimum efficiency, as per energy performance standard)||45 %|
|2||>45 %||50 %|
|3||>50 %||55 %|
|4||>55 %||65 %|
Solar water heater ratings, as agreed to at the second technical committee meeting held on 15 April.
Source: Bureau of Energy Efficiency
India’s geographical conditions make achieving 65 % efficiency a challenge, which is why several industry players called for a slight reduction in values during the debate last August. Their aim was to keep units in higher categories in order to attract more consumers. At the meeting, a Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) employee responded that the agency will look into the matter after analysing the results of the one-year voluntary period.
The BEE also used the August workshop to explain the testing procedures under the S&L programme. All system suppliers that want to apply for a label need to register with BEE, which will then examine one of their systems currently sold on the market at a laboratory approved by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL). If the unit fails the testing, a second series of tests will be conducted, this time by using two SWH systems with the same efficiency rating. Even if only one of these units fails the testing, the SWH will be treated as being non-compliant with BEE standards. All samples will be selected at random.
The industry representatives were also informed that labelling fees for five-star units will be waived in the voluntary phase to encourage manufacturers to aim for high-quality systems. The labels will reportedly be valid from the date of the programme launch until 31 December 2021. | <urn:uuid:d0ece282-2875-46aa-9bcc-3120f55898cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://solarthermalworld.org/news/swh-performance-label-proposed-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.93535 | 666 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Learn the newest medical analysis on epilepsy and seizures together with new treatments and potential cures beneath progress. Magnetic nanoparticles can separate oil and water in seconds, in response to new evaluation from the UT Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering division. By using this website, you adjust to the Phrases of Use and Privateness Coverage Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
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New analysis has discovered that the majority waves on Titan’s lakes attain solely about 1.. learn further. Science Day by day can also be a beautiful look at software: a custom-made search carry out permits readers to do their very personal evaluation using the positioning’s intensive archive of tales, topics, articles, motion pictures, images and books.
I caught myself nodding a lot whereas studying as a result of I’ve seen the constructive outcomes of what he prescribes to his readers. A analysis in Stockholm sought to find out how deliveries might probably be made further environment friendly – and have a lesser impression on disrupting guests – within the occasion that they had been made in offpeak hours. | <urn:uuid:11a80e09-76f2-41bb-8893-9d0a9c733965> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fivenightsatfreddys-4.com/mayo-clinic-research-finds-bigger-incidence-value-of-learning-incapacity-amongst-boys.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.921545 | 342 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Integrated Program in Singapore
IP Programme leading up to the A Levels
Most of us would be well-acquainted with the Integrated Programme (IP) by now. First launched in 2004 by Hwa Chong Institution, Nanyang Girls High School, Raffles Institution, Raffles Girls School, Dunman High School and River Valley High School, the number of participating schools has since expanded, including, to name a few, National Junior College and Victoria Junior College.
Accepting only the top 10% of the graduating PSLE cohort, its no secret that admission into an IP school is highly coveted and pretty competitive. Generally speaking, it appears that the most attractive highlight of the IP scheme is the ability to skip the GCE “O” Level examinations. Instead, students are able to ride the “through train” directly to sit for the GCE A Level examination at their 6th year.
Besides eliminating a rather huge source of stress (aka the dreaded O Level), this programme also frees up more time for students! This means greater opportunities to explore and develop new interests. IP schools also have the liberty to introduce additional enrichment programmes that serve to further develop students not only academically but also character-wise. Students also have the flexibility and freedom to choose their combination of subjects. Some IP schools also have subjects that are usually not taught at the secondary school level (e.g. Economics), effectively giving students a head start for their Junior College life. Additionally, as some IP schools started out as Junior Colleges, the teachers and management understand the rigorous demands of A Level thoroughly. As such, the kind of teaching and training throughout the 4 years of secondary education is often well geared towards helping students excel in their later penultimate and final years.
Why do some IP students struggle?
However, the IP programme is not without its drawbacks. The main area of concern for students and parents would, quite ironically, be the main feature of attraction: the fact that you skip “O” Levels. While this certainly reduces stress and allows more time for other development, this also means that you don’t have an officially recognised certificate for your secondary school education. Effectively, you’d only have an “A” Level certificate, so the pressures to perform at JC are monumental. In the unfortunate case that you do not well at the A Levels, you’re quite literally left with only a PSLE certificate. Just the thought of this is certainly anxiety inducing.
Moreover, as IP schools typically only accept the top 10% of the national cohort, successful admission to one of these schools usually come with the assumption that you’re a bright student who is able to keep up. Syllabus in IP schools are generally accelerated. Secondary school in itself is already quite a big jump from primary school. What more, an accelerated curriculum! Thus, some IP students may find themselves struggling.
Furthermore, as IP schools usually have the liberty to design curriculum which they find to be the most effective, their syllabus usually do not follow typical O level syllabus perfectly. This makes it hard for IP students to enrol in general tuition classes as such classes typically cater to the mainstream express curriculum. Assessment books are also tailored for the fixed O level syllabus, making it hard to even find proper practices for IP subjects. This hence makes it difficult for IP students to get the help they need somehow.
IP Tuition Can Help!
Fortunately, all hope is not lost! While typical group tuition classes at tuition centres may not be the most useful, IP students can still get help from private IP tuition.
Lessons Completely Tailored to Your Needs
Private IP tutors are not restricted to fixed curriculum set by the larger agency. Hence, they can tailor classes to fit exactly what you are learning in school. IP students are able to get their specific questions answered and explained in depth.
Develop Examination Skills
Surprisingly, there’s more to excelling at exams than just cramming information into your head. While content knowledge is definitely important, examination techniques are equally important! Time management, knowing how to calm your exam jitters, ability to write succinctly and concisely – these skills can make a difference between a B and A student. As IP students don’t take the “O” Levels, they may actually be at a disadvantage in terms of exam skills for “A” Levels, compared to students who had experience sitting for national exams. Our private IP tutors are able to help you develop these crucial examination skills so you are not caught off guard years later when you finally sit for the A Levels.
Stay Ahead of Peers
IP tutors can help you stay ahead of your peers by introducing Junior College content to you earlier on. In fact, some IP schools do introduce snippets of JC content in their secondary school syllabus. IP tuition can help to reinforce these knowledge as well as go more in depth. IP tuition can also provide the rigour needed for the eventual A Levels, so students can gradually get used to the challenging demands of JC life over the 4 years of secondary school. With this, they might not get such a huge shock when they finally enter the JC system. Such better adaption and realistic understanding of what’s expected for A Levels would definitely put these students at an advantage.
Increase Your Chances of Admission into Top Universities
Aiming for entrance into an Ivy League university? Admission into top universities can be notoriously difficult. Competition is very stiff. Stellar A Level results can be said to be merely the basic requirement in order to even get past the first stage of selections.
IP tuition can help you work towards that ultimate goal. By setting a good foundation throughout the first four years, students are more ready to take on the gruelling 2 years of JC education. Moreover, IP tuition can tailor lessons in a way where there is continuity from the four years of secondary education to the last 2 years of JC education. Essentially, this means 6 years of prep instead of the usual 2!
Nanyang Academics Helps You to Excel in the Integrated Programme and Preps You for A Levels
At Nanyang Academics, we are proud of our team of dedicated IP tutors. Our tutors are specialised in their subjects and are committed to helping their students excel. Prepping for A Level doesn’t need to start in Junior College. Supplement the 4 years of secondary education with IP tuition to give your child a stable foundation for excellence in their future A Levels.
The Integrated Program (IP) is an infusion of upper secondary and JC education that gives Secondary students the option of proceeding to JC without taking ‘O’ level exams. In schools offering IP, both the academic and non-academic curriculum for students are greatly stretched.
The attractive aspect of the IP program is that you are able to skip the O level exams, which many students would love. However, it’s not all milk and honey for the students who choose this path as it puts even greater pressure for them to pass the ‘A’ level exams. Your child risks getting only a PSLE certificate in the event that they don’t pass these exams.
For your child to perform well in the A level exams, they should have mastered the basic knowledge from secondary school. The child should have constant good performance track record because if they lag behind they will be incapable of tackling the A level exams.
Many parents who have their children undertaking the IP program will opt for private home IP tutors. An IP tutor can help keep your child on the track so that they don’t laze around in the comfort of not having to take the ‘O’ level examinations.
Although most students that undertake the IP program were considered high-performance in their secondary school stage, the opportunity to proceed directly to Junior College is not supposed to decrease their performance ability. The IP syllabus is a lot more brutal and complicated although this may depend on individual IP schools.
Why do IP students in Singapore need tuition?
The rigorous nature of the IP syllabus can be challenging for most students. Without a qualified and experienced IP tutor, your child can get over stressed with the work load and lose focus on the overall goal of the IP program.
Tuition for IP students have the option that they can be offered both privately at home and through group tuition in the School. The tuition plans for individual tuition subjects are always tailored specific to the individual learners needs. Your child can explore the syllabus to greater depth since they have more time and space.
Having an IP tutor assist your child from home gives the child freedom to interact more with the teacher, and together they can identify specific problematic areas. Even better, your child is at liberty to explore all their curiosity on the different subjects. With an IP tutor, your child will have all the support they need through their journey through the IP program, and they won’t be left behind in class work. | <urn:uuid:2862c339-6bd8-490a-9393-74796912dc06> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nanyangacademics.sg/blog_detail/6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964843 | 1,846 | 1.835938 | 2 |
July 07, 2016
Fishing at home on computer or game consoles has never really been able to mimic the experience that we get from actually being on the water. Until now. Fishing Planet is the most incredible fishing experience ever delivered to your living room.
From the artificial intelligence of the fish, to the virtual reality glasses, this is the game that anglers have been waiting for. Fishing Planet is a one of a kind, genuinely lifelike online first-person multiplayer fishing simulator developed by people who LOVE to fish, and who were tired of not having a game that would live up to the expectations of that avid fishing enthusiast passion! Choose your gear, hone your skills, and catalog your trophy fish, all in the most lifelike fishing experience ever created in a video game.
Everything started with a small 5-man team distributed between New York and Kyiv (Ukraine) and understanding that aside from a rare few gems, there were no decent fishing games created over the whole 30-year history of game development, and none of them offered multiplayer tournaments to allow people to compete against friends or other users from all over the world.
So how and why is it that the 65 million people who fish annually in the US has been ignored by the game industry? These were the very questions that drove the passion to start creating quality entertainments products for anglers around the world. Developers spent the last three years on Research and Development of fishing in North America, Pre-production, and planning to create a new team with top-tier 3d artists, programmers, game designers and angler consultants.
When all was said and done by late 2013 an intense development process started that took nearly 1.5 years to release a beta version on the Steam platform in Early Access through Greenlight. Greenlight is a procedure for new games that come to Steam where they present their idea, showcase the concept, and ask to be voted for submission in the store.
Typically this voting campaign lasts for one month, but the demo was good and the public desire for a fishing simulation game is so incredibly high that Fishing Planet passed through Greenlight in just 5 days!
Less than a month later Fishing Planet was released to the public as a Free-to-play online fishing simulation game in Early Access (Open beta) mode. Fishing Planet was so well received by the gaming audience of Steam that it has been charting in the Top 50 Games among millions of games from some of the biggest gaming corporations in the world. A year after this release and Fishing Planet boasts 1.5 million players!
So what's next? Right now Fishing Planet is getting ready to launch a HUGE multiplayer gameplay implementation (online fishing tournaments), and the highly anticipated release of Virtual Reality support and porting to consoles — PS4 and XBOX to reach each and every home in the US. Fishing Planet wants to create a whole new eSPORTS landscape of virtual fishing tournaments with real prizes, a PRO-League!
- Over 54 species of fish, each with its own unique behavior and Artificial Intelligence, each fish will even bite the way they should!
- 10 scenic waterways with multiple locations, various climatic conditions, bottom terrains and vegetation.
- Thousands of tackle combinations with unique physical and behavioral properties to make the lures act like they should, and even break like should!
- Superb dynamic water graphics with ripples and surface that changes depending on wind, current and depth.
- Weather — day/night alternation, change of seasons, different weather conditions (rain, fog, bright sunshine)
- Multiplayer capacity — online tournaments with personal and team scores, system of achievements, leader boards and top-player lists. | <urn:uuid:ed0ecc06-e829-4f95-8be8-a65677d2f743> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gameandfishmag.com/editorial/fishing-planet-first-ever-virtual-reality-fishing-game/193091 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.957151 | 752 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Arms spending in Asia continues as India shells out another ₹46 billion
- The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by
India’s Defence Minister, Nirmala Sitharamanapproved a ₹46 billion contract for new military equipment.
- In the accelerating
Asian arms race, India lags behind in both absolute and relative spending.
- Two-thirds of India’s military bill goes toward paying the infantry, leaving little left over for purchasing new weaponry.
This tender is particularly significant because it’s the first time that the India government will be applying the technology from a foreign investor while building the equipment at home.
India isn’t alone its efforts to build up its arms. The annual defence spending in Asia, on average, has doubled over the century to nearly ₹31.5 trillion ($450 billion).
Asian arms race
Many believe it was China that instigated the arms race when in 2010 their military spending alone accounted for 28% of the military spending across Asia. In 2014, that ratio increased even further to 38%.
As per the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the United States led the world with an arms spending of ₹42.7 trillion ($610 billion) while China came in second with ₹16 trillion ($228 billion). India was in 5th place with ₹4.5 trillion ($63.9 billion) as their military expenditure.
While India’s spending is a fraction of what other countries are bailing out, it’s still up from ₹3 trillion ($47 billion) in 2012.
More than absolute numbers, the proportional increases in budgets are more telling. In Asia, specifically, the largest increases in military spending were seen in Cambodia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and China.
Aside from arms, China’s neighbouring nations are also more actively engaged in curating their strategic partnerships to hedge against the risk of the United States failing to contain the Chinese incursions into the South China Sea.
Modernisation of India’s military
India’s military spending as forever been at the hub of controversy since the
Most experts argue that 36 jets are nowhere near enough for India’s requirements. An ad-hoc approach to India’s military strategy would do more harm than good in the long-run.
In fact, one of the major issues with India’s military spending has been that more than two-thirds of the budget is allocated towards the salaries of people employed in the armed forces and their respective pensions. While infantry is important, its leaves too little for India to spend on weapons or its own research and development.
That being said, the impetus from foreign investments being introduced into the defense sector should catalyse faster growth.
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- India's foreign exchange reserves fall to $573 bn | <urn:uuid:ee7647f7-ba1b-44ca-9bc5-ef619f294eb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.businessinsider.in/asian-arms-race-continues-with-india-spending-46-billion-on-military-upgrades/articleshow/65560279.cms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938131 | 699 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion
Your only chance to do Slickrock came in July. You tried to get an early start, but you're
just not a "morning person." Halfway around the loop, you're sweating buckets.
You have a headache. Now you're feeling nausea. Your muscles are feeling weak, even the
arms. You start walking the bike because you're feeling, well, like crap.
"Heat exhaustion" means your body is starting to malfunction due to "heat
stress" -- dehydration, electrolyte depletion, and overheated muscles. At this stage,
you can reverse these changes, but it may take a little time. Complete recovery from
dehydration can take hours.
It's a short hop from heat exhaustion to heat stroke, which can kill you or leave you with
Get out of the sun immediately. Remove extra clothing. Spread arms and legs to increase
evaporative surface. Sit or lie down to reduce muscle effort -- while keeping as much skin
open to the air as possible. If there is cool water nearby, use it to wipe down the body.
Sip whatever liquids you have with you, ideally a low-sugar electrolyte drink like
Gatoraid. Once you think you've recovered, mosey back to civilization and continue
rehydration for a couple of hours. If the dehydration is severe, use a balanced
electrolyte solution such as Lytren or Pedialyte
Dehydration and Electrolyte Abnormality
Dehydration means loss of circulating water volume. When biking, you lose water through
sweat, through the lungs by rapid breathing, and through the kidneys. (If you take
diuretics -- water pills -- the inability of the kidneys to "hold on" to water
can become a problem during prolonged exercise.) The higher metabolism means you lose
water much more rapidly than at rest. You may lose a lot of water and sodium through sweat
even if you don't feel damp.
There are three problems that occur with exercise-induced dehydration: acidosis,
hypokalemia, and sodium/water imbalance. All of these things are better AVOIDED, rather
than treated, by attention to adequate hydration and (if sweating and exercise are
prolonged) electrolyte replacement while biking.
Acidosis: Don't try to treat acid buildup (acidosis). Just get plenty of fluids, and
let your kidneys sort things out.
Hypokalemia: Potassium losses (hypokalemia) become apparent after the acidosis is
corrected. If severe, it can cause weakness, muscle cramps, and heart rhythm disturbances
(such as premature beats). Your body will move potassium out of the cells to partially
correct the loss. It may take hours to correct. You'll get potassium from yogurt, bananas,
and (a tiny bit) from sport drinks. If you're taking some types of blood pressure
medicines or diuretics (water pills) potassium loss can be a problem.
Sodium/water Imbalance: Your body needs a certain ratio of sodium to water in your
blood. As you sweat heavily, you lose both salt and water. If you don't take water by
mouth, the water loss exceeds the sodium loss and the serum becomes extra salty. This is
called hypernatremia. Weakness, muddled thinking, and lightheadedness occur with this type
of dehydration. It's fixed by drinking water. If sweat volume is high, and being replaced
by pure water, the body begins to run out of salt. The blood becomes dilute with low
sodium, called hyponatremia. Symptoms include weakness, irritability, and (if severe
enough) risk of seizures. The best prevention is to replace sodium along with water during
prolonged heavy sweating by using electrolyte-solution sport drinks. For treatment of
dehydration with hyponatremia, the sport drinks are still too dilute in electrolytes. It's
best to grab several jugs of kiddie-diarrhea electrolyte-replacement solution, such as
Lytren or Pedialyte.
See the doctor if:
- you're profoundly weak
- your heart is racing or irregular
- you have shortness of breath, chest pain, or severe lightheadedness
- nausea prevents oral rehydration
You're sweating like a pig in the St. George sunshine, trying to figure out the Stucki
Springs trail. Dang that CamelBak is heavy on the uphills! So you dump out some water.
Getting kind of dizzy. Don't stop, because the wife will be waiting. Odd -- you're getting
goosebumps despite the heat, but at least you're not sweating so much any more. Which fork
do you take here? Sure is hard to figure out this old map. Boy, this heat is making you
dizzy. Better sit down for a minute. Whoops, kind of fell down there.
Heatstroke occurs when your heat-regulation system fails. Often sweating stops and there
are signs of excess adrenaline such as goosebumps. The body temperature climbs and begins
to interfere with thinking. Symptoms of heat exhaustion usually precede the confusion that
marks the beginning of heatstroke. Finally, consciousness is lost and brain damage (and
death) can occur rapidly.
When has a biker passed the line between heat exhaustion and heat stroke? To
oversimplify: if the brain isn't working perfectly (confusion, dizziness even when lying
down, etc) you've crossed the line from dangerous to deadly.
Immediate cooling can be lifesaving. (Often, the victim can no longer sweat, so the
temperature just keeps rising. You can't just "wait it out.") Get the person out
of the sun immediately. Remove extra clothing. Spread arms and legs to increase
evaporative surface. Have them lie down, while keeping as much skin open to the air as
possible. Wet your biking shirt, then drag it loosely over exposed skin, moving from one
area to another. Keep the cloth loose and very wet, letting it pass through the air to
cool between wipes. If there's a cool but shallow stream nearby, consider moving the
victim so their back and legs are in the water. If you're close to a camper where ice is
available, put ice in the groin, armpit, and under the back. If the victim remains
confused or becomes unconscious, send someone out for help -- a helicopter or ambulance.
[First Aid Index Page] | <urn:uuid:b7d76f82-cd31-46c2-9d65-cdc26f0d65e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.utahmountainbiking.com/firstaid/heatstrok.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.921574 | 1,443 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Apple’s iPhone 6 and 6 Plus are almost two years old, and their age is starting to show.
According to iFixit, a manufacturing defect is affecting a growing number of iPhone 6 Plus devices, and some iPhone 6 units. The defect creates an unresponsive touchscreen and shows a flickering grey bar at the top of the display. Eventually, the touchscreen stops working entirely.
Repair experts were the first to point out the the defect, dubbed “Touch Disease,” but have yet to find what causes the bug. It could be simply linked to everyday wear-and-tear, which means that “millions” of iPhone 6 and 6 Plus devices could be potentially vulnerable, according to iFixit.
What makes “Touch Disease” even trickier is that even though it affects the touchscreen display, replacing those parts won’t solve the issue. Users who had their touchscreen replaced noticed the flickering grey bar again even on a new display.
“Touch Disease” affects the two touchscreen controller chips on the logic board, and at this point Apple has not released an official fix, short of replacing the iPhone with a new device.
The impact on you: If your iPhone 6 or 6 Plus is experiencing “Touch Disease,” going to the Apple genius bar will do little good. Apple’s in-store repair techs aren’t able to make repairs to the logic board.
Ironically, the only way to fix the logic board is to go to a third-party repair shop. But because third-party repairs are unauthorized by Apple, doing so will nullify whatever warranty you may have.
Hopefully, Apple will respond to this issue shortly and offer affected users an official solution, like a software update similar to the Error 53 issue that was resolved earlier this year. | <urn:uuid:1fe66d07-c0a9-4df9-bb4a-06daa59e59e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.macworld.com/article/228633/ifixit-report-claims-touch-disease-plagues-iphone-6-and-6-plus-units-with-touchscreen-bug.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.951524 | 377 | 1.609375 | 2 |
If you followed my article last week about the Emory students who protested the fact that “Trump 2016” was written in chalk around their campus, it may interest you to know that they’ve published a statement taking issue with all media coverage of the story. Give it a read and decide for yourself whether it’s persuasive.
To me, several passages show the protesters to have a fundamental misunderstanding of their critics. This is most evident when they write:
Subsequent media reports have tried to frame this case as one about “coddled” and “oversensitive” students; however, LET US BE CLEAR: We are not scared of the chalk.
I noted as much in my coverage. But these protesters need to understand why so many media outlets wrote stories about students scared of chalk. This isn’t a case of fabulism. Emory students unambiguously created that narrative when talking to reporters.
“I legitimately feared for my life,” Emory student Paula Camila Alarcon told The Daily Beast. “It was deliberate intimidation,” Jonathan Peraza, another student, told the publication. “Some of us were expecting shootings. We feared walking alone.”
Freshman Amanda Obando told Emory’s student newspaper, “My reaction to the chalking was one of fear.” The newspaper quoted other ostensibly frightened students too. Here’s one passage:
“I’m supposed to feel comfortable and safe,” one student said. “But this man is being supported by students on our campus and our administration shows that they, by their silence, support it as well… I don’t deserve to feel afraid at my school.”
“What are we feeling?” Peraza asked those assembled. Responses of “frustration” and “fear” came from around the room, but individual students soon began to offer more detailed, personal reactions to feelings of racial tension that Trump and his ideology bring to the fore.
Here’s Newsweek quoting yet another Emory undergrad:
“We aren’t afraid of chalk,” says a student involved in the protests, who declined to give her name because she said people have been receiving threats. “We’re afraid of people who are willing to put ridiculous messages as an intimidation tactic, as a scare tactic, against students who go to this school.”
If students keep reacting to incidents like this one with vivid, unambiguous descriptions of unusual fear, reporters will continue to faithfully relay their words to the public, who will continue to conclude that this generation is uncommonly fearful. The press is far from perfect on this story, as on many other stories, but fearful college students seeking “safe spaces” isn’t remotely a frame that the press created.
The protesters misunderstand their chroniclers and critics elsewhere in their statement too. They write:
Trump’s messages of division (racist, xenophobic, homophobic, ableist, and sexist) make reference to a non-post racial state. Fellow students’ complacency with the narratives of Donald Trump and the aggressive condemnation of Black and Brown students’ responses reflects a lack of concern for the very real consequences of his campaign policies.
But many if not most criticizing the Emory protesters are extremely concerned about the Trump campaign––its racism, its xenophobia, the violence it has stoked at campaign rallies, the gutter-insults of his political opponents, etc. The dispute isn’t over whether Trump is awful. Implying otherwise obscures the actual disagreements.
The protesters write:
Firstly, we are not asking that these students censor their politics, nor are we asking that administration chooses to intervene in student politics. Rather, what we are asking for is equality and equity--we want a streamlined, consistent method of communication to deal with instances of unrest on Emory's campus. This means race, color and economic status should not determine whether or not the University needs to be prompted to send out a response of acknowledgement of events.
This is very confusing. The protesters unambiguously demanded that Emory’s president intervene in student politics––at the very least, they sought “an acknowledgement of events,” which is to say, they wanted the president to conclude that “Trump 2016” is an objectionable message, with some literally wondering how he could fail to do that. At least one protester asked for an email from the administration that would “decry the support for this fascist, racist candidate” while another declared that faculty “are supporting this rhetoric by not ending it.”
Finally, the protesters write:
...we ask the Emory University Student Body and individuals nationally to fight for our right of freedom of speech the way they have for Trump supporters.
But no one has threatened their right to free speech. I would absolutely fight on their behalf if anyone did. As yet, they face no punishment whatsoever for their anti-Trump advocacy. And little wonder. A majority of Emory students and supermajorities of faculty and administrators abhor Trump as much as they do. If there’s one kind of speech that isn’t under threat on campus it’s Trump denunciations.
As I noted in my article on this controversy, the approach chosen by Emory activists, who ostensibly want to stop Trump’s rise, is far likelier to do the opposite. They’d do better to reflect on where they went wrong than to blame the media. | <urn:uuid:be3f0573-fc5f-4e2a-8a0a-d2706bdef75c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/03/emorys-protesters-respond-to-their-critics/624533/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.968414 | 1,171 | 1.546875 | 2 |
If you are questioning how to make your personal computer virus, check out this article for more information. Viruses can be very destructive — they can crash your computer, freeze this, and even ruin the baseboard. They’re very easy to help to make. However , for anyone who is unsure how to begin, here are some tips that will help get started:
To create a byte-based pathogen, you’ll need a notepad. The virus’s icon is just like that of Google-chrome, and it will power down your Home windows computer if it is running. In a similar manner, you’ll also need a computer while using the same operating system as the infected machine. Alternatively, you could make a notepad virus that shuts down your computer using a notepad icon.
Viruses happen to be small , malicious programs that replicate themselves by slowing down the data they invade. They divide through email attachments, physical advertising, and UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS drives. The first computer system viruses were relatively safe and not extremely dangerous. They would annoy people, draw interest, or demolish entire devices. Nevertheless, the spread of a computer virus is never easier. There are numerous ways to build a computer virus. | <urn:uuid:efe0f05b-2586-4bca-ab3d-abbb0ddf079e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://siliconerealdoll.com/2022/07/26/steps-to-make-a-computer-anti-virus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.931547 | 383 | 3.546875 | 4 |
I sometimes think about what makes up a community. Better yet, what makes a great community? Is it the geographic location, common interests, or perhaps something more? I reflect on this as we can be a part of multiple communities. We can be part of the “parenting” community, part of the “sports-minded” community, part of the “outdoor” community, part of the “art” community, or part of the “business” community. I am part of so many communities and in each one, there are folks that I share something with – be it beliefs, interests or experiences.
Community is quite a large concept that can include so much, but for me it ideally includes this notion of inclusivity or belonging. Sure, there are those who will argue that one can be geographically in a community and not “belong,” but that is not my definition of community.
Then I think about what are the key ingredients to a successful community? Economic developers strive to make their communities better, but what does better look like and how do we get there? One thing is clear to me – great communities don’t happen by accident. They are formed by strong leaders with vision and purpose.
One of the best communities I have belonged to is the community in Mariners Landing at Smith Mountain Lake. This community shares a vision of inclusiveness and teamwork. There is a sense of shared purpose and a sense of creating together. There are a number of community social events to bring everyone together like the monthly community dinners and bingo night as well as a karaoke night! There is warmth, compassion and friendship in this community. Come see if it is right for you!
We will bring you all the fun things to do around the lake all year long! | <urn:uuid:60fc588a-48af-412a-9d6a-8526850f14cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.smlvaca.com/blog/what-makes-a-community | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.966056 | 392 | 1.78125 | 2 |
The Trump administration has loosened restrictions on insurance coverage for telemedicine so doctors’ offices are able to bill for virtual appointments just as they do for office appointments. But some patient advocates worry that barriers still remain for seniors, one of the populations most vulnerable to COVID-19.
Telemedicine helps avoid possibly risky in-person visits, but access to the technology (including smartphones, Wi-Fi and broadband), the ability to operate the technology, and cognitive or age-related impairment may affect the ability to take advantage of virtual visits.
While 96 percent of American adults use smartphones, almost half of Americans over the age of 65 still don’t have one, and nearly half lack broadband access, according to a Pew Research study conducted last year.
“We’re seeing insurers clearing a lot of the barriers out of the way for this, but that last part, making sure that users are able to use the services, that may be the most time-consuming part of this,” said AARP Florida spokesman David Bruns.
Researchers share concerns about the ease of use of some apps.
“Now would be a time to think about how to create technologies that are universally accessible, regardless of age, regardless of socioeconomic status, racial or ethnic background, and also (to think) about those seniors or individuals where English is not their primary language,” said Uchechi Mitchell, an assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago who focuses on racial and ethnic health disparities and aging.
In Florida, where almost 500,000 seniors had limited English proficiency as of 2018, this is even more of a concern.
Mercedes Carnethon, vice chair of the department of preventive medicine at Northwestern University’s medical school, said that without improvements to apps’ interfaces or access to devices such as iPads that enable video visits, patients may resort to phone appointments, but that means doctors lose the ability to check seniors’ energy levels, skin and eye brightness and mobility, for example.
“When we talk about frailty and looking at muscle function, you know, how many chair stands can you do? Well, suddenly, if you have an iPad, you could set that iPad down and you could watch on video, this older adult stand up and sit down unaided, repeatedly, and you could do some of these functional tests and witness them in real time,” she said. “You can’t do that on the phone.”
Carnethon added that telehealth may help to eliminate race-based disparities in health outcomes for seniors, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and COVID-19, by making it easier for doctors to monitor patients’ symptoms from home.
In practice, however, Florida-based doctors and patients have faced roadblocks to implementing the technology.
Dr. Mark Moseley, chief clinical officer at USF Health in Tampa, said that while USF was able to set up a telehealth infrastructure within a week in March, it has conducted only about 60,000 telehealth appointments, out of the approximately 85,000 scheduled since then.
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“What we learned pretty early on is that we had to call before their appointment,” he said. He said that staff would learn on these calls that some seniors lacked reliable internet access, devices or technical knowledge to set up a video appointment, so follow-up visits would be converted to phone calls.
Ralph Lambert, 82, said his first telemedicine appointment with South Tampa’s Bayside Physicians in April had some kinks to work out. What was supposed to be a 10-minute follow-up appointment turned into a 45-minute one because the doctor couldn’t see him, although Lambert said he was able to see the doctor.
Eventually, Lambert was able to conduct the appointment successfully. He considers himself tech-savvy as a former engineer but knows some of his peers may be less so. “I’m sure it’s difficult for elderly people,” he said of their ability to conduct virtual appointments. “I just had a little flip phone for years and I was perfectly happy with that.” He said his son gifted him an iPhone a few years ago.
Dr. Deborah Boland, a Tampa-based neurologist at Be Mobile Neurology, said her telemedicine system is very smooth for almost all her patients, but her biggest challenge has been coordinating nursing home aides to assist seniors with completing virtual appointments and securing devices to log in.
Monica Stynchula, a member of the Florida Telehealth Advisory Council and founder of ReunionCare, a digital platform for managing seniors’ care, said the biggest barrier to telemedicine is lack of universal broadband access.
“Think of all the seniors that don’t have internet in their home,” she said. “We want people to use telehealth, and yet we don’t give them what is essentially the commodity that they need in order to do it.”
Correction: Uchechi Mitchell is an assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago who focuses on racial and ethnic health disparities and aging. An earlier version of this article gave the incorrect school and focus. | <urn:uuid:10cb7fe2-127f-46e1-8a15-5a539c647f53> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tampabay.com/news/health/2020/08/28/lawmakers-cleared-the-way-for-telemedicine-but-seniors-need-access-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.968577 | 1,147 | 2.578125 | 3 |
gemini1306 — Organization Release
Poised for Discovery
Gemini’s Much-anticipated Infrared Instrument Goes On-sky
6 August 2013
Gemini Observatory’s latest instrument, a powerful infrared camera and spectrograph at Gemini South, reveals its potential in a series of striking on-sky commissioning images released today.
Gemini Observatory’s latest tool for astronomers, a second-generation infrared instrument called FLAMINGOS-2, has “traveled a long road” to begin science observations for the Gemini scientific community. Recent images taken by FLAMINGOS-2 during its last commissioning phase dramatically illustrate that the instrument was worth the wait for astronomers around the world who are anxious to begin using it.
“It’s already one of our most requested instruments at the Gemini telescopes,” remarks Nancy Levenson, Gemini’s Deputy Director and Head of Science. “We see a long and productive life ahead for FLAMINGOS-2 once astronomers really start using it later this year.”
“It has not been an easy journey,” says Percy Gomez Gemini’s FLAMINGOS-2 Instrument Scientist, “but thanks to the dedicated work of Gemini engineers and scientists very soon astronomers will be able to use a reliable and robust instrument.” After significant redesign and rebuilds for optimal performance on the Gemini South telescope, FLAMINGOS-2 has proven that it will provide astronomers with a powerful mix of capabilities. These include extreme sensitivity to infrared (heat) radiation from the universe, high-resolution wide-field imaging, and a combination of spectroscopic capabilities that will allow cutting-edge research in topics spanning from the exploration of our Solar System, to the most distant and energetic explosions in our universe.
While work still remains on some of its spectroscopic features, as well as refining imaging at the edge of its large field of view, Gemini’s team of engineers and scientists has mitigated its most severe risk – potential damage to a large collimator lens that catastrophically cracked during a planned final commissioning in early 2012 (it was later replaced). The thermal environment surrounding this lens – located where the temperature changes periodically for routine switching of masks for multi-object spectroscopy - creates special challenges. It was these temperature changes that initially caused the crack, but a year later procedures and design modifications are now in place to significantly reduce risks to the lens’s integrity and functionality.
“The Gemini team has done a remarkable job in optimizing this instrument for Gemini and it will soon be everything, and more, that we had envisioned years ago when the project began,” says Steve Eikenberry, who led the team who built FLAMINGOS-2 at the University of Florida. “Like a lot of scientists, I’m anxious to use FLAMINGOS-2 to collect data – specifically, I want to look toward the center of our Galaxy and study binary black holes as well as the mass evolution of the super-massive black hole that lurks at the heart of our Galaxy.” Eikenberry and collaborators are eager to make the most of FLAMINGOS-2’s power as soon as the instrument’s multi-object spectroscopy capability is fully functional. “With most of the challenges behind us, now the fun begins!” Eikenberry said.
Kevin Stevenson of the University of Chicago already has plans to use FLAMINGOS-2 later this year to study the intriguing exoplanet WASP-18b. This well-known exoplanet is being strongly heated by its ultra-nearby host star and according to Stevenson, “It's even hotter than some of the coolest, low-mass stars known.” Stevenson and his team hope to determine the abundances of water vapor and methane when the planet is eclipsed by its host star. “Our plan is to compare the system's light immediately before and during an eclipse to measure the contribution from the planet. When we do this over several parts of the infrared part of the light spectrum, we can piece together the planet's spectrum and learn about its temperature and composition.”
The quality and usefulness of FLAMINGOS-2 for these and future projects is reflected in the images released today. They cover a wide range of targets which are representative of the types of science in which FLAMINGOS-2 is expected to excel. In addition, the instrument may later accept an adaptive optics (AO) feed for extremely high-resolution imaging from GeMS (Gemini Multi-conjugate adaptive optics System).
It is expected that most of these systems, including multi-object spectroscopy, will be fully integrated in 2014 with imaging and long-slit spectroscopy available now. The next round of observations with FLAMINGOS-2 are slated to begin on September 1st.
La Serena, Chile
Tel: (808) 974-2511
La Serena, Chile
About the Release | <urn:uuid:d44c7311-80a0-4a56-bbcc-77fe91a31ac8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.noirlab.edu/public/news/gemini1306/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.920153 | 1,201 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Efforts to cull or relocate the West's free-roaming horses have met fierce opposition. Photo by Steve Petersen/ESA
Feb. 4 (UPI) -- Charismatic invaders are harder to expel, according to a new study of animal experts.
In an effort to improve the efficacy of management and eradication plans for invasive and introduced species, scientists set out to understand why people are more accepting of certain introduced species, and how public perception of a species is often at odds with it's ecological impact.
Humans tend to view animals that don't bite, crawl or squirm more favorably, surveys show. Culturally valued species can also quickly endear themselves to the public. People are less accepting of species that are slimy or oily.
These preferences explain why citizens and stakeholders are enthusiastic about plans and efforts to eradicate zebra mussels, but are less supportive of measures to control or reduce the population of ring-necked parakeets in California.
When researchers analyzed the problem, they realized the disconnect between different time and spatial scales influence on how people perceive the problem of invasive species.
Humans experience the presence of animals within an ecosystem at human timescales. An animal that has been present for 40 years will seem like a constant in the environment -- but 40 years on ecological timescales is a blink of an eye.
Humans also experience introduced species on localized scales -- in their parks or neighborhoods. But a species' ecological impact can span thousands of miles.
In other words, species that seem to humans to have been around forever without causing any obvious harm in the local ecosystem are, in reality, newcomers with the potential to affect large-scale change.
Cultural importance also has a significant influence, researchers explained in their new study -- published this week in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.
In the West, feral or free-roaming horses, Equus caballus, continue to live on federally managed rangelands. Efforts to cull or relocate these fast-reproducing non-native animals have met fierce opposition. This is because the horse has played a significant role in much of human history and remains culturally significant, especially in the West.
Conflicts over how to manage free-roaming horses are also influenced by divergent scales.
"Horses can move very far, but their management areas can be small and the boundaries do not shift over time or account for seasonal movement," Erik A. Beever, researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey, said in a news release.
Beever and his colleagues hope that by highlighting the way different time and spatial scales influence conservation and population control decisions, policy makers can develop more effective management plans.
"There are tools, techniques, and approaches that can help to bring progress and even resolution to these situations," Beever said. "Addressing social-ecological mismatches will be an important element to effectively manage introduced species; this will require early, meaningful communication about complex management issues among researchers, managers, and the public, and a collaborative search for practical solutions and compromises." | <urn:uuid:35bf5706-060b-462f-befc-48eea9886565> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/02/04/Invasive-species-with-charisma-are-harder-to-eradicate/7811549300995/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.941701 | 632 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Saint Josemaria and Saint James the Apostle
July 25 is the feast of Saint James the Apostle. Here is the story of several trips Saint Josemaria made to Santiago de Compostela, where the Apostle's remains are preserved, including his first pilgrimage there in 1938 during the difficult days of the Spanish civil war.
Biography of Saint Josemaría Escrivá
A brief biography of the founder of Opus Dei.
Statements on Josemaría Escrivá by Catholic leaders
A selection of statements about the founder of Opus Dei from Catholic leaders around the world.
The process of canonization for Josemaría Escrivá
Facts about the procedures followed in the canonization of the founder of Opus Dei.
"All the ways of the earth can be an opportunity to meet Christ.” | <urn:uuid:5018ee0d-0ca9-4c19-915f-2b0930135b12> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://opusdei.org/en/page/biography-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.914577 | 173 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Fundamentals of Energy Transition is a short course delivered through the Centre for Energy Transition in partnership with Total Professeurs Associés (TPA), the educational wing of TotalEnergies.
Energy Transition is one of the five Interdisciplinary Challenges identified within the Aberdeen 2040 strategy. The Centre for Energy Transition (CET) plays a key role in delivering on the University of Aberdeen's commitments in this area, through research that advances the transition to a net-zero carbon economy. In addition, the CET is responsible for developing new courses and programmes that equip our students with the knowledge and skills needed to deliver the energy transition.
TotalEnergies is redefining its business activities, moving rapidly from a reliance on oil and gas production to renewable energy technologies. The energy company has been working with a number of universities in Europe and the US to share its expertise in this area. The University of Aberdeen is the only university in Scotland to deliver this course to students.
Fundamentals of Energy Transition is an introductory, zero-credit, course that examines different energy systems in the context of global climate change and the transition to a low carbon economy.
The course is delivered by senior TotalEnergies staff over 1 week and is available as an optional course to postgraduate students enrolled on a select number of energy-related Masters programmes across the University.
Students engage with data from organisations such as the International Energy Agency, International Renewable Energy Agency and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to understand the complex relationships between climate, energy and carbon emissions.
This course also introduces students to the methods, tools and trends needed to understand energy systems and energy transition in the context of economic, technical, legal and environmental considerations.
Fundamentals of Energy Transition is aimed at current MSc students who are interested in gaining an introductory understanding of, and to debate, energy transition concepts based on analyses from international institutions and perspectives from the energy industry.
Each student who completes the course and its assessments will receive a certificate of participation from TotalEnergies. The course will also appear on the student’s enhanced transcript.
Find out more
Fundamentals of Energy Transition is available as an optional course for current postgraduate students enrolled on a select number of energy-related Masters programmes across the University of Aberdeen. Current postgraduate students can contact their Programme Coordinator for more information. | <urn:uuid:b6860e2c-819a-42a9-9c93-d9ef88b713b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.abdn.ac.uk/energy/study/fundamentals-of-energy-transition-511.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.910688 | 488 | 2.15625 | 2 |
The Christmas holidays mean different things to different people. For some it means an opportunity to get as far away from family as possible, and for others it means spending a whole lot of time with the family - whether you like it or not.
"A lovely thing about Christmas is that it's compulsory, like a thunderstorm, and we all go through it together" wrote Garrison Keillor. Having to deal with weird and wonderful family members is part of the thunderstorm too and we can all understand that not all thunderstorms are pretty.
No matter what your family dynamic might be, here are a few tips on how to deal with difficult family and their differences during the holidays:
Tip #1 – Plan ahead
Avoid having to spend copious amounts at the pharmacy on calming tablets, by making sure you plan the festivities in advance. Schedule your attendance at the celebrations according to the amount of time you can handle. Take control and book your diary ahead of time. If you have the festivities at your house, the bonus is you can choose the seating plan (putting the most difficult members at the opposite end of the table to you) and you get to choose the wine list.`
Tip #2 – Acceptance is key
If you accept the fact that aunty Marge is going to put too much brandy in the Christmas cake, and Grandpa is going to stand up and say the exact same speech as last year, or that cousin Izzy will comment on the fact that you’ve put on weight, then it might take away the anxiety and stress of anticipating it all together. People tend to let their hair down and let their true colours show a little more than usual at Christmas time.
Tip #3 – Use your coping strategies
Use whatever coping strategies work best for you to get through the festive season without losing your marbles. Some people like to run, or walk the dogs, others find counting to ten at the most stressful of times quietly in the bathroom by themselves works. Or perhaps even phoning a friend, and unpacking it all with them. Whatever your best de-stressing strategies might be, don’t be afraid to use them.
Tip #4 – Remember, you can only change YOU.
We feel this is the most important tip! You can try to change your difficult family members as much as you like but it probably won’t work. Focus on making yourself happy, and making Christmas as fun and as memorable as you can for yourself and your immediate family. If you change your mindset and your attitude, you might be surprised at how wonderful this festive season can be.
If all else fails, and the toxicity and stress of dealing with family differences over Christmas is just too much, book yourself and your immediate loved ones into an all-inclusive resort. Sipping Mojito’s around a pool will be sure to get you singing “it’s beginning to look a lot like Christmas” a lot sooner than you think. Remember at the end of the day this time of year is known as a special time for family - let’s try and make the most of it.
Date Published: 04 December 2017 | <urn:uuid:6f8b777b-cd45-449d-9875-9192502910a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.specsavers.co.za/post/maintaining-balance/how-to-deal-with-difficult-family-over-the-fe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.965528 | 653 | 1.742188 | 2 |
By the end of high school, you were probably thinking life is just a natural progression through college, into a job, and finally living the adult life. You chose to study a domain you found appealing, probably dreaming of continuing in that same field. But by the time you finished, you realized this was not what you wanted to do for a living.
You are not alone. A surprisingly large number of people end up changing their career paths after graduation. This may look like a daunting task at first. After all, you’ve spent three years preparing for something, and, all of a sudden, it feels like all that preparation was for nothing. It’s like having the rug pulled from under your feet. But with a little bit of patience and work, you can easily switch fields, and get the job you’re looking for.
Identify Your Transferable Skills
Regardless of your major, apart from the information you were required to learn in your courses, there are many other skills you acquired. You might not have realized back then, but all those late night cramming sessions actually taught how to do research, and stay focused and organized under pressure. All the essays you wrote taught you how to take in large amounts of information, and filter out the most important points. Don’t underestimate these skills. Once you’ve identified your transferable skills, all you have to do is sell them to your employer in your CV.
Focus On Your Potential
Everyone has room to grow. Even if you decided to stay in your field, you still would have had to stay up to date, and learn new things. When switching fields, the skills you can acquire in the future become even more important. Make sure to highlight your strong points, and indicate how you can develop them further. Any employer will be impressed by your willingness to continue to better yourself.
Adapt Your Skills
Skills are tools. They help you achieve your goals. Each field requires you to use specific tools for specific tasks, but the same tools can be used for other tasks as well. Find out how the skills you’ve acquired in one field can be used in another. Nowadays, it’s all about your ability to work across different fields. Your personal combination of abilities, experiences, and desire to understand different fields make you unique. Make sure your employer knows that when applying for a job.
Take It One Step at a Time
Before plunging into a new field, try to build some work experience. The retail industry, for example, has plenty of job openings and will give you the opportunity to explore your untapped potential first. Each field has its own set of requirements, so it’s quite likely you’ve never had a chance to see all of your talents in action. The key here is not to rush. This is a pretty big change, so give it the time it deserves. If you don’t spend time figuring things out now, you might end up in a field that makes you just as unhappy as your previous one.
Stay Positive and Learn from Others
Landing a job depends on a lot on how you present yourself to people. You never know who you might meet at an event, or what opportunity might arise when you least expect it. No matter when or where that happens, having a positive attitude is sure to make a good impression. If you feel disheartened, don’t keep to yourself. Talk to people, ask for advice. There are many successful people who probably felt just like you at some point. If they managed to make it, so can you.
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Do you want to be kept up to date on the latest jobs for students? Register for free on StudentJob.Register | <urn:uuid:a8200203-5bc1-46a5-bc84-1e10792ced37> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.studentjob.co.uk/blog/1189-how-to-successfully-land-a-job-even-if-the-field-is-totally-unrelated | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.961986 | 899 | 2.21875 | 2 |
How To Remove A Word From Autocorrect Iphone. Every time you type the word the phone wants to autocorrect with the misspelled word, it will automatically default to the correct spelling! I opened notes, typed the word i wanted and when the incorrect autocorrect showed i pressed the cross.
In the replace box, type the word to remove from the list. How do you delete words from autocorrect on iphone? On the 9th time the incorrect suggestion stopped showing.
Table of Contents
How Do You Delete Certain Words From Predictive Text?
Drag your finger to move the cursor and let go when you reach the word that you want to change. Unfortunately, sometimes our iphone keyboard learns an incorrect spelling or text replacement. To disable the autocorrect feature in google docs via your pc, do the following:
How To Disable Autocorrect On Iphone And Ipad > Howhack From Huckfinnsmoneytree.com.
Go to your text messages and open any conversation. If you have a password set, your device will prompt you to enter it and then warn you that it’s about to “delete all custom words you have typed on the keyboard.”. Or click on a word to edit its spelling.
To Do That, Navigate To Settings > General > Dictionary On Your Iphone.
Go to the autocorrect tab. Sign in to your google drive account and access a docs. When you’re done, tap save.
Say Good Riddance, And Hit “Reset.
When you’re done, tap save. Click or tap in the list and type the first couple letters of the word or phrase to remove. , then enter your phrase and shortcut.
In The Replace Box, Type The Word To Remove From The List.
Do you think you have enabled too many dictionaries on your iphone? You must reset the entire dictionary to delete misspelled. It doesn't remove the word from the dictionary, but it beats the phone at its own game! | <urn:uuid:ed0e5bd3-efc8-4345-ba98-0f264e4f3dde> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://votejohnpowell.org/how-to-remove-a-word-from-autocorrect-iphone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.839717 | 428 | 1.867188 | 2 |
The automotive industry can benefit greatly from the detailed scans that our 3D scanning & printing services provide. We can apply this technology to the design process of parts for vehicles. Anything from a large mechanical part or full car body, to an ash tray or caddy, can be scanned using our 3D scanner.
The applications are endless when it comes to automotive & motorsport. Following 3D scanning, we can use CAD development and reverse engineering to aid any motor project including pre-production testing, quality control, new car design or restoring a classic car. | <urn:uuid:2ff64a4e-4986-46ad-b778-c750a48c2bb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ekalimited.com/our-sectors/automotive-motorsport/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.903682 | 112 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Croatia has taken over the Presidency of the European Council since 1 January 2020 for a six month term.
The Croatian-led priorities document includes digital aspects under each of the four strategic pillars, with ethics in AI highlighted.
One goal of the strategy is to curate discussions on the legal and ethical implications of artificial intelligence as well as defining the accompanying standards of new technologies.
The Croatian presidency will end on 30 June 2020. The full programme is available on the Presidency’s website. | <urn:uuid:15a2cce3-e395-4252-a16e-40995ce672e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ifipnews.org/croatia-prioritises-technology-eu-leadership/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.934983 | 110 | 1.734375 | 2 |
TriggerMesh, a native Kubernetes platform that companies use to connect applications and data in multi-cloud environments, recently released that your central integration platform it is now available under an open source license.
TriggerMesh is a company founded in 2018 and allows Kubernetes users to easily integrate services and move information across your organization, whether they're using a single cloud, multiple clouds, or on-premises data centers.
The TriggerMesh integration platform makes it easy for companies to link applications running in different clouds and local data centers. That's important, because most business applications must be integrated with other applications to perform business tasks.
For example, a sales analytics application will need to extract purchase records from a customer database to generate revenue forecasts. To allow that interaction, developers would traditionally build an integration between the two different applications.
The problem that companies have is that these days they run multiple applications hosted in different environments. Therefore, many find themselves in a situation where they must connect cloud-hosted software-as-a-service tools with applications running on premises. Otherwise, they may need to link two workloads that are deployed in different clouds.
"As a former vice president of the Apache CloudStack project and founder of the Kubeless serverless framework for Kubernetes, I deeply believe that the open source development and distribution model is the best way to deliver enterprise software in the cloud," said TriggerMesh Co-Founder and Co-Founder. . Product Manager Sebastien Gosguen.
"As a leader in hybrid cloud, full-stack observability, and cloud-native technologies, Cisco understands that the hybrid multi-cloud future must be built on a foundation of deep industry choice, flexibility and collaboration," said Kaustubh Das, senior vice president. General Manager, Cloud and Computing at Cisco.
Building integrations for each app would take a very long time, so Platforms like TriggerMesh offer an easier option. The TriggerMesh integration platform tHas dozens of out-of-the-box integrations for public clouds like Amazon Web Services, Applications Popular SaaS like Slack, databases and other tools. Therefore, companies can simply take the prebuilt integrations they need to link the different applications they use, no matter what environment they are running in.
TriggerMesh simplifies everything through a "point and click" interface, which developers can use to quickly customize how those workflows are integrated. For example, TriggerMesh connectors can be configured to fire automatically in response to specific events. Therefore, when purchase records are added to a local customer database, that updated record will automatically be sent to an analytics platform on AWS.
TriggerMesh intends to make money by selling value-added support and services for the open source TriggerMesh Platorm. It also sells tools such as a graphical user interface that features a visual integration editor, plus enterprise authorization and authentication tools.
“TriggerMesh is a great example. We see its integration and automation technology extend the power of Intersight Kubernetes Service, part of Cisco Intersight, offering cloud-neutral, multi-cluster automation and day-2 operations capabilities for cloud-native applications. We look forward to working with TriggerMesh to help bring customers into the cloud-native era, regardless of where their infrastructure is deployed. "
TriggerMesh CEO Mark Hinkle added that the company was always planning to create open source on its platform, but was careful to choose the right software foundation to ensure the continued success of the project.
Choosing the base can be a tough decision, as RedMonk principal analyst Stephen O'Grady explained.
“While the industry tends to discuss 'open source' as if it were a singular entity, the fact is that the term encompasses a wide variety of licenses and approaches, each of which has different rights and obligations that users should consider. ", said. “However, of the approved open source licenses, perhaps none is as favored within the company as version 2 of the Apache software license. From its permissive nature to its patent protections, the Apache license is an excellent choice for software intended to be used by companies and developed collaboratively.
Finally if you are interested in being able to review the source code, you can do it from the link below. | <urn:uuid:24a02944-e9cd-406a-8da2-698135474b14> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.desdelinux.net/en/triggermesh-released-the-source-code-of-its-cloud-native-integration-platform/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.927953 | 874 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Joseph Lin, violin | Ronald Copes, violin | Roger Tapping, viola | Joel Krosnick, cello
The Juilliard String Quartet, widely known as the quintessential American string quartet, was the first ensemble to play all six Bartok quartets in the United States, and its performances of Schoenberg’s quartets helped establish the works as cornerstones of the modern string quartet literature. With these and numerous other examples, the Quartet has made manifest the credo of its founders to ‘play new works as if they were established masterpieces and established masterpieces as if they were new.’
With The Juilliard School, the Juilliard begins a new collaboration in China during a spring tour of Asia. Their two tours of Europe include concerts in Spain, France, Switzerland and Germany. Working closely with composers on new commissions, in 2014-15, the Juilliard premiered the String Quartet No. 3, ‘Whereof man cannot speak” by Jesse Jones, and in this season, they will premiere a new work by Richard Wernick.
The Quartet’s recordings of the Bart’k and Schoenberg Quartets, as well as those of Debussy, Ravel and Beethoven won Grammy Awards, and in 2011 the Quartet became the first classical music ensemble to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. In 2014 Sony Classical reissued the Quartet’s landmark recordings of the first four Elliott Carter String Quartets together with the recently recorded Carter Quartet No. 5, making a complete historical document.
At The Juilliard School, where they are the String Quartet-in-Residence, all are sought-after members of the string and chamber music faculty. In performance and recordings as well as their incomparable work educating and training the major quartets of our time, the Juilliard String Quartet has carried the banner of the United States and The Juilliard School throughout the world.
‘The Juilliard String Quartet, in its more than 50 years, has made it a point of honor to approach contemporary pieces with the same care and respect as it would established classics, and to approach antique masterworks with the sense of excitement and adventure it would the newly minted.’
The New York Times
‘Whether playing Beethoven, Schubert, Bartok or Carter, the Juilliard Quartet remains unsurpassed in bringing attention to details and expressive devices.’ Cleveland Plain Dealer
MOZART: String Quartet No. 19 in C major, K. 465 ‘Dissonance’
RICHARD WERNICK: New work (2015)
DEBUSSY: String Quartet in G minor, Op. 10
Tickets: $68, $58, $49
(fees may apply) | <urn:uuid:22464054-2c34-4cee-bc7b-f1da9232c879> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rockportusa.com/events/juilliard-string-quartet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.950591 | 606 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Written by By Jake Donovan, CNN
Amanda Benton, a Chinese-American blogger, runs an online self-improvement campaign, the #foreveryarday campaign, which focuses on the dangers of narcotic use.
Last weekend, while on vacation in Chongqing, China, she noticed an unusual sight.
“A stray dog was hiding behind a tree with its legs sticking out, lifeless in the sun,” Benton told CNN in an email. “My first thought was ‘this can’t be a stray dog.’ Then I saw the leash on its collar, it had made the mistake of defecating on the sidewalk, and left it.”
Benton called the local animal shelter and requested to adopt the dog. The animal park then posted photos of the animal online.
“That night I couldn’t sleep. As I slept I felt a physical ache through my scalp. I came to the conclusion that this was a woman setting myself up in order to kill her dog.”
The next day Benton discovered that the owner of the animal was an anti-vivisection activist who wrote for Chinese language websites like People’s Daily Online. The activist claimed the dog was deliberately abandoned, and that she would share the details of the event on her blog.
“The dog had hardly had a moment to recover from his fatal defecation when the owner simply dumped him into the street,” Benton said.
In the days following the incident, the animal lover spoke out on social media.
“Why would I kill my dog? I’m asking, why would anyone?” she asked. “He was just sitting there, his jaw still frozen, legs dangling. I can’t see how he could be a danger. Maybe he was not using the proper route, but the dog was still defecating on the sidewalk and in the morning that’s what this woman picked up after he passed out. Not even a few minutes later she picked him up and dumped him in the street! Please share this, because I will never forget this.”
On Saturday, the animal lover wrote on Twitter: “I didn’t kill my dog for running foul of the law. I didn’t even kill it for being a stray. I killed it because of the people who caused its death by their own hands.”
Animal rights activists in China increasingly target rehabilitating animals before their intended disposal, as animal welfare groups struggle to increase funding, and rely heavily on donations from sympathizers.
Anti-vivisection activists frequently share specific stories online, claiming that the animals they are killing would have been rendered useless to society were it not for their misguided treatment.
Proponents claim the use of animal tests in medicine and as science education are critical to modern development, and use scientific data and statistics to bolster their claims.
Benton believes the murder of a defenseless dog was simply cruel.
“I don’t have a lot of faith in authorities here to protect animals, or to uphold the highest standards of morality, and this woman is clearly a fanatic, obsessed with defending her religion and culture, but when people are her advocates, she’s using their love to justify her actions,” she said.
Benton is now campaigning to save the dog and remove the case from public circulation.
Benton has begun the #UberDog campaign on Instagram, where she seeks support to transport the distressed dog to a shelter where it can find a new home.
“I’m not trying to lead any social justice movement here, just try to give this dog a new life,” she said. | <urn:uuid:d5dcbddd-10a4-4615-8c42-09ae12807d4f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dpgresources.com/anti-vivisectionist-posts-dog-murder-on-her-blog-sparking-social-media-fury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.972121 | 785 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Fox said the team had a challenge ahead of them.
“We’re taking what would otherwise be an incredibly heavy machine and getting it down to a weight which can be used in mobile operations. CT scanners were not built to fly!” she said.
“Our team at RMIT will use additive manufacturing, materials science and some clever design engineering to build a CT scanning unit capable of substantial weight reduction.”
Bil said there were a lot of considerations to factor in when designing and building the new scanners.
“Incorporating sensitive medical X-ray equipment on an aircraft for use onboard while at a remote site is a significant design effort,” Bil said.
“We have to understand the requirements from the medical practitioner side and the aerospace engineering side, and provide practical solutions.”
Federal Minister for Health and Aged Care, the Honourable Greg Hunt MP said the project was one of three chosen that had the potential to transform outcomes for people living with these diseases, generate massive economic benefits and create thousands of jobs.
The broader team, known as the Australian Stroke Alliance, is led by neurologists Professor Geoffrey Donnan AO and Professor Stephen Davis AM from the Melbourne Brain Centre.
It also features experts from the Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Ambulance Victoria, Stroke Foundation, Royal Flying Doctors Service, Micro-X, and EMVision.
Donnan said with new data showing a significant increase in younger Australians experiencing stroke and the tyranny of distance a huge barrier to stroke care, the project would have enormous implications for the nation.
“It’s all about time and the need to administer thrombolysis within 4.5 hours of stroke onset – but ideally within stroke’s ‘golden hour’,” he said.
“If you have a stroke in rural or remote parts of Australia, you are twice as likely as city stroke survivors to be left with a serious, lifelong disability.”
Davis said one in four Australians would have a stroke sometime in their lives.
“Their chance of dying is ten times higher than dying from Covid-19. While 1,000 Australians die from stroke every month, very few survive without some disability.” he said.
Story: Amelia Harris | <urn:uuid:4815296e-7ba0-4715-8bc1-3707d7b121de> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2021/mar/portable-brain-scanners | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.955702 | 479 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Due to the unprovoked, continuing brutal war of annihilation against Ukrainian civilians by Vladimir Putin and his army and the worsening humanitarian crisis, please consider helping by following the link below. There are a number of reputable aid agencies from which to choose. Many of these agencies will also help flood and tornado victims suffering the effects of climate change.
Simple Basbousa is an easy version of this beloved Levantine sweet treat. This recipe requires no special equipment and because no eggs are called for, it can easily be veganized.
There are many versions of this delightful dessert, including one on my blog with pistachios and coconut. However, all of the recipes for basbousa utilize semolina and a sugar syrup. This means that the cake flavors intensify over time and remains incredibly moist even after several days. Because the Simple Basbousa is dense and sweet from the sugar syrup, a little goes a long way. But it is the perfect complement to well-spiced foods and strong coffee fragrant with cardamom.
I did make a few tweaks to the original recipe, but the changes do not make this Simple Basbousa any more complicated. Generally baked in a rectangular pan. I made mine in a 10-inch square pan because that was what I had on hand.
For Americans who are unfamiliar with basbousa, this Simple Basbousa version reminded both me and my husband of a moist cornbread with honey. Nothing fancy to see here. Just a delicious, simple cake. And in the summer, who wants to slave over dessert?
For more delicious semolina cakes:
Yield: 25 squares
For the cake
2 cups of coarse semolina (My so-called coarse semolina proved to be only slightly less refined than my fine semolina, so don’t fret if you can’t find both.)
1/4 cup of fine semolina
1 cup of plain whole milk natural yogurt OR plant-based such as coconut
3/4 cup granulated sugar
1/2 cup of unsalted butter or a plant-based vegan “butter,” melted
1/4 teaspoon kosher or fine sea salt
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1/2 teaspoon each of pure almond and vanilla extract
25 whole blanched almonds
For the syrup
2 cups of granulated sugar
2 cups of water
4 to 5 cardamom pods
1 teaspoon of orange blossom or rose water (I used orange blossom as my husband is not a fan of rose water)
For the cake
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F.
Mix together the sugar and melted butter. Then add the yogurt and mix until smooth and well combined.
Combine the semolina, salt and baking soda and then add to the yogurt mixture. Stir well. The mixture will be fairly thick.
Place the batter into a greased pan (9 X 12 or 10 X 10). Smooth out the mixture using the back of a spoon or an off-set spatula. Score the basbousa with a knife into the squares that you see above.
Add an almond to the center of each square, pressing down gently into the batter.
Bake 35 minutes or until golden brown. Ovens vary so it may take longer or shorter.
Meanwhile, make the syrup. Bring the water, sugar and cardamom pods to a boil over medium heat. Boil for 8 to 10 minutes. Then remove the syrup from the heat, discard the cardamom pods and mix through the orange blossom or rose water.
As soon as the basbousa comes out of the oven, pour the syrup gradually over the top. It will be absorbed almost immediately. Allow the basbousa to cool and then cut through the score lines and enjoy! | <urn:uuid:741538f4-8821-43dc-84da-947f033f296c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lisaandfrancescook.com/2022/08/02/simple-basbousa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.910273 | 793 | 1.507813 | 2 |
- Do not leave keys in the ignition keyhole unattended.
- Make sure that you have a separate or spare key in your wallet or pocket all the time.
- For push-start cars, you can place the remote inside the car but you need to keep the smaller key with you all the time.
- Make sure that you place the antenna at the exact location where it is recommended.
- Make sure that the car battery is new and in the best condition.
- Bluetooth is a sensitive protocol. Do not connect/disconnect repeatedly.
- Do not turn off the smartphone while driving.
- Do not kill/restart the app while driving.
- Do not turn off Bluetooth while driving.
- Adjust the proximity settings accordingly before driving the car. If the car stops or flashes indicators while driving do not use proximity or auto security.
- Do not hand over the smartphone to others while driving the car.
- Make sure the phone either in the pocket or in close vicinity of the antennae while driving.
- If at any time you feel that the device is not working properly remove the fuse which is present under the steering column.
- Make sure that your phone is not in battery saver mode while using the app. In Android, keep the application out of battery optimization.
- Remove any third-party battery or performance improving app before using this application.
- Before turning off the car indicators would blink at least 4 times rapidly, notifying that the car is about to stop by proximity start/stop. (Only in Key Start Cars)
- Before Auto engine deactivation, indicators would blink at least 5 times notifying that the car is about to stop. Kindly pull over the car or apply brakes, if driving. (Only in Key Start Cars)
- The Bluetooth range can vary from smartphone to smartphone. Some smartphones perform better than others.
- You may receive poor performance in terms of range in Samsung Galaxy S8 and Note 8. If the device is not appearing in the app during configuration or is not being paired, kindly restart your smartphone and try again.
- Some described functions may not work as the compatibility of functions vary from car to car.
- Any sort of radio, environmental interference as well as solid material interference drastically reduce the range and functionality of Bluetooth devices.
- Device not found:
- Non-Advertising mode: The device goes into the non-advertising mode from 5 to 30 minutes, if more than 10 wrong attempts are made or it’s connected by unrecognized smartphones again and again. Make sure all other smartphones nearby have their Bluetooth off and the app is not running.
- If the problem persists, do the following steps
- Kill the application from the background.
- Open Bluetooth settings and un-pair the device.
- Uninstall the application. (Not necessary but preferred).
- Restart the smartphone.
- Wait for 10 minutes and install the app.
- Search for the device again and pair by using code 123456.
- Proximity not working properly:
Place the antenna in the right position to avoid proximity failure.
- App settings:
Make sure the proximity settings are correct and you have made them according to your needs.
- Reinstall the application
- Disconnection / Car turn off:
- Antenna: Place the antenna in the right position to avoid proximity failure.
- The phone should not leave the driver seat range.
- Make sure that your phone is not in battery saver mode while using the app.
- Proximity Ranges: Make sure the proximity ranges are set properly.
Make sure you have an active internet connection while connecting the device to the app for the first time.
When a car is shared, make sure to keep the internet of the smartphone active at all times. | <urn:uuid:62013d6e-bc15-4301-affe-a18b24bc9925> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mobokey.com/troubleshooting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.900186 | 819 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Gender Studies Graduate Research Workshop
Title: Medieval Sexuality, Medical Misogyny, and the Emergence of the Early Modern Witch
Presenter: Emily McLemore (PhD English)
Throughout the Middle Ages, understandings of women’s bodies and behavior were informed by biological and theological apparatuses that enabled male authorities to construct a misogynistic narrative about sexuality. The sexed body, determined by external anatomy, not only distinguished woman from man but also effected damaging assertions regarding women’s essential nature. Pursuant to prevailing ideas about sexual organs and reproductive processes, myriad stigmas were attached to women based on the structure and functions of their bodies and then disseminated through the intersecting channels of science and medicine, religion and philosophy. The institutional ideology about women’s physiology and psychology produced a view of women’s sexuality as passive yet powerful, a paradoxical principle that played an integral role in connecting women with evil. Nearing the end of the period, the medical treatises in wide circulation established women as malevolent temptresses who posed dangers to both men and children. In effect, medieval medical misogyny laid the foundation for the figure of the witch and the manifestation of the 15th-century inquisitorial treatise, Malleus maleficarum.
Emily McLemore is a Ph.D. Candidate in English, specializing in Medieval Literature, with a Graduate Minor in Gender Studies. Her research focuses on representations of women and sexuality in England during the Middle Ages, and she often explores the transhistorical connections between medieval and contemporary thought and practices. Her presentation samples some of her dissertation work, which examines women’s desire and eroticism in late medieval texts and interrogates the violence persistently entangled with women’s sexuality. | <urn:uuid:f1a8e852-56ba-47be-9bd8-68fb20201ac8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://genderstudies.nd.edu/events-and-news/events/2020/10/09/graduate-research-workshop-tbd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.941997 | 375 | 2.265625 | 2 |
According to Dr Kirit S. Parikh, solar water heating has already become a cost-effective energy alternative in India and will play a crucial role in achieving energy independence in the long run. Parikh is the chairman of an expert committee that the Government of India’s Planning Commission established to devise the so-called Integrated Energy Policy (IEP). This expert committee estimates a total of 10 million m2 of installed collector area by the year 2022, according to a report published in August of 2006.
Dr. Kirit S. Parikh, head of the Integrated Energy Policy Expert Committee, developed recommendations for an Integrated Energy Policy for India in 2006. Photo: Planning Commission, Government of India
In an interview with the editorial team of solarthermalworld.org in India, Parikh recommended performance-based incentives for solar thermal systems, rather than granting generous subsidies for them. Capital subsidies, which only encourage investment without ensuring high yields, should have already stopped by the end of the 10th national Five Year Plan (2002 to 2007), according to the professor Emeritus. The government, however, only decided to reduce the total amount of subsidies as the sector still needed the support scheme for attracting new clients. Nevertheless, the committee’s intention is to let them expire during the 11th 5-year plan (2007 to 2012).
The Planning Commission has also realised that solar water heating systems are already commercial. The main hurdle for installing such systems concerns the expenses needed to retrofit the plumbing in households and industrial buildings. Households, commercial establishments and factories should be encouraged to install solar water heaters with a Demand Side Management (DSM) programme that will be run by electricity utilities. Alternatively, incentives may be granted in the form of income tax rebates, property tax rebates, rebates in transfer fees and rebates in electricity charges. Moreover, building laws should be amended to ensure that all new buildings and factories possess solar water heaters. The government, including the defence and public sector, account for a significant amount of newly constructed buildings and heating installations. They can set an example by conforming building laws already implemented on the state level.
Report of the Planning Commission (2006) | <urn:uuid:5e3fc1c8-ef1c-4459-8a4c-bc8904db0eb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://solarthermalworld.org/news/india-planning-commission-recommends-performance-based-incentives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.931051 | 470 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Augmented reality is confidently blending into everyday life. It is relevant to all areas, and therefore business owners are gradually adopting the tool when developing their own applications. Gucci, Ikea, and Toyota were among the pioneers on this path. However, other companies will soon catch up with them as well.
The development of applications with augmented reality is of interest to business owners from the entertainment sector. At the same time, these tools are gradually being introduced in healthcare, education, engineering, and other industries. They help to expand the business, to attract as many customers as possible. Today, one of the most popular tools is the makeup filter SDK. It is relevant both for owners of online beauty stores and business owners in different spheres. Using AR Technology for Beauty, you can try on your eye shadow, lipstick, or blush. Also, a unique image will be created for conferences or video content generation with the help of augmented reality.
Benefits of Applications with AR Technology for Beauty
The development of applications with augmented reality tools is quite a promising idea. Today, this technology is not for games only. The expansion of its footprint means that it is being used everywhere. The advantages of using augmented reality include the following:
- unique user experience;
- increasing sales;
- monitoring of the target audience;
- increased efficiency of business processes.
New technology can help you provide customers with a unique experience. It will increase user engagement, and improve interaction with your product/service. Makeup filter SDK enables you to try on makeup. Tools associated with garments and jewelry are also in demand. Customers are interested in features enabling the virtual arrangement of furniture, paintings, and wallpaper at residential or office premises.
For instance, an app has been developed for trying on glasses. Users can choose the model they like and see how it fits them. The system uses realistic materials and takes into account refraction, reflection, and much more.
This kind of experience contributes to positive customer feedback. No special equipment is needed to use augmented reality elements. All operations are performed via smartphones or a web browser.
As for boosting sales, everything is obvious here. The customers have products clearly demonstrated, they see all their features and understand that a certain model is appropriate for them. Now there is no need to buy beauty products, watches, or furniture following only one's own imagination. Accordingly, the users act in a more committed manner.
Using AR technology provides access to comprehensive analytics. You will get data that will improve your understanding of consumers, to become familiar with their concerns. This will help you find out what preferences your target audience has in order to offer the most sought-after products.
Criteria to Consider When Creating Augmented Reality Apps
If you want to draw attention to your business, expand your market footprint, and increase customer engagement, consider several criteria when creating an app, including the following:
- availability of augmented reality content;
- introduction of pop-up notifications;
- the use of a QR code scanner;
- the ability to share information on social networks.
Augmented reality content is computer-generated data. It is added to the real environment perfectly enriching it and adding a certain " flavor". Models are mostly created in 3D but visual, audio, or video enhancements are possible as well. For example, when using the makeup filter SDK, the user selects the color of lipstick, eyeshadow, etc.
Pop-up notifications (Push) are one of the channels used to communicate with customers. Notify users about updates, deals, sales, and discounts. Such notifications improve interaction and increase sales.
QR code scanners are effective tools for real stores. They allow customers to get detailed information about a certain product and, if necessary, to take advantage of the virtual fitting.
Sharing information on social networks is an important part of advertising your products and company. If the customers like the product, they will be willing to share the information with their friends or subscribers.
Makeup Filter Online: Best Business Solution
Developers create many tools for business development. One of them is the makeup filter online. You can use it to change your look, select hair, and eye color, and improve the quality of videos and images.
Makeup API has been released by Banuba. The tool makes it easy to create accessories and test makeup styles online. You can use it for free during a trial period to familiarize yourself with the operating features. Then you will get access to certain functionality, which depends on the selected subscription.
The Makeup API enables you to test skin care products, lipstick, eye shadow, mascara, and more. The entire process is performed in real-time, and it can be used with individual products as well as with combined beauty product ranges.
Professional beauty tools make makeover changes available in a single click. Inspire users and encourage them to buy makeup with realistic makeup filters.
Makeup API for New Platform Developers: Why Is It Required?
The Makeup API is an opportunity to coordinate existing effects and eliminate code duplication. Developers can use the beauty features in their apps, which will significantly reduce the time it takes to create similar content on their own. App users will get more tools and objects while trying on virtual makeup.
Makeup API: Basic Features
Using a smartphone camera, customers will be able to check out beauty products before purchasing them. The key features include:
- eye makeup. Here, the eye area is highlighted and a color overlay is applied. This feature is required to try on the eyeshadows. The eyeliner and mascara can also be tested;
- lipstick. The lip area is highlighted in real-time. Its color can be changed according to the selected option. Matte and glossy lipsticks are available;
- foundation. The entire face is segmented, which enables you to try on a base foundation for makeup, skin whitening, or tanning;
- highlighting certain areas. For instance, the forehead or cheekbones are segmented. A colored texture is applied to these areas; it is different from the foundation. This is how blushes and other products are tried on;
- eyebrows. The corresponding area is highlighted. This is necessary to change the shape or color of the eyebrows.
In addition to trying on beauty products, the makeup API has other functions that help to enhance the look, including the following:
- teeth whitening. A radiant smile will instantly attract attention;
- facial transformation. This feature enables users to find their ideal look. For this purpose, the facial features (nose, chin, etc.) can be changed;
- eye color. The iris is segmented, and then the selected color is applied. This is how a virtual lens fitting is done.
If you use a set of features rather than just one, you will achieve a certain effect. The latter is customizable exclusively by the developers. For example, the first effect includes lipstick fitting only, and the second one includes lip and eye makeup, as well as teeth whitening. It all depends on what the developer intends to offer the user. | <urn:uuid:2d77d0c4-11dd-4046-9932-9c2331b5ab9e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bigbull24.com/beautiful-women/ar-technology-for-beauty-for-business-applications.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.939701 | 1,453 | 2.046875 | 2 |
CYRILLE Regis’ image was projected onto the Coventry Transport Museum earlier this week as part of a campaign celebrating the 150th anniversary of the FA Cup.
The striker – a pioneer for players of black heritage – helped Coventry lift the trophy for the first and only time in their history back in 1987 when the Sky Blues beat Tottenham Hotspur 3-2 at Wembley in front of 96,000 spectators.
Regis’ image lit up the home of the open-top trophy tour bus which transported him and his Coventry teammates through the streets of the city after they won the competition 34-years ago.
The projection of Regis was shown in support of a specially-commissioned film produced by The FA and featured a line from the script that reads: ‘An Idea That Is Open To All’ in reference to Regis who was a role model and a trailblazer for black footballers.
Featuring former FA Cup winner Ian Wright, the 60-second film showcases the vision and values that then Secretary of the Association, Charles W. Alcock, envisaged when he proposed the original idea for the competition in 1871 – to bring hope, opportunity and equality to football.
And Regis’ daughter Michelle – who was present to mark the occasion – stressed just how important Coventry’s cup win was to her late father who died from a heart attack on January 14, 2018 aged 59.
Michelle said: “Winning the FA Cup was the biggest accomplishment of his career – the day was spectacular – my Mum said that the energy and electricity ran for weeks.
“I wish I could sit and talk to Dad about that because I’d love to know a real account but I know it was special for him.
“I know how important it was seeing the whole city come out and celebrate – he was proud to be a part of that.”
She also felt honoured to attend the celebrations at the Coventry Transport Museum and explained how her father’s legacy lives on.
Michelle added: “I just wish he was here to see it – I feel so honoured and blessed, it’s like I get to celebrate him all over again – it’s a real legacy.
“He’s definitely a trailblazer but I don’t think that was his goal – he just loved the game – it’s not until people said to him afterwards ‘you’re the reason I got into football’ that’s when you know what he achieved.
“In the moment – he was just playing the game he loved, that’s what makes it more special because he wasn’t aware and that’s what kept him really humble.
“I hope his legacy has been what it’s been – he’s been celebrated as a trailblazer which is what he was. I don’t think he realised how many lives he was inspiring and how many lives he was touching.
“He’s been celebrated as a human being with a big heart and that’s what Dad was – he was warm, he was kind, he had time for everybody and inspired so many people and so many hearts, it’s a beautiful thing.”
Regis was appointed an MBE in 2008 and – alongside fellow black players Laurie Cunningham and Brendon Batson – was part of the ‘Three Degrees’ during his time at West Bromwich Albion, with the trio subject to racist abuse from fans during the late 1970s.
He scored 62 goals in 274 appearances for Coventry and has since been inducted into both the Coventry City and English Football Hall of Fame.
Large-scale image projections – similar to that of Regis – have been displayed on landmarks up and down the country representing key figures and moments through the years that best depict the competition’s values alongside scripted lines from the film.
Other projection sites include: The Oval, Trulife Factory in Sheffield, LNER Stadium in Lincoln and the Marine Travel Arena in Merseyside.
The specially-commissioned film can be viewed on the FA Cup YouTube channel by clicking here. | <urn:uuid:7b4dea19-62cb-4e12-8a9b-36a13d14c627> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.coventryobserver.co.uk/sport/cyrille-regis-projection-lights-up-coventry-transport-museum-in-fa-cup-celebration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.978869 | 879 | 1.640625 | 2 |
ALST seeks to educate coming generations in the lessons of history. The
foundation supports research concerning victims of oppression, organizes
educational events, and publishes materials with a view to defending religious
freedom by peaceable and nonpolitical means.
Witnesses: Victims of the Nazi Era
Brochure published by The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Also available at the
Teacher Resource Center.
HFM publishes a newsletter that focuses on non-Jewish victims of the Nazi
era and includes an article about Jehovah's Witnesses
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
National museum for the documentation, study and interpretation of Holocaust
history. View exhibitions and the survivor registry.
to the Holocaust
Furnishes a teacher's guide to Holocaust-related events and people through
photographs, documents, art, music, movies and literature.
Cybrary of the Holocaust
Aims to preserve powerful memories with art, discussion groups, photos,
poems and facts about the Holocaust. Join a forum or write to a survivor.
Simon Wiesenthal Center
Promotes tolerance and Holocaust remembrance, with a virtual museum and
Holocaust Memorial Center
Explore the exhibits at this center for remembrance. Includes photographs
and a calendar of events.
Vad Yashem Holocaust memorial in Jerusalem offers a photo archive, exhibit
announcements and an online magazine. Includes a remembrance section.
Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation
Details the project to chronicle the living testimonies of those who survived
the Holocaust. Provides foundation details and repository access. Max
Liebster's story is included in Shoah's archive. | <urn:uuid:6a63350f-3112-4146-96ef-bfd21d064e22> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.crucibleofterror.com/links.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.856874 | 392 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Polk County Courthouse, built in 1909 and added to in 1926, is an impressive example of the Neoclassical Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and became the home of the Polk County Historical Museum in 1998. This structure is the third courthouse on this site. Polk County’s early growth and development can be tied to the arrival of the railroad and the discovery of phosphate, both of which happened in the 1880s. The original part of the building was designed by E.C. Hosford, who was the architect of numerous courthouses in the Neoclassical Revival style in Florida, Georgia and Texas. The 1926 additions were designed by Francis Joseph Kennard, who also supervised the building of the Tampa Bay Hotel and was the designer of the Belleview Biltmore and courthouses in Lee and Pinellas Counties.
SPS was involved in a number of different aspects of the renovation of the Old Polk County Courthouse. On the interior, we made repairs to the plaster and did some decorative painting. In addition, we restored windows and did masonry work—including limestone repairs and pointing. | <urn:uuid:af7e1458-c21c-4862-b9c3-830c4af957c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.specializedservicesgroup.com/old-polk-county-courthouse-gallery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.980633 | 235 | 2.765625 | 3 |
EDITORIAL: Prime Minister Imran Khan, addressing the launch of the ‘Track and Trace’ system for the sugar industry, said the biggest problem we face is that there is not enough money to run the country and therefore the country has to borrow. In his speech, he also alluded to the possibility of a threat to national security that could be posed by a heavily indebted economy. Acknowledging that efforts to introduce the âtracking and tracingâ system have continued since 2008 or for 13 years, including three years under his own administration, the Prime Minister has implicitly accepted serious governance issues that contribute to the low ranking of the Pakistan on the Government Efficiency Index, compiled by the International Monetary Fund – at 130 out of a total of 192 countries with India at 59, Sri Lanka at 93 and even the Maldives at 95. Bangladesh is however ranked even lower at 153.
Pakistan’s budget deficits reflect the veracity of the Prime Minister’s claim that there is not enough money to run the country, which requires borrowing. And despite the major tightening of the Presidency and Prime Minister’s House, including the sale of items / livestock deemed superfluous as well as a significant reduction in overseas tours, the fact remains that budget deficits have remained unsustainable over the past three years – at over 7 percent. And current spending has grown much more over the past three years than ever before. It is true that part of the reason is the increase in current spending which rose from 3.9 trillion rupees in 2016-17 to 5,000 billion rupees in 2018-19 (an election year) to over 7,500 billion rupees. billion rupees in 2021-2022 (although if one subtracts the Ehsaas program budgeted at 240 billion rupees as this item was previously in development expenditure outside the PSDP) the total current expenditure is budgeted at 7.25 trillion rupees, an increase of 45%.
In a household kitchen budget, income determines spending. So with an anticipated increase in the petroleum tax, an addition of 4 rupees per month until the tax is at the rate of 30 rupees per liter, a household should save on the use of its vehicle and / or public transport if he wants to make ends meet meet. Likewise, the administration must focus on reducing its current expenses rather than allowing them to increase relentlessly. The government’s argument is that it cannot reduce: (i) debt service and principal repayment as it falls due in the event of default would simply cripple the economy. However, in this context as well, it is relevant to note that over the past three years the rate of debt increase has been unprecedented in our history – domestic borrowing increased from Rs16.5 trillion in August. 2018 to over 26 trillion rupees today, a 58 percent increase, while external debt has risen from $ 95 billion inherited by the PTI administration to $ 126 billion today, or an increase of 33 percent. Blaming it entirely on previous administrations is a narrative that no longer holds weight because no government in the world is starting from scratch, but instead commits to solving problems caused by the flawed policies of their predecessors; (ii) defense spending, given the security challenges facing the country today, especially after the Taliban took power, cannot be reduced. This is a valid point, but audit reports indicate that waste in civilian and military procurement and day-to-day operation is significant and requires immediate attention and reduction; and (iii) pensions continue to rise and it is high time for the government to start implementing the pension reforms formulated by the former finance secretary and one of Prime Minister Waqar Masood Khan’s special assistants. last year.
Imran Khan also chaired a Prime Minister’s Priority Sectors Review meeting on Tuesday and after receiving a detailed briefing on the progress of Phase II of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), he said the government is now focusing on increased investment in the export industry to create jobs and growth. These statements have been made several times over the past three years as well as in previous administrations with the same incentives (fiscal and monetary as well as cheaper utility tariffs) extended to the export sector; however, exports continue to hover around 9-10 percent of GDP against the required minimum of 15 percent of GDP. As a result, they continue to be overwhelmed by imports and the danger of a current account deficit looms again on the horizon, despite the massive increase in remittances.
It is therefore necessary to undertake empirical studies instead of relying on the same policies that have not yielded significant dividends in the past. World Bank Senior Economist Derek HC Chen at the launch of a Pakistan Economic Update report Reviving Exports put it succinctly: âThe long-term decline in exports as a percentage of GDP has implications. for Foreign Exchange, Jobs and Productivity Growth. Therefore, addressing the main challenges that are necessary for Pakistan to be competitive in global markets is imperative for sustainable growth. The recommendations include (i) gradually reducing the effective rates of protection through a long-term tariff rationalization strategy to encourage exports; (ii) reallocate export financing from working capital to capacity expansion through the long-term financing mechanism; (iii) Consolidate trade information services by supporting new exporters and evaluating the impact of ongoing interventions to increase their effectiveness; and (iv) Design and implement a long-term strategy to improve business productivity that promotes competition, innovation and maximizes export potential.
Its suggestions / recommendations deserve serious consideration.
Copyright Business Recorder, 2021 | <urn:uuid:612d3e6a-18e0-4be4-98ad-fb2f8215f213> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jmcodex.com/a-fragile-economy-can-undermine-security-editorials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.951649 | 1,123 | 2 | 2 |
TUESDAY, MARCH 15, 2022
"Quiet Trailblazer's" scare quotes: Friend, do you belong to a "race?"
Yes, that's the actual question we're starting with today. Let's make sure you understand what we're actually asking.
We aren't asking if you will be treated as if you belong to a "race." We aren't asking if other people will instantly see you as a member of a "race."
We're asking if you think you really do belong to a "race." Alao, if you think you do belong to a race, we're asking what you think that means.
Why are we asking those questions? In part, we're asking because of something the leading authority on this complex topic says:
Modern science regards race as a social construct, an identity which is assigned based on rules made by society. While partially based on physical similarities within groups, race does not have an inherent physical or biological meaning.
"Modern science regards race as a social construct...Race does not have an inherent physical or biological meaning."
So says the leading authority. In fact, the leading authority makes those statements in the very first paragraph of its lengthy discussion of this complex topic.
According to the leading authority, our notions of "race" don't have any inherent biological meaning! But what exactly does that statement mean? And if "race" doesn't have any biological meaning, to what extent can it be said that anyone belongs to a "race?"
Long ago and far away, Mary Frances Early didn't seem to believe that she belonged to a "race." Rather, she seemed to believe that she belonged to the only actual race.
As we noted yesterday, Early wrote the prayer shown below back in 1953, when she'd just turned 17. She went on to become the first African-American to receive a degree from the University of Georgia—but this is what she wrote as she was starting her freshman year at the school which is known today as Clark Atlanta University:
EARLY (1953): Tonight, I pray a fervent prayer for the freshman class of Clark College, and the freshman classes all over the world—that they might dedicate themselves to the task of finishing this college course of four years, if possible, and then turn back to help their people who are not as fortunate as they—mold themselves into true citizens of the United States and of America so that someday the Negro race will not be called Negro and the Caucasian race called White, but all will be united together—in one race—the human race, having differences only in the pigment of their skin, texture of their hair, and having this in common—a citizen of the United States of America.
Early almost seemed to believe there was only one race—the human race. She seemed to believe that differences in pigment of skin and texture of hair were trivial pointless distractions.
Did Mary Frances Early, age 17, believe she belonged to a "race?" Did she believe there was "a Negro race" and "a Caucasian race?" Did she perhaps regard that belief as an illusion?
Early went on to be one of the civil rights trailblazers who never became widely famous. She helped integrate the University of Georgia, an improved institution whose education school now bears this honored name:
The Mary Frances Early School of Education
Today, the University of Georgia is a better place. As for Early, she recently published a memoir, The Quiet Trailblazer, from which we draw today's text.
Our question to you today will be this:
Does Early believe she belongs to a "race" even today? We ask that question because of the scare quotes which appear in a passage from her memoir.
In the passage to which we refer, Early is describing an important part of her elementary school education. Scare quotes appear at a crucial place.
Even today, at age 86, does Early believe she belongs to a "race?" We note the scare quotes here:
EARLY (2022): Miss Willis was my favorite teacher while I was in elementary school. She was from Canada and exhibited a more liberal approach to our studies; she was not afraid to enhance and embellish the prescribed curriculum. Perhaps that shaped her plans to marry at the end of the school year and move to another state.
She told us that her grandparents, during the slave-owning era in the United States, fled to Canada via the Underground Railroad. She had returned to get her education because she’d heard glowing reports about Spelman College in Atlanta. We were privileged to have a recent Spelman graduate with a major in English literature. She introduced us to the wonders of Black poetry as well as the conventional poetry of the time. As part of our instruction we had to memorize poems and recite them in class. I was assigned the poem “Daffodils” by William Wordsworth, as well as “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” by Langston Hughes. I loved to recite both and reveled in the joy of being inspired by Black poets in addition to those of the white race. Hearing the poets’ voices through their writing somehow made their humanity (rather than their “race”) all the more moving.
For the record, The Negro Speaks of Rivers is an unspeakably beautiful poem. We recall perusing it with our first class of Baltimore fifth-graders, all the way back in the spring of 1970.
Langston Hughes had written an unspeakably beautiful poem. Even today, at age 86, Early says she got lucky when Miss Willis, late of Canada, exposed her to its beauty.
Early says she gained a great deal from being exposed "to the wonders of Black poetry as well as the conventional poetry of the time." She memorized both Wordsworth and Hughes—and she uses scare quotes as she describes what she gained from this exercise:
Hearing the poets’ voices through their writing somehow made their humanity (rather than their “race”) all the more moving.
Even today, does Early believe that she belongs to a "race?" Does she believe that Wordworth belonged to a race? Does she believe some such thing about Hughes?
Reading that passage in her book, it looks to us like Early is sticking to her conceptual guns. There is no race but the human race, she still seems to be saying.
The other "races" are so-called "races." So it seems she's still saying, almost sixty years after what she said in her prayer as an entering college freshman.
Friend, do you believe that you belong to a "race?" For ourselves, we prefer to put scare quotes around such fraught terms too, although the need to avoid distraction sometimes keeps us from doing so.
With that said, we state a view:
As Professors Gates and Curran have said, we do indeed "need a new language for talking about race." And it seems to us that a new, more instructive language would involve a reversion to that older idea.
That older idea goes like this:
We have only one actual "race," and that's the human race. The belief that those other "races" exist has no scientific validity—descends to us, live and direct, from "the world the slaveholders made."
Today, our flailing liberal / progressive tribe seems to cling to the idea that we do belong to those other "races." We cling to the conceptual framework invented for us by that brutal, benighted "slave-holding" class. That conceptual framework seems to lie at the heart of most of the things we say and do.
It seems to us that we've lost the idea that "it's all just human DNA." We assume that's what the professors were driving at in their recent guest essay in the New York Times—and we think that a successful "new language" might revert to that earlier idea.
Our tribe no longer seems to have a strong connection to that idea. This is nowhere more clear than in the current, perhaps unhelpful practice—a perhaps unhelpful journalistic practice—in which absolutely no complaint, however slender or poorly expressed, is ever left behind.
Tomorrow: Was Hill's complaint well expressed? | <urn:uuid:7af5d7ed-b133-470d-83b5-d10da5c4748a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dailyhowler.blogspot.com/2022/03/no-complaint-left-behind-friend-do-you.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.981997 | 1,705 | 2.671875 | 3 |
How your surroundings ‘season’ your drink: Sitting near grass makes your tipple taste fresh while being near fruit makes it taste sweeter
- Study of 300 drinkers found environment can change taste by 20 per cent
- Red room filled with fruits can make drinks taste up to 10 per cent sweeter
- Green room with plants can bring out grassy notes by 15-20 per cent
- Being in a room with pine-panelled walls made a tipple taste woodier
Do your surroundings really change the way you taste food and drink?
According to Professor Charles Spence, the room you’re in has a much larger impact on your taste buds than you might think.
His latest study has found that different environments can affect the sensory experience of whisky by as much as 20 per cent.
Scroll down for video…
A recent study by Oxford University has found that different environments can affect the sensory experience of whisky by as much as 20 per cent
For instance, sipping whisky in a room where the predominant colour is red means you’ll taste a greater amount of dark berry flavours.
Pine walls, meanwhile, will give your whisky a woody taste, as does lingering by the fire.
In what Professor Spence described as the world’s first science experiment to look at how the surroundings can impact flavour perceptions, three hundred whisky drinkers were let loose in a bar.
The specially designed Singleton Sensorium in London’s Soho saw people tasting exactly the same single malt whisky in three rooms that had very different environments.
VIDEO: How whisky changes flavour in different rooms
They then had to rate the different flavours they were able to taste in each room.
The first was a grassy room which featured a green light, real grass, plants, the sounds of lawnmowers and sheep and the smell of the countryside.
The second was a fruity room with red, round fruits and chiming bells hung on the ceiling.
A final aftertaste room had wood panels and sounds of crackling wood fires.
‘The ratings of the grassiness in the grassy room were about 15 to 20 per cent higher than in the sweet or aftertaste room,’ said Professor Spence.
The room you're in has a much larger impact on your taste buds than you might think. The grassy room featured a green light, real grass, plants, the sounds of lawnmowers and sheep and the smell of the countryside
A fruity room with red, round fruits and chiming bells made whisky taste 10 per cent sweeter
‘Similarly the sweetness of the whisky in the red room was about 10 per cent higher than in either of the other rooms.
‘You can almost think about using the rooms to season, and bring out the flavours, in the drinks.’
Chefs such as Heston Blumenthal are already embracing the potential of working with all the senses to deliver powerful tasting experiences.
‘This sort of research has significant implications for anyone looking to enhance their whisky experience in a bar, restaurant or even from the comfort of their own homes,’ said Professor Spence.
This latest research has been published in Flavour, a peer-reviewed journal from Bio Med Central.
Professor Spence had previously suggested that restaurant and bar chains may start to use ‘sound symbolism’.
For instance, food can be conveyed at being low price if a restaurant uses lots of 'i' sounds.
A heavy cuisine can be suggested by including voiceless rather than voiced consonants.
'This sort of research has significant implications for anyone looking to enhance their whisky experience in a bar, restaurant or even from the comfort of their own homes,' said Professor Spence (centre)
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- Lauren Boebert's husband terrorizes neighbors during 911 call | <urn:uuid:0aee2dae-ef16-477a-a60f-ad616fadcd4c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2451030/Surroundings-season-drink-near-fruit-makes-taste-sweeter.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.955975 | 966 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Imagine a party attended by sitters from English portraits. The Gainsborough crowd rustle in, a blur of silk and powder. You can’t quite bring their faces into focus, but you seem to recognise them. They are elegant and casual. The people who come with Reynolds are their contemporaries, but the atmosphere changes. The men have more gravitas and fall naturally into classical poses, the women are winsomely theatrical. The aristocratic Van Dycks tend towards the soulful and control the arrangement of their pedigree-revealing features, their gestures and their ringlets with an exquisite care that imitates carelessness. The Lelys tumble through the door from another party – the men’s coats unbuttoned, the women’s bosoms as white as their eyes are bright. The Hogarths, a decent, prosperous lot, are here for the food and drink. The Hilliards – some in allusive fancy dress – are full of poetry. The Freuds, who haven’t dressed up at all, slump in armchairs. Some of them fall asleep.
Imagine such a party and you see that while individuals differ – and while successful portrait painters must, in getting a likeness, preserve differences – painters also turn their sitters into types, sometimes, but not always, flattering ones. Painters of Madonnas and Venuses can use a single favourite model; portrait painters, even those who stick to friends and family, must have some interest in variability. How that variability is interpreted will owe a lot to fashions in dress, make-up and movement, but the painter’s gift to the sitter – a place in a world the painter has created – is as important.
What distinguishes the Holbein contingent at the party is that they don’t know there is a party. Holbein doesn’t suggest congeniality by imposing his personality on their personalities. You will remember each face, and would recognise it years later in an identity parade, but as itself, not as one managed by Holbein. The people he portrays have things in common – a certain glumness, a degree of reserve – but the memorable common factor is Holbein’s skill: the precision with which each detail of flesh, fur, embroidery and jewellery is painted.
His portraits are inventories – of clothes, hat badges and jewels, and of noses, eyes and mouths as well. It was the kind of inventory Henry VIII wanted when he sent Holbein off to paint prospective brides. It is known (the unique record of a Holbein sitting) that on one of those scouting trips he spent three hours drawing Christina of Denmark. In the painting her face suggests something which is rare in his portraits, an attractive, amused intelligence. Yet even here one does not doubt his objectivity or suspect flattery, any more than one does in the portraits of friends from his Basel years, Erasmus and the printer Froben, although they too are on the verge of smiling. The drawing of Lady Guildford is unusual; she does pucker up and give a sly look towards her husband, but in the painting she looks ahead and her smile has gone.
So while glumness and grim and nervous looks were common in Holbein’s portraits they were also avoidable. Some commentators find in them a reflection of the risks which went with being one of Henry’s courtiers. In which case other anxieties must have constrained the expressions of Hanseatic merchants and Basel dignitaries. If you think about the way Holbein worked another explanation comes to mind. You can find a match for these down-in-the-mouth expressions in early portrait photographs. They too were records made as truthful mementos of appearance in which attractiveness was a secondary issue (there was even a demand for daguerreotypes of recently dead relatives). Solemnity was a by-product of long exposures. Holding a pose can make your face fall; Holbein’s drawings show people who have been told to keep still.
Holbein in England, at Tate Britain until 7 January, is rich in drawings. A number hang alongside the paintings made from them. The drawing and subsequent portrait of Jane Seymour (1536-37) are shown here. These drawings are evidence of a process: acute looking translated via precise movements of hand and fingers into lines on paper. The viewer has the illusion of participating in both the looking and the drawing. This illusion – of being present during the process of translation – is more remarkable than the illusion the paintings made from the drawings give, that you are in the presence of a person. The painting can seem alive, but the drawing, without creating the same illusion that the person is present, takes you closer to the moment when Holbein faced his subject.
The difference is in part technical. There is evidence from exact matches in scale and from pricked holes outlining features in some drawings, and indentations along them in others, that they were transferred mechanically to the panel. A line carefully tracing another line becomes tentative and stiff in a way one drawn straight off does not. Only in the drawings do you fully appreciate Holbein’s astonishing skill in transferring contours seen in three dimensions onto a two-dimensional sheet, and in modulating lines to carry information about the architecture of the face. In many chalk drawings there are lines – mouth, nose, eyelid or the outside contour of the face – which have been gone over in ink. Although the touch is refined enough to make one believe they are Holbein’s work the effect can jar, particularly in drawings where the chalk lines have become fainter through rubbing. Perhaps this inking over helped him decide what needed to be transferred to the panel. The character of the portrait drawings has led some commentators to make unlikely suggestions about mechanical intervention – drawing on a sheet of glass, for example. However they were arrived at, the results are miraculous.
The Tate exhibition complements one held in April in the Kunstmuseum in Basel which concentrated on work done before Holbein went to England in 1532. There one would have seen the sad and wonderful portrait of his wife and children made in 1528, between his trips to England. She looks down, her eyelids swollen (by dropsy, one is told). It seems to combine the truth of the drawings and the illusion of presence the paintings give. He had it in him, on this evidence, to do greater paintings even than the ones we know. Instead he excelled in an artistic profession as it then existed. In England this meant, as well as being a painter, being on call to design clothes, jewellery, banners, weapons and table silver. In Basel he was an illustrator and provider of title-page borders (his Dance of Death provided much borrowed templates for other memento mori). There, and in England, he painted murals, both inside and outside buildings.
The drawings for pieces of applied art, endlessly inventive in their rearrangement of putti, arabesques of foliage, mermaids and centaurs, are evidence of formidable ability and skill. When Holbein advertised his skills as a painter in the portrait of Georg Gisze, one of the colony of Hanseatic merchants in London from whom he hoped to, and did, get commissions (some are in the exhibition, but not Gisze), it is the props – a glass vase of flowers, a balance, seals, a table carpet and so on – that dominate the picture. In the portrait drawings and in the painting of his wife and children one sees things which the superlative craftsmanship of his rendering of detail tends to mask. It is as though the spirit of a prince-painter, like Titian, were trammelled by the rich burden of a craftsman’s skills and obligations. | <urn:uuid:a1aff2d3-314e-43dd-a46a-d07ce69549f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v28/n20/peter-campbell/at-tate-britain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.97819 | 1,643 | 2.25 | 2 |
Press Release Summary:
With 1,835 mm range, RX170 hsm is suitable for machining large work pieces made of carbon-fiber composites. Machine's repeatability of ±0.04 mm exceeds general requirements that apply in CFRP processing. Robot's upper arm and wrist mechanism replaces sixth axis with milling spindle. Entire power supply, together with cooling and lubrication for spindle, runs inside arm. Complex tool paths can be generated by CAD/CAM systems on PC and then exported to robot controller.
Original Press Release:
New Robot for New Materials
Innovative lightweight materials such as CFRP (carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer) are playing an increasingly important role in the automotive and aerospace industries. However, their use in manufacturing processes requires a rethinking of existing processes. With the newly developed RX170 hsm robot (hsm = high speed machining), Stäubli offers the perfect solution for fast and accurate milling of composite materials.
“Manufacturers who want to work with CFRP need machinery that is fast and precise, whilst also easy to operate, flexible in application and able to cover a large work area,” says Manfred Hübschmann, Managing Director at Stäubli Robotics. “And the RX170 hsm is the first choice for such demanding specifications. With this very special robot, we are opening a new chapter in the precision machining of composite materials.”
The robot does indeed bring new freedom and flexibility into play. Thanks to its enormous range of 1,835 millimeters, even large work pieces are easy to process. When used in combination with a linear axis, the area of work can be expanded at will, so that even meter-long components can be machined without difficulty. The performance of the RX170 hsm is perfect for the machining of carbon-fiber composites. Its repeatability of ± 0.04mm exceeds the general requirements that apply in CFRP processing.
Another point in its favor is that it never has to stand idle while loading and unloading take place. Generally, multiple work stations will be positioned around the robot. It is thus able to operate on each of them in sequence, making unproductive downtime a thing of the past.
These advantages open up the milling robot to completely new industrial uses – whether for the machining of lightweight components in the aerospace industry, for applications in the automotive sector or for the manufacturing of wind turbine components. And at Stäubli, of course, the focus is also on the classic areas of tool and die making.
This innovative machine has been designed not only to work on modern lightweight construction materials but also the more traditional ones such as steels, plastics, wood, glass, and stone. Stäubli has designated the RX170 hsm as suitable for a whole series of operations, such as milling, deburring, trimming, drilling and tapping. The RX170 hsm also lends itself to polishing and various finishing processes.
In-house development based on in-depth expertise
A great deal of expertise has gone into the development of this machine which takes the established RX170 model one stage further. Stäubli engineers designed and built a new upper arm and a special wrist mechanism in which the sixth axis is replaced by a milling spindle.
The entire power supply, together with the cooling and lubrication for the spindle, runs inside the arm. This solution has two major advantages: firstly, it saves on space; secondly, it protects against interference, thus promising maximum reliability.
There are several programming options for easy operation of the robot. Complex tool paths can be conveniently generated by CAD/CAM systems on a PC and then exported to the robot controller. For more straightforward milling paths or for drilling holes, CAD/CAM software can be dispensed with. Thanks to the VALhsm user interface, paths and drilling positions can be ‘taught’ directly on the handheld control pad.
“We have piloted the robot in various contexts, and every time, it has passed with flying colors,” says Manfred Hübschmann with evident pride. “Our customers love the RX170 hsm, because it exceeds even their highest expectations. For machining CFRP, there really is no alternative product currently on the market able to compete on price with this unique series-produced robot.”
Stäubli Tec-Systems GmbH
Head of Marketing
Phone: +49 (0)921 88 32 12
Fax: +49 (0)921 88 34 44
Stäubli - Textile Machinery, Connectors and Robotics
Stäubli is a mechatronics solution provider with three dedicated divisions: textile machinery, connectors and robotics. With a workforce of 4,000, Stäubli has a presence in 25 countries and agents in 50 countries around the world. | <urn:uuid:891f4716-59ec-4acd-88df-f7c83aa8dda2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/high-speed-machining-robot-handles-composite-materials-20003579 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.917573 | 1,062 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The following are some questions that have been commonly asked of me regarding unit testing and TDD. Please submit questions or comments on this FAQ via Twitter or using the Contact page.
Q: What is the primary goal/benefit of unit testing?
A: Having solid unit tests allows the developers to refactor without fear. That is, they can much more easily maintain and extend the application. Since the majority of an application’s cost is in maintenance and extension, helping to reduce those costs can significantly impact the total cost of ownership (TCO) of an application.
Q: What does TDD give us that we can’t get by building tests “after the fact”?
A: I can think of five main advantages to doing test-driven development over “test-later”. Please let me know if you come up with others:
- To make sure the tests get done – It is very easy to forget important business rules when building tests after the code has been written. TDD helps to guarantee that all of the important features have valid tests written for them.
- To help define the problem before solving it – Stopping before building and defining the problem in terms of a test is very helpful for gaining insight into the problem. Often, I have eliminated what would have likely been some significant rework by building my tests first.
- To force “design for testability” – One of the worst things about writing tests is having to go back and change working code because it isn’t testable. By doing the tests up-front, we guarantee that our code is testable before we even write it. In addition, since testable code is generally decoupled code, TDD helps to enforce a good standard that also helps reduce TCO.
- To help validate your tests – When you follow the results of tests through from throwing a NotImplementedException to returning invalid results, to returning correct results, you have the most confidence that your test is doing what it is supposed to do.
- To help prevent scope creep – It is often easy to creep the scope of a development effort by including features that are not currently required, because they seem easy when doing the development. If, however, you require yourself to build tests for each feature first, you are more likely to reconsider adding features that are not currently necessary.
Q: What part of my application do I NOT need to test?
A: This answer is quite simple: you don't need to test the parts of the application that your users DON'T care about. Of course, since we remove all code that our users don't care about from our applications, what we are really saying here is that we should be testing all of our application, and therefore approach 100% code coverage in our apps (although we should never be using code coverage as a metric, just as an indicator). On a fun note, the rule that you don't need to test the parts of your appliations that your user's don't care about was eponymously named "The Stahl Standard" by my friend, Jeremy Clark
Q: What are some of the common pitfalls of TDD/Unit Testing?
A: Some of the pitfalls I have discovered over the years are listed below along with some suggestions for avoiding or overcoming them:
- Brittle tests – It is easy to create tests that break when later functionality is added. Newer versions of mocking frameworks have helped with this problem by introducing mock types that demand that stated expectations are met on mocked dependencies, but don’t fail when additional interactions with those dependencies occur. As an example, in Rhino Mocks, you should use a DynamicMock object when it makes sense, rather than a StrictMock because the tests created with a DynamicMock are less brittle.
- Missed features – I highly recommend creating a specific test for each feature, even if the test is an exact duplicate of another test. The reason for this is that, in the future, those features may evolve independently, and it is likely that the one test shared by both will be modified to fit the first feature that changes, leaving the second untested.
- DateTimes don’t validate well – When comparing DateTime types, it is often difficult to get accurate results due to the rapid change in the current time and the varying degrees of precision of different time types. I have found it best to use a tolerance wherever possible in my DateTime testing. For example, I have created a custom Constraint for Rhino Mocks called a DateTimeConstraint that allows me to specify the tolerance that I will allow in my tests. That tolerance could be to the millisecond, the second, the minute, or whatever makes sense for that test.
- Type specific values don’t compare well – An Int32 with a value of 12345 is not the same as an Int64 with the same value. Be careful when comparing data types, even if the value in those types should be the same. It is often best to cast or convert the value with the lesser precision, to the other type.
- Testing using shared resources is difficult – While there is much discussion about what you call a test that touches the database, or another external resource such as a message queue, there is no doubt that interactions with those types of resources must still be tested. If the database or queue you are using is shared, it is possible that data can be manipulated during your tests, making these tests imprecise at best. Whenever possible, you should isolate these tests by using local resources if possible, or by creating the resources specifically for the test. That is, if in your test you create a message queue using a GUID defined in your test as the name of the queue, then use that for your tests and destroy the queue at the end of the test, you can be reasonably confident that no other user will be manipulating the data in that queue during the test.
Q: Should unit-tests touch the database or anything out-of-process?
A: In my opinion, yes. I realize that there are many who disagree with me on this point, but the fact remains that you cannot test an object which has a primary function of loading data from (or saving data to) a database without checking if it in fact, loads (or saves) said data correctly. The most important boundary not to cross in our unit tests is the one between application layers. Don't test the database logic with the business logic; each of these layers should be tested in isolation. For a more detailed explanation, see Unit Testing the Data Tier that I wrote years ago. While some of the technologies described have changed since that article, the fundamental idea has not.
Q: Should there be specific tests for logging in my application?
A: That depends on your business requirements. If there are specific, measurable business requirements for logging in your application, then yes, it should be tested. If not, as in the case of most applications, logging should probably be used simply for what it is, a diagnostic tool. I use logging to help me build my tests by redirecting my logging to the Test Context using a TestContext Logging Provider that I wrote, and which can be seen in the sample code for my .NET TDD Kickstart session. This allows me to use my logging to help develop the system, gives me insight into how the logging will look when I actually use the system, and doesn't require me to make-up any fake "requirements" for logging. By the way, if anyone knows of any specific, testable requirements for logging other than, "...the system must log something…", please let me know.
Q: Do all unit test libraries have to be in every solution?
A: I don't believe so. I only bring the unit-test library for a project into a solution if I am modifying that project. Many times I am reusing existing libraries, such as a logging library, without modifying it. In that case, there is no need to include the unit-tests for the logging library in the solution. Since we should never be modifying any code without first creating a test for it, there should be no risk of ever accidentally modifying code for which we have not included the test library in the solution.
[Edit 2016-06]: Now that more and more of our dependencies are being handled using packages, we are having to include far fewer dependent projects in our solution. This fact makes it more common to include all of the test libraries for the projects in every solution since, in most cases, we wouldn't have the project in a solution if we weren't going to modify it, we'd just include the dependency using a package.
Q: Do I need to have a reusable interface on all of my objects?
A: All objects where public functionality is exposed (objects that perform a public service) should implement a reusable interface. If the object exposes public methods, and those methods really should be public, that interface should be reusable so that tests can be mocked against the service provider. If you don't feel like the methods belong on a reusable interface, you might want to revisit making them public in the first place.
One example of where not putting a reusable interface on a public object has hurt us is the Thread object in the System.Threading namespace. The Sleep method can be viewed as a delay provider. Had a reusable interface been implemented that included this method, it would have simplified testing in many situations where a timed delay is needed. Instead of simply testing the call to the Sleep method on the reusable interface, we have to wrap that method into a separate delay provider that exposes a reusable interface, to do our testing. This moves the testing of the actual delay functionality to us, rather than to Microsoft (the code provider) where it belongs. If Microsoft had provided this interface, it would leave us free to simply verify that we properly call the delay provider.
Note: Remember, all .NET CLR objects expose an interface, but not all of them make that interface reusable.
Q: Whenever I change anything in my code I break my tests. Is there a way to make my unit tests less brittle?
A: Writing black-box style tests can help to reduce the brittleness of unit tests. Since there is no need for the test to have any awareness of the structure or implementation of the code when black-box testing, the tests are less likely to break when a change to the code structure or implementation is made.
There are some abstraction patterns that I find particularly helpful in building code that is testable using black-box methods. The Repository pattern is a great way to abstract a data store from its implementation. Likewise, the Strategy pattern is an equivalent abstraction for algorithms. When combined with a Service Locator methodology such as Dependency Injection, these patterns can allow more of the testing to be done without knowledge of anything but the interfaces of the object under test.
It should be noted that not all testing can be done with black box methods. There are some use-cases which require knowledge of the implementation to validate the test. Data storage and retrieval is one such situation. In these cases it is important to do as much of the testing as possible using abstractions and then only validate the implementation using white-box testing as close to the metal of the implementation as possible.
Q: In one of your talks, you showed some demo code with helper extension methods that made testing a lot easier, can I have access to that code?
A: The TestHelperExtensions have been released as a Free, Open-Source tool on NuGet and GitHub. Documentation for its use can be found here. | <urn:uuid:d15505cc-b28e-4eb6-b028-74a695b49827> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cognitiveinheritance.com/Pages/Unit-Testing-and-TDD-FAQ.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.946063 | 2,409 | 2.015625 | 2 |
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