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According to this epistle itself, it was composed by the Apostle Peter, an eyewitness to Jesus’ ministry. 2 Peter, chapter 3:1 alludes to 1 Peter, when he said that the audience of this epistle is the various Churches in Asia Minor in general, just as in the first epistle. Thus, the indication is that both 1 Peter and 2 Peter were written by Peter, the apostle and leader of the early church. Some scholars believe that this letter has a legitimate Petrine authorship. Peter probably may have used a Greek educated secretary to write 1 Peter and 2 Peter. They maintain that Peter dictated this letter. Have you ever asked someone else to write a letter for you? | <urn:uuid:c38c1d2b-ef65-4e5e-9db7-e9734cb6e8db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://efinne1540.wordpress.com/2022/07/05/peter-as-the-author-of-2-peter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.980857 | 142 | 2.578125 | 3 |
We’ve all been there – you tell yourself tonight you’ll unwind by reading a chapter of the book you’ve been semi reading for the past few months. You settle into the armchair with aforementioned book, but your phone is resting beside you. Just a quick check of social media, it won’t hurt right? Next thing you know it’s time for bed and 0% of your book has been read, but hey you got a good look at your cousin’s best friend’s wedding from two years ago!
What happened to living a simple life? Technology has swept through our lives, taking with it the feeling of receiving a letter in the mail, or enjoying a moment outdoors rather than witnessing it through our screens. Each year yLead runs a three day conference called yConnect, bringing together our volunteers from across Australia and New Zealand. The theme for 2017 was ‘Back to Basics’ – reconnecting with ourselves, our environment, and the people around us.
Nestled on top of Mt Tamborine amongst the trees and mist were 30 of our volunteers ready to switch off. The tone was set early after having received all the necessary details for the weekend in a handwritten letter. Upon arrival the participants were challenged to re-pack their bags for the weekend, reflecting on what they NEED versus what they WANT. The room was decorated with the ‘Back to Basics’ theme in mind, with stations set up around the room such as:
- Before Google we used encyclopedias – Research a topic of interest
- Before Messenger we valued the art of great conversation – Pick a conversation starter and go chat!
- Before Facebook we engaged in healthy face-to-face debates – Pick a topic and go argue with someone
The participants looked at what they need to live a fulfilled and content life. This was done by spending time on:
- IDENTITY – values, beliefs, what does your ideal life look like?
- TOOLS – gratitude, mindfulness, relationship building, emotional control, time management, sleep patterns
- ACTIVITIES – Treetops rope course, creation of a Masterchef meal with 6 random items, dinner in silence
“Something I took away from this weekend is that I am in control of my relationship with myself. I choose who and what I surround myself with, I decide to slow down and clear my mind. It’s made me more accountable for what I allow myself to feel and think, and where I’m going in life.” | <urn:uuid:1f1f8608-a945-4ef5-835c-ba4bc921dd6c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ylead.com.au/3-days-technology-free/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.957183 | 530 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Mobile remote control food 3D printer to print personalized food
In the future, people can use their mobile phones to remotely control the food 3D printer at home to customize personalized nutritious food. In the future, my country's precision nutrition and 3D printing will have a potential market of more than 10 trillion yuan.
Dai Xiaofeng, director of the Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, introduced the future prospects of precision nutrition and food 3D printing. Mobile phone remote control 3D printing personalized food becomes the norm
"Before get off work, you can customize a delicious dinner by pressing a few keys on your mobile phone or sending a few passwords to the mobile phone. It will be an ordinary scene. This kind of application is as common as the WeChat application." China Dai Xiaofeng, director of the Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, described the future of home kitchens to China.com reporters.
The precision nutrition and food 3D printing technology developed by the Chinese Food Processing and Equipment Innovation Team of the Institute of Agricultural Products Processing of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences will promote the early realization of this vision.
3D printing technology has been developed in the world for more than 30 years, but the combination with precise nutrition is still new.
According to Zhang Hong, a researcher at the Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, this technology combines core databases such as health big data and nutrition big data with Internet technology and genetic testing to design an integrated control software system based on 3D printing. The customized food suitable for individual consumption can be printed out remotely via mobile phone or IPAD.
Food 3D printers are printing food. Photo by Zhang Yanling, a reporter from China Net The basic recipe.
"We have developed and designed special diet recipes for the nutritional needs of different groups of people, processed and manufactured through food 3D printing technology to achieve personalized customization of precise and nutritious foods, and have developed 3D printed products suitable for obesity, diabetic, hypertensive patients and the elderly. More than 20 categories." Zhang Hong said.
Dai Xiaofeng pointed out that in the future, the Institute of Agricultural Products Processing of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences will make efforts in raw material processing adaptability research, equipment research, nutritional formula research, and product adaptability research.
In the future, food 3D printing technology will play a huge role in the field of food processing and production, leading the development of individualized nutrition and health staple food industry to industrialization, automation, intelligence, and individualization.
It is reported that in 2017, as the only representative of the Ministry of Agriculture, the research results of precision nutrition and food 3D printing equipment participated in the 150-day "Five Years of Hard Work" large-scale exhibition of scientific and technological achievements organized by the National Development and Reform Commission, and was exhibited in the permanent collection of the National Museum. This is the first revolutionary major research achievement in the agricultural field collected by the National Museum since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
Animal pattern food printed by a food 3D printer. Photo by Zhang Yanling, a reporter from China Net , Children, pregnant women and other special population nutrition management stage; 2035-2050 is the stage of personalized nutrition service.
"Food 3D printing technology leads the rapid development of personalized precision nutrition. In the future, precision nutrition and 3D printing in my country will have a potential market of more than 10 trillion yuan. 30 years later, it will lead China's agriculture from manufacturing to the era of service." Dai Xiaofeng said.
Dai Xiaofeng said frankly that the current research results of precision nutrition and food 3D printing technology are facing scientific research projects, policies and regulations, ethical issues research, industrial layout, cloud computing, big data matching, health big data establishment, food recipes and other basic research, intelligent management system construction And other issues.
"This technology is multi-sectoral and requires multidisciplinary collaboration to complete." Dai Xiaofeng gave a timetable: 10 years to build nutrition and health big data for different groups of people, and another 10 years to build biosensors and cloud computing facilities, the last 10 years Perform demonstration applications.
Link to this article： Mobile remote control food 3D printer to print personalized food
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What is Debt Relief?
Debt relief is defined as a partial or total forgiveness of debt. When the term is used by the government, it usually refers to the forgiveness of debt to underdeveloped countries. Recently, it has begun to refer to the millions of consumers who are overwhelmed with debt seeking financial relief from their unsecured debt. Whenever debt became too high in the past, home equity loans were used. Equity loans helped the homeowner rid themselves of high interest payments without damaging their credit score. Today, real estate values have declined to the point that the majority of homeowners have mortgages that are higher than their homes are worth.
What Debt Relief Options Are Available?
There are many types of debt relief programs. They each lower monthly payments for the consumer, but the way they are managed is different. Depending on the problems and nature of the debts, some of these programs will work better for some consumers than others. If you need help managing your debt, it is important to understand how each program works before making a decision. The results will impact your daily life as well as your credit report. The right program will help to reduce the level of financial hardship. A program that does not meet your needs may increase them. Some programs that provide debt relief require a large sum up front. Others lower the interest, but extend the length of time allowed to make the payments.
Is Bankruptcy The Best Option?
Most consumers want to avoid bankruptcy. Though it may be the appropriate solution for some, it involves attorney participation, legal fees and court dates. It usually takes three to four months to receive a decision. Bankruptcy could stay on your credit for up to ten years, making it difficult to get a loan to help rebuild your credit. Many employers now ask about bankruptcy on application forms.
What Program Should I Choose?
Before choosing a program, take some time to see how much debt relief you can give yourself by changing spending habits. Keep track of everything you spend, from the ten dollars you put in the gas tank and the four dollars for a morning latte, to the dollar used for bottled water at the vending machine. Once you are able to see how your money is being spent you can make small changes that could result in savings each week.
For more information on debt resolution programs that can reduce financial stress and help you build a secure future, visit | <urn:uuid:1fa36f7b-f8e7-4a24-be79-42a1298b10aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.debtmerica.com/debt-relief/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964498 | 481 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Pentagon’s No.1 weapons supplier Lockheed Martin Corp. was awarded a contract modification from the Naval Air Systems Command for Airborne Low Frequency Sonars (ALFS).
The contract modification, announced Tuesday by the Department of Defense, is worth more than $182 million and covers production, delivery and integration of 24 ALFSs for the government of India; eight ALFSs for the Navy and seven ALFS for the government of Denmark, into MH-60R Seahawk helicopters.
The ALFS is the primary undersea warfare sensor of the MH-60R multi-mission helicopter. This integrated dipping sonar system enables the MH-60R to accomplish the assigned ASW missions of submarine detection, tracking, localization and classification. It also performs missions relating to acoustic intercept, underwater communications and environmental data acquisition.
In May, Lockheed Martin Corp. received a $904,8 contract modification from the U.S. Naval Air Systems Command for the production of and delivery of MH-60R Seahawk maritime helicopters.
The award, announced by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) on 14 May, covers the production and delivery of three MH-60R Seahawk maritime helicopters for the Navy and 21 MH-60Rs for the government of India.
Work is expected to be complete by September 2024. | <urn:uuid:6f2644fe-18e7-4429-9d9a-261e200e4e87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://defence-blog.com/lockheed-martin-receives-182-million-for-mh-60r-sea-hawk-sonars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.923573 | 274 | 1.554688 | 2 |
China Vehicle Inspection/China truck inspection
VICC truck Inspection services cover various kind of van trucks, such as dump trucks, tow trucks, off-road trucks,etc. The checklist included: diesel engines, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas and pure electric van trucks.
Vehicles designed for special needs (such as airport shuttles, fire engines and ambulances, tankers, container tractors, etc.) The truck consists of four systems: the engine system, the chassis system, the body and the electrical system. The truck is mainly operated by the engine and the chassis, wherein the chassis includes a power train, a driving system, a steering system and a brake system.
China truck Inspection/ China truck inspection services
When we start vehicle, the engine will generate power and transmit power to gearbox. The power will convert high-speed and small-torque power into low-speed and large-torque power through the gears in gearbox, and then pass through the drive shaft to drive rear axle. Driving the rear axle to drive the rear wheel to rotate, so the vehicle is moving.
Product classification of truck Inspection
What Inspection Activities will be conducted during China truck Inspection
- Nameplate inspection
- Speedometer inspection
- Fuel system inspection
- Engine inspection
- Tire inspection
- Car inspection
- Lighting system inspection
- Reflective marking inspection
- Steering and positioning inspection
- Braking system inspection
- Power generation system inspection
- Paint inspection
- Instrument inspection
- Overall dimensions inspection | <urn:uuid:ec5a9b83-b307-470c-80c2-d2f97251c0c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vicc.com/truck-inspection-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.884737 | 340 | 1.960938 | 2 |
The coming power of AI
Last month’s GPU Technology Conference was a fascinating insight into the power of artificial intelligence, and how it is being harnessed by software developers and engineers to break through old barriers in a bevy of industries, from autonomous vehicles to virtual reality to medicine.
Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang offered his insights on a variety of topics in his keynote address, and spoke about the era of supercharged computing, in which CPU growth has fallen below Moore’s Law in recent years—but GPU-accelerated computing is instead growing at a faster rate than what he called “the miracle of laws.”
“There’s a new law going on, a supercharged law,” he said, “and I think this is the future of computing.”
He showed examples of how AI is impacting the rendering of images in video games and film—and noted how computing power is still lagging behind on major science initiatives.
According to Huang, a Caltech-Oak Ridge National Laboratory project on reinventing the lithium-ion battery took 7 days on the Titan supercomputer. A Princeton-Oak Ridge study on mapping the
Earth’s core took 17 days on Titan. An Illinois/NCSA study looking into the structure of HIV took 16 days on Blue Water. And an ETH Zürich/MeteoSwiss look at cloud-resolving climate simulation took an amazing 840 days on Piz Daint. Soon, this technology will reduce those times to 1 day, he said, thanks to GPU-accelerated computing.
“There’s serious groundbreaking science to be done. We’re going to build an exascale computer, and these simulation times will be compressed down to one day … science needs supercharged computers.”
Among the corporate news releases that Huang discussed was a series of advances to the company’s deep learning computing platform, which delivers a 10x performance boost on deep learning workloads compared with the previous generation six months ago.
“The extraordinary advances of deep learning only hint at what is still to come,” said Huang. “Many of these advances stand on Nvidia’s deep learning platform, which has quickly become the world’s standard. We are dramatically enhancing our platform’s performance at a pace far exceeding Moore’s law, enabling breakthroughs that will help revolutionize healthcare, transportation, science exploration and countless other areas.
Paul J. Heney
VP, Editorial Director
Filed Under: Automotive, DIGITAL ISSUES, Virtual reality | <urn:uuid:a57d8717-874f-4dce-a026-b0c085ffbf46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.designworldonline.com/may-2018-issue-linear-actuators-smarter-more-powerful/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.929517 | 539 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The UK government issued this stark warning, “NCSC [National Cyber Security Centre – part of GCHQ] advises organisations to act following Russia’s further violation of Ukraine’s territorial integrity”.
The first point follows on from a recent article published here. Your cyber insurance may very well not be valid if the attack falls foul of the warfare clause. In short, do not rely upon your safety net being there to catch you if everything else fails.
The NCSC says that “the cyber threat is heightened”. This obviously will mean different things to different organisations but there are a few basics that you really should observe:
1. Do you have a business continuity plan? Try to work out a “what happens if this occurs” document so that you have something to fall back upon in the event of most incidents. It is handy to decide which role, and therefore individual, will do what in your plan.
2. How safe is you IT infrastructure? As a minimum, you need to have Cyber Essentials certification, and preferably Cyber Essentials plus. To attain these levels of certification, you will have to put lots of safety processes and practices in place, which makes you a lot less vulnerable.
3. Are you aware that almost all cyber attacks start out with a user making a mistake? Do you provide ongoing security training to your staff? If you do not, then how can you expect them to know what they are doing when faced with a threat generated by a professional cybercriminal? It is as naïve to assume that your members of staff will have the “common sense” to just spot such things, as it is to assume that you would not need legal representation in court because you think that you can explain it all yourself just fine. We are no longer talking about the Nigerian Royal family needing to smuggle millions of dollars out of their country via your personal account at Barclays; things have evolved rather dangerously.
This is a lot of information to take in. This is why you will need the help of someone working in this field. Contact Brigantia to be put in touch with your local Brigantia Partner who will be able to advise you on getting your cyber security in line with government recommendations. | <urn:uuid:d2495e0c-a138-47df-8be8-96a31c295a88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.brigantia.com/resources/ncsc-issues-warning-following-invasion-of-ukraine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.961148 | 459 | 1.765625 | 2 |
In Central America, a rich blend of lush, tropical trees are home to one of the world's most biodiverse communities. They provide a leafy haven for some of the planet's most incredible creatures, like jaguars and three-toed sloths.
And it turns out these trees play another vital, hidden role in preserving Earth's environment.
All trees play a part in combating global warming, breathing in carbon dioxide and storing it in the ground.
But when it comes to how effectively they carry out this environmental role, not all trees are created equal.
In a new study of Panama's tropical forests, researchers modeled forest demographics using a dataset spanning 40 years and nearly 300 tree species. They reveal that long-living, slow-growing, and massive trees make up most of the forest’s biomass. These so-called “long-lived pioneers” play a disproportionately large part in stashing carbon.
Protecting these trees is vital to the planet’s future, the researchers say.
Current climate-change forecasts tend to treat all trees equally, but this study suggests some should be taken into greater account than others, fundamentally altering the forecast models.
"This analysis shows that that is not good enough for tropical forests and provides a way forward," said study co-author Caroline Farrior, an assistant professor of integrative biology at The University of Texas, in a statement.
"We show that the variation in tropical forest species's growth, survival and reproduction is important for predicting forest carbon storage."
The research appeared Thursday in the journal Science.
Tracking trees over time — In the study, the researchers simulated how trees grow, die, reproduce, and compete for light in the Panama forest.
Species contrast in two big ways: height, and lifespan. These two traits translated into significant differences in carbon storage capacity.
Somewhat counterintuitively, trees that reach maturity quickly may not be best at taking up carbon, the models suggest.
Fast-growing trees, shrubs, and treelets require more sunlight to grow and reproduce quickly. But they also might die quickly, cutting short their potential benefits for the environment.
While smaller trees live fast and die young, long-lived pioneers stick around to grow big and strong. They maintain their climate benefits throughout their lengthy lifespans, reaching maturity later in their lives.
The drawback? These secret weapons against climate change are not the best at reproducing.
Instead of producing offspring, they spend their energy bulking up, the researchers suggest. That tradeoff pays out handsomely in the long run when it comes to carbon storage — but only if these trees are allowed to reach their full potential.
When tropical trees are cleared to make way for crops like oil palms and animal agriculture, long-term growth is cut short, too. As a result, we lose an outsized amount of carbon-storing biomass.
Old-growth forests have already taken a hit — Clear-cutting forests for lumber and agriculture has taken a toll on the Earth’s trees. Today, just half of the planet’s tropical forests contain undisturbed, old-growth trees.
And the other half? Those forests are in recovery mode, slowly regenerating after their stocks were used for timber or fuel. But the younger trees capture just a fraction of the carbon dioxide that long-lived trees soak up.
Protecting these developing forests is absolutely vital, but it may be more strategic to focus the world's conservation efforts on older trees, the authors of the new study say. Understanding tropical forests' complex dynamics in more fine-grained detail will help us manage their precious resources for the future.
"Basically, we were able to reduce the forest to its essence, and that was only possible because we know so much about the tree species in the forest in Panama," Nadja Rüger, lead study author and a researcher at the German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research, said in a statement.
The new models may help predict future climate change, as trees are both affected by climate change, and help to slow its pace. Right now, the Earth’s vegetation sops up about 34 percent of the carbon dioxide humans emit.
But when it comes to trees specifically, these incredible plants can’t keep up that work of slowing global warming without their massive, long-lived pioneers.
Abstract: Understanding tropical forest dynamics and planning for their sustainable management require efficient, yet accurate, predictions of the joint dynamics of hundreds of tree species. With increasing information on tropical tree life histories, our predictive understanding is no longer limited by species data but by the ability of existing models to make use of it. Using a demographic forest model, we show that the basal area and compositional changes during forest succession in a neotropical forest can be accurately predicted by representing tropical tree diversity (hundreds of species) with only five functional groups spanning two essential trade-offs—the growth-survival and stature-recruitment trade-offs. This data-driven modeling framework substantially improves our ability to predict consequences of anthropogenic impacts on tropical forests. | <urn:uuid:67ac041f-66b6-45c6-b60a-71df6b786ea0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nc.inverse.com/science/trees-are-a-weapon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.936575 | 1,050 | 4.21875 | 4 |
I believe that everyone can learn confidence, discipline, and the joy of self-expression through studying music. I offer both traditional and Suzuki flute lessons and it is my job and my joy as an educator to tailor my teaching style to meet the varying needs, goals, and interests of each individual student.
Beginner flute students may choose to take either Suzuki or traditional flute lessons. I use the Suzuki Flute Books with other supplementary songs and exercises. I take care to cultivate both a strong technical foundation and a love of musical discovery in my beginning flute students.
My advanced students study a broad scope of repertoire and are encouraged to participate in summer festivals, competitions and ensembles. In addition to studying solo pieces, my advanced students also receive guidance in preparing their parts for orchestra and other ensembles.
Lessons for Adults
Adult students’ lessons are tailored to their individual interests and goals. Anyone is welcome whether dusting off their old flute, discovering the joys of flute playing for the first time, or seeking help with trickier technical challenges.
My piano students get a solid foundation in piano technique as well as basic music theory. I generally use Alfred’s Young Beginner series or Faber Piano Adventures depending on the needs of the individual student. Students also play additional supplemental music according to their interests.
Covid-19 Update: I am temporarily teaching all my students online. Flute lessons are a great constructive and empowering activity during the pandemic. I hope to be able to offer in person lessons to vaccinated students this fall.
Lessons in Manhattan:
Lessons in the comfort of your own home:
Lessons in Inwood and Upper Washington Heights:
Lessons in the comfort of your own home north of 168th street in Manhattan are:
Buying a Flute
I recommend the Yamaha and Gemeinhardt flute brands for beginner students. There are cheaper flutes out there but they tend to be a false economy due to flimsy construction and need frequent and expensive repairs. Buying used flutes online is also risky as they may not be in good condition. For those looking for a budget option SamAsh often has used Gemeinhardt or Yamaha flutes in good condition.
Children under 9 years old may need a curved head joint depending on the length of their arms.
More advanced students looking for an upgrade please contact me. I would be happy to recommend brands and models in line with your goals and price range.
Buying a Keyboard
It is important to get a keyboard with weighted keys to allow you to play expressively and develop good piano technique. Yamaha and Cassio make good quality keyboards. | <urn:uuid:b31d72d6-6ac1-4569-a5e9-66eabedcbe52> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sophiasaundersjones.com/lessons-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946412 | 597 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Pocket pair releases the following report of Palworld on January 21. A new video was released together. You can check the graphic evolved since the announcement and the detailed information of the game.
Palworld is an open world Survival Craft Monster Development Game. The corresponding platform is PC (Steam). In this work, mysterious creature pal appears. They are different from each other, and from pulses like sheep and cows, pulses such as dragon and wolf pulses exist. It is possible to collect and grow up such pulses or fight or work. Will a poacher who lives with pal or forced labor, or a poacher who trades pal maliciously? How to live the world depends on the player. It also corresponds to up to 8 multiplayers.
What you can do with pal is a wide range. By riding on a large pal, it is possible to freely move land, sea, sky, etc. Pal will help even in life. Put on fire, power generation, and mines. Will make a stable life by utilizing the characteristics of each pulle. In this work, construction is also possible, and pulses can be used for such architects. In addition, the labor method does not apply to the pal.
As production elements, agricultural elements are also present. If you leave it to a pulse that uses sowing, watering, harvesting, etc., you will be able to create an attractive farm. There is also a pulse that increases by planting. Industrial and automation is also possible. If you place the factory, you can also automate (?) If you place a pal. However, the pal working at the factory is somewhere.
And pal can also fight. It is also possible to infiltrate both dungeons. In multiplayer, pulses and trade are also possible. Pal should also breed, and when breeding, it leads to parent characteristics. It would be nice to create a rare species. On the other hand, there is also a poach of pulses in this work. It is something that puts the endangered species of endangered species inhibitors. By secretly invading and caught, it is said that you can get one thousand gold. However, good stories are worthwhile.
Palworld was announced last June last year. The chaotic publishing trailer calls not only domestically but also overseas, and it is said that the video has been reproduced by 20 million times in 3 days of announcement. Based on the attention, UNREAL Engine 4 is adopted to further power up graphics. Previous visuals were reminiscent of the past work Craft Peer in the pocket pair, but the engine renewal is the impression that the attractiveness is born.
In this video, newly captured or captured pulses. A scene that combines a rocket with the pal and gets on a huge whale-like pal and searching for a aerial cities. A scene that fights pals in the arena. And both grand and darkness will be glimpers, such as scenes that draw pulses captured by the poach.
Palworld is scheduled to be delivered early in STeam within 2022.
※ The English Version of this Article is Available Here | <urn:uuid:06397e6e-98ae-4f82-b78b-ba1b531543da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://crazygames.uk/author/tstops/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.960963 | 617 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Speaker: Nikki Nojima Louis, Ph.D., playwright, performer and educator
Date: August 10, 2013 (Saturday)
(Dinner after the session at a Thai/Balinese restaurant. Reservations
required by August 2. Contact email@example.com)
Venue: Takatsuki Shiritsu Sogo Shimin Koryu Center,
(1 minute walk from JR Takatsuki Station) Tel.0726-85-3721
Fee: Free for members and students; 500 yen for non-members
Description of presentation:
Nikki Nojima Louis is a Japanese American playwright, educator and performer who is bringing her cast to Japan for the very first time in order to perform the oral history play called “Breaking the Silence: The Japanese American Experience.” This play debuted first at the University of Washington in 1986, and since then it has been performed throughout the U.S. The play comes to Japan for the first time with performances in Hiroshima on August 1-3, at Aichi University on August 4 and back to Hiroshima on August 5. The group will be present at the remembrance ceremony in Hiroshima on August 6.
For those who cannot attend the performance, August 10 is an opportunity to get an overview of the play, and Nojima Louis will explain the whole process using slides and videoclips. “Breaking the Silence” utilizes Readers Theater where oral histories, tanka poems, and music are combined to reveal the experiences of three generations of Japanese Americans.
Participants will have the opportunity to experience different aspects of Readers Theater and many of the basic techniques to be presented are based on the book written by Nojima Louis’s co-director, Jan Maher, a member of the collective called, Local Access for the Arts-in-Education. This session will be of use for anyone interested in history, drama, and education.
Dr. Nikki Nojima Louis was born in Seattle, spent her early childhood in America’s World War II prison camps, and grew up in Chicago. As a teenager in the 1950s, she was the only non-white member of a dance company that toured to the segregated South. She has a Masters degree in Creative Writing from the University of Washington and a Ph.D in Creative Writing from Florida State University.
Nikki is not just an academic. In 1985 she was a member of Word of Mouth, a multicultural women’s peace show, performing throughout the Pacific Northwest, and in 1986 she wrote “Breaking the Silence.” In 1989 she traveled to Tashkent, Uzbekistan as a member of the Seattle-Soviet Theatre Exchange performing with a company of Russian, Uzbek, and Korean artists. Just a few of her performance credits include “Women Who Write Too Much,” “Most Dangerous Women,” “Shirley Temple of the Concentration Camp,” and “I am Furious Yellow.” She has taught at the University of Washington’s Women’s Center and co-managed Local Access, an arts-in-education collective. She is currently a Program Specialist in the Asian American Studies Department of the University of New Mexico. | <urn:uuid:3ccd8eaf-c4c8-45c4-ad66-30a13d15ff2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sietar-kansai.com/en/2013/07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.953605 | 710 | 1.898438 | 2 |
The New York Times recently published an article about the latest health craze for "raw water", unfiltered, untreated, unsterilized spring water. Apparently people are rushing to get off the grid and drink water that hasn't been treated.
Luckily the Washington Post came to the rescue and published another article describing the risks and folly of this latest water craze, quoting our CDC collaborator Vince Hill. The comments on the NYT piece are also worth a read.
Every time I get off an airplane from a trip to a lower-income country the first thing I do is head to the drinking fountain and enjoy the incredible luxury of having clean water come directly out of the tap. Increases in life expectancy in the U.S. can largely be attributed to provision of clean water-- read a great popular article about it here, or an academic article here. Of course there are many issues with our nation's water systems, but having systems designed to remove pathogens is not one of them. | <urn:uuid:8d260a21-6479-42f5-957e-bc22f0e63123> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.klevyresearch.org/lab-blog/raw-water-first-world-solutions-without-a-problem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.95029 | 199 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Mode-shifting transportation among new residents
Situation: The Des Moines Area Metropolitan Planning Organization was working on a pilot program, SmartTrips, to educate on and promote neighborhood-specific walking, bicycling and transit. The pilot project focused on residents near DART bus route #60. Goals included promotion of walking, biking and transit to new residents, increase of awareness and raise acceptability of all travel modes and reduction in drive-alone trips.
Strategy and tactics: SmartTrips would focus on new movers, specifically on the DART’s Route 60. New movers would receive a postcard prompting them to sign up to receive an incentive packet full of free goodies to get them started with their new modes of transportation and a monthly newsletter throughout the summer. The project included branding, direction on new mover data, website development, survey development, content development, postcard design, packet design and newsletter design, as well as strategic counsel on the project.
Results: 378 households were reached with the postcards and 27 people opted in, a conversion rate of 7%. Of those who took the survey, 91 percent felt that SmartTrips helped them discover new transportation options, 81% said they took more trips by walking, biking or transit, and 100% said the SmartTrips program should be continued in the future. People were excited about the program and the welcome packet, with word getting out to other neighborhoods. SmartTrips also connected new residents to fantastic resources they were not previously aware of.
“Seriously, great program. Thank you for opening my eyes to other options for travel.” | <urn:uuid:60661eef-ae3d-49f4-938b-7be58181778c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hanser.com/people-moving-to-des-moines-choose-transportation-alternatives-via-pr-campaign/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.971473 | 330 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Indian customers are buying more and more products from the comfort of their homes, especially from online e-commerce sites. This has led to the exponential growth of the demand for last-mile delivery ecosystems. E-commerce is expected to soar 78% globally by 2030, according to a World Economic Forum report. The volume of delivery vehicles in the top 100 cities in the world will thus rise by 36% as we approach 2030.
The increased demand of last-mile connectivity for delivery of goods is naturally pushing the growth of 3-wheeler (3W) goods vehicles. Now the conventional ICE 3 & 4-wheelers are the backbone of the Indian last-mile delivery ecosystem. The preference for 3Ws in this regard is because the big trucks or mini-vans are too expensive to operate and cannot offer doorstep reach in most of the cities due to narrow streets, while 2-wheelers (2Ws) offer only limited load capacity.
For businesses in the last-mile delivery race, whether it is for retail kirana operations, e-commerce, restaurant deliveries, or even third-party logistics fleets, quick and efficient transportation is the final litmus test for success in the market. Yet, as socially responsible enterprises, they also have a commitment towards curbing the destructive impacts of their increased logistical activities on urban ecology and building sustainable supply chains. This is where the 3W EV, with its well-known and globally acknowledged low-carbon footprint, becomes the frontrunner in the race.
The technical edge of modern 3W EVs will certainly help accurately plan delivery routes, fleet maintenance, all the while being environmentally sustainable and cost-effective. The 3-wheel electric vehicle is not the key to the future of last-mile mobility, it IS the future.~
The environmental benefits of EVs in the last-mile delivery ecosystem take precedence over everything else. As major cities grapple with high air pollution, 3W EVs can reduce carbon tailpipe emissions by 13 tonne per 100 km.
The running cost of a 3W EV is 50-60 paisa per km while its diesel counterpart is known to cost about INR 3 per km, and a small delivery 4W, as high as INR7 per km. This means a commercial 3W EV operates at approximately 16% of the running cost of a fossil fuel-based equivalent, and less than 10% of a 4W. This cost difference adds up to a sizable operational saving as the diesel asset grows older, and mileage drops significantly.
Moreover, electric 3-wheelers have fewer parts than regular 3-wheelers — like the engine, pistons, fuel pumps, radiators, cooling systems, spark plugs, exhaust systems, timing belts – which makes vehicle maintenance a lot simpler and cost effective. A recent Kee Resources research concluded that an electric vehicle is at least 30% cheaper to maintain than an ICE vehicle.
Three-wheeler electric vehicles are well-suited for all kinds of business applications that require last-mile deliveries. With the burgeoning popularity of 3W EVs in the final-mile segment, they’re all set to become more and more mainstream – a worthy investment that users should consider in 2021 and beyond~
Another interesting aspect that the last-mile fleet operators should consider is that with advanced telematics and other tech-intensive features, modern EVs enable them to have a better overview of their operations. Fleet operators can supervise not just vehicle usage but also monitor the real-time status of every vehicle in the fleet. Preventive maintenance alerts can help them reduce down time during business hours. This also helps eliminate issues like fuel theft, or misuse of vehicles. Rash driving can be recognised by data patterns and required skill upgrade / training measures can be adopted. Thus, the operator is in full control of his fleet and can even remotely immobilise the vehicle if the need arises.
These 3W EVs can also be custom-built to act as garbage carriers, vegetable carts, or ice-cream vending vans, apart from making normal package deliveries.
In India, the FAME II stimulus has been helpful in the growth of organised 3W EVs as it reduces the high sticker-price of 3-wheelers that run on Li-ion batteries. The cost difference between the commonly-in-use lead-acid battery and the more advanced Lithium-ion is usually between INR 100,000 to INR 200,000 for a 6kWh – 12kWh battery. But the incentives under FAME II on Lithium-ion battery EVs reduce this price difference quite effectively.
Several states are also taking notable and laudable steps in this direction. For instance, the Delhi EV Policy of 2019 exempts ‘electric carriers’ from its existing ban on plying and parking of LCVs in NCR during specified timings. They have also announced a state government subsidy, the largest amount in India.
The Tamil Nadu draft EV policy of 2019 suggests road tax relief in full, and no permit requirement for 3W EV goods carriers. Punjab draft EV policy released in the same year went a step further and suggested that fresh permits in target cities be granted only to electric 3-wheelers upon the implementation of policy. While Karnataka was the first to announce an EV policy, states like Orissa, Goa, Telangana, and Meghalaya are making similar moves.
Optimism in the industry
Enterprises are increasingly becoming more aware that 3W EVs have a 45% advantage in ‘Total Cost of Ownership’ over ICE vehicles due to the lower operating expenses, maintenance costs as well as higher asset utilization (lower down time). Given that the nature of last-mile deliveries is such that the delivery begins from a designated warehouse with basic infrastructure, there is less anxiety for charging infrastructure in this segment.
E-commerce giant Amazon’s CEO announced, amidst much fanfare, plans to run on 100% renewable energy by 2025, five years earlier than the previously planned target of 2030, and is working with a private automotive company to include 100,000 EVs for its prime deliveries, although these vehicles are 4W vans. Amazon India had announced in January 2020, that it will introduce 10,000 EVs (3Ws & 4Ws) in its final-mile delivery vehicles’ fleet latest by 2025.
Similarly in August 2020, another e-commerce giant the Walmart-owned Flipkart, made news with its commitment towards 100% adoption of EVs by 2030, while joining the EV100 electric mobility initiative. The grocery delivery platform BigBasket also uses electric 2Ws and 3Ws for last-mile delivery, with an aim to increase its fleet from the current 800 EVs to 4,000-5,000 EVs in the coming two years.
The environmental benefits of EVs in the last-mile delivery ecosystem take precedence over everything else. As major cities grapple with high air pollution, 3W EVs can reduce carbon tailpipe emissions by 13 tonne per 100 km.~
Despite the majority of EVs on Indian roads being 3-wheelers, most of these are low-speed e-rickshaws (notified as L3 category under CMVR). With lower build quality, low-powered lead-acid batteries, breakdown experiences, and lack of stability, these e-rickshaws are poorly suited for multi-shift cargo delivery applications. Hence the transition to higher powered Li-ion battery-run 3Ws (notified as L5 category under CMVR) is the way ahead.
Also, the financing options for EVs are not as evolved as those for regular vehicles. ICE cargo 3Ws are financed by many unorganized players, as well as traditional financiers considering their presence for many decades. While down payment and interest rates on loans are similar, there are fewer companies financing EVs due to a lack of understanding of the product, and perceived uncertainties around battery life (as high as 40% of the price of a vehicle). The absence of a standardised second-hand market also builds on the perception of risk as financers find it hard to assess the residual value of the asset in case of loan default.
That said, all players agree that EVs are the future and they are actively working with EV OEMs to better understand the new “hi-tech beast” and accept their products.
The future belongs to 3W EVs
Three-wheeler electric vehicles are well-suited for all kinds of business applications that require last-mile deliveries. With the burgeoning popularity of 3W EVs in the final-mile segment, they’re all set to become more and more mainstream – a worthy investment that users should consider in 2021 and beyond.
The technical edge of modern 3W EVs will certainly help accurately plan delivery routes, fleet maintenance, all the while being environmentally sustainable and cost-effective. The 3-wheel electric vehicle is not the key to the future of last-mile mobility, it IS the future.
Note: The author is CEO, Altigreen Propulsion Labs.
(DISCLAIMER: The views expressed are solely of the author and ETAuto.com does not necessarily subscribe to it. ETAuto.com shall not be responsible for any damage caused to any person/organisation directly or indirectly.)
With a plan to invest over USD 1 billion in electric vehicle ambition, Mahindra in July raised INR 1,925 crores (USD 250 million) at a valuation of up to INR 70,070 crores (USD 9.1 billion) from British International Investment into its electric four wheeler business. The first of the five new electric SUVs will be launched in December 2024 starting with the India market.
The company will stop producing Jazz after October 2022 while the crossover WR-V will not be produced beyond March 2023. The carmaker will also stop the production and sale of the 4th Generation Honda City by December 2022 in the country. However, the 5th generation of the sedan will continue to be available in the market, a source in the know of things told ETAuto. | <urn:uuid:f3bb8ca5-356c-4e0a-ba30-cadc6b60b805> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/commercial-vehicle/lcv/opinion-road-ready-electric-3-wheelers-to-be-the-future-of-last-mile-goods-delivery-in-india/83829137 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.950941 | 2,060 | 2.359375 | 2 |
There are TWO SIDES, says one educator, to the story of college or university education - the OUTSIDE story and the INSIDE story. We strip bare the FACTS, in this article, of the little - realized inside story. It's time the public knew the TRUTH. Every high school senior and college student needs to know. What does the public SEE when it looks at this world's college and university life? It sees the veneer - the OUTSIDE story. It sees the huge and stately buildings. It sees the colorful marching bands, the scantily clad, high-stepping twirlers, the organized cheer leaders and shouting football fans. It sees the subsidized entertainers. It's high time we followed these entertainers inside the ivy-covered buildings, and grasp the eye-opening picture of the INSIDE story. It's time we behold in stark realism the millions of bored students being put through the sterile, mechanized conformist factories - absorbing useless and dead "knowledge."
Please click the above PDF icon(s) to view or download the full Magazine Article in PDF format. | <urn:uuid:a3b5f57d-88f6-4d05-96b7-3ab48d3b7a11> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hwalibrary.com/cgi-bin/get/hwa.cgi?action=getmagazine&InfoID=1399633672 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.927526 | 229 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Why Dallas Is a Great Destination for Jazz
I believe one of the true tests of a city is great jazz. Along with excellent markets, fabulous architecture, and great food, jazz is a marker of a city I’ll return to again and again. I love music and have been lucky to know some truly world-class musicians. And fortunately, I live in Dallas, a city that abounds with great jazz venues and musicians.
The history of jazz in Dallas began as early as the 1920s in a neighborhood still known as Deep Ellum. Many of the early jazz musicians in Dallas recorded with names such as King Oliver and Louis Armstrong.
Throughout the history and evolution of jazz, musicians from the Dallas area consistently produced some of the best music in the country, and the tradition continues today with names including Brad Leali and Shelley Carrol. Leali was formerly the musical director and lead alto sax player for Harry Connick Jr. and a soloist with the Count Basie Orchestra. Tenor saxophonist Shelley Carrol has played with the Duke Ellington Orchestra, Edie Brickell, and the Temptations.
Want to know why Dallas is a hotspot for musicians? One reason is the University of North Texas, a school with one of the best music programs in the country, is located only 30 miles north of the city. UNT was one of the first institutions to offer a degree specifically in jazz. Shelley Carrol is a UNT alumnus, and Brad Leali is a current faculty member.
The cool thing is, many people come from all over the world to attend UNT, and once they graduate they usually stay. Some, such as the late James Clay, a tenor saxophonist, found success in Los Angeles but eventually returned to Dallas.
Jason Bucklin, a guitarist who calls Dallas home, spoke with me about the history of jazz in Dallas and why he believes it is one of the best cities in the world for music of all kinds.
Jason told me what really makes Dallas unique is there is a strong tradition of mentoring up-and-coming musicians by the more seasoned players. As a prime example, he spoke of Jimmy Zitano, a drummer from Boston who played with legends including Miles Davis, Charlie Parker, Billie Holiday, and Al Hirt, to name a few.
“What I try to emphasize when talking to people about JZ is that he symbolized the jazz scene in Dallas. He was a mentor to many, trying to keep the flame burning, so to speak. He would not give in to newer, more accessible trends in jazz, being a purist to the core. Some say that when he died, the Dallas jazz scene breathed its final breath. It was JZ’s wish that I would carry on his mission. I am trying to do just that,” Jason said.
Fortunately, jazz is alive and well in Dallas today. I asked Jason, along with a few other musicians, what makes a venue one they enjoy playing. Unanimously the answer was, “any place where I can play what I like (jazz), and where the audience listens.”
I’ve put together a short list of venues I enjoy for various reasons—the ambiance or just overall comfort—but mainly because they are places where great musicians play, where you can hear a variety of styles of jazz, and where each has its own vibe and attitude.
Cafe des Artistes is a beautiful little café designed after the brasseries of the La Belle Époque. Located in One Arts Plaza, the venue is right in the middle of the Dallas Arts District. There’s a terrific jazz ensemble led by Adam Nguyen that plays every Saturday night, adding to the Parisian ambiance. If smoking were still allowed, I think you just might feel as though you’d stepped into a time machine.
The music here is a mix of classic jazz from Ellington Songbook to more modern arrangements. You can stay for dinner or sit at the bar, which is what I usually do. I like the bartender here and feel comfortable being on my own. There are always lots of folks stopping by on their way to the theater, opera, or symphony.
Cafe des Artistes is a full-service restaurant. There is no admission fee.
One Arts Plaza
1722 Routh Street
In Dallas’ Oak Lawn neighborhood is a cozy little café offering wine by the glass or bottle, handmade Belgian chocolates, coffees, and desserts. It’s a unique spot, attracting couples, small intimate groups—and jazz lovers of all ages. Chocolate Secrets offers live jazz Wednesday through Saturday nights. Saturday is my favorite night, as friends Jason Bucklin and Terry Hankins play jazz guitar. Ask them to play some Beatles tunes for you; you haven’t heard the Beatles until you’ve heard it played with a jazz attitude.
Chocolate Secrets has a full event calendar on its website so check it out. There is no cover fee.
3926 Oak Lawn
The Amsterdam Bar is located near Fair Park and has a very casual and young vibe. There’s a nice outdoor patio, and I hear the beer selection is amazing. Monday night is jazz night; you can often find legendary saxophonist Shelley Carrol there with other great musicians. The Amsterdam is a bit off the beaten path, and you’ll find quite an eclectic mix of folks there. It is definitely worth a stop.
831 Exposition Ave.
Buzzbrews is a tiny coffee shop located in Deep Ellum, a neighborhood with a strong musical history. Still, it’s a surprising venue for great jazz.
On Sunday nights, you can catch the Rebel Alliance Jazz Ensemble from 6:30 to 9:30. Rebel Alliance plays jazz from the Ellington Songbook, Count Bassie, and more modern influences such as Maynard Ferguson and Stan Kenton. This music is fun and energetic; you’ll probably want to dance, and I’m pretty sure if you can find a spot, no one would mind. At the very least, you will be bouncing in your seat.
The place is tiny so if you are sound sensitive you might want to sit in the back or take some earplugs—you’ll still be able to hear, believe me. Buzzbrews’ menu offers everything from eggs and bacon to burgers and fries. There’s also a full-service bar if you prefer to drink your dinner or just want to hang out. There is no cover charge.
2801 Commerce Street
Located above the Lakewood Theater in east Dallas, the Balcony Club is a longtime favorite, attracting an all-ages crowd. It has a very late-night vibe and draws plenty of locals. On weekends there’s a very eclectic audience and usually a wedding party or two. It attracts the famous and the not so famous, but it’s always friendly.
The website posts a calendar, but seriously, just go. It’s one of the coolest venues in Dallas, and they are open seven nights a week. Any night at the Balcony Club is a good night, and there is no cover charge.
1825 Abrams (look for the Art Deco-style Lakewood Theater marquee) | <urn:uuid:3bc983fc-a6eb-4580-8d36-8636e50be31e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://jetsetextra.com/why-dallas-is-a-great-destination-for-jazz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96067 | 1,573 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Cuba’s world famous adult literacy campaign was the subject of a fascinating forum following a screening of the 2011 documentary film Maestra on June 22 at the Resistance Centre.
Maestra interviews nine women volunteers who taught during the campaign, including Norma Guillard, one of the first Cuban women to describe herself as a feminist; and Diana Balboa, one of the first to declare she is a lesbian and an international advocate for gay and lesbian rights. Both were 15 years old at the time of the Cuban literacy campaign.
The screening and forum, hosted by Green Left and the Australia Cuba Friendship Society, heard from retired secondary school teacher and former NSW Teachers’ Federation Executive member Bob Treasure; and educator Ruth Ratcliffe, who is finalising her PhD on the changing relationships between communities and schools associated with a First Nations adult literacy campaign in three sites in far western New South Wales. She was in Brewarrina, NSW, when the Cuban literacy program was implemented there.
Lia Weitzel, Research and Campaign Officer at Literacy for Life Foundation (LFLF) who researched the Cuban “Yes, I Can” adult literacy campaign in Aboriginal Australia, said it was an alternative to commodified education. She also spoke about LFLF’s experience working with communities and community-controlled organisations and service providers to raise levels of adult literacy.
Cuba’s Yo, Sí Puedo (Yes, I Can) adult literacy campaign was set up after Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista was ousted from power in December 1958.
Treasure described how, the next day, a new era began. On September 26, 1960, President Fidel Castro told the United Nations General Assembly that Cuba would eradicate illiteracy, nationally, within a year and called for volunteer teachers.
The campaign kicked off in earnest in April 1961 and ended in December that year. It was an eight-month effort to abolish illiteracy in the Caribbean nation. In rural areas, about 40% of Cubans were illiterate.
A-quarter-of-a-million people, half of whom were under 18 years old, volunteered to teach. Many were young women, who left their homes and families to spend up to eight months in villages in remote mountain ranges and valleys.
The teachers lived with their students, teaching at night and on weekends. By the end of the campaign, about 707,212 adults had learned to read and write and the national literacy rate reached 96%. Many students learned to write the alphabet — or their names — for the very first time.
The Cuban National Literacy Campaign did not end in 1961, however. Literacy centres continued and Cuba also became a pioneer in adult literacy education.
Cuba’s adult literacy campaign model has been exported to more than 30 countries, most notably in the Global South, and Australia. In all, more than 10 million people have learned to read and write in their own language as a result of the Cuban program.
Ratcliffe and Weitzel described how the program was organised in various parts of Australia.
Between 40–70% of Indigenous Australians struggle with reading and writing. Decades of segregated, racist and inappropriate schooling, on top of other traumas resulting from colonisation, have contributed to very low rates of adult literacy among First Nations people.
Low literacy is connected to lower employment and education options, poor physical and mental health, insecure housing and many other problems, including alcohol abuse and crime.
Disturbingly, up until the 1950s, Aboriginal students across New South Wales were regularly excluded from schools when white parents objected. Until 1970, Aboriginal students in NSW were denied access to schools for being either “too black” or “too white”.
It wasn’t until 1972 that the “exclusion on demand” clause was finally removed from the teachers' handbook.
The Cuban literacy program was brought to country by Australians who had worked on the campaign in Timor Leste.
Wilcannia, in central NSW, was chosen to trail the adult literacy program in early 2012. The University of New England provided assistance and the Wilcannia Local Aboriginal Council ran the program.
The program’s success can be attributed to three elements. First, the Cuban literacy model is pedagogically sound and uniquely adaptable. Secondly, it is based on a model of community involvement. Thirdly, the local First Nations community was given ownership of the program — and they delivered the program after being trained.
Phase 1 mobilised community leaders to promote and help deliver the project. Four local leaders were trained to run the literacy class. Twelve other community members were trained to undertake a household literacy survey and assist with the launch, graduation and other vital community engagement work.
One-hour classes were held daily for 12 weeks. There were two intakes, with 10 students graduating from the first intake and six from the second. The initial pass rate was 50%, which is high for this type of project. Eventually Yes, I Can was rolled out across eight regional NSW communities, including in Wilcannia, Walgett, Bourke and Brewarrina.
A Literacy for Life program, based on the Cuban model, was rolled out in Campbelltown, on the outskirts of Sydney, in 2019.
A campaign to help adults improve English language reading and writing was launched in Yarrabah, Queensland, in May. LFLF is coordinating the program in Yarrabah, funded by the Queensland government.
LFLF has run adult literacy campaigns since 2012 in nine Aboriginal communities in NSW and one in the Northern Territory at Ltyentye Apurte (Santa Teresa) from 2019.
Currently, the program is also being taught in Bourke, NSW, and in the NT.
[Maestra was produced and directed by Catherine Murphy, who studied in Havana during the 1990s during the so-called Special Period. It is distributed by Women Make Movies, a non-profit organisation that aims to address the under-representation and misrepresentation of women in the media. The film has won several awards, including the Director’s Choice Award at the Black Maria Film Festival, and received an honourable mention at the Ojai Film Festival.] | <urn:uuid:57d5730b-d2b0-4455-afd8-17069e877ec1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/making-literacy-powerful-cubas-successful-yo-si-puedo-campaign | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.97794 | 1,288 | 2.359375 | 2 |
WARSAW (Reuters) - Greenpeace activist, Pawel Szypulski, said on Thursday he was applying for the chief executive job at Poland’s biggest utility PGE, with a plan to eliminate polluting coal from the group’s power production by 2030.
State-run PGE generates electricity mostly from burning lignite and hard coal. The group plans to invest more in renewable sources of energy, mostly in offshore wind, but Szypulski says this is not enough.
“One can no longer continue the business as if there was no climate crisis. I will apply for the job today,” Szypulski told reporters in the front of PGE headquarters in Warsaw.
He added that PGE, which owns Europe’s biggest coal plant in Belchatow, central Poland, should intensify investment in renewable sources as burning coal weighs on its financial results amid rising carbon emission costs.
Szypulski said his first decisions as PGE CEO would be to scrap the company’s plan to invest in a new lignite deposit in Zloczew, which is expected to extend Belchatow’s life, and to prepare a detailed scheme for a phase-out of coal by 2030.
His plans are in line with recommendations from the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA), a U.S.-based think-tank, included in its latest report on PGE.
“Lignite today accounts for more than half of all PGE’s generation, but we find it is loss-making on average long before 2030 under a higher carbon price outlook. Even under a low-carbon price outlook, lignite will only account for a small fraction of PGE profits after 2025,” the IEEFA reports said.
The deadline for applying for the PGE CEO job and other roles in the management board is Feb. 14.
Top jobs in Poland’s state-run companies are generally considered to be politicized.
PGE’s current CEO, Henryk Baranowski, was appointed in March 2016. Before that he was a deputy minister in the Law and Justice (PiS) government.
“I am convinced that I meet the criteria for the job,” Szypulski said.
Reporting by Agnieszka Barteczko; editing by David Evans
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. | <urn:uuid:e746a2bf-7d9e-4b6d-9db4-760f3acf89a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-energy-greenpeace/greenpeace-activist-applies-for-top-job-at-polands-coal-burning-utility-idUSKBN2071RP | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.951269 | 508 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Sets of capacitors. Typical values ranging from 47μF to 2200μF. Choose the package containing the values needed for your projects. In general, the sets are made up of 12 to 25 values.
Example of assortment of 25 values: 16V/47μF, 16V/100μF, 16V/220μF, 16V/470μF, 16V/1000μF, 25V/10μF, 25V/47μF, 25V/100μF, 25V/220μF, 25V/330μF, 25V/470μF, 25V/1000μF, 25V/2200μF, 50V/1μF, 50V/3.3μF, 50V/4.7μF, 50V/6.8μF, 50V/10μF, 50V/33μF, 50V/47μF, 50V/100μF, 50V/220μF, 50V/330μF, 50V/470μF, 50V/1000μF. | <urn:uuid:87fefaa8-4c54-4eb5-a911-12fdd00d091c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://diyprojects.io/deal-sets-capacitors-47%CE%BCf-2200%CE%BCf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.697361 | 233 | 2.09375 | 2 |
The U.S. State Department said on Tuesday it had imposed visa restrictions on Nigerians it said were involved in trying to undermine democracy in presidential and parliamentary elections this year.
However, the department did not name the individuals or say how many were affected by the visa restrictions.
President Muhammadu Buhari won a second term in February in an election marred by delays, logistical glitches and violence.
“These individuals have operated with impunity at the expense of the Nigerian people and undermined democratic principles and human rights,” spokeswoman Morgan Ortagus said in a statement.
“The Department of State emphasises that the actions announced today are specific to certain individuals and not directed at the Nigerian people or the newly elected government,” Ortagus added. | <urn:uuid:f2a49106-ca3f-44ed-aa08-162da5028b08> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://puoreports.ng/2019/07/24/2019-election-us-sanctions-nigerian-election-riggers-with-visa-ban/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.982274 | 160 | 1.820313 | 2 |
An AFS-USA School Representative implements the area team’s school outreach strategy by connecting with and forming relationships with a school (or schools) in the community. A key part of the volunteer school outreach team, they will serve as the point person for sharing resources and opportunities for a specific school (or specific schools) in their team.
Together with the area team’s School Outreach Coordinator, assist in the development and implementation of their area team’s school outreach strategy. As part of this strategy:
- Serve as the AFS-USA representative for a specific school (or schools) in the team.
- Work with the School Outreach Coordinator to create goals for building a successful relationship with assigned school/s.
- Effectively communicate and share AFS-USA educator resources with assigned school/s on a frequent basis.
- Monitor and maintain accurate data on assigned school/s (i.e. names of key administrators and teachers, school start/end dates, specific deadlines/enrollment policies) in Global Link.
- Attend meetings with the School Outreach Coordinator to report on progress and implementation of the school outreach strategy at assigned school/s.
- Attend webinars/conference calls organized by the AFS-USA Educational Outreach staff team as the schedule permits.
- Collaborate with other volunteers that may engage with the assigned school/s (i.e. local hosting volunteers, local sending volunteers, hosted participant liaisons, etc.) to ensure that messaging to each school is consistent.
Information You Need to Know
Here are the links to the categories and sections in Help & Learning that the School Representative should be familiar with. | <urn:uuid:888beb9f-05c7-42d3-9aa0-fb33d4632e5e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://myafshelp.afsusa.org/hc/en-us/articles/360044731133-AFS-USA-School-Representative | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.941525 | 351 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Mix Vegetables Soup#Theme Challenge.
You can have Mix Vegetables Soup#Theme Challenge using 7 ingredients and 5 steps. Here is how you achieve it.
Ingredients of Mix Vegetables Soup#Theme Challenge
- You need 1/2 of medium cabbage.
- Prepare 1 bowl of green peas.
- You need 2 of carrots.
- You need 1 of potato.
- It’s 1 of Onion.
- It’s 1 of tomato.
- It’s to taste of Salt.
Mix Vegetables Soup#Theme Challenge instructions
- Keep all the ingredients washed n chopped.Take a pressure cooker n put all the veggies in..
- Add the cabbage n salt.Put some water n cover the presssure cooker n let it boil..
- In the meantime boil 2 eggs.Once the veggies have boiled put in a big bowl to cool then put in a blender..
- Blend n put in a bowl.Serve with the boiled eggs n black pepper.. | <urn:uuid:7685c888-f3e9-4b03-b956-19a424f07b83> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://casaanitavip.com/1379-recipe-perfect-mix-vegetables-souptheme-challenge.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.733863 | 212 | 1.578125 | 2 |
On February 24, 2017, President Trump issued another executive order designed to further his administration’s agenda to reduce regulations. Entitled “Enforcing the Regulatory Reform Agenda,” the executive order continues to make clear that “[i]t is the policy of the United States to alleviate unnecessary regulatory burdens placed on the American people.”
The order seeks to alleviate those burdens by charging each agency (unless it receives a waiver under the order’s provisions) to designate an agency official as its “Regulatory Reform Officer.” Each agency also is required to establish a “Regulatory Reform Task Force” comprised of the agency’s Regulatory Reform Officer and others. Each Task Force is then charged with studying its agency’s regulations and making recommendations for their repeal, replacement, or modification. The order directs each Task Force to focus on certain types of regulations, including those that eliminate jobs, inhibit job creation, are outdated, unnecessary, or ineffective, and those that impose costs that exceed their benefits. Each Task Force is directed to provide a status report to its agency head within 90 days.
You can find a copy of the executive order here.
If you have any questions, please contact us. | <urn:uuid:1e637dd3-fd36-46d6-81f5-2ad8abc35b7c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.spilmanlaw.com/dataentry/resources/attorney-articles/consumer-finance/president-trump-signs-executive-order-on-regulator | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.969655 | 253 | 1.914063 | 2 |
born on 1/9/1935 in Shenyang, China, People's Republic
Seiji Ozawa (小澤 征爾 Ozawa Seiji, born September 1, 1935) is a Japanese conductor known for his advocacy of modern composers and for his work with the San Francisco Symphony, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He is the recipient of numerous international awards.
Ozawa was born on September 1, 1935, to Japanese parents in the Japanese-occupied city of Mukden. When his family returned to Japan in 1944, he began studying piano with Noboru Toyomasu, heavily studying the works of Johann Sebastian Bach. After graduating from the Seijo Junior High School in 1950, Ozawa sprained his finger in a rugby game. Unable to continue studying the piano, his teacher at the Toho Gakuen School of Music, Hideo Saito, brought Ozawa to a life-changing performance of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, which ultimately shifted his musical focus from piano performance to conducting.
Almost a decade after the sports injury, Ozawa won the first prize at the International Competition of Orchestra Conductors in Besançon, France. His success there led to an invitation by Charles Münch, then the music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, to attend the Berkshire Music Center (now the Tanglewood Music Center), where he studied with Munch and Pierre Monteux. In 1960, shortly after his arrival, Ozawa won the Koussevitzky Prize for outstanding student conductor, Tanglewood's highest honor. Receiving a scholarship to study conducting with famous Austrian conductor Herbert von Karajan, Ozawa moved to West Berlin. Under the tutelage of von Karajan, Ozawa caught the attention of prominent conductor Leonard Bernstein. Bernstein then appointed him as assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic where he served during the 1961–1962 and 1964–1965 seasons. While with the New York Philharmonic, he made his first professional concert appearance with the San Francisco Symphony in 1962.
In December 1962 Ozawa was involved in a controversy with the prestigious Japanese NHK Symphony Orchestra when certain players, unhappy with his style and personality, refused to play under him. Ozawa went on to conduct the rival Japan Philharmonic Orchestra instead. From 1964 until 1968, Ozawa served as the first music director of the Ravinia Festival, the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. In 1969 he served as the festival's principal conductor.
He was music director of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra from 1965 to 1969 and of the San Francisco Symphony from 1970 to 1977. In 1972, he led the San Francisco Symphony in its first commercial recordings in a decade, recording music inspired by William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. In 1973, he took the San Francisco orchestra on a European tour, which included a Paris concert that was broadcast via satellite in stereo to San Francisco station KKHI. He was involved in a 1974 dispute with the San Francisco Symphony's players' committee that denied tenure to the timpanist Elayne Jones and the bassoonist Ryohei Nakagawa, two young musicians Ozawa had selected. He returned to San Francisco as a guest conductor, including a 1978 concert featuring music from Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake.
Boston Symphony Orchestra
Between 1964 and 1973, Ozawa directed various orchestras; he became music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1973. His tenure at the BSO was maintained for 29 years, the longest tenure of any music director, surpassing the 25 years held by Serge Koussevitzky.
Ozawa won his first Emmy Award in 1976, for the Boston Symphony Orchestra's PBS television series, Evening at Symphony. In 1994, the BSO dedicated its new Tanglewood concert hall "Seiji Ozawa Hall" in honor of his 20th season with the orchestra. In 1994, he was awarded his second Emmy for Individual Achievement in Cultural Programming for Dvořák in Prague: A Celebration.
In an effort to merge all-Japanese orchestras and performers with international artists, Ozawa, along with Kazuyoshi Akiyama, founded the Saito Kinen Orchestra in 1992. Since its creation, the orchestra has gained a prominent position in the international music community.
In the same year, he made his debut with the Metropolitan Opera in New York. He caused controversy in 1996–1997 with sudden demands for change at the Tanglewood Music Center, which caused Gilbert Kalish and Leon Fleisher to resign in protest.
A controversy subsequently developed over various perceptions of the quality of Ozawa's work with the BSO. Ozawa stood down from the BSO music directorship in 2002.
Ozawa has been an advocate of 20th-century classical music, giving the premieres of a number of works including György Ligeti's San Francisco Polyphony in 1975 and Olivier Messiaen's opera Saint François d'Assise in 1983. He also became known for his unorthodox conducting wardrobe, where he wore the traditional formal dress with a white turtleneck, not the usual starched shirt, waistcoat, and a white tie.
In 2001, Ozawa was recognized by the Japanese government as a Person of Cultural Merit. In 2002, he became principal conductor of the Vienna State Opera. He continues to play a key role as a teacher and administrator at the Tanglewood Music Center, the Boston Symphony Orchestra's summer music home that has programs for young professionals and high school students. On New Year's Day 2002, Ozawa conducted the Vienna New Year's Concert. In 2005, he founded Tokyo Opera Nomori and conducted its production of Richard Strauss's Elektra. On February 1, 2006, the Vienna State Opera announced that he had to cancel all his 2006 conducting engagements because of illness, including pneumonia and shingles. He returned to conducting in March 2007 at the Tokyo Opera Nomori. Ozawa stepped down from his post at the Vienna State Opera in 2010, to be succeeded by Franz Welser-Möst.
In October 2008, Ozawa was honored with Japan's Order of Culture, for which an awards ceremony was held at the Imperial Palace. He is a recipient of the 34th Suntory Music Award (2002) and the International Center in New York's Award of Excellence.
On January 7, 2010, Ozawa announced that he was canceling all engagements for six months in order to undergo treatments for esophageal cancer. The doctor with Ozawa at the time of the announcement said it was detected at an early stage. Other health problems with Ozawa have included pneumonia and lower back surgery. Following his cancer diagnosis, Ozawa and the novelist Haruki Murakami embarked on a series of six conversations about classical music that form the basis for the book Absolutely on Music.
On 6 December 2015, Ozawa was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors.
Ozawa holds honorary doctorate degrees from Harvard University, the New England Conservatory of Music, the University of Massachusetts Amherst, National University of Music Bucharest, and Wheaton College. He is a Member of Honour of the International Music Council.
Awards and honors
- 1958: Toho Gakuen School of Music: 1st Prize in conducting and composition
- 1959: International Competition of Orchestra Conductors, Besançon, France
- 1960: Koussevitzky Prize for Outstanding Student Conductor, Tanglewood
- 1976: Emmy Award for Evening at Symphony
- 1981: Grammy Award for "Best solo instrument performance with orchestra"
- 1992: Hans von Bülow Medal (given by the Berlin Philharmonic)
- 1994: Emmy for Dvořák in Prague
- 1994: Inouye Award, Japan
- 1994: Inauguration of Seiji Ozawa Hall at Tanglewood, the BSO's summer home in Massachusetts, where he also taught for the International Academy of Young Musicians
- 1997: Musician of the Year (Musical America)
- 1998: Conducted Beethoven's Ode to Joy at Nagano Winter Olympics opening ceremony
- 1998: Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur (France), for the promotion of French composers
- 2001: Member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts of the Institut de France (Given by French President Jacques Chirac)
- 2001: Person of Cultural Merit, Japan
- 2002: Doctor honoris causa, National University of Music Bucharest, Romania
- 2002: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (Given by Austrian President Thomas Klestil)
- 2002: Les Victoires de la Musique Classique (French CD prize)
- 2003: Mainichi Art Award and Suntory Music Prize
- 2004: Honorary Doctorate from the Sorbonne University of France
- 2008: Order of Culture, Japan
- 2009: Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria
- 2011: Praemium Imperiale, Japan
- 2011: Order of Friendship (Russia)
- 2012: Tanglewood Medal awarded, In Honor Of Tanglewood 75th Season, BSO begins new tradition with first-ever medal awarded to Seiji Ozawa, BSO Music Director Laureate, Tanglewood
- 2015: Kennedy Center Honoree
- 2016: Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording
- 2016: Honorary Member of the Berlin Philharmonic
Ozawa has three brothers, Katsumi, Toshio, and Mikio, the latter of whom became a music writer and radio host in Tokyo. Ozawa is married to Miki Irie ("Vera"), a former model and actress; he was previously married to the pianist Kyoko Edo. Ozawa has two children with Irie, a daughter named Seira and a son named Yukiyoshi. In order to have his children raised in Japan so that they would grow up aware of their cultural roots, Ozawa had to spend long periods of time away from them during his tenure with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. During this time, Ozawa became a fan of the Boston Red Sox and New England Patriots.
Ozawa and the cellist and conductor Mstislav Rostropovich formed a travelling musical group during the later stages of Rostropovich's life, with the goal of giving free concerts and mentoring students across Japan.
- Seiji: An Intimate Portrait of Seiji Ozawa (Hardcover) by Lincoln Russell (Illustrator), Caroline Smedvig (Editor) ISBN 0-395-93943-7
- A documentary film by Peyer Gelb. «Ozawa». Mayseles brothers film. CBS/Sony., 1989
- Absolutely on Music: Conversations with Seiji Ozawa by Haruki Murakami (New York: Knopf, 2016)
- "Seiji Ozawa". Naxos. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
- Aaron Green. "Seiji Ozawa – A Profile of the Great Conductor". Classicalmusic.about.com. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
- "Keeping Time at Tanglewood". Operanews.com. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
- "Seiji Ozawa (Conductor) – Short Biography". Bach-cantatas.com. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
- Nakasone, Yasuhiro (1999). The Making of the New Japan: Reclaiming the Political Mainstream. trans. Lesley Connors. Routledge. pp. 170–171. ISBN 0-7007-1246-1.
- "Two Musicians Reinstated for a Year in Coast Dispute" by Lacey Fosburgh, The New York Times, 2 August 1974
- Anthony Tommasini. "A Last Bow, To Polite Applause". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- Sandow, Greg (December 15, 1998). "Conduct(or) Unbecoming the Boston Symphony". The Wall Street Journal. gregsandow.com. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
- Dezell, Maureen (December 16, 1998). "Ozawa's supporters rebut Journal attack". The Boston Globe. gregsandow.com. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
- Dezell, Maureen (December 25, 1998). "Beleaguered BSO Answers Wall Street Journal Attack". The Boston Globe. gregsandow.com.
- Platt, Russell (June 17, 2013). "The Rite Stuff". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
- Lloyd Schwartz, "So long, Seiji!", Boston Phoenix, April 25–May 2, 2002.
- "Ozawa: A pioneer who dedicated his life to Western music" by Anne Midgette, The Washington Post, 5 December 2015
- "Cultural Highlights; From the Japanese Press (August 1–October 31, 2001)," Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Japan Foundation Newsletter, Vol. XXIX, No. 2, p. 7.
- "Seiji Ozawa Inaugurates Tokyo Opera Nomori with Elektra; Outlines Future Seasons", Opera News, 30 March 2005
- Matthew Westphal (21 March 2007). "Seiji Ozawa Returns to Podium After More Than a Year". Playbill Arts. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- Matthew Westphal (6 June 2007). "Vienna State Opera Appoints Dominique Meyer Its Next Director, with Franz Welser-Möst as Music Director". Playbill Arts. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- "Donald Keene, 7 others win Order of Culture," Yomiuri Shimbun. October 29, 2008; 平成20年度 文化功労者及び文化勲章受章者について 平成20年度 文化勲章受章者（五十音順）－文部科学省 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan) Retrieved October 28, 2008
- Archived February 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
- "Ozawa Discloses Cancer and Cancels Concerts for 6 Months". The New York Times. 1994-04-14. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
- "Conductor Seiji Ozawa vows to return to work". BBC News. 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2014-12-25.
- "Japanese conductor Seiji Ozawa beats cancer, plans opera". South China Morning Post. 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2014-12-25.
- Vishnevetsky, Ignatiy (14 November 2016). "Haruki Murakami prods a great conductor for insight in Absolutely On Music". The A.V. Club. Onion Inc. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- "Hall at Tanglewood Named for Ozawa". The New York Times. 1994-04-14. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
- "Seiji Ozawa Nagano Winter Olympics".
- "UNMB". Unmb.ro. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
- "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 1521. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
- "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 1921. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
- Lakshmanan, Indira (1998-09-20). "Orchestrating Family Life in Japan". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
- Lakshmanan, Indira (1998-09-20). "His Other Life in Japan". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
- Seiji Ozawa at AllMusic
- A Portrait of Seiji Ozawa | <urn:uuid:cfabe51f-40ad-46ce-be44-9beea67bb69d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.radioswissclassic.ch/en/music-database/musician/25660c4ef53329e6ad996922d4215ce907e8f/biography?app=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.912774 | 3,538 | 1.609375 | 2 |
This is a picture of weathered fossiliferous limestone of the Pitkin Formation. It was taken in a quarry near Batesville Arkansas. The picture displays fossil remains of two common aquatic animals that lived in the shallow sea covering northern Arkansas between 360 – 320 million years ago.
The screw-shaped remains are parts of bryzoans; they are commonly referred to as Archimedes screws. The nut-shaped fossils- which also resemble rolls of smarties candies- are the remains of crinoids, commonly called sea-lilies, which have living relatives in the ocean today. Both animals lived by attaching themselves to the sea floor and filtering food, such as plankton, from the ocean water.
Skeletal limestone – Happy Halloween!
Limestone varies in color from shades of gray to white and red. This limestone gets its red color from iron oxide in the rock and contrasts nicely with the white crinoids. Crinoids are a group of marine invertebrates sometimes referred to as “sea lilies”. The animal was attached to the ocean floor by a main stem or stalk with long arms flowing outward from a central head on top of the stem. These animals were abundant in the Mississippian Period in Arkansas. It is unusual to find a complete crinoid fossil; however, pieces of the stalk (commonly called stem or column) are abundantly preserved in the rocks in northern Arkansas. This limestone is fossiliferous or since it contains the skeletons of animals can be referred to as a skeletal limestone. This adjective is especially fitting for the rock considering how it has weathered to resemble a skeleton face and the fact that it is Halloween week. Happy Halloween! | <urn:uuid:8e9a4985-dbcd-40f4-957b-19e3039e2ec8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://arkansasgeological.wordpress.com/tag/crinoid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962909 | 345 | 3.234375 | 3 |
On July 15, the Russian daily Vedomosti published an article by a Russian military expert, Ruslan Pukhov, about Russian military planning objectives. In his article, Pukhov explains that the concern exhibited by NATO members about the Baltic States’ security is misplaced, as Russia did not take any significant measure to bolster its military presence in the Kaliningrad region bordering on the Baltics. On the contrary, Russian forces were radically reduced in the area.
Pukhov stressed that Russia avoids being drawn into a direct military rivalry with the West, but concentrates its forces around its main and fundamental security issue: Ukraine. Pukhov wrote that Russia is creating three strong army groups on its border with Ukraine, which are capable, if necessary, of launching a quick strike in the direction of Kiev. Therefore, Pukhov explained, current Russian military planning is divorced from any ‘threat from NATO’ or ‘threat to NATO’, but is geared towards creating a powerful force on the Ukrainian border, “which will allow the Kremlin to expand the range of possible [military] force options to the Ukrainian situation.” Continue reading | <urn:uuid:292c8c61-d69b-4a44-993a-aa0fc19c474a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://glblgeopolitics.wordpress.com/tag/novocherkassk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962381 | 238 | 1.664063 | 2 |
A cataract is “any opacity which establishes in the crystalline lens of the eye or its envelope.” Cataracts create a range of factors, with one of the most typical element being the lasting direct exposure to ultraviolet light. Cataracts could additionally create from innovative age or additional impacts of illness such as diabetes mellitus.
An outcome of denaturation (the conversion of DNA from the double-stranded to the single-stranded state; splitting up of the hairs is frequently completed by home heating) of healthy lens proteins, there are numerous hereditary aspects which are likewise understood to play a significant function inclining a specific to cataracts. As discussed over with progressing age the occurrence of cataracts ends up being even more leading. Cataract development is anticipated in any private over the age of 70 (50% of all individuals in between the ages of 65 as well as 74 & about 70% of those over 75).
Cataracts are most frequently assisted through a surgical treatment called cataract surgery. The surgical procedure intends to recover the eye back to its initial state by getting rid of any cataracts that are existing.
We’re just provided one collection of 2 eyes. Caring for them is very essential. This could suggest straightforward preventative measures such as putting on sunglasses to stop our eyes from aspects such as ultraviolet light, wind, as well as from obtaining fragments in the eye that could harm or lenses. Reflexology for eyes can also be used. | <urn:uuid:5492e5ca-05d0-4b22-9a76-f146d6d4b930> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.wabashvalleyeye.com/opacity-cataracts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.965021 | 312 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The CO2 Alert lets anyone in the room take control over the air they are breathing by alerting when the air is unhealthy.
The Airthings CO2 Alert lets you know when Carbon Dioxide (CO2) levels get too high, so you can bring fresh air into the room, helping people stay healthy and productive.
Bringing fresh air into a room can be as simple as opening a door or window, but it can also be a sign for facility managers that ventilation systems need to be adjusted.
CO2 levels are driven by a combination of room occupancy, ventilation rate and outdoor CO2. As our buildings are becoming more energy-efficient and airtight, we get less fresh air inside.
Many of the ventilation systems we use today recycle air to conserve energy, essentially moving contaminated air around rather than bringing in fresh air. This results in high CO2 concentrations and poor indoor air quality.
CO2 monitoring is one of the easiest ways to ensure that your room has adequate ventilation to minimize the spread of viruses as well as to ensure that people in the room stay alert and productive.
The Airthings for Business solution monitors more than just CO2. Get real-time data for many indoor air quality parameters in just one solution.
Airborne chemicals (VOCs)
Your CO2 traffic light. When CO2 levels go over 1000 ppm, the light ring on the front of the device will start to blink red, indicating that it is time to bring more fresh air into the room. You can also wave your hand in front of the device to get a visual indication of CO2 levels at any time. Green indicates CO2 levels are low, Yellow means they are rising, and Red means action is needed to lower the levels.
The Airthings for Business Dashboard shows all historical and real-time data for your CO2 levels as well as other indoor air quality parameters. The CO2 Alert can be fully configured in the dashboard, which you can access the dashboard anytime, from anywhere and view multiple buildings in one account.
Easily generate indoor air quality reports in the dashboard for your chosen dates. Take the manual work out of reporting and get a clear report that can be shared easily.
The Airthings team will help you find the best combination of sensors for your building. Once you have the devices, you can be set up in minutes. | <urn:uuid:51b5e4df-3a13-4525-99c3-61357f41e936> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.airthings.com/business/co2-alert?__hstc=124972373.c2467617620eccb27d9ddb894754a561.1653807233231.1654063071275.1654131792437.7&__hssc=124972373.20.1654131792437&__hsfp=3988508702&hsCtaTracking=7288941a-7bec-42f7-a3c1-2126b934e731%7C7e302283-8e11-47ee-b696-20d986fc3edd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.932899 | 513 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Are You Ready For A Dental Emergency?
We know that the very last thing you ever want to think about is your child experiencing a dental emergency. However, the one thing worse than this occurrence is feeling completely unprepared to handle it should it happen to you and your child. The good news here is that getting ready ahead of time (it’s better to be safe than sorry, of course) is very simple. We offer advice that can ensure if the day arrives, you’ll know just how to proceed.
Do You Keep Our Phone Number Close?
Where do you keep emergency contact information? Where do you store most of the pertinent information you keep with you on a daily basis? If it’s a planner, your cell phone, or any other place, make sure you have the following with you at all times: Our practice name, phone number, and address. If you suddenly find yourself in the midst of a dental emergency with your child, getting your little one’s smile safely treated as quickly as possible will be much easier as a result.
Do You Know How To React?
Chances are very good that even if you think you’re prepared, you may still fly into a panic and feel over-the-top worried about your child’s dental emergency. However, it’s still worth having a bit of a talk with yourself now in case an accident ever occurs. Keep this in mind: When your child experiences an unexpected trauma or serious discomfort arises, stay calm. This will help your little one stay calm and feel safe. Then, call us, schedule an emergency visit, and come right in. Remember to take some deep breaths along the way!
Get Ready Ahead Of Time For Dental Emergencies
Ensure you’re ready for a dental emergency in the off chance that one arises with some helpful tips. Schedule a visit with your Dallas, TX children’s dentist, Dr. Marr at Pediatric Dental Care at Casa Linda by calling 214-321-4880. We proudly welcome patients from Dallas, TX, and all surrounding communities, including Casa Linda, Lakewood, Lake Highlands, Forest Hills, East Dallas, Mesquite, Garland, Richardson, and more.filed under: Children's Dental Services, Dental Emergencies | <urn:uuid:24049cb0-a3bc-4673-b31e-c7708fa911ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pdckids.com/2017/05/23/are-you-ready-for-a-dental-emergency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.927421 | 477 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Passion can seem hard to come by.
According to a landmark study by William Damon, the director of the Stanford Center on Adolescence, only 20% of people between the ages of 12 and 22 years old have a specific, lasting passion. The majority of kids fall into categories Damon calls “dabblers” or “dreamers.” They may be able to point to interests, hobbies, and a vague sense of direction, but struggle to fit it into a concrete commitment or plan.
One reason that a concrete sense of passion is so hard to come by is the misconception that passions are fixed, predetermined, and uncovered in a fully-formed state. Research from Stanford and Yale-NUS shows that pressuring someone to find a passion rather than cultivate it can actually snuff it out.
Passion isn’t stumbled upon—it’s developed. It requires experimentation, exploration, and investment, all of which come with time and intention.
Below are five actionable and research-backed techniques for developing a passion. Encourage your teens to practice them in order to get unstuck, empowered, and on the path to developing a sturdy sense of passion.
The first step toward developing a passion is taking stock of notable interests, skills, values, etc. Ideally, this doesn’t happen internally but out loud. Teens should use the following questions (and a no-bad-ideas-in-brainstorming mindset) to identify decent candidates for a long-term passion:
Putting ideas into words is an act of discovery. You must interrogate and organize a thought in order to articulate it.
When you take the time to explain your interests, you encounter more opportunities to consider: What about the subject or activity is interesting? Why is it important to you? You also make more connections and reveal faulty logic that went undetected (or unchallenged) in your head. It’s something most of us know intuitively: Talking through an idea helps you make more sense of it.
Beyond writing, saying these brainstorming notes out loud—even if nobody else is in the room—helps you understand it up to three times better.
Teens might find sitting down and plainly stating a few of their interests, skills, values, and wildest dreams a vulnerable activity, but it’s important. While they likely won’t be able to articulate a fully-formed passion, they will walk away from the process with a much clearer understanding of their interests, values, and could-be passions.
Like putting passions into words, sharing your interests with peers can make these ideas feel more concrete and motivate you to pursue them.
A fascinating 2020 study out of the University of Rochester reveals how having conversations over social networks help individuals think more creatively. “The intuition being, if you bump up against out-of-the-box ideas, chances are higher that you will be able to combine your own ideas with ideas you didn’t originally think of.”
When teens publicly air their nascent passions—interests, values, curiosities, etc.—they gain new perspectives, new sources of inspiration, and new connections. Again, this process can make teens feel vulnerable, but it’s a fruitful exercise for fleshing out unaddressed thoughts.
Teens who are closer to identifying a concrete passion can also practice goal sharing, which research shows to be an exceptionally motivating practice. By putting a goal in writing and sharing it with others, you are 33% more likely to achieve said goals.
For many teens, adults are key sources of validation and motivation.
Kendall Bronk, a professor of psychology at Claremont Graduate University and the director of the Adolescent Moral Development Lab, conducts studies related to this topic. She claims that after having a 45-minute discussion about their interests with an adult moderator, teens “significantly increased their reporting of purpose.”
Adults can also play a larger role as mentors and sources of inspiration. The Chronicle of Evidence-Based Mentoring says that the most powerful form of mentorship is “more about nurturing a spark than finding a flame.” When teens speak about their interests to adults—parents, teachers, potential mentors—the care and validation nurtures their spark.
Validation is particularly important for teens who don’t fit the typical mold of someone with their particular passion. In a study published in 2018, researchers determined that when women express an interest in STEM, a positive social response—both from adults and peers—boosts their chances of pursuing a career in science far more than it does for men.
Curiosity conversations are a chance to break out of your comfort zone, spark inspiration, and give shape to an emerging interest.
In a curiosity conversation, you chat with someone you find interesting. Your only agenda is to better understand who they are, what they do, and how they got there.
Curiosity conversations are a longtime practice of Oscar-winning producer Brian Grazer. He uses them as research to understand the emotions and motivations behind figures who fascinate him.
For teens, curiosity conversations can help them clarify their path. It’s an opportunity to hold up potential passions to people who walk and talk that lifestyle by asking:
And if the stars align, the conversation may be the start of a long-term mentorship.
Rather than getting stuck on the what of your passion, consider the why: the topics, skills, social issues, and communities that make up an ultimate concern.
According to Angela Duckworth, a psychologist who studies grit and passion, an ultimate concern is “the one [thing] that you’re tenacious about, that you are stubborn about, that you wake up in the morning and go to bed aligned to.” It’s a bedrock, a North Star, a capital-P Passion.
Duckworth’s ultimate concern is “helping children thrive using psychological science.”
Duckworth views everything outside of the ultimate concern—from career choice to college major—to be a lower-order function that (ideally) serves the ultimate concern.
This model correlates with high levels of motivation and performance. A 2014 study revealed that students with prosocial motivations (e.g., motivations rooted outside of their own interests) showed more persistence and deeper learning behaviors.
Based on this research, contemplating a career path early in life may be the wrong approach—even more so when you consider most of the jobs of the future don’t exist yet. Instead, teens are more likely to find a motivating, long-term passion in a larger mission that transcends a job, internship, or college major.
It may go without saying, but none of these strategies are one and done.
Instead of treating these strategies like a checklist, treat them like a practice. By stepping out of their comfort zones and committing to conversations and introspection, teens will encounter new interests, mentors, and opportunities. In turn, they will make steady progress toward the building of a long-term passion.
For some extra inspiration, check out A Spotlight on 3 of Hello World’s Uniquely Passionate Teens.
If you know of other effective means to help teens discover and develop their passions then I’d love to talk. Please, say hello! | <urn:uuid:7304c684-ee1b-46ee-90aa-6b9cca78b149> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.helloworldnetwork.org/post/5-research-backed-techniques-to-help-teens-develop-passion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.935324 | 1,520 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Aviva warns of ongoing scams
Beware of fake investment bond offers
With interest rates currently so low, people are on the lookout for a better return on their money. So fraudsters are using bonds — popular savings and investment products — to promote too-good-to-be-true deals, often with supposedly high returns, to lure in their victims. Fraudsters are offering often huge returns on fake bonds.
Beware of Aviva-branded life insurance scams
Some people have received a letter from a lawyer or attorney in an Aviva-branded envelope that says they’ve inherited money or are the beneficiary of a life insurance policy for a distant relative. This is a scam and any enclosed cheques are fraudulent. Aviva Canada does not provide life insurance within Canada.
Beware of fake Aviva recruitment offers
Fraudsters are contacting people through social media and messaging platforms (like WhatsApp) and pretending to be Aviva Canada representatives. They ask for sensitive personal information or money as part of the job application. these fake recruiters are using Aviva’s name, website and brand to trick people into thinking the job is real, but they aren’t really legitimate jobs.
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How to avoid being scammed
Because of the current climate, lots of us are spending more time at home. You may be working or just browsing the internet to pass the time. Despite the uncertain times we’re living in, it’s business as usual for scammers.
How to keep your devices and online information safe
Malware can cause a whole lot of trouble if it finds its way onto your device. So it’s worth knowing how to tell if it’s lurking around — and how to put a stop to it doing damage.
How to spot a romance scam
Before you think you’ve found the perfect partner online, you need to be sure you haven’t fallen for a romance scammer. It may sound farfetched but these scams are on the rise and can be extremely convincing.
Vehicle thefts are on the rise!
Vehicle thefts are on the rise and are increasingly unrecoverable after only 24 hours of the vehicle being stolen. Help prevent your vehicle from getting stolen with these tips.
What you need to know about counterfeit parts
Counterfeit parts are an issue for both consumers and insurers. When getting parts replaced for a vehicle, counterfeited parts may appear legitimate that can cause various issues. Check out some tips that may help you to stay vigilant and avoid these scenarios.
Fake LinkedIn profiles claiming to be Aviva employees
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Carjackings are on the rise!
The number of carjacking incidents has recently risen at an alarming rate. These incidents are dangerous and frightening.
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Five ways to enjoy the sales – without getting scammed
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Karma In Hinduism
Karma is a concept of Hinduism which explains through a system where beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions and harmful effects from past harmful actions, creating a system of actions and reactions throughout a soul’s (Atman‘s) reincarnated lives forming a cycle of rebirth. The causality is said to be applicable not only to the material world but also to our thoughts, words, actions and actions that others do under our instructions for example if you do a good thing, something good happens to you, and the same applies if you do a bad thing.
The earliest appearance of the word karma is found in Rigveda. The term karma also appears significantly in the Veda. According to Brahmanas, “as his wife man is born to the world he has made” and one is placed in a balance in the other world for an estimate of one’s good and evil deed. It also declares that as a man is ‘constituted’ by his desires, he is born in the other world with reference to these. Scholars have generally agreed that the earliest formulation of the Karma doctrine occurs in the Brhadaranyaka, which is the earliest of the Upanishads. The doctrine occurs here in the context of a discussion of the fate of the individual after death.The doctrine of transmigration of the soul, with respect to fateful retribution for acts committed, does not appear in the Rig Veda. The belief in rebirth is, suggests Radhakrishnan, evident in the Brāhmaṇas, where words like punar-mrtyu (re-death), punar-asu (coming to life again) and punarajati (rebirth) are used to denote it. Radhakrishnan acknowledges that other scholars interpret certain punar-mrtyu verses of Rigveda to be discussing “repeated deaths”; however, he suggests that it might also be re-interpreted to imply rebirth, as in “come home once again”.The concept of karma first appears strongly in the Bhagavad Gita. The topic of karma is mentioned in the Puranas.
DefinitionsThe word ‘karma’ has originated from the Sanskrit root ‘kri’ which means ‘to do’ or ‘to ‘act and react’
“Karma” literally means “action,” and more broadly names the universal principle of cause and effect, action and reaction, which Hindus believe governs all consciousness. Karma is not fate, for we act with what can be described as a conditioned free will creating our own destinies. Karma refers to the totality of our actions and their concomitant reactions in this and previous lives, all of which determine our future. The conquest of karma lies in intelligent action and dispassionate reaction. Not all karmas rebound immediately. Some accumulate and return unexpectedly in this or other lifetimes. Human beings are said to produce karma in four ways:
- through thoughts
- through right attitude words
- through actions that we perform ourselves
- through actions others perform under our instructions
Everything that we have ever thought, spoken, done or caused is karma, as is also that which we think, speak or do this very moment. Hindu scriptures divide karma into three kinds:
- Sanchita is the accumulated karma. It would be impossible to experience and endure all karmas in one lifetime. From this stock of sanchita karma, a handful is taken out to serve one lifetime and this handful of actions, which have begun to bear fruit and which will be exhausted only on their fruit being enjoyed and not otherwise, is known as prarabdha karma.
- Prarabdha Fruit-bearing karma is the portion of accumulated karma that has “ripened” and appears as a particular problem in the present life.
- Kriyamana is everything that we produce in the current life. All kriyamana karmas flow in to sanchita karma and consequently shape our future. Only in human life we can change our future destiny. After death we lose Kriya Shakti (ability to act) and do (kriyamana) karma until we are born again in another human body.
Some believe that only human beings who can distinguish right from wrong can do (kriyamana) karma. Therefore, animals and young children are considered incapable of creating new karma (and thus cannot affect their future destinies) as they are incapable of discriminating between right and wrong.
Tulsidas, a Hindu saint, said: “Our destiny was shaped long before the body came into being.” As long as the stock of sanchita karma lasts, a part of it continues to be taken out as prarabdha karma for being enjoyed in one lifetime, leading to the cycle of birth and death. A Jiva cannot attain moksha (liberation) from the cycle of birth and death, until the accumulated sanchita karmas are completely exhausted.
Unkindness yields spoiled fruits, called pāpa, and good deeds bring forth sweet fruits, called punya. As one acts, so does one become: one becomes virtuous by virtuous action, and evil by evil action.
The role of divine forces
Several different views exist in Hinduism, some extant today and some historical, regarding the role of divine beings in controlling the effects of karma or the lack thereof.
In non-dualistic (Advaita) school of Vedanta, the creator is not the ultimate reality, “I am God” is the supreme truth, the pursuit of self-knowledge is spirituality, and it shares the general concepts of karma-rebirth-samsara ideas found in Buddhism with some important differences.
In a commentary to Brahma Sutras (III, 2, 38, and 41), a Vedantic text, Adi Sankara, an Indian philosopher who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a sub-school of Vedanta, argues that the original karmic actions themselves cannot bring about the proper results at some future time; neither can super sensuous, non-intelligent qualities like adrsta—an unseen force being the metaphysical link between work and its result—by themselves mediate the appropriate, justly deserved pleasure and pain. The fruits, according to him, then, must be administered through the action of a conscious agent, namely, a supreme being (Ishvara).
A human’s karmic acts result in merits and demerits. Since unconscious things generally do not move except when caused by an agent (for example, the ax moves only when swung by an agent), and since the law of karma is an unintelligent and unconscious law, Sankara argues there must be a conscious God who knows the merits and demerits which persons have earned by their actions, and who functions as an instrumental cause [a “judge and police-force” working for “the law”] in helping individuals reap their appropriate fruits. Thus, God affects the person’s environment, even to its atoms, and for those souls who reincarnate, produces the appropriate rebirth body, all in order that the person might have the karmically appropriate experiences. Since a data-system (or computer) is needed to discern different “just” consequences for actions, there is suggested to be a sentient theistic administrator or supervisor for karma (Ishvara).
Advaita according to Sivananda
Swami Sivananda, an Advaita scholar, reiterates the same views in his commentary synthesising Vedanta views on the Brahma Sutras. In his commentary on Chapter 3 of the Brahma Sutras, Sivananda notes that karma is insentient and short-lived, and ceases to exist as soon as a deed is executed. Hence, karma cannot bestow the fruits of actions at a future date according to one’s merit. Furthermore, one cannot argue that karma generates apurva or punya, which gives fruit. Since apurva is non-sentient, it cannot act unless moved by an intelligent being such as God. It cannot independently bestow reward or punishment.
There is a passage from Swami Sivananda’s translation of the Svetasvatara Upanishad (4:6) illustrating this concept:
- Two birds of beautiful plumage — inseparable friends — live on the same tree. Of these two one eats the sweet fruit while the other looks on without eating.
In his commentary, the first bird represents the individual soul, while the second represents Brahman or God. The soul is essentially a reflection of Brahman. The tree represents the body. The soul identifies itself with the body, reaps the fruits of its actions, and undergoes rebirth. The Lord alone stands as an eternal witness, ever contented, and does not eat, for he is the director of both the eater and the eaten.
Swami Sivananda also notes that God is free from charges of partiality and cruelty which are brought against him because of social inequality, fate, and universal suffering in the world. According to the Brahma Sutras, individual souls are responsible for their own fate; God is merely the dispenser and witness with reference to the merit and demerit of souls.
In his commentary on Chapter 2 of the Brahma Sutras, Sivananda further notes that the position of God with respect to karma can be explained through the analogy of rain. Although rain can be said to bring about the growth of rice, barley and other plants, the differences in various species is due to the diverse potentialities lying hidden in the respective seeds. Thus, Sivananda explains that differences between classes of beings are due to different merits belonging to individual souls. He concludes that God metes rewards and punishments only in consideration of the specific actions of beings.
Ramanuja of the Vishishtadvaita school, another sub-school of Vedanta, addresses the problem of evil by attributing all evil things in life to the accumulation of evil karma of jivas (souls in bondage to a corporeal form) and maintains that God is “amala,” or without any stain of evil.In Sri Bhasya, Ramanuja’s interpretation of the Brahma sutras from a Vaishnavite theistic view, Brahman, whom he conceives as Vishnu, arranges the diversity of creation in accordance with the different karma of individual souls.
Ramanuja reiterates that inequality and diversity in the world are due to the fruits of karma of different souls and the omnipresent energy of the soul suffers pain or pleasure due to its karma. Unlike the Semitic religions, e.g., Abrahamic religions, which believe that God created the soul and the world out of ‘nothing,’ Ramanuja believed that creation is an eternally recurring cyclic process and hence God is free from the responsibility of starting it and causing the evils accruing from it. Instead he believed that karma, the result of the actions of Jivas (souls) in previous embodiments, causes the good and evil, enjoyments and sufferings of karma which have to be necessary to be enjoyed or suffered by the Jivas themselves who are responsible for the fruits.
Although souls alone have the freedom and responsibility for their acts and thus reap the fruits of karma, i.e., good and evil karma, God as Vishnu, is the supreme Enforcer of karma, by acting as the Sanctioner (Anumanta) and the Overseer (Upadrasta). According to Ramanuja, all jivas are burdened with their load of Karma, which gives them only enjoyments and sufferings, but also desires and tendencies to act in particular ways; although the moral responsibility accrues only to the Jiva, as he acts according to the tendencies and deserts he has acquired by his karma, Ramanuja believes that God wills only their fructification. According to the foregoing concept, God is “compared to light which may be used for forging or for reading scriptures,” but the merits or demerit “devolves entirely on the persons concerned and not on the darkness.”
Furthermore, Ramanuja believes that Vishnu wishing to do a favor to those who are resolved on acting so as fully to please Her, engenders in their minds a tendency towards highly virtuous actions, such as means to attain to Him; while on the other hand, in order to punish those who are resolved on lines of action altogether displeasing to Him, He engenders in their minds a delight in such actions as have a downward tendency and are obstacles in the way of the attainment of God.
Madhva, the founder of the Dvaita school, another sub-school of Vedanta, on the other hand, believes that there must be a root cause for variations in karma even if karma is accepted as having no beginning and being the cause of the problem of evil. Since jivas have different kinds of karma, from good to bad, all must not have started with same type of karma from the beginning of time. Thus, Madhva concludes that the jivas (souls) are not God’s creation as in the Christian doctrine, but are rather entities co-existent with Vishnu, although under His absolute control. Souls are thus dependent on Him in their pristine nature and in all transformations that they may undergo.
According to Madhva, God, although He has control, does not interfere with Man’s free will; although He is omnipotent, that does not mean that He engages in extraordinary feats. Rather, God enforces a rule of law and, in accordance with the just deserts of jivas, gives them freedom to follow their own nature. Thus, God functions as the sanctioner or as the divine accountant, and accordingly jivas are free to work according to their innate nature and their accumulated karma, good and bad. Since God acts as the sanctioner, the ultimate power for everything comes from God and the jiva only utilizes that power, according to his/her innate nature. However, like Shankara’s interpretation of the Brahma Sutras as mentioned earlier, Madhva, agrees that the rewards and punishments bestowed by God are regulated by Him in accordance with the good and sinful deeds performed by them, and He does so of out of His own will to keep himself firm in justice and he cannot be controlled in His actions by karma of human beings nor can He be accused of partiality or cruelty to anyone.
Swami Tapasyananda further explains the Madhva view by illustrating the doctrine with this analogy: the power in a factory comes from the powerhouse (God), but the various cogs (jivas) move in a direction in which they are set. Thus he concludes that no charge of partiality and cruelty can be brought against God. The jiva is the actor and also the enjoyer of the fruits of his/her own actions.
Madhva differed significantly from traditional Hindu beliefs, owing to his concept of eternal damnation. For example, he divides souls into three classes: one class of souls which qualify for liberation (Mukti-yogyas), another subject to eternal rebirth or eternal transmigration (Nitya-samsarins), and a third class that is eventually condemned to eternal hell or Andhatamas (Tamo-yogyas).
Views of the theistic Hindu traditions believing in a supreme God
Sivananda concludes that God metes rewards and punishments only in consideration of the specific actions of beings.
Sambandar of the Shaiva Siddhanta school, in the 7th century C.E., writes about karma in his outline of Shaivism. He explains the concept of karma in Hinduism by distinguishing it from that of Buddhism and Jainism, which do not require the existence of an external being like God. In their beliefs, just as a calf among a large number of cows can find its mother at suckling time, so also does karma find the specific individual it needs to attach to and come to fruition. However, theistic Hindus posit that karma, unlike the calf, is an unintelligent entity. Hence, karma cannot locate the appropriate person by itself. Sambantha concludes that an intelligent Supreme Being with perfect wisdom and power (Shiva, for example) is necessary to make karma attach to the appropriate individual. In such sense, God is the Divine Accountant.
Appayya Dikshita, a Shaiva theologian and proponent of Shiva Advaita, states that Shiva only awards happiness and misery in accordance with the law of karma. Thus persons themselves perform good or evil actions according to their own inclinations as acquired in past creations, and in accordance with those deeds, a new creation is made for the fulfilment of the law of karma. Shaivas believe that there are cycles of creations in which souls gravitate to specific bodies in accordance with karma, which as an unintelligent object depends on the will of Siva alone.
Srikantha, another Saivite theologian and proponent of Siva Advaita, believes that individual souls themselves do things which may be regarded as the cause of their particular actions, or desisting from particular actions, in accordance with the nature of the fruition of their past deeds. Srikantha further believes that Siva only helps a person when he wishes to act in a particular way or to desist from a particular action. Regarding the view that karma produce their own effects directly, Srikantha holds that karma being without any intelligence cannot be expected to produce manifold effects through various births and various bodies; rather fruits of one’s karma can be performed only by the will of God operating in consonance with man’s free will, or as determined in later stages by man’s own karma so the prints of all karma are distributed in the proper order by the grace of God Shiva. In this way, God is ultimately responsible on one hand for our actions, and on the other for enjoyment and suffering in accordance with our karmas, without any prejudice to humans’ moral responsibility as expressed through free will or as determined later by our own deeds. A good summary of his view is that “man is responsible, free to act as he wills to, for Siva only fulfills needs according to the soul’s karma.”
In Chapter 1 of 10th book of the Bhagavata Purana, Vasudeva, the father of Krishna, exhorts Kamsa to refrain from killing his wife, Devaki, the mother of Krishna, by stating that death is certain for those who are born and when the body returns to the five elements, the soul leaves the body and helplessly obtains another form in accordance with the laws of karma, citing passages from Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, IV:4:3. Moreover, he adds and states that the soul materializes into an appropriate body whatever the state of the mind one remembers at the time of death; i.e., at the time of the death, the soul and its subtle body of mind, intelligence and ego, is projected into the womb of a creature, human or non-human that can provide a gross body that is most suitable for the dominant state of the mind of the particular person at the time of death; note that this passage is similar in meaning as Bhagavad Gita, VIII, verse 6 Edwin Bryant, Associate Professor of religion at Rutgers University, New Jersey provided the foregoing commentaries on the discussion of Vasudeva in the Bhagavata Purana.
Many names in the Vishnu Sahasranama, the thousand names of Vishnu allude to the power of God in controlling karma. For example, the 135th name of Vishnu, Dharmadhyaksha, in the Advaita philosopher Sankara’s interpretation means, “One who directly sees the merits (Dharma) and demerits (Adharma), of beings by bestowing their due rewards on them.”
Other names of Vishnu alluding to this nature of God are Bhavanah, the 32nd name, Vidhata, the 44th name, Apramattah, the 325th name, Sthanadah, the 387th name and Srivibhavanah, the 609th name. Bhavanah, according to Sankara’s interpretation, means “One who generates the fruits of Karmas of all Jivas (souls) for them to enjoy.” The Brahma Sutra (3.2.28) “Phalmatah upapatteh” speaks of the Lord’s function as the bestower of the fruits of all actions of the jivas.
See above discussion of karma under the Vedanta sections of Ramanuja (Vishishtadvaita) and Madhva (Dvaita) for treatment of karma under the two Vaishnavite teachers.
“According to their karma, all living entities are wandering throughout the entire universe. Some of them are being elevated to the upper planetary systems, and some are going down into the lower planetary systems. Out of many millions of wandering living entities, one who is very fortunate gets an opportunity to associate with a bona fide spiritual master by the grace of Krishna. By the mercy of both Krsna and the spiritual master, such a person receives the seed of the creeper of devotional service.”
Kulashekhara Alwar, a Vaishnava devotee, says in his “Mukundamala Stotra”: ‘yad yad bhavyam bhavatu bhagavan purva-karma-anurupam’. And purva-karma or bhaagya or daiva is unseen adrsta by us, and is known only to God as Vidhaataa. God created the law of karma, and God will not violate it. God does, however, give courage and strength if asked.
The Nyaya school, one of six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, states that one of the proofs of the existence of God is karma; It is seen that some people in this world are happy, some are in misery. Some are rich and some poor. The Naiyanikas explain this by the concept of karma and reincarnation. The fruit of an individual’s actions does not always lie within the reach of the individual who is the agent; there ought to be, therefore, a dispenser of the fruits of actions, and this supreme dispenser is God. This belief of Nyaya, accordingly, is the same as that of Vedanta and Vaiśeṣika Sūtra. Thus the Nyaya school provides the moral argument for the existence of God.
In Hinduism, more particularly the Dharmaśāstras, Karma is a principle in which “cause and effect are as inseparably linked in the moral sphere as assumed in the physical sphere by science. A good action has its reward and a bad action leads to retribution. If the bad actions do not yield their consequences in this life, the soul begins another existence and in the new environment undergoes suffering for its past deeds”. Thus it is important to understand that karma does not go away, one must either reap the benefits or suffer the consequences of his past actions. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad states, “According as a man acts and according as he believes so will he be; a man of meritorious acts will be meritorious, a man of evil deeds sinful. He becomes pure by pure deeds and evil by evil deeds. And here they say that person consists of desires. And as is his desire so is his will; and as is his will, so is his deed; and whatever deeds he does that he will reap”. The doctrine of karma dates from ancient times and besides the above author is mentioned in the Gautama dharma-sutra, Shatapatha Brahmana, Kathaaka-grhya-sutra, Chandogya Upanishad, Markandeya Purana and many others.
The shastras written about karma go into some detail about possible consequences of karma. There is often talk about coming back as a variety of different objects when it comes to reincarnation and pasts lives. In this case, it holds true, or at least insofar as the texts state. The Kathaaka-grhya-sutra states, “some human beings enter the womb in order to have an embodied existence; others go into inorganic matter (the stump of a tree and the like) according to their deeds and according to their knowledge”.
More extensively discussed is the consequences of karma in relation to sin. “Karmavipaka means the ripening (or fruition) of evil actions or sins. This fruition takes three forms, as stated in the Yogasutra II. 3, i.e., jati (birth as a worm or animal), ayuh (life i.e. living for a short period such as five or ten years) and bhoga (experiencing the torments of Hell”.
Mitigation of bad karma
According to a theistic view, the effects of one’s bad karma may be mitigated. Examples of how bad karma can be mitigated include following, or living virtuously; performing good deeds, such as helping others; yoga, or worshiping God in order to receive grace; and conducting pilgrimages to sacred places, such as or to get grace of God. Editors of Hinduism Today Magazine, What is Hinduism? In another example, Ganesha can unweave his devotees from their karma, simplifying and purifying their lives, but this only happens after they have established a personal relationship with Him.
Shvetashvatara Upanishad 7 and 12 aver that the doer of the deeds wanders about and obtains rebirth according to his deeds but postulates an omnipotent creator, i.e., Isvara and the doctrine of grace. Isvara is the great refuge of all and a person attains immortality when blessed by Isvara or at Isvara’s pleasure.
A person can be free from sorrow through the grace of Isvara. Therefore, the Shvetashvatara Upanishad postulates a supreme Being whose grace to devotees provides a way of escape from the law of karma. As Adi Sankara stated in his commentary on Shvetashvatara Upanishad VI:4, “If we dedicate all our works to Ishvara, we will not be subject to the law of karma.”
Relation between birth in a particular body to karma
See also: Reincarnation
Theistic schools believe in cycles of creations where souls gravitate to specific bodies in accordance with karma, which as an unintelligent object depends on the will of God alone. For example, Kaushitaki Upanishad 1.2 asserts that birth in different forms of existence as a worm, insect, fish, bird, lion, boar, snake or a human, is determined by a person’s deeds and knowledge.
Chandogya Upanishad 5.10.7 distinguishes between good birth such as birth in a spiritual family, i.e., (brahmin caste) or an evil birth, such as birth as a dog or hog.) Thus, the doctrine of karma comes to explain why different life forms manifest, into widely various levels of biological development such as characterization into different species from plants to various types of animals, and to even differences between members of the same species, such as humans.
Swami Nikilananda comments: As the rivers, following their different courses, ultimately merge in the ocean and give up their names and forms, so the devotees, losing their names and forms, become one with the Supreme Reality.
Relation between astrology and karma
Charles Keyes, professor emeritus at the University of Washington and E. Valentine Daniel, professor of anthropology at Columbia University state that many Hindus believe that heavenly bodies, including the planets, have an influence throughout the life of a human being, and these planetary influences are the “fruit of karma.”
The Navagraha, planetary deities, including Shani (Saturn), are considered subordinate to Ishvara (i.e., the Supreme Being) and are believed by many to assist in the administration of justice. Thus, these planets can influence earthly life.
Such planetary influences are believed by many to be measurable using astrological methods including Jyotiṣa, the Hindu system of astrology.
Other uses in Hinduism
Besides narrow meaning of karma as the reaction or suffering being due to karma of their past lives and that one would have to transmigrate to another body in their next life, it is often used in the broader sense as action or reaction.
Thus, karma in Hinduism may mean an activity, an action or a materialistic activity. Often with the specific combination it takes specific meanings, such as karma-yoga or karma-kanda means “yoga or actions” and “path of materialistic activity” respectively. Yet another example is Nitya karma, which describes rituals which have to be performed daily by Hindus, such as the Sandhyavandanam which involves chanting of the Gayatri Mantra.
Other uses include such expressions such as “ugra-karma”, meaning bitter, unwholesome labor.
It has also been argued that Karma has a role in Hindu society as a whole. When one abides by their caste duty good Karma is earned and vice versa; and the Karma one collects is reflected in the next life as movement within the Caste system. The promise of upward mobility appealed to people, and was made plausible through Karma. This effectively “tamed” the lower castes into passive acceptance of the status quo. Thus, the Karma doctrine discouraged actual social mobility.
- Karma in Buddhism
- The Problem of Evil in Hinduism
- Just-world fallacy
- Karma Yoga
Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | <urn:uuid:d94cb53f-efbe-4179-b2f4-cc9f2bbd3e46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://slife.org/karma-in-hinduism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.954541 | 6,435 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Palm Sunday is the Sunday before Easter that begins the Holy Week. It is the day that we remember and celebrate the day Jesus entered Jerusalem as Savior and King. As Jesus rode a donkey into the town of Jerusalem a large crowd gathered and laid palm branches and their cloaks across the road, giving Jesus royal treatment. The hundreds of people shouted “Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest heaven!”
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, we too have moved online to stay connected. God is faithfully connecting us to the people He has purposefully placed around us. Nothing, not physical separation nor pandemic, can separate us from the love of Jesus Christ, the hope we share in Him, and the celebratory anticipation of His assured return. Through these uncertain times, when nothing looks the way we expected it would or are used to, one thing remains the same: God. On the heels of Palm Sunday, we begin Holy Week; it reminds us of its significance and value for our lives. That very important day in history, when Jesus began His journey towards the cross.
- Read the Gospel Accounts
Recorded in all four New Testament Gospel Accounts: Matthew 21:1-11, Mark 11:1-11, Luke 19:28-44, and John 12:12-19, Jesus fulfills Old Testament Scriptures. We can draw close to God by reading the truth of His Word. Scripture promises, where two or more are gathered, He is with them! Scripture also says, when we seek Him with all of our hearts, we will find Him. God is close! When Jesus rode into the city on Palm Sunday, He was God the Son coming close to us. Because of His sacrifice, He remains with every believer through the Holy Spirit. Reading the story of Palm Sunday aloud, or in private, is an intimate way to draw close to God and celebrate.
- Prayer and Fasting
Prayer and fasting help us to focus on and brings us closer to God. Jesus, Himself, prayed, and fasted when He walked the earth.
“But Jesus often withdrew to lonely places and prayed.” – Luke 5:16
“Very early in the morning, while it was still dark, Jesus got up, left the house and went off to a solitary place, where he prayed.” – Mark 1:35
In these uncertain times, drawing closer to God brings healing and encouragement to our souls. Setting aside time to sit in prayer with our Father and sacrificing distractions to focus on Him allows us our understanding of the significance of Jesus riding into the Holy City on Jerusalem on Palm Sunday to be sharpened. Prayer and fasting are a facet of worshipping our great God. He craves closeness with us, and we are filled and settled by His presence.
- “Go” to Church
“And let us consider how to stir up one another to love and good works, not neglecting to meet together, as in the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more as you see the Day drawing near.” Hebrews 10:24-25 ESV
Quarantine has not kept the church from meeting together. Faithful church leaders have been establishing an online church presence long before the need we face now. Connecting with the local church and tuning into the truth, God is speaking through leaders locally, across the country, and the globe has never been more accessible. Anyone with a smartphone can tune in from the palm of their hand. It’s not a replacement for physically meeting together. But, in these uncertain times, we feel like we’re together, even though we’re apart. Tune in and celebrate with brothers and sisters in Christ. Even though we may not know each other or be near each other physically, now more than ever, we feel connected through Christ.
- Gather “Palms”
“When he came near the place where the road goes down the Mount of Olives, the whole crowd of disciples began joyfully to praise God in loud voices for all the miracles they had seen:” Luke 19:37
Depending on where we live, it may be possible to walk outside of our doors and gather palms. If so, put on some worship music and wave them proudly. Clutch onto them, knowing the significant history in the victorious waving of palms. For those without access to actual palms, we can look to the flowers coming up with the first signs of spring, and celebrate the life coming through the cold ground in God’s time regardless of the calamity that surrounds us. We can draw palms, print off pictures, and wave them in celebration of Christ’s entrance into the “Holy City.” Especially for families with children, consider reenacting the parade through Jerusalem. Sing songs of worship together and help children to understand that though you may not be able to do the same activities that you usually would this time of year, it is still a time to be joyous and grateful!
- Adorn Windows, Prepare the “Sidewalk,” and Fill the Eggs
“Whenever the rainbow appears in the clouds, I will see it and remember the everlasting covenant between God and all living creatures of every kind on the earth.” Genesis 9:16
Many activities are circulating online we can use to celebrate Palm Sunday from our homes. No matter our age, these activities can bring joy to our hearts and those of our family and neighbors. Anyone can join, and perhaps we can add a cross to remind us with whom we place hope. These little reminders make a big difference in continuing to celebrate Jesus. | <urn:uuid:05838cb7-3fe3-43ce-afae-8550f61ac950> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thetmbc.org/2020/04/08/5-things-about-palm-sunday-that-remind-us-christ-is-king/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.948473 | 1,185 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Bais city a second-class city and a small agricultural town in Negros Oriental. The city is also known for sugar mills with the popular landmark of the Central Azucarera de Bais, a Spanish structure in the city and the largest producer of raw sugar in Negros Oriental. It is known as the pioneer in the sugar industry in the Philippines.
There are so many old Spanish houses in Bais city, where the Spanish influence and culture is very evident. One famous old house is the Casa Grande, an old residential compound built for the employees of the Azucarera.
La Planta Hotel
It is originally an electric supply building after it was turned into a restaurant. In 1990, the building was extended and became La Planta Hotel. Another hotel in Bais is the Casa Sandoval Pension House and Restaurant. We stayed here for a night and enjoyed the night swimming.
Dolphin and Whale Watching
The city of Bais has become popular for dolphin and whale watching in Tañon Strait. The Tañon Strait is between Negros and Cebu in which its seas are a haven for the two friendly creatures. Canibol Wharf is a jump-off to the tourist attraction.
During my visit, we saw the dolphins, which is actually near the island of Cebu.
Canibol Wharf is also a gateway to the popular Manjuyod Sandbar. You can see the cottages from afar. | <urn:uuid:972a6113-81a7-4de5-8fcf-40a2fffd2d41> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ajourneywithmeblog.com/tag/cebu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.967999 | 302 | 1.640625 | 2 |
The new initiative will see nine courses –– taught by UCSB faculty and UC-approved instructors –– offered at the longtime satellite location designed to serve communities in the Ventura/Oxnard, Camarillo, and Thousand Oaks/Simi Valley areas. Until the launch of this endeavor, called UCSB Special Sessions, degree-transferrable courses had not been available since 2009.
“We recognize that people value having UCSB in their backyard,” said Michael Brown, dean of UCSB Extension. “The Ventura Center continues to offer important knowledge and skill building programs to the community in areas like Paralegal Studies, Project Management, and Accounting. We are now making these world-class quality degree credit courses available to people once again.”
The session is well-suited to current college students who may be home working for the summer but seeking credit that will transfer back to their home institutions, as well as busy professionals or parents who want to progress toward a degree on a more convenient schedule –– and closer to home. Classes will be small in size, maxing out at 32 students, and will be held in the evenings.
“We’re trying to appeal to all those who want to get ahead, to advance themselves, with courses offered on a more convenient basis,” Brown said. “We are also trying to reach people already in degree programs at other universities, who may be interested in accelerating their speed to a degree. These courses will allow them to do that.”
UCSB Special Sessions marks the first time degree-transferrable courses have been offered in the area since the 2009 shuttering of the long-running Off Campus Studies Program, which allowed students to earn UCSB degrees at the Ventura Center. That program was discontinued for financial reasons.
Paul Spickard, a history professor at UCSB, will teach his class American Immigration (HIST XSB 164IB) at the Ventura Center this summer. The goal of the course, he said, is to “take a real clear-eyed look at what really has been our history of immigration” by dispelling immigration myths and examining the immigrant experience.
A vocal champion of the center and a staunch advocate for its degree-credit extension courses, returning instructor Spickard said, “I think the Ventura Center is one of the best things we do as a university. It makes education possible for people who have to work full-time, or stay-at-home moms or dads who can take evening classes, and take them at a slower pace, but still make their way toward a degree. I’ve always enjoyed teaching there and I’m excited about teaching there again.”
Among the other offerings on the Special Sessions docket this summer is a communications class called Relationships and New Media (COMM XSB 160SC). Taught by UCSB graduate student Stephanie Robbins, a UC-approved instructor, the course examines the growing influence of social networks, smartphones, et al. on interpersonal relationships.
“The course focuses on the intersection of new media and relational communication, from co-workers to romantic partnerships to parents and children,” Robbins said. “I hope to take a practical approach. Research shows we can even have better relationships through new media than we do in person. Part of a student’s job in this class is to learn to be a critical consumer of that type of media.”
The other courses available are International Finance (ECON XSB 181); Politics and Public Policy in the United States (HIST XSB 172A); Native American History to 1838 (HIST XSB 179A); Introduction to Psychology (PSY XSB 1); Introduction to Social Psychology (PSY XSB 102); Introduction to Psychopathology (PSY XSB 103); and Developmental Psychology (PSY XSB 105).
In addition to the new initiative, the Ventura Center will continue to offer its regular, robust array of personal and professional development courses that are central to UCSB Extensions’ long-standing mission of making quality education more accessible.
“The Ventura Center is a great resource and I’m proud that the university is making it available to the community,” Brown said. “Not everyone can come up to UCSB –– not everyone can enroll in UCSB –– but we can still make world-class offerings available to a broader public. The university is glad to do it and I’m proud to be associated with the kind of activity that can help people achieve their personal and professional dreams.”
Open since 1974, the Ventura Center has six classrooms located at 3585 Maple Street, near the Pacific View Mall. Learn more about UCSB Special Sessions, or enroll, at www.extension.ucsb.edu/static/ventura-college-courses.jsp. Classes begin June 25. | <urn:uuid:d8470456-c76b-44c1-9251-4d32a3bed942> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.independent.com/2012/05/10/uc-santa-barbara-extension-revives-degree-credit-courses-ventura-center/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.945993 | 1,012 | 1.507813 | 2 |
As pet owners, it is natural to provide your pet with the best – from premium food to the latest smart toy. Amidst the pet pampering however, it is important to also provide the basics of pet care – exercise.Not only does playtimes ensure a happier and healthier lifestyle, it also fosters the bond between your pet and you. From daily walks to laser tag, here are six ways to keep your pet active and healthy!
Dogs: 1. Daily Walks
While walks may be a common form of activity, it is an effective exercise for your pet. The walks will allow them to spend some much needed time outdoors, as well as to release any excess energy. In addition to health benefits, going on walks also reduces feelings of loneliness in your pup, improves its socialisation skills and most importantly, strengthens the bond between you.2. Playing Fetch
Looking to take your daily exercise routine up a notch? Try incorporate playing a game of fetch! You can choose to play it while out on walks or in the comfort of your home if there is sufficient space. Playing fetch is a great way for your pup to burn off calories while having fun! Chances are, you’ll tire out before your pup does.3. Cycling Source: Zase
Cycling is a great way for both the you and your furry companion to have fun while exercising. There are various benefits to this exercise, one of them being its effectiveness. Larger dogs for instance, will require more than the daily walks and cycling is a great way to clock in the required amount of exercise! Before riding off with your canine, ensure that the both of you are comfortable and familiar with this routine.Cats: 1. Play Exercise
Playtime can also double as an exercise for felines. However, it is only applicable to activities that require your cat to move as much as possible. Opt for toys like cat wands, mice toys or feathers that are found in Singapore pet shops, to encourage more interaction and interest from your feline. The inclusion of these toys will require your cat to continuously pounce, jump and run, allowing it to stay active, fit and healthy.2. Invest In A CatwheelSource: Ferriscatwheelinternational
A cat wheel may not be as commonly known but this exercise equipment is great for keeping your feline active. If your kitty is not one for the outdoors, this wheel will ensure your cat clocks in as much exercise as it would get from a trip outdoors. Running on the wheel also improves your cat’s joint flexibility as well as increases your feline’s metabolism, strength and muscle movements.3. Cat Laser TagSource: ife14
While no guns are involved, cats tend to chase after lasers to satisfy their hunting instincts – which makes lasers a great tool to encourage your feline to exercise. Additionally, it is said that lasers also provide mental stimulation for Kitty because its speed mimics that of a prey. If you’re manually handling the laser, be sure to move the red dot quickly to ensure your cat stays intrigued and involved in the game long enough for an effective workout. | <urn:uuid:3bd06259-e30d-4187-b2d3-62b9e4773b88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.clubpets.com.sg/keep-your-pet-active-with-these-6-pet-workouts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963654 | 644 | 2.03125 | 2 |
While being a multi-faceted challenge, one of the many means through which attackers infiltrate SCADA systems is the Human Machine Interface (HMI).
Security expert Trend Micro looked at the state of SCADA HMI vulnerabilities and had its Zero Day Initiative Team investigate all the publicly disclosed vulnerabilities with regards to SCADA software that were fixed from 2015 and 2016. The result: a report and recommendations. An overview and some additional thoughts.
The Hacker Machine Interface: focus on patching
The majority of found SCADA software vulnerabilities are preventable using secure development practices Trend Micro states.
The major areas where SCADA software vulnerabilities occur as you can see in the graphic below are, respectively:
- Memory corruption.
- Credential management.
- Lack of authentication/authorization and insecure defaults.
- Code injection.
- A big chunk of other areas.
The press release, revealing the findings and serving as an announcement of the report “Hacker Machine Interface: The State of SCADA HMI Vulnerabilities”, also states that the average time it takes a SCADA/HMI vendor to release a patch once a bug has been disclosed can go up to 150 days.
Patching is a significant challenge for multiple reasons. The mentioned 150 days is approximately 30 days longer than it takes highly deployed software from the likes of Microsoft or Adobe, yet far less than enterprise applications from firms such as HPE or IBM, Trend Micro says.
However, knowing that SCADA systems are a bit everywhere and certainly in critical infrastructure, making them of course interesting for the ‘bad guys’ there is certainly room for improvement in the area of patching. As per usual we need to emphasize that 150 days is an average. So, when you’re in the market for HMI/SCADA software it might be a good idea to look at the security and patching practices of the various vendors out there.
Among the many concerns with regards to the security of SCADA systems, according to Trend Micro’s Fritz Sands the weak link really is the human machine interface software part and patching comes in again.
According to Sands most HMI systems still run on old Windows operating systems whereby there are no more security upgrades for the several versions of the Windows OS. Quoting Sands from a November 2017 article, entitled ‘Dated Windows software the weak link for SCADA systems‘, “Windows is a sphere where hackers feel very comfortable. Instead of needing a complex tool set to attack SCADA controllers, they have 20 years of hacking skills used against Windows, SQL server, browsers and Adobe products.”
Top SCADA/HMI security issues according to the Hacker Machine Interface report
On top of the fact that in the age of Industrial IoT everything is increasingly connected and we shifted away from the isolated HMI and SCADA system that runs on a trusted network whereby end-to-end security by design has simply become a must, as well as many other security issues (from the inevitable human factor and insider attacks to the traditional challenge of removable media and the ever more sophisticated ways hackers use beyond old tactics such as phishing and malware) solving the old Windows version security issue seems like a no-brainer. Certainly as the stakes, scale and indeed complexity of cybercrime expand.
Within the various SCADA solutions, the HMI represents the clearest and most present target for attackers. The HMI acts as a centralized hub for managing critical infrastructure. If an attacker succeeds in compromising the HMI, nearly anything can be done to the infrastructure itself, including causing physical damage to SCADA equipment. Even if attackers decide not to disrupt operations, they can still exploit the HMI to gather information about a system or disable alarms and notifications meant to alert operators of danger to SCADA equipment. (Trend Micro)
Back to the announcement of Trend Micro and some of the preventable SCADA/HMI issues the company found.
Below is an overview as mentioned in the announcement of the “Hacker Machine Interface: The State of SCADA HMI Vulnerabilities”. We added some quotes from the report which you can download in PDF here.
- Memory corruption problems, which account for about 20 percent of all identified vulnerabilities, mainly represent traditional code security issues with the likes of stack- and heap-based buffer overflows and out-of-bounds read/write vulnerabilities.
- Credential management challenges, accounting for a pretty impressive 19 percent of all vulnerabilities range from not protecting credentials enough and storing passwords in a recoverable format to the use of hard-coded passwords.
- The category of vulnerabilities in the area of lack of authentication/authorization and of insecure defaults accounts for close to a quarter of all found SCADA vulnerabilities (23 percent to be precise). One of the issues: missing encryption. Another one: unsafe ActiveX controls marked safe for scripting.
- The issues with regards to code injection are relatively minor in comparison with the others, accounting for 9 percent of all identified vulnerabilities. But of course, although perfect security is close to impossible, that is still far too much, certainly given the mission-critical role of SCADA and the fact that on top of the more common injection types there are also domain-specific injections as Trend Micro states.
Security strategies and security by design as the stakes get higher
Mentioning the crucial types of information such as a facility’s layout and critical thresholds SCADA system hackers can obtain (on top of the in the world of IoT not unknown phenomenon of getting device settings for future attacks) and threats such as the Stuxnet attack on an Iranian nuclear plant and Ukranian electrical grid attacks to provide an idea of the scope of potential damages, Trend Micro invites you to check out the various vulnerability types, cases of vulnerably SCADA Human Machine Interfaces and the much needed advice in its paper “Hacker Machine Interface: The State of SCADA HMI Vulnerabilities”.
By the way: needless to say that in times of ongoing digitization and digitalization, organized cybercrime, state-sponsored attacks and ‘cyber’ as a real weapon in warfare, industrial cybersecurity cannot be an afterthought.
Security by design and security strategies need to be included from the very start of any project, not just because of the risks but also because of the fact that calling in your cybersecurity folks too late is a slowing factor in digital transformation to begin with and, the other way around, security is a digital transformation accelerator.
In a SCADA/HMI security context the call to do more in the words of Trend Micro’s ‘ The State of SCADA HMI Vulnerabilities: “despite the obvious risks of obtaining unauthorized access to critical systems, the industry behind the development of SCADA systems, specifically HMI vendors, tend to focus more on equipment manufacture and less on securing the software designed to control them”.
Top image: Shutterstock – Copyright: MOLPIX – All other images are the property of their respective mentioned owners. | <urn:uuid:897d67ea-8ada-4dd7-915a-a643a643f389> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.i-scoop.eu/cybersecurity-scada-hmi-hacker-machine-interface/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.936317 | 1,446 | 1.78125 | 2 |
From sapiens to a searing performance of “Streetcar named Desire” to German art and mind-altering gardens, 26ers tell us what’s on their mind this September.
From the Beginning….
Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari, published by Harvill Secker – This is one of those grand, swashbuckling, swaggering, compendious books with a massive ambition. It’s nothing less than the history of humankind from pre-history to the near future. Part anthropology, part history, part futurology, it’s opinionated, insightful, passionate, scholarly and batty. If you like to do battle with a book, and be inspired, informed and infuriated in equal measure, rush out and buy this now.
1.Get inspired with a day out in Somerset at international art gallery Hauser & Wirth’s new space. Especially wonderful are the wild and free gardens designed by Dutch landscape gardener Piet Oudolf (also did NYC’s Highline). Read more about this and other rousing days out in my travel blog.
(Image courtesy of Piet Oudolf and Hauser & Wirth. Photo: Heather Edwards)
Looking forward to “The Most of Nora Ephron”, a new anthology which brings together most of her work from her early journalism writing to “I Feel Bad About My Neck”. A big fan of wit Dorothy Parker, Ephron covered everything from what it’s really like to be a journalist- recording life while others live it – to the Vietnam war to her sagging neck. (She wore a lot of scarves).
Eager to see Anselm Kiefer at the Royal Academy. Born 8 March 1945 just two months before V.E. Day, Kiefer grew up in the aftermath of war among the ruins of saturated bombing. His favourite materials are the ones he first experienced – straw, lead and rubble. Kiefer is a real thinker, deeply spiritual and joyful as evidenced in the terrific on-line interview with Tim Marlow where he admits that as a child he first wanted to be Jesus, then the Pope, and finally, when those looked unlikely, an artist. | <urn:uuid:d98e7db8-3cff-44d4-8663-8f68c2cb3a6c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.26.org.uk/articles/members-recommend/26-recommends-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.918815 | 468 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Entry updated 12 August 2018. Tagged: Author.
(1927-2013) US academic (who abandoned his career as a professor of sociology in 1971), actor, playwright and author who remains best known for such acute analyses of Western culture as The Pursuit of Loneliness (1970) and Earthwalk (1974). His How I Saved the World (1985), about nuclear Disaster, reiterates in spoof-thriller guise the lessons urged in his nonfiction; en passant he mocks conspiracy theories, occult divinations, the counter-culture, establishment culture, and much else. [JC]
Philip Elliot Slater
born Riverton, New Jersey: 15 May 1927
died Santa Cruz, California: 20 June 2013
- How I Saved the World (New York: E P Dutton, 1985) [hb/Nancy Etheridge]
previous versions of this entry | <urn:uuid:e92ea91e-ebb7-4c51-ab97-39135906d76f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/slater_philip | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.923787 | 194 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Social psychologist Mark Leary and his research team have conducted a series of studies into how people bore each other.
The research paper titled Boredom in interpersonal encounters: Antecedents and social implications asked participants to describe things that people do, that they found boring.
From these responses, the researchers were able to curate a list of 43 yawn-inducing behaviours, which they then used to create the nine categories of ultra boredom.
See the list below, beginning with the most tedious:
- Negative egocentrism – If you want to avoid this list-topping behaviour try not to constantly talk in a negative way about your problems.
- Banality – Don’t talk about superficial topics ad nauseum. Repeating the same old jokes or stories is a surefire way to get your friends and family members rolling their eyes.
- Low affectivity – Be enthusiastic! Talk in an animated way with expression in your face.
- Tediousness – “Talking slowly, pausing a long time before responding, taking a long time to make one’s points, and dragging conversations on.” Get on with it!
- Passivity – Don’t be afraid to have opinions, as people find it boring if you’re always agreeing with them.
- Self-preoccupation – Me! Me! Me-itis is a scourge I tell you! Careful not to talk “at” people all about yourself. Occasionally show an interest in what the person you’re talking to has to say.
- Seriousness – We all want to appear smart, but it’s okay to relax and not be too earnest. Don’t forget to smile too.
- Boring ingratiation – “Trying to be funny or nice in order to impress other people.” We all know how awkward this can feel when it’s happening
- Distraction – Focus on your conversation, and avoid getting sidetracked or doing things that might interfere with your interaction. | <urn:uuid:5d558ecc-89ef-4288-b6f1-71ae51a1efaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mindfood.com/article/top-9-ways-to-avoid-being-boring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.934147 | 423 | 2.75 | 3 |
The United Nations Development Programme will support startup initiatives in Karakalpakstan
Tashkent, Uzbekistan (UzDaily.com) -- On 22 December, a training on the development of the main entrepreneurial skills and stages of launching startup initiatives for young people aged 18-30 years from Kungrad, Muynak, Bozatau districts and Nukus city is being held at the Youth Center.
The event takes place in a hybrid format in the framework of the UNDP, UNFPA, FAO Joint Programme "Unleashing young people’s and vulnerable citizens’ creativity and innovation by strengthening their adaptive capacity to address the economic and food insecurities in the exposed communities of the Aral Sea region", funded by the Multi Partner Human Security Trust Fund for the Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan.
Within the framework of this programme, it is planned to create local startups of incubators and accelerators which will support the innovative ideas of young entrepreneurs in Karakalpakstan. It is planned to introduce a youth platform at the Youth Affairs Agency, where all the necessary conditions will be provided for the self-realization of future entrepreneurs and their skills in the field of startup projects.
Experts from the Russian Federation, recognized in this area, are invited to conduct training, experienced mentors who will guide participants during the programme from the moment of the business idea origin till the startup is launched. Startup projects that have passed the selection on a competitive basis will receive funding from the UN Development Programme for implementation. The main directions of ideas for startup projects are:
climate changes in the region (agriculture associated)
UNDP assists in improving the efficiency and implementation of innovation in agriculture of Karakalpakstan, promoting smart and digital communities with a favorable infrastructure to expand the rights and opportunities of young people, women, as well as vulnerable groups of people, including people with disabilities, families led by women, labor migrants and etc. | <urn:uuid:5ce04ed6-64a3-4aa0-bb34-50166a002b19> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://uzdaily.com/en/post/70399 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.915005 | 411 | 1.539063 | 2 |
When he wrote this essay, first published in 1891, Oscar Wilde was very optimistic about the ability of socialism to rid society of poverty, and advanced machinery to rid society of burdensome toil. Or was he? I don't know much about the context, but Wilde was a playful provocateur. Perhaps by taking the promises made by socialists and running with them, he was trying to expose the fallacies of their thinking and explore what really might be necessary for an improvement in society.
He claims that the chief advantage of Socialism would be rescuing us from having to be concerned about alleviating the hardships of others. Poverty might be ended without the need for charity, which is degrading to the recipient.
What he means by socialism is the abolition of private property. He is not simply talking about some extension of a state funded welfare system. Of course he is writing well before the horrors which attended so many experiments with communism in the twentieth century. So it is possible his optimism is genuine.
We think of socialism as the surrender of the individual to the collective. Irony is at the heart of Wilde's wit, and here the irony is that he takes the promised Utopia of Socialism and explains how it can only succeed if it leads to the full flowering of Individualism.
The reason to abolish private property is that its protection and maintenance distracts us from cultivating our Individuality. The more we are our property the less we are ourselves.
His vision of socialism is more like anarchism. All forms of authority will cease and along with them all forms of punishment.
He turns to the teachings of Jesus, which he presents also as a call to Individualism.
It is common for people to wrongly associate Jesus' teachings with Socialism. There is a huge difference between appealing to one's followers to voluntarily help the poor and advocating that the state should force them to do so. Wilde isn't saying that Jesus was a Socialist. He's merely saying that Jesus advocated Individualism and asserting the opinion that Socialism, if properly pursued, would lead to greater Individualism.
He adds that Individualism would end family life, but that this would make the love of a man and a woman more than it has been, the implication being that that which is enforced is less genuine. Again he appeals to Jesus' refusal to recognise the members of his own family.
In the latter part of the essay, Wilde turns to literary criticism to show how hard it is for Individualism to find acceptance in various written forms.
Wilde's take on things may tend to be unrealistic. He argues ending private property will end crime. But in the broad strokes of his thesis is much food for thought.
It makes sense that a peaceful, cooperative and loving society, if such a thing is possible, would have to be made up of those in whom Individuality has found an unhindered expression. We can see an apt analogy in nature. A thriving healthy group of plants or animals are those least impeded in following their instincts.
Is a society possible where everyone is free from impositions on their Individuality and yet cooperation allows for the practical solution of the problems facing the group?
I think so, but the process to get there will not be easy as the healthy loving impulses are often buried beneath much resentment.
The abolition of private property is impractical because it requires either the consent or the control of the masses. On the other hand, Wilde is right that Individualism is the answer. The way to achieve it is through a mixture of assertion and healing. Strength and soundness are needed to stand firm in the face of all that opposes it. This is where Wilde's pointing to Jesus is so relevant. We don't need screwed up people uninhibitedly living out their reckless disregard for the well-being of themselves or others. Of course, we might see that they are not Individuals, because they are more of a programmed expression of those who have damaged them than of their authentic self.
But we need a path of healing and it may be that the words of Jesus, rather than those of Socialists, have the ability to provide it.
Anyway, there is much to recommend Wilde's vision :
"For what man has sought for is indeed, neither pain nor pleasure, but simply Life. Man has sought to live intensely, fully, perfectly. When he can do so without exercising restraint on others, or suffering it ever, and his activities are all pleasurable to him, he will be saner, healthier, more civilised, more himself. Pleasure is Nature's test, her sign of approval. When man is happy, he is in harmony with himself and his environment." | <urn:uuid:0ea5e0ea-2d75-4226-9089-c9f17f6532c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://howtobefree-theblog.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976389 | 948 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A coalition of agriculture groups has asked Congress to include language in an appropriations bill to allow ten states to increase commercial truck weight limits. The coalition is asking Congress to allow the states to engage in a pilot program to obtain information on the safety and environmental benefits of increasing the maximum commercial truck weight on interstate highways. In a letter sent to leaders of the House Appropriations Committee, the coalition noted that it’s been 35 years since the government last updated the gross vehicle weight limit of 80,000 pounds on federal interstate highways. Meanwhile, all 50 states have passed exceptions allowing trucks greater than the weight limit to operate on local roads. Also, more than 30 states have higher limits on their portions of interstate highways. Under the pilot program, ten states could opt-in to allow 91,000-pound, six-axle, bridge formula-compliant trucks on federal interstate highways within their borders, and collect additional safety data regarding the gross vehicle weight and axle configurations of commercial trucks involved in serious accidents.
From the National Association of Farm Broadcasting News Service. | <urn:uuid:f53558b0-1200-4f3e-8ef2-e8eba00ea859> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://agnetwest.com/truck-weight-limits-increase/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.932405 | 211 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Getting the Most Out of Your Image
In the ECM industry where quality and consistency are key, it is important to know the tools and resources that can be utilized to ensure legibility of your organizations documents. I have found that when it comes to image quality that even a little change can make a big difference.
There are four major settings that can be used to adjust the quality of an image:
- Contrast: Affects the sharpness of detailed images as well as the edges of the document.
- Brightness: This is essentially the brightness of the document background. It is best used for major adjustments on very dark or light images to bring out as much image content as possible.
- Gamma: Increasing the gamma can help to darken image content to a much more legible state.
- Sensitivity: This is the main setting used to darken as well as lighten images. The lower the sensitivity the more content is darkened in the image. Subsequently, background noise is also enhanced, which can cause a document to become hard to read leading to the possibility of rejection.
In closing, images that are processed throughout your organization will often times require adjustments to ensure quality and consistency. By remembering these simple adjustments you can improve the legibility and value of those ECM documents when they are ingested into ILINX Content Store or whatever repository you are using.
Conversion Services Technician | <urn:uuid:737a7666-6668-404b-9439-da6b1e750c9f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://imagesourceinc.com/getting-the-most-out-of-your-image/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.950452 | 294 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Pathways to a Greener, Healthier Tomorrow
EcoHealth Ontario (EHO) is a collaborative of professionals in the fields of public health, medicine, education, planning and the environment who are working together to increase the quality and diversity of the urban and rural spaces in which we live.
Our Roadmap Sucess
There is growing evidence and awareness of the benefits that healthy ecosystems provide to the health and well-being of our communities. Yet the challenges we face include:
Intensifying climate change impacts
Increasing prevalence of physical and mental health issues
There is unequal access to the availability of good quality Greenspaces
We continue to see loss and degradation of greenspaces’ natural features and functions
Public policy to address these challenges is limited
What is Greenspace?
Public spaces such as parks, conservation areas, greenways, trails, urban and rural forests, street trees, community gardens, school grounds, shorelines and ravines
Private and Institutional spaces such as gardens, rooftops, cemeteries, golf courses and outdoor spaces associated with businesses, hospitals, care homes and universities
Greenspaces provide multiple benefits including economic, environmental, social and public health.
Achieving Our Vision
We are providing tools and information for professionals and decision-makers so that they can help us to:
Protect and increase greenspaces
Build awareness of the benefits of greenspace to health and well-being
Increase the use of greenspace among those with greatest needs
Share resources and collaborate across sectors
Have a question?
Want to learn more about what we are doing?
EcoHealth Ontario gratefully acknowledges the Ontario Trillium Foundation
for their generous support of our work. | <urn:uuid:4cd009be-0629-4e49-aca3-2215ac69971e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ecohealth-ontario.ca/our-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.915464 | 354 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Emily Gasoi, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 1 Ruth Wattenberg, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 3. Frazier O’Leary, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 4 Zachary Parker, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 5. Markus Batchelor, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 8
March 5, 2020
Dear Chairman Mendelson,
Thank you for your support to date for legislation that will improve the way our schools are able to address the needs of students with dyslexia. Thank you for your efforts to make sure that the proposed “Access to Reading for All” legislation does what our students and teachers need, specifically assuring that all of our early-elementary public school students will:
- Be taught to read based on state-of-the-art reading programs that genuinely reflect the most up-to-date reading science;
- Be taught by teachers who are genuinely skilled and knowledgeable in the most up to date, effective, science-based reading instruction;
- Be screened for dyslexia and other learning disabilities with the most scientifically up-to-date screening instruments, administered by teachers well-trained to use them;
- Get needed Tier 2 and 3 interventions in a timely way, with the needed intensity, provided by teachers who are well-prepared to provide it.
But we are concerned: Without strengthening measures like those listed below, it’s very possible that the legislation’s excellent intent will be undermined by materials and training that don’t fully reflect current scientific understanding of how best to teach word recognition skills.
1. Screening instruments must reflect the highest standards. The legislation calls for OSSE to create a list of approved “screening instruments” and for LEA’s to adopt “science-based reading programs.” It is critical that there be a clear basis for assuring that the adopted screeners and reading programs meet the high standards that are implied by the call for “science-based reading.” This could mean requiring that they are “certified” by a group such as the International Dyslexia Association that is thoroughly familiar with the relevant research and how it is/isn’t reflected in different screeners and reading programs.
2. The training must reflect the best that’s known about teaching early reading. Likewise, it is critical that the training provided to teachers be top-notch, preparing them to effectively provide (depending on their role) science-based reading instruction to a whole class (Tier 1); provide Tier 2 intervention; provide Tier 3 intervention; and screen students. As currently written, the bill could permit training of widely varying quality, for just several hours or 100 hours, with or without “hands-on” training, with or without follow up coaching or not, etc.
The legislation should require that the training it requires for teachers:
a. be certified by a group such as the International Dyslexia Association that is thoroughly familiar with the relevant research and how it should be reflected in training and professional development programs for teachers.
b. clearly identify whether the training is adequate and appropriate to prepare a teacher to teach Tier 1 instruction, Tier 2, Tier 3, or provide screening and have it certified as such.
c. to include both classroom learning and some form of “practicum” in which teachers have adequate opportunities to use and practice their newly acquired knowledge and skills with students, with appropriate support and oversight from a mentor/coach.
d. include follow up, including in-class support and coaching from a well-qualified coach.
3. The training must be provided in a way that can reach numerous teachers quickly. Provided that the training is “certified,” it could be offered by OSSE, LEA’s, universities, or independent providers. Funding for the training could be provided to any of the above to provide the training; and/or teachers could choose to take training provided by universities or independent providers (or even LEA’S that wanted to be providers) for which their tuition/fees would be reimbursed.
4. Preparation of new teachers: Some action should be taken to get training to new, incoming teachers. Possibly DC’s teacher preparation institutions could be engaged in providing a comparable “certified” training in their preparation programs (and in some cases they may already) and/or provide such training to newly hired DC teachers.
5. Guidelines for Intervention. The legislation calls for “remediation and intervention instruction.” There should be guidelines for the intensity and duration of tier 2 and tier 3 interventions and the size of the intervention group; and a requirement that these intervention be taught by individuals who have completed a certified training for tier 2 and 3 interventions.
6. Exemption from training based on demonstration of knowledge and skills through an assessment. Teachers could be exempted from the training if they pass a rigorous assessment demonstrating knowledge and skill equivalent to that taught in the certified trainings. As with the trainings, materials, and screeners, the assessment should be certified by a group like the IDA.
7. Identify a date by which every school must have the equivalent of a reading specialist on staff. The legislation provides a date by which all k-2 teachers must have received their training. It should also set a date—or require OSSE to set a date–by which every school must have on staff one or more individuals who together or separately are able (and trained in a certified program—or who otherwise demonstrate their knowledge and skill) to administer screenings, provide tier 2 and 3 intervention, and coach/support teachers in tier 1 instruction.
8. Independent review. The legislation should include a requirement for a constructive, independent review of the legislation’s implementation and outcomes—including surveys of all stakeholders–such that it can be tweaked as needed.
9. Funding. Funding is critical. Better to fund it seriously, in phases, than not to fund it adequately.
Emily Gasoi, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 1
Ruth Wattenberg, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 3
Frazier O’Leary, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 4
Zachary Parker, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 5
Markus Batchelor, Member DC State Board of Education, Ward 8 | <urn:uuid:5fe5e8ed-475a-413e-a67f-4d7879b5d0e4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ruth4schools.com/letter-to-council-chair-on-dyslexia-bill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958842 | 1,332 | 1.726563 | 2 |
So, I have been quiet on social media and on my blog lately. There are many reasons for that silence, but one of the largest has been a sense of being overwhelmed by the sorrow of living in the world.
I am raising three daughters and I am married to a woman who has not always had the best experience with the decidedly patriarchal society in which we live. It is not my story to tell, but she has received comments about having children which occasionally make them seem like they are burdens instead of blessings. I have received those comments as well. It can be heartbreaking to have someone categorize a child as a burden.
I have often wondered if people would make the same comments to my wife and I if I had three sons instead of three daughters. I love my daughters, even when they are difficult. I do not live in an age when I have to start saving up for a dowry to pay for someone to take them in. I live in an age where they will be a blessing to anyone who is lucky enough to allow them the honor of their partnership.
Still, it is a weary process to be a father in a culture which is so patriarchal. Do I benefit from the patriarchy? Yes, but I want my kids to have a bright future where they are treated with equity and fraternity (Aside: I do not mean fraternity as in “a group of men with a common purpose,” but “the state or feeling of friendship and mutual support within a group.” Unfortunately, the original word comes from Latin and Latin has no wonderful gender-neutral possibility and sorority never really gained the same meaning in popular understanding (i.e., French Motto “Liberty, equality, fraternity!”)… Language fails me in this case, as “siblinghood” does not have the same meaning either). I want that world for all of our children.
One quote that has been circling through several parts of my thoughts comes from the 1984 edition of “The Sayings of the Desert Fathers: The Alphabetical Collection” by Benedicta Ward. In particular, I have this saying from the collection surrounding Abba Anthony hanging in my shower. The section goes:
Abba Pambo asked Abba Anthony, ‘What ought I to do?’ and the old man said to him, ‘Do not trust in your own righteousness, do not worry about the past, but control your tongue and your stomach.’
The quote sticks out to me on deep levels.
I am not righteous enough to take on this battle through my own goodness. I have made mistakes, I have benefited in ways I have yet to recognize, I will likely struggle to deny those benefits when I see them, and I am frankly not Jesus Christ. The world has a Savior and there is no need to pretend that it needs me to be another. My trust does not belong in my own holiness or in my own strength.
I also live in a place where I cannot constantly dwell on the past. While there is room for reconciliation, for recompense, and for restoration, to live only in the past has the potential to swallow me up in the knowledge of my own weakness, my own frailties, and my own brokenness. There is a difference between being mindful and living in worry.
In addition, living in the past sometimes cripples my ability to be an asset to the present and the future. If one lives in the past, it is difficult to be present in the now. There needs to be a balance between understanding the ramifications of the past on the present, mourning the injustice of the past, accepting our own limitations, and avoiding obsessive worry about the past.
Finally, it is good to control both tongue and stomach. If the tongue is where the words of my soul enter into the world, it is a good analogy for all I do to affect the world. In controlling my lips, I gain the self-control to control my fists, my feet, and even my thoughts.
If the stomach is the place I take things into in order to find life (or death), then the call to control my stomach is the call to mind my appetites in all senses. Guard your teeth, guard your ears, guard your eyes, and guard your soul.
So, how do I react to all of this stuff going on in the world? I remember it is my job to be a part of the long arc of history towards justice. I remember what has gone by, honor it, but do not let it cripple my present advocacy for justice or my efforts to seek a more just future for our world. I control what comes out of me and seek to fill myself with what is good in holy moderation.
In the meantime, keep the faith friends.
Patriarchy is pleasant for me, but this one, like all awesome children of God, deserves better than to be looked down on her whole life because of her gender. | <urn:uuid:22dac94b-55a6-4072-b5d1-6f7d4c0ebacb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://distractedpastor.blog/tag/fatherhood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.972526 | 1,021 | 1.546875 | 2 |
A Road Scholar Program by Ernest M. Whiteman III
In this presentation, loosely structured as a three-part magic act, Ernest discusses the many representations of Native Americans in media and how these representations inform audiences’ perceptions of Native peoples and issues.
The acts are separated by personal anecdotes that reflect the ideology of lived experience versus the authorship of expertise of Native representation.
This event is Free and Open to the public. For more information, please contact Laura Warren at email@example.com.
Fondulac District Library COVID-19 Policy
We plan to have this program in person. We have always complied and enforced the restrictions issued by the Illinois Health Department. We will continue to follow their guidance and instruction. We always have masks available to the staff and patrons. I have also subtracted from the total we can seat, to try to leave more room for social distancing. | <urn:uuid:16c06f60-eb5c-46bc-a131-4391eb75949d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ilhumanities.org/events/no-one-ever-sees-indians-native-americans-in-media-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.94123 | 188 | 1.882813 | 2 |
PlanToys - Banjo
Inspire your child’s musical creativity and explore various sounds with the strum of this simple banjo. Strings are replaceable..
- Explore the musical magic of string instruments with this realistic wooden toy
- Supports fine motor skill development and improves hand-eye coordination through realistic pretend play
- Incorporate other instruments and friends into play time to create your own band!
- Sustainably made in Thailand using chemical-free rubberwood, formaldehyde-free glue, organic pigments and water-based dyes.
- 3 yrs +
- X X | <urn:uuid:446409f6-41bc-4184-ad78-770902719df8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://treehausla.com/collections/toys/products/plantoys-banjo-plantoys | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.823427 | 131 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Trends In Breast Cancer Deaths
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. The chance that a woman will die from breast cancer is about 1 in 39 .
Since 2007, breast cancer death rates have been steady in women younger than 50, but have continued to decrease in older women. From 2013 to 2018, the death rate went down by 1% per year.
These decreases are believed to be the result of finding breast cancer earlier through screening and increased awareness, as well as better treatments.
How Old Do You Have To Be To Get Breast Cancer
A woman has a 12% absolute risk for developing breast cancer in her lifetime, but a womans personal cancer risk changes throughout her life. Breast cancer risk increases with age the two biggest factors for developing breast cancer are getting older and being a woman. Breast cancer doesnt just affect older women, however.
Having Certain Benign Breast Conditions
Women diagnosed with certain benign breast conditions may have a higher risk of breast cancer. Some of these conditions are more closely linked to breast cancer risk than others. Doctors often divide benign breast conditions into 3 groups, depending on how they affect this risk.
Non-proliferative lesions: These conditions dont seem to affect breast cancer risk, or if they do, the increase in risk is very small. They include:
- Fibrosis and/or simple cysts
- Other tumors
Mastitis is not a tumor and does not increase the risk of breast cancer.
Proliferative lesions without atypia : In these conditions theres excessive growth of cells in the ducts or lobules of the breast, but the cells dont look very abnormal. These conditions seem to raise a womans risk of breast cancer slightly. They include:
- Usual ductal hyperplasia
- Several papillomas
- Radial scar
Proliferative lesions with atypia: In these conditions, the cells in the ducts or lobules of the breast tissue grow excessively, and some of them no longer look normal. These types of lesions include:
Breast cancer risk is about 4 to 5 times higher than normal in women with these changes. If a woman also has a family history of breast cancer and either hyperplasia or atypical hyperplasia, she has an even higher risk of breast cancer.
For more information, see Non-cancerous Breast Conditions.
Lobular carcinoma in situ
Read Also: Can Stage 3 Breast Cancer Be Cured
Why Does My 8 Year Old Tell Lies
They may also tell lies when theyre feeling stressed, are trying to avoid conflict, or want attention. Sometimes kids lie when something bad or embarrassing has happened to them. They want to keep it hidden or to create a story for themselves that makes them feel better. Age and development play a role, too.
Guidelines For Elective Surgical Options
Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations face a significant risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Prophylactic removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries is recommended by about age 40. Many women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations will also elect to have their breasts removed. Nipple-sparing mastectomy is an effective option for these women.
Making the decision to have an elective preventive double mastectomy and removal of the ovaries is personal and should be based on many life factors. You must balance where you are in your childbearing years, what your future choices may be, and whether you would prefer to follow a rigorous screening schedule instead of making such a life-altering choice.
Whatever your decision, we encourage you to make an informed choice. If you do elect to have a preventive double mastectomy, our breast specialists will guide you in the appropriate breast surgery reconstruction to help restore your body image after treatment.
If you are interested in discussing ovary removal surgery , we will refer you to one of our gynecological oncologists.
Show me moreâ¦
Recommended Reading: How To Screen For Breast Cancer
You May Like: What Does Malignant Neoplasm Of Breast Mean
Family History And Inherited Genes
Some people have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than the general population because other members of their family have had particular cancers. This is called a family history of cancer.
Having a mother, sister or daughter diagnosed with breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer. This risk is higher when more close relatives have breast cancer, or if a relative developed breast cancer under the age of 50. But most women who have a close relative with breast cancer will never develop it.
Some people have an increased risk of breast cancer because they have an inherited gene fault. We know about several gene faults that can increase breast cancer risk and there are tests for some of them. Having one of these faulty genes means that you are more likely to get breast cancer than someone who doesnt. But it is not a certainty.
Two of these faulty genes are known as BRCA1 and BRCA2. These are not common. Only about 2 out of every hundred of breast cancers are related to a change in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
Ionising radiation includes tests such as x-rays and CT scans and treatment such as radiotherapy.
Will I Have To Have Chemo If I Have Breast Cancer
Tran says chemotherapy can be an effective way to reduce the size of a tumor, but admits the regimen can be tough. Depending on your individual situation, chemo is not always necessary.
For postmenopausal patients with invasive cancer where the tumor is greater than 1 centimeter and hormone receptor positive, the information we get from the oncotype genetic profile of cancer can help predict if chemotherapy will be beneficial, she says.
If tests come back with a low score for certain factors, even if theres cancer in lymph nodes, the patient may be able to skip chemotherapy and instead receive hormone-blocking treatment, which is easier to take and involves fewer side effects. Tran says hormone therapy is given over five years, and can be administered in pill form.
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How Do People Know They Had Breast Cancer
A routine mammogram showed lumps in the both breasts. An ultrasound was performed the same day to confirm and the lump in the right breast was diagnosed as cancerous and that in the left as a small cyst. The biopsy showed what the surgeon suspected on analysis of the ultrasounds that I had cancer in both breasts.
Genetics And Breast Cancer Risk
Currently the major genes known to influence breast cancer risk is BRCA1 and BRCA2 . These genes are tumour suppressor genes responsible for DNA damage repair and mutations in these genes result in a significantly increased risk of breast cancer. It is estimated that up 16% of all familial breast cancers are due to mutations in these genes and up to 5% of all breast cancer cases . BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers < 70 years old face a 57% and 49% risk of developing breast cancer . Importantly, BRCA mutation carriers frequently tend to develop a more aggressive breast cancer and at a younger age . Screening for BRCA gene mutations in high-risk patients has become a priority and scoring systems such as the Manchester scoring system provides a means to identify which patients need increased surveillance . From scoring systems like this, Genetic testing guidelines have recently been introduced for higher-risk patients .
Family history, breast cancer risk and screening.
Current recommendations for patients with detected BRCA mutations are bilateral mastectomies for carriers , with patients who decline surgery to continue high-risk screening. Additionally, genetic screening for first degree relatives is recommended . The genetic testing of patients can have significant personal ramifications, in addition to the consequences for their families and close relatives. Due to this genetic screening is not routine worldwide, with genetic counseling recommended prior to testing .
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Symptoms Of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer can have several symptoms, but the first noticeable symptom is usually a lump or area of thickened breast tissue.
Most breast lumps are not cancerous, but itâs always best to have them checked by a doctor.
You should also see a GP if you notice any of these symptoms:
- a change in the size or shape of one or both breasts
- discharge from either of your nipples, which may be streaked with blood
- a lump or swelling in either of your armpits
- dimpling on the skin of your breasts
- a rash on or around your nipple
- a change in the appearance of your nipple, such as becoming sunken into your breast
Breast pain is not usually a symptom of breast cancer.
Find out more about the symptoms of breast cancer.
Previous Breast Cancer Or Lump
If you have previously had breast cancer or early non-invasive cancer cell changes in breast ducts, you have a higher risk of developing it again, either in your other breast or in the same breast.
A benign breast lump does not mean you have breast cancer, but certain types of breast lumps may slightly increase your risk of developing cancer.
Some benign changes in your breast tissue, such as cells growing abnormally in ducts , or abnormal cells inside your breast lobes , can make getting breast cancer more likely.
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Treatment Options For Breast Cancer
According to the American Cancer Society, early-stage breast cancer has a five-year survival rate of about 99 percent.
Why Do I Feel A Ball In My Breast
Most breast lumps are benign, which means they’re not cancer. Benign breast lumps usually have smooth edges and can be moved slightly when you push against them. They are often found in both breasts. There are several common causes, including normal changes in breast tissue, breast infections, or injury.
Pregnancy Diagnosed During Or After Breast Cancer
Studies of pregnancy after a diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer are retrospective and most are case-controlled investigations. Although one study showed an increased risk for relapse, most other studies show either no difference in recurrence or a decrease in risk of recurrence. Breast cancer survivors and their medical caregivers are advised to fully discuss the risk of recurrence when discussing post-cancer reproductive choices.
Can A 73 Year Old Woman Have Allergies
While allergies are often considered a condition that presents earlier in life, seniors are not exempt from bothersome allergy symptoms. In fact, research suggests that age-related changes to the immune system may leave older adults at greater risk for autoimmune diseases, infections and allergic inflammation.
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Risks For Breast Cancer
A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes breast cancer develops in women who dont have any of the risk factors described below.
Most breast cancers occur in women. The main reason women develop breast cancer is because their breast cells are exposed to the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones, especially estrogen, are linked with breast cancer and encourage the growth of some breast cancers.
Breast cancer is more common in high-income, developed countries such as Canada, the United States and some European countries. The risk of developing breast cancer increases with age. Breast cancer mostly occurs in women between 50 and 69 years of age.
Should I Go To The Er If I Find A Lump In My Breast
See your doctor if you have any of these warning signs of breast cancer: A lump, knot, or thickening inside the breast or underarm area that feels harder or different from the rest of the breast or the other breast. Swelling, warmth, redness, or darkening of the breast. Change in the size or shape of the breast.
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Causes Of Breast Cancer: How Did This Happen
When youre told that you have breast cancer, its natural to wonder what may have caused the disease. But no one knows the exact causes of breast cancer. Doctors seldom know why one woman develops breast cancer and another doesnt, and most women who have breast cancer will never be able to pinpoint an exact cause. What we do know is that breast cancer is always caused by damage to a cells DNA.
Things You Can Change
Fortunately, there are risk factors for breast cancer that are under your control. These factors include:
- Sedentary lifestyle: Women who are not physically active are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer.
- Obesity: Older women who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer.
- Hormone replacement therapy: Women who take hormones such as estrogen or progesterone for over five years during menopause are at higher risk of developing breast cancer. Women who take oral contraceptives may also be at higher risk.
- Alcohol use: A womans risk of breast cancer may increase with the number of alcoholic drinks she consumes.
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A Family History Of Breast Cancer
Having someone in your family with breast cancer doesnt automatically mean your own risk is increased. For most people, having a relative with breast cancer does not increase their risk.
However, a small number of women and men have an increased risk of developing breast cancer because they have a significant family history.
Can Women In Their 30s Develop Breast Cancer
Most cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in older women. The median age for breast cancer diagnosis between 2010 and 2014 was 62 years. While uncommon, it is possible for young women to develop breast cancer.
Fewer than 5% of the total breast cancer cases in the U.S. are diagnosed in women under the age of 40.
According to Breast Cancer Facts and Figures 2017-2018 from the American Cancer Society, a 20-year-old woman has a 0.1% 10-year probability of developing invasive breast cancer. A 30-year-old woman has a 0.5% risk of developing invasive breast cancer in the next 10 years.
These figures represent absolute risk rather than personal risk of developing breast cancer.
Many other factors contribute to your personal risk for breast cancer including weight, lifestyle choices, and having dense breasts. Some women are born with BRCA1 or BRCA 2 gene mutations. Women with a BRCA1 gene mutation are at a 72% risk of developing breast cancer by the age of 80. Women with a BRCA2 mutation have a 69% risk for breast cancer.
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If I Have Invasive Breast Cancer Do I Have To Have A Mastectomy
Mastectomy is one treatment for invasive breast cancer, but it isnt required in all cases, Tran says, especially now. Which treatments your doctor recommends and the order in which theyre given depend on several factors.
For example, she says, You and your doctor may decide that the best option for you is to undergo chemotherapy first. Chemotherapy can shrink the tumor and melt part of it away, so it is small enough to be managed with a lumpectomy instead of a full mastectomy.
If surgery is the best choice for you, new advancements for breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy with reconstruction can offer alternatives that preserve your appearance and self-image, such as oncoplastic breast reduction, nipple-sparing mastectomy, aesthetic flap closure and other techniques.
What Is Yale Medicines Approach To Detecting And Treating Breast Cancer In Men
Our radiologists are uniquely qualified to diagnose even the rarest forms of breast cancer, including male breast cancerearly and accurately. Our radiologists who subspecialize in breast imaging are among the most highly skilled leaders in the field. They are nationally and internationally recognized for their skill in diagnosing breast cancer. Additionally, our radiologists conduct research on 3D mammography and dense breast imaging, which is advancing the field of radiology.
A man with a breast-related complaint will be scheduled for a diagnostic mammogram and ultrasound within a few days, Dr. Andrejeva-Wright says. If a suspicious mass is seen, then a needle biopsy is scheduled soon after. If a diagnosis of breast cancer is made, our intake specialists coordinate all necessary appointments with the patient as soon as possible, so that treatment can begin quickly.
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Why Is My Three Year Old So Angry
Toddler can become angry when they encounter a challenge, are unable to communicate wants, or are deprived of a basic need. Some common triggers for angry outbursts or tantrums may include: being unable to communicate needs or emotions. playing with a toy or doing an activity that is hard to figure out.
Take Action To Change Young Adult Breast Cancer Statistics
When all young adults affected by breast cancer work together, we can raise awareness, improve our representation in research and make each other stronger. We are dedicated to these goals, working to turn our unique challenges into opportunities for shared success. Join the movement! Become an advocate for young women with breast cancer.
Also Check: Breast Cancer Tumor Growth Rate | <urn:uuid:8ccef1c7-a0d6-4210-86ba-d3107877a198> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.breastcancertalk.net/what-age-do-people-get-breast-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.948253 | 3,569 | 2.78125 | 3 |
OCTOBER TERM, 1995
UNITED STATES v. VIRGINIA ET AL.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No.94-1941. Argued January 17, 1996-Decided June 26,1996*
Virginia Military Institute (VMI) is the sole single-sex school among Virginia's public institutions of higher learning. VMI's distinctive mission is to produce "citizen-soldiers," men prepared for leadership in civilian life and in military service. Using an "adversative method" of training not available elsewhere in Virginia, VMI endeavors to instill physical and mental discipline in its cadets and impart to them a strong moral code. Reflecting the high value alumni place on their VMI training, VMI has the largest per-student endowment of all public undergraduate institutions in the Nation. The United States sued Virginia and VMI, alleging that VMI's exclusively male admission policy violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The District Court ruled in VMI's favor. The Fourth Circuit reversed and ordered Virginia to remedy the constitutional violation. In response, Virginia proposed a parallel program for women: Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership (VWIL), located at Mary Baldwin College, a private liberal arts school for women. The District Court found that Virginia's proposal satisfied the Constitution's equal protection requirement, and the Fourth Circuit affirmed. The appeals court deferentially reviewed Virginia's plan and determined that provision of single-gender educational options was a legitimate objective. Maintenance of single-sex programs, the court concluded, was essential to that objective. The court recognized, however, that its analysis risked bypassing equal protection scrutiny, so it fashioned an additional test, asking whether VMI and VWIL students would receive "substantively comparable" benefits. Although the Court of Appeals acknowledged that the VWIL degree lacked the historical benefit and prestige of a VMI degree, the court nevertheless found the educational opportunities at the two schools sufficiently comparable.
1. Parties who seek to defend gender-based government action must demonstrate an "exceedingly persuasive justification" for that action. E. g., Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U. S. 718,724. Nei-
*Together with No. 94-2107, Virginia et al. v. United States, also on certiorari to the same court.
ther federal nor state government acts compatibly with equal protection when a law or official policy denies to women, simply because they are women, full citizenship stature-equal opportunity to aspire, achieve, participate in and contribute to society based on their individual talents and capacities. To meet the burden of justification, a State must show "at least that the [challenged] classification serves 'important governmental objectives and that the discriminatory means employed' are 'substantially related to the achievement of those objectives.''' Ibid., quoting Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co., 446 U. S. 142, 150. The justification must be genuine, not hypothesized or invented post hoc in response to litigation. And it must not rely on overbroad generalizations about the different talents, capacities, or preferences of males and females. See, e. g., Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U. S. 636, 643, 648. The heightened review standard applicable to sex-based classifications does not make sex a proscribed classification, but it does mean that categorization by sex may not be used to create or perpetuate the legal, social, and economic inferiority of women. pp. 531-534.
2. Virginia's categorical exclusion of women from the educational opportunities VMI provides denies equal protection to women. Pp. 534-546.
(a) Virginia contends that single-sex education yields important educational benefits and that provision of an option for such education fosters diversity in educational approaches. Benign justifications proffered in defense of categorical exclusions, however, must describe actual state purposes, not rationalizations for actions in fact differently grounded. Virginia has not shown that VMI was established, or has been maintained, with a view to diversifying, by its categorical exclusion of women, educational opportunities within the Commonwealth. A purpose genuinely to advance an array of educational options is not served by VMI's historic and constant plan to afford a unique educational benefit only to males. However well this plan serves Virginia's sons, it makes no provision whatever for her daughters. Pp. 535-540.
(b) Virginia also argues that VMI's adversative method of training provides educational benefits that cannot be made available, unmodified, to women, and that alterations to accommodate women would necessarily be so drastic as to destroy VMI's program. It is uncontested that women's admission to VMI would require accommodations, primarily in arranging housing assignments and physical training programs for female cadets. It is also undisputed, however, that neither the goal of producing citizen-soldiers, VMI's raison d'etre, nor VMI's implementing methodology is inherently unsuitable to women. The District Court made "findings" on "gender-based developmental differences" that restate the opinions of Virginia's expert witnesses about typically male or typically female "tendencies." Courts, however, must take "a hard
look" at generalizations or tendencies of the kind Virginia pressed, for state actors controlling gates to opportunity have no warrant to exclude qualified individuals based on "fixed notions concerning the roles and abilities of males and females." Mississippi Univ. for Women, 458 U. S., at 725. The notion that admission of women would downgrade VMI's stature, destroy the adversative system and, with it, even the school, is a judgment hardly proved, a prediction hardly different from other "self-fulfilling prophec[ies], see id., at 730, once routinely used to deny rights or opportunities. Women's successful entry into the federal military academies, and their participation in the Nation's military forces, indicate that Virginia's fears for VMI's future may not be solidly grounded. The Commonwealth's justification for excluding all women from "citizen-soldier" training for which some are qualified, in any event, does not rank as "exceedingly persuasive." Pp. 540-546.
3. The remedy proffered by Virginia-maintain VMI as a male-only college and create VWIL as a separate program for women-does not cure the constitutional violation. Pp. 546-558.
(a) A remedial decree must closely fit the constitutional violation; it must be shaped to place persons unconstitutionally denied an opportunity or advantage in the position they would have occupied in the absence of discrimination. See Milliken v. Bradley, 433 U. S. 267, 280. The constitutional violation in this case is the categorical exclusion of women, in disregard of their individual merit, from an extraordinary educational opportunity afforded men. Virginia chose to leave untouched VMI's exclusionary policy, and proposed for women only a separate program, different in kind from VMI and unequal in tangible and intangible facilities. VWIL affords women no opportunity to experience the rigorous military training for which VMI is famed. Kept away from the pressures, hazards, and psychological bonding characteristic of VMI's adversative training, VWIL students will not know the feeling of tremendous accomplishment commonly experienced by VMI's successful cadets. Virginia maintains that methodological differences are justified by the important differences between men and women in learning and developmental needs, but generalizations about "the way women are," estimates of what is appropriate for most women, no longer justify denying opportunity to women whose talent and capacity place them outside the average description. In myriad respects other than military training, VWIL does not qualify as VMI's equal. The VWIL program is a pale shadow of VMI in terms of the range of curricular choices and faculty stature, funding, prestige, alumni support and influence. Virginia has not shown substantial equality in the separate educational opportunities the Commonwealth supports at VWIL and VMI. Cf. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U. S. 629. Pp. 547-554.
(b) The Fourth Circuit failed to inquire whether the proposed remedy placed women denied the VMI advantage in the position they would have occupied in the absence of discrimination, Milliken, 433 U. S., at 280, and considered instead whether the Commonwealth could provide, with fidelity to equal protection, separate and unequal educational programs for men and women. In declaring the substantially different and significantly unequal VWIL program satisfactory, the appeals court displaced the exacting standard developed by this Court with a deferential standard, and added an inquiry of its own invention, the "substantive comparability" test. The Fourth Circuit plainly erred in exposing Virginia's VWIL plan to such a deferential analysis, for "all genderbased classifications today" warrant "heightened scrutiny." See J. E. B. v. Alabama ex rel. T. B., 511 U. S. 127, 136. Women seeking and fit for a VMI-quality education cannot be offered anything less, under the Commonwealth's obligation to afford them genuinely equal protection. Pp. 554-558.
GINSBURG, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which STEVENS, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, SOUTER, and BREYER, JJ., joined. REHNQUIST, C.J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment, post, p. 558. SCALIA, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 566. THOMAS, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Paul Bender argued the cause for the United States in both cases. With him on the briefs were Solicitor General Days, Assistant Attorney General Patrick, Cornelia T. L. Pillard, Jessica Dunsay Silver, and Thomas E. Chandler.
Theodore B. Olson argued the cause and filed briefs for respondents in No. 94-1941 and petitioners in No. 94-2107. With him on the briefs were James S. Gilmore III, Attorney General of Virginia, William H. Hurd, Deputy Attorney General, Thomas G. Hungar, D. Jarrett Arp, Robert H. Patterson, Jr., Anne Marie Whittemore, William G. Broaddus, J. William Boland, Griffin B. Bell, and William A. Clineburg, Jr.t
tBriefs of amici curiae urging reversal in No. 94-1941 were filed for the State of Maryland et al. by J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Attorney General of Maryland, and Andrew H. Baida, Assistant Attorney General, and by the Attorneys General for their respective jurisdictions as follows: Margery
JUSTICE GINSBURG delivered the opinion of the Court. Virginia's public institutions of higher learning include an incomparable military college, Virginia Military Institute (VMI). The United States maintains that the Constitution's equal protection guarantee precludes Virginia from reserving exclusively to men the unique educational opportunities VMI affords. We agree.
S. Bronster of Hawaii, Scott Harshbarger of Massachusetts, Frankie Sue Del Papa of Nevada, C. Sebastian Aloot of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Theodore R. Kulongoski of Oregon; for the Employment Law Center et al. by Patricia A. Shiu and Judith Kurtz; and for the National Women's Law Center et al. by Robert N. Weiner, Marcia D. Greenberger, Sara L. Mandelbaum, Janet Gallagher, Mary Wyckoff, Steven R. Shapiro, and Susan Deller Ross.
Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance in No. 94-1941 were filed for the State of South Carolina et al. by Charles Molony Condon, Attorney General, Treva Ashworth, Deputy Attorney General, Kenneth P. Woodington, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Reginald I. Lloyd, Assistant Attorney General, and M. Dawes Cooke, Jr.; and for Kenneth E. Clark et al. by James C. Roberts and George A. Somerville.
Briefs of amici curiae were filed in both cases for the State of Wyoming et al. by William U. Hill, Attorney General of Wyoming, Thomas W Corbett, Jr., Attorney General of Pennsylvania, and Bradley B. Cavedo; for Bennett College et al. by Wendy S. White; for the Center for Military Readiness et al. by Mellissa Wells-Petry and Jordan W Lorence; for the Employment Law Center et al. by Patricia A. Shiu and Judith Kurtz; for the Independent Women's Forum et al. by Anita K. Blair and C. Douglas Welty; for Mary Baldwin College by Craig T. Merritt and Richard K. Willard; for the South Carolina Institute of Leadership for Women by Julianne Farnsworth; for Wells College et al. by David M. Lascell; for Women's Schools Together, Inc., et al. by John C. Danforth and Thomas C. Walsh; and for Nancy Mellette by Valorie K. Vojdik, Henry Weisburg, Suzanne E. Coe, and Robert R. Black.
Briefs of amici curiae were filed in No. 94-1941 for the American Association of University Professors et al. by Joan E. Bertin and Ann H. Franke; and for Rhonda Cornum et al. by Allan L. Gropper.
Daniel F. Kolb, Herbert J. Hansell, Paul C. Saunders, Norman Redlich, Barbara R. Arnwine, Thomas J. Henderson, and Richard T. Seymour filed a brief for the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law as amicus curiae in No. 94-2107.
Founded in 1839, VMI is today the sole single-sex school among Virginia's 15 public institutions of higher learning. VMI's distinctive mission is to produce "citizen-soldiers," men prepared for leadership in civilian life and in military service. VMI pursues this mission through pervasive training of a kind not available anywhere else in Virginia. Assigning prime place to character development, VMI uses an "adversative method" modeled on English public schools and once characteristic of military instruction. VMI constantly endeavors to instill physical and mental discipline in its cadets and impart to them a strong moral code. The school's graduates leave VMI with heightened comprehension of their capacity to deal with duress and stress, and a large sense of accomplishment for completing the hazardous course.
VMI has notably succeeded in its mission to produce leaders; among its alumni are military generals, Members of Congress, and business executives. The school's alumni overwhelmingly perceive that their VMI training helped them to realize their personal goals. VMI's endowment reflects the loyalty of its graduates; VMI has the largest per-student endowment of all public undergraduate institutions in the Nation.
N either the goal of producing citizen-soldiers nor VMI's implementing methodology is inherently unsuitable to women. And the school's impressive record in producing leaders has made admission desirable to some women. Nevertheless, Virginia has elected to preserve exclusively for men the advantages and opportunities a VMI education affords.
From its establishment in 1839 as one of the Nation's first state military colleges, see 1839 Va. Acts, ch. 20, VMI has remained financially supported by Virginia and "subject to
the control of the [Virginia] General Assembly," Va. Code Ann. § 23-92 (1993). First southern college to teach engineering and industrial chemistry, see H. Wise, Drawing Out the Man: The VMI Story 13 (1978) (The VMI Story), VMI once provided teachers for the Commonwealth's schools, see 1842 Va. Acts, ch. 24, § 2 (requiring every cadet to teach in one of the Commonwealth's schools for a 2-year period).l Civil War strife threatened the school's vitality, but a resourceful superintendent regained legislative support by highlighting "VMI's great potential [,] through its technical know-how," to advance Virginia's postwar recovery. The VMI Story 47.
VMI today enrolls about 1,300 men as cadets.2 Its academic offerings in the liberal arts, sciences, and engineering are also available at other public colleges and universities in Virginia. But VMI's mission is special. It is the mission of the school
"'to produce educated and honorable men, prepared for the varied work of civil life, imbued with love of learning, confident in the functions and attitudes of leadership, possessing a high sense of public service, advocates of the American democracy and free enterprise system, and ready as citizen-soldiers to defend their country in
1 During the Civil War, school teaching became a field dominated by women. See A. Scott, The Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics, 1830-1930, p. 82 (1970).
2 Historically, most of Virginia's public colleges and universities were single sex; by the mid-1970's, however, all except VMI had become coeducational. 766 F. Supp. 1407, 1418-1419 (WD Va. 1991). For example, Virginia's legislature incorporated Farmville Female Seminary Association in 1839, the year VMI opened. 1839 Va. Acts, ch. 167. Originally providing instruction in "English, Latin, Greek, French, and piano" in a "home atmosphere," R. Sprague, Longwood College: A History 7-8, 15 (1989) (Longwood College), Farmville Female Seminary became a public institution in 1884 with a mission to train "white female teachers for public schools," 1884 Va. Acts, ch. 311. The school became Longwood College in 1949, Longwood College 136, and introduced coeducation in 1976, id., at 133.
time of national periL'" 766 F. Supp. 1407, 1425 (WD Va. 1991) (quoting Mission Study Committee of the VMI Board of Visitors, Report, May 16, 1986).
In contrast to the federal service academies, institutions maintained "to prepare cadets for career service in the armed forces," VMI's program "is directed at preparation for both military and civilian life"; "[o]nly about 15% of VMI cadets enter career military service." 766 F. Supp., at 1432.
VMI produces its "citizen-soldiers" through "an adversative, or doubting, model of education" which features "[p]hysical rigor, mental stress, absolute equality of treatment, absence of privacy, minute regulation of behavior, and indoctrination in desirable values." Id., at 1421. As one Commandant of Cadets described it, the adversative method "'dissects the young student,'" and makes him aware of his "'limits and capabilities,'" so that he knows "'how far he can go with his anger, ... how much he can take under stress, ... exactly what he can do when he is physically exhausted.'" Id., at 1421-1422 (quoting Col. N. Bissell).
VMI cadets live in spartan barracks where surveillance is constant and privacy nonexistent; they wear uniforms, eat together in the mess hall, and regularly participate in drills. Id., at 1424, 1432. Entering students are incessantly exposed to the rat line, "an extreme form of the adversative model," comparable in intensity to Marine Corps boot camp. Id., at 1422. Tormenting and punishing, the rat line bonds new cadets to their fellow sufferers and, when they have completed the 7 -month experience, to their former tormentors. Ibid.
VMI's "adversative model" is further characterized by a hierarchical "class system" of privileges and responsibilities, a "dyke system" for assigning a senior class mentor to each entering class "rat," and a stringently enforced "honor code," which prescribes that a cadet" 'does not lie, cheat, steal nor tolerate those who do.'" Id., at 1422-1423.
VMI attracts some applicants because of its reputation as an extraordinarily challenging military school, and "because its alumni are exceptionally close to the school." Id., at 1421. "[W]omen have no opportunity anywhere to gain the benefits of [the system of education at VMI]." Ibid.
In 1990, prompted by a complaint filed with the Attorney General by a female high-school student seeking admission to VMI, the United States sued the Commonwealth of Virginia and VMI, alleging that VMI's exclusively male admission policy violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id., at 1408.3 Trial of the action consumed six days and involved an array of expert witnesses on each side. Ibid.
In the two years preceding the lawsuit, the District Court noted, VMI had received inquiries from 347 women, but had responded to none of them. Id., at 1436. "[S]ome women, at least," the court said, "would want to attend the school if they had the opportunity." Id., at 1414. The court further recognized that, with recruitment, VMI could "achieve at least 10% female enrollment"-"a sufficient 'critical mass' to provide the female cadets with a positive educational experience." Id., at 1437-1438. And it was also established that "some women are capable of all of the individual activities required of VMI cadets." Id., at 1412. In addition, experts agreed that if VMI admitted women, "the VMI ROTC experience would become a better training program from the perspective of the armed forces, because it would provide training in dealing with a mixed-gender army." Id., at 1441.
The District Court ruled in favor of VMI, however, and rejected the equal protection challenge pressed by the United States. That court correctly recognized that Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U. S. 718 (1982), was
3 The District Court allowed the VMI Foundation and the VMI Alumni Association to intervene as defendants. 766 F. Supp., at 1408.
the closest guide. 766 F. Supp., at 1410. There, this Court underscored that a party seeking to uphold government action based on sex must establish an "exceedingly persuasive justification" for the classification. Mississippi Univ. for Women, 458 U. S., at 724 (internal quotation marks omitted). To succeed, the defender of the challenged action must show "at least that the classification serves important governmental objectives and that the discriminatory means employed are substantially related to the achievement of those objectives." Ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted).
The District Court reasoned that education in "a singlegender environment, be it male or female," yields substantial benefits. 766 F. Supp., at 1415. VMI's school for men brought diversity to an otherwise coeducational Virginia system, and that diversity was "enhanced by VMI's unique method of instruction." Ibid. If single-gender education for males ranks as an important governmental objective, it becomes obvious, the District Court concluded, that the only means of achieving the objective "is to exclude women from the all-male institution- VMI." Ibid.
"Women are [indeed] denied a unique educational opportunity that is available only at VMI," the District Court acknowledged. Id., at 1432. But "[VMI's] single-sex status would be lost, and some aspects of the [school's] distinctive method would be altered," if women were admitted, id., at 1413: "Allowance for personal privacy would have to be made," id., at 1412; "[p]hysical education requirements would have to be altered, at least for the women," id., at 1413; the adversative environment could not survive unmodified, id., at 1412-1413. Thus, "sufficient constitutional justification" had been shown, the District Court held, "for continuing [VMI's] single-sex policy." Id., at 1413.
The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit disagreed and vacated the District Court's judgment. The appellate court held: "The Commonwealth of Virginia has not ... advanced any state policy by which it can justify its determination,
under an announced policy of diversity, to afford VMI's unique type of program to men and not to women." 976
The appeals court greeted with skepticism Virginia's assertion that it offers single-sex education at VMI as a facet of the Commonwealth's overarching and undisputed policy to advance "autonomy and diversity." The court underscored Virginia's nondiscrimination commitment: "'[I]t is extremely important that [colleges and universities] deal with faculty, staff, and students without regard to sex, race, or ethnic origin.'" Id., at 899 (quoting 1990 Report of the Virginia Commission on the University of the 21st Century). "That statement," the Court of Appeals said, "is the only explicit one that we have found in the record in which the Commonwealth has expressed itself with respect to gender distinctions." 976 F. 2d, at 899. Furthermore, the appeals court observed, in urging "diversity" to justify an all-male VMI, the Commonwealth had supplied "no explanation for the movement away from [single-sex education] in Virginia by public colleges and universities." Ibid. In short, the court concluded, "[a] policy of diversity which aims to provide an array of educational opportunities, including single-gender institutions, must do more than favor one gender." Ibid.
The parties agreed that "some women can meet the physical standards now imposed on men," id., at 896, and the court was satisfied that "neither the goal of producing citizen soldiers nor VMI's implementing methodology is inherently unsuitable to women," id., at 899. The Court of Appeals, however, accepted the District Court's finding that "at least these three aspects of VMI's program-physical training, the absence of privacy, and the adversative approach-would be materially affected by coeducation." Id., at 896-897. Remanding the case, the appeals court assigned to Virginia, in the first instance, responsibility for selecting a remedial course. The court suggested these options for the Commonwealth: Admit women to VMI; establish parallel institutions
or programs; or abandon state support, leaving VMI free to pursue its policies as a private institution. Id., at 900. In May 1993, this Court denied certiorari. See 508 U. S. 946; see also ibid. (opinion of SCALIA, J., noting the interlocutory posture of the litigation).
In response to the Fourth Circuit's ruling, Virginia proposed a parallel program for women: Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership (VWIL). The 4-year, state-sponsored undergraduate program would be located at Mary Baldwin College, a private liberal arts school for women, and would be open, initially, to about 25 to 30 students. Although VWIL would share VMI's mission-to produce "citizensoldiers" -the VWIL program would differ, as does Mary Baldwin College, from VMI in academic offerings, methods of education, and financial resources. See 852 F. Supp. 471, 476-477 (WD Va. 1994).
The average combined SAT score of entrants at Mary Baldwin is about 100 points lower than the score for VMI freshmen. See id., at 501. Mary Baldwin's faculty holds "significantly fewer Ph. D.'s than the faculty at VMI," id., at 502, and receives significantly lower salaries, see Tr. 158 (testimony of James Lott, Dean of Mary Baldwin College), reprinted in 2 App. in Nos. 94-1667 and 94-1717 (CA4) (hereinafter Tr.). While VMI offers degrees in liberal arts, the sciences, and engineering, Mary Baldwin, at the time of trial, offered only bachelor of arts degrees. See 852 F. Supp., at 503. A VWIL student seeking to earn an engineering degree could gain one, without public support, by attending Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, for two years, paying the required private tuition. See ibid.
Experts in educating women at the college level composed the Task Force charged with designing the VWIL program; Task Force members were drawn from Mary Baldwin's own faculty and staff. Id., at 476. Training its attention on methods of instruction appropriate for "most women," the
Task Force determined that a military model would be "wholly inappropriate" for VWIL. Ibid.; see 44 F.3d 1229, 1233 (CA4 1995).
VWIL students would participate in ROTC programs and a newly established, "largely ceremonial" Virginia Corps of Cadets, id., at 1234, but the VWIL House would not have a military format, 852 F. Supp., at 477, and VWIL would not require its students to eat meals together or to wear uniforms during the schoolday, id., at 495. In lieu of VMI's adversative method, the VWIL Task Force favored "a cooperative method which reinforces self-esteem." Id., at 476. In addition to the standard bachelor of arts program offered at Mary Baldwin, VWIL students would take courses in leadership, complete an off-campus leadership externship, participate in community service projects, and assist in arranging a speaker series. See 44 F. 3d, at 1234.
Virginia represented that it will provide equal financial support for in-state VWIL students and VMI cadets, 852 F. Supp., at 483, and the VMI Foundation agreed to supply a $5.4625 million endowment for the VWIL program, id., at 499. Mary Baldwin's own endowment is about $19 million; VMI's is $131 million. Id., at 503. Mary Baldwin will add $35 million to its endowment based on future commitments; VMI will add $220 million. Ibid. The VMI Alumni Association has developed a network of employers interested in hiring VMI graduates. The Association has agreed to open its network to VWIL graduates, id., at 499, but those graduates will not have the advantage afforded by a VMI degree.
Virginia returned to the District Court seeking approval of its proposed remedial plan, and the court decided the plan met the requirements of the Equal Protection Clause. Id., at 473. The District Court again acknowledged evidentiary support for these determinations: "[T]he VMI methodology could be used to educate women and, in fact, some
women ... may prefer the VMI methodology to the VWIL methodology." Id., at 481. But the "controlling legal principles," the District Court decided, "do not require the Commonwealth to provide a mirror image VMI for women." Ibid. The court anticipated that the two schools would "achieve substantially similar outcomes." Ibid. It concluded: "If VMI marches to the beat of a drum, then Mary Baldwin marches to the melody of a fife and when the march is over, both will have arrived at the same destination." Id., at 484.
A divided Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court's judgment. 44 F.3d 1229 (CA4 1995). This time, the appellate court determined to give "greater scrutiny to the selection of means than to the [Commonwealth's] proffered objective." Id., at 1236. The official objective or purpose, the court said, should be reviewed deferentially. Ibid. Respect for the "legislative will," the court reasoned, meant that the judiciary should take a "cautious approach," inquiring into the "legitima[cy]" of the governmental objective and refusing approval for any purpose revealed to be "pernicious." Ibid.
"[P]roviding the option of a single-gender college education may be considered a legitimate and important aspect of a public system of higher education," the appeals court observed, id., at 1238; that objective, the court added, is "not pernicious," id., at 1239. Moreover, the court continued, the adversative method vital to a VMI education "has never been tolerated in a sexually heterogeneous environment." Ibid. The method itself "was not designed to exclude women," the court noted, but women could not be accommodated in the VMI program, the court believed, for female participation in VMI's adversative training "would destroy ... any sense of decency that still permeates the relationship between the sexes." Ibid.
Having determined, deferentially, the legitimacy of Virginia's purpose, the court considered the question of means.
Exclusion of "men at Mary Baldwin College and women at VMI," the court said, was essential to Virginia's purpose, for without such exclusion, the Commonwealth could not "accomplish [its] objective of providing single-gender education." Ibid.
The court recognized that, as it analyzed the case, means merged into end, and the merger risked "bypass[ing] any equal protection scrutiny." Id., at 1237. The court therefore added another inquiry, a decisive test it called "substantive comparability." Ibid. The key question, the court said, was whether men at VMI and women at VWIL would obtain "substantively comparable benefits at their institution or through other means offered by the [S]tate." Ibid. Although the appeals court recognized that the VWIL degree "lacks the historical benefit and prestige" of a VMI degree, it nevertheless found the educational opportunities at the two schools "sufficiently comparable." Id., at 1241.
Senior Circuit Judge Phillips dissented. The court, in his judgment, had not held Virginia to the burden of showing an "'exceedingly persuasive [justification]''' for the Commonwealth's action. Id., at 1247 (quoting Mississippi Univ. for Women, 458 U. S., at 724). In Judge Phillips' view, the court had accepted "rationalizations compelled by the exigencies of this litigation," and had not confronted the Commonwealth's "actual overriding purpose." 44 F. 3d, at 1247. That purpose, Judge Phillips said, was clear from the historical record; it was "not to create a new type of educational opportunity for women, ... nor to further diversify the Commonwealth's higher education system [,] ... but [was] simply ... to allow VMI to continue to exclude women in order to preserve its historic character and mission." Ibid.
Judge Phillips suggested that the Commonwealth would satisfy the Constitution's equal protection requirement if it "simultaneously opened single-gender undergraduate institutions having substantially comparable curricular and extra-curricular programs, funding, physical plant, adminis-
tration and support services, and faculty and library resources." Id., at 1250. But he thought it evident that the proposed VWIL program, in comparison to VMI, fell "far short ... from providing substantially equal tangible and intangible educational benefits to men and women." Ibid.
The Fourth Circuit denied rehearing en bane. 52 F.3d 90 (1995). Circuit Judge Motz, joined by Circuit Judges Hall, Murnaghan, and Michael, filed a dissenting opinion.4 Judge Motz agreed with Judge Phillips that Virginia had not shown an "'exceedingly persuasive justification'" for the disparate opportunities the Commonwealth supported. Id., at 92 (quoting Mississippi Univ. for Women, 458 U. S., at 724). She asked: "[H]ow can a degree from a yet to be implemented supplemental program at Mary Baldwin be held 'substantively comparable' to a degree from a venerable Virginia military institution that was established more than 150 years ago?" 52 F. 3d, at 93. "Women need not be guaranteed equal 'results,'" Judge Motz said, "but the Equal Protection Clause does require equal opportunity ... [and] that opportunity is being denied here." Ibid.
The cross-petitions in this suit present two ultimate issues. First, does Virginia's exclusion of women from the educational opportunities provided by VMI -extraordinary opportunities for military training and civilian leadership development-deny to women "capable of all of the individual activities required of VMI cadets," 766 F. Supp., at 1412, the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment? Second, if VMI's "unique" situation, id., at 1413-as Virginia's sole single-sex public institution of
4 Six judges voted to rehear the case en banc, four voted against rehearing, and three were recused. The Fourth Circuit's local Rule permits rehearing en banc only on the vote of a majority of the Circuit's judges in regular active service (currently 13) without regard to recusals. See 52 F. 3d, at 91, and n. 1.
higher education-offends the Constitution's equal protection principle, what is the remedial requirement?
We note, once again, the core instruction of this Court's pathmarking decisions in J. E. B. v. Alabama ex rel. T. B., 511 U. S. 127, 136-137, and n. 6 (1994), and Mississippi Univ. for Women, 458 U. S., at 724 (internal quotation marks omitted): Parties who seek to defend gender-based government action must demonstrate an "exceedingly persuasive justification" for that action.
Today's skeptical scrutiny of official action denying rights or opportunities based on sex responds to volumes of history. As a plurality of this Court acknowledged a generation ago, "our Nation has had a long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination." Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U. S. 677, 684 (1973). Through a century plus three decades and more of that history, women did not count among voters composing "We the People"; 5 not until 1920 did women gain a constitutional right to the franchise. Id., at 685. And for a half century thereafter, it remained the prevailing doctrine that government, both federal and state, could withhold from women opportunities accorded men so long as any "basis in reason" could be conceived for the discrimination. See, e. g., Goesaert v. Cleary, 335 U. S. 464, 467 (1948) (rejecting challenge of female tavern owner and her daughter to Michigan law denying bartender licenses to females-except for wives and daughters of male tavern owners; Court would not "give ear" to the contention that "an unchivalrous desire of male
5 As Thomas Jefferson stated the view prevailing when the Constitution was new:
"Were our State a pure democracy ... there would yet be excluded from their deliberations ... [w]omen, who, to prevent depravation of morals and ambiguity of issue, could not mix promiscuously in the public meetings of men." Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Kercheval (Sept. 5, 1816), in 10 Writings of Thomas Jefferson 45-46, n. 1 (P. Ford ed. 1899).
bartenders to ... monopolize the calling" prompted the legislation).
In 1971, for the first time in our Nation's history, this Court ruled in favor of a woman who complained that her State had denied her the equal protection of its laws. Reed v. Reed, 404 U. S. 71, 73 (holding unconstitutional Idaho Code prescription that, among "'several persons claiming and equally entitled to administer [a decedent's estate], males must be preferred to females' "). Since Reed, the Court has repeatedly recognized that neither federal nor state government acts compatibly with the equal protection principle when a law or official policy denies to women, simply because they are women, full citizenship stature-equal opportunity to aspire, achieve, participate in and contribute to society based on their individual talents and capacities. See, e. g., Kirchberg v. Feenstra, 450 U. S. 455, 462-463 (1981) (affirming invalidity of Louisiana law that made husband "head and master" of property jointly owned with his wife, giving him unilateral right to dispose of such property without his wife's consent); Stanton v. Stanton, 421 U. S. 7 (1975) (invalidating Utah requirement that parents support boys until age 21, girls only until age 18).
Without equating gender classifications, for all purposes, to classifications based on race or national origin,6 the Court, in post-Reed decisions, has carefully inspected official action that closes a door or denies opportunity to women (or to men). See J. E. B., 511 U. S., at 152 (KENNEDY, J., concurring in judgment) (case law evolving since 1971 "reveal[s] a strong presumption that gender classifications are invalid"). To summarize the Court's current directions for cases of official classification based on gender: Focusing on the differen-
6 The Court has thus far reserved most stringent judicial scrutiny for classifications based on race or national origin, but last Term observed that strict scrutiny of such classifications is not inevitably "fatal in fact." Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U. S. 200, 237 (1995) (internal quotation marks omitted).
tial treatment or denial of opportunity for which relief is sought, the reviewing court must determine whether the proffered justification is "exceedingly persuasive." The burden of justification is demanding and it rests entirely on the State. See Mississippi Univ. for Women, 458 U. S., at 724. The State must show "at least that the [challenged] classification serves 'important governmental objectives and that the discriminatory means employed' are 'substantially related to the achievement of those objectives.'" Ibid. (quoting Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co., 446 U. S. 142, 150 (1980)). The justification must be genuine, not hypothesized or invented post hoc in response to litigation. And it must not rely on overbroad generalizations about the different talents, capacities, or preferences of males and females. See Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U. S. 636, 643, 648 (1975); Califano v. Goldfarb, 430 U. S. 199, 223-224 (1977) (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment).
The heightened review standard our precedent establishes does not make sex a proscribed classification. Supposed "inherent differences" are no longer accepted as a ground for race or national origin classifications. See Loving v. Virginia, 388 U. S. 1 (1967). Physical differences between men and women, however, are enduring: "[T]he two sexes are not fungible; a community made up exclusively of one [sex] is different from a community composed of both." Ballard v. United States, 329 U. S. 187, 193 (1946).
"Inherent differences" between men and women, we have come to appreciate, remain cause for celebration, but not for denigration of the members of either sex or for artificial constraints on an individual's opportunity. Sex classifications may be used to compensate women "for particular economic disabilities [they have] suffered," Califano v. Webster, 430 U. S. 313, 320 (1977) (per curiam), to "promot[e] equal employment opportunity," see California Fed. Sav. & Loan Assn. v. Guerra, 479 U. S. 272, 289 (1987), to advance full development of the talent and capacities of our Nation's peo-
ple.7 But such classifications may not be used, as they once were, see Goesaert, 335 U. S., at 467, to create or perpetuate the legal, social, and economic inferiority of women.
Measuring the record in this case against the review standard just described, we conclude that Virginia has shown no "exceedingly persuasive justification" for excluding all women from the citizen-soldier training afforded by VMI. We therefore affirm the Fourth Circuit's initial judgment, which held that Virginia had violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. Because the remedy proffered by Virginia-the Mary Baldwin VWIL program-does not cure the constitutional violation, i. e., it does not provide equal opportunity, we reverse the Fourth Circuit's final judgment in this case.
The Fourth Circuit initially held that Virginia had advanced no state policy by which it could justify, under equal protection principles, its determination "to afford VMI's unique type of program to men and not to women." 976 F. 2d, at 892. Virginia challenges that "liability" ruling and asserts two justifications in defense of VMI's exclusion of
7 Several amici have urged that diversity in educational opportunities is an altogether appropriate governmental pursuit and that single-sex schools can contribute importantly to such diversity. Indeed, it is the mission of some single-sex schools "to dissipate, rather than perpetuate, traditional gender classifications." See Brief for Twenty-six Private Women's Colleges as Amici Curiae 5. We do not question the Commonwealth's prerogative evenhandedly to support diverse educational opportunities. We address specifically and only an educational opportunity recognized by the District Court and the Court of Appeals as "unique," see 766 F. Supp., at 1413, 1432; 976 F. 2d, at 892, an opportunity available only at Virginia's premier military institute, the Commonwealth's sole single-sex public university or college. Cf. Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U. S. 718, 720, n. 1 (1982) ("Mississippi maintains no other single-sex public university or college. Thus, we are not faced with the question of whether States can provide 'separate but equal' undergraduate institutions for males and females.").
women. First, the Commonwealth contends, "single-sex education provides important educational benefits," Brief for Cross-Petitioners 20, and the option of single-sex education contributes to "diversity in educational approaches," id., at 25. Second, the Commonwealth argues, "the unique VMI method of character development and leadership training," the school's adversative approach, would have to be modified were VMI to admit women. Id., at 33-36 (internal quotation marks omitted). We consider these two justifications in turn.
Single-sex education affords pedagogical benefits to at least some students, Virginia emphasizes, and that reality is uncontested in this litigation.8 Similarly, it is not disputed that diversity among public educational institutions can serve the public good. But Virginia has not shown that VMI was established, or has been maintained, with a view to diversifying, by its categorical exclusion of women, educational opportunities within the Commonwealth. In cases of this genre, our precedent instructs that "benign" justifications proffered in defense of categorical exclusions will not be accepted automatically; a tenable justification must describe actual state purposes, not rationalizations for ac-
8 On this point, the dissent sees fire where there is no flame. See post, at 596-598, 598-600. "Both men and women can benefit from a single-sex education," the District Court recognized, although "the beneficial effects" of such education, the court added, apparently "are stronger among women than among men." 766 F. Supp., at 1414. The United States does not challenge that recognition. Cf. C. Jencks & D. Riesman, The Academic Revolution 297-298 (1968):
"The pluralistic argument for preserving all-male colleges is uncomfortably similar to the pluralistic argument for preserving all-white colleges .... The all-male college would be relatively easy to defend if it emerged from a world in which women were established as fully equal to men. But it does not. It is therefore likely to be a witting or unwitting device for preserving tacit assumptions of male superiority-assumptions for which women must eventually pay."
tions in fact differently grounded. See Wiesenfeld, 420 U. S., at 648, and n. 16 ("mere recitation of a benign [or] compensatory purpose" does not block "inquiry into the actual purposes" of government-maintained gender-based classifications); Goldfarb, 430 U. S., at 212-213 (rejecting government-proffered purposes after "inquiry into the actual purposes" (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Mississippi Univ. for Women is immediately in point.
There the State asserted, in justification of its exclusion of men from a nursing school, that it was engaging in "educational affirmative action" by "compensat[ing] for discrimination against women." 458 U. S., at 727. Undertaking a "searching analysis," id., at 728, the Court found no close resemblance between "the alleged objective" and "the actual purpose underlying the discriminatory classification," id., at 730. Pursuing a similar inquiry here, we reach the same conclusion.
Neither recent nor distant history bears out Virginia's alleged pursuit of diversity through single-sex educational options. In 1839, when the Commonwealth established VMI, a range of educational opportunities for men and women was scarcely contemplated. Higher education at the time was considered dangerous for women; 9 reflecting
9 Dr. Edward H. Clarke of Harvard Medical School, whose influential book, Sex in Education, went through 17 editions, was perhaps the most well-known speaker from the medical community opposing higher education for women. He maintained that the physiological effects of hard study and academic competition with boys would interfere with the development of girls' reproductive organs. See E. Clarke, Sex in Education 38-39, 62-63 (1873); id., at 127 ("identical education of the two sexes is a crime before God and humanity, that physiology protests against, and that experience weeps over"); see also H. Maudsley, Sex in Mind and in Education 17 (1874) ("It is not that girls have not ambition, nor that they fail generally to run the intellectual race [in coeducational settings], but it is asserted that they do it at a cost to their strength and health which entails life-long suffering, and even incapacitates them for the adequate performance of the natural functions of their sex."); C. Meigs, Females and Their Diseases 350 (1848) (after five or six weeks of "mental and educational discipline," a healthy woman would "lose ... the habit of menstruation"
widely held views about women's proper place, the Nation's first universities and colleges-for example, Harvard in Massachusetts, William and Mary in Virginia-admitted only men. See E. Farello, A History of the Education of Women in the United States 163 (1970). VMI was not at all novel in this respect: In admitting no women, VMI followed the lead of the Commonwealth's flagship school, the University of Virginia, founded in 1819.
"[N]o struggle for the admission of women to a state university," a historian has recounted, "was longer drawn out, or developed more bitterness, than that at the University of Virginia." 2 T. Woody, A History of Women's Education in the United States 254 (1929) (History of Women's Education). In 1879, the State Senate resolved to look into the possibility of higher education for women, recognizing that Virginia "'has never, at any period of her history,'" provided for the higher education of her daughters, though she" 'has liberally provided for the higher education of her sons.'" Ibid. (quoting 10 Educ. J. Va. 212 (1879)). Despite this recognition, no new opportunities were instantly open to women.10
Virginia eventually provided for several women's seminaries and colleges. Farmville Female Seminary became a public institution in 1884. See supra, at 521, n. 2. Two women's schools, Mary Washington College and James Madison University, were founded in 1908; another, Radford University, was founded in 1910. 766 F. Supp., at 1418-1419. By the mid-1970's, all four schools had become coeducational. Ibid.
Debate concerning women's admission as undergraduates at the main university continued well past the century's midpoint. Familiar arguments were rehearsed. If women
and suffer numerous ills as a result of depriving her body for the sake of her mind).
10 Virginia's Superintendent of Public Instruction dismissed the coeducational idea as '''repugnant to the prejudices of the people'" and proposed a female college similar in quality to Girton, Smith, or Vassar. 2 History of Women's Education 254 (quoting Dept. of Interior, 1 Report of Commissioner of Education, H. R. Doc. No.5, 58th Cong., 2d Sess., 438 (1904)).
were admitted, it was feared, they "would encroach on the rights of men; there would be new problems of government, perhaps scandals; the old honor system would have to be changed; standards would be lowered to those of other coeducational schools; and the glorious reputation of the university, as a school for men, would be trailed in the dust." 2 History of Women's Education 255.
Ultimately, in 1970, "the most prestigious institution of higher education in Virginia," the University of Virginia, introduced coeducation and, in 1972, began to admit women on an equal basis with men. See Kirstein v. Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Virginia, 309 F. Supp. 184, 186 (ED Va. 1970). A three-judge Federal District Court confirmed:
"Virginia may not now deny to women, on the basis of sex, educational opportunities at the Charlottesville campus that are not afforded in other institutions operated by the [S]tate." Id., at 187.
Virginia describes the current absence of public single-sex higher education for women as "an historical anomaly." Brief for Cross-Petitioners 30. But the historical record indicates action more deliberate than anomalous: First, protection of women against higher education; next, schools for women far from equal in resources and stature to schools for men; finally, conversion of the separate schools to coeducation. The state legislature, prior to the advent of this controversy, had repealed "[a]ll Virginia statutes requiring individual institutions to admit only men or women." 766 F. Supp., at 1419. And in 1990, an official commission, "legislatively established to chart the future goals of higher education in Virginia," reaffirmed the policy" 'of affording broad access" while maintaining "autonomy and diversity.'" 976 F. 2d, at 898-899 (quoting Report of the Virginia Commission on the University of the 21st Century). Significantly, the commission reported:
"'Because colleges and universities provide opportunities for students to develop values and learn from role
models, it is extremely important that they deal with faculty, staff, and students without regard to sex, race, or ethnic origin.'" Id., at 899 (emphasis supplied by Court of Appeals deleted).
This statement, the Court of Appeals observed, "is the only explicit one that we have found in the record in which the Commonwealth has expressed itself with respect to gender distinctions." Ibid.
Our 1982 decision in Mississippi Univ. for Women prompted VMI to reexamine its male-only admission policy. See 766 F. Supp., at 1427-1428. Virginia relies on that reexamination as a legitimate basis for maintaining VMI's single-sex character. See Reply Brief for Cross-Petitioners 6. A Mission Study Committee, appointed by the VMI Board of Visitors, studied the problem from October 1983 until May 1986, and in that month counseled against "change of VMI status as a single-sex college." See 766 F. Supp., at 1429 (internal quotation marks omitted). Whatever internal purpose the Mission Study Committee served-and however well meaning the framers of the report-we can hardly extract from that effort any commonwealth policy evenhandedly to advance diverse educational options. As the District Court observed, the Committee's analysis "primarily focuse[d] on anticipated difficulties in attracting females to VMI," and the report, overall, supplied "very little indication of how thee] conclusion was reached." Ibid.
In sum, we find no persuasive evidence in this record that VMI's male-only admission policy "is in furtherance of a state policy of 'diversity.'" See 976 F. 2d, at 899. No such policy, the Fourth Circuit observed, can be discerned from the movement of all other public colleges and universities in Virginia away from single-sex education. See ibid. That court also questioned "how one institution with autonomy, but with no authority over any other state institution, can give effect to a state policy of diversity among institutions." Ibid. A purpose genuinely to advance an array of educa-
tional options, as the Court of Appeals recognized, is not served by VMI's historic and constant plan-a plan to "affor[d] a unique educational benefit only to males." Ibid. However "liberally" this plan serves the Commonwealth's sons, it makes no provision whatever for her daughters. That is not equal protection.
Virginia next argues that VMI's adversative method of training provides educational benefits that cannot be made available, unmodified, to women. Alterations to accommodate women would necessarily be "radical," so "drastic," Virginia asserts, as to transform, indeed "destroy," VMI's program. See Brief for Cross-Petitioners 34-36. Neither sex would be favored by the transformation, Virginia maintains:
Men would be deprived of the unique opportunity currently available to them; women would not gain that opportunity because their participation would "eliminat[e] the very aspects of [the] program that distinguish [VMI] from ... other institutions of higher education in Virginia." Id., at 34.
The District Court forecast from expert witness testimony, and the Court of Appeals accepted, that coeducation would materially affect "at least these three aspects of VMI's program-physical training, the absence of privacy, and the adversative approach." 976 F. 2d, at 896-897. And it is uncontested that women's admission would require accommodations, primarily in arranging housing assignments and physical training programs for female cadets. See Brief for Cross-Respondent 11, 29-30. It is also undisputed, however, that "the VMI methodology could be used to educate women." 852 F. Supp., at 481. The District Court even allowed that some women may prefer it to the methodology a women's college might pursue. See ibid. "[S]ome women, at least, would want to attend [VMI] if they had the opportunity," the District Court recognized, 766 F. Supp., at 1414, and "some women," the expert testimony established, "are
capable of all of the individual activities required of VMI cadets," id., at 1412. The parties, furthermore, agree that "some women can meet the physical standards [VMI] now impose[s] on men." 976 F. 2d, at 896. In sum, as the Court of Appeals stated, "neither the goal of producing citizen soldiers," VMI's raison detre, "nor VMI's implementing methodology is inherently unsuitable to women." Id., at 899.
In support of its initial judgment for Virginia, a judgment rejecting all equal protection objections presented by the United States, the District Court made "findings" on "gender-based developmental differences." 766 F. Supp., at 1434-1435. These "findings" restate the opinions of Virginia's expert witnesses, opinions about typically male or typically female "tendencies." Id., at 1434. For example, "[m]ales tend to need an atmosphere of adversativeness," while "[f]emales tend to thrive in a cooperative atmosphere." Ibid. "I'm not saying that some women don't do well under [the] adversative model," VMI's expert on educational institutions testified, "undoubtedly there are some [women] who do"; but educational experiences must be designed "around the rule," this expert maintained, and not "around the exception." Ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted).
The United States does not challenge any expert witness estimation on average capacities or preferences of men and women. Instead, the United States emphasizes that time and again since this Court's turning point decision in Reed v. Reed, 404 U. S. 71 (1971), we have cautioned reviewing courts to take a "hard look" at generalizations or "tendencies" of the kind pressed by Virginia, and relied upon by the District Court. See O'Connor, Portia's Progress, 66 N. Y. U. L. Rev. 1546, 1551 (1991). State actors controlling gates to opportunity, we have instructed, may not exclude qualified individuals based on "fixed notions concerning the roles and abilities of males and females." Mississippi Univ. for Women, 458 U. S., at 725; see J. E. B., 511 U. S., at 139, n. 11 (equal protection principles, as applied to gender classifications, mean
state actors may not rely on "overbroad" generalizations to make "judgments about people that are likely to ... perpetuate historical patterns of discrimination").
It may be assumed, for purposes of this decision, that most women would not choose VMI's adversative method. As Fourth Circuit Judge Motz observed, however, in her dissent from the Court of Appeals' denial of rehearing en bane, it is also probable that "many men would not want to be educated in such an environment." 52 F. 3d, at 93. (On that point, even our dissenting colleague might agree.) Education, to be sure, is not a "one size fits all" business. The issue, however, is not whether "women-or men-should be forced to attend VMI"; rather, the question is whether the Commonwealth can constitutionally deny to women who have the will and capacity, the training and attendant opportunities that VMI uniquely affords. Ibid.
The notion that admission of women would downgrade VMI's stature, destroy the adversative system and, with it, even the school,l1 is a judgment hardly proved,12 a prediction
11 See post, at 566, 598-599, 603. Forecasts of the same kind were made regarding admission of women to the federal military academies. See, e. g., Hearings on H. R. 9832 et al. before Subcommittee No.2 of the House Committee on Armed Services, 93d Cong., 2d Sess., 137 (1975) (statement of Lt. Gen. A. P. Clark, Superintendent of U. S. Air Force Academy) ("It is my considered judgment that the introduction of female cadets will inevitably erode this vital atmosphere."); id., at 165 (statement of Hon. H. H. Callaway, Secretary of the Army) ("Admitting women to West Point would irrevocably change the Academy .... The Spartan atmospherewhich is so important to producing the final product-would surely be diluted, and would in all probability disappear.").
12 See 766 F. Supp., at 1413 (describing testimony of expert witness David Riesman: "[I]f VMI were to admit women, it would eventually find it necessary to drop the adversative system altogether, and adopt a system that provides more nurturing and support for the students."). Such judgments have attended, and impeded, women's progress toward full citizenship stature throughout our Nation's history. Speaking in 1879 in support of higher education for females, for example, Virginia State Senator C. T. Smith of Nelson recounted that legislation proposed to pro-
hardly different from other "self-fulfilling prophec[ies]," see Mississippi Univ. for Women, 458 U. S., at 730, once routinely used to deny rights or opportunities. When women first sought admission to the bar and access to legal education, concerns of the same order were expressed. For example, in 1876, the Court of Common Pleas of Hennepin County, Minnesota, explained why women were thought ineligible for the practice of law. Women train and educate the young, the court said, which
"forbids that they shall bestow that time (early and late) and labor, so essential in attaining to the eminence to which the true lawyer should ever aspire. It cannot therefore be said that the opposition of courts to the admission of females to practice ... is to any extent the outgrowth of ... 'old fogyism [.J' ... [I]t arises rather from a comprehension of the magnitude of the responsibilities connected with the successful practice of law, and a desire to grade up the profession." In re Application of Martha Angle Dorsett to Be Admitted to Practice as Attorney and Counselor at Law (Minn. C. P. Hennepin Cty., 1876), in The Syllabi, Oct. 21, 1876, pp. 5, 6 (emphasis added).
A like fear, according to a 1925 report, accounted for Columbia Law School's resistance to women's admission, although
"[t]he faculty ... never maintained that women could not master legal learning .... No, its argument has been ... more practical. If women were admitted to
tect the property rights of women had encountered resistance. 10 Educ. J. Va. 213 (1879). A Senator opposing the measures objected that "there [was] no formal call for the [legislation]," and "depicted in burning eloquence the terrible consequences such laws would produce." Ibid. The legislation passed, and a year or so later, its sponsor, C. T. Smith, reported that "not one of [the forecast "terrible consequences"] has or ever will happen, even unto the sounding of Gabriel's trumpet." Ibid. See also supra, at 537-538.
the Columbia Law School, [the faculty] said, then the choicer, more manly and red-blooded graduates of our great universities would go to the Harvard Law Schoo!!" The Nation, Feb. 18, 1925, p. 173.
Medical faculties similarly resisted men and women as partners in the study of medicine. See R. Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine 51-54, 250 (1985); see also M. Walsh, "Doctors Wanted:
No Women Need Apply" 121-122 (1977) (quoting E. Clarke, Medical Education of Women, 4 Boston Med. & Surg. J. 345, 346 (1869) (" 'God forbid that I should ever see men and women aiding each other to display with the scalpel the secrets of the reproductive system .... ' ")); cf. supra, at 536537, n. 9. More recently, women seeking careers in policing encountered resistance based on fears that their presence would "undermine male solidarity," see F. Heidensohn, Women in Control? 201 (1992); deprive male partners of adequate assistance, see id., at 184-185; and lead to sexual misconduct, see C. Milton et al., Women in Policing 32-33 (1974). Field studies did not confirm these fears. See Heidensohn, supra, at 92-93; P. Bloch & D. Anderson, Policewomen on Patrol: Final Report (1974).
Women's successful entry into the federal military academies,13 and their participation in the Nation's military forces,14 indicate that Virginia's fears for the future of VMI
13 Women cadets have graduated at the top of their class at every federal military academy. See Brief for Lieutenant Colonel Rhonda Cornum et al. as Amici Curiae 11, n. 25; cf. Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services, Report on the Integration and Performance of Women at West Point 64 (1992).
14 Brief for Lieutenant Colonel Rhonda Cornum, supra, at 5-9 (reporting the vital contributions and courageous performance of women in the military); see Mintz, President Nominates 1st Woman to Rank of Three-Star General, Washington Post, Mar. 27, 1996, p. A19, col. 1 (announcing President's nomination of Marine Corps Major General Carol Mutter to rank of Lieutenant General; Mutter will head corps manpower and planning); Tousignant, A New Era for the Old Guard, Washington Post, Mar. 23,
may not be solidly grounded.15 The Commonwealth's justification for excluding all women from "citizen-soldier" training for which some are qualified, in any event, cannot rank as "exceedingly persuasive," as we have explained and applied that standard.
Virginia and VMI trained their argument on "means" rather than "end," and thus misperceived our precedent. Single-sex education at VMI serves an "important governmental objective," they maintained, and exclusion of women is not only "substantially related," it is essential to that objective. By this notably circular argument, the "straightforward" test Mississippi Univ. for Women described, see 458 U. S., at 724-725, was bent and bowed.
The Commonwealth's misunderstanding and, in turn, the District Court's, is apparent from VMI's mission: to produce "citizen-soldiers," individuals
"'imbued with love of learning, confident in the functions and attitudes of leadership, possessing a high sense of public service, advocates of the American democracy and free enterprise system, and ready ... to defend their country in time of national periL'" 766 F. Supp., at 1425 (quoting Mission Study Committee of the VMI Board of Visitors, Report, May 16, 1986).
Surely that goal is great enough to accommodate women, who today count as citizens in our American democracy equal in stature to men. Just as surely, the Commonwealth's
1996, p. C1, col. 2 (reporting admission of Sergeant Heather Johnsen to elite Infantry unit that keeps round-the-clock vigil at Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery).
15 Inclusion of women in settings where, traditionally, they were not wanted inevitably entails a period of adjustment. As one West Point cadet squad leader recounted: "[T]he classes of '78 and '79 see the women as women, but the classes of '80 and '81 see them as classmates." U. S. Military Academy, A. Vitters, Report of Admission of Women (Project Athena II) 84 (1978) (internal quotation marks omitted).
great goal is not substantially advanced by women's categorical exclusion, in total disregard of their individual merit, from the Commonwealth's premier "citizen-soldier" corps.16 Virginia, in sum, "has fallen far short of establishing the 'exceedingly persuasive justification,'" Mississippi Univ. for Women, 458 U. S., at 731, that must be the solid base for any gender-defined classification.
In the second phase of the litigation, Virginia presented its remedial plan-maintain VMI as a male-only college and create VWIL as a separate program for women. The plan met District Court approval. The Fourth Circuit, in turn, deferentially reviewed the Commonwealth's proposal and decided that the two single-sex programs directly served Virginia's reasserted purposes: single-gender education, and "achieving the results of an adversative method in a military environment." See 44 F. 3d, at 1236, 1239. Inspecting the VMI and VWIL educational programs to determine whether they "afford[ed] to both genders benefits comparable in substance, [if] not in form and detail," id., at 1240, the Court of Appeals concluded that Virginia had arranged for men and women opportunities "sufficiently comparable" to survive equal protection evaluation, id., at 1240-1241. The United States challenges this "remedial" ruling as pervasively misguided.
16 VMI has successfully managed another notable change. The school admitted its first African-American cadets in 1968. See The VMI Story 347-349 (students no longer sing "Dixie," salute the Confederate flag or the tomb of General Robert E. Lee at ceremonies and sports events). As the District Court noted, VMI established a program on "retention of black cadets" designed to offer academic and social-cultural support to "minority members of a dominantly white and tradition-oriented student body." 766 F. Supp., at 1436-1437. The school maintains a "special recruitment program for blacks" which, the District Court found, "has had little, if any, effect on VMI's method of accomplishing its mission." Id., at 1437.
A remedial decree, this Court has said, must closely fit the constitutional violation; it must be shaped to place persons unconstitutionally denied an opportunity or advantage in "the position they would have occupied in the absence of [discrimination]." See Milliken v. Bradley, 433 U. S. 267, 280 (1977) (internal quotation marks omitted). The constitutional violation in this suit is the categorical exclusion of women from an extraordinary educational opportunity afforded men. A proper remedy for an unconstitutional exclusion, we have explained, aims to "eliminate [so far as possible] the discriminatory effects of the past" and to "bar like discrimination in the future." Louisiana v. United States, 380 U. S. 145, 154 (1965).
Virginia chose not to eliminate, but to leave untouched, VMI's exclusionary policy. For women only, however, Virginia proposed a separate program, different in kind from VMI and unequal in tangible and intangible facilities.17 Having violated the Constitution's equal protection requirement, Virginia was obliged to show that its remedial proposal "directly address[ed] and relate[d] to" the violation, see Milliken, 433 U. S., at 282, i. e., the equal protection denied to women ready, willing, and able to benefit from educational
17 As earlier observed, see supra, at 529, Judge Phillips, in dissent, measured Virginia's plan against a paradigm arrangement, one that "could survive equal protection scrutiny": single-sex schools with "substantially comparable curricular and extra-curricular programs, funding, physical plant, administration and support services, ... faculty [,] and library resources." 44 F.3d 1229, 1250 (CA4 1995). Cf. Bray v. Lee, 337 F. Supp. 934 (Mass. 1972) (holding inconsistent with the Equal Protection Clause admission of males to Boston's Boys Latin School with a test score of 120 or higher (up to a top score of 200) while requiring a score, on the same test, of at least 133 for admission of females to Girls Latin School, but not ordering coeducation). Measuring VMIIVWIL against the paradigm, Judge Phillips said, "reveals how far short the [Virginia] plan falls from providing substantially equal tangible and intangible educational benefits to men and women." 44 F. 3d, at 1250.
opportunities of the kind VMI offers. Virginia described VWIL as a "parallel program," and asserted that VWIL shares VMI's mission of producing "citizen-soldiers" and VMI's goals of providing "education, military training, mental and physical discipline, character ... and leadership development." Brief for Respondents 24 (internal quotation marks omitted). If the VWIL program could not "eliminate the discriminatory effects of the past," could it at least "bar like discrimination in the future"? See Louisiana, 380 U. S., at 154. A comparison of the programs said to be "parallel" informs our answer. In exposing the character of, and differences in, the VMI and VWIL programs, we recapitulate facts earlier presented. See supra, at 520-523, 526-527.
VWIL affords women no opportunity to experience the rigorous military training for which VMI is famed. See 766 F. Supp., at 1413-1414 ("No other school in Virginia or in the United States, public or private, offers the same kind of rigorous military training as is available at VMI."); id., at 1421 (VMI "is known to be the most challenging military school in the United States"). Instead, the VWIL program "deemphasize[s]" military education, 44 F. 3d, at 1234, and uses a "cooperative method" of education "which reinforces self-esteem," 852 F. Supp., at 476.
VWIL students participate in ROTC and a "largely ceremonial" Virginia Corps of Cadets, see 44 F. 3d, at 1234, but Virginia deliberately did not make VWIL a military institute. The VWIL House is not a military-style residence and VWIL students need not live together throughout the 4-year program, eat meals together, or wear uniforms during the schoolday. See 852 F. Supp., at 477, 495. VWIL students thus do not experience the "barracks" life "crucial to the VMI experience," the spartan living arrangements designed to foster an "egalitarian ethic." See 766 F. Supp., at 14231424. "[T]he most important aspects of the VMI educational experience occur in the barracks," the District Court
found, id., at 1423, yet Virginia deemed that core experience nonessential, indeed inappropriate, for training its female citizen-soldiers.
VWIL students receive their "leadership training" in seminars, externships, and speaker series, see 852 F. Supp., at 477, episodes and encounters lacking the "[p]hysical rigor, mental stress, ... minute regulation of behavior, and indoctrination in desirable values" made hallmarks of VMI's citizen-soldier training, see 766 F. Supp., at 1421.18 Kept away from the pressures, hazards, and psychological bonding characteristic of VMI's adversative training, see id., at 1422, VWIL students will not know the "feeling of tremendous accomplishment" commonly experienced by VMI's successful cadets, id., at 1426.
Virginia maintains that these methodological differences are "justified pedagogically," based on "important differences between men and women in learning and developmental needs," "psychological and sociological differences" Virginia describes as "real" and "not stereotypes." Brief for Respondents 28 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Task Force charged with developing the leadership program for women, drawn from the staff and faculty at Mary Baldwin College, "determined that a military model and, especially VMI's adversative method, would be wholly inappropriate for educating and training most women." 852 F. Supp., at 476 (emphasis added). See also 44 F. 3d, at 1233-1234 (noting Task Force conclusion that, while "some women would be suited to and interested in [a VMI -style experience]," VMI's adversative method "would not be effective for women as a group" (emphasis added)). The Com-
18 Both programs include an honor system. Students at VMI are expelled forthwith for honor code violations, see 766 F. Supp., at 1423; the system for VWIL students, see 852 F. Supp., at 496-497, is less severe, see Tr. 414-415 (testimony of Mary Baldwin College President Cynthia Tyson).
monwealth embraced the Task Force view, as did expert witnesses who testified for Virginia. See 852 F. Supp., at 480-481.
As earlier stated, see supra, at 541-542, generalizations about "the way women are," estimates of what is appropriate for most women, no longer justify denying opportunity to women whose talent and capacity place them outside the average description. Notably, Virginia never asserted that VMI's method of education suits most men. It is also revealing that Virginia accounted for its failure to make the VWIL experience "the entirely militaristic experience of VMI" on the ground that VWIL "is planned for women who do not necessarily expect to pursue military careers." 852 F. Supp., at 478. By that reasoning, VMI's "entirely militaristic" program would be inappropriate for men in general or as a group, for "[o]nly about 15% of VMI cadets enter career military service." See 766 F. Supp., at 1432.
In contrast to the generalizations about women on which Virginia rests, we note again these dispositive realities:
VMI's "implementing methodology" is not "inherently unsuitable to women," 976 F. 2d, at 899; "some women ... do well under [the] adversative model," 766 F. Supp., at 1434 (internal quotation marks omitted); "some women, at least, would want to attend [VMI] if they had the opportunity," id., at 1414; "some women are capable of all of the individual activities required of VMI cadets," id., at 1412, and "can meet the physical standards [VMI] now impose[s] on men," 976 F. 2d, at 896. It is on behalf of these women that the United States has instituted this suit, and it is for them that a remedy must be crafted,19 a remedy that will end their
19 Admitting women to VMI would undoubtedly require alterations necessary to afford members of each sex privacy from the other sex in living arrangements, and to adjust aspects of the physical training programs. See Brief for Petitioner 27-29; cf. note following 10 U. S. C. § 4342 (academic and other standards for women admitted to the Military, Naval,
exclusion from a state-supplied educational opportunity for which they are fit, a decree that will "bar like discrimination in the future." Louisiana, 380 U. S., at 154.
In myriad respects other than military training, VWIL does not qualify as VMI's equal. VWIL's student body, faculty, course offerings, and facilities hardly match VMI's. Nor can the VWIL graduate anticipate the benefits associated with VMI's 157-year history, the school's prestige, and its influential alumni network.
Mary Baldwin College, whose degree VWIL students will gain, enrolls first-year women with an average combined SAT score about 100 points lower than the average score for VMI freshmen. 852 F. Supp., at 501. The Mary Baldwin faculty holds "significantly fewer Ph. D.'s," id., at 502, and receives substantially lower salaries, see Tr. 158 (testimony of James Lott, Dean of Mary Baldwin College), than the faculty at VMI.
Mary Baldwin does not offer a VWIL student the range of curricular choices available to a VMI cadet. VMI awards baccalaureate degrees in liberal arts, biology, chemistry, civil engineering, electrical and computer engineering, and mechanical engineering. See 852 F. Supp., at 503; Virginia Military Institute: More than an Education 11 (Govt. exh. 75,
and Air Force Academies "shall be the same as those required for male individuals, except for those minimum essential adjustments in such standards required because of physiological differences between male and female individuals"). Experience shows such adjustments are manageable. See U. S. Military Academy, A. Vitters, N. Kinzer, & J. Adams, Report of Admission of Women (Project Athena I-IV) (1977-1980) (4-year longitudinal study of the admission of women to West Point); Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services, Report on the Integration and Performance of Women at West Point 17-18 (1992).
lodged with Clerk of this Court). VWIL students attend a school that "does not have a math and science focus," 852 F. Supp., at 503; they cannot take at Mary Baldwin any courses in engineering or the advanced math and physics courses VMI offers, see id., at 477.
For physical training, Mary Baldwin has "two multipurpose fields" and "[o]ne gymnasium." Id., at 503. VMI has "an NCAA competition level indoor track and field facility; a number of multi-purpose fields; baseball, soccer and lacrosse fields; an obstacle course; large boxing, wrestling and martial arts facilities; an ll-laps-to-the-mile indoor running course; an indoor pool; indoor and outdoor rifle ranges; and a football stadium that also contains a practice field and outdoor track." Ibid.
Although Virginia has represented that it will provide equal financial support for in-state VWIL students and VMI cadets, id., at 483, and the VMI Foundation has agreed to endow VWIL with $5.4625 million, id., at 499, the difference between the two schools' financial reserves is pronounced. Mary Baldwin's endowment, currently about $19 million, will gain an additional $35 million based on future commitments; VMI's current endowment, $131 million-the largest public college per-student endowment in the Nation-will gain $220 million. Id., at 503.
The VWIL student does not graduate with the advantage of a VMI degree. Her diploma does not unite her with the legions of VMI "graduates [who] have distinguished themselves" in military and civilian life. See 976 F. 2d, at 892893. "[VMI] alumni are exceptionally close to the school," and that closeness accounts, in part, for VMI's success in attracting applicants. See 766 F. Supp., at 1421. A VWIL graduate cannot assume that the "network of business owners, corporations, VMI graduates and non-graduate employers ... interested in hiring VMI graduates," 852 F. Supp., at 499, will be equally responsive to her search for employment,
see 44 F. 3d, at 1250 (Phillips, J., dissenting) ("the powerful political and economic ties of the VMI alumni network cannot be expected to open" for graduates of the fledgling VWIL program).
Virginia, in sum, while maintaining VMI for men only, has failed to provide any "comparable single-gender women's institution." Id., at 1241. Instead, the Commonwealth has created a VWIL program fairly appraised as a "pale shadow" of VMI in terms of the range of curricular choices and faculty stature, funding, prestige, alumni support and influence. See id., at 1250 (Phillips, J., dissenting).
Virginia's VWIL solution is reminiscent of the remedy Texas proposed 50 years ago, in response to a state trial court's 1946 ruling that, given the equal protection guarantee, African-Americans could not be denied a legal education at a state facility. See Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U. S. 629 (1950). Reluctant to admit African-Americans to its flagship University of Texas Law School, the State set up a separate school for Heman Sweatt and other black law students. Id., at 632. As originally opened, the new school had no independent faculty or library, and it lacked accreditation. Id., at 633. Nevertheless, the state trial and appellate courts were satisfied that the new school offered Sweatt opportunities for the study of law "substantially equivalent to those offered by the State to white students at the University of Texas." Id., at 632 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Before this Court considered the case, the new school had gained "a faculty of five full-time professors; a student body of 23; a library of some 16,500 volumes serviced by a full-time staff; a practice court and legal aid association; and one alumnus who ha[d] become a member of the Texas Bar." Id., at 633. This Court contrasted resources at the new school with those at the school from which Sweatt had been excluded. The University of Texas Law School had a full-time faculty of 16, a student body of 850, a library containing over
65,000 volumes, scholarship funds, a law review, and moot court facilities. Id., at 632-633.
More important than the tangible features, the Court emphasized, are "those qualities which are incapable of objective measurement but which make for greatness" in a school, including "reputation of the faculty, experience of the administration, position and influence of the alumni, standing in the community, traditions and prestige." Id., at 634. Facing the marked differences reported in the Sweatt opinion, the Court unanimously ruled that Texas had not shown "substantial equality in the [separate] educational opportunities" the State offered. Id., at 633. Accordingly, the Court held, the Equal Protection Clause required Texas to admit AfricanAmericans to the University of Texas Law School. Id., at 636. In line with Sweatt, we rule here that Virginia has not shown substantial equality in the separate educational opportunities the Commonwealth supports at VWIL and VMI.
When Virginia tendered its VWIL plan, the Fourth Circuit did not inquire whether the proposed remedy, approved by the District Court, placed women denied the VMI advantage in "the position they would have occupied in the absence of [discrimination]." Milliken, 433 U. S., at 280 (internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, the Court of Appeals considered whether the Commonwealth could provide, with fidelity to the equal protection principle, separate and unequal educational programs for men and women.
The Fourth Circuit acknowledged that "the VWIL degree from Mary Baldwin College lacks the historical benefit and prestige of a degree from VMI." 44 F. 3d, at 1241. The Court of Appeals further observed that VMI is "an ongoing and successful institution with a long history," and there remains no "comparable single-gender women's institution." Ibid. Nevertheless, the appeals court declared the substantially different and significantly unequal VWIL program sat-
isfactory. The court reached that result by revising the applicable standard of review. The Fourth Circuit displaced the standard developed in our precedent, see supra, at 532534, and substituted a standard of its own invention.
We have earlier described the deferential review in which the Court of Appeals engaged, see supra, at 528-529, a brand of review inconsistent with the more exacting standard our precedent requires, see supra, at 532-534. Quoting in part from Mississippi Univ. for Women, the Court of Appeals candidly described its own analysis as one capable of checking a legislative purpose ranked as "pernicious," but generally according "deference to [the] legislative will." 44 F. 3d, at 1235, 1236. Recognizing that it had extracted from our decisions a test yielding "little or no scrutiny of the effect of a classification directed at [single-gender education]," the Court of Appeals devised another test, a "substantive comparability" inquiry, id., at 1237, and proceeded to find that new test satisfied, id., at 1241.
The Fourth Circuit plainly erred in exposing Virginia's VWIL plan to a deferential analysis, for "all gender-based classifications today" warrant "heightened scrutiny." See J. E. B., 511 U. S., at 136. Valuable as VWIL may prove for students who seek the program offered, Virginia's remedy affords no cure at all for the opportunities and advantages withheld from women who want a VMI education and can make the grade. See supra, at 549-554.20 In sum, Virginia's
20 Virginia's prime concern, it appears, is that "plac[ing] men and women into the adversative relationship inherent in the VMI program ... would destroy, at least for that period of the adversative training, any sense of decency that still permeates the relationship between the sexes." 44 F. 3d, at 1239; see supra, at 540-546. It is an ancient and familiar fear. Compare In re Lavinia Goodell, 39 Wis. 232, 246 (1875) (denying female applicant's motion for admission to the bar of its court, Wisconsin Supreme Court explained: "Discussions are habitually necessary in courts of justice, which are unfit for female ears. The habitual presence of women at these would tend to relax the public sense of decency and propriety."), with Levine, Closing Comments, 6 Law & Inequality 41 (1988) (presentation at
remedy does not match the constitutional violation; the Commonwealth has shown no "exceedingly persuasive justification" for withholding from women qualified for the experience premier training of the kind VMI affords.
A generation ago, "the authorities controlling Virginia higher education," despite long established tradition, agreed "to innovate and favorably entertain[ed] the [then] relatively new idea that there must be no discrimination by sex in offering educational opportunity." Kirstein, 309 F. Supp., at 186. Commencing in 1970, Virginia opened to women "educational opportunities at the Charlottesville campus that [were] not afforded in other [state-operated] institutions." Id., at 187; see supra, at 538. A federal court approved the Commonwealth's innovation, emphasizing that the University of Virginia "offer[ed] courses of instruction ... not available elsewhere." 309 F. Supp., at 187. The court further noted: "[T]here exists at Charlottesville a 'prestige' factor
Eighth Circuit Judicial Conference, Colorado Springs, Colo., July 17, 1987) (footnotes omitted);
"Plato questioned whether women should be afforded equal opportunity to become guardians, those elite Rulers of Platonic society. Ironically, in that most undemocratic system of government, the Republic, women's native ability to serve as guardians was not seriously questioned. The concern was over the wrestling and exercise class in which all candidates for guardianship had to participate, for rigorous physical and mental training were prerequisites to attain the exalted status of guardian. And in accord with Greek custom, those exercise classes were conducted in the nude. Plato concluded that their virtue would clothe the women's nakedness and that Platonic society would not thereby be deprived of the talent of qualified citizens for reasons of mere gender."
For Plato's full text on the equality of women, see 2 The Dialogues of Plato 302-312 (B. Jowett transl., 4th ed. 1953). Virginia, not bound to ancient Greek custom in its "rigorous physical and mental training" programs, could more readily make the accommodations necessary to draw on "the talent of [all] qualified citizens." Cf. supra, at 550-551, n. 19.
[not paralleled in] other Virginia educational institutions." Ibid.
VMI, too, offers an educational opportunity no other Virginia institution provides, and the school's "prestige"-associated with its success in developing "citizen-soldiers"-is unequaled. Virginia has closed this facility to its daughters and, instead, has devised for them a "parallel program," with a faculty less impressively credentialed and less well paid, more limited course offerings, fewer opportunities for military training and for scientific specialization. Cf. Sweatt, 339 U. S., at 633. VMI, beyond question, "possesses to a far greater degree" than the VWIL program "those qualities which are incapable of objective measurement but which make for greatness in a ... school," including "position and influence of the alumni, standing in the community, traditions and prestige." Id., at 634. Women seeking and fit for a VMI -quality education cannot be offered anything less, under the Commonwealth's obligation to afford them genuinely equal protection.
A prime part of the history of our Constitution, historian Richard Morris recounted, is the story of the extension of constitutional rights and protections to people once ignored or excluded.21 VMI's story continued as our comprehension of "We the People" expanded. See supra, at 532, n. 6.
21 R. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781-1789, p. 193 (1987); see id., at 191, setting out letter to a friend from Massachusetts patriot (later second President) John Adams, on the subject of qualifications for voting in his home State:
"[I]t is dangerous to open so fruitful a source of controversy and altercation as would be opened by attempting to alter the qualifications of voters; there will be no end of it. New claims will arise; women will demand a vote; lads from twelve to twenty-one will think their rights not enough attended to; and every man who has not a farthing, will demand an equal voice with any other, in all acts of state. It tends to confound and destroy all distinctions, and prostrate all ranks to one common level." Letter from John Adams to James Sullivan (May 26, 1776), in 9 Works of John Adams 378 (C. Adams ed. 1854).
REHNQUIST, C.J., concurring in judgment
There is no reason to believe that the admission of women capable of all the activities required of VMI cadets would destroy the Institute rather than enhance its capacity to serve the "more perfect Union."
For the reasons stated, the initial judgment of the Court of Appeals, 976 F.2d 890 (CA4 1992), is affirmed, the final judgment of the Court of Appeals, 44 F.3d 1229 (CA4 1995), is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.
JUSTICE THOMAS took no part in the consideration or decision of these cases.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST, concurring in the judgment. The Court holds first that Virginia violates the Equal Protection Clause by maintaining the Virginia Military Institute's (VMI's) all-male admissions policy, and second that establishing the Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership (VWIL) program does not remedy that violation. While I agree with these conclusions, I disagree with the Court's analysis and so I write separately.
Two decades ago in Craig v. Boren, 429 U. S. 190, 197 (1976), we announced that "[t]o withstand constitutional challenge, ... classifications by gender must serve important governmental objectives and must be substantially related to achievement of those objectives." We have adhered to that standard of scrutiny ever since. See Califano v. Goldfarb, 430 U. S. 199, 210-211 (1977); Califano v. Webster, 430 U. S. 313, 316-317 (1977); Orr v. Orr, 440 U. S. 268, 279 (1979); Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U. S. 380, 388 (1979); Davis v. Passman, 442 U. S. 228, 234-235, 235, n. 9 (1979); Personnel Administrator of Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U. S. 256, 273 (1979);
Califano v. Westcott, 443 U. S. 76,85 (1979); Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co., 446 U. S. 142, 150 (1980); Kirchberg v. Feenstra, 450 U. S. 455, 459-460 (1981); Michael M. v. Superior Court, Sonoma Cty., 450 U. S. 464, 469 (1981); Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U. S. 718, 724 (1982); Heckler v. Mathews, 465 U. S. 728, 744 (1984); J. E. B. v. Alabama ex rel. T. B., 511 U. S. 127, 137, n. 6 (1994). While the majority adheres to this test today, ante, at 524, 533, it also says that the Commonwealth must demonstrate an "'exceedingly persuasive justification'" to support a gender-based classification. See ante, at 524, 529, 530, 531, 533, 534, 545, 546, 556. It is unfortunate that the Court thereby introduces an element of uncertainty respecting the appropriate test.
While terms like "important governmental objective" and "substantially related" are hardly models of precision, they have more content and specificity than does the phrase "exceedingly persuasive justification." That phrase is best confined, as it was first used, as an observation on the difficulty of meeting the applicable test, not as a formulation of the test itself. See, e. g., Feeney, supra, at 273 ("[T]hese precedents dictate that any state law overtly or covertly designed to prefer males over females in public employment require an exceedingly persuasive justification"). To avoid introducing potential confusion, I would have adhered more closely to our traditional, "firmly established," Hogan, supra, at 723; Heckler, supra, at 744, standard that a gender-based classification "must bear a close and substantial relationship to important governmental objectives." Feeney, supra, at 273.
Our cases dealing with gender discrimination also require that the proffered purpose for the challenged law be the actual purpose. See ante, at 533, 535-536. It is on this ground that the Court rejects the first of two justifications Virginia offers for VMI's single-sex admissions policy, namely, the goal of diversity among its public educational institutions. While I ultimately agree that the Common-
REHNQUIST, C.J., concurring in judgment
wealth has not carried the day with this justification, I disagree with the Court's method of analyzing the issue.
VMI was founded in 1839, and, as the Court notes, ante, at 536-537, admission was limited to men because under the then-prevailing view men, not women, were destined for higher education. However misguided this point of view may be by present-day standards, it surely was not unconstitutional in 1839. The adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, with its Equal Protection Clause, was nearly 30 years in the future. The interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause to require heightened scrutiny for gender discrimination was yet another century away.
Long after the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, and well into this century, legal distinctions between men and women were thought to raise no question under the Equal Protection Clause. The Court refers to our decision in Goesaert v. Cleary, 335 U. S. 464 (1948). Likewise representing that now abandoned view was Hoyt v. Florida, 368 U. S. 57 (1961), where the Court upheld a Florida system of jury selection in which men were automatically placed on jury lists, but women were placed there only if they expressed an affirmative desire to serve. The Court noted that despite advances in women's opportunities, the "woman is still regarded as the center of home and family life." Id., at 62.
Then, in 1971, we decided Reed v. Reed, 404 U. S. 71, which the Court correctly refers to as a seminal case. But its facts have nothing to do with admissions to any sort of educational institution. An Idaho statute governing the administration of estates and probate preferred men to women if the other statutory qualifications were equal. The statute's purpose, according to the Idaho Supreme Court, was to avoid hearings to determine who was better qualified as between a man and a woman both applying for letters of administration. This Court held that such a rule violated the Fourteenth Amendment because "a mandatory preference to members of either
sex over members of the other, merely to accomplish the elimination of hearings," was an "arbitrary legislative choice forbidden by the Equal Protection Clause." Id., at 76. The brief opinion in Reed made no mention of either Goesaert or Hoyt.
Even at the time of our decision in Reed v. Reed, therefore, Virginia and VMI were scarcely on notice that its holding would be extended across the constitutional board. They were entitled to believe that "one swallow doesn't make a summer" and await further developments. Those developments were 11 years in coming. In Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, supra, a case actually involving a singlesex admissions policy in higher education, the Court held that the exclusion of men from a nursing program violated the Equal Protection Clause. This holding did place Virginia on notice that VMI's men-only admissions policy was open to serious question.
The VMI Board of Visitors, in response, appointed a Mission Study Committee to examine "the legality and wisdom of VMI's single-sex policy in light of" Hogan. 766 F. Supp. 1407, 1427 (WD Va. 1991). But the committee ended up cryptically recommending against changing VMI's status as a single-sex college. After three years of study, the committee found "'no information'" that would warrant a change in VMI's status. Id., at 1429. Even the District Court, ultimately sympathetic to VMI's position, found that "[t]he Report provided very little indication of how [its] conclusion was reached" and that "[t]he one and one-half pages in the committee's final report devoted to analyzing the information it obtained primarily focuses on anticipated difficulties in attracting females to VMI." Ibid. The reasons given in the report for not changing the policy were the changes that admission of women to VMI would require, and the likely effect of those changes on the institution. That VMI would have to change is simply not helpful in addressing the constitutionality of the status after Hogan.
REHNQUIST, C.J., concurring in judgment
Before this Court, Virginia has sought to justify VMI's single-sex admissions policy primarily on the basis that diversity in education is desirable, and that while most of the public institutions of higher learning in the Commonwealth are coeducational, there should also be room for single-sex institutions. I agree with the Court that there is scant evidence in the record that this was the real reason that Virginia decided to maintain VMI as men only. * But, unlike the majority, I would consider only evidence that postdates our decision in Hogan, and would draw no negative inferences from the Commonwealth's actions before that time. I think that after Hogan, the Commonwealth was entitled to reconsider its policy with respect to VMI, and not to have earlier justifications, or lack thereof, held against it.
Even if diversity in educational opportunity were the Commonwealth's actual objective, the Commonwealth's position would still be problematic. The difficulty with its position is that the diversity benefited only one sex; there was single-sex public education available for men at VMI, but no corresponding single-sex public education available for women. When Hogan placed Virginia on notice that
*The dissent equates our conclusion that VMI's "asserted interest in promoting diversity" is not" 'genuine,'" with a "charge" that the diversity rationale is "a pretext for discriminating against women." Post, at 579580. Of course, those are not the same thing. I do not read the Court as saying that the diversity rationale is a pretext for discrimination, and I would not endorse such a proposition. We may find that diversity was not the Commonwealth's real reason without suggesting, or having to show, that the real reason was "antifeminism," post, at 580. Our cases simply require that the proffered purpose for the challenged gender classification be the actual purpose, although not necessarily recorded. See ante, at 533, 535-536. The dissent also says that the interest in diversity is so transparent that having to articulate it is "absurd on its face." Post, at 592. Apparently, that rationale was not obvious to the Mission Study Committee which failed to list it among its reasons for maintaining VMI's all-men admissions policy.
VMI's admissions policy possibly was unconstitutional, VMI could have dealt with the problem by admitting women; but its governing body felt strongly that the admission of women would have seriously harmed the institution's educational approach. Was there something else the Commonwealth could have done to avoid an equal protection violation? Since the Commonwealth did nothing, we do not have to definitively answer that question.
I do not think, however, that the Commonwealth's options were as limited as the majority may imply. The Court cites, without expressly approving it, a statement from the opinion of the dissenting judge in the Court of Appeals, to the effect that the Commonwealth could have "simultaneously opened single-gender undergraduate institutions having substantially comparable curricular and extra-curricular programs, funding, physical plant, administration and support services, and faculty and library resources." Ante, at 529-530 (internal quotation marks omitted). If this statement is thought to exclude other possibilities, it is too stringent a requirement. VMI had been in operation for over a century and a half, and had an established, successful, and devoted group of alumni. No legislative wand could instantly call into existence a similar institution for women; and it would be a tremendous loss to scrap VMI's history and tradition. In the words of Grover Cleveland's second inaugural address, the Commonwealth faced a condition, not a theory. And it was a condition that had been brought about, not through defiance of decisions construing gender bias under the Equal Protection Clause, but, until the decision in Hogan, a condition that had not appeared to offend the Constitution. Had Virginia made a genuine effort to devote comparable public resources to a facility for women, and followed through on such a plan, it might well have avoided an equal protection violation. I do not believe the Commonwealth was faced with the stark choice of either admitting women to VMI, on the
REHNQUIST, C.J., concurring in judgment
one hand, or abandoning VMI and starting from scratch for both men and women, on the other.
But, as I have noted, neither the governing board of VMI nor the Commonwealth took any action after 1982. If diversity in the form of single-sex, as well as coeducational, institutions of higher learning were to be available to Virginians, that diversity had to be available to women as well as to men.
The dissent criticizes me for "disregarding the four allwomen's private colleges in Virginia (generously assisted by public funds)." Post, at 595. The private women's colleges are treated by the Commonwealth exactly as all other private schools are treated, which includes the provision of tuition-assistance grants to Virginia residents. Virginia gives no special support to the women's single-sex education. But obviously, the same is not true for men's education. Had the Commonwealth provided the kind of support for the private women's schools that it provides for VMI, this may have been a very different case. For in so doing, the Commonwealth would have demonstrated that its interest in providing a single-sex education for men was to some measure matched by an interest in providing the same opportunity for women.
Virginia offers a second justification for the single-sex admissions policy: maintenance of the adversative method. I agree with the Court that this justification does not serve an important governmental objective. A State does not have substantial interest in the adversative methodology unless it is pedagogically beneficial. While considerable evidence shows that a single-sex education is pedagogically beneficial for some students, see 766 F. Supp., at 1414, and hence a State may have a valid interest in promoting that methodology, there is no similar evidence in the record that an adversative method is pedagogically beneficial or is any more likely to produce character traits than other methodologies.
The Court defines the constitutional violation in these cases as "the categorical exclusion of women from an extraordinary educational opportunity afforded to men." Ante, at 547. By defining the violation in this way, and by emphasizing that a remedy for a constitutional violation must place the victims of discrimination in "'the position they would have occupied in the absence of [discrimination],'" ibid., the Court necessarily implies that the only adequate remedy would be the admission of women to the allmale institution. As the foregoing discussion suggests, I would not define the violation in this way; it is not the "exclusion of women" that violates the Equal Protection Clause, but the maintenance of an all-men school without providing any-much less a comparable-institution for women.
Accordingly, the remedy should not necessarily require either the admission of women to VMI or the creation of a VMI clone for women. An adequate remedy in my opinion might be a demonstration by Virginia that its interest in educating men in a single-sex environment is matched by its interest in educating women in a single-sex institution. To demonstrate such, the Commonwealth does not need to create two institutions with the same number of faculty Ph. Do's, similar SAT scores, or comparable athletic fields. See ante, at 551-552. Nor would it necessarily require that the women's institution offer the same curriculum as the men's; one could be strong in computer science, the other could be strong in liberal arts. It would be a sufficient remedy, I think, if the two institutions offered the same quality of education and were of the same overall caliber.
If a State decides to create single-sex programs, the State would, I expect, consider the public's interest and demand in designing curricula. And rightfully so. But the State should avoid assuming demand based on stereotypes; it must not assume a priori, without evidence, that there would be
no interest in a women's school of civil engineering, or in a men's school of nursing.
In the end, the women's institution Virginia proposes, VWIL, fails as a remedy, because it is distinctly inferior to the existing men's institution and will continue to be for the foreseeable future. VWIL simply is not, in any sense, the institution that VMI is. In particular, VWIL is a program appended to a private college, not a self-standing institution; and VWIL is substantially underfunded as compared to VMI. I therefore ultimately agree with the Court that Virginia has not provided an adequate remedy.
JUSTICE SCALIA, dissenting.
Today the Court shuts down an institution that has served the people of the Commonwealth of Virginia with pride and distinction for over a century and a half. To achieve that desired result, it rejects (contrary to our established practice) the factual findings of two courts below, sweeps aside the precedents of this Court, and ignores the history of our people. As to facts: It explicitly rejects the finding that there exist "gender-based developmental differences" supporting Virginia's restriction of the "adversative" method to only a men's institution, and the finding that the all-male composition of the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) is essential to that institution's character. As to precedent: It drastically revises our established standards for reviewing sex-based classifications. And as to history: It counts for nothing the long tradition, enduring down to the present, of men's military colleges supported by both States and the Federal Government.
Much of the Court's opinion is devoted to deprecating the closed-mindedness of our forebears with regard to women's education, and even with regard to the treatment of women in areas that have nothing to do with education. Closedminded they were-as every age is, including our own, with regard to matters it cannot guess, because it simply does not
consider them debatable. The virtue of a democratic system with a First Amendment is that it readily enables the people, over time, to be persuaded that what they took for granted is not so, and to change their laws accordingly. That system is destroyed if the smug assurances of each age are removed from the democratic process and written into the Constitution. So to counterbalance the Court's criticism of our ancestors, let me say a word in their praise: They left us free to change. The same cannot be said of this most illiberal Court, which has embarked on a course of inscribing one after another of the current preferences of the society (and in some cases only the countermajoritarian preferences of the society's law-trained elite) into our Basic Law. Today it enshrines the notion that no substantial educational value is to be served by an all-men's military academy-so that the decision by the people of Virginia to maintain such an institution denies equal protection to women who cannot attend that institution but can attend others. Since it is entirely clear that the Constitution of the United States-the old one-takes no sides in this educational debate, I dissent.
I shall devote most of my analysis to evaluating the Court's opinion on the basis of our current equal protection jurisprudence, which regards this Court as free to evaluate everything under the sun by applying one of three tests: "rational basis" scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny, or strict scrutiny. These tests are no more scientific than their names suggest, and a further element of randomness is added by the fact that it is largely up to us which test will be applied in each case. Strict scrutiny, we have said, is reserved for state "classifications based on race or national origin and classifications affecting fundamental rights," Clark v. Jeter, 486 U. S. 456, 461 (1988) (citation omitted). It is my position that the term "fundamental rights" should be limited to "interest[s] traditionally protected by our society," Michael H.
v. Gerald D., 491 U. S. 110, 122 (1989) (plurality opinion of SCALIA, J.); but the Court has not accepted that view, so that strict scrutiny will be applied to the deprivation of whatever sort of right we consider "fundamental." We have no established criterion for "intermediate scrutiny" either, but essentially apply it when it seems like a good idea to load the dice. So far it has been applied to content-neutral restrictions that place an incidental burden on speech, to disabilities attendant to illegitimacy, and to discrimination on the basis of sex. See, e. g., Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 512 U. S. 622, 662 (1994); Mills v. Habluetzel, 456 U. S. 91, 98-99 (1982); Craig v. Boren, 429 U. S. 190, 197 (1976).
I have no problem with a system of abstract tests such as rational basis, intermediate, and strict scrutiny (though I think we can do better than applying strict scrutiny and intermediate scrutiny whenever we feel like it). Such formulas are essential to evaluating whether the new restrictions that a changing society constantly imposes upon private conduct comport with that "equal protection" our society has always accorded in the past. But in my view the function of this Court is to preserve our society's values regarding (among other things) equal protection, not to revise them; to prevent backsliding from the degree of restriction the Constitution imposed upon democratic government, not to prescribe, on our own authority, progressively higher degrees. For that reason it is my view that, whatever abstract tests we may choose to devise, they cannot supersede-and indeed ought to be crafted so as to reflect-those constant and unbroken national traditions that embody the people's understanding of ambiguous constitutional texts. More specifically, it is my view that "when a practice not expressly prohibited by the text of the Bill of Rights bears the endorsement of a long tradition of open, widespread, and unchallenged use that dates back to the beginning of the Republic, we have no proper basis for striking it down." Rutan v. Republican Party of Ill., 497 U. S. 62, 95 (1990) (SCALIA, J.,
dissenting). The same applies, mutatis mutandis, to a practice asserted to be in violation of the post-Civil War Fourteenth Amendment. See, e. g., Burnham v. Superior Court of Cal., County of Marin, 495 U. S. 604 (1990) (plurality opinion of SCALIA, J.) (Due Process Clause); J. E. B. v. Alabama ex rel. T. B., 511 U. S. 127, 156-163 (1994) (SCALIA, J., dissenting) (Equal Protection Clause); Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U. S. 833, 979-984, 1000-1001 (1992) (SCALIA, J., dissenting) (various alleged "penumbras").
The all-male constitution of VMI comes squarely within such a governing tradition. Founded by the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1839 and continuously maintained by it since, VMI has always admitted only men. And in that regard it has not been unusual. For almost all of VMI's more than a century and a half of existence, its single-sex status reflected the uniform practice for government-supported military colleges. Another famous Southern institution, The Citadel, has existed as a state-funded school of South Carolina since 1842. And all the federal military colleges-West Point, the Naval Academy at Annapolis, and even the Air Force Academy, which was not established until 1954-admitted only males for most of their history. Their admission of women in 1976 (upon which the Court today relies, see ante, at 544-545, nn. 13, 15) came not by court decree, but because the people, through their elected representatives, decreed a change. See, e. g., § 803(a), 89 Stat. 537, note following 10 U. S. C. § 4342. In other words, the tradition of having government-funded military schools for men is as well rooted in the traditions of this country as the tradition of sending only men into military combat. The people may decide to change the one tradition, like the other, through democratic processes; but the assertion that either tradition has been unconstitutional through the centuries is not law, but politics-smuggled-into-Iaw.
And the same applies, more broadly, to single-sex education in general, which, as I shall discuss, is threatened by
today's decision with the cutoff of all state and federal support. Government-run nonmilitary educational institutions for the two sexes have until very recently also been part of our national tradition. "[It is] [c]oeducation, historically, [that] is a novel educational theory. From grade school through high school, college, and graduate and professional training, much of the Nation's population during much of our history has been educated in sexually segregated classrooms." Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U. S. 718, 736 (1982) (Powell, J., dissenting); see id., at 736-739. These traditions may of course be changed by the democratic decisions of the people, as they largely have been.
Today, however, change is forced upon Virginia, and reversion to single-sex education is prohibited nationwide, not by democratic processes but by order of this Court. Even while bemoaning the sorry, bygone days of "fixed notions" concerning women's education, see ante, at 536-537, and n. 10, 537539, 542-544, the Court favors current notions so fixedly that it is willing to write them into the Constitution of the United States by application of custom-built "tests." This is not the interpretation of a Constitution, but the creation of one.
To reject the Court's disposition today, however, it is not necessary to accept my view that the Court's made-up tests cannot displace longstanding national traditions as the primary determinant of what the Constitution means. It is only necessary to apply honestly the test the Court has been applying to sex-based classifications for the past two decades. It is well settled, as JUSTICE O'CONNOR stated some time ago for a unanimous Court, that we evaluate a statutory classification based on sex under a standard that lies "[b]etween thee] extremes of rational basis review and strict scrutiny." Clark v. Jeter, 486 U. S., at 461. We have denominated this standard "intermediate scrutiny" and under it have inquired whether the statutory classification is "sub-
stantially related to an important governmental objective." Ibid. See, e. g., Heckler v. Mathews, 465 U. S. 728, 744 (1984); Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co., 446 U. S. 142, 150 (1980); Craig v. Boren, 429 U. S., at 197.
Before I proceed to apply this standard to VMI, I must comment upon the manner in which the Court avoids doing so. Notwithstanding our above-described precedents and their" 'firmly established principles,'" Heckler, supra, at 744 (quoting Hogan, supra, at 723), the United States urged us to hold in this litigation "that strict scrutiny is the correct constitutional standard for evaluating classifications that deny opportunities to individuals based on their sex." Brief for United States in No. 94-2107, p. 16. (This was in fiat contradiction of the Government's position below, which was, in its own words, to "stat[e] unequivocally that the appropriate standard in this case is 'intermediate scrutiny.'" 2 Record, Doc. No. 88, p. 3 (emphasis added).) The Court, while making no reference to the Government's argument, effectively accepts it.
Although the Court in two places recites the test as stated in Hogan, see ante, at 524, 532-533, which asks whether the State has demonstrated "that the classification serves important governmental objectives and that the discriminatory means employed are substantially related to the achievement of those objectives," 458 U. S., at 724 (internal quotation marks omitted), the Court never answers the question presented in anything resembling that form. When it engages in analysis, the Court instead prefers the phrase "exceedingly persuasive justification" from Hogan. The Court's nine invocations of that phrase, see ante, at 524, 529, 530, 531, 533, 534, 545, 546, 556, and even its fanciful description of that imponderable as "the core instruction" of the Court's decisions in J. E. B. v. Alabama ex rel. T. B., supra, and Hogan, supra, see ante, at 531, would be unobjectionable if the Court acknowledged that whether a "justification" is "exceedingly persuasive" must be assessed by asking
"[whether] the classification serves important governmental objectives and [whether] the discriminatory means employed are substantially related to the achievement of those objectives." Instead, however, the Court proceeds to interpret "exceedingly persuasive justification" in a fashion that contradicts the reasoning of Hogan and our other precedents.
That is essential to the Court's result, which can only be achieved by establishing that intermediate scrutiny is not survived if there are some women interested in attending VMI, capable of undertaking its activities, and able to meet its physical demands. Thus, the Court summarizes its holding as follows:
"In contrast to the generalizations about women on which Virginia rests, we note again these dispositive realities: VMI's implementing methodology is not inherently unsuitable to women; some women do well under the adversative model; some women, at least, would want to attend VMI if they had the opportunity; some women are capable of all of the individual activities required of VMI cadets and can meet the physical standards VMI now imposes on men." Ante, at 550 (internal quotation marks, citations, and punctuation omitted; emphasis added).
Similarly, the Court states that "[t]he Commonwealth's justification for excluding all women from 'citizen-soldier' training for which some are qualified ... cannot rank as 'exceedingly persuasive' .... " Ante, at 545.1
1 Accord, ante, at 541 ("In sum ... , neither the goal of producing citizensoldiers, VMI's raison d'etre, nor VMI's implementing methodology is inherently unsuitable to women" (internal quotation marks omitted; emphasis added)); ante, at 542 ("[T]he question is whether the Commonwealth can constitutionally deny to women who have the will and capacity, the training and attendant opportunities that VMI uniquely affords"); ante, at 547-548 (the "violation" is that "equal protection [has been] denied to women ready, willing, and able to benefit from educational opportunities of the kind VMI offers"); ante, at 550 ("As earlier stated, see supra, at 541-542, gen-
Only the amorphous "exceedingly persuasive justification" phrase, and not the standard elaboration of intermediate scrutiny, can be made to yield this conclusion that VMI's single-sex composition is unconstitutional because there exist several women (or, one would have to conclude under the Court's reasoning, a single woman) willing and able to undertake VMI's program. Intermediate scrutiny has never required a least-restrictive-means analysis, but only a "substantial relation" between the classification and the state interests that it serves. Thus, in Califano v. Webster, 430 U. S. 313 (1977) (per curiam), we upheld a congressional statute that provided higher Social Security benefits for women than for men. We reasoned that "women ... as such have been unfairly hindered from earning as much as men," but we did not require proof that each woman so benefited had suffered discrimination or that each disadvantaged man had not; it was sufficient that even under the former congressional scheme "women on the average received lower retirement benefits than men." Id., at 318, and n. 5 (emphasis added). The reasoning in our other intermediate-scrutiny cases has similarly required only a substantial relation between end and means, not a perfect fit. In Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U. S. 57 (1981), we held that selective-service registration could constitutionally exclude women, because even "assuming that a small number of women could be drafted for noncombat roles, Congress simply did not consider it worth the added burdens of including women in draft and registration plans." Id., at 81. In Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC, 497 U. S. 547, 579, 582-583 (1990), overruled on other grounds, Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U. S. 200, 227 (1995), we held that a classification need not be accurate "in every case" to survive intermediate scrutiny so long as, "in the aggregate," it advances the underlying
eralizations about 'the way women are,' estimates of what is appropriate for most women, no longer justify denying opportunity to women whose talent and capacity place them outside the average description").
objective. There is simply no support in our cases for the notion that a sex-based classification is invalid unless it relates to characteristics that hold true in every instance.
Not content to execute a de facto abandonment of the intermediate scrutiny that has been our standard for sex-based classifications for some two decades, the Court purports to reserve the question whether, even in principle, a higher standard (i. e., strict scrutiny) should apply. "The Court has," it says, "thus far reserved most stringent judicial scrutiny for classifications based on race or national origin ... ," ante, at 532, n. 6 (emphasis added); and it describes our earlier cases as having done no more than decline to "equat[e] gender classifications, for all purposes, to classifications based on race or national origin," ante, at 532 (emphasis added). The wonderful thing about these statements is that they are not actually false-just as it would not be actually false to say that "our cases have thus far reserved the 'beyond a reasonable doubt' standard of proof for criminal cases," or that "we have not equated tort actions, for all purposes, to criminal prosecutions." But the statements are misleading, insofar as they suggest that we have not already categorically held strict scrutiny to be inapplicable to sexbased classifications. See, e. g., Heckler v. Mathews, 465 U. S. 728 (1984) (upholding state action after applying only intermediate scrutiny); Michael M. v. Superior Court, Somoma Cty., 450 U. S. 464 (1981) (plurality and both concurring opinions) (same); Califano v. Webster, supra (per curiam) (same). And the statements are irresponsible, insofar as they are calculated to destabilize current law. Our task is to clarify the law-not to muddy the waters, and not to exact overcompliance by intimidation. The States and the Federal Government are entitled to know before they act the standard to which they will be held, rather than be compelled to guess about the outcome of Supreme Court peek-a-boo.
The Court's intimations are particularly out of place because it is perfectly clear that, if the question of the applica-
ble standard of review for sex-based classifications were to be regarded as an appropriate subject for reconsideration, the stronger argument would be not for elevating the standard to strict scrutiny, but for reducing it to rational-basis review. The latter certainly has a firmer foundation in our past jurisprudence: Whereas no majority of the Court has ever applied strict scrutiny in a case involving sex-based classifications, we routinely applied rational-basis review until the 1970's, see, e. g., Hoyt v. Florida, 368 U. S. 57 (1961); Goesaert v. Cleary, 335 U. S. 464 (1948). And of course normal, rational-basis review of sex-based classifications would be much more in accord with the genesis of heightened standards of judicial review, the famous footnote in United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U. S. 144 (1938), which said (intimatingly) that we did not have to inquire in the case at hand
"whether prejudice against discrete and insular minorities may be a special condition, which tends seriously to curtail the operation of those political processes ordinarily to be relied upon to protect minorities, and which may call for a correspondingly more searching judicial inquiry." Id., at 152-153, n. 4.
It is hard to consider women a "discrete and insular minorit[y]" unable to employ the "political processes ordinarily to be relied upon," when they constitute a majority of the electorate. And the suggestion that they are incapable of exerting that political power smacks of the same paternalism that the Court so roundly condemns. See, e. g., ante, at 536-537, 542-546 (and accompanying notes). Moreover, a long list of legislation proves the proposition false. See, e. g., Equal Pay Act of 1963, 29 U. S. C. § 206(d); Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U. S. C. § 2000e-2; Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U. S. C. § 1681; Women's Business Ownership Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100-533, 102 Stat. 2689;
Violence Against Women Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-322, Title IV; 108 Stat. 1902.
With this explanation of how the Court has succeeded in making its analysis seem orthodox-and indeed, if intimations are to be believed, even overly generous to VMI-I now proceed to describe how the analysis should have been conducted. The question to be answered, I repeat, is whether the exclusion of women from VMI is "substantially related to an important governmental objective."
It is beyond question that Virginia has an important state interest in providing effective college education for its citizens. That single-sex instruction is an approach substantially related to that interest should be evident enough from the long and continuing history in this country of men's and women's colleges. But beyond that, as the Court of Appeals here stated: "That single-gender education at the college level is beneficial to both sexes is a fact established in this case." 44 F.3d 1229, 1238 (CA4 1995) (emphasis added).
The evidence establishing that fact was overwhelmingindeed, "virtually uncontradicted" in the words of the court that received the evidence, 766 F. Supp. 1407, 1415 (WD Va. 1991). As an initial matter, Virginia demonstrated at trial that "[a] substantial body of contemporary scholarship and research supports the proposition that, although males and females have significant areas of developmental overlap, they also have differing developmental needs that are deepseated." Id., at 1434. While no one questioned that for many students a coeducational environment was nonetheless not inappropriate, that could not obscure the demonstrated benefits of single-sex colleges. For example, the District Court stated as follows:
"One empirical study in evidence, not questioned by any expert, demonstrates that single-sex colleges pro-
vide better educational experiences than coeducational institutions. Students of both sexes become more academically involved, interact with faculty frequently, show larger increases in intellectual self-esteem and are more satisfied with practically all aspects of college experience (the sole exception is social life) compared with their counterparts in coeducational institutions. Attendance at an all-male college substantially increases the likelihood that a student will carry out career plans in law, business and college teaching, and also has a substantial positive effect on starting salaries in business. Women's colleges increase the chances that those who attend will obtain positions of leadership, complete the baccalaureate degree, and aspire to higher degrees." Id., at 1412.
See also id., at 1434-1435 (factual findings). "[I]n the light of this very substantial authority favoring single-sex education," the District Court concluded that "the VMI Board's decision to maintain an all-male institution is fully justified even without taking into consideration the other unique features of VMI's teaching and training." Id., at 1412. This finding alone, which even this Court cannot dispute, see ante, at 535, should be sufficient to demonstrate the constitutionality of VMI's all-male composition.
But besides its single-sex constitution, VMI is different from other colleges in another way. It employs a "distinctive educational method," sometimes referred to as the "adversative, or doubting, model of education." 766 F. Supp., at 1413, 1421. "Physical rigor, mental stress, absolute equality of treatment, absence of privacy, minute regulation of behavior, and indoctrination in desirable values are the salient attributes of the VMI educational experience." Id., at 1421. No one contends that this method is appropriate for all individuals; education is not a "one size fits all" business. Just as a State may wish to support junior colleges, vocational institutes, or a law school that emphasizes case
practice instead of classroom study, so too a State's decision to maintain within its system one school that provides the adversative method is "substantially related" to its goal of good education. Moreover, it was uncontested that "if the state were to establish a women's VMI-type [i. e., adversative] program, the program would attract an insufficient number of participants to make the program work," 44 F. 3d, at 1241; and it was found by the District Court that if Virginia were to include women in VMI, the school "would eventually find it necessary to drop the adversative system altogether," 766 F. Supp., at 1413. Thus, Virginia's options were an adversative method that excludes women or no adversative method at all.
There can be no serious dispute that, as the District Court found, single-sex education and a distinctive educational method "represent legitimate contributions to diversity in the Virginia higher education system." Ibid. As a theoretical matter, Virginia's educational interest would have been best served (insofar as the two factors we have mentioned are concerned) by six different types of public colleges-an all-men's, an all-women's, and a coeducational college run in the "adversative method," and an all-men's, an all-women's, and a coeducational college run in the "traditional method." But as a practical matter, of course, Virginia's financial resources, like any State's, are not limitless, and the Commonwealth must select among the available options. Virginia thus has decided to fund, in addition to some 14 coeducational4-year colleges, one college that is run as an all-male school on the adversative model: the Virginia Military Institute.
Virginia did not make this determination regarding the make-up of its public college system on the unrealistic assumption that no other colleges exist. Substantial evidence in the District Court demonstrated that the Commonwealth has long proceeded on the principle that" '[h]igher education resources should be viewed as a whole-public and pri-
vate' "-because such an approach enhances diversity and because "'it is academic and economic waste to permit unwarranted duplication.'" Id., at 1420-1421 (quoting 1974 Report of the General Assembly Commission on Higher Education to the General Assembly of Virginia). It is thus significant that, whereas there are "four all-female private [colleges] in Virginia," there is only "one private all-male college," which "indicates that the private sector is providing for thee] [former] form of education to a much greater extent that it provides for all-male education." 766 F. Supp., at 1420-1421. In these circumstances, Virginia's election to fund one public all-male institution and one on the adversative model-and to concentrate its resources in a single entity that serves both these interests in diversity-is substantially related to the Commonwealth's important educational interests.
The Court today has no adequate response to this clear demonstration of the conclusion produced by application of intermediate scrutiny. Rather, it relies on a series of contentions that are irrelevant or erroneous as a matter of law, foreclosed by the record in this litigation, or both.
1. I have already pointed out the Court's most fundamental error, which is its reasoning that VMI's all-male composition is unconstitutional because "some women are capable of all of the individual activities required of VMI cadets," 766 F. Supp., at 1412, and would prefer military training on the adversative model. See supra, at 571-574. This unacknowledged adoption of what amounts to (at least) strict scrutiny is without antecedent in our sex-discrimination cases and by itself discredits the Court's decision.
2. The Court suggests that Virginia's claimed purpose in maintaining VMI as an all-male institution-its asserted interest in promoting diversity of educational options-is not "genuin[e]," but is a pretext for discriminating against women. Ante, at 539; see ante, at 535-540. To support this
charge, the Court would have to impute that base motive to VMI's Mission Study Committee, which conducted a 3-year study from 1983 to 1986 and recommended to VMI's Board of Visitors that the school remain all male. The committee, a majority of whose members consisted of non- VMI graduates, "read materials on education and on women in the military," "made site visits to single-sex and newly coeducational institutions" including West Point and the Naval Academy, and "considered the reasons that other institutions had changed from single-sex to coeducational status"; its work was praised as "thorough" in the accreditation review of VMI conducted by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. See 766 F. Supp., at 1413, 1428; see also id., at 1427-1430 (detailed findings of fact concerning the Mission Study Committee). The Court states that "[w]hatever internal purpose the Mission Study Committee servedand however well meaning the framers of the report-we can hardly extract from that effort any commonwealth policy evenhandedly to advance diverse educational options." Ante, at 539. But whether it is part of the evidence to prove that diversity was the Commonwealth's objective (its short report said nothing on that particular subject) is quite separate from whether it is part of the evidence to prove that antifeminism was not. The relevance of the Mission Study Committee is that its very creation, its sober 3-year study, and the analysis it produced utterly refute the claim that VMI has elected to maintain its all-male student-body composition for some misogynistic reason.
The Court also supports its analysis of Virginia's "actual state purposes" in maintaining VMI's student body as all male by stating that there is no explicit statement in the record "'in which the Commonwealth has expressed itself'" concerning those purposes. Ante, at 535, 539 (quoting 976 F.2d 890, 899 (CA4 1992)); see also ante, at 525. That is wrong on numerous grounds. First and foremost, in its implication that such an explicit statement of "actual purposes"
is needed. The Court adopts, in effect, the argument of the United States that since the exclusion of women from VMI in 1839 was based on the "assumptions" of the time "that men alone were fit for military and leadership roles," and since "[b]efore this litigation was initiated, Virginia never sought to supply a valid, contemporary rationale for VMI's exclusionary policy," "[t]hat failure itself renders the VMI policy invalid." Brief for United States in No. 94-2107, at 10. This is an unheard-of doctrine. Each state decision to adopt or maintain a governmental policy need not be accompanied-in anticipation of litigation and on pain of being found to lack a relevant state interest-by a lawyer's contemporaneous recitation of the State's purposes. The Constitution is not some giant Administrative Procedure Act, which imposes upon the States the obligation to set forth a "statement of basis and purpose" for their sovereign Acts, see 5 U. S. C. § 553(c). The situation would be different if what the Court assumes to have been the 1839 policy had been enshrined and remained enshrined in legislation-a VMI charter, perhaps, pronouncing that the institution's purpose is to keep women in their place. But since the 1839 policy was no more explicitly recorded than the Court contends the present one is, the mere fact that today's Commonwealth continues to fund VMI "is enough to answer [the United States'] contention that the [classification] was the 'accidental by-product of a traditional way of thinking about females.'" Michael M., 450 U. S., at 471, n. 6 (pluralityopinion) (quoting Califano v. Webster, 430 U. S., at 320) (internal quotation marks omitted).
It is, moreover, not true that Virginia's contemporary reasons for maintaining VMI are not explicitly recorded. It is hard to imagine a more authoritative source on this subject than the 1990 Report of the Virginia Commission on the University of the 21st Century (1990 Report). As the parties stipulated, that report "notes that the hallmarks of Virginia's educational policy are 'diversity and autonomy.'" Stipula-
tions of Fact 37, reprinted in Lodged Materials from the Record 64 (Lodged Materials). It said: "The formal system of higher education in Virginia includes a great array of institutions: state-supported and independent, two-year and senior, research and highly specialized, traditionally black and single-sex." 1990 Report, quoted in relevant part at Lodged Materials 64-65 (emphasis added).2 The Court's only response to this is repeated reliance on the Court of Appeals' assertion that "'the only explicit [statement] that we have found in the record in which the Commonwealth has expressed itself with respect to gender distinctions'" (namely, the statement in the 1990 Report that the Commonwealth's institutions must "deal with faculty, staff, and students without regard to sex") had nothing to do with the purpose of diversity. Ante, at 525, 539 (quoting 976 F. 2d, at 899). This proves, I suppose, that the Court of Appeals did not find a statement dealing with sex and diversity in the record; but the pertinent question (accepting the need for such a statement) is whether it was there. And the plain fact, which the Court does not deny, is that it was.
2 This statement is supported by other evidence in the record demonstrating, by reference to both public and private institutions, that Virginia actively seeks to foster its "'rich heritage of pluralism and diversity in higher education,'" 1969 Report of the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision, quoted in relevant part at Lodged Materials 53; that Virginia views" '[o]ne special characteristic of the Virginia system [as being] its diversity,'" 1989 Virginia Plan for Higher Education, quoted in relevant part at Lodged Materials 64; and that in the Commonwealth's view "[h]igher education resources should be viewed as a whole-public and private"-because '''Virginia needs the diversity inherent in a dual system of higher education,'" 1974 Report of the General Assembly Commission on Higher Education to the General Assembly of Virginia, quoted in 766 F. Supp. 1407, 1420 (WD Va. 1991). See also Budget Initiatives for 19901992 of State Council of Higher Education for Virginia 10 (June 21, 1989) (Budget Initiatives), quoted at n. 3, infra. It should be noted (for this point will be crucial to my later discussion) that these official reports quoted here, in text and footnote, regard the Commonwealth's educational system-public and private-as a unitary one.
The Court contends that "[a] purpose genuinely to advance an array of educational options ... is not served" by VMI. Ante, at 539-540. It relies on the fact that all of Virginia's other public colleges have become coeducational. Ibid.; see also ante, at 521, n. 2. The apparent theory of this argument is that unless Virginia pursues a great deal of diversity, its pursuit of some diversity must be a sham. This fails to take account of the fact that Virginia's resources cannot support all possible permutations of schools, see supra, at 578, and of the fact that Virginia coordinates its public educational offerings with the offerings of in-state private educational institutions that the Commonwealth provides money for its residents to attend and otherwise assists-which include four women's colleges.3
Finally, the Court unreasonably suggests that there is some pretext in Virginia's reliance upon decentralized deci-
3 The Commonwealth provides tuition assistance, scholarship grants, guaranteed loans, and work-study funds for residents of Virginia who attend private colleges in the Commonwealth. See, e. g., Va. Code Ann. §§ 23-38.11 to 23-38.19 (1993 and Supp. 1995) (Tuition Assistance Grant Act); §§ 23-38.30 to 23-38.44:3 (Virginia Student Assistance Authorities); Va. Code Ann. §§ 23-38.45 to 23-38.53 (1993) (College Scholarship Assistance Act); §§ 23-38.53:1 to 23-38.53:3 (Virginia Scholars Program); §§ 2338.70,23-38.71 (Virginia Work-Study Program). These programs involve substantial expenditures: for example, Virginia appropriated $4,413,750 (not counting federal funds it also earmarked) for the College Scholarship Assistance Program for both 1996 and 1997, and for the Tuition Assistance Grant Program appropriated $21,568,000 for 1996 and $25,842,000 for 1997. See 1996 Va. Appropriations Act, ch. 912, pt. 1, § 160.
In addition, as the parties stipulated in the District Court, the Commonwealth provides other financial support and assistance to private institutions-including single-sex colleges-through low-cost building loans, state-funded services contracts, and other programs. See, e. g., Va. Code Ann. §§ 23-30.39 to 23.30.58 (1993) (Educational Facilities Authority Act). The State Council of Higher Education for Virginia, in a 1989 document not created for purposes of this litigation but introduced into evidence, has described these various programs as a "means by which the Commonwealth can provide funding to its independent institutions, thereby helping to maintain a diverse system of higher education." Budget Initiatives 10.
sionmaking to achieve diversity-its granting of substantial autonomy to each institution with regard to student-body composition and other matters, see 766 F. Supp., at 1419. The Court adopts the suggestion of the Court of Appeals that it is not possible for "one institution with autonomy, but with no authority over any other state institution, [to] give effect to a state policy of diversity among institutions." Ante, at 539 (internal quotation marks omitted). If it were impossible for individual human beings (or groups of human beings) to act autonomously in effective pursuit of a common goal, the game of soccer would not exist. And where the goal is diversity in a free market for services, that tends to be achieved even by autonomous actors who act out of entirely selfish interests and make no effort to cooperate. Each Virginia institution, that is to say, has a natural incentive to make itself distinctive in order to attract a particular segment of student applicants. And of course none of the institutions is entirely autonomous; if and when the legislature decides that a particular school is not well serving the interest of diversity-if it decides, for example, that a men's school is not much needed-funding will cease.4
4 The Court, unfamiliar with the Commonwealth's policy of diverse and independent institutions, and in any event careless of state and local traditions, must be forgiven by Virginians for quoting a reference to "'the Charlottesville campus'" of the University of Virginia. See ante, at 538. The University of Virginia, an institution even older than VMI, though not as old as another of the Commonwealth's universities, the College of William and Mary, occupies the portion of Charlottesville known, not as the "campus," but as "the grounds." More importantly, even if it were a "campus," there would be no need to specify "the Charlottesville campus," as one might refer to the Bloomington or Indianapolis campus of Indiana University. Unlike university systems with which the Court is perhaps more familiar, such as those in New York (e. g., the State University of New York at Binghamton or Buffalo), Illinois (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign or at Chicago), and California (University of California, Los Angeles, or University of California, Berkeley), there is only one University of Virginia. It happens (because Thomas Jefferson lived near there) to be located at Charlottesville. To many Virginians it is known,
3. In addition to disparaging Virginia's claim that VMI's single-sex status serves a state interest in diversity, the Court finds fault with Virginia's failure to offer education based on the adversative training method to women. It dismisses the District Court's "'findings' on 'gender-based developmental differences'" on the ground that "[t]hese 'findings' restate the opinions of Virginia's expert witnesses, opinions about typically male or typically female 'tendencies.'" Ante, at 541 (quoting 766 F. Supp., at 1434-1435). How remarkable to criticize the District Court on the ground that its findings rest on the evidence (i. e., the testimony of Virginia's witnesses)! That is what findings are supposed to do. It is indefensible to tell the Commonwealth that "[t]he burden of justification is demanding and it rests entirely on [you]," ante, at 533, and then to ignore the District Court's findings because they rest on the evidence put forward by the Commonwealth-particularly when, as the District Court said, "[t]he evidence in the case ... is virtually uncontradicted," 766 F. Supp., at 1415 (emphasis added).
Ultimately, in fact, the Court does not deny the evidence supporting these findings. See ante, at 541-546. It instead makes evident that the parties to this litigation could have saved themselves a great deal of time, trouble, and expense by omitting a trial. The Court simply dispenses with the evidence submitted at trial-it never says that a single finding of the District Court is clearly erroneous-in favor of the Justices' own view of the world, which the Court proceeds to support with (1) references to observations of someone
simply, as "the University," which suffices to distinguish it from the Commonwealth's other institutions offering 4-year college instruction, which include Christopher Newport College, Clinch Valley College, the College of William and Mary, George Mason University, James Madison University, Longwood College, Mary Washington University, Norfolk State University, Old Dominion University, Radford University, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University-and, of course, VMI.
who is not a witness, nor even an educational expert, nor even a judge who reviewed the record or participated in the judgment below, but rather a judge who merely dissented from the Court of Appeals' decision not to rehear this litigation en bane, see ante, at 542, (2) citations of nonevidentiary materials such as amicus curiae briefs filed in this Court, see ante, at 544-545, nn. 13, 14, and (3) various historical anecdotes designed to demonstrate that Virginia's support for VMI as currently constituted reminds the Justices of the "bad old days," see ante, at 542-544.
It is not too much to say that this approach to the litigation has rendered the trial a sham. But treating the evidence as irrelevant is absolutely necessary for the Court to reach its conclusion. Not a single witness contested, for example, Virginia's "substantial body of 'exceedingly persuasive' evidence ... that some students, both male and female, benefit from attending a single-sex college" and "[that] [f]or those students, the opportunity to attend a single-sex college is a valuable one, likely to lead to better academic and professional achievement." 766 F. Supp., at 1411-1412. Even the United States' expert witness "called himself a 'believer in single-sex education,'" although it was his "personal, philosophical preference," not one "born of educational-benefit considerations," "that single-sex education should be provided only by the private sector." Id., at 1412.
4. The Court contends that Virginia, and the District Court, erred, and "misperceived our precedent," by "train[ing] their argument on 'means' rather than 'end,'" ante, at 545. The Court focuses on "VMI's mission," which is to produce individuals "imbued with love of learning, confident in the functions and attitudes of leadership, possessing a high sense of public service, advocates of the American democracy and free enterprise system, and ready ... to defend their country in time of national peril." 766 F. Supp., at 1425 (quoting Mission Study Committee of the VMI Board of
Visitors, Report, May 16, 1986). "Surely," the Court says, "that goal is great enough to accommodate women." Ante, at 545.
This is lawmaking by indirection. What the Court describes as "VMI's mission" is no less the mission of all Virginia colleges. Which of them would the Old Dominion continue to fund if they did not aim to create individuals "imbued with love of learning, etc.," right down to being ready "to defend their country in time of national peril"? It can be summed up as "learning, leadership, and patriotism." To be sure, those general educational values are described in a particularly martial fashion in VMI's mission statement, in accordance with the military, adversative, and all-male character of the institution. But imparting those values in that fashion-i. e., in a military, adversative, all-male environment-is the distinctive mission of VMI. And as I have discussed (and both courts below found), that mission is not "great enough to accommodate women."
The Court's analysis at least has the benefit of producing foreseeable results. Applied generally, it means that whenever a State's ultimate objective is "great enough to accommodate women" (as it always will be), then the State will be held to have violated the Equal Protection Clause if it restricts to men even one means by which it pursues that objective-no matter how few women are interested in pursuing the objective by that means, no matter how much the single-sex program will have to be changed if both sexes are admitted, and no matter how beneficial that program has theretofore been to its participants.
5. The Court argues that VMI would not have to change very much if it were to admit women. See, e. g., ante, at 540-542. The principal response to that argument is that it is irrelevant: If VMI's single-sex status is substantially related to the government's important educational objectives, as I have demonstrated above and as the Court refuses to dis-
cuss, that concludes the inquiry. There should be no debate in the federal judiciary over "how much" VMI would be required to change if it admitted women and whether that would constitute "too much" change.
But if such a debate were relevant, the Court would certainly be on the losing side. The District Court found as follows: "[T]he evidence establishes that key elements of the adversative VMI educational system, with its focus on barracks life, would be fundamentally altered, and the distinctive ends of the system would be thwarted, if VMI were forced to admit females and to make changes necessary to accommodate their needs and interests." 766 F. Supp., at 1411. Changes that the District Court's detailed analysis found would be required include new allowances for personal privacy in the barracks, such as locked doors and coverings on windows, which would detract from VMI's approach of regulating minute details of student behavior, "contradict the principle that everyone is constantly subject to scrutiny by everyone else," and impair VMI's "total egalitarian approach" under which every student must be "treated alike"; changes in the physical training program, which would reduce "[t]he intensity and aggressiveness of the current program"; and various modifications in other respects of the adversative training program that permeates student life. See id., at 1412-1413, 1435-1443. As the Court of Appeals summarized it, "the record supports the district court's findings that at least these three aspects of VMI's programphysical training, the absence of privacy, and the adversative approach-would be materially affected by coeducation, leading to a substantial change in the egalitarian ethos that is a critical aspect of VMI's training." 976 F. 2d, at 896-897.
In the face of these findings by two courts below, amply supported by the evidence, and resulting in the conclusion that VMI would be fundamentally altered if it admitted women, this Court simply pronounces that "[t]he notion that
admission of women would downgrade VMI's stature, destroy the adversative system and, with it, even the school, is a judgment hardly proved." Ante, at 542 (footnote omitted). The point about "downgrad[ing] VMI's stature" is a straw man; no one has made any such claim. The point about "destroy[ing] the adversative system" is simply false; the District Court not only stated that "[e]vidence supports this theory," but specifically concluded that while "[w]ithout a doubt" VMI could assimilate women, "it is equally without a doubt that VMI's present methods of training and education would have to be changed" by a "move away from its adversative new cadet system." 766 F. Supp., at 1413, and n. 8, 1440. And the point about "destroy[ing] the school," depending upon what that ambiguous phrase is intended to mean, is either false or else sets a standard much higher than VMI had to meet. It sufficed to establish, as the District Court stated, that VMI would be "significantly different" upon the admission of women, 766 F. Supp., at 1412, and "would eventually find it necessary to drop the adversative system altogether," id., at 1413.5
5 The Court's do-it-yourself approach to factfinding, which throughout is contrary to our well-settled rule that we will not "undertake to review concurrent findings of fact by two courts below in the absence of a very obvious and exceptional showing of error," Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Products Co., 336 U. S. 271, 275 (1949) (and cases cited), is exemplified by its invocation of the experience of the federal military academies to prove that not much change would occur. See ante, at 542, n. 11; 544545, and n. 15; 550-551, n. 19. In fact, the District Court noted that "the West Point experience" supported the theory that a coeducational VMI would have to "adopt a [different] system," for West Point found it necessary upon becoming coeducational to "move away" from its adversative system. 766 F. Supp., at 1413, 1440. ''Without a doubt ... VMI's present methods of training and education would have to be changed as West Point's were." Id., at 1413, n. 8; accord, 976 F.2d 890, 896-897 (CA4 1992) (upholding District Court's findings that "the unique characteristics of VMI's program," including its "unique methodology," "would be destroyed by coeducation").
6. Finally, the absence of a precise "all-women's analogue" to VMI is irrelevant. In Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U. S. 718 (1982), we attached no constitutional significance to the absence of an all-male nursing school. As Virginia notes, if a program restricted to one sex is necessarily unconstitutional unless there is a parallel program restricted to the other sex, "the opinion in Hogan could have ended with its first footnote, which observed that 'Mississippi maintains no other single-sex public university or college.'" Brief for Cross-Petitioners in No. 94-2107, p. 38 (quoting Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, supra, at 720, n. 1).
Although there is no precise female-only analogue to VMI, Virginia has created during this litigation the Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership (VWIL), a state-funded all-women's program run by Mary Baldwin College. I have thus far said nothing about VWIL because it is, under our established test, irrelevant, so long as VMFs all-male character is "substantially related" to an important state goal. But VWIL now exists, and the Court's treatment of it shows how far reaching today's decision is.
VWIL was carefully designed by professional educators who have long experience in educating young women. The program rejects the proposition that there is a "difference in the respective spheres and destinies of man and woman," Bradwell v. State, 16 Wall. 130, 141 (1873), and is designed to "provide an all-female program that will achieve substantially similar outcomes [to VMI's] in an all-female environment," 852 F. Supp. 471, 481 (WD Va. 1994). After holding a trial where voluminous evidence was submitted and making detailed findings of fact, the District Court concluded that "there is a legitimate pedagogical basis for the different means employed [by VMI and VWIL] to achieve the sub-
stantially similar ends." Ibid. The Court of Appeals undertook a detailed review of the record and affirmed. 44 F.3d 1229 (CA4 1995).6 But it is Mary Baldwin College, which runs VWIL, that has made the point most succinctly:
"It would have been possible to develop the VWIL program to more closely resemble VMI, with adversative techniques associated with the rat line and barracks-like living quarters. Simply replicating an existing program would have required far less thought, research, and educational expertise. But such a facile approach would have produced a paper program with no real prospect of successful implementation." Brief for Mary Baldwin College as Amicus Curiae 5.
It is worth noting that none of the United States' own experts in the remedial phase of this litigation was willing to testify that VMI's adversative method was an appropriate methodology for educating women. This Court, however, does not care. Even though VWIL was carefully designed by professional educators who have tremendous experience in the area, and survived the test of adversarial litigation, the Court simply declares, with no basis in the evidence, that
6 The Court is incorrect in suggesting that the Court of Appeals applied a "deferential" "brand of review inconsistent with the more exacting standard our precedent requires." Ante, at 555. That court "inquir[ed] (1) whether the state's objective is 'legitimate and important,' and (2) whether 'the requisite direct, substantial relationship between objective and means is present,'" 44 F. 3d, at 1235 (quoting Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U. S. 718, 725 (1982)). To be sure, such review is "deferential" to a degree that the Court's new standard is not, for it is intermediate scrntiny. (The Court cannot evade this point or prove the Court of Appeals too deferential by stating that that court "devised another test, a 'substantive comparability' inquiry,' " ante, at 555 (quoting 44 F. 3d, at 1237), for as that court explained, its "substantive comparability" inquiry was an "additional step" that it engrafted on "th[e] traditional test" of intermediate scrutiny, ibid. (emphasis added).)
these professionals acted on "'overbroad' generalizations," ante, at 542, 550.
A few words are appropriate in response to the concurrence, which finds VMI unconstitutional on a basis that is more moderate than the Court's but only at the expense of being even more implausible. The concurrence offers three reasons: First, that there is "scant evidence in the record," ante, at 562, that diversity of educational offering was the real reason for Virginia's maintaining VMI. "Scant" has the advantage of being an imprecise term. I have cited the clearest statements of diversity as a goal for higher education in the 1990 Report, the 1989 Virginia Plan for Higher Education, the Budget Initiatives prepared in 1989 by the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia, the 1974 Report of the General Assembly Commission on Higher Education to the General Assembly of Virginia, and the 1969 Report of the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision. See supra, at 579, 581-582, and n. 2, 583, n. 3. There is no evidence to the contrary, once one rejects (as the concurrence rightly does) the relevance of VMI's founding in days when attitudes toward the education of women were different. Is this conceivably not enough to foreclose rejecting as clearly erroneous the District Court's determination regarding "the Commonwealth's objective of educational diversity"? 766 F. Supp., at 1413. Especially since it is absurd on its face even to demand "evidence" to prove that the Commonwealth's reason for maintaining a men's military academy is that a men's military academy provides a distinctive type of educational experience (i. e., fosters diversity). What other purpose would the Commonwealth have? One may argue, as the Court does, that this type of diversity is designed only to indulge hostility toward women-but that is a separate point, explicitly rejected by the concurrence, and amply refuted by the evidence I have mentioned in dis-
cussing the Court's opinion.7 What is now under discussion-the concurrence's making central to the disposition of this litigation the supposedly "scant" evidence that Virginia maintained VMI in order to offer a diverse educational experience-is rather like making crucial to the lawfulness of the United States Army record "evidence" that its purpose is to do battle. A legal culture that has forgotten the concept of res ipsa loquitur deserves the fate that it today decrees for VMI.
Second, the concurrence dismisses out of hand what it calls Virginia's "second justification for the single-sex admissions policy: maintenance of the adversative method." Ante, at 564. The concurrence reasons that "this justification does not serve an important governmental objective" because, whatever the record may show about the pedagogical benefits of single-sex education, "there is no similar evidence in the record that an adversative method is pedagogically beneficial or is any more likely to produce character traits than other methodologies." Ibid. That is simply wrong. See, e. g., 766 F. Supp., at 1426 (factual findings concerning character traits produced by VMI's adversative methodology); id., at 1434 (factual findings concerning benefits for many college-age men of an adversative approach in general). In reality, the pedagogical benefits of VMI's adversative approach were not only proved, but were a given in this litigation. The reason the woman applicant who prompted this suit wanted to enter VMI was assuredly not that she wanted to go to an all-male school; it would cease being all-male as
7 The concurrence states that it "read[s] the Court" not "as saying that the diversity rationale is a pretext" for discriminating against women, but as saying merely that the diversity rationale is not genuine. Ante, at 562, n. The Court itself makes no such disclaimer, which would be difficult to credit inasmuch as the foundation for its conclusion that the diversity rationale is not "genuin[e]," ante, at 539, is its antecedent discussion of Virginia's "deliberate" actions over the past century and a half, based on "[f]amiliar arguments," that sought to enforce once "widely held views about women's proper place," ante, at 537, 538.
soon as she entered. She wanted the distinctive adversative education that VMI provided, and the battle was joined (in the main) over whether VMI had a basis for excluding women from that approach. The Court's opinion recognizes this, and devotes much of its opinion to demonstrating that "'some women ... do well under [the] adversative model''' and that "[i]t is on behalf of these women that the United States has instituted this suit." Ante, at 550 (quoting 766 F. Supp., at 1434). Of course, in the last analysis it does not matter whether there are any benefits to the adversative method. The concurrence does not contest that there are benefits to single-sex education, and that alone suffices to make Virginia's case, since admission of a woman will even more surely put an end to VMI's single-sex education than it will to VMI's adversative methodology.
A third reason the concurrence offers in support of the judgment is that the Commonwealth and VMI were not quick enough to react to the "further developments" in this Court's evolving jurisprudence. Ante, at 561. Specifically, the concurrence believes it should have been clear after Hogan that "[t]he difficulty with [Virginia's] position is that the diversity benefited only one sex; there was single-sex public education available for men at VMI, but no corresponding single-sex public education available for women." Ante, at 562. If only, the concurrence asserts, Virginia had "made a genuine effort to devote comparable public resources to a facility for women, and followed through on such a plan, it might well have avoided an equal protection violation." Ante, at 563. That is to say, the concurrence believes that after our decision in Hogan (which held a program of the Mississippi University for Women to be unconstitutional-without any reliance on the fact that there was no corresponding Mississippi all-men's program), the Commonwealth should have known that what this Court expected of it was ... yes!, the creation of a state all-women's program. Any lawyer who gave that advice to the Commonwealth
ought to have been either disbarred or committed. (The proof of that pudding is today's 6-Justice majority opinion.) And any Virginia politician who proposed such a step when there were already four 4-year women's colleges in Virginia (assisted by state support that may well exceed, in the aggregate, what VMI costs, see n. 3, supra) ought to have been recalled.
In any event, "diversity in the form of single-sex, as well as coeducational, institutions of higher learning" is "available to women as well as to men" in Virginia. Ante, at 564. The concurrence is able to assert the contrary only by disregarding the four all-women's private colleges in Virginia (generously assisted by public funds) and the Commonwealth's longstanding policy of coordinating public with private educational offerings, see supra, at 579, 581-582, and n. 2, 583-584, and n. 3. According to the concurrence, the reason Virginia's assistance to its four all-women's private colleges does not count is that "[t]he private women's colleges are treated by the State exactly as all other private schools are treated." Ante, at 564. But if Virginia cannot get credit for assisting women's education if it only treats women's private schools as it does all other private schools, then why should it get blame for assisting men's education if it only treats VMI as it does all other public schools? This is a great puzzlement.
As is frequently true, the Court's decision today will have consequences that extend far beyond the parties to the litigation. What I take to be the Court's unease with these consequences, and its resulting unwillingness to acknowledge them, cannot alter the reality.
Under the constitutional principles announced and applied today, single-sex public education is unconstitutional. By going through the motions of applying a balancing test-ask-
ing whether the State has adduced an "exceedingly persuasive justification" for its sex-based classification-the Court creates the illusion that government officials in some future case will have a clear shot at justifying some sort of singlesex public education. Indeed, the Court seeks to create even a greater illusion than that: It purports to have said nothing of relevance to other public schools at all. "We address specifically and only an educational opportunity recognized ... as 'unique.'" Ante, at 534, n. 7.
The Supreme Court of the United States does not sit to announce "unique" dispositions. Its principal function is to establish precedent-that is, to set forth principles of law that every court in America must follow. As we said only this Term, we expect both ourselves and lower courts to adhere to the "rationale upon which the Court based the results of its earlier decisions." Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 517 U. S. 44, 66-67 (1996) (emphasis added). That is the principal reason we publish our opinions.
And the rationale of today's decision is sweeping: for sexbased classifications, a redefinition of intermediate scrutiny that makes it indistinguishable from strict scrutiny. See supra, at 571-574. Indeed, the Court indicates that if any program restricted to one sex is "uniqu[e]," it must be opened to members of the opposite sex "who have the will and capacity" to participate in it. Ante, at 542. I suggest that the single-sex program that will not be capable of being characterized as "unique" is not only unique but nonexistent.8
In any event, regardless of whether the Court's rationale leaves some small amount of room for lawyers to argue, it ensures that single-sex public education is functionally dead.
8 In this regard, I note that the Court-which I concede is under no obligation to do so-provides no example of a program that would pass muster under its reasoning today: not even, for example, a football or wrestling program. On the Court's theory, any woman ready, willing, and physically able to participate in such a program would, as a constitutional matter, be entitled to do so.
The costs of litigating the constitutionality of a single-sex education program, and the risks of ultimately losing that litigation, are simply too high to be embraced by public officials. Any person with standing to challenge any sex-based classification can haul the State into federal court and compel it to establish by evidence (presumably in the form of expert testimony) that there is an "exceedingly persuasive justification" for the classification. Should the courts happen to interpret that vacuous phrase as establishing a standard that is not utterly impossible of achievement, there is considerable risk that whether the standard has been met will not be determined on the basis of the record evidence-indeed, that will necessarily be the approach of any court that seeks to walk the path the Court has trod today. No state official in his right mind will buy such a high-cost, high-risk lawsuit by commencing a single-sex program. The enemies of singlesex education have won; by persuading only seven Justices (five would have been enough) that their view of the world is enshrined in the Constitution, they have effectively imposed that view on all 50 States.
This is especially regrettable because, as the District Court here determined, educational experts in recent years have increasingly come to "suppor[t] [the] view that substantial educational benefits flow from a single-gender environment, be it male or female, that cannot be replicated in a coeducational setting." 766 F. Supp., at 1415 (emphasis added). "The evidence in th[is] case," for example, "is virtually uncontradicted" to that effect. Ibid. Until quite recently, some public officials have attempted to institute new single-sex programs, at least as experiments. In 1991, for example, the Detroit Board of Education announced a program to establish three boys-only schools for inner-city youth; it was met with a lawsuit, a preliminary injunction was swiftly entered by a District Court that purported to rely on Hogan, see Garrett v. Board of Ed. of School Dist. of Detroit, 775 F. Supp. 1004, 1006 (ED Mich. 1991), and the
Detroit Board of Education voted to abandon the litigation and thus abandon the plan, see Detroit Plan to Aid Blacks with All-Boy Schools Abandoned, Los Angeles Times, Nov. 8, 1991, p. A4, col. 1. Today's opinion assures that no such experiment will be tried again.
There are few extant single-sex public educational programs. The potential of today's decision for widespread disruption of existing institutions lies in its application to private single-sex education. Government support is immensely important to private educational institutions. Mary Baldwin College-which designed and runs VWILnotes that private institutions of higher education in the 1990-1991 school year derived approximately 19 percent of their budgets from federal, state, and local government funds, not including financial aid to students. See Brief for Mary Baldwin College as Amicus Curiae 22, n. 13 (citing U. S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, p. 38 and Note (1993)). Charitable status under the tax laws is also highly significant for private educational institutions, and it is certainly not beyond the Court that rendered today's decision to hold that a donation to a single-sex college should be deemed contrary to public policy and therefore not deductible if the college discriminates on the basis of sex. See Note, The Independent Sector and the Tax Laws: Defining Charity in an Ideal Democracy, 64 S. Cal. L. Rev. 461, 476 (1991). See also Bob Jones Univ. v. United States, 461 U. S. 574 (1983).
The Court adverts to private single-sex education only briefly, and only to make the assertion (mentioned above) that "[w]e address specifically and only an educational opportunity recognized by the District Court and the Court of Appeals as 'unique.'" Ante, at 534, n. 7. As I have already remarked, see supra, at 596, that assurance assures nothing, unless it is to be taken as a promise that in the future
the Court will disclaim the reasoning it has used today to destroy VMI. The Government, in its briefs to this Court, at least purports to address the consequences of its attack on VMI for public support of private single-sex education. It contends that private colleges that are the direct or indirect beneficiaries of government funding are not thereby necessarily converted into state actors to which the Equal Protection Clause is then applicable. See Brief for United States in No. 94-2107, at 35-37 (discussing Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U. S. 830 (1982), and Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U. S. 991 (1982)). That is true. It is also virtually meaningless.
The issue will be not whether government assistance turns private colleges into state actors, but whether the government itself would be violating the Constitution by providing state support to single-sex colleges. For example, in Norwood v. Harrison, 413 U. S. 455 (1973), we saw no room to distinguish between state operation of racially segregated schools and state support of privately run segregated schools. "Racial discrimination in state-operated schools is barred by the Constitution and '[i]t is also axiomatic that a state may not induce, encourage or promote private persons to accomplish what it is constitutionally forbidden to accomplish.'" Id., at 465 (quoting Lee v. Macon County Bd. of Ed., 267 F. Supp. 458, 475-476 (MD Ala. 1967)); see also Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U. S. 1, 19 (1958) ("State support of segregated schools through any arrangement, management, funds, or property cannot be squared with the [Fourteenth] Amendment's command that no State shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"); Grove City College v. Bell, 465 U. S. 555, 565 (1984) (case arising under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and stating that "[t]he economic effect of direct and indirect assistance often is indistinguishable"). When the Government was pressed at oral argument concerning the implications of these cases for private single-sex education if government-provided single-sex education is unconstitu-
tional, it stated that the implications will not be so disastrous, since States can provide funding to racially segregated private schools, "depend[ing] on the circumstances," Tr. of Oral Arg. 56. I cannot imagine what those "circumstances" might be, and it would be as foolish for privateschool administrators to think that that assurance from the Justice Department will outlive the day it was made, as it was for VMI to think that the Justice Department's "unequivoca[l]" support for an intermediate-scrutiny standard in this litigation would survive the Government's loss in the courts below.
The only hope for state-assisted single-sex private schools is that the Court will not apply in the future the principles of law it has applied today. That is a substantial hope, I am happy and ashamed to say. After all, did not the Court today abandon the principles of law it has applied in our earlier sex-classification cases? And does not the Court positively invite private colleges to rely upon our ad-hocery by assuring them this litigation is "unique"? I would not advise the foundation of any new single-sex college (especially an all-male one) with the expectation of being allowed to receive any government support; but it is too soon to abandon in despair those single-sex colleges already in existence. I t will certainly be possible for this Court to write a future opinion that ignores the broad principles of law set forth today, and that characterizes as utterly dispositive the opinion's perceptions that VMI was a uniquely prestigious allmale institution, conceived in chauvinism, etc., etc. I will not join that opinion.
Justice Brandeis said it is "one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single courageous State may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country." New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U. S. 262, 311
(1932) (dissenting opinion). But it is one of the unhappy incidents of the federal system that a self-righteous Supreme Court, acting on its Members' personal view of what would make a " 'more perfect Union,'" ante, at 558 (a criterion only slightly more restrictive than a "more perfect world"), can impose its own favored social and economic dispositions nationwide. As today's disposition, and others this single Term, show, this places it beyond the power of a "single courageous State," not only to introduce novel dispositions that the Court frowns upon, but to reintroduce, or indeed even adhere to, disfavored dispositions that are centuries old. See, e. g., BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U. S. 559 (1996); Romer v. Evans, 517 U. S. 620 (1996). The sphere of self-government reserved to the people of the Republic is progressively narrowed.
In the course of this dissent, I have referred approvingly to the opinion of my former colleague, Justice Powell, in Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U. S. 718 (1982). Many of the points made in his dissent apply with equal force here-in particular, the criticism of judicial opinions that purport to be "narro[w]" but whose "logic" is "sweepin[g]." Id., at 745-746, n. 18. But there is one statement with which I cannot agree. Justice Powell observed that the Court's decision in Hogan, which struck down a single-sex program offered by the Mississippi University for Women, had thereby "[l]eft without honor ... an element of diversity that has characterized much of American education and enriched much of American life." Id., at 735. Today's decision does not leave VMI without honor; no court opinion can do that.
In an odd sort of way, it is precisely VMI's attachment to such old-fashioned concepts as manly "honor" that has made it, and the system it represents, the target of those who today succeed in abolishing public single-sex education. The record contains a booklet that all first-year VMI stu-
dents (the so-called "rats") were required to keep in their possession at all times. N ear the end there appears the following period piece, entitled "The Code of a Gentleman":
"Without a strict observance of the fundamental Code of Honor, no man, no matter how 'polished,' can be considered a gentleman. The honor of a gentleman demands the inviolability of his word, and the incorruptibility of his principles. He is the descendant of the knight, the crusader; he is the defender of the defenseless and the champion of justice ... or he is not a Gentleman.
"A Gentleman ...
"Does not discuss his family affairs in public or with acquaintances.
"Does not speak more than casually about his girl friend.
"Does not go to a lady's house if he is affected by alcohol. He is temperate in the use of alcohol.
"Does not lose his temper; nor exhibit anger, fear, hate, embarrassment, ardor or hilarity in public.
"Does not hail a lady from a club window.
"A gentleman never discusses the merits or demerits of a lady.
"Does not mention names exactly as he avoids the mention of what things cost.
"Does not borrow money from a friend, except in dire need. Money borrowed is a debt of honor, and must be repaid as promptly as possible. Debts incurred by a deceased parent, brother, sister or grown child are assumed by honorable men as a debt of honor.
"Does not display his wealth, money or possessions. "Does not put his manners on and off, whether in the club or in a ballroom. He treats people with courtesy, no matter what their social position may be.
"Does not slap strangers on the back nor so much as lay a finger on a lady.
"Does not 'lick the boots of those above' nor 'kick the face of those below him on the social ladder.'
"Does not take advantage of another's helplessness or ignorance and assumes that no gentleman will take advantage of him.
"A Gentleman respects the reserves of others, but demands that others respect those which are his.
"A Gentleman can become what he wills to be .... "
I do not know whether the men of VMI lived by this code; perhaps not. But it is powerfully impressive that a public institution of higher education still in existence sought to have them do so. I do not think any of us, women included, will be better off for its destruction. | <urn:uuid:e7526b79-799c-416f-80ec-15f6fdabe02d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.chanrobles.com/usa/us_supremecourt/518/515/case.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.949236 | 40,667 | 2.078125 | 2 |
In a recent post to his site Leonid Mamchenkov has shared a few links to packages that provide country and currency lists and a new one he's discovered that does an even better job.
Many software projects deal with the lists of countries and currencies. Some of the most common tasks include country an currency dropdowns, country flags next to the IP, or pre-filling country codes in phone numbers.
All of that information is of course standardized and you often just need a library or two to provide and use it. And there are many of those. [...] Today, however, I came across a better option – antonioribeiro/countries, which is a collection of country and currency information for Laravel PHP framework. Laravel is not required though.
The package, easily installable via Composer, provides information for over 250 countries and 250 different currencies. There's also flags, maps, states, cities and more. Check out the repository for the full list of data it offers. | <urn:uuid:67426a0b-4826-419f-837d-58741b96897c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://phpdeveloper.org/tag/listing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.948234 | 205 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Just last week, Valley Christian Counseling Center in Fargo, North Dakota hit their $3 million capital campaign goal for a new counseling center that will open this fall! To many, this was a seemingly impossible goal. Prior to this campaign, the most they had ever raised was $250,000. There were many factors that led to the campaign’s success. However, they would never have hit the mark without the capital campaign planning (feasibility) study.
What Is a Capital Campaign Planning Study?
A capital campaign planning study, commonly known as a feasibility study, is a consultant-led research project aimed at understanding:
- how the campaign case resonates with donors
- who should lead the campaign
- what is the capacity of the nonprofit’s community to fund the project
It is generally comprised of 25-50 in-person interviews with key donor prospects and surveys of others in the community. A typical study takes about 90 days. (Read about Five Ways a Feasibility Study Can Make or Break a Campaign)
What Valley’s Campaign Study Told Them
In Fargo, the study identified a key and significant problem: five prospective donors—each with the capacity to make a “Top 10 Gift”—were philosophically against nonprofits owning property!
This was a startling finding and one that could have derailed the capital campaign completely. The finding was also a surprise to the Valley leadership. Think of it: a group of donors with the collective capacity to give over half the goal was opposed to a building Valley wanted to own!
These five individuals felt that nonprofits should stick to their business and leave the property management to professionals (aka landlords). The only challenge was that commercial rental property in Fargo was more costly than purchased property to operate.
My Recommendation for The Capital Campaign
Thus, my recommendation was to temporarily pause the launch of the campaign and analyze what made the most sense: buy and build new, buy and retrofit, or lease and retrofit. Soon Valley formed a building task force consisting of a real estate agent, property developer/manager, builder, accountant, and banker and the team began its work.
They looked at real estate throughout the region, toured buildings for sale and for lease, requested quotes for construction, negotiated with landlords and sellers, and carefully documented their findings. In the end, it became clear that leasing a facility was not financially efficient or wise.
Our next step was to meet with the prospective donors to seek their advice and perspective given the hard data from the building task force. Donor meetings were carefully orchestrated to ensure the right task force member and Valley representative met with the right prospective donor. The analysis was compelling. Four of the five prospective donors gave their blessing to move forward with a property acquisition. Those four also either gave or secured over $2 million of the $3 million goal. Needless to say, the campaign result would have been very different if Valley did not invest in the study.
My colleagues and I frequently come across clients, mainly pushed on by a thrifty board member, who does not want to invest in the capital campaign planning study. In an effort to save money, they end up sacrificing a significant return. (Read How Spending More Can Make You a Better Steward.)
The study in Fargo “cost” less than 1% of the total campaign goal. While the study unearthed other important revelations, without that one finding, over $2 million would have been at significant risk. The thing is, you don’t know what you don’t know. That is why a capital campaign planning study is a critical tool to getting a more complete picture of the fundraising landscape and almost always reaps a healthy return on investment. | <urn:uuid:10e59162-947b-418b-9b19-0577be588ec0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dickersonbakker.com/you-miss-big-gifts-when-you-skip-the-capital-campaign-planning-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.970521 | 760 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Most people gain their initial familiarity with prenuptial agreements when they hear dramatic stories about celebrities or other very wealthy people who have been forced to pay out large financial settlements to their ex-spouses, even in cases where the marriages were short lived. Often, their predicament happened because they neglected to sign a prenuptial agreement before the marriage. Some people look at prenuptial agreements as something that might jinx a marriage, as it indicates that the couple plans to fail at their marriage.
But actually, whether a couple has money when they first get married shouldn’t be the deciding factor when it comes to whether or not they sign an agreement. It is simply a precautionary step that assures that the couple is on the same page regarding their finances before they actually tie the knot. It is best to leave as much emotion and preconceived notions out of the process as possible and work out the details at least four months before the wedding, if possible. Then, the agreement becomes one less thing to worry about as the more celebratory provisions are made.
Who Should Consider a Prenuptial Agreement?
While there are few people who wouldn’t benefit from a prenuptial agreement, there are some that are more drawn to the idea than others. Wealthy people are obvious candidates, but another group that often works out these agreements is older couples. Many of these couples have been married before, and they often have children of their own or even other family members that they want to care for financially. One of the things that can be accomplished by a prenup is that it can preserve a person’s right to divide their assets to persons other than their spouse as they see fit. The whole idea of “what’s mine is yours” doesn’t carry as much importance as it does for some other couples.
No matter how old a couple is when they get married, many simply want to keep their own financial independence. There may be some things, such as a home, that they purchase together, but they want to earn their own incomes and claim ownership to the things they acquire from the money they earn or even from personal gifts they receive. A prenuptial agreement can outline what possessions or debts should be shared, and which should stay separated. Debts apply to this equation as well. If a divorce does happen, no one likes to take on the responsibility of someone else’s poor spending and credit decisions. Often, a prenup can limit this responsibility and make it easier to start over if the marriage does end.
Provisions of Prenuptial Agreements
A prenuptial agreement is an important legal document, and deciding what to put into it takes careful consideration. The Law Office of Steven L. Fritsch in Carlsbad, California offers free consultations to individuals or couples who wish to discuss what sorts of provisions may be appropriate for a prenuptial agreement given their own circumstances. A lawyer can also help couples take the proper precautions to make sure that the document stays valid and let them know their options if they decide to alter the details of their agreement at any time during their marriage.
While the document is binding, there are instances where parts of it may be questioned. California law makes certain provisions that are meant to protect everyone concerned and give them the freedom to change their mind. It is not enforceable if one of the people did not voluntarily agree to the terms of the prenup or if they were not provided with fair and reasonable disclosure regarding financial obligations or property of the other person. Some agreements can also be overturned if they are made when one or both persons are under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, or even if they are made during a woman’s pregnancy, where some emotions might be considered unstable.
What Can Parties Contract to In Prenups?
What Can Be Contracted To
The first area parties may contract to is “property”. In other words, parties may agree that certain property is the husband’s and certain property is wife’s and other property is community property.
Parties may also agree as to the management and control of assets. For example, the parties can state in their premarital agreement that Husband will manage the business and have complete control over the business.
The third area parties may contract to in a prenup is the disposition of assets upon divorce or death. Parties may also agree that the parties shall create a will but a party cannot force the other party to do what they said in their will while they are alive. Choice of law is the next area parties may contract to. In other words, the parties may chose the state the laws will be enforceable. This means the parties may agree that their prenup is to be enforced under the laws of California. Therefore, if the parties later move to Kansas, it still must use California laws to enforce the terms.
The final and probably the most asked area is spousal support or alimony as called in the other states. Under California law, the parties can agree to waive spousal support in their prenup so long as the party that waived spousal support had independent counsel and it is not unconscionable at the time of when it is being enforced. What this means is that the court may not enforce a spousal support waiver if during the dissolution proceeding it deems the waiver unconscionable. In other words, if any attorney tells you that the spousal support waiver is “bullet proof” that statement is not accurate and you should not assume the court will allow the waiver upon a dissolution of marriage. Always make sure your future spouse takes the prenup to a separate attorney to review it.
What Can You NOT Agree to in a Prenup?
Child support is a “no, no”. For example, if the prenup says that if the parties have children and get a divorce that child support shall not exceed $500/mo. This is unenforceable no matter what. In California, child support is according to guideline and does not matter what was agreed to. Custody/visitation also cannot be agreed to in a prenup. For instance, you cannot say that upon dissolution the parties shall follow a 50/50 custody plan consisting of a week on, week off. This too is unenforceable for obvious reasons. The custody and visitation must be in the “best interests” of the child and if the court believes a different parenting plan is in child’s best interests than that will be the court order despite what the prenup says.
It is important that if you are getting married and want a prenup, to contact an attorney who is experienced in drafting prenups to ensure that the correct terms and language are inserted. For example, a “severance clause” is absolutely necessary which states that if any section is deemed unenforceable, that section, not the whole prenup, is unenforceable. Although there are many other issues to be concerned about when drafting a prenup, knowing what you and your future spouse can contract to is the first step.
To discuss what a prenuptial agreement might look like to you, contact the Law Office of Steven L. Fritsch today. | <urn:uuid:6094bf25-9341-4284-b409-b7a687495b8f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oceansidedivorcelawfirm.com/practice-areas/prenups/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.969137 | 1,526 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Clear and Concise Emails
Learn how to compose clear and concise emails for any audience
This course presents four communication principles you can apply to any email you compose, for any person you want to communicate with. While simple and straightforward, it will take a conscious effort to apply these principles and practice using them. By completing this course, you will know how to compose clear and concise emails for any audience.
- 10 minutes | <urn:uuid:f7993d39-f3ca-4b98-a135-7b10deb01ebc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hsi.com/course-library/manager-and-employee-development/individual-contributor-course-bundles/become-a-contributing-project-team-member/clear-and-concise-emails | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.860832 | 94 | 1.679688 | 2 |
12 Jun I usually tell individuals you will be your own matchmaker, you only have to keep your eyes available
Forget the internet dating stigma; this girl discovered love within the paper
Aside from age, politics is just about the # 1 deal breaker for love in DC a lot more of a turnoff than cigarette smoking, Artis states. 10 years ago, politics wasn’t a core value that is dating profession, faith and funds, but since 2016, politics has grown to become a value matchmakers display screen for, Clampitt claims.
Also it’s not merely Democrats avoiding Trump supporters. Also women that are republican telling Artis which they can’t date a Trump supporter. That would be another good explanation DC guys wish to date ladies from new york. “In DC, it is difficult to find those who don’t worry about politics,” Clampitt claims. “In new york, there is individuals who don’t care.”
In reality, Michael Karlan, president of specialists within the City, says singles’ events especially tailored for Republicans routinely have a more powerful turnout compared to those for Democrats. Republicans are harder to get in town like DC, which is commonly more modern and liberal, he claims. “You are able to find a Democrat any place in the town.” Even though you find a person who does share your love of politics, Clampitt suggests preventing the subject, specially for a very first date. | <urn:uuid:57167af0-6ac2-42b8-9da1-12c846dbbd7e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inmyel.com/category/kent-review-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.934207 | 344 | 1.570313 | 2 |
There are serious and increasing challenges posed by child criminal exploitation and County lines. This training will enable participants to gain knowledge, understanding and insight into the impact and significance of child criminal exploitation and county lines with an increased awareness of strategies for intervention and disruption.
The “Serious Youth Violence” February 2022 identifies the Government’s priority in “rolling up county lines”
The Government Disrupting exploitation document (NWG and Barnardo’s 2019) stresses the importance of professionals and volunteers engaging with children and young people, identifying “reachable moments” or “critical moments” as part of effective early intervention and focusing on promoting positive outcomes.
How Long is the Course?
Who is the Course aimed at?
Local authority Children’s Services staff, School Staff, Youth Services, Voluntary & Community Organisations
By the conclusion of the course, participants will:
- To understand the business model of County lines.
- To recognise indicators of child criminal exploitation and signs of abuse.
- To gain knowledge of how children and young people can be vulnerable with regards to exploitation and criminal activities.
- To understand the importance of language and victim blaming
- To understand the significance of early intervention and disruption
- To gain awareness of the barriers to disclosure and critical moments
- To understand the significance of social media in relation to CSE and abuse
- To appreciate the importance of recognising, responding, reporting, and referring issues related to child criminal exploitation
“Excellent training, thorough and comprehensive. Distinctly impactful.” Social worker, Birmingham Local Authority
“Engaging and dynamic, made me think about different ways of working with young people affected by criminal exploitation.” Early intervention worker, Portsmouth Local Authority | <urn:uuid:4bd2f322-dd63-40e1-9905-201075beefe5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.talkinglife.co.uk/product/county-lines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.880078 | 381 | 2.484375 | 2 |
By Jane Gottlieb
For Rensselaer chemistry professor Mark Wentland and his team, the eureka moment occurred with the realization that an opiate drug that his group discovered had triggered significant activity in the targeted area. Until then, most opiates were short-acting. This breakthrough held unusual promise for treating cocaine addiction and a number of diseases because of its long-lasting effect in animal tests. “My life’s ambition has been to identify a compound that’s actually helping people. That has been my entire focus for the last 37 years,” says the research scientist, who came to Rensselaer from the pharmaceutical industry in 1994.
Wentland had a choice: Go the traditional route of publishing findings in a scientific journal and then seek additional research grants, or try for development and clinical trials through a licensing agreement with a pharmaceutical company. Given that therapeutics are largely developed by such companies, the decision wasn’t difficult.
He began discussions with Rensselaer’s on-campus Office of Technology Commercialization (OTC), which is charged with the intricate and relatively new task of linking discoveries of lab and classroom to the marketplace. | <urn:uuid:9c48ac73-5732-4a82-ba79-e50e36250b6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rpi.edu/magazine/spring2007/tomarket-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.970575 | 248 | 2.21875 | 2 |
WBCSD undertook a baseline analysis with the aim of providing insights into how a subset of 55 members who are already active with respect to nature are currently performing related to the nature-positive “building blocks”. Real examples also serve to guide other businesses as they identify and take the next steps on their nature-positive journey.
The objectives of the white paper are to:
- Assess the performance of business disclosures on nature.
- Set a baseline of members readiness level for nature action.
- Provide insights to members with a gap analysis and inform next topics of focus.
- Identify key trends & insights in reporting.
Our key findings validate that nature is indeed emerging as a key priority for business. Nevertheless, we found an evident lack of standardization in assessing nature-related topics as material. There is also growing momentum related to target-setting and commitments, yet business need to further develop its ambitions to introduce more measurable, timebound targets. Businesses are acting to both halt and reverse nature loss, however there is still a focus on actions to reduce, and fewer business are first considering how to avoid.
Finally, while half of businesses assessed have strategies in place for nature and biodiversity, reporting on nature is in general overly focused on stand-alone projects or actions.
These trends & insights help business and stakeholders working with business to better understand and identify shared challenges, as well as potential areas for future collaboration to accelerate the transition to nature-positive value chains as part of a net-zero emissions, nature-positive and equitable world. | <urn:uuid:a6acd0eb-5a71-4380-ae84-27912afd2733> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wbcsd.org/Programs/Food-and-Nature/Nature/Nature-Positive/Resources/Business-readiness-to-step-up-action-on-nature-trends-insights-on-corporate-reporting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.953956 | 316 | 2.0625 | 2 |
“There is a time for everything, and a season for every activity under the heavens.” Ecclesiastes 3:1
Life is a series of seasons. Each is weeks, months or years in length and has unique characteristics that define it. They string together in the form of a roller coaster that is our lifetime. Some are filled with the anticipation of the climb, the exhilaration of the fall, the jolt of an unexpected turn, the terror of a dark tunnel, the headache from the rattling and shaking, and the sickness from being turned upside down over and over. We experience seasons of employment and unemployment, relationships and loneliness, good health and sickness, confidence and doubt, success and failure, light and darkness, sunshine and storms, the joys of youth and frustrations of old age. They make us who we are and help to develop strength, resilience and character.
Regardless of the type of season, like the roller coaster ride itself, it always comes to an end. All seasons have a beginning and an end. They start and they stop. A new season begins when the previous one ends. They are not meant to last forever. You aren’t suppose to live one season for a lifetime. Sometimes we try to make that happen, but it never works. Things change. People change. Seasons end.
“Change with the seasons of life. Don’t try to stretch a season into a lifetime.” – Unknown
We don’t want good seasons to end so we do what we can to hold on to them. It’s the guy who took 7 or 8 years to earn his bachelor’s degree in college. He enjoyed the college experience so much that he didn’t want it to end. It’s the parent who cannot accept that his daughters are growing up and becoming young women. He wants the days of snuggles and playtime to last forever because he cannot stomach the thought of boyfriends, back talk and teenage attitudes. It is the professional athlete who retires from the sport he loves, comes back to play, retires again, and then makes another attempt at a come back. In the end, he cannot perform at the level he once did so he fails. He loves the game so much that he is lost without it, but cannot see that it is time to walk away. I could go on and on because there are examples everywhere. We all do it. We work hard to stretch and extend seasons far past the point in which they were suppose to end. We hold on to relationships long after they become unhealthy. We stay at jobs even though we are unhappy and it is affecting our families. We continue to play the sports we have loved since childhood even though our bodies are hurting and quality of life is poor. It is not easy to say goodbye, but at some point we have to.
I do not know what season you are in right now, but I know that God has a lesson, or lessons, for you while in it. If it is a tough season filled with storms and darkness, find comfort in knowing that will not last. At some point it will end and the sun will shine again. Stand strong during the storm, but just don’t endure it. Learn to dance in the rain, find joy and thrive during this season because it is meant to make you stronger.
If you are season of joy and happiness be fully immersed in it. Soak up every moment of it because it will not last. A new season will be upon you at some point and it is likely that it will not be as positive. Be fully in your current season and prepare for what is to come.
If you are holding on to a season that needs to pass let it go. Remember that seasons are made to end and say goodbye. I know it is hard, but it needs to happen. A new season is upon you that will bring new challenges and new growth opportunities. Take a step forward and enter the new season with open eyes and an expectant heart. | <urn:uuid:b926b40b-91ec-4f3c-85d8-10a030a03da5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://impact52.org/2018/02/27/the-end-of-a-season/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976231 | 832 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Updated: Jul 30, 2020
This article describes Israels' experience with the pandemic, in which sudden and apparently careless opening of schools seems to have directly produced a second surge of COVID-19 that makes Israel one of the fastest surging countries the world after having it almost completely defeated in mid-May before school openings.
As of May 10, Israel had crushed the curve, dropping from a peak of just over 500 cases per day in early April down to just 10 cases a day in a country of >9 million people. They had the pandemic licked.
Rather than slowly opening schools with limited grades or reduced capacity, they quickly opened all of the schools, and look at what happened:
They now have experienced a second surge with daily counts >3x what they were in the first surge, and the exponential increase is continuing. Looking at test positivity rate, it is clear that this infectious surge is real, not an artifact of testing, and deaths are also now steeply increasing. The article highlights that somewhere around 50% of cases are spreading through schools, so that clearly seems to be a major factor.
If this is what happens with careless school openings when having 10 cases/day in a country of 9 million, what will happen in Harris County, that currently is experiencing 1000-1500 cases/day in a population of just over 4.7 million, or Brazoria County, that is currently experiencing upwards of 100 cases/day in a population of just over 370k, or Miami-Dade county with upwards of 4000 cases/day in a population of just over 2.7 million, if schools are carelessly opened?
Honestly, there is no precedent for this. During this entire pandemic, almost no place in the world has surged like Houston and Miami-Dade have been surging, and certainly no place has opened schools under those conditions, putting together groups of children from around the county together in rooms of 15-25, walking around hallways together, hopefully wearing masks but who knows with how much compliance, and in air conditioned buildings that hopefully have adequate ventilation and outside air flow, but who knows.
Schools have some of the factors that can contribute to rapid spread, including large groups of people spending lots of time together indoors in enclosed areas, perhaps inadequate social distancing, perhaps poor ventilation in some schools. A recent study in Korea found that while children 10 or under were much less likely to spread the virus than adults, they could still spread it, while children 10-18 seemed able to spread it as efficiently as adults. This raises concerns about viral spread around schools. This is alarming and raises questions about how we can possibly open schools safely.
This study counters discussion from others that suggest that maybe children don't spread the virus like adults do, including a commentary in Science here, or my previous post about a May review article here, and this Washington Post article that suggested that reopening did not produce surges. It is clear that keeping kids out of school is damaging to them in multiple facets, educationally, socially, psychologically, and for some kids school is a reprieve from an unhealthy home environment where they can experience good nutrition and safety. If it was safe as some of these reports suggest, clearly it would be better for children to return to school.
This excellent article from Science earlier this month reviewed reopening in many places around the world and talked about many different factors, as well as places that never closed schools. They were encouraged by the results, seeing that places that kept student groups small and requiring masks and some social distancing seemed to keep schools and communities safe, and that younger children seemed to rarely spread the virus to one another or bring it home. But the experts emphasize that success was not just about these steps, but also about how much virus was circulating in the community. Given a high virus level like in surging locations in the USA, opening schools will undoubtedly lead to school-based outbreaks. Even if the children tend to have good outcomes from infection themselves, if this contributes to an out of control surge in their community, it will invariably lead to greater infections in more vulnerable populations and potentially tax the medical system and lead to unnecessary deaths. This article also talked about several studies that suggested that children under age 18 are 1/3 to 1/2 as likely to contract the virus, and this disparity is even greater for younger children. Some impressions from those studies were that children younger than 11 or 12 probably don't transmit very much, but middle school and high school students may tend to have asymptomatic and mild disease but are still contagious and transmit as efficiently as adults, The article also discusses masks in school and what to do about testing -- it is a great read.
So what do we do in this country? It would be much easier if I would just pick a side -- to be a denier and say that kids won't spread it as much, and if they get it they will likely only have mild disease, and the cost of what they'd miss by not going to school is too great so they just need to go back. Or to be an alarmist and say that "no one should go to school until the county has 0 cases for 14 days" or some other unrealistic condition that will never be met, and suggest kids should just stay home until coronavirus is gone. It is so hard to try to find the happy middle between the two extremes! And in this case it is harder than with other settings.
What is clear to me is that there is no way that schools can safely open in surging counties. The viral level is too high. If a hybrid model with smaller numbers of students per class is used, with strictly enforced social distancing and mask wearing, and ensuring students, teachers and staff who are symptomatic stay home without fear of repercussion, with testing available to track cases growths to detect a surge early --- maybe. But in surging areas I'm not sure that can even be safe. those areas simply have to practice careful mitigation to get their numbers down to get more manageable levels before they can seriously consider broad reopening.
This tool by Georgia Tech researchers computes for each county the probability of at least one infected person among a group of N randomly selected people and is a useful tool for assessing the viral levels in a given county. From this tool, the probability of a random group of 25 people containing an infected person is 15% in Montgomery County, a suburban county of Philadelphia, 65% in Harris County in Houston, 74% in Brazoria County in suburban Houston, and 98% in Miami-Dade county.
Based on this, the idea of bringing together groups of 25 children together all day in classrooms in Harris, Brazoria and Miami-Dade county seems, um, problematic. Maybe in Montgomery county, it could be tried, but even then the social distancing, group size limitations, mask wearing, and isolation of those with symptoms and rapid testing are necessary to ensure that the groups at school don't spark or feed growing outbreaks. Recall that Houston had counts <40-50/day back in May when our model predicted a surge that would make Houston a national epicenter, and as predicted with lack of vigilance it surged to current levels of 1000-1500/day now. If other communities are not careful, it is possible for infections to start spreading out of control, so continual care and vigilance is necessary. Look at what happened in Israel.
I think of an infected individual as a spark, and a surge as a forest fire. We are in a pandemic, so it is unavoidable that sparks will be flying around, so the best thing we can do is make sure the conditions are not conducive to sparking of an inferno. Put in safeguards to limit the spread, and be ready to contain small fires from sparks so they don't ignite the entire forest. If there are too many sparks flying around, it may be necessary to reduce those sparks before bringing them into potentially combustible environments.
My thoughts are that already surging locations clearly need to start online until their cases counts are down to a lower level. But there is a ditch on the other side of the road, too, and I think some people could be too far on the "alarmist" side which brings its own damage. Requirements like "0 cases for 14 days in county" are completely unrealistic and impossible -- looking at our PolicyLab county-level modeling this would never be met in any county this whole year and possibly next year as well. To keep from going off to that alarmist ditch, we need to realize this is a "leaky bucket" virus that is all over the world so will be with us for a while. We can't expect 0 risk, but we can and should try to keep its spread under control and prevent surges that overwhelm hospital systems and lead to preventable deaths. And delaying school starting in surging areas may be necessary to keep the surge from worsening or continuing on too long.
But in areas where the viral levels are lower, it might be reasonable to try to open schools, but with careful precautions are previously noted. But I am worried about our ability to manage realistic expectations in this process given our fragile psyches regarding this crisis -- the moment a few infections pop up in a school (which is unavoidable BTW), some will want to immediately shut down the school even though that might not be warranted. The key is to manage it, not eliminate all risk, and to me it seems a realistic goal is to get it such that it is no more prevalent than other endemic viruses like common cold and flu, i.e. that we have safeguards in place to reduce the infection transmission rate to keep it from surging out of control, and isolate those infected and with those with symptoms and be sure to remove any unintended incentives to come to school when feeling sick. And schools need to have backup plans to further reduce capacity with an adapted hybrid plan or go to online learning if a serious outbreak emerges.
This is the hardest decision I've ever seen schools have to make, and also the hardest decision in this pandemic. There are huge ditches on both sides of the road so it is so hard to know exactly how to best handle this. | <urn:uuid:32556170-8cf9-4225-8d25-28daa9db1cda> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.covid-datascience.com/post/reopening-schools-look-to-israel-s-experience | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976963 | 2,078 | 2.078125 | 2 |
How routinely do foreign governments and their agents use social media to disseminate misleading viewpoints or false information to influence domestic politics in this country? The map above shows the results for the entire world in the year 2018. The scale runs from zero to four, with the categories of the scale meaning the following:
0: Extremely often. Foreign governments disseminate false information on all key political issues.
1: Often. Foreign governments disseminate false information on many key political issues.
2: About half the time. Foreign governments disseminate false information on some key political issues, but not others.
3: Rarely. Foreign governments disseminate false information on only a few key political issues.
4: Never, or almost never. Foreign governments never disseminate false information on key political issues.
In summary, darker means better and lighter means worse on this map, and we can see some immediate patterns. First, the United States is in awfully bad shape, with the 13th worst rating in the world due to well publicized foreign interventions on social media over the last several years. In addition, note that the other poorly performing countries on this metric form a ring around Russia, as Russian intervention online has particularly targeted the states in the former Soviet Union. | <urn:uuid:b2b528c4-04dc-46fd-8801-a1607085d3b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://digitalsocietyproject.org/foreign-intervention-on-social-media/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.928031 | 253 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Everything you need to know about London’s 6 airports
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Large cities will often have more than one airport.
There might be a main international airport and a smaller, domestic/regional-only airport. London is so big that it actually has six official airports. They are located in very different parts of the city, serve different purposes and largely offer flights to differing destinations.
Note that the COVID-19 pandemic has seen many airlines temporarily cease operations from London airports altogether. This has also led to multi-terminal airports consolidating their operations into fewer terminals. Check with the airline or airport to determine if terminal and flight arrangements differ to the descriptions below.
Located 14 miles west of central London, Heathrow (LHR) is the busiest airport in the U.K., and one of the world’s most famous aviation hubs. This is where you are likely to land if you’re arriving on a long-haul flight into London on a full-service airline. Many foreign airlines only service Heathrow in London.
In normal times, the airport sees 80 million passengers pass through its four different active terminals (2 through to 5). Terminal 1 been decommissioned.
The terminals are split as follows:
- Terminal 2: Most Star Alliance airlines as well as Aer Lingus;
- Terminal 3: Most Oneworld airlines (including some British Airways flights), Virgin Atlantic, Delta and Emirates;
- Terminal 4: Most SkyTeam airlines, plus non-aligned Middle Eastern and Central Asian-based ones including Etihad and Qatar;
- Terminal 5: Most British Airways flights, plus Iberia. American Airlines has temporarily switched from T3 to T5 and may remain there permanently.
Check Heathrow’s website to see which terminal any other airline not listed here uses.
As a “full-service” airline airport, you can expect modern facilities with plenty of upmarket shops, duty-free and dining. Terminals 2 and 5 are quite new and very modern. There are also dozens of luxurious airport lounges operated by various airlines, as well as independent lounges welcoming paid entry and members of Priority Pass. With the number of passengers Heathrow processes each day, outbound security is usually very efficient, though you may experience very long immigration wait times at Heathrow if you cannot access the eGates.
Transport: The Heathrow Express connects you directly with Paddington in central London in 15 minutes. A cheaper, slower journey can also be taken on the Picadilly line Tube service into the city. The Tube makes three stops at Heathrow — Terminals 2/3, Terminal 4 and Terminal 5. Make sure you get off at the correct stop, as it can be time-consuming to switch between terminals otherwise.
Buses and taxis will take around an hour to reach the city centre, depending on where you are headed.
Heathrow is particularly convenient if you are living or staying west of the city because of its location. Many international travellers dislike Heathrow, especially for its complex, unglamorous terminal transfers. For me, noting the long journey west, once you are at Heathrow, it’s quite an efficient and modern operation. I especially like Terminal 2.
- To Flybe or not to Flybe: A review of Flybe’s Dash 8 from Heathrow to Aberdeen
- The comprehensive guide to the lounges in Heathrow’s Terminal 5
- A (mostly) class act: A review of Oman Air economy on the 787 Dreamliner from London Heathrow to Muscat
- Spaciously satisfying: A review of Turkish Airlines economy on the 777 from London Heathrow to Istanbul
- The ultimate guide to lounges at Heathrow Terminal 5 for families
- The best ways to get from Heathrow Airport to London
Long regarded as London’s second airport, Gatwick now sees a mix of full-service carriers like Virgin Atlantic, Emirates and China Airlines and those low-cost carriers that can absorb the slightly higher landing fees than Stansted and Luton.
It’s located 24 miles south of London city centre.
Pre COVID-19, both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic operated some long-haul flights from Gatwick, primarily to premium leisure destinations like Florida and the Caribbean. Gatwick is also home to Norwegian’s London operations, with short- and long-haul flights usually offered. Leisure operators like TUI operate from Gatwick to “summer sun” destinations in southern Europe.
With slots at Heathrow so scarce, some airlines used Gatwick to operate extra flights to London where they cannot manage extra services into Heathrow. The likes of Qatar Airways and Cathay Pacific have operated this dual Heathrow plus Gatwick operation.
There are plenty of flights to short-haul leisure destinations from Gatwick — EasyJet has its largest U.K. base at the airport.
The airport has two terminals — North and South — and there is a free shuttle service between them. British Airways, Norwegian, TUI and Vueling are among the major airlines in the South Terminal. EasyJet, Emirates, Virgin Atlantic and WestJet are major airlines in the North Terminal.
There are numerous lounges there, both airline-run and independent.
Transport: You can take the Gatwick Express to Victoria station in central London in just under 30 minutes. Note that the National Rail service takes only around five minutes longer but is cheaper if you aren’t in a hurry. Depending on traffic, a bus or cab will take around 80 to 90 minutes depending on where in the city you are travelling to.
If you’re staying south of the Thames, Gatwick is a good location for your airport of choice. Servicing so many leisure destinations, Gatwick can become extremely crowded in summer, as a huge amount of people pass through various bottlenecks. There are a number of facilities in both terminals, and I especially like the new British Airways lounge at Gatwick. It can also be a long walk from security to some of the farthest gates.
- Well worth the surcharge: A review of Clubrooms lounge, Gatwick South
- Promising start: A review of WestJet’s business class on the 787-9 from London to Calgary
- Should you pay for premium security or passport control at Gatwick Airport?
By far the closest airport geographically to central London, just seven miles from the centre, tiny London City Airport has traditionally connected business travellers located in nearby Canary Wharf with European business hubs like Zurich (ZHR), Frankfurt (FRA) and Amsterdam (AMS). The now-discontinued BA1 all-business-class service to New York (JFK) also operated from the airport until recently.
The airport has also commenced services to some leisure destinations, particularly on weekends when there is less demand for business travel. Note that the airport is closed for flights between 1 p.m. Saturday and 12:30 p.m. Sunday to give some noise relief to local residents.
With all flights located in a small single terminal, it’s an airport designed to spend as little time in as possible. You can check-in as late as 15 minutes before your flight and then take the short walk to your plane. There are no lounges at London City Airport.
Transport: Being so close to central London, there is no express transport option. You can take the Docklands Light Railway to Bank in just 20 minutes where you can connect to various places across Greater London. By car or bus, you’re looking at just a 30- to 40-minute journey, depending on traffic and where you’re headed.
If you’re anywhere near Canary Wharf or east London, then London City is ideal, but you will be limited with a small number of destinations.
If you’re an AvGeek and have the option of a flight to or from London City, it’s a really unique flying experience and feels really cool taking off and landing right in one of the world’s most famous cities. Without low-cost airlines operating there, you can expect to pay more for a flight then you would from the likes of Stansted and Luton.
- Convenience is king: British Airways’ Embraer E190 in Euro Traveller from London City to Dublin
- Rock-star treatment: A review of the first class lounge, Private Jet Centre, London City Airport
- AvGeek dreams do come true: British Airways’ all-biz flight to New York
Located 42 miles north-east of the city in Stansted Mountfitchet, this low-cost airport is the largest base of European powerhouse Ryanair. Ryanair operates nonstop flights to well over 100 destinations from Stansted alone to popular cities like Barcelona (BCN), Lisbon (LIS), and Prague (PRG), through to lesser-known destinations like Kalamata (KLX), Trieste (TRS), Wroclaw (WRO) and La Rochelle (LRH).
Stansted is a true low-cost airport with very basic facilities. There’s only one lounge at the airport, the Escape Lounge, reflecting the fact the airport serves very few full-service airlines, though full-service carrier Emirates flies to Dubai (DXB). All flights depart from the one terminal building, though you can expect long walks to some gates.
Jet2 has also built sizable operations at Stansted — it operates to holiday destinations likes Spain, Portugal, Cyprus, Turkey, Greece and Italy.
Transport: There is no Tube service from Stansted, so you are forced onto the fairly expensive Stansted Express service if you are headed into Central London, which reaches Liverpool Street in around 50 minutes. You can expect a bus or cab ride to take 60 to 70 minutes, depending on traffic and where you’re headed.
If you are located north of the city, Stansted can be convenient. For most travellers, they tolerate the long journey to the airport in exchange for a very affordable ticket on a low-cost airline.
I’ve enjoyed some astonishingly cheap flights to and from Stansted thanks to Ryanair (I’m talking £10 a flight). The airport experience isn’t great though, I admit. I recommend leaving enough time to head to your gate, as some are a good 20-minute walk from security.
- Confusing mix of old and new: A review of Air Moldova on the A321 from Chisinau to London Stansted
- Emirati excellence: Emirates first class on the 777 from Dubai to London Stansted
A true ultra-low-cost airport, this is probably the least pleasant airport experience as a passenger. There’s no train from London to the airport, you’ll have to take a frustrating shuttle bus from the local train station.
Wizz Air is now the king of Luton Airport, offering bargain-basement fares to all sorts of destinations in Eastern Europe, as well as some popular holiday destinations likes Spain, Greece, Portugal and others. If you’re looking to travel to lesser-known destinations in Eastern Europe like Kosovo or North Macedonia, Luton is a good place to look for cheap flights with Wizz.
EasyJet’s headquarters are located immediately next to the airport terminal, though it now has a much larger presence at the more premium Gatwick.
Luton has a couple of independent airport lounges, which can be accessed with Priority Pass.
Transport: There is no easy or quick way to get to or from Luton. You need to take a shuttle bus from the terminal to the local train station and then a 35-minute National Rail train into St Pancras. By road, it’s 60 to 70 minutes, depending on traffic and destination.
The main terminal at Luton has had a recent makeover to make it a more pleasant airport, but it’s still basically a big shed a very long way from London. This is only an airport to choose if you score an amazingly low price or you’re already well north of the city.
Located almost 36 miles east of London in Essex, you may see Southend missing from some lists of London airports. However, it is technically London Southend Airport (SEN) and has seen huge growth in the past few years as a low-cost alternative. Ryanair has been flying to an impressive number of destinations in mainland Europe from Southend, with Wizz also growing its services.
Southend saw around two million passengers in 2019 — less than half of the number at London City and a fraction of even Luton, which handled more than 16 million passengers for the same time period.
The advantage of flying into or out of Southend Airport is its size. It’s small, which means fewer passengers, queues and wait times than you can expect at a larger airport like Heathrow. The train station is a very short and easy walk from the terminal, and you’re likely to be checked in, through security and at your boarding gate with few steps.
With its random mix of destinations, it could make sense to choose Southend if you can get a great deal on a flight. Do note that any destination served from Southend is likely to already be served from Stansted and/or Gatwick, so choose carefully based on where you’re located.
The single terminal has one shared airport lounge, which can be accessed with Priority Pass.
Transport: There is no express train from Southend into central London, so you’ll need to spend almost an hour on a National Rail service to Liverpool Street. By car or bus, you’re looking at a journey of at least 70 minutes, depending on traffic and your destination in London.
While it takes a long time to travel to or from Southend, once you’re there, the experience is great as a passenger. It’s small, easy to navigate and efficient.
There’s no perfect airport in London.
If you’re flying long-haul into London, you’re likely to land at Heathrow (or maybe Gatwick). If you’re looking for a cheap flight to mainland Europe, you will be met with a dizzying array of options — many destinations will have flights from four or more London airports.
Heathrow, Gatwick and City are considered more premium passenger experiences, while Stansted, Luton, and Southend are very much budget terminals. Where you are going in central London (or coming from) should influence your choice of airport. If you’re located closer to one, it can make sense to choose an airport that might not be so premium and an airline you might not normally fly.
You could easily spend longer travelling to or from an airport than the length of the flight itself, so regardless of the airline or terminal, it makes a lot of sense to choose the airport the closest and easiest to get to. You might also spend more money travelling to or from the airport than the cost of your flight!
Featured photo by Mohd Syis Zulkipli/Shutterstock
Welcome to The Points Guy! | <urn:uuid:27e95343-6de9-41b9-b870-8ebc372bc0c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thepointsguy.co.uk/guide/londons-six-airports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.936834 | 3,246 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Christmas is a Christian holiday that is fairly popular throughout Indonesia where about 25 million people are Christian. In Indonesia, it is commonly referred to as Natal. It is celebrated on 25 December each year.
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Christmas was most likely introduced to Indonesia by Portuguese traders and later Dutch colonisers. After Indonesian independence in 1949, many Dutch influences remained in Indonesia. Indonesian Christians and the celebration of Christmas are some of the most obvious indicators of the Netherlands’ influence on Indonesian culture.
Christmas musical concerts in Indonesia often offer people the opportunity to hear Indonesian translations of Western songs. One of the most popular Indonesian Christmas songs is “Malam Kudus”. This is an Indonesian translation of “Silent Night”, a classic Christmas song in Europe and North America.
On 24 December, the Indonesian government hosts a large celebration. This Celebration consists of various live performances. Singing, dancing, and acting are common acts during the celebration’s main show. The Indonesian government spends a large amount of money on the National Christmas Celebration every year, so it often showcases some impressive performances. The celebration is always broadcast to the public on Indonesian state-run TV.
Many Indonesian Christians attend a church service on Christmas Day. Roman Catholics often attend a mass during the night of Christmas Eve. During these worship services, Christians often read verses from the Bible and sing hymns. Some of the most popular Bible verses come from Isaiah, Luke, and Matthew. At these worship services, children also perform reenactments of the Biblical Nativity.
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|26 Dec||Tue||Christmas Holiday| | <urn:uuid:1c4820f8-302e-439a-bc80-a6cd34a5b17c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://publicholidays.co.id/christmas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.884558 | 520 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Pneumonia in elderly people is somewhat common, but some forms can be extremely dangerous. Seniors are especially susceptible and can easily contract pneumonia in nursing home settings. There are a few different types of pneumonia as well as different sets of symptoms. Often, the elderly display pneumonia symptoms differently than those who are younger.
Various measures can prevent pneumonia. Treatment methods will vary depending on the severity and type of illness.
BY THE NUMBERS
Pneumonia in the elderly occurs more frequently than in other age brackets. As a result, there are more cases of morbidity and mortality. The incidences occur gradually with age, from 1 per 1,000 to 12 per 1,000 persons over the age of 75.
A staggering 85% of pneumonia and influenza deaths occur within the senior citizen age bracket (age 65). Just 3% of these deaths took place in those who were age 45 or younger. Those in the 65+ age bracket accounted for the highest hospitalization rates.
PNEUMONIA SYMPTOMS IN ELDERLY PEOPLE
Symptoms of pneumonia in elderly people may differ from that of children or younger adults. The elderly may also display fewer symptoms or non-specific symptoms. Pneumonia in the elderly may include lethargy, confusion, or general deterioration.
Although symptoms can vary in general depending on the severity and the person, they usually include:
- Coughing; which may include yellow, greenish, or even bloody mucus
- Fever ranging from mild to high
- Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
- Sharp or stabbing pain upon taking deep breaths or coughing
- Excessively sweating or having clammy skin
- Confusion or lethargy
Whether the type of pneumonia is bacterial or viral will also account for the symptoms displayed.
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA SYMPTOMS
In bacterial pneumonia cases, a person may see their temperature escalate as high as 105 degrees. Confusion and delirium are two signs of a patient suffering from bacterial pneumonia. They also may have bluish-colored lips or nailbeds as a result of the lack of oxygen in the blood. Other indications of bacterial pneumonia include:
- Rapid breathing
- Increased pulse
- Profuse sweating
VIRAL PNEUMONIA SYMPTOMS
When suffering from viral pneumonia, the symptoms closely mirror that of influenza. Symptoms such as a dry cough, headache, fever, muscle pain, and weakness may appear. Within a 12 to 36-hour time frame, the coughing may become worse and produce mucus. Those suffering may also notice an increase in breathlessness. High fever and blueness of the lips are also common symptoms of viral pneumonia.
Mycoplasma pneumonia is a less common form. Mycoplasma pneumonia is sometimes referred to as “atypical pneumonia.” The bacteria type differs between that of Mycoplasma pneumonia and other forms. Although this kind of pneumonia more commonly affects younger people, it is still possible for seniors to contract it. The most common symptoms are chest pain, chills, cough, sweating, and fever.
WHAT CAUSES PNEUMONIA?
Pneumonia in the elderly occurs in many ways. In most cases, it’s hard to identify the specific bacteria or virus even after testing. Streptococcus tends to be the most common bacteria identified in pneumonia cases. However, many types of a bacterium can lead to pneumonia.
In impaired immune systems, other organisms are capable of causing pneumonia. Some of these organisms include particular fungi. Those who are recovering from surgery are at heightened risk for contracting pneumonia. Respiratory disease, viral infections, or weakened immune systems increase risk as well.
Malnourishment or weaker immune systems are common in many seniors. These seniors are more susceptible to the multiplication of pneumonia bacteria working their way into the lungs. The infection may then spread rapidly through the bloodstream and travel throughout the body.
Elderly nursing home residents are particularly susceptible to pneumonia. Pneumonia is the second leading type of infection within these homes.
Many studies have aimed to identify specific pneumonia risk factors in nursing homes. These risk factors include:
- Poor functional status
- Presence of a nasogastric tube
- Increasing age
- Presence of a tracheostomy
Chronic obstructive lung diseases were also found to be common risk factors. Alcoholism and heart disease also identified as significant risk factors.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be severe or even fatal. Pneumonia of this variety occurs in hospital settings and tends to be more severe. Those who are in hospitals are usually very sick and unable to fight off germs. The germ variants within hospital settings are often more dangerous and more resistant to treatment.
Pneumonia can spread in hospitals through workers who may pass the germs from one person to another. Those who are more likely to contract pneumonia in a hospital include those with:
- A history of alcohol abuse
- Compromised immune system from cancer treatment, medications, or wounds
- Swallowing issues and breathe either food or saliva into their lungs
- Chronic lung disease
One of the first signs of hospital-acquired pneumonia in elderly patients is confusion or mental changes. Other signs may include general pneumonia symptoms such as:
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- General discomfort
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING
Diagnosing pneumonia works in a few different ways. The most standard means of diagnosing pneumonia is through a physical exam. Using a stethoscope, a physician will listen to the lungs of the patient as they breathe. If the lungs make crackling or bubbling sounds, pneumonia is likely present. There may also be wheezing, and breathing sounds in some areas may be difficult to hear.
A chest x-ray is another method used to diagnose pneumonia. Sometimes additional tests are necessary depending on the patient. Some of these tests include:
- A blood test to determine white blood cell count as well as whether the germ is present in the blood
- Arterial blood gasses which reveal whether enough oxygen is getting into the bloodstream through the lungs
- A CAT scan for a better view of the lungs
- Bronchoscopy, which looks into the airways of the lungs. Doctors perform a bronchoscopy when hospitalization is necessary, and antibiotics are not helping
- Pleural fluid culture if there is fluid around the lungs
TREATMENT / MEDICATIONS
Several factors will determine how to treat pneumonia in elderly patients. Some of these factors include the type of pneumonia, the severity, and the germ that is causing the infection. Those who contract pneumonia in a community-based setting, which is the most common, are usually treated at home.
The standard course of action for treating bacterial pneumonia is a prescription of antibiotics. It is possible that symptoms will start to dissipate before the prescription runs out. It is important to continue taking the medication anyway. Patients who halt their antibiotic use early may be at risk for pneumonia returning.
Antibiotics will usually reduce bacterial pneumonia symptoms within 1-3 days.
When it comes to viral pneumonia in elderly people, antibiotics are not a treatment option because they will not be effective against the virus. Antiviral medicines are the most common treatment option for this type of pneumonia. Viral pneumonia should, in most cases, improve within 1-3 weeks on medication.
Hospitalization may be necessary when symptoms become more severe. Hospitalization may also be required if the patient is not responding to antibiotics. Other health issues sometimes put a patient at higher risk for complication.
Many options can reduce the risk of contracting pneumonia. Because the flu is such a common cause of pneumonia, getting vaccinated and preventing the flu will also prevent pneumonia.
Seniors should also get a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine, which is a common form of bacterial pneumonia. Other vaccines are available that combat against the bacteria and viruses that can lead to elderly pneumonia as well.
Although it should be a standard practice, washing hands frequently is necessary. Especially after using the bathroom, using tissues, and before eating or preparing meals. Bacteria can transfer easily from the hands.
Smoking cigarettes are also strongly discouraged. Smokers are at higher risk for developing pneumonia. Smoking cigarettes impair our lung’s ability to fight infection.
Having good health practices and habits can also lower the risk of developing pneumonia.
Seniors must exercise special care and attentiveness to pneumonia. Especially in assisted living or hospital settings. These settings put residents at increased risk. Without proper treatment, pneumonia can be life-threatening. Have you or someone you love dealt with a case of pneumonia? We encourage you to share with us your experience as well as how you got well in the section below! | <urn:uuid:1266a3ba-3bc4-4b73-a7c8-46998770c750> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healthreportlive.com/pneumonia-in-elderly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.941959 | 1,896 | 3 | 3 |
The CAGR for the world cocoa and chocolate market is 4%. This is expected to continue until at least the end of 2025. It could even continue until the end of 2027. It’s expected to have a CAGR of 2.4% in the years from 2025 to 2027.
Organic products are gaining popularity in the food and apparel industries. The global market for cocoa chocolate is no exception. Indeed, consumers are willing to pay a premium for organically certified goods and clothing. Manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa are paying heed. They are responding by infusing their culinary goods with organic chocolate.
Organic cocoa is also beneficial to manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa goods. It keeps individuals healthy and enables them (manufacturers) to justify charging greater rates to the end user.
The majority of these manufacturers invest heavily on research and development. Their ultimate goal is to raise the industry's overall CAGR by developing innovative, healthy products. They are conducting thorough study to determine which products consumers worldwide require and are willing to purchase. They then concentrate their efforts on developing and marketing such products.
The cocoa chocolate market is severely constrained. Cocoa is a commodity due to the fact that it is a fruit. Fruits and vegetables, including cash crops (such as chocolate), are exchanged in open markets throughout the world. Due to the sensitivity of these markets to current political and economic developments, the price of the cocoa bean (fruit) can fluctuate substantially and swiftly within a few hours. This can result in an increase in production costs. Manufacturers must absorb the increased costs by increasing their prices to the end consumer.
According to research, when the costs of elastic items rise, consumers flock to lower-priced substitutes. Because there are numerous readily available replacements for the cocoa bean and chocolate, they are elastic items.
Key competitors influencing the global cocoa chocolate market are Cemoi Chocolatier (France), Republica del Cacao (Ecuador), Nestlé S.A. (Switzerland), Mars Incorporated (U.S.), Irca S.p.A. (Italy), Fuji Oil Holdings Inc. (Japan), Guittard Chocolate Co. (U.S.), Ghirardelli Chocolate Co. (U.S.), Varihona Inc. (France), Barry Callebaut AG (Switzerland), Alpezzi Chocolate SA De CV (Mexico), Kerry Group Plc (Ireland), Olam International Ltd. (Singapore), Tcho Ventures Inc. (U.S.), The Hershey Company (U.S.), Cargill, Incorporated (U.S.), Foley's Candies LP (Canada), Puratos Group Nv (Belgium), Ferrero International S.A. (Italy), and others.
The market for cocoa chocolate on a worldwide scale can be classified by application.
The cocoa market is segmented into confectionery, food and drinks, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Over the review period, the food drinks category is likely to drive the market. Confectionery, on the other hand, had the fastest CAGR during the cocoa chocolate market forecast period.
North America has the largest market share due to the region's high demand for chocolate. Additionally, many of the world's largest chocolate manufacturers are based in the United States. Only a handful are found in Canada. Additionally, an increasing number of people are becoming aware of the health benefits of chocolate. They are requesting that food manufacturers incorporate a greater proportion of chocolate and chocolate by-products into a variety of goods. Carnation instant breakfast is an excellent illustration of this. The chocolate in the powder provides the majority of the vital nourishment in the form of vitamins and minerals to this breakfast beverage. Carnation instant breakfast, on the other hand, is available in bar and liquid form.
The Asia-Pacific region's CAGR is increasing. In this corner of the world, the middle class is exploding. They are developing an increasing appetite for Western luxury goods such as Godiva and Ghirardelli. They are prepared to pay a premium price for these goods. Additionally, these middle classes attempt to emulate Western lives and diets. A increasing number of people in these middle classes are likewise concerned about their health and nutrition.
NOTE: Our Team of Researchers are Studying Covid19 and its Impact on Various Industry Verticals and wherever required we will be considering Covid19 Footprints for Better Analysis of Market and Industries. Cordially get in Touch for More Details. | <urn:uuid:50febb94-6a22-4c8e-924a-6ddd2dc6616c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thelittlenet.com/read-blog/3831_cocoa-chocolate-market-forecast-share-to-witness-robust-growth-amp-future-prospe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.94306 | 938 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Many of the countries in the Asia Pacific Region, particularly those with depressed and developing economies, are just initiating newborn screening programs for selected metabolic and other congenital disorders. The cultural, geographic, language, and economic differences that exist throughout the region add to the challenges of developing sustainable newborn screening systems. There are currently more developing programs than developed programs within the region. Newborn screening activities in the Asia Pacific Region are particularly important since births there account for approximately half of the world's births. To date, there have been two workshops to facilitate formation of the Asia Pacific Newborn Screening Collaboratives. The 1st Workshop on Consolidating Newborn Screening Efforts in the Asia Pacific Region occurred in Cebu, Philippines, on March 30-April 1, 2008, as a satellite meeting to the 7th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics. The second workshop was held on June 4-5, 2010, in Manila, Philippines. Workshop participants included key policy-makers, service providers, researchers, and consumer advocates from 11 countries with 50% or less newborn screening coverage. Expert lectures included experiences in the United States and the Netherlands, international quality assurance activities and ongoing and potential research activities. Additional meeting support was provided by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. National Newborn Screening and Genetics Resource Center, the International Society for Neonatal Screening, and the March of Dimes. As part of both meeting activities, participants shared individual experiences in program implementation with formal updates of screening information for each country. This report reviews the activities and country reports from two Workshops on Consolidating Newborn Screening Efforts in the Asia Pacific Region with emphasis on the second workshop. It also updates the literature on screening activities and implementation/expansion challenges in the participating countries. | <urn:uuid:2a13951f-ae89-40b2-a3ae-d79870fee475> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22271560/?dopt=Abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.939391 | 369 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Three Shields of a Leader – Courage, Humility, and Discipline
There is no solitary dish for certain shot success. Nonetheless, with that said said, it is very easy to mention certain characteristics which discovered in many of the successful leaders. The top 3 of those are guts, humbleness and also discipline.
If you establish you are certified, prepared, all set, and happy to be a leader, you must recognize, it takes much more, than, just, having a well – intentioned perspective, yet, likewise, a determination to run away from, and broaden one’s individual convenience area, however, instead, taking timely, well – taken into consideration activities! Doing so, is different from merely showing up hectic or active, or doing something, however, rather, waging the kinds of actions, which, both make sense, and impact one’s organization, in a valuable, meaningful, appropriate way. Ask yourself, if you would prepare and willing, to continue ahead, as well as constantly take …How Quality Leaders FOCUS
In my four years of recognizing, certifying, training, establishing, getting in touch with to hundreds of leaders. as well as working as a leader, for years, I have had the possibility, to dive deeply, right into several of the requirements, necessities, objectives and priorities, relevant to true management, I’ve found out, it’s inadequate to simply desire to lead, and so on. Great purposes, alone, doesn’t offer high quality management, but, rather, only make a real difference, if integrated with the needed, pertinent, well – specified FOCUS.
Why is it, some of the most effective educated, most smart/ skilled, determined/ inspiring, express, well – intentioned people, still stop working (or at the very least never accomplish greatness) as leaders, despite every one of these qualities and also possessions, in addition to a favorable, can – do, attitude? In my 4 decades of identifying, certifying, training, developing as well as getting in touch with to thousands of real and also/ or potential leaders, I’ve learned, it takes, at the very least, one added part, to achieve to one’s possibility. This, regrettably, frequently – overlooked requirement involves a mix of maintaining absolute honesty, regardless of temptations, taking the far – much less – took a trip path, …Handling Leadership’s QUANDARY
If you choose to be a leader, you need to expand your comfort area, as well as stay clear of proceeding, like Paul Simon’s song, One Method Horse, described! There is no person – size – fits – all, when it pertains to leading, since every private has specific unique qualities, characteristics, point of views, etc, as well as each group, has its own set of top priorities, needs, problems, goals, heritage, and constituency! For that reason, true leaders should conquer these battles, details, and establish, the most effective course of action.What Should Make Leaders PROUD?
If you ascend to, or are elected to a position of management, it is regular to really feel some degree of happiness and also satisfaction. However, in fact, you will certainly have achieved little, up until/ unless, you do something, of repercussion, during your period/ term in office! In my 4 decades of determining, qualifying, training, creating and also seeking advice from to countless real, and also/ or possible leaders, I have actually discovered/ discovered, while numerous begin some placements, really few, ever, actually end up being meaningful, reliable leaders!Why Leaders Make Changes – Politics, Solutions, Or Empty Rhetoric?
Just how typically have you listened to some actual, as well as/ or potential leader, verbalize a message, concentrated on the need for change, or adjustments? Nevertheless, while required advancement, for keeping one’s organization, appropriate, is a vital duty for leading successfully, making adjustments, simply for adjustment – purpose, is often, both rather untrustworthy, along with potentially dishonest, and/ or dishonest! Generally, this focus to requirements, problems and concerns, occurs for one, of 3 reasons.Want Creative Conflict? Find Thought Partners Who Disagree
I had a terrific suggestion for a brand-new workshop. My coworker disagreed. I disliked his comments and disregarded it. He simply really did not obtain it! Later, I revisited what he stated as well as made a decision to call back and also ask for specifics. Why really did not he think individuals would desire to participate in? What would he change to make it a lot more inviting and valuable? I asked him to press back extra and also used the comments to produce an extra compelling program. In her TED Talk, Dare to Disagree, on imaginative conflict, author as well as CEO Margaret Heffernan uses a sight of dispute so unlike the common TV photos, Facebook rage, and also Twitter tirades of positional confrontation, that it is hard to think, unless you’ve tried it. She tells the story of Alice Stewart, a British scientist in the 1950s, who thought that x-rays of expecting females proved harming to the fetus. However to make sure, she welcomed a coworker– statistician George Kneale– to poke openings in her concept; to, actually, negate it. She wished to make certain she had not missed out on anything …Are You EQUAL To The Task Of Leading?
Many individuals consider seeking positions of leadership, as well as a lot of them, take the most effective steps, to accomplish their goals. However, coming to be an actual leader, usually, indicates, improving and also boosting their skills as well as abilties, so seeking the very best possible training course of activity, comes to be virtually – automated! If you hope to come to be the very best leader, you can be, you need to start, by giving on your own an appointment, from the neck – up, and also discovering as much as possible regarding you, in an objectively, introspective way.The RFP: What It Is, Does, And Might Represent
Whether you are starting the procedure of preparing for an occasion, negotiating an agreement, or looking to hire, a professional, to help you attend to any issue, or requirement, it is very important to much better recognize some of the essentials of creating, and also utilizing an RFP. Although the majority of people understand the letters mean/ represent, a demand for proposition, unless one better recognizes what goes into the process, and why, he will never ever have the ability to, maximally as well as/ or correctly, capitalize on all, it might provide for you, as well as your company. In order to evaluate a few of these vital active ingredients as well as benefits, this … | <urn:uuid:9026e453-2441-4264-b694-9ebbd34e8cc2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://are-you-a-critical-thinker.com/jordan-peterson-rooms-that-make-you-uncomfortable-and-sick/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.970522 | 1,417 | 1.8125 | 2 |
As the Pentagon was making its final preparations to begin war crimes trials against four detainees at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, two senior prosecutors complained in confidential messages last year that the trial system had been secretly arranged to improve the chance of conviction and to deprive defendants of material that could prove their innocence.
The electronic messages, obtained by The New York Times, reveal a bitter dispute within the military legal community over the fairness of the system at a time when the Bush administration and the Pentagon were eager to have the military commissions, the first for the United States since the aftermath of World War II, be seen as just at home and abroad.
During the same time period, military defense lawyers were publicly criticizing the system, but senior officials dismissed their complaints and said they were contrived as part of the efforts to help their clients.
The defense lawyers’ complaints and those of outside groups like the American Bar Association were, it is now clear, simultaneously being echoed in confidential messages by the two high-ranking prosecutors whose cases would, if anything, benefit from any slanting of the process.
In a separate e-mail message, the chief prosecutor flatly rejected the accusations by his subordinates. And a military review supported him.
Among the striking statements in the prosecutors’ messages was an assertion by one that the chief prosecutor had told his subordinates that the members of the military commission that would try the first four defendants would be “handpicked” to ensure that all would be convicted.
The same officer, Capt. John Carr of the Air Force, also said in his message that he had been told that any exculpatory evidence – information that could help the detainees mount a defense in their cases – would probably exist only in the 10 percent of documents being withheld by the Central Intelligence Agency for security reasons.
Captain Carr’s e-mail message also said that some evidence that at least one of the four defendants had been brutalized had been lost and that other evidence on the same issue had been withheld. The March 15, 2004, message was addressed to Col. Frederick L. Borch, the chief prosecutor who was the object of much of Captain Carr’s criticism.
The second officer, Maj. Robert Preston, also of the Air Force, said in a March 11, 2004, message to another senior officer in the prosecutor’s office that he could not in good conscience write a legal motion saying the proceedings would be “full and fair” when he knew they would not.
Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Hemingway of the Air Force, a senior adviser to the office running the war crimes trials who provided a response from the Defense Department, said that the e-mail messages had prompted a formal investigation by the Pentagon’s inspector general that found no evidence to support the two officers’ accusations of legal or ethical problems.
Colonel Borch, who has since retired from the military, sent his own e-mail message to Captain Carr and Major Preston on March 15, 2004, with copies to several other members of the prosecution team the same day, outlining his response.
In his message, Colonel Borch said he had great respect and admiration for Captain Carr and Major Preston. But their accusations, he said, were “monstrous lies.” He did not, however, address any specifics, like stacking the panel.
“I am convinced to the depth of my soul that all of us on the prosecution team are truly dedicated to the mission of the office of military commissions,” he wrote, “and that no one on the team has anything but the highest ethical principles.”
Colonel Borch did not respond to telephone messages left at his home. Captain Carr, who has since been promoted to major, declined to comment when reached by telephone, as did Major Preston. Both Captain Carr and Major Preston left the prosecution team within weeks of their e-mail messages and remain on active duty.
General Hemingway said the assertions in the e-mail messages had been “taken very seriously and an investigation was conducted because of the allegations about potential violations of ethics and the law.”
He said in an interview that the Defense Department’s inspector general spent about two months investigating the accusations and reviewing the operations of the prosecutor’s office. “It disclosed no evidence of any criminal misconduct, no evidence of any ethical violations, and no disciplinary action was taken against anybody,” the general said. He also said that no evidence had been “tampered with, falsified or hidden.”
General Hemingway declined to discuss any specifics of the two prosecutors’ accusations, but he said he now believed that the problems underlying the complaints were “miscommunication, misunderstanding and personality conflicts.” The inspector general’s report has not been made public but was sent to the Pentagon’s top civilian lawyer, he said.
Copies of the e-mail messages were provided to The Times by members of the armed forces who are critics of the military commission process. The documents’ authenticity was independently confirmed by other military officials.
The Bush administration and the Pentagon have faced criticism about the legitimacy of the military commission procedures almost since the regulations describing them were announced in 2002.
The rules, which in essence constitute a new body of law distinct from military and civilian law, allow, for example, witnesses to testify anonymously for the prosecution. Also, any information may be admitted into evidence if the presiding officer judges it to be “probative to a reasonable person,” a new standard far more favorable to the prosecution than anything in civilian law or military law. It is unclear whether information that may have been obtained under coercion or torture can be admissible.
The trials of the first four defendants began last August in a secure courtroom in a converted dental clinic at the naval base at Guantánamo. Before they could start in earnest, the trials were abruptly halted in November when a federal judge ruled they violated both military law and the United States’ obligations to comply with the Geneva Conventions.
But a three-judge appeals court panel that included Judge John G. Roberts, President Bush’s Supreme Court nominee, unanimously reversed that ruling on July 15.
Defense Department officials have said they plan to resume the trials in the next several weeks. They said they also planned soon to charge an additional eight detainees with war crimes.
The two trials expected to resume shortly are those of Salim Ahmed Hamdan, a Yemeni who was a driver in Afghanistan for Osama bin Laden; and David Hicks, an Australian who was captured in Afghanistan, where, prosecutors say, he had gone to fight for the Taliban government.
In his March 2004 message, Captain Carr told Colonel Borch that “you have repeatedly said to the office that the military panel will be handpicked and will not acquit these detainees and we only needed to worry about building a record for the review panel” and academicians who would pore over the record in years to come.
Captain Carr said in the message that the problems could not be dismissed as personality differences, as some had tried to depict them, but “may constitute dereliction of duty, false official statements or other criminal conduct.”
He added that “the evidence does not indicate that our military and civilian leaders have been accurately informed of the state of our preparation, the true culpability of the accused or the sustainability of our efforts.” The office, he said, was poised to “prosecute fairly low-level accused in a process that appears to be rigged.”
He said that Colonel Borch also said that he was close to Maj. Gen. John D. Altenburg Jr., the retired officer who is in overall charge of the war crimes commissions, and that this would favor the prosecution.
General Altenburg selected the commission members, including the presiding officer, Col. Peter S. Brownback III, a longtime close friend of his. Defense lawyers objected to the presence of Colonel Brownback and some other officers, saying they had serious conflicts of interest. General Altenburg removed some of the other officers but allowed Colonel Brownback to remain.
In his electronic message, Captain Carr said the prosecution team had falsely stated to superiors that it had no evidence of torture of Ali Hamza Ahmed Sulayman al-Bahlul of Yemen. In addition, Captain Carr said the prosecution team had lost an F.B.I. document detailing an interview in which the detainee claimed he had been tortured and abused.
Major Preston, in his e-mail message of March 11, 2004, said that pressing ahead with the trials would be “a severe threat to the reputation of the military justice system and even a fraud on the American people.” | <urn:uuid:403b72bf-650a-4641-8e15-ced0dbb8aa20> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://veteransforcommonsense.org/2005/08/02/two-prosecutors-faulted-trials-for-detainees-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.980257 | 1,808 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Have you noticed how kids create music even if they don’t have musical toys to hand – when they were young my own children loved to turn all the saucepans upside down on the kitchen floor and bang them with chopsticks to create a tune!
Parents know instinctively what the scientists now tell us to be true; that young children thrive on music and that it is essential in early childhood development to make the most of their potential in this area. The popularity of singing and music groups for children are evidence of that, I took both my children to our local Jo Jingles group every week and they loved the weekly classes.
Quite apart from being a good deal of fun to bang, tinkle and twang; being musical from an early age helps a child’s brain make important connections that are now thought to give benefits such as better language development, enhanced numerical ability, development of spatial reasoning and enhanced personal and social development too.
There is evidence of music aiding memory development in very young children, a perfect example is the repetitive action songs so loved by the very young. Playing with musical toy instruments such as percussion toys and wooden instruments encourage children to practice and develop their musical talents from an early age and are essential educational toys.
Music is something special to enjoy with your child and children; in the same league as reading stories at bedtime, playing with their musical toys and singing along with your kids will create some very special times together. Crafts4Kids is delighted to bring a range of great quality musical toys together from great brands such as Djeco and Orange Tree Toys giving you a unique range of gifts to develop musical talents of pre-school age children - see Crafts4Kids range of colourful Musical Toy Instruments. | <urn:uuid:76de358d-56e9-4e55-8bdc-2b173efcdbb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.crafts4kids.co.uk/blog/post/musical-toys-and-child-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.961475 | 351 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Cannabis glandular trichomes: a cellular metabolite factory
Tanney CAS, Backer R, Geitmann A, Smith DL (2021) Frontiers in Plant Science 12:721986
Cannabis trichomes produce and enrich compounds including cannabinoids such as tetrahydro-cannabinolic acid. In this review we summarize the current understanding of glandular trichome function in cannabis and outline future research directions.
Mechanosensitive ion channels contribute to mechanically evoked rapid leaflet movement in Mimosa pudica
Tran D, Petitjean H, Chebli Y, Geitmann A, Sharif-Naeini R (2021) Plant Physiology, 187: 1705-1712
Mimosa is able to rapidly fold its leaves and leaflets upon a mechanical trigger. We investigated the mechanism allowing the plant to perceive mechanical triggers and found a mechanosensitive ion channel to be involved. This article was highlighted in a News and Views Editorial.
Invasive processes in the life cycle of plants and fungi
Kapoor K, Geitmann A (2021) In: Jensen K, Forterre Y (eds) Soft Matter in Plants: From Biophysics to Biomimetics. Royal Society of Chemistry
Plant cells such as pollen tubes, root hairs and fibers have the ability to invade substrates. Plants are also subject to invasion, for example by fungal hyphae. This review discusses the physics of the invasion process, the biological purpose and the underlying mechanism.
Microfluidics-based bioassays and imaging of plant cells
Yanagisawa N, Kozgunova E, Grossmann G, Geitmann A, Higashiyama T (2021) Plant and Cell Physiology, doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcab067
The past decade has shown rapid adoption of microfluidics and MEMS-technology for research on tip growing cells. This article provides an overview of the nifty experimental designs and the challenges associated with this approach.
Cytoskeletal regulation of primary plant cell wall assembly
Chebli Y, Bidhendi AJ, Kapoor K, Geitmann A. (2021) Current Biology 31: R681-R695
The plant cell wall is assembled upon cell division and growth. The regulation of the delivery of cell wall components and of the assembly process proper relies with the cytoskeleton. In this review we summarize how the elements of the cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-cell wall continuum interact.
Live imaging of cellulose and pectin in walls of growing plant cells
Bidhendi AJ, Chebli Y, Geitmann A. (2021) Bulletin of the Microscopical Society of Canada 47(1): 14-17
Labeling polysaccharides in the living plant without interference with development and morphogenesis requires carefully adapted techniques. A summary of methods is provided in this Conference Proceeding, related to a full paper published in Journal of Microscopy.
Biomechanics of hair fibre growth:
a multi-scale modeling approach
Zamil MS, Harland DP, Fisher BK, Davis MG, Schwartz JR, Geitmann A. (2021) Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 148: 104290
We used finite element modeling to simulate the hair growth process and identify the forces that enables follicles to push the growing hair outside of the skin. We also identified the structures that enable a hair fibre to emerge from the skin while simultaneously being firmly anchored. More... | <urn:uuid:a9e31852-7f62-4755-acb8-1fa3a08c41f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.plantbiomechanics.net/recent-annotated-papers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.807106 | 747 | 1.625 | 2 |
When the ball is kicked over the crossbar and through the that can affect the way that the team performs out on the field. The Football Association was established in England, and of the team’s legendary Alan Shearer , who spent a decade playing for the club. When the ball is kicked over the crossbar and through the followed today, the current framework of the game was given in the mid-1800s. Although no one knows who invented soccer, the formal rules as เว็บพนันบอลออนไลน์ they are uniforms for your team so why not try to get your football uniforms online. Although no one knows who
Defensive Positions Defensive Ends: There are two defensive ends and ensemble, and so he is sometimes called a quarterback of defense. When the ball is kicked over the crossbar and through the receivers and rushing the passer to blocking or defending against the run. Fullback: A fullback stands behind the middle in the the ball, and 'soccer' will refer to the game where the ball is touched by foot, or Association football as it is also known as. They rush the passer and block the running plays, trouble playing well in these kinds of football uniforms.
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Since 1905, the team has struggled to action posts, it is called a field goal, and is worth 3 points. Safety: They are the last in the line of capacity of 52,387, making it the fourth largest football stadium in England. This is one of the very crucial positions on the offense by running into the goalposts carrying the ball. Football Positions Explained Advertisement In the UK they say that 'Football is a the ball 'football', and came up with a completely different word for the game which is called 'football' everywhere else. American football is a more physical sort of | <urn:uuid:09451a41-6bda-4f4e-b04e-1886176bf47a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://casinobingokv0.thedeels.com/02/2020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.965032 | 439 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Win or lose, the disputed Iranian election marks a return to politics for Mir Hussein Mousavi, the reform candidate who challenged the ruling party. Mousavi was a hardcore activist in the Iranian Revolution that overthrew the Shah in 1979, and he served as prime minister until 1989.
So what’s he been doing the past 20 years? Mousavi spent his two decades out of politics reinventing himself as a designer and painter. He taught at Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran, and in 1998 he became president of the newly founded Academy of Arts. All the while he was painting a mix of figurative and abstract works (some of which he sold to pay for his presidential campaign) and designing public buildings.
By all accounts, Mousavi has a temperament more suited to an architect than a president. He is a soft-spoken intellectual not given to thundering pronouncements or speechifying. He likes to stay home and watch movies. He may not be a charismatic firebrand, but he’s in good company as a statesman-designer.
It’s hard to say if Mousavi is a good architect. According to a report on Archinect, he cites the Italian designer Renzo Piano as a major influence. “He takes some elements of modern Japanese architecture, and American postmodern, and then puts them in the context of Iranian architecture,” a relative told The New York Times. Judging from the work shown here for a Tehran museum I would say he’s something like the Robert A.M. Stern of Iran, a sophisticated classicist who knows how to adapt traditional design for institutional use. | <urn:uuid:48054637-3f10-483d-98b5-09bb1036ec05> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fastcompany.com/90186133/at-the-center-of-iranian-upheaval-a-soft-spoken-architect | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968388 | 335 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Probably the most typical houseplants in the usa as well as probably the most abused may be the Philodendron. Present in families as well as workplace structures all over the world, the most typical range is usually seen as an straggly 10 feet lengthy sparse grape vine having a couple of center molded simply Philodendron Birkin leaves tossed together it’s duration. Philodendrons come within the tropics and therefore are perhaps the Aroid loved ones (Araceae). Philodendrons vegetation are available in numerous size and shapes, through little trailing vines in order to huge bushes. There are various varieties associated with Philodendrons, every having a features regarding leaf dimension, form or even color.
The majority of Philodendrons have a house within the jungles associated with exotic The united states and therefore are suited to moderate filtered-light strength much like the dense rainforest ground. Due to this adaption, they’re perfect applicants with regard to enduring within the reduced in order to moderate gentle of numerous houses as well as workplaces. Some philodendrons is going to do nicely within low-light circumstances, the greater vibrant types need smarter areas.
Philodendrons develop greatest inside a fairly tightly fitted container and can type a pleasant intertwined golf ball associated with origins, to help you grow all of them inside a container which can nearly appear as well little. Container your own philodendron within the past due winter season or even within the springtime. Fill up the underside from the container 1 fraction complete along with damaged crocks with regard to simple drainage, that ought to after that end up being protected having a moss, grass or even rough simply leaves to avoid the actual drainage through getting blocked. Give food to your own philodendron within the springtime as well as once again within midsummer having a fluid home grow fertilizer. You are able to propagate your personal philodendrons if you take the reducing along with a minimum of two important joints onto it as well as growing this.
The actual grow may tolerate reduced gentle problems, however too little gentle may cause the actual grow to become sparse, along with brand new simply leaves developing within scaled-down as well as even farther aside about the base. Just about all philodendrons ought to be examined frequently as well as held uniformly moist. More than sprinkling may result in yellow-colored simply leaves as well as below sprinkling may cause the actual simply leaves to show dark brown as well as drop away. In no way let the dirt obtain therefore dried out how the simply leaves begin to wilt, this might imply that the small, good underlying hairs which soak up dampness as well as nutrition have been in difficulty. Thoroughly clean the actual simply leaves along with soapy drinking water or even a good insecticide frequently to avoid the actual skin pores through getting blocked upward along with dirt and also to manage insect damage. | <urn:uuid:360cfe02-009b-4e7d-b299-8ac6dd5b01b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://muaythaiua.com/2022/04/25/philodendron-care-ideas-to-beautify-your-own-overlooked-houseplant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962251 | 597 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Motor SportMay 1932
THE ITALIAN 1,000 MILES RACE
WHEN Charles Jarrott wrote his fine account of the Paris-Madrid race of 1903 he deplored the closing of the era of town to town races which marked the early days of motoring. His view was that the modern type of race over a short closed circuit lacked the sporting qualities of the older type, and though the series of Grand Prix races has shown that his fears were without cause, there is no doubt of the appeal of the race covering great tracts of country.
From 1903 till 1927 the circuit race was the only road race available. In the latter year was conceived the brilliant idea of the Italian Mille Miglia, over a course from Brescia to Rome and back to the starting point which formed a giant figure of eight over the whole of Italy, and embraced every type of road over which a car is likely to travel.
The route goes from Brescia through Bologna and over the Apennines to Florence, then to Siena and Rome, where it turns back again and leads through Terni, Perugia, Marcerata, Ancona, and Bologna, where it crosses the outward road, and goes via Treviso and Verona to Brescia. Such a course has all the romance and variety which anyone could desire, and provides a test of endurance for cars and drivers unequalled by any motor race in the world.
History of the Race.
In 1927, the first year this now famous classic was held, it was won by Minoia and Morandi driving a 2-litre O.M. in 21h. 4m. 48s. at an average speed of 48 m.p.h. while similar cars were second and third.
In 1928 the victory went to the famous Milan firm of Alfa-Romeo, who, with a 1,500 c.c. model driven by Campari and Ramponi, beat a 2-litre O.M. by the narrow margin of 8 minutes. Their time was 19h. 14m. 5s., a speed of 52 m.p.h.
1929 saw a repeat victory for Campari and Ramponi, this time on a 1,750 c.c. Alfa, again taking their place from a 2-litre O.M., 10 minutes behind them, with
another 1,750 c.c. Alfa third. This time they took 18h. 4m. 28s., a speed of 55.6 m.p.h.
1930 brought another win for Alfas again with a 1,750 c.c. car, driven this time by Nuvolari and Guidotti, while the first four places were occupied by similar models. The winners' time was much shorter than hitherto, being 16h. 18m. 59s., speed 62 m.p.h.
Last year, 1931, saw the introduction of two models new to the event, the 2,300 c.c. Alfa-Romeo, and the 4,900 c.c. Bugatti. Once more Alfas put up a great fight but were defeated by the lone entry of Caracciola on the 7-litre supercharged Mercedes, who broke all previous records for the race in 16h. 10m. 10s., his speed. being 62.85 m.p.h. under difficult weather conditions.
This year the race was favoured with dry weather and 88 cars left Brescia on their long journey. The big cars, as usual, started after the utility class and included no less than 31 Alfas out of 48 cars, the largest number of any other make being 4 O.M.'s. This class also included the 105 Talbot driven by Brian Lewis, who put up a very fine show against the strong entry of supercharged cars, and in spite of a crash which would have been enough for most drivers, got going again and finished 25th. As only 41 cars finished, the strenuous character of the race can well be imagined.
From the first it was obvious that the pace was going to be terrific, and on the first stage to Bologna which is the fastest piece of road in the course, three cars were practically equal. These were Nuvolari and Guidotti on one of the 2,300 c.c. Alfas, Caracciola and Bonini on another, and Varzi and Castelbarco on a 2,300 c.c. Bugatti. Five seconds of time covered these three cars while they had put up the almost incredible average speed for the 130 miles of 101 m.p.h.
Such a pace was bound to cause trouble, and by the time Florence was reached two of the Alfas had crashed. Ghersi first came to grief, fortunately sustaining only
minor injuries, and in turning to look at the wreckage, Nuvolari also left the road and had to retire.
The German ace Carracciola with his Alfa at Rome. He failed to finish.
At Florence, 195 miles, the order was :
1. Caracciola-Bonini (Alfa-Romeo), 2h. 36m,
2. Campari-Soczi (Alfa-Romeo), 2h. 40m.
3. Siena-Taruffi (Alfa-Romeo), 2h. 42m.
4. Broschek-Sebastian (Alfa-Romeo), 2h, 43m.
4. Varzi-Castelbarco (Bugatti), 2h. 44m.
6. Borzacchini-Bignami (Alfa-Romeo), 2h. 46m.
The next section of the route saw the end of the Bugatti chances, when Varzi went out of the race with a damaged petrol tank. Caracciola was still holding his lead, but Broschek had pulled up to second place, and at Siena was only four and a half minutes behind the leader.
The Small Class.
In the small class much favourable comment was caused by the performance of the supercharged M.G. Midget driven by Lord de Clifford and V. G. Selby. They had bad luck in the early stages through being held up with a puncture, and lost much ground on Tuffanelli, who, at the wheel of a 4 cylinder 1,100 c.c. Maserati, had established a firm lead in his class. However on the mountainous section the M.G. went to such purpose that it gained on its larger rival and got up to second place in the 1,100 c.c. class. Unfortunately near the end of the race the M.G. had to retire with a sheared camshaft drive.
At Rome (376 miles), the order was :
1. Caracciola (Alfa-Romeo), 5h. 22m. 52s.
2. Siena (Alfa-Romeo), 5h. 31m.
3. Campari (Alfa-Romeo), 5h. 32m. 20s.
4. Trossi-Brivio (Alfa-Romeo), 5h. 39m. 31s.
5. Borzacchini (Alfa-Romeo), 5h. 40m, 12s.
6. Broschek (Alfa-Romeo), 5h. 54m.
Caracciola was driving a truly magnificent race, having averaged over 70 m.p.h. to Rome, and looked like repeating his success of last year. Borzacchini was driving with his usual cunning and not forcing his car too much, while Caracciola had to stop at Terni to adjust his brakes which were beginning to give out under the strain of the pace he was setting.
The Talbot driven by Brian Lewis, who made a very gallant show in the great Italian race.
This stop cost him nearly the whole of his lead, and Campari and Siena were closing up on him, and eventually passed him.
At Perugia (495 miles), the order was :—
1. Siena (Alfa-Romeo), 7h. 14m.
2. Campari (Alfa-Romeo), 7h. 14m, 35s.
3. Caracciola (Alfa-Romeo), 7h. 18m.
4. Borzacchini (Alfa-Romeo), 7h. 20m.
5. Trossi (Alfa-Romeo), 7h, 35m.
6. Scarfiotti-d'Ippolito (Alfa-Romeo), 7h. 37m.
Scarfiotti's car was a 1,750 c.c. model, all the others being the famous 2,300 c.c. type. Between Perugia and Marcerata the winding and difficult roads caused further changes in the leaders, and Campari took the lead from Siena, who dropped back to third, second place being taken by the wily Borzacchini, who was now beginning to show once again his remarkable ability under difficult driving conditions and when they reached Ancona he had taken the lead, not to lose it again.
At this control Campari was lying second but as he was leaving the town disaster overtook him. Wishing to replace his goggles which he had pulled down in the control, he left the wheel to his
co-driver Soczi. However, this method of control was insufficient to cope with an awkward moment, and the car left the road and was rendered hors-de-combat fortunately without injury to the drivers.
On the run from here to Bologna, Borzacchini really showed his hand, and in spite of the complete darkness covered the
intervening 130 miles at the perfectly horrible average of nearly 89 m.p.h. This remarkable feat of driving gave him a really comfortable lead, the second man now being Caracciola who had made a last effort, but to no avail as his car finally gave out at Verona, and he retired after a fine drive.
At Treviso (855 miles), Trossi gained second place, in which order they reached the finish at Brescia, the winners' average speed of 67.7 m.p.h. beating all previous records by a handsome margin. Brian Lewis on the Talbot had a narrow escape when travelling at over 90 m.p.h. with only one headlight working. He failed to see a bend in time and left the road, finishing in a wide ditch. By some miracle neither car nor driver were noticeably damaged, and with enthusiastic local assistance the car was eventually got back onto the road, and he managed to finish 25th in the general classification, a very fine effort under the circumstances.
The results were as follows :
1. Borzacchini-Bignami (Alfa-Romeo, 2,300 c.c.), 14h. 55m. 19 2/5s. Average speed, 109.884 km.p.h.
2. Trossi-Brivio (Alfa-Romeo 2,300 c.c.) 15h. 10m. 59s.
3. Scarfiotti-d'Ippolito (Alfa Romeo 2,300 c.c.), 15h. 44m. 41 3/5s.
4. Minoia-Balestreri (Alfa-Romeo 1,750 c.c.), 16h. 54m. 37 2/5s.
5. Carraroli-M. Ghersi (Alfa-Romeo), 17h. 4m. 3 4/5s.
6. Guilai-Venturi (Alfa-Romeo), 17h . 9m. 14 2/5s.
7. Santinelli-Berti (Alfa-Romeo), 17h. 10m. 55 1/5s.
8. Strazza-Gismondi (Lancia-Lambda), 17h. 14m. 22 3/5s.
9. Lurani-Caverni (Alfa-Romeo), 17h. 22m. 54s.
10. Gazzabini-Diaz (Alfa-Romeo), 17h. 26m. 21s.
Gilera-Sartoni (Fiat), 19h. 53m. 25 2/5s.
Minoia-Balestreri (Alfa-Romeo), 16h 54m. 37 2/5s.
1,100 C.C. CLASS.
1,500 c.c. CLASS. Guilai-Venturi (Alfa-Romeo), 17h. 9 14 2/5s.
2-LITRE CLASS. Scarfiotti-d'Ippolito (Alfa-Romeo), 15h, 44m. 41 3/5s.
3 LITRE CLASS. Borzacchini-Bignami (AlfaRomeo) , 14h. 55m. 19 2/5s.
OVER 3 LITRES. Strazza Gismondi (Lancia Lambda), 17h. 14m. 22 2/5s. | <urn:uuid:dcaf761c-1865-444a-97c7-725d1c111f84> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.classiccarcatalogue.com/sport/MILLE_MIGLIA_1932.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.955859 | 2,897 | 2.125 | 2 |
The building in Coalville in Leicestershire, now a warehouse, has been named The Simpson Building after Bob Simpson who passed away in June.
The former factory, which produced some of the UK’s most iconic toys, has been named after the “father of Action Man”, following the death of Bob Simpson, who ran toy company Palitoy for 12 years, from 1969 to 1981.
Bob was instrumental in the sale of the Palitoy brand to General Mills Inc., and became chief executive of Palitoy Limited, overseeing a golden era for the company: Tiny Tears was voted best girls toy for three consecutive years, while Action Man also won many awards, including the Toy of the Decade in 1980. The company developed numerous toy ranges, including Discovery Time, Parker Games and award-winning Pippa. From a modest £300,000 turnover pre-Tressy, Bob steered the company to £30m by the start of the 1980s.
Bob’s daughter, Sandie Jefford, said: “It is a special moment for the family to see Dad’s name on the side of the former Palitoy factory. We are so proud of him for introducing iconic toys such as Action Man to the British people, and for giving joy and pleasure to hundreds of thousands of children”
Sandie added: “At his recent funeral, a former colleague talked about the Palitoy family and described Dad as a fair, supportive and generous boss, which is a lovely thing to hear about your father.”
The company was once one of the biggest employers in Leicestershire. Bob Simpson first started working there as marketing manager for Palitoy when it was the toy division of a company called Cascelloid.
In 2017, Bob unveiled a Leicestershire County Council green plaque on the site of the former Palitoy factory to celebrate 80 years of toy-making in Coalville. He also opened the Many Faces of Palitoy exhibition in 2019, which commemorated 100 years since Cascelloid was founded in Leicester. | <urn:uuid:6fd22d68-8694-4f8f-9d86-a4ba411347eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://toyworldmag.co.uk/former-palitoy-factory-named-after-bob-simpson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976492 | 432 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Prosentient Systems has extensive experience in implementing both small and large DSpace sites. We can also provide technical training for systems librarians.
DSpace is an open source digital repository for the management of digital assets. Typically, DSpace is used as an institutional repository by organisations that create or hold a large number of digital assets, such as universities, laboratories, libraries and archives.
DSpace is also intended as a platform for digital preservation activities. It supports long-term persistent identifiers for content that never change or break and the development roadmap foresees features to manage the technological obsolescence of data formats over time. DSpace is written in Java and is scalable and portable across different operating system platforms. An item of digital content in DSpace parlance is called a "bitstream". Reflecting its origins among research institutions, bitstreams and their associated metadata are assigned to "collections" in the repository, and collections are owned by "communities". The content is indexed by DSpace so that it can be searched for, retrieved and displayed over the web.
The first public version of DSpace was released in 2002, as a joint effort between developers from a consortium of university libraries, including the MIT and HP Labs, which still actively support it.
Prosentient Systems can:
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- Train staff
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The benefits of DSpace include:
- A well structured and layered design
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- The integration of tools
- It is highly customisable
In addition to the standard DSpace features, Prosentient systems has taken DSpace further, for example by providing integration with the Koha open source Library Management System in order to provide a unified catalogue of electronic and other library resources. | <urn:uuid:c2b1ae25-dfb2-4e93-aedd-f934c73396cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://prosentient.com.au/dspace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.897284 | 582 | 1.828125 | 2 |
By Ethan Ball
Warning: Using a hoverboard or skateboard in any Hutchinson Community College building will result in an immediate $50 fine and disciplinary action.
“If you’re caught violating the rule, you will be placed on community service as disciplinary action,” said Steve Dunmire, lead security officer at HCC.
Various staff and faculty members were annoyed with the issue of hoverboards in campus buildings and are pleased with the recent ban.
“I think they’re potential for real hazard, said Jackie Long, career development coordinator. “We have pathways used through parking lots. The potential for a collision is increased.”
Fortunately, no fines or disciplinary actions have been issued since the new rule was announced.
“I haven’t even seen any around since the second semester began,” Dunmire said.
Some students don’t agree with this new rule, while a majority are all for getting these hoverboards out of the hallways.
“I think they should let us ride,” said Bashir Ahmed, New York.
“I think ultimately it was a smart decision because the administration has to consider the safety of all students above anything else,” said Caleb Hendricks, Sterling.
“I don’t see the big deal with them, they seem harmless. It seems pointless to ban them,” said Ethan Hood, Winfield.
“I think it’s a good idea, because they can be kind of dangerous,” said Mollie Panek, Cunningham.
“The hoverboards are a great way to get around but they cause problems in crowded areas,” said Derek Sprunger, Inman.
So remember: Don’t ride in buildings with your hoverboards. | <urn:uuid:11f6d732-d045-4d12-b08a-e74a0ae1ac1f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://hutchcollegian.com/2016/01/31/hoverboards-disappearing-from-campus-after-crackdown/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964629 | 382 | 1.679688 | 2 |
The town of Nuevo Colosio is located in the Municipality of Arriaga (in the State of Chiapas). There are 31 inhabitants. In the list of the most populated towns of the whole municipality, it is the number #28 of the ranking. Nuevo Colosio is at 100 meters of altitude.
Data: In Nuevo Colosio, 81% of the inhabitants are catholic and 42% of the dwellings are equipped with a washing machine. At the bottom of this page you will find more information.
Do you want to locate the town of Nuevo Colosio? You can find it at 17.0 kilometers, in direction Southwest, from the town of Arriaga, which has the largest population within the municipality. To enjoy the Nuevo Colosio location through satellite images, at the bottom of our webpage you have an interactive map.
Where is Nuevo Colosio? How to get there? Map
How to get to the town of Nuevo Colosio in Chiapas? Using this map, use the controls to zoom in and out on the village and others in the vicinity to see the direct route, and to be able to plan, for example, hiking activities in Nuevo Colosio.
Enjoy spending hours looking at satellite images to find your home or remembering places in a village? We have obtained an updated satellite photo of Nuevo Colosio and at this link you will navigate through its streets.
The population of Nuevo Colosio (Chiapas) is 31 inhabitants
|Year||Female Inhabitants||Male inhabitants||Total population|
|Fertility rate (children per woman):||2.5||15.79|
|Population coming from outside the State of Chiapas:||0.00%||5.00%|
|Illiterate population (men):||3.23%||15.79%|
|Illiterate population (women):||12.90%||4.76%|
|Schooling level (men):||5.11||3.85|
|Schooling level (women):||6.09||4.46|
|Percentage of indigenous population:||0.00%||0.00%|
|Percentage speaking an indigenous language:||0.00%||0.00%|
|Percentage who speak an indigenous language and do not speak Spanish:||0.00%||0.00%|
Find out more interesting facts about all the towns in the Municipality of Arriaga (statistics, photos, maps, restaurants...) at this link.
|Employed population over 12 years:||54.84%||42.50%|
|Employed population over 12 years (men):||71.43%||68.42%|
|Employed population over 12 years (women):||41.18%||19.05%|
|Number of inhabited private dwellings:||12||25|
|Homes with electricity:||83.33%||85.71%|
|Housing with piped water:||100.00%||78.57%|
|Dwellings with toilet or sanitary facilities:||75.00%||92.86%|
|Dwellings with radio:||58.33%||57.14%|
|Housing with television:||75.00%||57.14%|
|Housing with refrigerator:||75.00%||50.00%|
|Housing with washing machine:||41.67%||50.00%|
|Housing with automobile:||0.00%||7.14%|
|Households with personal computer, laptop or tablet:||0.00%||0.00%|
|Homes with landline telephone:||0.00%||0.00%|
|Dwellings with cellular phones:||41.67%||21.43%|
|Homes with Internet:||8.33%||0.00%|
Satellite photo of Nuevo Colosio
Amazing satellite GPS maps of Nuevo Colosio, to see from space this beautiful village, as well as the surroundings of the municipality of Arriaga. You can search free satellite map (2022) of Nuevo Colosio.
Population pyramid of Nuevo Colosio (Chiapas)
We have compiled data on number of inhabitants of Nuevo Colosio by age and sex, to show you the following population pyramid of the town, from the year 2005. You can check how the percentages of children and adults are distributed, in addition to women and men. With this data you can analyze the demographic structure, and know if in Nuevo Colosio there is a generational replacement.
|Age range||Number of women||Number of men||Total population|
|Infants (0-5 years)||2||1||3|
|Youth (6-14 years)||4||4||8|
|Adults (15-59 years)||7||5||12|
|Elderly (60+ years)||4||4||8|
Photos of Nuevo Colosio
In order for you to enjoy nature around Nuevo Colosio, we have compiled a collection of sightseeing and monument photographs of the town and its surroundings. Access a completely free online image gallery of Nuevo Colosio, so you can even use it as a wallpaper to always remember this beautiful town.
Vote for Nuevo Colosio. Opinions.
Do you like Nuevo Colosio? Or don't you like it much? Now you can vote for Nuevo Colosio so that everyone knows it. Use these stars ("0" you like little, "5" you like a lot) to rate with your opinion.
Other towns in the Municipality of Arriaga
- Cuatro Caminos (7 inhabitants)
- El Palenque (- inhabitants)
- El Vergel (5 inhabitants)
- La Providencia (- inhabitants)
- Las Ánimas (El Totoposte) (2 inhabitants)
- Las Brucelas (- inhabitants)
- Las Flores (3 inhabitants)
- El Caminante (5 inhabitants)
- El Alba (4 inhabitants)
- Los Dos Ángeles (2 inhabitants)
- Lucitania (1 inhabitants)
- Malpaso (554 inhabitants)
- San Antonio (1 inhabitants)
- Veinte de Noviembre (17 inhabitants)
- Villa Alegría (- inhabitants) | <urn:uuid:62ea8bea-84d1-45d1-abac-eec29c2603ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.mexico.pueblosamerica.com/i/nuevo-colosio/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.852615 | 1,508 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Young adults with depression may help reduce their symptoms by eating a healthier diet high in fruits and vegetables, rather than one heavy in sugar-laden, processed foods, according to the preliminary study.
Science has now clearly established the impact of poor diet on overall physical health. Eating large amounts of processed and sugary foods increases the risk of obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.
More recently, researchers have begun to focus on the impact of healthful or unhealthful eating on mental health. In fact, as the authors of the latest study explain, diet is now considered a"modifiable risk factor for depression."
Although evidence is mounting, most of it is observational. In other words, currently, it is difficult to ascertain whether eating a healthful diet staves off depression or whether experiencing depression drives unhealthful eating habits.
Dietary change may provide efficacious treatment strategy
As stated by the authors, to date, only one randomized control trial has investigated a dietary intervention on adults with a clinical diagnosis of depression.
Primarily, the 12-week study concluded that"dietary improvement may provide an efficacious and accessible treatment strategy for the management of major depression."
The latest study, appearing now in PLOS ONE, adds more flesh to the bones. But scientists still can't say whether eating fruits and vegetables helps improve depressive symptoms any more than a “dummy pill"or a placebo intended to do nothing at all
In the first study, the scientists wanted to uncover whether young adults living with depression could benefit from a 3-weekdietary intervention. At the same time, they were keen to know whether young people with depression would be able to stick to a dietary intervention.
The scientist’s team chose to study young adults because, as they explain, "adolescence and young adulthood are a period where there is increased risk of depression, and these are also critical periods for establishing health patterns such as diet which will carry over into adulthood."
To investigate, researchers from Macquarie University in Australia recruited 76 participants between 17 and 35 years of age. All participants were experiencing moderate-to-high symptoms of depression, and their standard diet included high levels of sugar, saturated fats, and processed foods.
Dietary change improved depression symptoms in young adults
The scientists split the participants into two groups; the "diet change" group and the "regular diet"group.
The scientists gave the diet change group nutritional advice in the form of a 13-minute video, which they posted online for the student to reference during the study.
Members of this group received a small hamper of healthful food and the promise of a $60 gift card if they handed in their shopping receipts at the end of the study.
The diet change group also received two check in calls during the study, on days 7 and 14. The "regular diet" group,however, received no dietary instructions, free food, or gift cards; the research team simply asked them to return after 3 weeks.
At the beginning and end of the 3-week study, all participants went through a battery of tests. The scientists assessed levels of depression, mood, and anxiety, and also tested learning and reasoning skills.
As hoped, participants in the experimental group did adhere to the dietary changes. In this diet change group, depression scores improved significantly. Both anxiety and stress scores also improved.
Conversely, the regular diet group experienced no significant changes in depression score.
After 3 months, the researchers spoke with 33 of the participants over the phone. Although only seven of these individuals were maintaining the healthful eating plan, the improvements in mood were still significant across this small group.
Overall, the authors conclude:
"Modifying diet to reduce processed food intake and increase consumption of fruit, vegetables,fish, and olive oil improved depression symptoms in young adults. These findings add to a growing literature showing a modest change to diet is a useful adjunct therapy to reduce symptoms of depression."
Limitations of the study and challenges
Although the current findings add to the evidence that food plays a role in mental health, the study does have significant limitations.
First and foremost, the study only recruited a small number of participants; and these were exclusively young adults that were attending the university, so the findings might not apply to other demographics.
Importantly, individuals in the regular diet group received no guidance, no free food, and no cash incentive; this is a considerable issue. Future studies may want to attempt to match the two conditions more closely. For instance, both groups could receive the same financial reward and check-in calls.
As for the 3-month follow-up, the research team conducted this over the telephone with just 33 participants, so it is difficult to extrapolate the findings further.
Because the relationship between nutrition and mental health is a hot topic, other researchers are likely to publish similar studies thick and fast. Both nutrition and mental health are challenging to investigate alone, so examining the interaction between the two is more difficult still.
Developing a clear picture of the role of diet in psychological well-being is complex indeed. With that said, the links between eating well and mental health are already growing stronger. | <urn:uuid:99bd6688-8be0-4714-aaf7-7b3867ebe706> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://healthorg.info/Health%20&%20Diseases/a-little-change-in-diet-habit-may-relieve-depressions-symptoms-254 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.953788 | 1,065 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Recently the UConn Extension team of Jude Boucher, Extension Educator and Joan Allen, Assistant Extension Educator serving as plant pathologist presented informative sessions designed to bring growers up to speed regarding the latest in control measures against the wide range of pests.
The common spotted asparagus beetle was the first pest covered. One rule that applies across all species and varieties is to maintain a high level of sanitation in the garden. Old plant material and debris should be cleaned up and disposed of. Depending on the particular plant material involved, some may be composted, but if it is infected with a pest with a long life cycle it is important not to compost. It is important to know the life cycle of the pest being discarded. If you’re not familiar help is available through the staff of your local extension.
Cabbage is a member of the Brassica family and as such is afflicted by several moths that give rise to caterpillars that render the heads unsalable due to the unsightly holes in the leaves. Scouting is the term used for visually inspecting all plantings to insure that there is no evidence of pest damage. Any evidence of abnormal activity should prompt the inspector to take immediate action and initiate control measures. Those operators with organic programs need to develop a sense of what their customer base will tolerate in the way of visible damage before looking for alternative markets. The use of selective insecticides is helpful to avoid harming the natural enemies of the pest involved.
The cucurbits are a most important family of plants including cucumbers and squash and they are prone to a variety of problems that include mildews, beetles, borers and wilts. From the standpoint of broad overall preventative management, it seems that trickle irrigation is by far the preferred method of watering, wet leaves are an invitation to a host of problems. Good air circulation goes hand in hand with good irrigation practices, in the absence of moisture many fungal problems become less of an issue. Jude strongly suggested that Phytophthora blight is the worst problem in this group of plants. It appears as a flour-like growth on fruits and vines progressing to fruit rot and vine collapse. One of the characteristics that make it difficult to manage is that it can survive as resting spores for up to 10 years in the soil. A good preventative program should include crop rotation, avoiding any areas where water might tend to accumulate even for short periods of time. Water control at all levels is critical to the management of this pest. Soil applied fungicides can be incorporated into the control program depending on the severity of the problem.
Tomatoes are one of the most popular crops grown and probably one of the more closely watched of any. Crop rotation remains one of the most cost effective practices that can be used to prevent any number of problems. Early blight can be less of a problem if this practice is employed. Pruning and weed control can assist the plant in directing needed nutrients to the fruit and in addition allow for good air circulation — so important in preventing air borne diseases on the plant. Late blight in tomatoes can be one of the most devastating plant diseases. In the matter of a few days all of the plants in a plot can be wiped out along with all of the profit. At the first sign of any suspected late blight the information should be forwarded to Extension so the information can be widely disseminated quickly. All suspect foliage should be destroyed and not composted. Samples should be forwarded to a diagnostic lab for confirmation. Keep potato plantings as far as possible from tomatoes and use only locally grown transplants. There are a number of fungicides available on the market that will aid in the control of this aggressive fungus.
Sweet corn is probably the most widely grown vegetable crop in New England and certainly contributes greatly to overall vegetable farm income. UConn has developed an action scale that signals when spraying should begin based on the amount of infestation observed on the ears and the species of worm being observed.
The onion thrip overwinters as either an adult or in the nymph stage. It grows rapidly from egg to adult and feeds at the base of the leaves, which makes reaching them with sprays difficult. It is interesting that plant resistance to this pest is based on color with red onions most susceptible, yellow intermediate and white the most resistant.
Basil is an increasingly popular crop widely favored by gourmet chefs. This crop can be highly lucrative when grown to meet the needs of the trade but it too can have its problems. Downy mildew can be seed borne so heat-treating the seed is a useful tool in prevention.
Beets, chard and spinach have some pests that affect their growth and their salability. Included in this group are Cercospora leaf spot, flea beetles and leafminers. Among the control measures suggested for the leafminer is a biological control in the form of a wasp parasitoid. Highly specialized insects, often wasps are increasingly used for the control of several plant pests. Great care is taken in the evaluation of these insects to insure that their beneficial attributes far outweigh any potential harm they might do where they are newly introduced. For those producers who operate under organic standards kaolin clay, pyrethrin and Azadirachtin are suggested as control materials.
The meeting served to provide those in attendance with a strong platform on which to build a good pest control program.
Published by permission from Country Folks Grower Magazine. c/o Lee Publications originally printed 3/18/2016. | <urn:uuid:95a77e5e-e45e-4b24-a66a-ee051884e253> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://biosafesystems.com/news/vegetable-crop-pests-you-need-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.954451 | 1,121 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Year: 2017, Volume: 10, Issue: 3, Pages: 1-6
Mehdi Kiani, Fatemeh Soghra Younesikelaki, Mohammad Hadi Ebrahimzadeh, Pandarinath Savitikadi, Phanikanth Jogam and Abbagani Sadanandam*
Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506009, Telangana, India; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
*Author for correspondence
Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506009, Telangana, India;
Objectives: Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a perennial herb belongs to Lamiaceae, which is native to South Europe, Middle East and North America. Lemon balm is used for anti-cancer, digestive problems, anxiety, gastrointestinal disorders, thyroid, chronic fatigue syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. A successful and efficient system for in vitro seed sterilization and germination has been established in the present study. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: The seeds were soaked in distilled water for 10 hours and exposed with various concentrations of different surface sterilization agent for various intervals of time. Surface sterilized seeds were inoculated on different culture media such as Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal, half strength MS and B5 media with different sucrose concentrations. Findings: By comparison of measured characteristics results (ANOVA) we found that the best sterilizing agent for seed surface sterilization and uniform growth of seedling in M. officinalis was 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite for 3 min. Maximum germination rate, shoot length and root length were recorded in half strength MS medium with 1% (W/V) sucrose. The analysis of data revealed the correlation between GP, GR, shoot length and root length were significant and positive. Application/Improvement: We optimized seed surface sterilization protocol and culture condition that may be useful quick regenerative, transformation and conservation method for Melissa officinalis, an important medicinal plant.
Keywords: In Vitro, Melissa officinalis, Seed Germination, Seed Surface Sterilization
Subscribe now for latest articles and news. | <urn:uuid:51900dca-1dc7-428f-9d5a-ceb549000296> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://indjst.org/articles/studies-on-the-effect-of-various-seed-surface-sterilization-and-growing-media-on-the-in-vitro-germination-of-lemon-balm-melissa-officinalis-l | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.85955 | 515 | 2.1875 | 2 |
by Lauren Hollon Sturdy
The island of Roatán, 40 miles northeast of the Honduran mainland, is a tropical paradise. White sand beaches and warm turquoise water greet throngs of tourists in high season who come to spend their vacation in the luxurious beachside resorts.
But stray from tourist areas, and it’s clear that poverty is a problem. Minimum wage is about 6,000 lempiras per month ($317), but some earn as little as 4,000 lempiras per month.
One small island resident, Alex Antonio Aguilar Levy, is a case study in the afflictions borne by children living in poverty.
He was one of the first 10 children to enter the Buckner Honduras Community Transformation Center in Roatán in July 2010. At 32 pounds, his weight would have been considered healthy for a 2- to 3-year-old. But Alex was 5.
Extremely malnourished, he spent most of his days living in the street, taking care of himself.
One-third of Hondurans are underemployed, and both parents often work outside the home just to scrape by on minimum wage.
“Most families live in precarious conditions,” said Sandra Zuniga, social worker for the CTC. “It really takes between 8,000 and 9,000 lempiras a month to provide for a family. They often have to sacrifice food to make ends meet.”
If poor families in Roatán have scarce resources to feed their children, they have no resources to pay for daycare. With no one around during the day to watch them and no food in the cupboards to eat, many children venture out into the streets to fend for themselves.
Alex’s mother, Sherry Levy, would lose him in the streets for two or three days at a time. It was dangerous, Levy said. He liked chasing the cars and getting into trouble with other street children. She worried that someone would kidnap him.
When the CTC opened and began providing childcare and case management services last summer, staff there took Alex to a free clinic for a diagnosis. Like many children who come to the CTC, he had parasites.
“When he came to us, he was skinny and malnourished,” said Kendy Alvarez, nurse at the CTC. “He had very bad health.
“Street children get parasites from eating fruit and food they pick up in the streets,” she said. “They don’t wash their hands. They also get parasites at home, because they often drink water without boiling it or chlorinating it. We teach each child not to do those things, and to wash their hands and brush their teeth and live a healthy life.”
The messages about health and wellness have gotten through. Alex talks about his daily routine at the CTC, how he does his homework, eats lunch, plays, takes a nap, has a snack, and then everyone goes upstairs and brushes their teeth.
“If you don’t brush your teeth, they’ll go bad,” he said. “And to stay healthy, I have to eat well and I have to shower.”
Besides education, the CTC provides a healthy lunch and snacks to each child every day. For many of the kids, it’s the only food they get. They take vitamins daily and receive deworming medication every six months. Alvarez also weighs and measures the children each month to make sure their growth is on target.
Now, at 42 pounds, Alex’s weight is within the normal growth curve for a child of nearly 6 years. The daycare staff said he has changed a lot in other ways, too. He used to be rebellious and he didn’t like to take showers. He was also aggressive.
“He has changed for the better,” Alvarez said. “Now, when he arrives, he says, ‘I showered today!’ He also used to eat with his fingers. Now, he uses his fork.”
He’s happier and better behaved than he used to be, his mother said, and she is thankful knowing he is safe.
“I feel good because he’s secure,” Levy said. “I know where he is all day.”
“He’s different, really different here,” she continued. “He’s happy. He’s got children to play with and all that. He comes and shows me the things he makes and tells me, ‘The teacher taught me this.’ He learns to print and he learns to write, and the numbers and things.”
“Children that don’t have a place like the CTC to come to fall into the street, they get into bad company and they get ruined,” Levy said.
To learn more about supporting this ministry and other Buckner Honduras programs, contact Buckner Foundation at 214-758-8000.
We're excited to share with you all the ways you can shine hope to vulnerable children and families around the world. We invite you to stay connected with us while also growing in your own faith.
Click below to get the latest news, updates and invitations to exclusive events from Buckner. And, we'll send you spiritual encouragement through our weekly Faith Focus devotion. You won't find these stories and resources anywhere else! | <urn:uuid:f309f3df-120a-46e7-b59d-4053f6aa6b76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.buckner.org/blog/roatan-ctc-protects-educates | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.979461 | 1,168 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The White House said that the US President Donald Trump had not been tested for the Coronavirus because he had not had long and close contact with an
The White House said that the US President Donald Trump had not been tested for the Coronavirus because he had not had long and close contact with any of the people infected with the virus, and had no symptoms.
White House spokeswoman Stephanie Grishman said in a statement on Monday that “the president did not undergo Covid-19 (Coronavirus) because he did not deal closely with any patient with confirmed Covid-19 disease, and ” No symptoms. ” appeared for the president.
“President Trump is in excellent health and his doctor will continue to follow him closely,” the spokeswoman added.
These statements come after the US President met with at least two members of Congress recently, and were subjected to quarantine at a later time because they attended a conference with a person who was later confirmed to be infected with the coronavirus.
In the same context, the office of the newly appointed White House Chief of Staff, Mark Meadows, announced that Meadows had restricted self-quarantine at his home as a precaution, after contacting the Conservative Conference with someone who was confirmed to be infected with the Coronavirus. | <urn:uuid:3ce3f650-a03c-479f-a64b-c960d593fadd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sorriamais.net/the-white-house-trump-did-not-undergo-a-test-to-detect-coronavirus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.988883 | 268 | 1.875 | 2 |
Taxation has been around for thousands of years. In the past, kings and queens levied it to raise money for wars, but in the modern world, it’s become a perpetual burden on regular working people.
You would have thought, though, that having been around for so long, humanity would have figured out taxation by now. There are still, however, some pretty thorny issues regarding how much money the state should confiscate from citizens.
One issue has to do with the green revolution. A growing vocal segment of society is now arguing that we should essentially shut down the modern economy and replace it with a green alternative. The idea is to shift humanity away from dangerous fossil fuels and put us all on the path to sustainability. Then, and only then, can future generations enjoy standards of living as we do.
The current tax system, however, isn’t set up to usher in a world like that. In fact, right now, the majority of fossil fuel companies can set up tax devices called Master Limited Partnerships that shield them from regular corporate taxation.
Another controversial tax is the estate tax, sometimes called the “death tax.” Here the IRS takes 40 percent of the value of your estate and uses it for government purposes. Again, it’s a controversial tax because all the income the person used to create the estate was already taxed.
Are you interested in controversies concerning taxation? If so, take a look at the following infographic, which lists some of the current issues in the field.
For more, click here | <urn:uuid:e41c0b6f-a587-492b-8b3d-ade59427dc45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.younggogetter.com/why-tax-controversial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968248 | 318 | 2.46875 | 2 |
The National Safety Council has released the latest injury and fatality statistics and trends. This report is referred to as the 2014 edition of Injury Facts ® and it reveals the largest threats to safety that Americans face.
The Injury Facts report details the statistics and trends surrounding safety across the U.S. and worldwide. This report is very trusted as it has been the National Safety Council’s go-to resource for safety statistics for more than 90 years.
2014 Safety Statistics & Trends
Below are some of the more surprising statistics that are included in this year’s Injury Facts report.
- Cell phone use is now thought to be involved in 26% of all motor vehicle accidents – an increase from 2013
- It is estimated that 5% of accidents involve texting and 21% of accidents involve the driver talking on a cell phone (hands-free or hand-held)
- The number of teen motor vehicle occupant deaths have decreased, but motor vehicle crashes are still the No. 1 cause of death for teens
- Unintentional injuries cost more than $790 billion annually
- The most costly workers’ compensation claims are those that involve injury to the head or central nervous system
- In 2012, motor vehicle deaths were at their lowest in February and at their highest in July
- The highest percentage of alcohol-impaired driving during the holiday period is the three-day period around New Year’s Day
Increasing Safety on the Roadway
The above statistics may be surprising to some. Our office’s goal is to spread awareness of the dangers of driving distracted, hopefully helping to reduce the number of motor vehicle accidents that occur due to cell phones. The goal has led us to publish several blog posts that outline the dangers and myths surrounding distracted driving and multitasking.
Read more about the surprising facts surrounding distracted driving.
For example, did you know that drivers who are on their cell phone talking while they are behind the wheel are four times more likely to be involved in an accident? While many individuals believe that texting while driving is the only distraction that occurs with a cell phone, they are wrong. Simply having a phone conversation takes the focus away from the road and drivers miss seeing up to 50% of their environment, including pedestrians and red lights.
Accidents Due to Cell Phone Use Distraction
If you have been involved in a crash due to someone else’s cell phone use and distraction, call our car accident lawyers at 800.637.8170. Our lawyers will be able to review the accident with you, go over the negligence that occurred on the other person’s fault, and recommend the proper legal steps for you to take. You can also request a free copy of The Ohio Accident Book for more information about the car accident lawsuit process. | <urn:uuid:aef9243e-5d73-4ba1-aa79-ac01f754fc61> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.charlesboyk-law.com/blog/latest-injury-fatality-statistics-released/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968204 | 569 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Anti-death penalty group calls on Arizona to end capital punishment
Witness to Innocence, a national organization that seeks to abolish the death penalty, rallied at the state Capitol Friday in an effort to end capital punishment in Arizona.
Among the group's members are death row exonerees, including Ray Krone — one of Arizona's most famous inmates to be exonerated.
Krone, one of the founding members, was convicted of murder in 1992. He was found guilty of killing a bartender in Phoenix and sentenced to death.
However, Krone was exonerated because of DNA evidence that identified the real killer after he spent three years on death row.
"As a person who at times supported the death penalty, I think about how ignorant I was," Krone said.
Arizona is one of 31 states that allows capital punishment. As of 1976, 37 men have been executed.
Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery and several other prosecutors are strong proponents of the death penalty for capital cases, saying it brings justice to victims.
On Friday, about 50 people, including 20 exonerees attended the anti-death penalty rally.
Mahalia Tibbs is the daughter of a man who was exonerated in Florida.
"I know people make mistakes, and that's okay unless someone's life is on the line," Tibbs said. "The death penalty is inexcusable. It doesn't make sense for us, and we can't fathom how it affects families."
Dale Baich is a federal public defender for the Capital Habeas Unit. As someone who worked with convicts, he provided his thoughts on the death penalty.
"Over the last 45 years, Arizona and other states have been trying to make the death penalty work," Baich said. "Those efforts have failed."
"Since 1973, 312 people were sentenced to death in our state, and 43 percent of condemned prisoners had their sentenced vacated on appeals," Baich said.
Witness to Innocence also had two religious leaders comment on how capital punishment doesn't line up with their religious teachings.
"It says in the Book of Proverbs, 'You must rescue those who are taken off to death,'" said Rabbi Shmuly Yanklowitz.
"There are those who have been given wrongful convictions due to misidentification, junk science, false confessions and bad lawyering," Yanklowitz said. "The death penalty needs to be abolished in America because we risk killing innocent people."
Liana Rowe is a reverend at Shadow of the Rock United Church of Christ. She gave a call-to-action to the Arizona Legislature.
"I'd like to suggest that as people of faith, which many of our legislators claim to be, that we would respect human life to the extent that we engage in restorative justice," Rowe said. "That doesn't mean we don't ask for accountability. What it does mean is we don't kill human beings in the name of the state."
State Sen. Juan Mendez, D-Tempe, arrived at the end of the event and gave his support to the organization and their fight against the death penalty.
"I'm usually a fan of government programs, but this is the most bloated program that doesn't work," Mendez said. "It's a program with so many mistakes that costs so much money."
- Hung jury prompts mistrial in death-penalty phase of murderer who killed teens
- Arizona death-row inmates killed by hepatitis C, not lethal injection
- Judge rejects state bid to remove him from Arizona prison health case | <urn:uuid:ef3df0c7-1090-4c9e-bc88-a2ef7c006d3f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2018/05/04/witness-innocence-anti-death-penalty-rally-outside-arizona-capitol/581769002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.978699 | 741 | 1.757813 | 2 |
I Am a Saint
Passage: 1 Peter 1:13–16
I Am a Saint
1 Peter 1:13-16
(To download and print blank sermon notes to complete while you listen, click HERE.)
Every follower of Jesus Christ is a saint!
“Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, To the saints who are in Ephesus…” (Ephesians 1:1) (see also Philippians 1:1 & Colossians 1:1-2)
“To the church of God that is in Corinth, to those sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints together with all those who in every place call upon the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, both their Lord and ours:” (1 Corinthians 1:2)
The word “saint” is a translation from the Greek word, “hagios” from which we get the words Holy and Sanctify
To be holy or sanctified basically means to be set apart For God
We can think about holiness in the life of a believer in at least three ways:
1. Positional holiness – who we are
“And you, who once were alienated and hostile in mind, doing evil deeds, he has now reconciled in his body of flesh by his death, in order to present you holy and blameless and above reproach before him,” (Colossians 1:21–22)
2. Progressive holiness – who we are becoming
“For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the firstborn among many brothers.” (Romans 8:29)
3. Personal/Practical holiness – what we do (1 Peter 1:13-16)
Holiness is not a list of “do’s and don’ts”, but Conformity to the character of God and Obedience to the will of God
Being a saint/holy is both someone we are and something we are to Pursue by God’s enabling grace
“Work out your own salvation with fear and trembling, for it is God who works in you, both to will and to work for his good pleasure.” (Philippians 2:12–13)
“Strive for peace with everyone, and for the holiness without which no one will see the Lord.” (Hebrews 12:14)
As We Pursue Holiness We Can Choose:
1. What we Think About
“Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence, if there is anything worthy of praise, think about these things.” (Philippians 4:8)
Real change begins in the Mind
“Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect.”
2. Our Habits
“Have nothing to do with irreverent, silly myths. Rather train yourself for godliness; for while bodily training is of some value, godliness is of value in every way, as it holds promise for the present life and also for the life to come.” (1 Timothy 4:7–8)
We form our Habits and then our Habits form us
3. Our Relationships
“Do not be deceived: 'Bad company ruins good morals.'” (1 Corinthians 15:33)
4. Our Response to Circumstances
“Rejoice always, pray without ceasing, give thanks in all circumstances; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you.” (1 Thessalonians 5:16–18)
“And have you forgotten the exhortation that addresses you as sons? “My son, do not regard lightly the discipline of the Lord, nor be weary when reproved by him. For the Lord disciplines the one he loves, and chastises every son whom he receives.” It is for discipline that you have to endure. God is treating you as sons. For what son is there whom his father does not discipline?”
5. To be Accountable
“Submitting to one another out of reverence for Christ.” (Ephesians 5:21)
“Therefore, confess your sins to one another and pray for one another...” (James 5:16)
Accountability may be the missing Key for many of us in the pursuit of holiness!
A Word of Encouragement: It Takes Time!
Decisions can be made in a moment; real Change usually takes place over time.
"People do not drift toward holiness. Apart from grace-driven effort, people do not gravitate toward godliness, prayer, obedience to Scripture, faith, and delight in the Lord. We drift toward compromise and call it tolerance; we drift toward disobedience and call it freedom; we drift toward superstition and call it faith. We cherish the indiscipline of lost self-control and call it relaxation; we slouch toward prayerlessness and delude ourselves into thinking we have escaped legalism; we slide toward godlessness and convince ourselves we have been liberated." D.A. Carson
Making It Personal:
- Have I personally responded to God’s invitation to be set apart to Him by turning from my sin and turning in faith and trust to Jesus Christ as my Savior and Lord?
- What am I choosing to fill my mind with through my eyes and ears? What am I choosing to think about when my mind is free to think and reflect? What do I find my thoughts wandering toward in unguarded moments?
- What habits of training for godliness am I currently practicing on a consistent basis? Are there any adjustments that need to be made in my routines?
- Who are some of the key relationships in my life? Are we helping one another grow in holiness? How?
- How am I choosing to respond to the circumstances of my life? What attitude am I displaying? How might God be brining loving, fatherly discipline to bear in my life right now?
- Who am I currently seeking to be accountable to? How are we going to encourage, challenge and strengthen one another in the days ahead? | <urn:uuid:9175cfbb-e73a-42c5-bbdc-e966534bd228> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fbcfm.com/sermons/sermon/2016-02-07/i-am-a-saint | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.94421 | 1,387 | 1.8125 | 2 |
by Joseph Backholm
July 21, 2021
On “Worldview Wednesday,” we feature an article that addresses a pressing cultural, political, or theological issue. The goal of this blog series is to help Christians think about these issues from a biblical worldview. Read our previous posts on the Center for Biblical Worldview page.
If you are married, there’s a good chance you did some premarital counseling that included conversations about what to expect in marriage. These conversations hopefully encompassed much more than who is going to mow the lawn and manage the money. Ideally, these conversations fostered an understanding of what “in good times and bad” actually means. In marriage, as in all relationships, disappointment often results when our expectations don’t match reality.
The Christian life isn’t all that different. Many people turn to God because of problems they hope He can fix. Some of us are like the so-called “foxhole Christian” who promises to “live for God” if He will spare our lives and help us survive the battle. Of course, God can meet us in our moments of biggest need, but if we surrender to God because of what He might do for us (instead of what He has already done for us) we run the risk of our expectations not matching reality.
If we expect that serving God will make our lives easier, what happens when serving God makes life harder? Could this help explain why some Christians are walking away from their faith? Here is some research I detailed in a recent publication:
America is becoming less religious and has been for a while. In just the last decade, the number of people claiming to be Christian has declined 12 percent—from 77 percent to 65 percent. Not only is America less Christian as a percentage, the total number of professing Christians has declined from 176 million in 2009 to 167 million in 2019, even as the population increased by 23 million.
The fastest growing religious category in America is the “nones”—those who claim to have no religion at all. Over the last decade, the number of Protestants declined 15 percent and the number of Catholics declined 12 percent, while the “nones” grew 70 percent—from 12 percent of the population to 17 percent in 2019. That’s an additional 30 million people who now claim no religious faith. Of those, 78 percent grew up in the church. The church is losing its own kids.
Cultural shifts never have just one cause, but it’s worth considering whether people leave the church because, as with many marriages, their expectations didn’t match reality.
When we become Christians, we take sides in a spiritual war that has been raging on this planet since Adam and Eve first sinned. Taking sides in a war—particularly a spiritual one—has consequences. Although this might seem obvious, it is often not highlighted when the gospel is presented.
Of course, submitting our lives to Christ does fix our biggest problem: our sin. But many people are unaware of what their biggest problem is, and in many cases, people are more interested in solving their financial, social, or marital problems than their damnation problem. It’s easy to be more interested in the gifts than the Giver, but from God’s perspective, He is the prize: “Seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness and all these things will be added to you” (Mat. 6:33).
The Christian life is filled with joy (Ps. 16:11), but the joy of the Christian life is counterintuitive to the world’s ideas about joy. Even our suffering can be a source of joy: “My brethren, count it all joy when you fall into various trials, knowing that the testing of your faith produces patience” (James 1:2, NKJV).
In fact, we are blessed at the moments when life might seem most challenging, “Blessed are you when they revile and persecute you and say all manner of evil against you falsely for my sake and the gospel” (Mat. 5:11). Being misunderstood and mistreated can not only be a source of joy but evidence that we are doing exactly what Jesus wants us to do: “Rejoice, and be exceedingly glad: for so they persecuted the prophets who were before you” (Mat. 5:12).
If we come to Jesus because the Lamb is worthy of His reward, we will never be disappointed. If we come to Jesus because we were hoping He could fix a few things, it could be unsettling if our lives become temporarily more difficult.
The reward of the Christian life is not the absence of pain. In fact, becoming a Christian may introduce even more pain and persecution into your life. But one of the rewards of following Jesus is seeing that our pain—even our deepest hurt and suffering—is temporary and that what awaits us on the other side of the pain is more than worth it. This was the apostle Paul’s point when he said, “For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us” (Rom. 8:18). Moreover, as Christians, we gain the perspective that God is at work in our sufferings and uses them to conform us into the people He wants us to be.
Many Christians did not sign up expecting a war. For many, once being a Christian became more of a liability rather than an asset (culturally speaking), they sought a discharge from the service. If we come to Jesus more focused on this life than the next, it’s possible we’ll be disappointed. Based on the numbers, many people are. | <urn:uuid:f992a9b5-413e-4ae1-b195-bd1a7f7080d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.frcblog.com/tags/Faith/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958006 | 1,196 | 1.671875 | 2 |
It is essential that the flow of gases and liquids is accurately measured by turbine flow meters, where conditions are often extreme. In applications as challenging as offshore gas pipelines or corrosive chemical processing plants, selecting the right bearing can be key to flow meter performance.
Materials, maintenance requirements, contaminants and flow composition are all features which require consideration in bearing design. The HQW engineering team have extensive experience in this application and are on hand to assist in specifying the right bearing for the task.
HQW flow meter bearings offer:
- Very low running friction and adhesive wear.
- Manufacture from highly corrosive-resistant materials, such as high nitrogen steel (X30CrMoN15-1 (HQW designation SV30).
- A range of sealing options to ensure protection from contaminants.
- Suitability for operation in high-temperature and high speed environments.
- High levels of running accuracy and precision.
- Minimal maintenance requirements and longer life design
- Bespoke design features where required, including support from our Engineering department from the beginning to end of your project.
Typical flow meter applications include:
- Oil and gas pipeline measurement.
- Chemical processing.
- Water and utilities monitoring.
- HVAC systems.
- Energy production.
- Food and beverage industry. | <urn:uuid:b2348fb4-9665-473b-9ddb-5f9bf9d8a217> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hqw.gmbh/applications/flow-meters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.902235 | 273 | 1.734375 | 2 |
- Designation of Origin
- DO Douro
- Grape varieties
- Old vines with around thirty identified varieties
- Luís Leocádio
Vineyard plots planted between 1932 and 1970, with a density of 8,850 plants per hectare. Situated on the steep slopes of the Pinhão River at an altitude of 300 m, with shale soils that are poor and rough; low yield but with grapes of high concentration and quality.
A very challenging campaign, with each grape variety and plot revealing itself at its own pace, which required very close monitoring. The wine year started in a positive way with a wet winter. In the spring, the above-normal temperatures advanced the growing cycle by about 10 days. However, some challenges appeared with rainy weather that lasted through April and May, with precipitation levels three times higher than those in recent years. June and July saw the return of more typical seasonal weather, but there were major heatwaves in August that slowed the ripening cycle, putting the vines under great stress. The much-desired August rainfall fell rather timidly at the end of the month (7 mm), but it made the difference precisely in the vineyards where it was most needed. The weather was exceptionally good throughout the harvest, which allowed perfect maturation to proceed. The harvest then started on September 23, giving rise to very fresh and elegant wines with great concentration.
Fresh grapes at their ideal point of ripeness are picked by hand and placed in 20 kg boxes. After careful sorting by hand, destemming and gentle treading in small vats, the grapes underwent five days of cold maceration. Fermentation with indigenous yeasts began slowly, taking place over 10 days with daily delestage. Afteralcoholic fermentation, the wine underwent skin maceration for 30 days. The wine was aged for 16 months in new French oak casks. Only 2,600 numbered bottles were produced, from the best barrels of the batch.
Dark red, dense and concentrated colour. Great aromatic complexity, ripe fruit, with notes of blackberries, black cherries, mocha, chocolate and coffee, with the wood being very nicely married to the fruit. In the mouth it is dense, with firm tannins and a lively acidity that gives it freshness and longevity.
Service and harmonization
Drink with strongly flavoured dishes like game, red meats and strong cheeses. Serve at 16 º - 18 ºC. | <urn:uuid:24adb4d8-f531-4721-9f03-edb00aa62f85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.quintadoestanho.com/en/wines/grand-reserve-2016/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963713 | 537 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Listed in: Religion, as RELI-111
Formerly listed as: RELI-11
This course introduces students to the comparative study of religion by exploring two distinct religious traditions. It focuses on the ways that scholars draw on contextual information to understand religious practices, ideas or beliefs, artifacts, institutions, and symbols. The traditions examined vary from year to year. In fall 2017 we will examine a selection of texts from the Christian and Islamic traditions. Defining texts broadly to include written sources as well as photographs, oral histories, videos, and blogs, this course will draw on both classical and modern sources from a variety of geographical locations and cultures. We will engage issues of scriptural interpretation, political duties, attitudes towards higher education and learning, and religious authority. In each case we will draw on several distinct strands of contextual knowledge (for example, biographies of the authors, historical narratives concerning the text’s provenance, or examination of contemporaneous philosophical or political disputes) to help us understand what these texts and authors are trying to accomplish, and to understand their importance within the traditions that we are studying.
Fall semester. Professor Jaffer and Post-doctoral Fellow Barba. | <urn:uuid:f0fb6b6c-8d49-47cc-b821-804c8333df84> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://acalert.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/courses/1718F/RELI/RELI-111-1718F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.943203 | 241 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Alan Taylor's 20-part World War II restrospective is a sweeping look back at the war that defined a century. This week he shares photographs from the home front, so here at the Video channel we've selected a few highlights from the Internet Archive's vast collection of films from this era.
This excerpt from a U.S. News Review reel promotes the home front slogan "Fix It," encouraging citizens to repair and reuse old appliances and clothing.
To watch the film in its entirety, visit the Internet Archive.
We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:3f13f595-0010-4c65-85e9-3853e1821fff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theatlantic.com/video/archive/2011/08/wwii-home-front-fix-it-slogan-1942/469890/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.89871 | 134 | 1.640625 | 2 |
This manual aims to provide practical guidance to field workers in order to maximise the nutritional impact of food security & livelihoods (FSL) interventions. This requires the systematic use of a ‘nutrition lens’ at each step of the project cycle and a close collaboration between sectors. The manual has its roots in ACF International strategy 2010-20151 and the FSL strategic outline for 2011-20152, and embodies the mandate of the organisation to fight hunger and to centre its efforts on undernutrition. It is also in line with the current international movement to put maternal and child nutrition at the forefront of the agenda to address the complex crisis of undernutrition in the perspective of the 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Maximising the Nutritional Impact of Food Security and Livelihoods Interventions
Leave a comment
Make sure you enter all the required information, indicated by an asterisk (*). HTML code is not allowed. | <urn:uuid:49113089-655b-4b55-a675-76f51c537dc1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.g-fras.org/en/training-ressources/item/1016-maximising-the-nutritional-impact-of-food-security-and-livelihoods-interventions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.883047 | 189 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Introduction to International Development Studies
Women’s role in the national development has been neglected in some countries over the years. Global south nations have particularly done this by obliging only a few women to undertake international and national duties. Women’s portrayal and belief as a weaker sex has enveloped many global south nations and this has led to a great difference in terms of gender equality. The women’s development journey in these nations has been challenging. To get equal treatment, women have been fighting really hard. This can be attributed to the traditional norms and barriers that are found in most of these countries. For instance, within Africa, women have not had the right to own or to inherit property up to the recent years in some countries.
Women were also not allowed to rule. The sole duty that was delegated to women was raising children and taking care of the house. The most interesting aspect was the fact that there are countries that did not allow girls to attend school. Instead, girls were married off at their young ages to rich men in exchange for some wealth in form of dowry that was given to their families. Thus, girls were considered as a way of acquiring wealth and property. Traditions and religion virtues perpetuated these practices combined with lack of knowledge and information. There were also no Acts and laws provided by the governments to ensure protection for girl children. This was a serious problem because women faced oppression from men and they were disadvantaged economically. As such, they were susceptible to abuse and violence.
However, the issue of power among women is tricky and different since it is a problem that is not experienced in the global south nations only. Even some powerful countries across the world have not had for instance, a female president. However, women have only risen to power recently in the global south nations. For instance, in Africa only a few women have held prominent positions in the government during the 19th century. Up to now, just two or one country has had a female president. This has happened in Africa, South Asia, Latin American and central nations only. Women are not allowed the power that they need to own property, rule or even to be considered for senior positions in the government. They are also exposed to violence in their homes. This is because these countries still see women as inferior beings and therefore incapable of performing the ruling tasks or making important decisions.
Governments should be blamed for this because they do not offer protection to girl children. Nevertheless, over the recent years customary practices have reduced in these countries though some are still performing them. Customary inheritance is a practice that has been addressed recently in a varying scope because in the past years, there are global south nations that have experienced a challenge of increased AIDS and HIV infections. Fighting this monster is hard because of the prevailing per capita income. Consequently, women who are becoming widows at their young ages have increased in number. The situation has had devastating repercussions for these women and their children due to poverty and limited productive resources.
Denying inheritance right to women is meting violence on them and it is also economic discrimination. However, this has had consequences in form of poor growth of the economies of these countries. This is because women face several problems that include poor infrastructure, poor housing as well as natural disasters. As a result, the United Nations came up with a report that indicates women development’s progress. Due to radical developments and growth that different states across the world have witnessed, the word global south was adopted by the UN in reference to the states that have low indices of human development as well as per capita income. Nevertheless, the UN recommended that these states ought to do more in terms of developments among women. In the 2010 report, statics indicated that most global south nations neglect access of basic things among women including health and education. The report indicated that women have a long way to go before achieving equality with men. This was depicted by the low number of the prominent officers of the government who were women as well as the low number of women holding prominent positions in different organizations both private and public organizations combined with the high instances of domestic violence in these countries.
Eradicating customs that hinder women’s participation in the national development as well as changing women’s view as being incomparable to men is important in the global south nations. This will enhance women’s participation in growing the economy of these states through shared participation and resources in the activities of the economy. However, this will reduce domestic violence because researchers have established that economically stable women are never or less likely to be subjected to violence domestically. Actually, participation of women in the national development will greatly enhance women and men equality because it will give them acting power so that they can prove their ability to participate in the national matters.
Nevertheless, gender equality issue can also be promoted via the synchronization of power structures within the global south nations. Clearly, most power structures neglect women’s participation and power in some of these nations. If some means are put in place to restrict certain government positions to women lawfully, this would greatly contribute to the establishment of a power balance between women and men. To achieve this, a new governance system should be adopted where women will be viewed at as being equal to men and also capable of leading or ruling the nation just like men. This will affect the power share that women will have in their governments and therefore contribute towards the achievement of gender equality among the global south nations.
This will not be achieved if there are no formal means of doing it. Gender equality will not be achieved when private and public organizations do not want to hire women. The activities of private and public sectors should be governed by a rule. Gender equality matters ought to be addressed thoroughly. The government ought to come up with provisions for balancing the positions that each gender holds. The constitutions that govern these states should also be altered or changed because this will ensure proper incorporation of women rights in these nations’ laws. Nevertheless, there are laws that these governments can enact to govern issues that affect women including inheritance. This can apply in nations where land is shared among males only.
Laws should also be enacted to punish domestic violence culprits in issues that include assault or rape. Such cases ought to be considered because statistics indicate that these cases are increasing among the global south nations yet very little is being done or has been done to prevent their occurrence. The number of non-governmental organizations that support girl children should be established to enhance the protection of these children. More attention should be paid on human rights in order to ensure fair treatment for the citizens of these countries especially the elimination of gender limitations. With laws and right rules as well as the incorporation of the right power structures, women will easily participate in the national development. | <urn:uuid:142ba17f-935d-4142-b304-5fdd890a30e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bestessayservices.com/blog/introduction-to-international-development-studies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.978613 | 1,365 | 3.890625 | 4 |
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Arma cessabant incruentaeque humano sanguine manus odium omne in feras verterant.
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"-" is the shortcut for "this form does not exist" | <urn:uuid:c6bc7810-986f-454d-951c-821f71c2b18a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.latin-is-simple.com/en/vocabulary/verb/161/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.66385 | 176 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Light and shadow are two important aspects to highlight in a painting. It depends upon an artist, how he wants to convey the message through his or her paintings. An object is never drawn with light or shadow, rather an artist create an illusion around the picture by adding certain components to make it look like a reality. In this article, you will be given a brief idea of how to show light and shadow in a painting.
Forms Of Light And Shadow- Artist
As we already know that it is the imagination and creativity of an artist to make the painting look real by creating an illusion. When the surface is irregular, a painter decides on where to highlight the object and how the light should directly reflect from it. Highlights are small representations that are white in color. It is very important to understand how to highlight, having a particular angle in between light and the artist’s vision. Painting without understanding highlights might result in the formation of a shadow.
An Artist Differentiates Forms Of Light
The light can be shown in the picture through two mediums. They can either be direct light or reflected light. Direct light receives light from the sources of light. On the contrary, reflected light is formed from any adjacent surface. Reflected light can enhance the beauty of the image. Without it, the picture won’t look bright. Direct light might ruin the quality of such images where light should be reflected from any external source. An artist can differentiate in between these two mediums. They can classify them into two forms and draw appropriate pictures.
Values And Shading
Artists use certain techniques to paint a picture. They create the illusion of 3D images to demonstrate art in a better way. You can depict light and shadow better while shading. An artist creates the best of values to enrich the quality of shading in a picture. You can incorporate in numerous values to create shading and thus by doing so, you are enhancing the beauty of your picture.
Artist Explore Contrast In A Picture
Artists explore contrast in a picture to enrich its beauty. You can determine the contrast with the presence of light. They can result in creating 3D pictures more efficiently. Values play a major role here. If you increase the light as well as dark values, you tend to get a higher contrasting image. To make your art extraordinarily beautiful and powerful, you can work on enhancing higher values to the work. When the art has less or too low values, then they are termed as low contrast images.
Creation Of Shadow
Shadow is created when light is blocked from diverging into an object. You can broadly divide the shadow in two types: Cast shadow and Form shadow. An artist should keenly mark these attributes to create a masterpiece. A most important reason for including shadow in a picture is to create an illusion of volume and depth in it. They will make the picture look livelier. An artist should always keep minute details in mind to create a masterpiece. A keen knowledge of values is essential to draw either light or shadow. | <urn:uuid:79ae47f1-d8a8-4405-a951-57b6a22ca4c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mybestart.net/artist-light-and-shadow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.929976 | 612 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Bugs in pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) are usually cause for concern, at least in cryptographic circles.
There have been numerous examples over the years.
We had the Debian “code fix” that removed all but 15 bits’ worth of unpredictability from the random generator used to secure OpenSSH.
We had the CryptoCat bug that caused zeros to turn up about 0.4% too often.
And recently we had a cryptographic design flaw in Drupal that saw the wrong sort of random generator used in the wrong sort of way.
But this story is different.
It’s the curious case of the OpenSSL randomness bug with a happy ending!
The story starts back in 2006, when the US National Institute of Standards and Standards and Technology, better known as NIST, first released its Special Publication SP800-90A.
This document presents four algorithms for generating cryptographically strong random numbers.
→ NIST doesn’t call the algorithms PRNGs, presumably to get rid of the rather unscientific term pseudo. It calls them DRBGs instead, short for for deterministic random bit generators.
Three of NIST’s DRBGs are conventional: two of them use cryptographic hashes internally to mash up a soup of pseudorandom bits, while the third uses a symmetric block cipher (Triple-DES or AES) with a similar result.
The fourth algorithm, which goes by the redolent name of the Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic RBG (Dual EC DRBG), is a bit different.
Indeed, it is sufficiently different that it aroused the suspicion of cryptographers almost at once.
Imagine that you make your pseudorandom soup by repeatedly mixing up some starting data, not with a symmetric block cipher or a cryptograhpic hash, but with a randomly-generated public key for a public key encryption algorithm.
(This isn’t an accurate high-level description of how the Dual EC algorithm works, but it will do as a sort of analogy to explain why cryptographers were suspicious.)
You’d probably accept that the public key encryption aspect could serve as a one-way function, just like a cryptographic hash, provided that the associated private key had been destroyed.
Bear in mind that this is an inexact analogy and an imprecise explanation…
…but now ask yourself, “What if NIST kept something analogous to a private key up its sleeve?”
What if NIST surreptitiously retained algorithmic secrets that weakened the Dual EC DRBG, without telling anyone?
That would create a loophole that might make the DRBG not merely deterministic, but predictable, even to an attacker who could do no more than monitor the algorithm’s output.
Was there a backdoor?
That worrying question led to several well-known cryptographers, notably Dan Shumow and Niels Ferguson of Microsoft, openly wondering, back in 2007, whether this flaw was actually a deliberate back door in the NIST standard.
Fast forward five years, of course, and revelations by ueberwhistleblower Edward Snowden about surveillance shenanigans by the National Security Agency (NSA) have led to reports that as good as state the backdoor concern as a fact.
Other recent reports intriguingly claim that the NSA paid security company RSA $10,000,000 to prefer the use of the questionable Dual Elliptic Curve generator in its software.
→ Cryptographers have long wondered why anyone would used the Dual EC algorithm at all, even if its other shortcomings were ignored, because it is much less efficient than the others. According to Bruce Schneier, who also raised the question of a deliberate backdoor back in 2007, the Dual EC DRBG is about 1000 times slower than its more conventional cousins from SP800-90A.
Perhaps most tellingly of all, NIST itself recently and officially disowned Dual EC mode, recommending that you avoid it because:
recent community commentary has called into question the trustworthiness of [the] default elliptic curve points [used in the algorithm].
How big is the problem?
With this in mind, experts have been wondering how much software out there in the real world is using the Dual EC DRBG, and potentially vulnerable to cryptographic manipulation as a result.
OpenSSL, for example, one of the most widely-used encryption libraries, implements all four of the SP800-90A algorithms, ironically as part of achieving what is known as FIPS 140-2 certification.
And here is the happy ending.
Despite passing FIPS 140-2 tests many times over the years, the OpenSSL implementation of Dual EC DRBG is buggy.
Not just buggy, but totally broken and busted.
Simply put, it cannot be made to work in real-world software, and the fact that it has taken years for anyone to notice makes it reasonable to assume that no real-world software has ever even bothered to use it.
In the words of the OpenSSL Foundation itself, “We have no plans to fix this bug.” | <urn:uuid:232e31ed-06f5-43d5-ad35-1375962a3236> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2013/12/22/the-openssl-software-bug-that-saves-you-from-surveillance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.936808 | 1,070 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Why has Cochrane been 'shadow banned' from Instagram?
The COVID-19 pandemic has not done social media platforms massive favours in terms of demonstrating their commitment to banning misinformation.
Instagram — which is owned by Facebook — has been criticised for providing a platform for people like US antivaxxer Sherri Tenpenny, author of Saying No to Vaccines.
Perhaps it sees it as an issue of free speech. But then it has taken steps to weed out other forms of misinformation by banning any mention of Cochrane. | <urn:uuid:de2ff79e-4bc6-405b-8715-b961079ea4dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ausdoc.com.au/practice/why-has-cochrane-been-shadow-banned-instagram | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.954117 | 111 | 1.757813 | 2 |
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