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— -- Cinco de Mayo, the day bars and college campuses across America get packed with revelers eager to feast on guacamole and down tequila.
Partyers in the U.S. brought in $658 million in booze revenue in 2013 alone. But few among them may know the true story behind the popular holiday, some might even believe it's Mexico's Independence day, an embarrassingly common misconception.
To clear the air, George Stephanopoulos brings you a brief history of Cinco de Mayo and the 1862 Battle of Puebla.
Watch the video above. | <urn:uuid:c0823909-6c67-43f6-965b-2b044f280075> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/watch-history-cinco-de-mayo/story?id=30799747 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.883846 | 121 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Locker Room Talk
Locker Room Talk is a non-profit organization on a mission to change the toxic environment within locker rooms by educating young boys about equality and good manners. But educating boys from age 10 to 14 can be quite challenging. Also, since this behavior is taking place behind locked doors, most parents aren't aware of how bad it really can be. And if the issue doesn't exist to them, how are they supposed to prevent their kids from taking part?
These kids won't listen to someone giving them a lesson in morals. We need to approach them on their terms. Show them that we understand and communicate as if we were one of them. If we appear to them as the "cool kid" instead of a stiff teacher talking over their heads, they might give us a chance at leading them. But we also need to find visual elements that tend to parents and other adults that operate around the teams.
We turned the visual appearance of LRT into cocky, bold, and trendsetting. With a bright neon orange as the primary color, grungy typography, and imagery with an attitude, we want to grab kids' attention. Once having it, we can seize the moment to educate them. But the identity also holds an important message. By displaying abusive words from locker room talk, along with solemn photos of young boys, we hope to communicate the need for change to the public.
We’ve enhanced censored Swedish cursors through grunge-like typographic treatment. For some profound reason, this kind of harsh language gets accepted inside the walls of locker rooms. But as soon as we expose them in another context, it becomes obvious how harsh the environment boys are being raised in actually can be.
The boys and men we portrait all have a commitment in putting an end to the issue that surrounds them. Dramatic lighting highlights the already heavy message. The images are duplicated with a duotone copy; a graphic manner increasing brand recognition by adapting the primary orange colour. | <urn:uuid:55e613c6-bef5-4fe5-8849-e6b2a5f19ba4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://markus.se/case/locker-room-talk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.963697 | 421 | 2.0625 | 2 |
World War I Trench Warfare : 1916-1918 Pt.2 Paperback
by Stephen Bull
Illustrated by Adam Hook
Part of the Elite series
The years from 1914 to 1918 saw a whole series of complex and very rapid changes in infantry tactics, which fundamentally altered the way wars had been fought for 150 years.
This two-part study describes and illustrates the development: of infantry equipment and weapons; of support weapons; of field fortifications; and, most importantly, exactly how these items and techniques were all employed in attack and defence.
The texts are illustrated with contemporary photos and diagrams and with colour plates combining details of uniforms, equipment and weapons with bird's-eye views explaining their use in battle.
This second volume concentrates on the men who fought in such important battles as those of Ypres and the Somme.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 64 pages, 55 b&w and 10 colour illustrations and photographs
- Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC
- Publication Date: 19/06/2002
- Category: British & Irish history
- ISBN: 9781841761985 | <urn:uuid:6c8c4e16-26b3-4535-be36-43f1388a2b07> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hive.co.uk/Product/Stephen-Bull/World-War-I-Trench-Warfare--1916-1918-Pt2/6897092 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00434-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927444 | 232 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How do you mend a broken heart? Maybe someday with stem cells made from your skin
A little more than a year after UW–Madison scientists showed they could turn skin cells back into stem cells, they have pulsating proof that these “induced” stem cells can indeed form the specialized cells that make up heart muscle.
In a study published online today (Feb. 12) in Circulation Research, a journal of the American Heart Association, UW–Madison School of Medicine and Public Health professor of medicine Tim Kamp and his research team showed that they were able to grow working heart-muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) from induced pluripotent stem cells, known as iPS cells.
These beating heart muscle cells were created by Professor of Medicine Tim Kamp, using Jamie Thomson’s iPS stem cells (originally from skin cells). Kamp then induced them to become contracting cardiomyocytes.
Video: courtesy Tim Kamp
The heart cells were originally reprogrammed from human skin cells by James Thomson and Junying Yu, two of Kamp’s co-authors on the study.
“It’s an encouraging result because it shows that those cells will be useful for research and may someday be useful in therapy,” says Kamp, who is also a cardiologist with UW Health. “If you have a heart failure patient who is in dire straits — and there are never enough donor hearts for transplantation — we may be able to make heart cells from the patient’s skin cells and use them to repair heart muscle. That’s pretty exciting.”
It’s also a few more discoveries away. The researchers used a virus to insert four transcription factors into the genes of the skin cell, reprogramming it back to an embryo-like state. Because the virus is taken up by the new cell, there is a possibility it eventually could cause cancer, so therapies from reprogrammed skin cells will likely have to wait until new methods are perfected.
Still, the iPS cardiomyocytes should prove immediately useful for research. And Kamp says the speed at which knowledge is progressing is very encouraging.
Jianhua Zhang, lead author on the study, noted that it took 17 years, from when a mouse embryonic stem cells were first created in 1981, to 1998, when Thomson created the first human embryonic stem cells. In contrast, the first mouse iPS stem cells were created in 2006, and Thomson and Yu published their paper in November 2007, announcing the creation of human iPS stem cells that began as skin cells.
While research on embryonic stem cells is controversial, because it destroys a human embryo, lessons learned through such research apply to current work with iPS cells made from adult cells.
“That’s one of the important things that have come out of the research with embryonic stem cells, it taught us how human pluripotent stem cells behave and how to work with them,” Kamp says. “Things are able to progress much more quickly thanks to all the research already done with embryonic stem cells.”
Many types of heart disease have known genetic causes, so creating cardiomyocytes grown from patients who have those diseases will likely be some of the next steps in the research. One of Kamp’s colleagues, Clive Svendsen, a UW–Madison School of Medicine and Public Health professor of neurology and anatomy, has grown the iPS cells into disease-specific neural cells. Kamp and Svendsen are also on the faculty of the Waisman Center and the Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center.
Kamp’s latest research, proving that iPS cells can become functional heart cells, is just one step along the way to better understanding and treatment of disease.
“We’re excited about it, because it’s the some of the first research to show it can be done, but in the future, we’ll probably say, ‘Well, of course it can be done,'” he says. “But you don’t know until you do it. It’s a very mysterious and complicated dance to get these cells to go from skin cells to stem cells to heart cells.” | <urn:uuid:dd5c8273-ea70-4fb4-9944-8eef83ec2062> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.wisc.edu/how-do-you-mend-a-broken-heart-maybe-someday-with-stem-cells-made-from-your-skin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.956421 | 875 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Translated by Robert Potter
CREUSA, daughter of Erechtheus
XUTHUS, husband of CREUSA
PRIESTESS OF APOLLO
CHORUS OF HANDMAIDENS OF CREUSA
Before the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. The sun is about to rise. MERCURY
MERCURY Atlas, that on his brazen shoulders rolls
Yon heaven, the ancient mansion of the gods,
Was by a goddess sire to Maia; she
To supreme Jove bore me, and call'd me Hermes;
Attendant on the king, his high behests
I execute. To Delphi am I come,
This land where Phoebus from his central throne
Utters to mortals his high strain, declaring
The present and the future; this is the cause;
Greece hath a city of distinguish'd glory,
Which from the goddess of the golden lance
Received its name; Erechtheus was its king;
His daughter, call'd Creusa, to the embrace
Of nuptial love Apollo strain'd perforce,
Where northward points the rock beneath the heights
Crown'd with the Athenian citadel of Pallas,
Call'd Macrai by the lords of Attica.
Her growing burden, to her sire unknown
(Such was the pleasure of the god,) she bore,
Till in her secret chamber to a son
The rolling months gave birth: to the same cave,
Where by the enamour'd god she was compress'd,
Creusa bore the infant: there for death
Exposed him in a well-compacted ark
Of circular form, observant of the customs
Drawn from her great progenitors, and chief
From Erichthonius, who from the Attic earth
Deriv'd his origin: to him as guards
Minerva gave two dragons, and in charge
Consign'd him to the daughters of Aglauros:
This rite to the Erechthidae hence remains,
Mid serpents wreathed in ductile gold to nurse
Their children. What of ornament she had
She hung around her son, and left him thus
To perish. But to me his earnest prayer
Phoebus applied, "To the high-lineaged sons
Of glorious Athens go, my brother; well
Thou know'st the city of Pallas; from the cave
Deep in the hollow rock a new-born babe,
Laid as he is, and all his vestments with him;
Bring to thy brother to my shrine, and place
At the entrance of my temple; of the rest
(For, know, the child is mine) I will take care."
To gratify my brother thence I bore
The osier-woven ark, and placed the boy
Here at the temple's base, the wreathed lid
Uncovering, that the infant might be seen.
It chanced, as the orient sun the steep of heav'n
Ascended, to the god's oracular seat
The priestess entering, on the infant cast
Her eye, and marvelled, deeming that some nymph
Of Delphi at the fane had dared to lay
The secret burden of her womb: this thought
Prompts her to move it from the shrine: but soon
To pity she resign'd the harsh intent;
The impulse of the god secretly acting
In favour of the child, that in his temple
It might abide; her gentle hand then took it,
And gave it nurture; yet conceived she not
That Phoebus was the sire, nor who the mother
Knew aught, nor of his parents could the child
Give information. All his youthful years
Sportive he wandered round the shrine, and there
Was fed: but when his firmer age advanced
To manhood, o'er the treasures of the god
The Delphians placed him, to his faithful care
Consigning all; and in this royal dome
His hallow'd life he to this hour hath pass'd.
Meantime Creusa, mother of the child,
To Xuthus was espoused, the occasion this:-
On Athens from Euboean Chalcis roll'd
The waves of war; be join'd their martial toil,
And with his spear repell'd the foe; for this
To the proud honour of Creusa's bed
Advanc'd; no native, in Achaea sprung
From Aeolus, the son of Jove. Long time
Unbless'd with children, to the oracular shrine
Of Phoebus are they come, through fond desire
Of progeny: to this the god hath brought
The fortune of his son, nor, as was deem'd,
Forgets him; but to Xuthus, when he stands
This sacred seat consulting, will he give
That son, declared his offspring; that the child,
When to Creusa's house brought back, by her
May be agnized; the bridal rites of Phoebus
Kept secret, that the youth may claim the state
Due to his birth, through all the states of Greece
Named Ion, founder of the colonies
On the Asiatic coast. The laurell'd cave
Now will I visit, there to learn what fortune
Is to the boy appointed, for I see
This son of Phoebus issuing forth to adorn
The gates before the shrine with laurel boughs.
First of the gods I hail him by the name
Of Ion, which his fortune soon will give him. (MERCURY vanishes.
ION and the attendants of the temple enter.)
ION (chanting) Now flames this radiant chariot of the sun
High o'er the earth, at whose ethereal fire
The stars into the sacred night retreat:
O'er the Parnassian cliffs the ascending wheels
To mortals roll the beams of day; the wreaths
Of incense-breathing myrrh mount to the roof
Of Phoebus' fane; the Delphic priestess now
Assumes her seat, and from the hallow'd tripod
Pronounces to the Greeks the oracular strains
Which the god dictates. Haste, ye Delphic train,
Haste to Castalia's silver-streaming fount;
Bathed in its chaste dews to the temple go;
There from your guarded mouths no sound be heard
But of good omen, that to those who crave
Admission to the oracle, your voice
May with auspicious words expound the answers.
My task, which from my early infancy
Hath been my charge, shall be with laurel boughs
And sacred wreaths to cleanse the vestibule
Of Phoebus, on the pavement moistening dews
To rain, and with my bow to chase the birds
Which would defile the hallow'd ornaments.
A mother's fondness, and a father's care
I never knew: the temple of the god
Claims then my service, for it nurtured me. (The attendants leave.
ION busies himself before the temple as he continues to sing., strophe)
Haste, thou verdant new-sprung bough,
Haste, thy early office know;
Branch of beauteous laurel come,
Sweep Apollo's sacred dome,
Cropp'd this temple's base beneath,
Where the immortal gardens breathe,
And eternal dews that round
Water the delicious ground,
Bathe the myrtle's tresses fair.
Lightly thus, with constant care,
The pavement of the god I sweep,
When over the Parnassian steep
Flames the bright sun's mounting ray;
This my task each rising day.
Son of Latona, Paean, Paean, hail!
Never, O never may thy honours fail!
Grateful is my task, who wait
Serving, Phoebus, at thy gate;
Honouring thus thy hallow'd shrine,
Honour for the task is mine.
Labouring with unwilling hands,
Me no mortal man commands:
But, immortal gods, to you
All my pleasing toil is due.
Phoebus is to me a sire;
Grateful thoughts my soul inspire;
Nurtured by thy bounty here,
Thee, Apollo, I revere;
As a father's I repeat.
Son of Latona, Paean, Paean, hail!
Never, O never may thy honours fail!
Now from this labour with the laurel bough
I cease; and sprinkling from the golden vase
The chaste drops which Castalia's fountain rolls,
Bedew the pavement. Never may I quit
This office to the god; or, if I quit it,
Be it, good Fortune, at thy favouring call!
But see, the early birds have left their nests,
And this way from Parnassus wing their flight.
Come not, I charge you, near the battlements,
Nor near the golden dome. Herald of Jove,
Strong though thy beak beyond the feather'd kind,
My bow shall reach thee. Towards the altar, see,
A swan comes sailing: elsewhere wilt thou move
Thy scarlet-tinctured foot? or from my bow
The lyre of Phoebus to thy notes attuned
Will not protect thee; farther stretch thy wings;
Go, wanton, skim along the Delian lake,
Or wilt thou steep thy melody in blood.
Look, what strange bird comes onwards; wouldst thou fix
Beneath the battlements thy straw-built nest?
My singing bow shall drive thee hence; begone,
Or to the banks of Alpheus, gulfy stream,
Or to the Isthmian grove; there hatch thy young;
Mar not these pendent ornaments, nor soil
The temple of the god: I would not kill you:
'Twere pity, for to mortal man you bear
The message of the gods; yet my due task
Must be perform'd, and never will I cease
My service to the god who nurtured me. (The CHORUS enters. The following
lines between ION and the CHORUS are chanted responsively as they
gaze admiringly at the decorations on the temple.)
CHORUS The stately column, and the gorgeous dome
Raised to the gods, are not the boast alone
Of our magnificent Athens; nor the statues
That grace her streets; this temple of the god,
Son of Latona, beauteous to behold,
Beams the resplendent light of both her children.
ION Turn thine eyes this way; look, the son of Jove
Lops with his golden scimitar the heads
Of the Lernean Hydra: view it well.
CHORUS I see him.
ION And this other standing nigh,
Who snatches from the fire the blazing brand.
CHORUS What is his name? the subject, on the web
Design'd, these hands have wrought in ductile gold.
ION The shield-supporting Iolaus, who bears
The toils in common with the son of Jove.
View now this hero; on his winged steed
The triple-bodied monster's dreadful force
He conquers through the flames his jaws emit.
CHORUS I view it all attentively.
The battle of the giants, on the walls
Sculptured in stone.
CHORUS Let us note this, my friends.
ION See where against Enceladus she shakes
Her gorgon shield.
CHORUS I see my goddess, Pallas.
ION Mark the tempestuous thunder's flaming bolt
Launch'd by the hand of Jove.
CHORUS The furious Mimas
Here blazes in the volley'd fires: and there
Another earth-born monster falls beneath
The wand of Bacchus wreathed with ivy round,
No martial spear. But, as 'tis thine to tend
This temple, let me ask thee, is it lawful,
Leaving our sandals, its interior parts
ION Strangers, this is not permitted.
CHORUS Yet may we make inquiries of thee?
What wouldst thou know?
CHORUS Whether this temple's site
Be the earth's centre?
ION Ay, with garlands hung,
And gorgons all around.
CHORUS So fame reports.
ION If at the gate the honey'd cake be offer'd,
Would you consult the oracle, advance
To the altar: till the hallow'd lamb has bled
In sacrifice, approach not the recess.
CHORUS I am instructed: what the god appoints
As laws, we wish not to transgress: without
Enough of ornament delights our eyes.
ION Take a full view of all; that is allow'd.
CHORUS To view the inmost shrine was our lord's order.
ION Who are you call'd? Attendants on what house?
CHORUS Our lords inhabit the magnific domes
Of Pallas.-But she comes, of whom thou askest. (CREUSA and attendants
ION Lady, whoe'er thou art, that liberal air
Speaks an exalted mind: there is a grace,
A dignity in those of noble birth,
That marks their high rank. Yet I marvel much
That from thy closed lids the trickling tear
Water'd thy beauteous cheeks, soon as thine eye
Beheld this chaste oracular seat of Phoebus.
What brings this sorrow, lady? All besides,
Viewing the temple of the god, are struck
With joy; thy melting eye o'erflows with tears.
CREUSA Not without reason, stranger, art thou seized
With wonder at my tears: this sacred dome
Awakes the sad remembrance of things past.
I had my mind at home, though present here.
How wretched is our sex! And, O ye gods,
What deeds are yours! Where may we hope for right,
If by the injustice of your power undone?
ION Why, lady, this inexplicable grief?
CREUSA It matters not; my mind resumes its firmless:
I say no more; cease thy concern for me.
ION But say, who art thou? whence? what country boasts
Thy birth? and by what name may we address thee?
CREUSA Creusa is my name, drawn from Erechtheus
My high-born lineage; Athens gave me birth.
Illustrious is thy state; thy ancestry
So noble that I look with reverence on thee.
CREUSA Happy indeed is this, in nothing farther.
ION But tell me, is it true what fame has blazon'd?
CREUSA What wouldst thou ask? Stranger, I wish to know.
ION Sprung the first author of thy line from the earth?
CREUSA Ay, Erichthonius; but my race avails not.
ION And did Minerva raise him from the earth?
CREUSA Held in her virgin hands: she bore him not.
ION And gave him as the picture represents?
CREUSA Daughters of Cecrops these, charged not to see him.
ION The virgins ope'd the interdicted chest?
CREUSA And died, distaining with their blood the rock.
ION But tell me, is this truth, or a vain rumour?
CREUSA What wouldst thou ask? I am not scant of time.
ION Thy sisters did Erechtheus sacrifice?
CREUSA He slew the virgins, victims for their country.
ION And thou of all thy sisters saved alone?
CREUSA I was an infant in my mother's arms.
ION And did the yawning earth swallow thy father?
CREUSA By Neptune's trident smote; and so he perish'd.
ION And Macrai call you not the fatal place?
CREUSA Why dost thou ask? What thoughts hast thou recall'd?,
ION Does Phoebus, do his lightnings honour it?
CREUSA Honour! Why this? Would I had never seen it!
ION Why? Dost thou hate the place dear to the god?
CREUSA No: but for some base deed done in the cave.
ION But what Athenian, lady, wedded thee?
CREUSA Of Athens none, but one of foreign birth.
ION What is his name? Noble he needs must be.
CREUSA Xuthus, by Aeolus derived from Jove.
ION How weds a stranger an Athenian born?
CREUSA Euboea is a state neighbouring on Athens.
ION A narrow sea flows, I have heard, between.
CREUSA Joining the Athenian arms, that state he wasted.
ION Confederate in the war, thence wedded thee?
CREUSA The dowral meed of war, earn'd by his spear.
ION Comest thou with him to Delphi, or alone?
CREUSA With him, gone now to the Trophonian shrine.
ION To view it, or consult the oracle?
CREUSA Both that and this, anxious for one response.
ION For the earth's fruits consult you, or for children?
CREUSA Though wedded long, yet childless is our bed.
ION Hast thou ne'er borne a child, that thou hast none?
CREUSA My state devoid of children Phoebus knows.
ION Bless'd in all else, luckless in this alone.
CREUSA But who art thou? Bless'd I pronounce thy mother.
ION Call'd as I am the servant of the god.
CREUSA Presented by some state, or sold to this?
ION I know not aught save this, I am the god's.
CREUSA And in my turn, stranger, I pity thee.
ION As knowing not my mother, or my lineage.
CREUSA Hast thou thy dwelling here, or in some house?
ION The temple is my house, ev'n when I sleep.
CREUSA A child brought hither, or in riper years?
ION An infant, as they say, who seem to know.
CREUSA What Delphian dame sustain'd thee at her breast?
ION I never knew a breast. She nourish'd me.
CREUSA Who, hapless youth? Diseased, I find disease.
ION The priestess: as a mother I esteem her.
CREUSA Who to these manly years gave thee support?
ION The altars, and the still-succeeding strangers.
CREUSA Wretched, whoe'er she be, is she that bore thee.
ION I to some woman am perchance a shame.
CREUSA Are riches thine? Thou art well habited.
ION Graced with these vestments by the god I serve.
CREUSA Hast thou made no attempt to trace thy birth?
ION I have no token, lady, for a proof.
CREUSA Ah, like thy mother doth another suffer.
ION Who? tell me: shouldst thou help me, what a joy
CREUSA One for whose sake I come before my husband.
ION Say for what end, that I may serve thee, lady.
CREUSA To ask a secret answer of the god.
ION Speak it: my service shall procure the rest.
CREUSA Hear then the tale: but Modesty restrains me.
ION Ah, let her not; her power avails not here.
CREUSA My friend then says that to the embrace of Phoebus-
ION A woman and a god! Say not so, stranger.
CREUSA She bore a son: her father knew it not.
ION Not so: a mortal's baseness he disdains.
CREUSA This she affirms; and this, poor wretch, she suffer'd.
ION What follow'd, if she knew the god's embrace?
CREUSA The child, which hence had birth, she straight exposed.
ION This exposed child, where is he? doth he live?
CREUSA This no one knows; this wish I to inquire.
ION If not alive, how probably destroyed?
CREUSA Torn, she conjectures, by some beast of prey.
ION What ground hath she on which to build that thought?
CREUSA Returning to the place she found him not.
ION Observed she drops of blood distain the path?
CREUSA None, though with anxious heed she search'd around.
ION What time hath pass'd since thus the child was lost?
CREUSA Were he alive, his youth were such as thine.
ION The god hath done him wrong: the unhappy mother-
CREUSA Hath not to any child been mother since.
ION What if in secret Phoebus nurtures him!
CREUSA Unjust to enjoy alone a common right.
ION Ah me! this cruel fate accords with mine.
CREUSA For thee too thy unhappy mother mourns.
ION Ah, melt me not to griefs I would forget!
CREUSA I will be silent: but impart thy aid.
ION Seest thou what most the inquiry will suppress?
CREUSA And to my wretched friend what is not ill?
ION How shall the god what he would hide reveal?
CREUSA As placed on the oracular seat of Greece.
ION The deed must cause him shame: convict him not.
CREUSA To the poor sufferer 'tis the cause of grief.
ION It cannot be; for who shall dare to give
The oracle? With justice would the god,
In his own dome affronted, pour on him
Severest vengeance, who should answer thee.
Desist then, lady: it becomes us ill,
In opposition to the god, to make
Inquiries at his shrine; by sacrifice
Before their altars, or the flight of birds,
Should we attempt to force the unwilling gods
To utter what they wish not, 'twere the excess
Of rudeness; what with violence we urge
'Gainst their consent would to no good avail us:
What their spontaneous grace confers on us,
That, lady, as a blessing we esteem.
LEADER OF THE CHORUS How numberless the ills to mortal man,
And various in their form! One single blessing
By any one through life is scarcely found.
CREUSA Nor here, nor there, O Phoebus, art thou just
To her; though absent, yet her words are present.
Nor didst thou save thy son, whom it became thee
To save; nor, though a prophet, wilt thou speak
To the sad mother who inquires of thee;
That, if he is no more, to him a tomb
May rise; but, if he lives, that he may bless
His mother's eyes. But even thus behooves us
To omit these things, if by the god denied
To know what most I wish.-But, for I see
The noble Xuthus this way bend, return'd
From the Trophonian cave; before my husband
Resume not, generous stranger, this discourse,
Lest it might cause me shame that thus I act
In secret, and perchance lead on to questions
I would not have explain'd. Our hapless sex
Oft feel our husbands' rigour: with the bad
The virtuous they confound, and treat us harshly. (XUTHUS and his
XUTHUS With reverence to the god my first address
I pay: Hail, Phoebus! Lady, next to thee:
Absent so long, have I not caused thee fear?
CREUSA Not much: as anxious thoughts 'gan rise, thou'rt come.
But, tell me, from Trophonius what reply
Bearest thou; what means whence offspring may arise?
XUTHUS Unmeet he held it to anticipate
The answer of the god: one thing he told me.
That childless I should not return, nor thou,
Home from the oracle.
CREUSA Goddess revered,
Mother of Phoebus, be our coming hither
In lucky hour; and our connubial bed
Be by thy son made happier than before!
XUTHUS It shall be so. But who is president here?
ION Without, that charge is mine; within, devolved
On others, stranger, seated near the tripod;
The chiefs of Delphi these, chosen by lot.
XUTHUS 'Tis well: all that I want is then complete.
Let me now enter: for the oracle
Is given, I hear, in common to all strangers
Before the shrine; on such a day, that falls
Propitious thus, the answer of the god
Would I receive: meanwhile, these laurel boughs
Bear round the altars; lady, breathe thy prayers
To every god, that from Apollo's shrine
I may bring back the promise of a son. (XUTHUS, after giving the
laurel boughs to CREUSA, enters the temple.)
CREUSA It shall, it shall be so. Should Phoebus now
At least be willing to redress the fault
Of former times, he would not through the whole
Be friendly to us: yet will I accept
What he vouchsafes us, for he is a god. (CREUSA departs to the shrines
in the outer precinct of the temple.)
ION Why does this stranger always thus revile
With obscure speech the god? Is it through love
Of her, for whom she asks? or to conceal
Some secret of importance? But to me
What is the daughter of Erechtheus? Naught
Concerns it me. Then let me to my task,
And sprinkle from the golden vase the dew.
Yet must I blame the god, if thus perforce
He mounts the bed of virgins, and by stealth
Becomes a father, leaving then his children
To die, regardless of them. Do not thou
Act thus; but, as thy power is great, respect
The virtues; for whoe'er, of mortal men,
Dares impious deeds, him the gods punish: how
Is it then just that you, who gave the laws
To mortals, should yourselves transgress those laws?,
If (though it is not thus, yet will I urge
The subject,)-if to mortals you shall pay
The penalty of forced embraces, thou,
Neptune, and Jove, that reigns supreme in heaven,
Will leave your temples treasureless by paying
The mulcts of your injustice: for unjust
You are, your pleasures to grave temperance
Preferring: and to men these deeds no more
Can it be just to charge as crimes, these deeds
If from the gods they imitate: on those
Who gave the ill examples falls the charge. (ION goes out.)
CHORUS (singing, strophe)
Thee prompt to yield thy lenient aid,
And sooth a mother's pain:
And thee, my Pallas, martial maid,
I call: O, hear the strain!
Thou, whom the Titan from the head of Jove,
Prometheus, drew, bright Victory, come,
Descending from thy golden throne above;
Haste, goddess, to the Pythian dome,
Where Phoebus, from his central shrine,
Gives the oracle divine,
By the raving maid repeated,
On the hallow'd tripod seated:
O haste thee, goddess, and with thee
The daughter of Latona bring;
A virgin thou, a virgin she,
Sisters to the Delphian king;
Him, virgins, let your vows implore,
That now his pure oracular power
Will to Erechtheus' ancient line declare
The blessing of a long-expected heir!
To mortal man this promised grace
Sublimest pleasure brings,
When round the father's hearth a race
In blooming lustre springs.
The wealth, the honours, from their high-drawn line
From sire to son transmitted down,
Shall with fresh glory through their offspring shine,
And brighten with increased renown:
A guard, when ills begin to lower,
Dear in fortune's happier hour;
For their country's safety waking,
Firm in fight the strong spear shaking;
More than proud wealth's exhaustless store,
More than a monarch's bride to reign,
The dear delight, to virtue's lore
Careful the infant mind to train.
Doth any praise the childless state?
The joyless, loveless life I hate;
No; my desires to moderate wealth I bound,
But let me see my children smile around.
Ye rustic seats, Pan's dear delight;
Ye caves of Macrai's rocky height,
Where oft the social virgins meet,
And weave the dance with nimble feet;
Descendants from Aglauros they
In the third line, with festive play,
Minerva's hallow'd fane before
The verdant plain light-tripping o'er,
When thy pipe's quick-varying sound
Rings, O Pan, these caves around;
Where, by Apollo's love betray'd,
Her child some hapless mother laid,
Exposed to each night-prowling beast,
Or to the ravenous birds a feast;
For never have I heard it told,
Nor wrought it in historic gold,
That happiness attends the race,
When gods with mortals mix the embrace. (ION re-enters.)
ION Ye female train, that place yourselves around
This incense-breathing temple's base, your lord
Awaiting, hath he left the sacred tripod
And oracle, or stays he in the shrine,
Making inquiries of his childless state?
LEADER OF THE CHORUS Yet in the temple, stranger, he remains.
ION But he comes forth; the sounding doors announce
His near approach; behold, our lord is here. (XUTHUS enters from
the temple. He rushes to greet ION.)
XUTHUS Health to my son! This first address is proper.
ION I have my health: be in thy senses thou,
And both are well.
XUTHUS O let me kiss thy hand,
And throw mine arms around thee.
ION Art thou, stranger,
Well in thy wits? or hath the god's displeasure
Bereft thee of thy reason?
XUTHUS Reason bids,
That which is dearest being found, to wish
A fond embrace.
ION Off, touch me not; thy hands
Will mar the garlands of the god.
XUTHUS My touch
Asserts no pledge: my own, and that most dear,
ION Wilt thou not keep thee distant, ere
Thou hast my arrow in thy heart?
XUTHUS Why fly me,
When thou shouldst own what is most fond of thee?
ION I am not fond of curing wayward strangers,
XUTHUS Kill me, raise my funeral pyre;
But, if thou kill me, thou wilt kill thy father.
ION My father thou! how so? it makes me laugh
To hear thee.
XUTHUS This my words may soon explain.
ION What wilt thou say to me?
XUTHUS I am thy father,
And thou my son.
ION Who declares this?
XUTHUS The god,
That nurtured thee, though mine.
ION Thou to thyself
XUTHUS By the oracle inform'd.
ION Misled by some dark answer.
XUTHUS Well I heard it.
ION What were the words of Phoebus?
XUTHUS That who first
Should meet me-
ION How?-what meeting?
XUTHUS As I pass'd.
Forth from the temple.
ION What the event to him?
XUTHUS He is my son.
ION Born so, or by some other
XUTHUS Though a present, born my son.
ION And didst thou first meet me?
XUTHUS None else, my son.
ION This fortune whence?
XUTHUS At that we marvel both.
ION Who is my mother?
XUTHUS That I cannot say.
ION Did not the god inform thee?
XUTHUS Through my joy,
For this I ask'd not.
ION Haply from the earth
I sprung, my mother.
XUTHUS No, the earth no sons
ION How then am I thine?
XUTHUS I know not.
To Phoebus I appeal.
ION Be this discourse
Chang'd to some other.
XUTHUS This delights me most.
ION Hast thou e'er mounted an unlawful bed?
XUTHUS In foolishness of youth.
ION Was that before
Thy marriage with the daughter of Erechtheus?
XUTHUS Since never.
ION Owe I then my birth to that?
XUTHUS The time agrees.
ION How came I hither then?
XUTHUS I can form no conjecture.
ION Was I brought
From some far distant part?
XUTHUS That fills my mind
With doubtful musing.
ION Didst thou e'er before
Visit the Pythian rock?
XUTHUS Once, at the feast
ION By some public host received?
XUTHUS Who with the Delphian damsels-
ION To the orgies
Led thee, or how?
XUTHUS And with the Maenades
ION In the temperate hour, or warm
XUTHUS Amid the revels of the god.
ION From thence I date my birth.
XUTHUS And fate, my son,
Hath found thee.
ION How then came I to the temple?
XUTHUS Perchance exposed.
ION The state of servitude
Have I escaped.
XUTHUS Thy father now, my son,
ION Indecent were it in the god
Not to confide.
XUTHUS Thy thoughts are just.
ION What else
XUTHUS Thou seest what thou oughtst to see.
ION Am I the son then of the son of Jove?
XUTHUS Such is thy fortune.
ION Those that gave me birth
Do I embrace?
XUTHUS Obedient to the god.
ION My father, hail!
XUTHUS That dear name I accept
ION This present day-
XUTHUS Hath made me happy.
ION O my dear mother, when shall I behold
Thy face? Whoe'er thou art, more wish I now
To see thee than before; but thou perchance
Art dead, and nothing our desires avail.
LEADER We in the blessing of our house rejoice.
Yet wish we that our mistress too were happy
In children, and the lineage of Erechtheus.
XUTHUS Well hath the god accomplish'd this, my son,
Discovering thee, well hath he joined thee to me;
And thou hast found the most endearing ties,
To which, before this hour, thou wast a stranger.
And the warm wish, which thou hast well conceived,
Is likewise mine, that thou mayst find thy mother;
I from what woman thou derivest thy birth.
This, left to time, may haply be discover'd.
Now quit this hallow'd earth, the god no more
Attending, and to mine accord thy mind,
To visit Athens, where thy father's sceptre,
No mean one, waits thee, and abundant wealth:
Nor, though thou grieve one parent yet unknown,
Shalt thou be censured as ignobly born,
Or poor: no, thou art noble, and thy state
Adorn'd with rich possessions. Thou art silent.
Why is thine eye thus fixed upon the ground?
Why on thy brow that cloud? The smile of joy
Vanish'd, thou strikest thy father's heart with fear.
ION Far other things appear when nigh, than seen
At distance. I indeed embrace my fortune,
In thee my father found. But hear what now
Wakes sad reflections. Proud of their high race
Are your Athenians, natives of the land,
Not drawn from foreign lineage: I to them
Shall come unwelcome, in two points defective,
My father not a native, and myself
Of spurious birth: loaded with this reproach,
If destitute of power, I shall be held
Abject and worthless: should I rush among
The highest order of the state, and wish
To appear important, inferior ranks
Will hate me; aught above them gives disgust.
The good, the wise, men form'd to serve the state,
Are silent, nor at public honours aim
Too hastily: by such, were I not quiet
In such a bustling state, I should be deem'd
Ridiculous, and proverb'd for a fool.
Should I attain the dignity of those,
Whose approved worth hath raised them to the height
Of public honours, by such suffrage more
Should I be watch'd; for they that hold in states
Rule and pre-eminence, bear hostile minds
To all that vie with them. And should I come
To a strange house a stranger, to a woman
Childless herself, who that misfortune shared
Before with thee, now sees it her sole lot,
And feels it bitterly, would she not hate me,
And that with justice? When I stand before them.
With what an eye would she, who hath no child,
Look on thy child? In tenderness to her,
Thy wife, thou must forsake me, or embroil
Thy house in discord, if thou favour me.
What murderous means, what poisonous drugs for men
Have women with inventive rage prepared!
Besides, I have much pity for thy wife,
Now growing old without a child, that grief
Unmerited, the last of her high race,
The exterior face indeed of royalty,
So causelessly commended, bath its brightness;
Within, all gloom: for what sweet peace of mind,
What happiness is his, whose years are pass'd
In comfortless suspicion, and the dread
Of violence? Be mine the humble blessings
Of private life, rather than be a king,
From the flagitious forced to choose my friends,
And hate the virtuous through the fear of death.
Gold, thou mayst tell me, hath o'er things like these
A sovereign power, and riches give delight:
I have no pleasure in this noisy pomp,
Nor, while I guard my riches, in the toil:
Be mine a modest mean that knows not care.
And now, my father, hear the happy state
I here enjoy'd; and first, to mortal man
That dearest blessing, leisure, and no bustle
To cause disturbance: me no ruffian force
Shoved from the way: it is not to be borne,
When every insolent and worthless wretch
Makes you give place. The worship of the god
Employ'd my life, or (no unpleasing task)
Service to men well pleased: the parting guest
I bade farewell-welcomed the new-arrived.
Thus something always new made every hour
Glide sweetly on; and to the human mind
That dearest wish, though some regard it not,
To be, what duty and my nature made me,
Just to the god: revolving this, my father,
I wish not for thy Athens to exchange
This state; permit me to myself to live;
Dear to the mind pleasures that arise
From humble life, as those which greatness brings.
LEADER Well hast thou said, if those whom my soul holds
Most dear shall in thy words find happiness.
XUTHUS No more of this discourse; learn to be happy.
It is my will that thou begin it here,
Where first I found thee, son: a general feast
Will I provide, and make a sacrifice,
Which at thy birth I made not: at my table
Will I receive thee as a welcome guest,
And cheer thee with the banquet, then conduct the
To Athens with me as a visitant,
Not as my son: for, mid my happiness,
I would not grieve my wife, who hath no child.
ION But I will watch the occasions time may bring,
And so present thee, and obtain her leave
That thou mayst hold the sceptre which I bear.
Ion I name thee, as befits thy fortune,
As first thou met'st me from the hallow'd shrine
As I came forth; assemble then thy friends,
Invite them all to share the joyful feast,
Since thou art soon to leave the Delphic state.
And you, ye females, keep, I charge you, keep
This secret; she that tells my wife shall die.
ION Let us then go; yet one thing to my fortune
Is wanting: if I find not her that bore me,
Life hath no joy. Might I indulge a wish,
It were to find her an Athenian dame,
That from my mother I might dare to assume
Some confidence; for he whose fortune leads him
To a free state proud of their unmix'd race,
Though call'd a citizen, must close his lips
With servile awe, for freedom is not his. (XUTHUS and ION go out.)
CHORUS (singing, strophe)
Yes, sisters, yes, the streaming eye,
The swelling heart I see, the bursting sigh,
When thus rejoicing in his son
Our queen her royal lord shall find,
And give to grief her anguish'd mind,
Afflicted, childless, and alone.
What means this voice divine,
Son of Latona, fate-declaring power?
Whence is this youth, so fondly graced,
That to ripe manhood, from his infant hour,
Hath in thy hallow'd courts been plac'd
And nurtured at thy shrine?
Thy dark reply delights not me;
Lurking beneath close fraud I see:
Where will this end? I fear, I fear-
'Tis strange, and strange events must hence ensue:
But grateful sounds it to his ear,
The youth, that in another's state
(Who sees not that my words are true?)
Enjoys the fraud, and triumphs in his fate.
Say, sisters, say, with duteous zeal
Shall we this secret to our queen reveal?
She, to her royal lord resign'd,
With equal hope, with equal care,
Form'd her his joys, his griefs to share,
And gave him an her willing mind.
But joys are his alone;
While she, poor mourner, with a weight of woes,
To hoary age advancing, bends;
He the bright smile of prosperous fortune knows.
Ev'n thus, unhonour'd by his friends,
Plac'd on another's throne,
Mischance and ruin on him wait,
Who fails to guard its happy state.
Him may mischance and ruin seize,
Who round my lov'd queen spreads his wily trains.
No god may his oblation please,
No favouring flame to him ascend!
To her my faith, my zeal remains,
Known to her ancient royal house a friend.
Now the father and the new-found son
The festive table haste to spread,
Where to the skies Parnassus lifts his head,
And deep beneath the hanging stone
Forms in its rudely-rifted side
A cavern wild and wide;
Where Bacchus, shaking high his midnight flames,
In many a light fantastic round
Dances o'er the craggy ground,
And revels with his frantic dames.
Ne'er to my city let him come,
This youth: no, rather let him die,
And sink into an early tomb!
With an indignant eye
Athens would view the stranger's pride
Within her gates triumphant ride:
Enough for her the honour'd race that springs
From old Erechtheus and her line of kings. (CREUSA and her aged TUTOR
CREUSA Thou venerable man, whose guiding voice
My father, while he lived, revered, advance
Up to the oracular seat thy aged steps;
That, if the royal Phoebus should pronounce
Promise of offspring, thou with me mayst share
The joy; for pleasing is it when with friends
Good fortune we receive; if aught of ill
(Avert it, Heaven!) befalls, a friend's kind eye
Beams comfort; thee, as once thou didst revere
My father, though thy queen, I now revere.
TUTOR In thee, my child, the nobleness of manners
Which graced thy royal ancestors yet lives;
Thou never wilt disgrace thy high-born lineage.
Lead me, then, lead me to the shrine, support me:
High is the oracular seat, and steep the ascent;
Be thou assistant to the foot of age.
CREUSA Follow; be heedful where thou set thy steps.
TUTOR I am: my foot is slow, my heart hath wings.
CREUSA Fix thy staff firm on this loose-rolling ground.
TUTOR That hath no eyes; and dim indeed my sight.
CREUSA Well hast thou said; on cheerful then, and faint not.
TUTOR I have the will, but o'er constraint no power.
CREUSA Ye females, on my richly-broider'd works
Faithful attendants, say, respecting children,
For which we came, what fortune hath my lord
Borne hence? if good, declare it: you shall find
That to no thankless masters you give joy.
LEADER OF THE CHORUS O fortune!
CREUSA To thy speech this is a proem
Not tuned to happiness.
LEADER Unhappy fortune!
But why distress me for the oracle
Given to our lords? Be that as fate requires
In things which threaten death, what shall we do?
CREUSA What means this strain of woe? Whence are these fears?
LEADER What! shall we speak, or bury this in silence?
CREUSA Speak, though thy words bring wretchedness to me.
LEADER It shall be spoken, were I twice to die.
To thee, my queen, it is not given to clasp
In thy fond arms a child, or at thy breast
To hold it.
TUTOR O my child, would I were dead!
CREUSA Yes, this is wretchedness indeed, a grief
That makes life joyless.
TUTOR This is ruin to us.
CREUSA Unhappy me! this is a piercing grief,
That rends my heart with anguish.
TUTOR Groan not yet.
CREUSA Yet is the affliction present.
TUTOR Till we learn-
CREUSA To me what tidings?
TUTOR If a common fate
Await our lord, partaker of thy griefs,
Or thou alone art thus unfortunate.
LEADER To him, old man, the god hath given a son,
And happiness is his unknown to her.
CREUSA To ill this adds the deepest ill, a grief
For me to mourn.
TUTOR Born of some other woman
Is this child yet to come, or did the god
Declare one now in being?
LEADER One advanced
To manhood's prime he gave him: I was present.
CREUSA What hast thou said? Thy words denounce to me
Sorrows past speech, past utterance.
TUTOR And to me.
CREUSA How was this oracle accomplish'd? Tell me
With clearest circumstance: who is this youth?
LEADER Him as a son Apollo gave, whom first,
Departing from the god, thy lord should meet.
CREUSA O my unhappy fate! I then am left
Childless to pass my life, childless, alone,
Amid my lonely house! Who was declared?
Whom did the husband of this wretch first meet?
How meet him? Where behold him? Tell me all.
LEADER Dost thou, my honoured mistress, call to mind
The youth that swept the temple? This is he.
CREUSA O, through the liquid air that I could fly,
Far from the land of Greece, ev'n to the stars
Fix'd in the western sky! Ah me, what grief,
What piercing grief is mine I
TUTOR Say, by what name
Did he address his son, if thou hast heard it?
Or does it rest in silence, yet unknown?
LEADER Ion, for that he first advanced to meet him.
TUTOR And of what mother?
LEADER That I could not learn:
Abrupt was his departure (to inform thee
Of all I know, old man) to sacrifice,
With hospitable rites, a birthday feast;
And in the hallow'd cave, from her apart,
With his new son to share the common banquet.
TUTOR Lady, we by thy husband are betrayed,
For I with thee am grieved, with contrived fraud
Insulted, from thy father's house cast forth.
I speak not this in hatred to thy lord,
But that I love thee more: a stranger he
Came to the city and thy royal house,
And wedded thee, all thy inheritance
Receiving, by some other woman now
Discover'd to have children privately:
How privately I'll tell thee: when he saw
Thou hadst no child, it pleased him not to bear
A fate like thine; but by some favourite slave,
His paramour by stealth, he hath a son.
Him to some Delphian gave he, distant far,
To educate; who to this sacred house
Consign'd, as secret here, received his nurture.
He knowing this, and that his son advanced
To manhood, urged thee to attend him hither,
Pleading thy childless state. Nor hath the god
Deceived thee: he deceived thee, and long since
Contrived this wily plan to rear his son,
That, if convicted, he might charge the god,
Himself excusing: should the fraud succeed,
He would observe the times when he might safely
Consign to him the empire of thy land.
And this new name was at his leisure form'd,
Ion, for that he came by chance to meet him.
I hate those ill-designing men, that form
Plans of injustice, and then gild them over
With artificial ornament: to me
Far dearer is the honest simple friend,
Than one whose quicker wit is train'd to ill.
And to complete this fraud, thou shalt be urged
To take into thy house, to lord it there,
This low-born youth, this offspring of a slave.
Though ill, it had been open, had he pleaded
Thy want of children, and, thy leave obtain'd,
Brought to thy house a son that could have boasted
His mother noble; or, if that displeased thee,
He might have sought a wife from Aeolus.
Behooves thee then to act a woman's part,
Or grasp the sword, or drug the poison'd bowl,
Or plan some deep design to kill thy husband,
And this his son, before thou find thy death
From them: if thou delay, thy life is lost:
For when beneath one roof two foes are met,
The one must perish. I with ready zeal
Will aid thee in this work, and kill the youth,
Entering the grot where he prepares the feast;
Indifferent in my choice, so that I pay
What to my lords I owe, to live or die.
If there is aught that causes slaves to blush,
It is the name; in all else than the free
The slave is nothing worse, if he be virtuous.
I too, my honour'd queen, with cheerful mind
Will share thy fate, or die, or live with honour.
CREUSA (chanting) How, o my soul, shall I be silent, how
Disclose this secret? Can I bid farewell
To modesty? What else restrains my tongue?
To how severe a trial am I brought!
Hath not my husband wrong'd me? Of my house
I am deprived, deprived of children; hope
Is vanish'd, which my heart could not resign,
With many an honest wish this furtive bed
Concealing, this lamented bed concealing.
But by the star-bespangled throne of Jove,
And by the goddess high above my rocks
Enshrined, by the moist banks that bend around
The hallow'd lake by Triton form'd, no longer
Will I conceal this bed, but ease my breast,
The oppressive load discharged. Mine eyes drop tears,
My soul is rent, to wretchedness ensnared
By men, by gods, whom I will now disclose,
Unkind betrayers of the beds they forced.
O thou, that wakest on thy seven-string'd lyre
Sweet notes, that from the rustic lifeless horn
Enchant the ear with heavenly melody,
Son of Latona, thee before this light
Will I reprove. Thou camest to me, with gold
Thy locks all glittering, as the vermeil flowers
I gather'd in my vest to deck my bosom
With the spring's glowing hues; in my white hand
Thy hand enlocking, to the cavern'd rock
Thou led'st me; naught avail'd my cries, that call'd
My mother; on thou led'st me, wanton god,
Immodestly, to Venus paying homage.
A son I bare thee, O my wretched fate!
Him (for I fear'd my mother) in thy cave
I placed, where I unhappy was undone
By thy unhappy love. Woe, woe is me!
And now my son and thine, ill-fated babe,
Is rent by ravenous vultures; thou, meanwhile,
Art to thy lyre attuning strains of joy.
Set of Latona, thee I call aloud
Who from thy golden seat, thy central throne,
Utterest thine oracle: my voice shall reach
Thine ear: ungrateful lover, to my husband,
No grace requiting, thou hast given a son
To bless his house; my son and thine, unown'd,
Perish'd a prey to birds; the robes that wrapp'd
The infant's limbs, his mother's work, lost with him.
Delos abhors thee, and the laurel boughs
With the soft foliage of the palm o'erhung,
Grasping whose round trunk with her hands divine,
Latona thee, her hallow'd offspring, bore.
LEADER Ah, what a mighty treasury of ills
Is open'd here, a copious source of tears!
TUTOR Never, my daughter, can I sate my eyes
With looking on thy face: astonishment
Bears me beyond my senses. I had stemm'd
One tide of evils, when another flood
High-surging overwhelm'd me from the words
Which thou hast utter'd, from the present ills
To an ill train of other woes transferr'd.
What say'st thou? Of what charge dost thou implead
The god? What son hast thou brought forth? Where placed him
A feast for vultures? Tell me all again.
CREUSA Though I must blush, old man, yet I will speak.
TUTOR I mourn with generous grief at a friend's woes.
CREUSA Hear then: the northward-pointing cave thou knowest,
And the Cecropian rocks, which we call Macrai.
TUTOR Where stands a shrine to Pan, and altars nigh.
CREUSA There in a dreadful conflict I engaged.
TUTOR What! my tears rise ready to meet thy words.
CREUSA By Phoebus drawn reluctant to his bed.
TUTOR Was this, my daughter, such as I suppose?
CREUSA I know not: but if truth, I will confess it.
TUTOR Didst thou in silence mourn this secret ill?
CREUSA This was the grief I now disclose to thee.
TUTOR This love of Phoebus how didst thou conceal?
CREUSA I bore a son. Hear me, old man, with patience.
TUTOR Where? who assisted? or wast thou alone?
CREUSA Alone, in the same cave where compress'd.
TUTOR Where is thy son, that childless now no more
CREUSA Dead, good old man, to beasts of prey exposed.
TUTOR Dead! and the ungrateful Phoebus gives no aid?
CREUSA None: in the house of Pluto a young guest.
TUTOR Whose hands exposed him? Surely not thine own.
CREUSA Mine, in the shades of night, wrapp'd in his vests.
TUTOR Hadst thou none with thee conscious to this deed?
CREUSA My misery, and the secret place alone.
TUTOR How durst thou in a cavern leave thy son?
CREUSA How? uttering many sad and plaintive words.
TUTOR Ah, cruel was thy deed, the god more cruel.
CREUSA Hadst thou but seen him stretch his little hands!
TUTOR Seeking the breast, or reaching to thine arms?
CREUSA To this, deprived of which he suffer'd wrong.
TUTOR And what induced thee to expose thy child?
CREUSA Hope that the god's kind care would save his son.
TUTOR How are the glories of thy house destroy'd!
CREUSA Why, thine head cover'd, dost thou pour these tears?
TUTOR To see thee and thy father thus unhappy.
CREUSA This is the state of man: nothing stands firm.
TUTOR No longer then, my child, let grief oppress us.
CREUSA What should I do? In misery all is doubt.
TUTOR First on the god that wrong'd thee be avenged.
CREUSA How shall a mortal 'gainst a god prevail?
TUTOR Set this revered oracular shrine on fire.
CREUSA I fear: ev'n now I have enough of ills.
TUTOR Attempt what may be done then; kill thy husband.
CREUSA The nuptial bed I reverence, and his goodness.
TUTOR This son then, which is now brought forth against thee.
CREUSA How? Could that be, how warmly should I wish it.
TUTOR Thy train hath swords: instruct them to the deed.
CREUSA I go with speed: but where shall it be done?
TUTOR In the hallow'd tent, where now he feasts his friends.
CREUSA An open murder, and with coward slaves!
TUTOR If mine displease, propose thou some design.
CREUSA I have it, close and easy to achieve.
TUTOR In both my faithful services are thine.
CREUSA Hear then: not strange to thee the giants' war.
TUTOR When they in Phlegra fought against the gods.
CREUSA There the earth brought forth the Gorgon, horrid monster.
TUTOR In succour of her sons to annoy the gods?
CREUSA Ev'n so: her Pallas slew, daughter of Jove.
TUTOR What fierce and dreadful form did she then wear?
CREUSA Her breastplate arm'd with vipers wreathed around.
TUTOR A well-known story; often have I heard it.
CREUSA Her spoils before her breast Minerva wore.
TUTOR The aegis; so they call the vest of Pallas.
CREUSA So named, when in the war she join'd the gods.
TUTOR But how can this, my child, annoy thy foes?
CREUSA Thou canst not but remember Erichthonius.
TUTOR Whom first of thy high race the earth brought forth.
CREUSA To him while yet an infant Pallas gave-
TUTOR What? Thy slow preface raises expectation.
CREUSA Two drops of blood that from the Gorgon fell.
TUTOR And on the human frame what power have these?
CREUSA The one works death, the other heals disease.
TUTOR In what around the infant's body hung?
CREUSA Enclosed in gold: he gave them to my father.
TUTOR At his decease then they devolved to thee?
CREUSA Ay, and I wear it as a bracelet; look.
TUTOR Their double qualities how temper'd, say.
CREUSA This drop, which from her hollow vein distill'd,-
TUTOR To what effect applied? What is its power?
CREUSA Medicinal, of sovereign use to life.
TUTOR The other drop, what faculties hath that?
CREUSA It kills, the poison of the Gorgon dragons.
TUTOR And dost thou bear this gore blended in one?
CREUSA No, separate; for with ill good mixes not.
TUTOR O my dear child, thou hast whate'er we want.
CREUSA With this the boy shall die, and thou shalt kill him.
TUTOR Where? How? 'Tis thine to speak, to dare be mine.
CREUSA At Athens, when he comes beneath my roof.
TUTOR I like not this; what I proposed displeased.
CREUSA Dost thou surmise what enters now my thoughts?
TUTOR Suspicion waits thee, though thou kill him not.
CREUSA Thou hast judged well: a stepdame's hate is proverb'd.
TUTOR Then kill him here; thou mayst disown the deed.
CREUSA My mind ev'n now anticipates the pleasure.
TUTOR Thus shalt thou meet thy husband's wiles with wiles
CREUSA This shalt thou do: this little golden casket
Take from my hand, Minerva's gift of old;
To where my husband secretly prepares
The sacrifice, bear this beneath thy vest.
That supper ended, when they are to pour
Libations to the gods, thou mayst infuse
In the youth's goblet this: but take good heed,
Let none observe thee; drug his cup alone
Who thinks to lord it in my house: if once
It pass his lips, his foot shall never reach
Illustrious Athens: death awaits him here. (She gives him the casket.)
TUTOR Go thou then to the hospitable house
Prepared for thy reception: be it mine,
Obedient to thy word to do this deed.
Come then, my aged foot, be once more young
In act, though not in years, for past recall
That time is fled: kill him, and bear him forth.
Well may the prosperous harbour virtuous thought;
But when thou wouldst avenge thee on thy foes,
There is no law of weight to hinder thee. (They both go out.)
CHORUS (singing, strophe 1)
Daughter of Ceres, Trivia hear,
Propitious regent of each public way
Amid the brightness of the day,
Nor less when night's dark hour engenders fear;
The fulness of this goblet guide
To check with death this stripling's pride,
For whom my queen this fatal draught prepares,
Tinged with the Gorgon's venom'd gore:
That seat, which mid Erechtheus' royal heirs
His pride claims, it shall claim no more:
Never may one of alien blood disgrace
The imperial honours of that high-born race!
Should not this work of fate succeed,
Nor the just vengeance of my queen prevail;
Should this apt time of daring fail,
And hope, that flatters now, desert the deed;
Slaughter shall other means afford,
The strangling cord, the piercing sword;
For rage from disappointed rage shall flow,
And try each. various form of death;
For never shall my queen this torment know;
Ne'er while she draws this vital breath,
Brook in her house that foreign lords should shine,
Clothed with the splendours of her ancient line.
Thou whom the various hymn delights,
Then thy bright choir of beauteous dames among,
Dancing the stream's soft brink along,
Thou seest the guardian of thy mystic rites,
Thy torch its midnight vigils keep,
Thine eye meantime disdaining sleep;
While with thee dances Jove's star-spangled plain.
And the moon dances up the sky:
Ye nymphs, that lead to grots your frolic train,
Beneath the gulfy founts that lie:
Thou gold-crown'd queen, through night's dark regions fear'd,
And thou, her mother, power revered,
How should I blush to see this youth unknown!
This Delphic vagrant, hope to seize the throne.
You, who the melting soul to move,
In loose, dishonest airs the Muse employ
To celebrate love's wanton joy,
The joy of unallow'd, unholy love,
See how our pure and modest law
Can lavish man's lewd deeds o'erawe!
Ye shameless bards, revoke each wanton air;
No more these melting measures frame;
Bid the chaste muse in Virtue's cause declare,
And mark man's lawless bed with shame!
Ungrateful is this Jove-descended lord;
For, his wife's childless bed abhorr'd,
Lewdly he courts the embrace of other dames,
And with a spurious son his pride inflames. (An ATTENDANT of CREUSA
ATTENDANT Athenian dames, where shall I find our queen,
The daughter of Erechtheus? Seeking her,
This city have I walked around in vain.
LEADER OF THE CHORUS And for what cause, my fellow-slave? What means
Thy hasty foot? What tidings dost thou bring?
ATTENDANT We are discover'd; and the rulers here
Seek her, that she may die o'erwhelm'd with stones.
LEADER Ah me! what wouldst thou say? Are our designs
Of secret ruin to this youth disclosed?
ATTENDANT They are; and know, the worst of ills await you.
LEADER How were our dark devices brought to light?
ATTENDANT The god, that justice might receive no stain
Caused it to triumph o'er defeated wrong.
LEADER How? as a suppliant, I conjure thee, tell me
Of this inform'd, if we must die, more freely
Wish we to die than see the light of heaven.
ATTENDANT Soon as the husband of Creusa left
The god's oracular shrine, this new-found son
He to the feast, and sacrifice prepared
To the high gods, led with him. Xuthus then
Went where the hallow'd flame of Bacchus mounts,
That on each rock's high point the victim's blood
Might flow, a grateful offering for his son
Thus recognised, to whom he gave in charge,
"Stay thou, and with the artist's expert aid
Erect the sheltering tent: my rites perform'd
To the kind gods that o'er the genial bed
Preside, should I be there detain'd too long,
Spread the rich table to my present friends."
This said, he led the victims to the rocks.
Meanwhile with reverent heed the son 'gan rear
On firm supporters the wide tent, whose sides
No masonry require, yet framed to exclude
The mid-day sun's hot beams, or his last rays
When sinking in the west: the lengthen'd lines
Equally distant comprehend a square
Of twice five thousand feet (the skilful thus
Compute it), space to feast (for so he will'd)
All Delphi: from the treasures of the god
He took the sacred tapestry, and around
Hung the rich shade, on which the admiring eye
Gazes with fix'd delight: first over head,
Like a broad pennon spread the extended woof,
Which from the Amazonian spoils the son
Of Jove, Alcides, hallow'd to the god;
In its bright texture interwov'n a sky
Gathering the stars in its ethereal round,
While downwards to the western wave the sun
His steeds declines, and to his station high
Draws up the radiant flame of Hesperus.
Meanwhile the Night robed in her sable stole,
Her unreign'd car advances; on her state
The stars attend; the Pleiads mounting high,
And with his glittering sword Orion arm'd;
Above, Arcturus to the golden pole
Inclines; full-orb'd the month-dividing moon
Takes her bright station, and the Hyades
Marked by the sailor: distant in the rear,
Aurora ready to relume the day,
And put the stars to flight. The sides were graced
With various textures of the historic woof,
Barbaric arguments; in gallant trim
Against the fleet of Greece the hostile fleet
Rides proudly on. Here monstrous forms portray'd
Human and brutal mix'd: the Thracian steeds
Are seized, the hinds, and the adventurous chase
Of savage lions: figured nigh the doors,
Cecrops, attended by his daughter's, roll'd
His serpent train: in the ample space within
He spread the festal table, richly deck'd
With golden goblets. Now the herald walk'd
His round, each native that inclined to grace
The feast inviting: to the crowded tent
They hasten, crown'd with garlands, and partake
The exquisite repast. The pleasured sense
Now satiate, in the midst an old man stood,
Officious in his ministry, which raised
Much mirth among the guests; for from the urns
He fill'd the lavers, and with fragrant myrrh
Incensed the place; the golden bowls he claim'd
His charge. When now the jocund pipes 'gan breathe
Harmonious airs, and the fresh goblet stood
Ready to walk its round, the old man said,
"Away with these penurious cups, and bring
Capacious bowls; so shall you quickly bathe
Your spirits in delight." With speed were brought
Goblets of gold and silver: one he took
Of choicer frame; and, seemingly intent
To do his young lord honour, the full vase
Gave to his hands, but in the wine infused
A drug of poisonous power, which, it is said,
His queen supplied, that the new son no more
Might view the light of heav'n; but unobserved
He mix'd it. As the youth among the rest
Pour'd the libation, 'mid the attendant slaves
Words of reproach one utter'd: he, as train'd
Within the temple and with expert seers,
Deem'd them of evil omen, and required
Another goblet to be filled afresh-
The former a libation to the god,
He cast upon the ground, instructing all
To pour, like him, the untasted liquor down.
Silence ensued: the sacred bowls we fill
With wines of Byblos; when a troop of doves
Came fluttering in, for undisturb'd they haunt
The dome of Phoebus: in the floating wine
They dipp'd their bills to drink, then raised their heads,
Gurgling it down their beauteous-plumed throats.
Harmless to all the spilt wine, save to her
That lighted where the youth had pour'd his bowl:
She drank, and straight convulsive shiverings seized
Her beauteous plumes; around in giddy rings
She whirl'd, and in a strange and mournful note
Seem'd to lament: amazement seized the guests,
Seeing the poor bird's pangs: her heart heaved thick,
And stretching out her scarlet legs, she died.
Rending his robes, the son of Phoebus given
Sprung from the table, and aloud exclaim'd,-
"What wretch design'd to kill me? Speak, old man:
Officious was thy ministry; the bowl
I from thy hand received." Then straight he seized
His aged arm, and to the question held him,
As in the fact discover'd: he thus caught,
Reluctant and constrain'd, own'd the bold deed,
The deadly goblet by Creusa drugg'd.
Forth from the tent, the guests attending, rush'd
The youth announced by Phoebus, and amid
The Pythian regents says,-"O hallow'd land!
This stranger dame, this daughter of Erechtheus
Attempts my life by poison." Then decreed
The Delphian lords (nor did one voice dissent)
That she should die, my mistress, from the rock
Cast headlong, as the deed was aim'd against
A sacred life, and impiously presumed
This hallow'd place with murder to profane.
Demanded by the state, she this way bends
Her wretched steps. Unhappy to this shrine
She came through fond desire of children; here,
Together with her hopes, her life is lost.
CHORUS (singing) None, there is none, from death no flight,
To me no refuge; our dark deed
Betray'd, betray'd to open light;
The festive bowl, with sprightly wine that flow'd
Mix'd with the Gorgon's viperous blood,
An offering to the dead decreed,
All is betray'd to light: and I,
Cast headlong from the rock, must die.
What flight shall save me from this death,
Borne on swift pinions through the air,
Sunk to the darksome cave beneath,
Or mounted on the rapid car?
Or shall the flying bark unfurl its sails?
Alas, my queen, no flight avails,
Save when some god's auspicious power
Shall snatch us from the dangerous hour.
Unhappy queen, what pangs shall rend thy heart!
Shall we, who plann'd the deathful deed,
Be caught within the toils we spread,
While justice claims severe her chast'ning part? (CREUSA rushes in.)
CREUSA I am pursued, ye faithful females, doom'd
To death: the Pythian council hath decreed it:
My life is forfeited.
LEADER OF THE CHORUS Unhappy lady,
We know the dreadful ills that close thee round.
CREUSA Ah, whither shall I fly? From instant death
Scarce hath my foot sped hither, from my foes
By stealth escaping.
LEADER Whither wouldst thou fly,
But to this altar?
CREUSA What will that avail me?
LEADER To kill a suppliant there the law forbids.
CREUSA But by the law I perish.
LEADER If their hands
Had seized thee.
CREUSA Dreadful contest, with drawn swords
They hastily advance.
LEADER Now take thy seat
At the altar: shouldst thou die ev'n there, thy blood
Will call the vengeance of the god on those
That spilt it: but our fortune we must bear. (She takes refuge at
the altar as ION, guards, and Delphians enter.)
ION Bull-visaged sire Cephisus, what a viper
Hast thou produced? a dragon from her eyes
Glaring pernicious flame. Each daring deed
Is hers: less venomous the Gorgon's blood,
With which she purposed to have poison'd me.
Seize her, that the Parnassian rocks may tease
Those nice-adjusted ringlets of her hair,
As down the craggy precipice she bounds.
Here my good genius saved me, e'er I came
To Athens, there beneath my stepdame's wiles
To fall; amid my friends thy fell intents
Have I unravell'd, what a pest to me,
Thy hate how deadly: had thy toils inclosed me
In thine own house, thou wouldst at once have sent me
With complete ruin to the shades below.
But nor the altar nor Apollo's shrine
Shall save thee. Pity, might her voice be heard,
Would rather plead for me and for my mother,
She absent, yet the name remains with me.
Behold that sorceress; with what art she wove
Wile after wile; the altar of the god
Impress'd her not with awe, as if secure.
No vengeance waited her unhallow'd deeds.
CREUSA I charge thee, kill me not, in my own right,
And in the god's, whose suppliant here I stand.
ION What right hast thou to plead Apollo's name?
CREUSA My person hallow'd to the god I offer.
ION Yet wouldst thou poison one that is the god's.
CREUSA Thou wast no more Apollo's, but thy father's.
ION I have been, of a father's wealth I speak.
CREUSA And now I am: thou hast that claim no more.
ION But thou art impious: pious were my deeds.
CREUSA As hostile to my house, I would have kill'd thee.
ION Did I against thy country march in arms?
CREUSA And more; thou wouldst have fired Erechtheus' house.
ION What torch, what brands, what flames had I prepared?
CREUSA There wouldst thou fix, seizing my right by force.
ION The land which he possess'd, my father gave me.
CREUSA What claim hath there the race of Aeolus?
ION He was its guardian, not with words but arms.
CREUSA Its soldier then; an inmate, not its lord.
ION Wouldst thou, through fear of what might happen, kill me?
CREUSA Lest death should be my portion, if not thine.
ION Childless thou enviest that my father found me.
CREUSA And wilt thou make a childless house thy spoil?
ION Devolves my father then no share to me?
CREUSA His shield, his spear; be those thine heritage.
ION Come from the altar, quit that hallow'd seat.
CREUSA Instruct thy mother, whosoe'er she be.
ION Shalt thou unpunish'd meditate my death?
CREUSA Within this shrine if thou wilt murder me.
ION What pleasure mid these sacred wreaths to die?
CREUSA We shall grieve one, by whom we have been grieved.
ION Strange, that the god should give these laws to men,
Bearing no stamp of honour, nor design'd
With provident thought: it is not meet to place
The unrighteous at his altars; worthier far
To be chased thence; nor decent that the vile
Should with their touch pollute the gods: the good,
Oppress'd with wrongs, should at those hallow'd seats
Seek refuge: ill beseems it that the unjust
And just alike should seek protection there. (As ION and his followers
are about to tear CREUSA from the altar, the PRIESTESS of Apollo enters
from the temple.)
PRIESTESS Forbear, my son, leaving the oracular seat,
I pass this pale, the priestess of the god,
The guardian of the tripod's ancient law,
Call'd to this charge from all the Delphian dames.
ION Hail, my loved mother, dear, though not my parent.
PRIESTESS Yet let me have the name, 'tis grateful to me.
ION Hast thou yet heard their wily trains to kill me?
PRIESTESS I have; but void of mercy thou dost wrong.
ION Should I not ruin those that sought my life?
PRIESTESS Stepdames to former sons are always hostile.
ION And I to stepdames ill intreated thus.
PRIESTESS Be not, this shrine now leaving for thy country.
ION How, then, by thy monition should I act?
PRIESTESS Go with good omens, pure to Athens go.
ION All must be pure that kill their enemies.
PRIESTESS So do not thou: attentive mark my words.
ION Speak: from good will whate'er thou say'st must flow.
PRIESTESS Seest thou the vase I hold beneath mine arm?
ION I see an ancient ark entwined with wreaths.
PRIESTESS In this long since an infant I received thee.
ION What say'st thou? New is thy discourse and strange.
PRIESTESS In silence have I kept them: now I show them.
ION And why conceal'd, as long since thou received'st me?
PRIESTESS The god would have thee in his shrine a servant.
ION Is that no more his will? How shall I know it?
PRIESTESS Thy father shown, he sends thee from this land.
ION Hast thou preserved these things by charge, or how?
PRIESTESS It was the god that so disposed my thought.
ION With what design? Speak, finish thy discourse.
PRIESTESS Ev'n to this hour to keep what then I found.
ION What gain imports this to me, or what loss?
PRIESTESS There didst thou lie wrapp'd in thy infant vests.
ION Thou hast produced whence I may find my mother.
PRIESTESS Since now the god so wills, but not before.
ION This is a day of bless'd discoveries.
PRIESTESS Now take them: o'er all Asia, and the bounds
Of Europe hold thy progress: thou shalt know
These tokens. To do pleasure to the god,
I nurtured thee, my son; now to thy hand
Restore what was his will I should receive
Unbidden, and preserve: for what intent
It was his will, I have not power to say.
That I had these, or where they were conceal'd,
No mortal knew. And now farewell: the love
I bear thee equals what a parent feels.
Let thy inquiries where they ought begin;
First, if some Delphian virgin gave thee birth,
And in this shrine exposed thee; next, if one
Of Greece. From me, and from the god, who feels
An interest in thy fortune, thou hast all. (She goes into the temple
after giving ION the ark.)
ION Ah me! the moist tear trickles from mine eye,
When I reflect that she who gave me birth,
By stealth espoused, may with like secrecy
Have sold me, to my infant lips her breast
Denied: but in the temple of the god
Without a name, a servile life I led.
All from the god was gracious, but from fortune
Harsh; for the time when in a mother's arms
I in her fondness should have known some joy
Of life, from that sweet care was I estranged,
A mother's nurture: nor less wretched she,
Thus forced to lose the pleasure in her son.
But I will take this vase, and to the god
Bear it, a hallow'd offering; that from thence
I may find nothing which I would not find.
Should she, that gave me being, chance to be
A slave, to find her were a greater ill,
Than to rest silent in this ignorance.
O Phoebus, in thy temple hang I this.
What am I doing? War I not against
The pleasure of the god, who saved for me
These pledges of my mother? I must dare,
And open these: my fate cannot be shunn'd. (He opens the ark.) Ye
sacred garlands, what have you so long
Conceal'd: ye bands, that keep these precious relics?
Behold the cover of this circular vase;
Its freshness knows no change, as if a god
So will'd; this osier-woven ark yet keeps
Its soundness undecay'd; yet many a year,
Since it contain'd this treasured charge, has pass'd.
CREUSA What an unhoped-for sight do I behold!
ION I thought thou long hadst known to keep thee silent.
CREUSA Silence is mine no more; instruct not me;
For I behold the ark, wherein of old
I laid thee, O my son, an infant babe;
And in the caves of Cecrops, with the rocks
Of Macrai roof'd, exposed thee: I will quit
This altar, though I run on certain death.
ION Seize her; for by the impulse of the god
She leaves the sculptured altar: bind her bands.
CREUSA Instantly kill me, so that I embrace
This vase, and thee, and these thy conceal'd pledges.
ION Is not this strange? I take thee at thy word.
CREUSA Not strange: a friend thou by thy friends art found.
ION Thy friend! Yet wouldst thou kill me secretly.
CREUSA My son: if that to parents is most dear.
ION Forbear thy wiles; I shall refute them well.
CREUSA Might I but to come to what I wish, my son!
ION Is this vase empty, or contains it aught?
CREUSA Thy infant vests, in which I once exposed thee.
ION And wilt thou name them to me, ere thou see them?
CREUSA If I recount them not, be death my meed.
ION Speak then: thy confidence hath something strange.
CREUSA A tissue, look, which when a child I wrought.
ION What is it? Various are the works of virgins.
CREUSA A slight, unfinish'd essay of the loom.
ION What figure wrought? Thou shalt not take me thus.
CREUSA A Gorgon central in the warp enwoven-
ION What fortune haunts me, O supreme of gods!
CREUSA And like an aegis edged with serpents round.
ION Such is the woof, and such the vest I find.
CREUSA Thou old embroidery of my virgin bands!
ION Is there aught else besides this happy proof?
CREUSA Two dragons, an old work, their jaws of gold.
ION The gift of Pallas, who thus nurtures children?
CREUSA Emblems of Erichthonius of old times.
ION Why? for what use? Explain these works of gold.
CREUSA For ornaments to grace the infant's neck.
ION See, here they are; the third I wish to know.
CREUSA A branch of olive then I wreathed around thee,
Pluck'd from that tree which from Minerva's rock
First sprung; if it be there, it still retains
Its verdure: for the foliage of that olive,
Fresh in immortal beauty, never fades.
ION O my dear mother! I with joy behold thee.
With transport 'gainst thy cheek my cheek recline. (They embrace.)
CREUSA My son, my son, far dearer to thy mother
Than yon bright orb (the god will pardon me) ,
Do I then hold thee in my arms, thus found
Beyond my hopes, when in the realms below,
I thought thy habitation 'mong the dead?
ION O my dear mother, in thy arms I seem
As one that had been dead to life return'd.
CREUSA Ye wide-expanded rays of heavenly light,
What notes, what high-raised strains shall tell my joy?
This pleasure whence, this unexpected transport?
ION There was no blessing farther from my thoughts
Than this, my mother, to be found thy son.
CREUSA I tremble yet.
ION And hast thou yet a fear,
Holding me, not to hold me?
CREUSA Such fond hopes
Long time have I renounced. Thou hallow'd matron,
From whom didst thou receive my infant child?
What bless'd hand brought him to Apollo's shrine?
ION It was the god's appointment: may our life
To come be happy, as the past was wretched.
CREUSA Not without tears, my son, wast thou brought forth;
Nor without anguish did my hands resign thee.
Now breathing on thy cheek I feel a joy
Transporting me with heartfelt ecstasies.
ION The words expressive of thy joys speak mine.
CREUSA Childless no more, no more alone, my house
Now shines with festive joy; my realms now own
A lord; Erechtheus blooms again; no more
His high-traced lineage sees night darkening round,
But glories in the sun's refulgent beams.
ION Now let my father, since he's present here,
Be partner of the joy which I have given you.
CREUSA What says my son?
ION Such, such as I am proved.
CREUSA What mean thy words? Far other is thy birth.
ION Ah me! thy virgin bed produced me base.
CREUSA Nor bridal torch, my son, nor bridal dance
Had graced my nuptial rites, when thou wast born.
ION Then I'm a wretch, a base-born wretch: say whence.
CREUSA Be witness, thou by whom the Gorgon died,-
ION What means this adjuration?
CREUSA Who hast fix'd
High o'er my cave thy seat amid the rocks
With olive clothed.
ION Abstruse thy words, and dark.
CREUSA Where on the cliffs the nightingale attunes
Her songs, Apollo-
ION Why Apollo named?
CREUSA Led me in secret to his bed.
ION Speak on;
Thy words import some glorious fortune to me.
CREUSA Thee in the tenth revolving month, my son,
A secret pang to Phoebus did I bear.
ION Thy words, if true, are grateful to my soul.
CREUSA These swathing bands, thy mother's virgin work,
Wove by my flying shuttle, round thy body
I roll'd; but from thy lips my breast withheld,
A mother's nouriture, nor bathed thy bands
In cleansing lavers; but to death exposed thee,
Laid in the dreary cave, to birds of prey
A feast, rent piecemeal by their ravenous beaks.
ION Cruel, my mother, was thy deed.
CREUSA By fear
Constrain'd, my son, I cast thy life away;
Unwillingly I left thee there to die.
ION And from my hands unholy were thy death.
CREUSA Dreadful was then my fortune, dreadful here,
Whirl'd by the eddying blast from misery there
To misery here, and back again to joy:
Her boisterous winds are changed; may she remain
In this repose: enough of ills are past:
After the storm soft breathes a favouring gale.
LEADER From this example, mid the greatest ills
Never let mortal man abandon hope.
ION O thou, that hast to thousands wrought a change
Of state ere this, involving them in ills,
And raising them to happiness again;
Fortune, to what a point have I been carried,
Ready to kill my mother, horrid thought!
But in the sun's bright course each day affords
Instruction. Thee, my mother, have I found,
In that discovery bless'd; nor hath my birth
Aught I can blame: yet one thing would I say
To thee alone:-walk this way: to thine ear
In secret would I whisper this, and throw
The veil of darkness o'er each circumstance.
Take heed, my mother, lest thy maiden fault
Seeks in these secret nuptials to conceal
Its fault, then charges on the god the deed;
And, fearing my reproach, to Phoebus gives
A son, to Phoebus whom thou didst not bear.
CREUSA By her, who 'gainst the giants in her car
Fought by the side of Jove, victorious Pallas,
No one of mortal race is father to thee,
But he who brought thee up, the royal Phoebus.
ION Why give his son then to another father?
Why say that I was born the son of Xuthus?
CREUSA Not born the son of Xuthus; but he gives thee,
Born from himself as friend to friend may give
His son, and heir adopted to his house.
ION True is the god, his tripod else were vain.
Not without cause then is my mind perplex'd.
CREUSA Hear what my thoughts suggest: to work thee good
Apollo placed thee in a noble house.
Acknowledged his, the rich inheritance
Could not be thine, nor could a father's name;
For I conceal'd my nuptials, and had plann'd
To kill thee secretly: for this the god
In kindness gives thee to another father.
ION My mind is prompt to entertain such thoughts;
But, entering at his shrine will I inquire
If from a mortal father I am sprung,
Or from Apollo.-Ha! what may this be?
What god above the hallow'd dome unveils
His radiant face that shines another sun?
Haste, let us fly: the presence of the gods
'Tis not for mortals to behold, and live. (MINERVA appears from above.)
MINERVA Fly not; in me no enemy you fly;
At Athens friendly to you, and no less
Here. From that land I come, so named from me,
By Phoebus sent with speed: unmeet he deems it
To show himself before you, lest with blame
The past be mention'd; this he gave in charge,
To tell thee that she bore thee, and to him,
Phoebus thy father; he to whom he gave thee,
Not as to the author of thy being gives thee,
But to the inheritance of a noble house.
This declaration made, lest thou shouldst die,
Kill'd by thy mother's wily trains, or she
By thee, these means to save you he devised.
These things in silence long conceal'd, at Athens
The royal Phoebus would have made it known
That thou art sprung from her, thy father he:
But to discharge my office, and unfold
The oracle of the god, for which you yoked
Your chariots, hear: Creusa, take thy son,
Go to the land of Cecrops: let him mount
The royal throne; for, from Erechtheus sprung,
That honour is his due, the sovereignty
Over my country: through the states of Greece
Wide his renown shall spread; for from his root
Four sons shall spring, that to the land, the tribes,
The dwellers on my rock, shall give their names.
Geleon the first, Hopletes, Argades,
And from my aegis named Aegicores:
Their sons in fate's appointed time shall fix
Their seats along the coast, or in the isles
Girt by the Aegean sea, and to my land
Give strength; extending thence the opposite plains
Of either continent shall make their own,
Europe and Asia, and shall boast their name
Ionians, from the honour'd Ion call'd.
To thee by Xuthus shall a son be born,
Dorus, from whom the Dorian state shall rise
To high renown; in the Pelopian land,
Another near the Rhian cliffs, along
The sea-wash'd coast, his potent monarchy
Shall stretch, Achaeus; and his subject realms
Shall glory in their chief's illustrious name.
Well hath Apollo quitted him in all:
First, without pain he caused thee bear a son.
That from thy friends thou mightst conceal his birth;
After the birth, soon as his infant limbs
Thy hands had clothed, to Mercury he gave
The charge to take the babe, and in his arms
Convey him hither; here with tenderness
He nurtured him, nor suffer'd him to perish.
Guard now the secret that he is thy son,
That his opinion Xuthus may enjoy
Delighted: thou too hast thy blessings, lady.
And now, farewell: from this relief from ills
A prosperous fortune I to both announce.
ION O Pallas, daughter of all-powerful Jove!
Not with distrust shall we receive thy words:
I am convinced that Phoebus is my father,
My mother she, not unassured before.
CREUSA Hear me too, now: Phoebus I praise, before
Unpraised; my son he now restores, of whom
Till now I deem'd him heedless. Now these gates
Are beauteous to mine eyes; his oracles
Now grateful to my soul, unpleasant late.
With rapture on these sounding rings my hands
Now hang; with rapture I address the gates.
MINERVA This I approve, thy former wayward thoughts
Resign'd, with honour that thou name the god.
Slow are the gifts of Heaven, but found at length
Not void of power.
CREUSA My son, let us now go
MINERVA Go; myself will follow you.
CREUSA A noble guard, and friendly to the state.
MINERVA But seat him high on thy paternal throne.
CREUSA A rich possession, and I glory in him. (MINERVA disappears.)
CHORUS (singing) Son of Latona and all-powerful Jove,
Apollo, hail! Though fortune's blackest storms
Rage on his house, the man whose pious soul
Reveres the gods, assumes a confidence,
And justly: for the good at length obtain
The meed of virtue; but the unholy wretch
(Such is his nature) never can be happy. | <urn:uuid:5dca5cff-cab1-40ac-b583-55cdea0fb247> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://sacred-texts.com/cla/eurip/ion.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00209-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904497 | 21,515 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Fines for breaching coronavirus lockdown rules could be increased to £100 for a first offence and soar to £3,200 for serial offenders, under proposals being considered by ministers.
It is hoped doubling the fine each time a person who repeatedly flouts rules to stay at home will give police greater powers to punish those ignoring warnings they could be spreading the coronavirus and putting lives at risk as well as stretching NHS resources.
The move comes after it emerged a hard core of people breaking the lockdown rules resulted in 400 fixed penalty notices being handed out by police to repeat offenders in the four weeks to April 27 in England and Wales. One person was even fined six times.
Police have been issuing fixed penalties at a rate one of every five minutes to those breaking rules. More than 9,000 fines were issued throughout England and Wales during the same four week period.
The problem with breaching stay at home rules was illustrated starkly yesterday in London when a group of protesters opposed to the lockdown began hugging outside New Scotland Yard in Westminster. One of the placards among the handful of demonstrators read ‘My body. My Choice. We do not consent.”
Police encourage the group to go home, however one man was arrested for failing to comply with the request and assault on an officer.
It is also hoped the near doubling of the first fine from £60 to £100 will help combat the increasing likelihood more people will be tempted to try to breach the rules as good weather moves in for the summer months.
The possible toughening of the enforcement regime would see fines start at £100 and double for a repeat offence. Consequently a second offence would mean a £200 fine, a third £400, a fourth £800, then £1,600 and finally a sixth offence would cost £3,200. It would mean the offender would end up £6,300 out of pocket.
Anyone who fails to pay the fine can be jailed. Police are expected to also have power to arrest serial offenders who breach the social distancing rules and endanger public health.
A Whitehall source said: “In the next phase of our fight against coronavirus some of the social distancing measures will be relaxed, others will be toughened up.
“Hand in hand with the new rules will come tougher enforcement powers for the police to crack down on the small minority who break the rules – and stop them putting everyone else at greater risk.”
However, it is understood there are no plans yet to relax the current social distancing rules, with the Government insisting the lockdown will not be lifted until its five key tests have been met.
The source added: “We are hugely grateful for the vast majority of people who have followed the detailed guidance, and stayed at home.”
He added that when the rules are changed it will be even more “critical” that people adhere to them to keep the R value – the number of people someone with Covid-19 infects – under one to avoid a dangerous second peak.
“We will send a clear signal to the small minority of those breaching the rules that they will not get away with it by increasing the starting point for fines to £100,” he said.
A senior government source said: “Thanks to the enormous sacrifices of the British people we have succeeded in protecting the NHS from being overwhelmed.
“The vast majority of people have followed the rules, but in the next phase of our fight it will be even more critical that a small minority of rule-breakers do not put the rest of us at risk.
“That is why we will give the police tougher powers to stamp down hard on rule-breakers.” | <urn:uuid:e9c7bc2b-c683-44c7-83a3-4bdd0aea5861> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vayafail.com/fines-for-breaching-coronavirus-lockdown-could-nearly-double-for-rule-breakers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.969949 | 764 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Dorm living is a unique experience. Living with others can present its issues and cleanliness is one of them. If allowed to get out of hand, college dorms can become filthy. Dirty bathroom faucets, floors and dishes can be unsightly and unsanitary. Here are some suggestions to keep your dorm room clean.
Maintaining the cleanliness of your dorm room is important to fellow residents, especially in college co-ed dorms. Dust your room periodically; making sure the walls, furniture and ceilings are dust-free. Pay particular attention to electronics, as they are dust magnets.
Organization is key to having a clean room. Throw away any unnecessary items. File papers and place items in storage containers. Organizing not only makes your room look better, it increases your efficiency. Rearrange your room to create task-specific areas. Doing this will make it easier for you to stay organized.
The bathroom is one of the most unsanitary areas of a dorm room. Any dirty laundry should be placed in a hamper. Remove any empty personal care bottles and wipe down your shower and bathroom regularly. Faucets easily attract grime. Clean bathroom metal faucets with vinegar and water. Use baking soda and aluminum foil to clean bathroom silver faucets.
Keeping your dorm room clean is important to not only to your living conditions, but the others you live around. These tips will help you keep your living space clean. Your room will look and feel healthier. | <urn:uuid:e49cc141-3809-422a-ba01-96c23b03239b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.purebathrooms.net/keeping-college-living-spaces-clean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00189-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94139 | 306 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Learning to play It's My Life on guitar is easy, more than suitable for beginner guitarists. So what's the point (other than learning a great song)?
The point of learning easy guitar songs such as this Bon Jovi classic isn't mainly to develop any given technique, but to develop your rhythm and sense of timing. There are several parts to the song, all of the include longer rests and other elements that make correct timing crucial in getting everything sounding right.
And this is a very important attribute of good guitarists, that's why you have to practice it whenever you get a chance to.
As I mentioned, you'll be able to learn this song pretty quickly. This one's all about the timing though, so after learning it, make sure you play along with the backing track you can find on our It's My Life guitar lesson page, or the original track even.
Now the song itself is made up of 4 main parts, the intro, chorus, verse, bridge and solo. Oh wait, was that 5 parts? Yes, but the bridge is the same as the intro, so you basically have 4 parts to learn. And when you find out that the chorus has 1 single power chord, you'll realize that technically speaking, this song is simple. The solo has a couple of string bends, which are a great finger workout if you are into lead guitar.
Ok, so you're all set to start learning It's My Life, and remember:
- Play the song along with the original track or the backing track
- Once you know it, play it to your friends and family 🙂 | <urn:uuid:9cf1c38c-3f90-49ee-a2ae-c32726559828> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theguitarlesson.com/guitar-lesson-blog/beginner-guitar-songs/new-lesson-its-my-life-by-bon-jovi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00019-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973514 | 330 | 1.765625 | 2 |
1. How was 2016 for Constanta Port Administration in terms of business development and compared to your expectations?
The total traffic of freight registered through the Romanian maritime ports was of 49.1 million tonnes in the first 10 months of 2016, as compared to 47.8 million tonnes during the same period of 2015, an increase of 2.7%.
The maritime traffic registered 38.16 million tonnes (36.92 million tonnes on October 31, 2015) and the river traffic reached 10.94 million tonnes (compared to 10.89 million tonnes on October 31, 2015).
From the total traffic, 17.7 million tonnes are exported goods, 15.7 million tonnes imported goods, 10.9 million tonnes are transited goods and 4.7 million tonnes cabotage.
The Port of Constanta has gained the ‘hub’ position for grains in the Black Sea basin, given the spectacular evolutions in this field as a result of investments in new storage capacities made by the companies in the field.
2. As maritime shipping constitutes just one segment of the transport chain, internationally, how is this segment developed in Romania compared to the railway shipping and terrestrial shipping?
Having in view the special geographical location and the natural parameters of this port, there are obvious premises that Constanta should be ranked among the major ports of Europe. Still, such position implies to define a corresponding strategy, to rethink the structure of the Port of Constanta and its technological upgrading.
Also, the role of the Port of Constanta on the South-Eastern and Central European market is closely related to the development of the intermodal transport infrastructure on the national level, in close connection with the European one.
To maximize the Port of Constanta’s potential, investments in road and rail infrastructure are required, thus enabling it to play its role as the gateway to the Black Sea for the Central and Eastern European countries.
Therefore, we underline the importance of the fact that all transport modes should be efficiently interconnected, which will, for sure, be positively reflected on the cargo traffic operated in the Port of Constanta.
To a great extent, the maritime traffic of Romania depends on the existence and quality of the terrestrial transport infrastructure as well.
From our viewpoint, all specialized terminals in the Port of Constanta are connected with the technological roads that are, in their turn, connected with the national roads and the Motorway of the Sun.
3. Romania is heading towards a record economic growth by the end of 2016 (around 5% of GDP). According to the latest data, in terms of volume, what can you tell us about the dynamics of the merchandise passing through Constanta Port in 2016?
The quantity of cargo operated in containers in the port of Constanta has increased during the analysed period by 4.66%, from 5.68 million tonnes (on October 31, 2015) to 5.95 million tonnes (on October 31, 2016). This corresponds to a number of 607,329 TEU (+6.51%), respectively 570,192 TEU in the first ten months of 2015.
The container traffic registered, in 2015, 6.84 million tonnes, respectively 689,012 TEU, as compared to 2014 when there were registered 6.77 million tonnes, respectively 668,349 TEU. In quantitative terms, the increase is of 1.04%, and regarding the number of TEUs, the increase is of 3.09%.
Beside the evolution of grain traffic, we may also speak of a steady increase of container traffic within the last years, entitling us to anticipate that for the next period of time the trend of increasing cargo traffic through the Port of Constanta should be maintained not only on its important segments but also as total. | <urn:uuid:68b0e8df-7ed4-4050-ae44-2e0a8ed6f77b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mcr.doingbusiness.ro/articles/constanta-port-steady-evolution-with-a-tendency-of-increase/5869 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00344-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936105 | 767 | 1.578125 | 2 |
large specialized enterprises for the production of meat, milk, eggs, and the like using the latest industrial technology.
In order to solve one of the most important problems of agriculture—increasing the output of animal products—the Ninth Five-year Plan projected the construction close to cities of large state, kolkhoz, and interkolkhoz complexes for animal products on an industrial basis; this is to be followed by an increase in animal products from every sovkhoz and kolkhoz. The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR in the decrees “The Development of Output of the Products of Animal Breeding on an Industrial Basis” (Apr. 16, 1971) and “Measures for Subsequent Increase in Production of Eggs and Poultry Meat on an Industrial Basis” (Feb. 26, 1971) pointed out that the development of machine building, the construction industry, and the concentrated feed and microbiological industry opened the way for the construction of large complexes for pork, beef, milk, and poultry—both egg and meat —plants. The organization of complexes makes it possible to increase the production of meat, milk, and other animal products and to lower expenditures for feed, significantly decrease labor requirements, and make more effective use of the premises and equipment, thus increasing the profitability of production. The construction of animal-breeding complexes fosters acceleration of technical progress in agricultural production. The creation of the complexes is part of an overall program of intensification of animal breeding through specialization and concentration of production using advanced industrial technology.
Animal-breeding complexes are created for production of end or intermediate products. For example, pig-raising complexes may have a closed cycle of production—that is, obtaining, rearing, and fattening offspring—or they may specialize in only fattening or rearing the young. Animal-breeding complexes are built according to a single standardized plan that permits mass production of prefabricated components and structures and of multipurpose equipment for mechanization of construction operations.
All production processes in an animal-breeding complex are covered in a single technological plan based on the division of labor of workers and specialists, complex mechanization, and automation of production. This ensures low-cost continuous year-round production.
In 1972 at the Shchapovo Sovkhoz in Moscow Oblast an experimental complex was built for 2,000 milk cows, with one building housing all production departments. The complex is completely mechanized and automated. The estimated annual productivity of the cows is 5,500 kg of milk per cow. The entire complex is serviced by 69 workers. The labor cost for one centner of milk does not exceed 1.25 man-hours.
State complexes for raising and fattening 12,000 and 24,000 pigs per year and state complexes for milk production by 800 and 1,200 cows rely primarily on fodders of their own production; state complexes for 600 meat cows and all kolkhoz and interkolkhoz complexes use all types of feeds of their own production. For the production of complete concentrated feeds, protein-vitamin supplements are distributed to farms from state resources. Industry provides animal breeding complexes with a whole-milk substitute for feeding calves and piglets. Included as components of state complexes for rearing and fattening 108,000 pigs per year are state concentrated feed plants. Animal breeding complexes are attached to meat combines, which take fattened cattle directly at the farms and deliver them by specialized transport for slaughter. In order to administer the work of state animal-breeding complexes, the Central Bureau for the Output of Animal Products on an Industrial Basis (Glavzhivprom of the USSR) was created in 1971.
Large animal-breeding complexes of the industrial type are being developed in Bulgaria, the German Democratic Republic, Rumania, and other socialist countries. In Rumania in 1971 there were 19 state industrial complexes for fattening pigs. In addition, complexes for fattening 15,000 to 50,000 pigs per year are being built on cooperative farms. In Bulgaria in 1971 there were nine animal-breeding complexes in operation. A program begun in 1971 and running until 1975 provided for the construction of complexes for fattening from 12,000 to 108,000 swine per year in each. Also projected is the construction of large complexes for fattening 5,000 or 10,000 young beef cattle and dairy complexes for 1,000, 2,000, and more cows.
In the USA, Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), France, and other economically developed capitalist countries, large industrial enterprises are being organized with continuous output of animal products. US animal breeding is intensely specialized and concentrated in beef production. Areas have been constructed for simultaneous fattening of 20,000, 30,000, 50,000, 100,000, and more young beef cattle. In 1970, 9.1 million animals, or 36.9 percent of the total number of fattened and sold cattle, were fattened at 356 sites. Large fattening enterprises have their own concentrated feed plants, slaughtering departments, and feed storehouses. In the USA, Great Britain, and the FRG there are dairy farms for 500, 1,000, and 2,000 cows. Large industrial-type enterprises are being created for fattening from 10,000 to 30,000 pigs per year. Usually these enterprises have a complete cycle of production; they fatten the pigs to meat readiness on industrially produced complete concentrated feeds. Intensified processes of specialization and concentration of animal breeding in capitalist countries are accompanied by the liquidation and ruin of a significant number of small farms.
G. N. DOBROKHOTOV | <urn:uuid:c3d8b092-1eed-487e-bd90-a329986b01f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Animal-Breeding+Complexes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721595.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00478-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925593 | 1,181 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Talents or changing fortunes?
Harvard, Stanford, MIT, Princeton, Yales, Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, Steve Jobs and all the eminent academics and intellectuals and financial gurus, are what America is famous for. It is a land of talents and world best institutions nurturing more best brains for the country and the world. What people did not want to see or acknowledge is that America is turning into a huge Titanic waiting to be sunk. America is now running in trillions of debt which it believes confidently that it could pay now or later. And it is still spending daily in the billions on wild hunting adventures in the Middle East and military excursions in the high seas, thinking that it is an Empire ruling the world and it needs to be in every corner of the world, with its soldiers and guns guarding the interests of the Empire. It took America more than 200 years of uninterrupted development and growth to reach this peak of achievements. And it took America the last thirty years to become the most corrupt nation in the world, with corruption concealed under a veil of respectability and legal framework. It is all legal, when all the 'knows who' have their hands in the cookie jar, and taking whatever they deemed fit, under the spotlight, and smiling to the banks. From Congressmen, bankers and CEOs, all are in for the quick bucks, grabbing everything they can that are within their control. Overseas they are sending our their armies of hedge funds to suck away the liquidity in foreign markets using technologies and the heavy hands of big bucks. They steam rolled the stockmarkets of the world to fill their pockets with instant millions and billions. In short, America’s brilliant minds are focussed on making instant billions for themselves at the risk of bankrupting America and countries that naively welcomed them and their system of operations with open arms. On the other hand, China is guarded and is carefully guarding what it has built up over the last 30 years. No, they will not blindly let in the Americans to mess up their economies and financial system. In the last 30 years, unknown peasant leaders from unknown universities that were partially ruined during the years of revolution have turned around a poverty stricken agriculture economy to compete with America for world supremacy. They are now number two, coming from nowhere. Until recently, what is Beida, Tsinghua, Jiaotong, Zhejiang, Nanjing, names of universities that were not even ranked, and could never smell the prestige of the Ivy League universities in America and their strings of Nobel Laurette and prominent thinkers and professionals. But the products of these universities, many still unknown, are now running a tight ship and running at good speed to challenge America as an economic power. While America is in debt of several trillions, China has surplus in its reserves of several trillions. Is it talents or fortune changing, or winds of change, that a country blessed with all the finest talents and a system of education that is churning out the best brains for tomorrow, is running aground or out of steam, while a third world country, rising from the ashes, with little known universities and talented individuals is giving it a run for its money? Are the Chinese more talented than the Americans or does China have more talents than the America? The answer is an obvious no. It must be fortune smiling on them. When fortune favours, even a beggar can become a king. When fortune smiles, whatever touched will be turned to gold. When fortune frowns upon the best, no matter how well conceived are the plans, no matter how talented are the executors, they will failed. Pundits are expecting China to overtake America in the near future. Could it really happen with America hoarding an abundance of talents and resources and a superior infrastructure in all areas, except finance and govt? One is infested with crooks and another with dunces. Will fortune smile for China and imbue it with more talents? So far none can be spoken of as talent in the American sense. The only Chinese talent is probably in America, in Yahoo. | <urn:uuid:48ffc457-116f-4a53-ac7b-e58a2364f6bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mysingaporenews.blogspot.com/2010/02/talents-or-changing-fortunes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00488-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956867 | 826 | 1.726563 | 2 |
One way any mushroom hunter can contribute significant value to science is by saving collections of the mushrooms they encounter. The easiest way to organize these collections is by filling out a "field data slip" for each specimen you intend to save. When participating in a foray or while out on a hike, simply take a picture of the slip with the specimen and store the slip with the sample. This allows the number on the slip to be recorded/associated with the images and it records the size of the specimen, as each slip has a ruler on the side. The numbers make organization easy when you are dealing with many specimens and images. It also ensures the most important data is preserved which increases the scientific value of your collections.
As you dry the specimen, remove the bottom portion of the slip and keep it with the specimen so they stay organized while they dry. Mushrooms will change their size, color, and shape as they dry, often making it impossible to sort out which species is which, unless there is some organization in the drying process. The bottom part of the slip provides you with an easy way to keep your specimens organized as they dry.
Once your specimens are dry, put the upper portion of the data slip in a ziplock bag with the specimen.
Fill out the form below to order your notepad of voucher slips. Each notepad contains 50 forms that are individually numbered. | <urn:uuid:79ed8b79-2185-454e-a605-773953d534c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hoosiermushrooms.org/index.php?/voucher-slip-request/nikki-r43/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.943721 | 282 | 2.421875 | 2 |
How to Buy
This script is Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Tenable Network Security, Inc.
The remote Oracle Linux host is missing a security update.
From Red Hat Security Advisory 2010:1002 :
An updated mod_auth_mysql package that fixes one security issue is now
available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.
The Red Hat Security Response Team has rated this update as having
moderate security impact. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS)
base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available from
the CVE link in the References section.
The mod_auth_mysql package includes an extension module for the Apache
HTTP Server, which can be used to implement web user authentication
against a MySQL database.
A flaw was found in the way mod_auth_mysql escaped certain
multibyte-encoded strings. If mod_auth_mysql was configured to use a
multibyte character set that allowed a backslash ('\') as part of the
character encodings, a remote attacker could inject arbitrary SQL
commands into a login request. (CVE-2008-2384)
Note: This flaw only affected non-default installations where
AuthMySQLCharacterSet is configured to use one of the affected
multibyte character sets. Installations that did not use the
AuthMySQLCharacterSet configuration option were not vulnerable to this
All mod_auth_mysql users are advised to upgrade to this updated
package, which contains a backported patch to correct this issue.
After installing the updated package, the httpd daemon must be
restarted for the update to take effect.
See also :
Update the affected mod_auth_mysql package.
Risk factor :
High / CVSS Base Score : 7.5
CVSS Temporal Score : 6.2
Public Exploit Available : true
Family: Oracle Linux Local Security Checks
Nessus Plugin ID: 68170 ()
Bugtraq ID: 33392
CVE ID: CVE-2008-2384
Nessus Professional: Scan unlimited IPs, run compliance checks & moreNessus Cloud: The power of Nessus for teams – from the cloud
The cookie settings on this website are set to 'allow all cookies' to give you the very best website experience. If you continue without changing these settings, you consent to this - but if you want, you can opt out of all cookies by clicking below. | <urn:uuid:8d18457d-0e2d-4622-8113-54602d5d5aff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tenable.com/plugins/index.php?view=single&id=68170 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00341-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8158 | 521 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Tobilevych [Тобілевич; Tobilevyč]. A family of distinguished theater activists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that greatly influenced the development of Ukrainian theater and drama. The brothers were known by their pseudonyms—the actor and playwright Ivan Karpenko-Kary and the actors and troupe directors Mykola Sadovsky and Panas Saksahansky. Their sister, Mariia Sadovska-Barilotti, was an actress and singer. Karpenko-Kary's wife, Sofiia Tobilevych, was an actress, translator, and author of memoirs.
[This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993).] | <urn:uuid:35d3b1b6-4ec2-4171-98c6-ad2d399e0e53> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CO%5CTobilevych.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00469-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950156 | 159 | 2.171875 | 2 |
By Editorial Staff
Published December 22, 2007
America has been dubbed “the melting pot” because so many international visitors have come to live in our nation. During a stroll down the streets of New York City or San Francisco one can meet individuals from almost every nation in the world – from Africa, Asia, South America, Australia, and Europe. Whenever we see all the distinctly unique races and nationalities represented in the world, we are reminded that the nations are a testimony of a creative God who desired individual diversity when He created man.
Some modern scientists and anthropologists believe that the diversity among the races resulted from a process of evolution rather than creative design. Evolutionists suggest that certain races gained characteristics which allowed them to develop into a “superior” race over other “inferior” people. Early 19th century evolutionists were convinced of “the evolutionary superiority of the white race and the inferiority of others, especially the Negro.“1
Charles Darwin, the father of modern evolutionary theory, was opposed to slavery on moral grounds, but he also adhered to the idea of white supremacy. He wrote, “I could show fight on natural selection having done more for the progress of civilization than you seem inclined to admit … The more civilized, so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turkish hollow in the struggle for existence. Looking to the world at no very distant date, what an endless number of the lower races throughout the world.“2
Another leading evolutionist in the 19th century, Thomas Huxley, who was responsible for the widespread acceptance of Darwin’s evolutionary ideas, wrote this shortly after the American Civil War: “No rational man, cognizant of the facts, believes that the average Negro is equal, still less the superior, of the white man.“3
This problem of racism was further fueled by other scientists who based their views on evolution: “After 1859, the evolutionary schema raised additional questions, particularly whether or not the Afro-American could survive competition with their near-white relations.” We are horrified to hear their answer: “no … The African was inferior. He represented the missing link between ape and Teuton.“4
Adolf Hitler’s “social engineering” policy, which resulted in the deaths of millions, was an example of the evolutionary view of races. “Hitler believed in struggle as the Darwinian principle of human life that forced every people to try to dominate all others; without struggle they would rot and perish. Even in his own defeat in April 1945, Hitler expressed his faith in the survival of the stronger and declared the Slavic peoples to have proven themselves the stronger.“5
Today, almost 130 years after Darwin’s claim, we do not find one superior race, nor do we find particular ethnic groups becoming extinct. Instead, we find different nationalities gaining respect for their individuality and the diversity of their cultures. As we learn more about the development and diversification of man’s culture, we realize that society has not evolved into its present state, but that man has used unique gifts and knowledge from God to improve living conditions.
All of us, as members of the human race, are descended from the first original family presented in the biblical narrative of Genesis – Adam and Eve. Every race and nationality is traced to this common source. This line of ancestry passed through Noah when God saved his family from the flood. Discoveries in science are providing support for this as well. Scientists recently analyzed and compared a small fragment of DNA isolated from various human placentas. According to reports in Newsweek and Discover, the genetic differences were very small and few distinctions between races were found.
One of the researchers, Berkeley biologist Mark Stonkeking, said, “We’re a young species, and there are really few genetic differences among cultures. In terms of our mitochondrial DNA, we’re much closely related than almost any other vertebrate or mammalian species.“1
Stephen Jay Gould, the Harvard paleontologist and a leading evolutionist, remarked on the significance of this discovery: “It makes us realize that all human beings, despite differences in external appearance, are really members of a single entity that’s had a very recent origin in one place. There is a kind of biological brotherhood that’s much more profound than we ever realized.“2
But Where Did Races Come From?
If Adam and Eve were the parents of the human race, then how did the diversity in humans come about? The answer is really quite simple: it is the result of genetic variation that existed in Adam and Eve. It is not, as some scientists propose, the result of mutation and evolution over thousands of years.
Evolutionist Francisco Ayala has estimated that humans are heterozygous for 6.7 percent of their genes on the average. This 6.7 percent variety would enable Adam and Eve to produce 10 2017 before they would reproduce a twin identical to another born previously. Since the estimated number of particles in the universe is10 80, nothing can compare to the potential variety within two people.
An example of this variation is skin color. We all have the same skin coloring agent, melanin, but in differing amounts. Skin color depends on two genes; let’s name them genes A and B. Dark skinned people would have genes AABB as their genotype, while light skinned people would have aabb. If we started with two medium colored people (AaBb), we can theoretically produce all the variation in skin color within one generation. There have been reports of the birth of twins, one of which was light skinned and the other dark skinned. Adam and Eve, created in the perfect image of God, would have had the right genotypes to allow all the skin tone variations that we see today.
The Key Is Language
If human diversity can be explained by very small genetic distinctions between races, then the real fundamental difference between people groups is language. The basic cause of racial or tribal differences must be language, and it usually enforces segregation. However, the origin of languages is still unknown.
Evolutionists, in particular, have no explanation for the origin of languages. They’ve tried to explain it on the basis of gradual development of communication forms, starting with the early grunts of cavemen and, over time, resulting in our complex form of communication. However, man’s unique ability for communication has always posed a problem.
Anthropologist Ralph Linton has stated: “The use of language is very closely associated with the superior thinking ability of humans. In his ability to communicate, man differs even more from other animals than he does in his learning or thinking … However, man is the only species which has developed communication to the point where he can transmit abstract ideas. … It is a curious fact that there is not a mammalian species other than man which imitates sounds … In this respect, humans are truly unique. We know absolutely nothing about the early states of development of language.“3
Vastly different and highly complex languages have been in existence as far back as historical evidence goes. As Linton explains, “The so-called primitive languages can throw no light on language origins since most of them are actually more complicated in grammar than the tongues spoken by civilized people.”
As far as ancient languages are concerned, evolutionist George Simpson admits, “The oldest language that can reasonably be reconstructed is already modern, sophisticated, and complete from an evolutionary point of view.“4
There is no explanation for the origins of different languages except in terms of the special purpose of the Creator. God desired that man should be fruitful and multiply in order to inhabit the entire earth, proclaiming His glory over the entire globe. However, we are told in the biblical record that, shortly after the flood of Noah, men tried to unite themselves into a very centrally located political system around the Tower of Babel (see Genesis 11). We are told that God confused their language, and that mankind was then scattered over the face of the earth.
The earliest record of the Chinese language is thought to have been around 2500 BC, the approximate time that God confused and multiplied the languages at the Tower of Babel. The Chinese people at this time were God-fearing and worshipped Shang Ti, or “the heavenly emperor.” China remained a monotheistic culture until the introduction of Confucianism around 500 BC. As a result of having an accurate knowledge of early events, the written Chinese language is composed of characters uniquely adapted and containing the stories found in Genesis.
The Chinese word for tower seems to be a shorthand record of the story of the Tower of Babel. The first root is “dirt or clay,” of which the bricks were made to build the tower. The people were all of one speech and united in their rebellion against God, as is seen in Figure 1. The Chinese character for tower most certainly refers to the Tower of Babel, since the Chinese built no towers or pagodas until the Buddhist era.5
The Chinese word for rebellion also means confusion. As seen in figure 2, the story is told in just two root words, tongue and man (right leg).6 When God changed the language of the rebels, the tongue was confused. The right hand part of the character portrays the right leg extended for walking. Since their tongues were speaking new languages, there was nothing left to do but to walk to a new place of their own. Once again, in the very roots of the Chinese language we see an accurate reflection of the Genesis account of the origin of languages.
The Tower of Babel demonstrates God’s sovereignty over the nations. Each nation represents a unique characteristic and personality of God. In His eyes, all men are equal in stature, though perhaps different in appearance. One group of people is not superior to another as the evolutionists would try to depict on the basis of natural selection.
Even as scientists today are realizing, all nations have their origin in one family. God considers all men as from one blood: “He made from one every nation of men to live on all the face of the earth, having determined allotted periods and the boundaries of their habitation, that they should seek God, in the hope that they might seek Him and find Him” (Acts 17:26-27). God established the nations so that each one would fulfill His purposes.
Even as God has a unique destiny for each nation, so God has a purpose for each individual. We must simply seek after Him to discover that purpose for which He created us.
1 John S. Haller, Jr. Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority 1859-1900. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971).
2 “Charles Darwin: Life and Letters. Letter to W. Graham, July 3, 1881,” p. 316: cited in Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution, by Gertrude Himmelfarb, (London: Chatto and Windus, 1959), p. 343.
3 Thomas Huxley, “Lay Sermons,” Addresses and Reviews. (New York: Appleton, 1871), p. 20.
4 John C. Burnham, Science, 1972, 175:506.
5 P. Hoffman, Hitler’s Personal Security, (Pergamon Press, 1979), p. 264.
1 “The Search for Adam and Eve,” NewsWeek, 1/11/88.
3 Ralph Linton, The Tree of Culture, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), p. 8 and 9.
4 George Gaylord Simpson, “The Biological Nature of Man,” Science, 152:477.
5 C.H. Kang and Eythel R. Nelson, The Discovery of Genesis, (St. Louis, Concordia Publishing House, 1979), p. 106.
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“Here I stand … I can do no other!”
With these immortal words, an unknown German monk sparked a spiritual revolution that changed the world.
The dramatic classic film of Martin Luther’s life was released in theaters worldwide in the 1950s and was nominated for two Oscars. A magnificent depiction of Luther and the forces at work in the surrounding society that resulted in his historic reform efforts, this film traces Luther’s life from a guilt-burdened monk to his eventual break with the Roman Catholic Church.
Running time: 105 minutes
Special offer: Order 5 or more for $5 each.
Watch a clip from Martin Luther.
$9.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
Download the Free Study Guide!
Just what is Calvinism?
Does this teaching make man a deterministic robot and God the author of sin? What about free will? If the church accepts Calvinism, won’t evangelism be stifled, perhaps even extinguished? How can we balance God’s sovereignty and man’s responsibility? What are the differences between historic Calvinism and hyper-Calvinism? Why did men like Augustine, Luther, Calvin, Spurgeon, Whitefield, Edwards and a host of renowned Protestant evangelists embrace the teaching of predestination and election and deny free will theology?
This is the first video documentary that answers these and other related questions. Hosted by Eric Holmberg, this fascinating three-part, four-hour presentation is detailed enough so as to not gloss over the controversy. At the same time, it is broken up into ten “Sunday-school-sized” sections to make the rich content manageable and accessible for the average viewer.
Running Time: 257 minutes
$19.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
“Give me liberty or give me death!”
Patrick Henry’s famous declaration not only helped launch the War for Independence, it also perfectly summarized the mindset that gave birth to, and sustained, the unprecedented experiment in Christian liberty that was America.
The freedom our Founders envisioned was not freedom from suffering, want, or hard work. Nor was it freedom to indulge every appetite or whim without restraint—that would merely be servitude to a different master. No, the Founders’ passion was to live free before God, unfettered by the chains of autocracy, shackles that slowly but inexorably bind men when the governments they fashion fail to recognize and uphold freedom’s singular, foundational truth: that all men are created in the image of God, and are thereby co-equally endowed with the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
This presentation is a similar call, not to one but many. By reintroducing the principles of freedom that gave birth to America, it is our prayer that Jesus, the true and only ruler over the nations, will once again be our acknowledged Sovereign, that we may again know and exult in the great truth that “where the Spirit of the LORD is, there is liberty” (2 Cor. 3:17).
Welcome to the Second American Revolution!
This DVD features “Liberty: The Model of Christian Liberty” along with “Dawn’s Early Light: A Brief History of America’s Christian Foundations.” Bonus features include a humorous but instructive collection of campaign ads and Eric Holmberg’s controversial YouTube challenge concerning Mitt Romney’s campaign for president.
$14.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
Exposes the Dangers of Abortion to Women!
These shocking eyewitness accounts expose the dangers of abortion not only to unborn children, but to the health and lives women as well. An antidote to the smokescreens of the liberal media, these short clips show what really happens in and around abortion clinics.
Although the content is emotionally gut-wrenching, these videos have been used in church seminars and small groups to educate Christians on the abortion issue and to lead people toward a pro-life position. Contains 2 hours and 40 minutes of materials that can be shown separately.
Watch these pro-life videos on-line.
“These videos helped change my mind from pro-choice to pro-life. Your videos are what did it for me. I will be walking in next year’s March For Life in San Francisco.” — A. Jackson, California
“I was going to have an abortion until I saw your video. Praise Jesus!”
— M. Drew, YouTube Commenter
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Is there a connection between pagan religion and the abortion industry?
This powerful presentation traces the biblical roots of child sacrifice and then delves into the social, political and cultural fall-out that this sin against God and crime against humanity has produced in our beleaguered society.
Conceived as a sequel and update to the 1988 classic, The Massacre of Innocence, the new title, The Abortion Matrix, is entirely fitting. It not only references abortion’s specific target – the sacred matrix where human beings are formed in the womb in the very image of God, but it also implies the existence of a conspiracy, a matrix of seemingly disparate forces that are driving this holocaust.
The occult activity surrounding the abortion industry is exposed with numerous examples. But are these just aberrations, bizarre yet anomalous examples of abortionists who just happen to have ties to modern day witchcraft? Or is this representative of something deeper, more sinister and even endemic to the entire abortion movement?
As the allusion to the film of over a decade ago suggests, the viewer may learn that things are not always as they appear to be. The Abortion Matrix reveals the reality of child-killing and strikes the proper moral chord to move hearts to fulfill the biblical responsibility to rescue those unjustly sentenced to death and to speak for those who cannot speak for themselves (Proverbs 24:11,12; 31:8,9).
Speakers include: George Grant, Peter Hammond, RC Sproul Jr., Paul Jehle, Lou Engle, Rusty Thomas, Flip Benham, Janet Porter and many more.
Ten parts, over three hours of instruction!
Running Time: 195 minutes
$19.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.) | <urn:uuid:3557f57c-8a3b-4576-a5ef-a82660ebea0d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.forerunner.com/forerunner/X0722_Creationism_explains.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721355.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00014-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951818 | 3,867 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The teen years are often difficult and can be more challenging for children with type 1 diabetes. Increased independence also means additional responsibility. Parents can help by ensuring the child gets education and resources to stay healthy and safe with type 1 diabetes.
- The patient, family and medical professionals should work together to prepare for the transition to adolescence. Review diabetes self-management skills such as glucose self-monitoring, medication, insulin administration and keeping proper supplies on hand such as an insulin pump and insulin pump supplies Discuss heath insurance and maintaining coverage as well as the importance of seeing a doctor every three months.
- Get a written summary from the doctor to refer to during emergencies. The list should include medications, glucagon injection instructions, basic self-care skills, a summary of past glycemic control, diabetes related issues and any history of depression or other mental health problems. This can be a lifesaver.
- Discussion of teen challenges and how they may impact diabetes self-management. Changes happen socially, vocationally and educationally. Teens might stay away from home for camp, school or sleepovers. Young adults taking insulin need to adhere to a schedule. Blood sugar levels should be monitored constantly to ensure they don’t get too high or low. A testing log book should be maintained and brought to all doctor appointments.
- Go over proper food choices such as eating fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins. Discuss the importance of avoiding soda, sugary snacks and salty foods. Encourage teens to engage in regular physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week. Teens with diabetes might be evaluated for eating disorders if there is a risk of anorexia or bulimia-very common in females.
- Review sexual behaviors with teens including pregnancy planning and risks, birth control and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Potential reproductive issues should be discussed. Give teens a list of resources to help them make good choices.
- Have an open conversation about smoking and drinking with teens. People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease and should not smoke. Excessive drinking can cause dangerous blood sugar fluctuations and even a diabetic coma. Make sure they know to eat when drinking any alcohol.
- As new drivers, teens should be aware heightened blood sugar levels can make it hazardous to drive. Dizziness, confusion, blurred vision and other symptoms may lead to a serious accident on the road. Blood sugar levels should be monitored before getting behind the wheel and again if driving longer than one hour.
- Review the importance of seeing an eye doctor and dentist at least once a year. Discuss proper foot care such as keeping feet dry, warm, covered and free of cuts. Wear breathable diabetic socks and never walk barefoot. Preventative care is essential to avoid further health issues.
- Advise teens of the importance of early detection of low or high blood sugar. Have a “sick day kit” on hand that includes crackers, diet and regular soda, diet and regular pudding, diabetic snacks and soup. Knowing when to check for ketones and using a ketone testing kit is important. Nausea, vomiting, severe diarrhea and extreme hot or cold body temperatures are all reasons to contact a doctor immediately.
Transitioning to the teen years can be even more difficult for children with type 1 diabetes. Make sure they have the educational, physical and emotional tools to succeed. Encourage proper diabetes self-management for a lifetime of good health. | <urn:uuid:2377637d-8f23-4b6e-8dfd-25477da31461> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.adwdiabetes.com/articles/children-type-1-diabetes-be-prepared | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00008-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927202 | 709 | 3.59375 | 4 |
If you are comfortable saying things like, “the Johannine Jesus,” or “the Markan Jesus,” to your congregation, you are to be complimented. Your congregation’s biblical literacy is high. Most of us just get blank stares when we go there. Wouldn’t it be nice to seriously upgrade their biblical understanding?
Most of us preach from the Gospels regularly. This often requires having to provide certain amounts of background to catch the people up to the text before we can begin to preach on it. We will never totally eliminate the need for background, but wouldn’t it be helpful not to have to do it so often?
For most congregants, the Gospels are all jumbled up in their minds. The idea that each has its own story to tell and presents us with different ways of looking at Jesus, discipleship, and the church is lost on them. But it doesn’t have to be this way.
We are introducing “Unjumbling the Gospels,” a six part series of video studies that presents each Gospel in its unique setting and readily distinguishes itself from the others.
Congregants will be able to identify
- the purpose of each Gospel
- its distinctive message
- its unique view of Jesus
- how it understands discipleship
- what the congregation was facing that necessitated each Gospel
- how each Gospel sees the meaning of the cross for both discipleship and atonement
- each Gospel’s theological contribution to the church today
This is accomplished through six webinars
Part 1 “Why four Gospels and not just one life of Jesus?” Free to view (video only–Available now)
Part 2 “Mark—Jesus as the Perfect Disciple” [January 2nd — 10am PST]
Part 3 “Matthew—Jesus as a Faithful Jew Like Moses” [January 9th — 10am PST]
Part 4 “Luke—Jesus Show Us How to Live in the Roman Empire” [January 16th — 10am PST]
Part 5 “John—Jesus as the Model of God at Work in Our World” [January 23rd — 10am PST]
Part 6 “So, Which Jesus Emerges?” [January 30th — 10am PST]
How This Works
If you find this helpful register below.
The entire series of webinars is only $60.
Vidoes of each session will be sent to all who register regardless if they attend the live events. | <urn:uuid:b893e7cd-775f-4d95-9a21-15f091558940> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://faithontheedge.org/unjumbling-the-gospels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.946838 | 532 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Coll (Scottish Gaelic: Colla) is a small island, west of Mull in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Coll is known for its sandy beaches, which rise to form large sand dunes, for its corncrakes, and for Breachacha Castle.
Coll is about 21 km long by 5 km wide (13 miles by 3 miles) and has a population of less than 200. The island has a small village, Arinagour, from which ferries operated by Caledonian MacBrayne sail to Scarinish on Tiree and to Oban on the mainland. The journey to Oban normally takes about two hours, but in stormy winter weather it can take much longer.
Coll's sandy beaches rise to form large sand dunes.
The highest point on Coll is Ben Hogh in the south west of the island which rises to a height of 104 metres (341 feet).
Coll was home to a branch of the Clan MacLean for 500 years, not all of which were peaceful. In 1590 the MacLeans of Duart invaded their cousins on Coll with the intention of taking the island for themselves. A battle was fought at Breachacha Castle where the Coll clan overwhelmed the Duarts, chopped off their heads and threw them in the stream which is still known as "the stream of the heads".
The Macleans of Coll retained their baronial fief and Castle of Breachacha until 1848 when Alexander Maclean of Coll emigrated to Natal where he died unmarried.
Breachacha Castle on the south coast dates from the fifteenth century. It was restored by the Project Trust, a gap year organisation that sends school leavers abroad for a year's voluntary work. They send 17-19 year olds on a whole year abroad, and have extensive selection and training weeks. An 18th century mansion house stands nearby.
The population of Coll was much higher in the past. In the late 1700s there were about 1,000 people supported by agriculture and fishing. During the Highland Clearances of the 1830s and 1840s, half the population left, many of them moving to Australia, Canada or South Africa.
Wording courtesy of http://www.wikipedia.org/
If you have photographs or knowledge of the area and would like to contribute we would love to hear from you. Original work only please - you must own the copyright. | <urn:uuid:2e96d4de-9001-45b7-b12c-341fe4261470> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://s377927284.onlinehome.us/indexinn/countries/united_kingdom/scotland/isle_of_coll/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00345-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975259 | 491 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Why is this month the point where we ask, "if we knew in 2003 what we know now, would we have invaded Iraq?"
After all, our Master of Smart Diplomacy re-intervened in Iraq in 2014 and promised a three-year plan to defeat ISIL, and thus save Iraq.
Shouldn't we assume brilliant success in Iraq because ... Obama?
And then judge the cost of that future multi-sectarian paradise in Iraq free of ISIL where people work together in an Iraqi democracy?
Why isn't that future the logical point to judge the decision to invade Iraq?
Or the end of 2011 when Iraq was pretty quiet and working to build their fragile democracy?
Why now when we are engaged in a renewed battle to define the end state of Iraq?
Consider that our Civil War took years to win and cost massive casualties. Although the Union thought the war could be won quickly, it actually took a long time and a exacted a heavy price.
In 1870, would a majority have considered the decision to fight the Confederacy in 1861 to have been the right decision?
When we were still mourning our 365,000 war dead? And that's just the Union number, since we're talking about knowledge of the costs of starting the war.
When Black Codes denied newly freed slaves their equal rights in states as the slave-holding elite defeated Reconstruction and found new ways to keep formally free people in bondage under the law?
When even the paper rights in our Constitution took until then to be ratified.
Yeah, mistakes were made, no doubt in both the war and post-war.
And it took a century to get real civil rights legislation to make sure African Americans could be equal under the law.
So yeah, knowing what we know now, launching the reconquest of the Confederacy in 1861 was the right decision.
Let's be grateful that Democrats didn't win their effort to make the decision point for the Civil War the year 1864 as our nation went to the polls to decide if President Lincoln would have the chance to complete the war he started in victory.
Nuanced folks could have made serious arguments about why the Civil War was a mistake from 1864 to 1964 based on "knowing what we know now," eh?
Supporters of the Iraq War should have a little more backbone to defend what Iraq can be (and what it already isn't) if we take the time to build something good on what our military achieved by defeating evil.
War supporters do not need to accept the premise that this moment is the correct point in time to decide if 20/20 hindsight allows us to be satisfied with our decision in 2003 to launch the war and destroy Saddam's evil and dangerous regime in Iraq.
UPDATE: Related thoughts from Victor Hanson.
Although I disagree that the counter-terror/insurgency campaign was decisively riddled with errors (any campaign is) given that we did defeat a number of threats through 4 years of fighting after the fall of Saddam.
UPDATE: Related thoughts here and here. And here, too. | <urn:uuid:3810c389-81c5-4a7a-bd85-7cbd85455d26> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thedignifiedrant.blogspot.com/2015/05/why-is-mid-2015-historical-vantage.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00507-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971473 | 623 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Date of Press Release: Nov 20, 2009
Greens Creek and Couer Alaska are now in the process of hiring from a pool of fifteen people who recently received safety and underground mining training through a partnership between the University of Alaska Southeast, Mine and Petroleum Training Services (MAPTS), the Alaska Department of Labor, and the mining industry.
The five week course included environmental and safety training, history of local mining, classroom instruction on the extraction and production process in an underground mine and on-site training in procedures such as installing pipes and jack leg drilling at the Maggie Kathleen entrance to the old Alaska Juneau Mine. How to be good employee, team work, identification of proper supplies, some heavy equipment operation, how to identify and mitigate loose ground conditions and light signals used for communication underground were also addressed.
Juneau Senator Dennis Egan, representatives from UAS, the Juneau Job Center, Greens Creek, Coeur Alaska and the Alaska Department of Labor including deputy commissioner David Stone were present at a completion ceremony for the newly qualified entry level underground miners on Friday, Nov.13 at the UAS School of Career Education.
The class of New Miners included sisters Latanya Friday and Ruth Gentry of Kake. They got experience running back fill machines and working the bull gang. “I really thought I’d be scared,” said Ruth, who is also the mother of a five-year old. “But I really liked it.” The sisters enrolled in the program because they are seeking more steady employment with benefits. Both have been offered positions at the Kensington Mine.
Coeur Alaska Human Resources Manager Meg Day said the start dates of new hires for the Kensington Mine will be staggered from December 2009 through September 2010. | <urn:uuid:774bada2-0fee-4e16-9c61-f4c4f18a18c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.uas.alaska.edu/pr/archive-files/2009/uas-mining.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00550-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960244 | 358 | 1.53125 | 2 |
The Supreme Court of India has upheld the life sentence awarded by the Delhi high court to Manu Sharma, the son of Congress leader and former Union minister Vinod Sharma, for killing Jessica Lal, who had declined to serve him a drink after the bar had closed in Delhi, in 1999.
Manu Sharma’s counsel, the noted criminal lawyer Ram Jethmalani, had argued that his client had been specifically targetted and maligned before and during the proceedings by the media, which proclaimed him guilty even after the acquittal by the trial court.
Rejecting this argument, the SC bench said:
“Certain articles and news items appearing in the newspapers immediately after the date of occurrence did cause certain confusion in the mind of the public as to the description and number of the actual assailants/suspects. It is unfortunate that trial by the media did, though to a very limited extent, affect the accused, but [was] not tantamount to a prejudice which should weigh with the court in taking any different view.”
The veteran editor T.J. S. George writes that in his “misplaced protestations against the media”, Jethmalani lost sight of the fact that, for once, “trial by media” achieved something good, beyond anything he could have achieved.
“The media in India today is not exactly a clean entity. It has become, generally speaking, dubious in its motivations, mischievous in its pretensions, and plainly guilty in many of its practices.
“Large sections of it are corrupt.
“Amoral ideas have been institutionalised by the biggest players with fancy labels like “private treaties” and “paid news.” The guilty in the media too should one day be brought to justice.
“It is a bit of a miracle that a media that has abdicated its responsibility is still able to do some public good. It is the nature of its work that makes this possible.
“Malpractices, misdeeds and criminalities dot the activities of our governments, our politicians, our businessmen, our film stars and even our sports bodies. A great deal of this is brought to public attention only because the media, by default or otherwise, dare publish information the guilty try to suppress. We only have to recall the numerous scandals of recent times to appreciate the value of this service done by the media.
“The Jessica Lal case shows how the media, warts and all, and public spirited citizens and alert judicial authorities can work in tandem to keep at least a few of our influential criminals out of harm’s way. Justice is higher than a lawyer’s interest in his client. “
Read the full article: ‘Media is amoral, but it works’
Infographic: courtesy The Telegraph, Calcutta | <urn:uuid:8bbfdc08-736b-450c-a823-d22df5e73912> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://wearethebest.wordpress.com/2010/04/27/jessica-lal-verdict-proof-that-indian-media-works/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00567-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971943 | 592 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Telecom services are recognized world-over as an important tool for the socio-economic development of a nation. It is one of the prime support services essential for rapid growth and modernization of various sectors of the economy. In India too, the telecommunication sector has revolutionized the way we communicate and share information, thereby helping over 800 million Indians stay connected, over the last two decades.
The telecom industry globally is cognizant of the fact that it needs to lighten its carbon footprint. And, in the Indian telecom sector, Idea is leading the search for green energy options.
Idea Cellular, part of the Aditya Birla Group which is India’s first truly global conglomerate, is one of the oldest players in the Indian telecom industry and has played a key role in the development of mobile telephony, particularly in rural India. As part of a socially responsible corporate group, Idea has and continues to adopt policies, and business strategies to effectively integrate emerging environmental, social and economic considerations.
Whether it’s through conserving energy, recycling, or finding innovative solutions to environmental and social challenges, Idea is committed to being a respectful, responsible and positive influence on the environment and the society in which we operate. Efficient power management, infrastructure sharing, use of eco-friendly renewable energy sources, leveraging the latest in technology to reach out to a large audience in most energy efficient manner such as video and teleconferencing, smart logistics, etc. are some of the best practices in our network infrastructure and day-to-day business operations, to ensure a clean and green environment.
In our effort to give back to the environment and reduce the collective carbon foot print of the telecom sector in India, Idea pioneered the concept of ‘Shared Telecom Infrastructure’ services, along with a few other industry leaders in the wireless space. This initiative is committed towards continuous innovation endeavors; optimization of future tower rollouts; and enhanced operational efficiencies leading to a substantial reduction of carbon foot print.
The Indian telecom industry’s first collaborative, cross-industry consortium to encourage the development of environmentally sustainable mobile networks was also led by Idea, and supported by the GSMA. The pilot, aimed at developing biofuels as a source of power for wireless networks in rural India which are located beyond the reach of the national electricity grid, was conducted in parts of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. The learnings of the research were later handed to the infrastructure company which owns the towers, to explore broad basing of the program.
In a bid to reduce energy consumption by our BTS, Idea chose OD BTS (outdoor BTS) as our preferred BTS type in 2007. Currently, over 40% our total BTS portfolio comprises of OD BTS, which has resulted in reducing our conventional energy consumption by about 25% as compared to the ID BTS (indoor BTS). Efforts are also on to re-deploy ID BTS to OD BTS sites, in some locations, which will further reduce energy consumption at these sites by 25%.
Idea has explored a Solar Hybrid Solution for running our BTS in parts of rural Bihar. We plan to install Solar Hybrid sets at 200 sites by end of FY 12. This will reduce the fuel consumption of power generator from running for 15-16 hours to less than 5 hours a day in these locations.
Idea is also part of the Fuel Cell project, initiated by our Group. The project aims at exploring the usage of Hydrogen as an alternate energy source to power mobile base stations. Currently, a trial project, if successful, this program has the potential of reducing the usage of a regular power generator to Zero.
Additionally, we are working on a range of other projects all of which are aimed at experimenting alternate energy sources to fuel base stations and reduce operating expenditure for the company.
With a subscriber base of nearly 10 crore, we have an opportunity to influence a large mass of people by promoting green initiatives through our various communication programs and customer service initiatives.
It was Idea which germinated the thought of ‘Use Mobile, Save Paper’ in the minds of millions of mobile users in India, with its aggressive yet thought provoking campaign. Idea designed the campaign to highlight numerous ways of saving paper, and thereby saving the green cover necessary for the health of the planet, by using a range of mobile based value added services in day-to-day activities to replace paper.
Idea was amongst the first mobile operators in India to promote v-Top up recharges for prepaid users, in a major way. Soon, this led to the virtual phasing out of paper-based recharge vouchers, which has ultimately resulted in saving tonnes of paper which would have otherwise been used in making recharges available to millions of mobile users across the country.
Another recent and ongoing initiative is e-Bill which is being consistently promoted by Idea to ensure that more and more users opt for this service, and contribute towards saving paper.
Breaking all conventions, Idea has now conceived another innovative program which is aimed at reducing plastic consumption on a large scale. In a major overhaul of its logistics management, Idea has now introduced the ‘PICO’ card, which is a half-size plastic card that bears the SIM card, in a new connection kit. For decades, new mobile users have been handed out welcome kits by operators which carry a large size plastic piece with the SIM card inserted in the box. Idea has now become one of the first operators, globally, to introduce the new PICO card which is expected to save over 90% of plastic used in manufacturing regular cards. Considering that Idea adds about 2 million new connections every month, this initiative would result in substantial reduction of plastic usage.
As a company listed on BSE and NSE, Idea has a base of over 360,000 shareholders who we communicate with, on a regular basis. All company communication to our shareholders and investors, such as Notices, Annual Reports etc. are sent through e-mail rather than printed copies through post, thus dramatically reducing our printing and mailing costs while making a positive impact on the environment.
Idea’s HR operations have all been enabled online for its over 7,000 employees, to ensure that there is minimal paper documentation. This has again helped us save tonnes of paper that would have been used in day-to-day HR related transactions and communication.
We use smart ICT solutions such as teleconferencing, videoconferencing, web chats etc. for internal communication amongst employees to minimize travel.
We believe that Idea employees are the flag bearers of the organization. They enable the organization to realize its mission and goals, and meet commitments. Idea employees have played a key role in keeping our pledge to do our bit for the environment. ‘Bus Karo’ is an initiative centred around a large group of Idea employees who commute to office, daily in their own cars. Through the program these employees use a pooled bus service for office commuting in peak hours, everyday. One such bus potentially lessens 30 cars from everyday traffic jams, saving over 1200 tonnes of Carbon emissions per annum.
Driven by its socially conscious parent Group, Idea stays committed to the cause of giving back to the environment. We will continue to drive our efforts towards environment sustainability by reducing carbon foot print and energy consumption. | <urn:uuid:b0d3ad1a-5da4-4d5b-be6a-9870b8350635> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ideacellular.com/aboutus/sustainability | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00042-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954278 | 1,503 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Auto accidents can often be incredibly serious. Even if an auto accident appears to be minor, you could still suffer significant injuries. The complications from these injuries can linger for the short term or can be long-lasting. Here are the 8 most common injuries sustained in auto accidents:
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Traumatic brain injuries are some of the most serious injuries that can occur as a result of an auto accident. They can lead to long-term complications and even death. Symptoms of a traumatic brain injury can include:
- Memory problems
- Vision problems
Neck injuries are another very common type of injury in auto accidents. They can range from mild strains and sprains to more serious injuries such as fractures or herniated disks. Symptoms of a neck injury can include:
- Neck pain
- Tingling or numbness in the arms or legs
- Balance problems
- Double vision
Back injuries are very common, even in minor car accidents. Lower back pain hours after a car crash is a sign that there may be an underlying back issue for a car accident victim. Back injuries can impact many aspects of your life and can take a long time to fully recover from.
Broken bones are one of the most common injuries in auto accidents. They can occur when a person is hit by another car, or when they are thrown from the car. Broken bones can cause a great deal of pain and may require surgery to fix. In some cases, they can lead to long-term health problems.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Spinal cord injuries are another common type of injury in auto accidents. The spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system that runs down the back. It is responsible for transmitting messages from the brain to the rest of the body. When this area is injured, it can result in loss of movement or sensation. In some cases, it can even lead to paralysis.
In some cases, a vehicle can catch fire and passengers can suffer burn injuries. These injuries can be very serious and may require extensive treatment. Burn victims may need skin grafts and may experience long-term scarring.
Internal injuries are also common in auto accidents. These injuries can often go undetected for some time after the accident. They can include:
- Broken ribs
- Punctured lungs
- Internal bleeding
Whiplash is a type of neck injury that is caused when the head is suddenly thrown backward and forwards. This often occurs in car accidents when the car is hit from behind. Whiplash can cause pain, stiffness, and headaches. In some cases, it can lead to long-term problems.
If you have been injured in an auto accident, it is important to seek medical attention right away. Even if you don’t think you are injured, it is a good idea to get checked out by a doctor. Contact an attorney as soon as possible to discuss your case. Contact our law firm today at 937-230-8330 to get the legal help you deserve. | <urn:uuid:5c4e5341-2da3-4dca-a8fd-80310bc8efb2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.attkissonlawfirm.com/what-are-the-8-most-common-injuries-in-auto-accidents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.948457 | 668 | 1.789063 | 2 |
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Becoming lean and ripped will be 70% diet, Via Keto Apple Gummies Cost 20% proper workout routine and 10% mental (you will always be tempted, trust me). Weight-loss really precipitates to a mathematical main problem. You must eat fewer calories then what your body requires, number of plenty of diets out there that deliver the results for you but cause find individual who is for you to be easiest for Via Keto Apple Gummies Cost a person to stick equipped with. You cannot diet and cheat at precisely the same time so diet selection is very crucial. | <urn:uuid:2d19bee5-c0f2-4887-9a11-7acf1ed88392> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sportlab.cloud/2022/07/29/a-secrets-for-cyclical-ketogenic-low-carb-dieting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.936991 | 757 | 1.75 | 2 |
Our cattle, our dreams and our ranching lives are now a thing of the past. My husband and I felt obligated to sell everything we had worked for over nine years in Silt, in western Colorado, to escape the impacts of gas drilling.
As one who has lived through the experience, I can say that the drilling that rapidly expanded around our 200-acre ranch took away everything that we came to expect of country living. Traffic increased, and so did the dust; in addition to the well pads we saw everyday, there were pipelines and roads. Irrigation ditches were severed, weeds encroached on the disturbed grounds, fences got cut.
Our land represented our retirement. Before we put our ranch on the market, my husband and I tried to determine how much we could afford to lose on our investment, as studies have shown the obvious: No one wants to live near drilling. We were among the lucky — we owned our mineral rights. The man who bought our ranch wanted those rights; he cared nothing for the land.
It's good the new owner doesn't live in the area fulltime, because gas drilling makes a place unlivable. A nearby creek, Divide Creek, was literally bubbling with methane from a leaking casing on a well. Yet a company's failure to abide by the laws governing drilling rarely brings a significant fine. Fines are levied by the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, which is dominated by industry representatives.
Until you experience it, you cannot fathom the noise of these operations, the explosions that rattle your home, the humming of the generators and the rumble of increased traffic. Sitting on our porch at night was like watching a scene from hell as the clouds reflected red from flaring gas.
The painful thing is that we thought we were protected. When we purchased our ranch in 1995, we went to the courthouse and read about the leasing of our mineral rights by the former owner. According to this document, the lease would expire in 1998, so we figured, since drilling wasn't evident in the area at the time, we'd take a chance, and deemed ourselves safe when that deadline passed.
In 2003, we received notice that the company wanted to drill several wells on our ranch, with a schematic of where the wells, roads and pipelines were to be located. This preliminary work was performed on a desk in a high-rise building in Denver, with no chance for us to be involved. There was no mention of compressor stations, waste pits or roads. To our shock, one of the proposed wells was in the middle of our best-producing alfalfa field.
When we protested that the lease had expired, we were informed that our ranch had been "unitized," a federal designation that pools large tracts of land into a "unit" for the convenience of the drilling company. Unitization essentially changes two significant aspects of the lease: Any well spacings that have been previously negotiated are negated (the location and density of the wells is now controlled by the Bureau of Land Management), and, the lease becomes, essentially, a lease in perpetuity. No one should be fooled into thinking that owning the mineral rights will protect landowners.
Faced with, and finally accepting the inevitable, and hoping that drilling could be done responsibly, we were interested in finding alternative places for the wells. We also worried about accident prevention and mitigation. This last fear was driven by the calamities, such as leaks of mine waste, that we had seen our neighbors endure.
We met with industry representatives to negotiate a surface use agreement. We were given assurances, specifically regarding the monitoring equipment in case of a spill or leak, but we were not convinced the devices would be in place. We had no power and felt it. We dared not call the landmen on their assurances, which never seemed believable, because we also knew that all of the cards were in their hands. By law, if a landowner is deemed to be recalcitrant, demanding or obstreperous, the drilling company has the right to post a laughable bond amount and drill on the property without a surface use agreement. As a landowner, you walk a fine line in these mock negotiations. You have to approach industry as a supplicant, not as an equal.
Let landowners elsewhere be warned: By the time the industry representatives come knocking on your door, it's too late.
Rosemary Bilchak and her husband now live in Hotchkiss, Colorado. | <urn:uuid:dd3e8d46-39d6-41f3-b71e-355c6040c438> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hcn.org/issues/328/16489 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00449-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983126 | 913 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Someone who is unconscious is not sleeping. Rather, an unconscious person is hard to rouse or can't be made aware of his or her surroundings. Unconsciousness is caused by illness, injury or emotional shock.
Signs and Symptoms
There are many levels of unconsciousness. Some are more serious than others. Levels include unconscious episodes that are:
- Brief - Examples are fainting or blacking out.
- Longer - The victim is incoherent when roused.
- Prolonged - A person in a coma, for example, can be motionless and not at all aware of his or her surroundings for a very long time.
Causes of Unconsciousness
Management of The Unconscious Patient
An unconscious patient is unable to give an account of what has happened to them. Try and gain as much history from those at the scene and from any injuries sustained as to what may of happened.
- Danger - Looking for Dangers to yourself and Casualty
- Response - Checking Response (AVPU). Use the Glasgow Coma Scale to ascertain level of consciousness
- Airway - Examining the Airway for obstruction and Cervical Spine Control in the event of any possible trauma
- Breathing - Look, Listen and Feel for adequate respiratory effort. Supplement with O2 to correct hypoxia if saturations are below 95%
- Circulation - Checking the Circulation. If a carotid pulse is not palpable then resuscitation should be commenced
Rectify any problems encountered in your primary survey before moving onto your secondary survey
- Skull for irregularity or scalp wounds
- Ears (blood or CSF)
- Eyes for pupil size and reaction (PEARL)
- Lips for colour (cyanosed)
- Jaw for displacement
- Mouth for loose or missing teeth or bitten tongue (Epilepsy)
- Skin colour, texture and temperature (Flushed, Dry and Hot) etc
- Clavicles for bruising and possible fractures
- Ribs - fractures and abnormal breathing
- Rigidity and guarding
- Pulsating masses
- Pelvis fractures or abnormal movement
- Groin for dampness
- Irregularity, deformity and fractures (compare limbs with each other)
- Flexion and extension without aggravating any injury
- Signs of drug abuse (Needle marks)
- Identity bracelets
- Capillary refill and distal pulses
- Scapulae for fractures
- Spine for irregularities
- If not done so already look for any form of identity, cards or bracelets
Before moving onto each section on the secondary survey check the patients ABC's
Collate as much information as possible about the patient
- Previous medical history (Epilepsy, Diabetes)
- Last meal
- Event - What has happened?
Vital Signs - Monitor
- Respiratory Rate
- Pulse Rate
- Blood Glucose Levels (Correct hypoglycaemia with Glucagon/Hypostop if required)
- Oxygen Saturations
Treat any obvious injuries e.g. bleeding, fractures (support and immobilise)
Continue to Observe:
Note: Even though the patient may appear unresponsive it doesn't mean they can't hear you. Keep talking to the patient as hearing is the last sense lost. | <urn:uuid:53eda3df-c235-4500-8373-5b29240e7f83> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ambulancetechnicianstudy.co.uk/unconscious.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00575-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881996 | 689 | 3.546875 | 4 |
While there has been optimism around the film industry that the federal government will boost the incentive to attract big international movies in the National Cultural Policy next week, that may just be wishful thinking.
A spokesman for Arts Minister Simon Crean says there is ''zero certainty'' about a mooted increase in the location offset from 16.5 per cent to 30 per cent.
At this stage, it is ''certainly not locked in''. The Greens on Wednesday joined the Screen Producers Association of Australia, the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance and Ausfilm – the government agency charged with selling the virtues of filming in Australia to foreign production companies – in calling for the increase rather than relying on the extra one-off payment that attracted The Wolverine and has been offered to Disney's 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea.
It means the government would subsidise 30 per cent of a movie's qualifying Australian budget to compete with incentives offered in other countries and compensate for the high value of the dollar – a significant move given that international movies are bypassing Australia for cheaper filming locations.
The Greens say the Parliamentary Budget Office has calculated the measure would cost just $27 million over the next four years, while attracting tens of millions of dollars into the country and supporting hundreds of film industry jobs. | <urn:uuid:3993afd5-4980-41e7-9d56-e766e516f38f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.examiner.com.au/story/1346226/location-offset-increase-by-no-means-a-done-deal/?cs=36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00498-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940697 | 257 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Bulking up meaning, bulking quickly
Bulking up meaning
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Similar articles: | <urn:uuid:aaa0de1e-bd7a-4859-8cae-bbb486e431bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.shopcsl.com/profile/heyespanahk/profile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.945009 | 2,394 | 1.84375 | 2 |
ramkisno at HOTMAIL.COM
Sun Sep 1 11:26:59 CDT 2002
On Sat, 31 Aug 2002 14:09:52 -0700, Kiran B R <kiranbr at ROCKETMAIL.COM>
>> As far as your argument is concerned, I just
>> showed why it is
>> meaningless, regardless of whether brahman controls
>> worldly reality or not.
>It is not meaningless whether he controls or not. Was
>Krishna's ability to cause an eclipse during the
>Kurukshetra war meaningless? Was Narasimha's ability
>to emerge from a pillar meaningless? Or is that all
>nonsense in the Shrutis?
If you really wish to know, why don't you ask someone who is a Brahmavit?
Instead of wasting your thoughts here, why don't you search for a
Brahmajnani. Your search here is futile as only theoretical (no matter how
knowledgeable) answers can be given to you. To find someone who knows
Brahman, you will have to do the searching. Why don't you do that - trust
me, to stand in the presence of a Brahmajnani is itself the result of many
punyas. Maybe if you start today, you can find one and then ask him these
questions. But in a way, we are all doing the same thing although I would
say that we are preparing ourselves for that moment when our Guru finds us
and leads "us" by the hand. All the studying, rituals and debating is only
so that we prepare ourselves for the day when we stand in the presence of a
Guru, who is well established in Brahman.
In the words of the ad for US Army, Brahman Wants You. Are You Ready?
More information about the Advaita-l mailing list | <urn:uuid:43ab9963-d11e-4925-befe-41cfeab0e6d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/archives/advaita-l/2002-September/003619.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00460-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927753 | 408 | 1.59375 | 2 |
LETTER: Reporting on Watchung Hills story raises concerns
We would like to make you aware of an issue with an article that appeared in your papers on June 12, 2018, titled “’Fun Home,’ graphic novel, has Watchung Hills parents at odds.”
As you may be aware, the article is about a controversial book that has been recently included in the Watchung Hills Regional High School (WHRHS) English curriculum. The book was discussed in a closed Facebook group called the “Warren Township Community Forum” (WTCF), which is a forum for Warren Township residents and business owners to discuss events that impact Warren Township. Warren Township is one of the sending districts for WHRHS.
This book was widely discussed in the closed forum, and many of us who commented in the forum were very surprised to learn of the article, and then to see that the vast majority of the material and quotes included in the article came from this forum. While we all stand behind what we said, we are very disturbed with regard to how the information was obtained and subsequently used. Our primary concerns are twofold:
•It was improper for the reporter to join the WTCF under false pretenses because she has no nexus with Warren or the surrounding communities. Perhaps her being a local reporter gives her a relationship to Warren, but then she’s obligated to disclose her reasons for joining the group to the moderators;
•It was improper for the reporter to disclose our names and quotations from a closed Facebook group without confirming this information with each of us. It should also be noted that all of our names were disclosed, except for an individual who identified as transgender. The reporter felt that this person should be protected from having their name published, but the rest of us were not given the same protection.
I am sure you are familiar with the Principles of Ethical Conduct For Newsrooms, under which your paper operates. It is clear that this reporter broke at least one if not more than one of the guiding principles. Most conspicuously is this one:
“We will be honest in the way we gather, report and present news — with relevancy, persistence, context, thoroughness, balance, and fairness in mind.”
It is not our intent to extract retribution or inflict some type of legal punishment, but rather to give you the opportunity not to repeat the mistakes and improve the editorial standards of the paper. It should be also noted that the three of us that are writing to you fell on both sides of the discussion regarding the “Fun Home” book, but we are willing to join together and explain this journalistic issue to you.
Tristin Goode, Cara Cerbone-Salas, Tony Asch, Warren | <urn:uuid:9c028415-4ca7-483f-865f-495ac2701fc3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/opinion/readers/2018/06/27/letter-reporting-watchung-hills-story-raises-concerns/36430821/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.976254 | 566 | 1.570313 | 2 |
For recent ten years, China’s fine chemical industry obtains the considerable development and can provide the raw materials for foreign countries to further synthesize and process the chemical products. At present, China has three 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol manufacturing enterprises that can reach the industry-level supply; these three enterprises are respectively Luzhou Naxi Tianyi Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd., Chongqing Lanke Chemical Co., Ltd. and Qinhuangdao Bright Chemical Co., Ltd.; among them, Luzhou Naxi Tianyi Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. occupies the market shares of about 60% in the domestic market and Chongqing Lanke Chemical Co., Ltd. occupies the market shares of about 30%; as for Qinhuangdao Bright Chemical Co., Ltd., its products mainly focus on the export market.
Currently, the whole market scale of China’s 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol industry-level products is about CNY 45 million with the production capacity of about 2,650 tons per year and annual output of about 1,700 tons. The test-level suppliers of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol products can make the custom manufacturing according to the demand of customers, but the supply volume is very small.
Survey and Forecast of China 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol (CAS: 115-19-5) Market, 2013-2017, firstly conducts the in-depth survey on the market status quo of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol; and then it makes the special analysis of the technology development process of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol; finally, it reveals the opportunities and problems in the future development of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol products, which can provide the decisive reference for the investment in this field.
Please note: The report is Chinese version. It will provide the English version in two business days.
Table Of Contents
Survey and Forecast of China 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol (CAS: 115-19-5) Market, 2013-2017 1. Overview of 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol Product 1.1 Definition 1.2 Application and Upstream and Downstream
2. Status Quo of Foreign 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol Industry 2.1 Properties and Application of Foreign Alkynol 2.2 Production and Development of Foreign 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol
3. Environment of China's 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol 3.1 China's Economic Development Environment 3.2 Industry Related Policies, Standards, Laws and Regulations 3.2.1 Conforming to the National Industrial Policy 3.2.2 Chongqing Listing 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol into High-Tech Products 3.2.3 Regulations on the Import and Export Tax Rate
5. Imports and Exports of China's 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol 5.1 Import and Export Data of 29052900 (Other Unsaturated Monohydric Alcohol), 2010-2013 (Jan-Sep) 5.2 Import and Export Regions of 29052900 (Other Unsaturated Monohydric Alcohol), 2012
6. Technological Development of China's 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol Product
7. Domestic Major 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol Enterprises 7.1 Luzhou Naxi Tianyi Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. 7.1.1 Company Profile 7.1.2 Products 7.2 Chongqing Lanke Chemical Co., Ltd. 7.2.1 Company Profile 7.2.2 Business Performance 7.2.3 Competitive Advantages 7.3 Qinhuangdao Bright Chemical Co., Ltd. 7.3.1 Company Profile 7.3.2 Products 7.4 TCI (Shanghai) 7.4.1 Company Profile 7.4.2 Product Supply 7.4.3 Advantages 7.5 J and K Scientific Ltd. 7.5.1 Company Profile 7.5.2 Product Supply 7.5.3 Business Management 7.5.4 Advantages 7.6 Alfa Aesar 7.6.1 Company Profile 7.6.2 Product Specification and Price 7.6.3 Business Management 7.6.4 Advantages 7.7 Aladdin 7.7.1 Company Profile 7.7.2 Products
8. Future Development Trends of China's 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol 8.1 Market Development Forecast 8.2 Technology Development Forecast
9. Industry Experts' Investment Suggestions on China's 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol Industry 9.1 SWOT Analysis 9.2 Investment Suggestions
Luzhou Naxi Tianyi Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Chongqing Lanke Chemical Co., Ltd. Qinhuangdao Bright Chemical Co., Ltd. TCI (Shanghai) J and K Scientific Ltd. Alfa Aesar Aladdin | <urn:uuid:402e01aa-eb19-4c34-89e8-b38fe016bcb6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.reportlinker.com/p01922950/Survey-and-Forecast-of-China-2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-Ol-CAS-115-19-5-Market.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720026.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00456-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.781787 | 1,111 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Black Rice w/ Pineapples and Avocados
I had never heard of black rice before I read about it in the April/May issue of Living Without Magazine (the mag for people with allergies and food sensitivities).
From the magazine: "Striking Chinese black rice, also called "Forbidden Rice" because lore says it was reserved for emperors to promote longevity while common folks were literally forbidden from eating it, contains especially high levels of antioxidants, including the same anthocyanins found in blueberries, according to scientists at Louisiana State University Agricultural Center."
Wegmans sells it in its bulk section. Two cups runs about $2.50.
I followed the recipe in the magazine. I added coconut milk, pineapple, and avocado. It was okay.
No disrespect to the author ("Bowled Over": Wake up to a gluten free breakfast made of whole grains by Matthew Kadey), but I think my version is WAY tastier:
Black Rice Cereal
2 cups water
1 cup uncooked black rice
1 teaspoon ground ginger
2 tablespoons honey
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
non-dairy milk of choice
- Place 2 cups of water, rice, cinnamon, and ginger into a medium-size saucepan. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat, cover, and simmer until all the water has been absorbed, about 30 minutes.
- Stir in honey and vanilla. Let it cool for 5 minutes.
- To serve, add milk, raisins, sliced apples and bananas. This makes a very tasty breakfast. I use this recipe for oatmeal and millet as well.
- The only thing with black rice is it will stick to your teeth. So look in the mirror before you leave the house!
Also, a few months ago, I catered my first event. Fitness Chicks, a local Baltimore group, asked me to make vegan food for one of their meetings. I did a "Southern Dinner Party." Christina, that night's host, who was very gracious, made a picnic basket:
I made potato salad:
Macaroni and "Cheese", Kale Salad, Buffalo Tofu & Ranch Dip, Barbecue Beans:
And this is all of us together:
Thank you, Fitness Chicks!!! | <urn:uuid:94a16fe7-874d-4251-961f-1f0d564f8f79> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://theveganmochaangel.blogspot.com/2012/08/black-rice-and-fitness-chicks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00448-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941692 | 470 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Update: Council’s action on this report has been added at the end of the article.
As I write this article on April 17, 2019, it has been three weeks since Toronto learned that Premier Doug Ford’s love for rewriting transit plans would turn Toronto’s future upside down. Ford’s special advisor Michael Lindsay wrote to Toronto’s City Manager Chris Murray first on March 22, and then in an attempt to paper over obvious problems with the provincial position, on March 25.
A hallmark of the process has been a distinct lack of details about design issues, funding and the future responsibility for an “uploaded” subway system. In parallel with these events, city and TTC staff have met from time to time with Lindsay and his team to flesh out details and to explain to provincial planners the scope of TTC’s needs, the complex planning and considerable financial resources required just to keep the trains running.
On April 9, Toronto’s Executive Committee directed Murray to report directly to Council on the effect of provincial announcements, but his report did not arrive on Councillors’ desks until early afternoon April 16 with the Council meeting already underway.
The report reveals a gaping hole in the city’s knowledge of provincial plans with a “preliminary” list of 61 technical questions for the province. So much for the idea that discussions to date have yielded much information. Click on any image below to open this as a gallery.
To these I would add a critical factor that always affects provincial projects: cost inflation. It is rare to see a provincial project with an “as spent” estimate of costs. Instead, an estimate is quoted for some base year (often omitted from announcements) with a possible, although not ironclad, “commitment” to pay actual costs as the work progresses. This puts Ontario politicians of all parties in the enviable position of promising something based on a low, current or even past-year dollar estimate, while insulating themselves from overruns which can be dismissed as “inflation”. The City of Toronto, by contrast, must quote projects including inflation because it is the actual spending that must be financed, not a hypothetical, years out of date estimate from the project approval stage.
That problem is particularly knotty when governments will change, and “commitments” can evaporate at the whim of a new Premier. If the city is expected to help pay for these projects, will the demand on their funds be capped (as often happens when the federal or provincial governments fund municipal projects), or will the city face an open-ended demand for its share with no control over project spending?
Unlike the city, the province has many ways to compel its “partner” to pay up by the simple expedient of clawing back contributions to other programs, or by making support of one project be a pre-requisite for funding many others. Presto was forced on Toronto by the threat to withdraw provincial funding for other transit programs if the city did not comply. Resistance was and is futile.
How widely will answers to these questions be known? The province imposed a gag order on discussions with the city claiming that information about the subway plans and upload were “confidential”. Even if answers are provided at the staff level, there is no guarantee the public will ever know the details.
At Council on April 16, the City Manager advised that there would be a technical briefing by the province on the “Ontario Line” (the rebranded Downtown Relief Line) within the next week. That may check some questions off of the list, or simply raise a whole new batch of issues depending on the quality of paper and crayons used so far in producing the provincial plan. It is simply not credible that there is a fully worked-out plan with design taken to the level normally expected of major projects, and if one does exist, how has it been produced in secret entirely without consultation? The province claims it wants to be “transparent”, but to date they are far away from that principle.
The Question of Throwaway Costs
Toronto has already spent close to $200 million on design work, primarily for the Line 2 East Extension (formerly known as the Scarborough Subway Extension, or SSE). The province claims that much of this work will be recycled into their revised design, and this was echoed by TTC management at a media briefing. However, with changes in both alignment, scope and technology looming, it is hard to believe that this work will all be directly applicable to the province’s schemes.
The city plans to continue work on these lines at an ongoing cost of $11-14 million per month, but will concentrate on elements that are likely to be required for either the city’s original plan or for the provincial version. The need to reconcile plans has been clear for some time:
In order to minimize throw-away costs associated with the Line 2 East Extension and the Relief Line South, the City and TTC will be seeking the Province’s support to undertake an expedited assessment of the implications of a change at this stage in the project lifecycle. The City and TTC have been requesting the Province to provide further details on their proposals since last year, including more recently through ongoing correspondence and meetings under the Terms of Reference for the Realignment of Transit Responsibilities. [p 4]
The city/TTC may have asked “since last year”, but Queen’s Park chose not to answer.
The city would like to be reimbursed for monies spent, but this is complicated by the fact that some of that design was funded by others.
Provincial Gas Tax
As an example of the mechanisms available to the province to ensure city co-operation, the Ford government will not proceed with the planned doubling of gas tax transfers to municipalities. This has an immediate effect of removing $585 million in allocated funding in the next decade from projects in the TTC’s capital program, and a further $515 million from potential projects in the 15 year Capital Investment Plan.
At issue for Toronto, as flagged in the questions above, is the degree to which this lost revenue will be offset by the province taking responsibility for capital maintenance in the upload process. Over half of the planned and potential capital projects relate to existing subway infrastructure, but it is not clear whether the province understands the level of spending they must undertake to support their ownership of the subway lines.
Public Transit Infrastructure Fund (PTIF)
City management recommends that Council commit much of the $4.897 billion in pending federal infrastructure subsidies from PTIF phase 2 to provincial projects:
- $0.660 billion for the Province’s proposed three-stop Line 2 East Extension project instead of the one-stop Line 2 East Extension project; and
- $3.151 billion for the Province’s proposed ‘Ontario Line’ as described in the 2019 Ontario Budget, instead of the Relief Line South. [p 3]
This is subject to an assessment of just what is supposed to happen both with proposed new rapid transit lines and the existing system in the provincial scheme.
Mayor Tory has proposed an amendment to the report’s recommendations to clarify the trigger for the city’s agreeing to allocation of its PTIF funds to the provincial plan, so that “endorsing” the plan is changed to “consider endorsing”. Reports would come back from the City Manager to Council on the budget changes and uploading process for approval that could lead to the city releasing its PTIF funds to the province.
The Status of SmartTrack
Part of the city’s PTIF funding, $585 million, is earmarked for the six new stations to be built on the Weston, Lake Shore East and Stouffville corridors. The future of these stations is cloudy for various reasons:
- The Finch East station on the Stouffville corridor is in a residential neighbourhood where there is considerable opposition to its establishment, and grade separation, let alone a station structure, will be quite intrusive.
- The Lawrence East station on the Stouffville corridor would be of dubious value if the L2EE includes a station at McCowan and Lawrence. Indeed, that station was removed from the city plans specifically to avoid drawing demand away from SmartTrack.
- There is no plan for a TTC level fare on GO Transit/SmartTrack, and the discount now offered is available only to riders who pay single fares (the equivalent of tokens) via Presto, not to riders who have monthly passes.
- Provincial plans for service at SmartTrack stations is unclear. Originally, and as still claimed in city reports, SmartTrack stations would see 6-10 trains/hour. However, in February 2018, Metrolinx announced a new service design for its GO expansion program using a mix of local and express trains. This would reduce the local stops, including most SmartTrack locations, to 3 or 4 trains/hour. I sought clarification of the conflict between the two plans from Metrolinx most recently on April 3, 2019 and they are still “working on my request” two weeks later.
Some of the SmartTrack stations will be very costly because of the constrained space on corridors where they will be built. The impetus for Council to spend on stations would be substantially reduced if train service will be infrequent, and the cost to ride will be much higher than simply transferring to and from TTC routes. Both the Mayor and the province owe Council an explanation of just what they would be buying into, although that could be difficult as cancelling or scaling back the SmartTrack stations project would eliminate the last vestige of John Tory’s signature transit policy.
The Line 2 East Extension
The City Manager reports that the alignment of the provincial version of the three-stop subway is not yet confirmed, nor are the location of planned stations. Shifting the terminus north to Sheppard and McCowan and possibly shifting the station at Scarborough Town Centre will completely invalidate the existing design work for STC. This is an example of potential throwaway work costs the city faces.
The design at Sheppard/McCowan will depend on whether the intent is to through-route service from Line 2 onto Line 4, or to provide an interchange station where both lines would terminate. The L2EE would have to operate as a terminal station for a time, in any event, because provincial plans call for the Line 4 extension to follow the L2EE’s completion.
An amended Transit Project Assessment (TPAP) will be needed for the L2EE, and this cannot even begin without more details of the proposed design.
The Ontario Line
Although this line is expected to follow the already approved route of the Relief Line between Pape and Osgoode Stations, the map in the provincial budget is vague about the stations showing different names and possibly a different alignment. This could be a case of bad map-making, or it could represent a real change from city/TTC plans to the provincial version.
A TPAP will definitely be required for the extended portions of the line west of Osgoode and north of Pape. A pending technical briefing may answer some issues raised by the city/TTC including details of just where the line would go and what technology will be used, but the degree of secrecy to date on this proposal does not bode well for a fully worked-out plan.
The item was approved at Council with several amendments whose effects overall were:
- The City Manager and TTC CEO are to work with the province:
- to determine the effects of the provincial announcement,
- to negotiate principles for cost sharing including ongoing maintenance and funding arrangements, and
- to seek replacement of funding that had been anticipated through increased gas tax transfers to the city.
- The city will consider dedication of its PTIF funding for the Line 2 extension and for the Relief Line to Ontario’s projects subject to this review.
- The city requests “confirmation that the provincial transit plans will not result in an unreasonable delay” to various transit projects including the Relief line, the one-stop L2EE, SmartTrack Stations, Eglinton and Waterfront LRT lines.
- Discussions with the province should also include:
- those lines that were not in the provincial announcement,
- compensation for sunk design costs,
- phasing options to bring priority segments of the Relief Line in-service as early as possible,
- city policy objectives such as development at stations, and
- public participation on the provincial plans.
- The City Manager is to investigate the acceleration of preliminary design and engineering on the Waterfront and Eglinton East LRT using city monies saved from costs assumed by the province.
- The City Manager is to report back to Council at its June 2019 meeting.
Former TTC Chair Mike Colle moved:
That City Council direct that, if there are any Provincial transit costs passed on to the City of Toronto as a result of the 17.3 billion dollar gap in the Province’s transit expansion plans, these costs should be itemized on any future property tax bills as “The Provincial Transit Plan Tax Levy”.
This was passed by a margin of 18 to 8 with Mayor Tory in support. | <urn:uuid:81c46334-4101-417b-b43a-ea8c0d3985ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stevemunro.ca/2019/04/17/61-questions-and-counting/?like_comment=58493&_wpnonce=ced2f71e0f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.953507 | 2,747 | 1.640625 | 2 |
In order to be considered eligible for an internship, the following criteria must be fulfilled:
a. Be a recent graduate* or current student in a graduate/undergraduate school
programme from a university or higher education facility accredited by UNESCO; and
b. Have completed at least two years of undergraduate studies in a field relevant or of
interest to the work of the Organization.
An individual whose father, mother, son, daughter, brother or sister is a staff member of
UNHCR, including a Temporary Appointment holder or a member of the Affiliate Workforce,
is not eligible for an internship.
*Recent graduates are to be considered those persons who completed their studies within one year of
applying for an internship with UNHCR.
Duties and Qualifications
-Contribute to the creation of a network of community-based social media influencers who support UNHCR advocacy in France
*Social media monitoring and mapping of influent CB social media influencers
*Identify themes which interest refugee media influencers (access to education, protection of refugee women and girl, integration through sports, etc.)
*Provide trainings, briefing and create opportunities for refugee media influencers
Support refugee spokespersons in the elaboration and display of awareness-raising digital campaigns
-Increase UNHCR¿s capacity to share reliable and translated information to support refugees across France
*Help to a better understanding of digital communication channels mostly used by refugees and diasporas (messaging apps and social media)
*Mobilize refugee social media influencers for a better share and translation of good information to refugees and asylum seekers in France
*Develop partnerships with external stakeholders and coordinate the network
-Promote the participation of refugees in the decisions that shape their lives
*Help refugee influencers and speakers to empower themselves through social media
*Reflect on fostering refugee mobility across France and access to employment thanks to the social media influencer¿s role
Minimum Qualifications and Professional Experience Required:
*A Degree in Political Science, Social Science, Law, International Relations, Communication, or related field
*Knowledge of (an)other language(s) spoken by refugees¿ communities in France is a strong asset
*Skills in social media and digital communication
*Intercultural communication skills
*Ability to work in team
*A previous experience in the field of refugees and asylum seekers¿ protection in France as well as a knowledge of refugees¿ use of social media would be appreciated
Required proficiency level in French and in English is B2 minimum.
The B2 level is defined as follows in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages :
*Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation.
*Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party.
*Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
Please note UNHCR never requires the payment of any sort of fees at any stage of any recruitment process.
Questions related to technical difficulties applying through the platform may be addressed to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Due to the high number of applications, only the candidates retained for interview will be contacted.
See below for this postion’s Operational Context
UNHCR in France is looking for new ways to support refugee volunteering and engagement in France, notably through the digital engagement of community-based social media influencers in France.
In 2021, UNHCR in France was part of the winners of the Digital Inclusion for Proposals of UNHCR¿s innovation Unit to receive funding and support to test solution in community-led connectivity. UNHCR in France is planning to work with community-based social media influencers to support refugee volunteering and engagement. On June 2021, UNHCR published a study called ¿We must succeed together¿ which relies on researches and analysis conducted in 2018-2019 on refugee engagement in more than 15 volunteer groups and organisations across 7 areas in France. The report comprises information on the participation of refugees in the response to the Covid-19 crisis in France. UNHCR in France is actively promoting the participation of refugees in decisions influencing their lives based on refugee stories identified across France, key findings of the study and specific projects in partnership with various partners.
UNHCR in France pursues this advocacy work and facilitate the digital inclusion of refugee influencers with a digital project aiming to improve two-way communication with PoCs in France.
The application deadline is Wednesday 24/11/2021 at 24h.
For more information please open this link | <urn:uuid:30d81566-44c1-4680-9cba-8bfb3ec01cfe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://plopandrei.com/communications-intern-job-in-paris-france-united-nations-high-commissioner-for-refugees-unhcr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.906413 | 1,006 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Transition from school to the world of work : experiences of individuals with physical disabilities from a special school in KwaZulu-Natal.
With the move in South Africa towards equal employment opportunities in the open labour market, schools as well as business face the challenge of preparing individuals with disabilities for successful transition from school to work. This study examined the extent to which schools and business are working towards helping with this transition process for the disabled. The study explored how individuals with physical disabilities, who have moved into the open labour market, have experienced vocational transition planning at school level, and whether or not these programmes have adequately prepared them for the workplace. The study used a qualitative research methodology. The sample comprised 5 learners who had attended a special needs school in KwaZulu-Natal. The data collection techniques used were semi-structured interviews, which were audio-taped, and transcribed. The findings indicate that the principles of human rights and social justice for all citizens enshrined in policy documents that have emerged in South Africa since 1994, have not been translated into practice. The rights of individuals with disabilities to achieve equality of opportunity and equal access to service in society and their right to full citizenship continues to be violated. The results also revealed that, although the special needs school was concerned with developing relevant curriculum for students with disabilities, very little is done to prepare students for transition from school to the work environment. The study has revealed that students with disabilities require a far more structured, needs driven vocational transition programme, that will enable them to compete more favourably with their able bodied colleagues in the work place. Legislation must be developed to protect and guarantee the vocational transition services of students with disabilities. This legislation must be augmented by an administrative framework to ensure the smooth management and running of a national vocational transition programme. | <urn:uuid:14e84bfa-cb6b-4b73-95eb-4b4d6d0c4511> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10413/2970 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721278.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00148-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969627 | 365 | 2.625 | 3 |
This homemade soap recipe uses brightly coloured soap bits to decorate the lovely green base and give it a fun 'confetti' style look. It's a great way to use up small soap scraps that are left over from other batches you have made.
Essential oils of patchouli, lavender, rose geranium and sweet orange are used to give the soap a wonderful floral scent.
The pretty mint green base is achieved using Hydrated Chromium Green Oxide and white mica.
You can easily make this recipe Palm Free, by simply switching out the palm oil for lard, tallow, shea butter, cocoa butter or mango butter and re-running the recipe through a lye calculator to get the correct amount of sodium hydroxide (lye) needed.
Castor Oil - 27 gr. | 0.95 oz. | 3%
Coconut Oil - 225 gr. | 7.94 oz. | 25%
Olive Oil - 378 gr. | 13.33 oz. | 42%
Palm Oil** - 270 gr. | 9.52 oz. | 30%
Distilled Water - 324 gr. | 11.43 oz.
Lye - 123.48 gr. | 4.36 oz.
Water/Coconut Milk as % of Oils = 36
Super Fat/Discount = 8%
Patchouli E/O - 1/2 tsp. (2.5 ml)
Sweet Orange E/O - 1.5 tsp. (7.5 ml)
Rose Geranium E/O - 1 tsp. (5 ml)
Lavender E/O - 4 tsp. (20 ml)
White Mica - 1 tsp. (5 ml)
Hydrated Chromium Green Oxide - 1/8 tsp. (0.625 ml)
Grated Soap bits - 300 grams
**If you cannot find ethically sourced palm oil or would prefer to not use palm oil at all, it can be substituted with lard, tallow, shea butter, cocoa butter, mango butter, etc. Re-run the recipe through the lye calculator before making | <urn:uuid:ac27bd89-5640-4f2b-bcec-f56c84c15f02> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.soap-making-essentials.com/homemade-soap-recipe-patchouli-lavender.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00357-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.827569 | 447 | 1.617188 | 2 |
When it comes to financial security and stability most advisors teach the importance of diversification. It is a method that mixes a variety of investments within a single portfolio. Most people consider it to be a solid strategy to reduce risk.
What people fail to realize is the results of diversification. When you commit to a diversified portfolio oftentimes you’re subjecting yourself to average results. At CashFlow Tactics, we believe that the financial principles we use are also life principles. And we’ve committed to living extraordinary lives.
Living extraordinarily means more than just hoping for average results. Most people believe diversification is required in a financial plan. We say otherwise. Our goal is to get you on a fast track to financial freedom. To do that, you need focus.
Today, Ryan and Jimmy will teach you exactly what your focus should be on and what happens when you finally Rise Up! Stay tuned!
What Does Diversification Do?
People assume that diversification is required for a healthy portfolio. They believe that it will save them when the market does the unexpected. We argue that it’s just another outdated tactic offered by Goldfish Advisors.
We urge you to try to look at things from an alternate perspective. While we understand the benefit of protecting your assets we believe it may be just the thing holding you back from the success you desire. Take a look at any other area of your life that you’ve succeeded in.
“Big results come on the tail end of focus”- Ryan D. Lee
Maybe you’re a great parent or an accomplished athlete. What did it take to get those results? We bet it took a lot of continued focus and effort. Our point here is that if you want great outcomes then you have to have a very defined and narrowed focus. You can’t be the best athlete, chef, parent, and business person. Expertise in a skill requires our undivided attention.
When your attention is on diversification then you are going to get a watered-down result. If you want you extraordinary then you create a detailed focus.
Jimmy’s Results With Diversification
“Every life principle we have in CashFlow Tactics will also apply to your financial plan”- Jimmy Vreeland
When Brad, Ryan, and Jimmy set out to start Cash Flow Tactics they did it to help themselves. Each of them had fallen for the trap of diversification. They thought they were moving quickly in the right direction when they were just slowing themselves down.
Jimmy had his hand in so many different pots. He was involved in MLM’s, lease options, owning rentals, and investigating cryptocurrency. Jimmy thought he was living his entrepreneurial dream. The problem was there was a deep lack of focus. He thought he was doing the right thing by being diversified. His diversification just led to subpar results.
He realized that diversification was the number one thing standing in his way. So how did diversification become the gold standard? It boils down to giving up our control. People assume that they don’t have the skills or knowledge to move forward on their own.
It’s faulty logic at best. If you feel like you have little control over the market then how much do you think your financial advisor has? They’re in the same boat. If you called up an advisor right now they would recommend a diversified portfolio. But they are just selling you a dream. The hope that one day it will all work out in the end.
If you want to be financially free then you need results now.
Why we Rise Up
People who have achieved massive results in their life and business are not doing what everyone else is. They are doing the exact opposite. It takes focus and commitment. If you diversify then you will be average.
Committing to something requires our focus and that is what leads to the results we’re looking for. If you’re focused and committed then the fear that propels diversification falls away. The people who don’t commit just fall back on the safety net of being average.
True financial freedom can only be achieved by you. You have to remain vigilant and focused on your goals to move your game plan forward. That mindset will keep you from becoming distracted from anything that may get in your way.
When people commit to their focus it is such a breath of fresh air. They are taking their anxiety and lack of control and doing whatever possible to get the results they desire. That is what it means to Rise Up and Live Free. If you’re ready to get focused, then our free 5-day challenge is something you don’t want to miss. | <urn:uuid:c9638a5f-ba36-44a8-8446-b5ba694c6053> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cashflowtactics.com/blog/diversification-vs-focus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.963351 | 977 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Morpeth Antiquarian Society
North East Catholic History Society
Promotes research into the history of the Roman Catholic Church in North East England.
Northumberland & Durham Family History Society
ENG-NDFHS Mailing List
For the members of the Northumberland and Durham (England) Family History Society to provide feedback to the Committee.
Police History Society | People's Collection
North Eastern Police History Society. The history of policing in the North East of England including Northumberland and Durham; and Middlesbrough in the North Riding of Yorkshire.
Ponteland Local History Society
Seahouses Local History Society
Seaton Sluice & Old Hartley Local History Society
Copyright © 1996-2017 Cyndi Ingle, CyndisList.com. All Rights Reserved.
Designed and developed by fusionSpan | <urn:uuid:16018c14-5b9b-435a-9586-69a30f5e5fc8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cyndislist.com/uk/eng/counties/nbl/societies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00238-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.797077 | 173 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Four or five years ago, some time after I decided to bite the technological bullet and get fiber-optic broadband phone and Internet service at home, I gave up my “analog” – copper wire – telephone line.
I almost immediately regretted my decision. During our first extended power outage – and where I live, we typically have several of them a year – we lost phone service. In the pre-digital days we could call others – starting with our electric company – to tell them that our power was out.
I came to regret the switchover even more as the cost of our monthly broadband package climbed from around $85 a month to more than $200 a month. The bill for the old copper line, with no extras like caller ID or a long-distance package, was something like $6 a month.
So maybe it should not have surprised me when I read an AP story the other day that telephone companies are aiming to ditch copper and move their customers to frills-laden digital service, either wireless or Internet-based. Last November, AT&T announced plans to phase out its old copper-line phone system, which covers 76 million homes and businesses in 22 states. Verizon has similar plans.
Copper-wire telephone lines have been in use since 1877, and there were some 186 million such landlines in 2000. But more than 100 million of them have since been disconnected, and at the end of this year, by one estimate, only one in four U.S. households will still have them.
Older Americans and people in rural areas – those least likely to have mobile or Internet-based service – are at the greatest risk of being left behind in the transition, Harold Feld of Public Knowledge, a Washington-based organization that advocates for public access to the Internet and other communications technologies, told AP. Feld asks: “Are we going to handle this transition in a way that recognizes that we have vulnerable populations here?”
I doubt it. What do you think?
Photo: H is for Home via Flickr
Also of Interest
- Thanks, Internet, for the Memories
- Addressing the Digital Divide: Should Everyone Be Able to Read This Story?
- Join AARP: Savings, resources and news for your well-being
See the AARP home page for deals, savings tips, trivia and more | <urn:uuid:ed9963c9-68df-48a5-a82a-c751c85b7425> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.aarp.org/2013/07/12/telephone-companies-move-to-all-broadband-put-rural-elderly-at-risk/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00292-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960136 | 483 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Entomology (Study of Bugs)/fleas and ticks on cats
Will (Ectopamine) which contains oils of lemon, peppermint, cinnamon, thyme, lemon grass and vanillin kill fleas, eggs and ticks on cats and is it safe when used topically as a drop between shoulder blades. I would like to use it in lieu of a chemical composition to control these pests. I realize you are not a vet but you do know if these ingredients kill fleas eggs and ticks. Thank you. Do you know if there are any hazards to cats and people when using these igredients...have they been well tested, long term effects, and documented and by whom. What if the cat licks it off. Any professional advice is appreciated.
I have never used natural flea remedies but I do know that Ectopamine is suggested by vets and it contains and. Lemongrass and cedartwood oil are listed as ingrediants in some natural flea repellants. Oils can kill insects but I suspect thbat the ingrediants in Ectopamine are flea repellants rather then flea killers. I believe Ectopamine is used as a spray rather then adding a drop. Cats will lick anything off of course and nothing in these ingediants is harmful. I can only suggest that you try Ectopamine or you can purchase a product called Evolv | <urn:uuid:8e2afec4-1614-413b-8186-cff85e419e6f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://en.allexperts.com/q/Entomology-Study-Bugs-665/2014/4/fleas-ticks-cats.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00142-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94535 | 291 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Discussed in these episodes
This summer we devoured two novels by Mary Robinette Kowal, “The Calculating Stars” and “The Fated Sky.” They’re both exciting tales of space exploration, with well-rounded characters having to navigate challenges both external and internal, cultural and scientific, personal and global. They’re set in an alternate timeline where the Space Race we know happened quite a bit differently, and at the center is the world-famous Lady Astronaut, Elma York. We seriously can’t recommend these books highly enough. Listen in to find out why, and then stick around for a list of other books we really enjoyed! | <urn:uuid:e749285e-ac3d-4902-be3f-293425d3bcd3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theincomparable.com/topics/the-fated-sky/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.936034 | 147 | 1.835938 | 2 |
The Chewing Gum ban in Singapore was enacted in 1992 and revised in 2004. It bans the import and sale of chewing gum in Singapore. Since 2004, chewing gum of therapeutic value has been allowed into Singapore following the United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (USS-FTA). Chewing gum was causing serious maintenance problems in high-rise public housing flats, with vandals disposing of spent gum in mailboxes, inside keyholes and even on elevator buttons. Chewing gum left on floors, stairways and pavements in public areas increased the cost of cleaning and damaged cleaning equipment. Gum stuck on the seats of public buses also constantly vexed passengers. However, Lee thought that a ban would be "too drastic" and did not take action. In 1987, the S$5 billion metro system, the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), began operations. It was then the largest public project ever implemented in Singapore, and expectations were high. One of the champions of the project, Ong Teng Cheong, who later became the first democratically-elected President, declared," the MRT will usher in a new phase in Singapore's development and bring about a better life for all of us." It was then reported that vandals had begun sticking chewing gum on the door sensors of MRT trains, preventing the door from functioning properly and causing disruption of train services. Such incidents were rare but costly and culprits were difficult to apprehend. In January 1992, Goh Chok Tong, who had just taken over as Prime Minister, decided on a ban. The restriction on the distribution of chewing gum was enacted in Singapore Statute Chapter 57, the Control of Manufacture Act, which also governs the restriction of alcohol and tobacco. After the ban was announced, the import of chewing gum was immediately halted. However, a reasonable transition period was given to allow shops to clear their existing stocks. After that, the sale of chewing gum was completely terminated.
Gum was allowed in Singapore from the 2000s
there is no chewing gum allowed in Singapore
Nothing will happen. It is legal to have gum for personal consumption if you buy it from pharmacies. As of now, only gum with therapeutic value is allowed on sale. It is only illegal to import gum into Singapore. The penalty for smuggling gum into Singapore is 1 year in jail, and/or a 10,000 Singapore dollars fine.
Chewing gum has been banned in Singapore since 1992. Only gum of therapeutic value is allowed.
I don't actually AGREE, but that's only because Singapore is a country, and there's bound to be SOMEONE in there that chews gum.
No,they do not because chewing gum is also illigel in Singapore and in gum base,there is gum so they do not sell them in Singapore.
School, church, library, Singapore, Court
Not in a public place. The selling of gum to children is treated like selling alcohol to kids here in the US,
Chewing gum is banned in Singapore.
Chewing Gum is banned in Singapore.
In Singapore it is illegal to chew gum. Singapore forbids any importation of gum that is not for medical purposes.
You can't gum is illegal there. | <urn:uuid:411eb54d-f31c-423f-8b57-340f9eb070f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.answers.com/Q/Why_is_gum_not_allowed_in_Singapore | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.976154 | 650 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Lawsuit Says Facebook, MySpace App Failed to Protect User Data
An Indiana man has filed a class action lawsuit against RockYou, alleging it failed to protect the personal data of more than 32 million customers.
On Dec. 16, Indiana resident Alan Claridge received an e-mail from RockYou, a developer of widgets and applications designed for social networking sites, such as Facebook and MySpace, warning him that his personal information -- along with some 32 million other users -- may have been hacked because the company failed to properly secure a key customer database.
Claridge responded to the security breach -- which RockYou discovered itself just a couple weeks before sending out the foreboding e-mailby filing a class action lawsuit (available here in PDF format) on the behalf of himself and more than 32 million other people who either have or will soon be receiving the bad news in their inbox.
Michael Aschenbrener, the lead attorney for KamberEdelson LLC, the law firm handling the suit, claims that RockYou inexplicably failed to encrypt a database containing customers' e-mail accounts, passwords, and login credentials for a variety of social networking sites. Instead, the lawsuit contends, RockYou kept all this critical data stored in plaintext files that were easily accessed by hackers for an unknown period of time.
"The alleged data breach was by no means unforeseeable," Aschenbrener said in a statement. "The means of the attack has been well-documented for some time, as has the means to prevent it."
"RockYou allegedly did nothing to prevent the attack or safeguard its customers' sensitive personal information," he added. "How any company in possession of this much data could do nothing to secure it not only violates the law, but also basic common sense."
The lawsuit, which was filed in the U.S. District Court in San Francisco, contains nine counts including negligence, breach of contract, violation of California's Computer Crime Law and California's Security Breach Information Act. The suit demands that RockYou protects customer data, and also seeks "unspecified damages."
In an apologetic explanation posted on its Web site, RockYou officials said it immediately shut down the legacy platform dedicated to RockYou.com widgets as soon as the breach was discovered.
"However, because the platform breached contained user e-mail addresses and passwords, we recommend that our RockYou.com users change their passwords for their e-mail and other online accounts if they use the same e-mail accounts and passwords for multiple online services," RockYou said. "Changing passwords may prevent anyone from gaining unauthorized access to our users' other online accounts. We are separately communicating with our users so that they take this step and are informed of the facts."
RockYou officials said it does not collect users' financial information used to buy popular social networking applications such as "Pieces of Flair" and "SuperWall."
The company added that the breach did not impact any advertiser or publisher information nor user information for people downloading RockYou applications on its partner sites including Facebook, MySpace, Hi5, Friendster, Bebo, Orkut, Mixi, and Cyworld.
"We are sorry for the inconvenience this illegal intrusion onto the RockYou system has caused our users," RockYou said in the posting. "We will continue to advise our users of any information that would help them."
Hackers have feasted on social networking sites for years and security software vendors predict the worst is yet to come as Facebook and Twitter become more popular and more populated by myriad third-party applications.
"Unfortunately, this represents another in a long line of data loss disasters and cloud computing catastrophes in 2009," Aschenbrener said. "For everyones sake, let's hope companies resolve to protect their customer data in 2010."
While it may be far too little and way too late for millions of social networking fanatics, RockYou says it is now encrypting all passwords, will upgrade the legacy platform with improved infrastructure and security protocols and review all of its current data security features to ensure "that they meet industry standards and best practices."
Larry Barrett is a senior editor at InternetNews.com. Based in Las Vegas, Larry covers IT management, enterprise software, services and security. | <urn:uuid:bcfcec77-0c7a-4e68-81eb-4d75b0a65be8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.esecurityplanet.com/news/article.php/3856116/Lawsuit-Says-Facebook-MySpace-App-Failed-to-Protect-User-Data.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00287-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950272 | 879 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Migrants and Settlers: Miners, Packers and Vaqueros
and Migrant Workers
Traditions and Community Formation
Mexicans have lived in the Pacific Northwest since the 1850s.
They continued to come to the region for mining and ranching
opportunities through the latter half of the nineteenth century. In
the first two decades of the twentieth century, political and
economic conditions in Mexico that resulted from revolution and the
repressive policies of President Porfirio Diaz pushed many out of
Mexico to go north. Agricultural and railroad expansion and labor
shortages in the United States also pulled thousands of Mexicans
from their homeland to the Southwest and to other regions of the
Mexican American communities in the Columbia River Basin began to
grow dramatically beginning in the early 1940s. World War II
agricultural labor shortages drew more Mexican Americans and Mexican
immigrants to the region. By the1960s small enclaves of families who
decided to “settle out” of the migrant stream dotted rural
communities in southwestern Idaho, the Treasure Valley in Oregon and
Idaho, Willamette Valley in Oregon, and the Yakima Valley in
Washington. In the last three decades of the twentieth century, a
new migration wave from Mexico brought thousands more to the region
who joined their predecessors and helped create vibrant communities.
Today Mexican Americans populate urban areas as well, as significant
numbers have chosen to settle in Portland, Spokane, and Boise, and
are counted among the 623,000 people of Mexican origin enumerated by
the Census of 2000 in the states of Idaho, Oregon, and
Early Migrants and Settlers: Miners, Packers and
Some of the earliest Mexican migrants in the Columbia River Basin
were mule packers, miners, and vaqueros (cowboys). Mexican mule
packers were the descendants of generations of Spanish-Mexicans who
learned their trade in Mexico, the Southwest, and California and
moved supplies of all types from distribution points in northern
California to areas as far north as the Illinois Valley in Oregon.
In the mid-1850s, Mexican packers also supplied the Second Regiment
Oregon Mounted Volunteers during the Rogue River War in Oregon, and
in the 1870s brought supplies to the mining camps in Idaho. Mexican
miners worked the placers in the hills near Idaho City, and in the
late 1870s Manuel Fontez discovered rich quartz veins in the Salmon
River Mountains between the middle and south forks.
their mule-packer cultural siblings, Mexican vaqueros learned their
trade centuries before in the ranchos of Spanish and Mexican
California and Texas. They developed their skills in horsemanship
and in the various tasks required to tend cattle herds. They brought
their talents to Idaho and Oregon in the early 1870s and trained
young Anglos aspiring to become cowboys. In 1872 rancher John Devine
hired Mexican vaqueros to trail his herd to Oregon from California.
Several of these men who worked with Devine until the turn of the
century became some of the earliest Mexican American settlers in the
Pacific Northwest. Vaqueros from Texas and from California also
distinguished themselves in Idaho as they did in Oregon. Felipe
Carruso and his California vaqueros managed thousands of cattle for
Dan Murphy in Owyhee County. Joseph Amera acquired land and stock of
his own and raised thousands of cattle near White Bird, and
Guadalupe Valdez worked cattle in south central Idaho.
Railroad and Migrant
The story of Mexican Americans in the Pacific Northwest in the
twentieth century is closely related to the development of the
railroads and irrigated agriculture. Revolution and the resulting
chaotic economic conditions in Mexico caused hundreds of thousands
of Mexicans to enter the United States in the years from 1917 to the
outbreak of the Great Depression in1929. The expansion of sugar beet
production in Idaho “pulled” Mexican migrants to the Columbia River
Basin. As demand for labor increased, recruiters for the railroad
companies and agriculture fanned out to the southwestern states and
border cities in northern Mexico and enlisted many Mexicans eager to
find work and a better life in the United States.
Some migrants hired out with the railroad companies in the
Southwest and Midwest working in “el traque” (railroad section
gangs) and ended up in Idaho. Rita Perez’s parents came to Idaho
Falls in 1925. In an oral history interview
Perez recalls that her father worked for the railroad and “traveled
a lot” before deciding to settle in Idaho Falls. Other Mexicans came
to Oregon to work with the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company,
the Union Pacific Railroad, and the Oregon Short Line in the years
before World War I.
Thousands of migrant workers from Mexico and the
Southwest also came to the Columbia River Basin in response to
aggressive recruitment of sugar companies and farmers. Others made
it to Idaho, Oregon, and Washington on their own as word of work
opportunities traveled through kinship networks. Juanita Huerta’s
parents migrated from the Mexican state of Zacatecas to Shelby,
Idaho in 1918, where she was born the same year. Thomas
parents crossed the border at El Paso and boarded a
train of the Utah and Idaho Sugar Company to Blackfoot, Idaho, to
work in the beet fields. Sally De La Garza’s parents first migrated
to Montana in the early 1900s, where her father worked for a sugar
company and as a laborer for the railroad. Her family moved to Idaho
in 1932 and settled near Idaho Falls to work on farms. The Great
Depression dramatically slowed Mexican migration to the region but
did not stop it completely.
||Agricultural production expanded with the
advent of World War II, and the demand for labor increased again.
Recruiters sought Mexicans and Mexican Americans in northern Mexico
and the Southwest, who responded by the thousands and came to toil
in the fields and orchards of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. This
time the federal
government also joined the effort by entering into an agreement
with Mexico to import Mexican contract workers, who became known as
braceros, to harvest the crops in the Pacific Northwest and other
regions of the country.
Mexican Americans continued to migrate to the region. For example,
Rodriguez came with his family to Aberdeen, Idaho in 1941 from
their home in Karnes City, Texas. They settled in Nampa in 1954.
Not all Mexicans or Mexican Americans migrated
directly to the Columbia River Basin. Victoria Sierra’s family, who
settled in Pocatello, Idaho in 1942, first moved to Grand Junction
from their home in La Junta, Colorado. The family then moved to
Nyssa, Oregon before settling in Pocatello. Abel Vasquez’s family
first moved to Salt Lake City before migrating to Preston, Idaho.
|In the post-World
War II years, agricultural work opportunities continued to
attract Mexicans and Mexican Americans to Oregon, Idaho, and
Washington. In Oregon Mexicans and Mexican Americans from California
and Texas worked the crops in the Rogue River, the Willamette, Hood
River, and the Treasure Valleys. In central Washington Mexicans and
Mexican Americans concentrated in the Yakima Valley but also worked
in the Wenatchee Valley and the Pasco and Walla Walla areas. In
western Washington they worked as far north as the Mt. Vernon area
in the Skagit Valley. Mexicans
and Mexican Americans worked in the south central and
southwestern parts of Idaho, including the Treasure Valley.
Depending on the location these itinerant workers thinned sugar
beets, topped onions, harvested hops and green beans, and picked
potatoes, apples, asparagus and cherries. As early as the mid-1940s
many Mexican American migrant workers began "settling out" of the
migrant stream to seek year-round employment and to establish
permanent roots in the areas where they worked. As new food
processing plants provided jobs and as more of their children
received an education, Mexican Americans were able to establish
Cultural Traditions and Community
Today the Latino communities in the Columbia River Basin are a
legacy of agricultural expansion and of the cultural and religious
traditions of Mexican Americans. The Mexican settlers of the 1920s
and 1930s were few in number and lived in considerable isolation
from their ethnic counterparts in the Southwest. However, as their
numbers increased in the 1940s and 1950s their cultural and
religious celebrations fostered ethnic solidarity.
|Mexican Americans in Idaho staged Mexican
fiestas in the labor camps of Wilder, Nampa, and Caldwell in the
1940s and the 1950s. In 1957 in Quincy, Washington, Mexican
Americans began celebrating the Mexican fiesta. In Woodburn, Oregon,
Mexican Americans organized the first Fiesta Mexicana in August
1964, with support from the local businesses. Fiesta Mexicana has
been held annually since then and is the longest running Mexican
American celebration in Oregon’s Willamette Valley.
With the advent of the Chicano Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s
and early 1970s, Mexican Americans in the Columbia River Basin
placed new value on the need to “go back” to their cultural roots as
people of Mexican origin. “Escuelitas” (little schools), community
cultural centers, artists, and dance and theater groups sprouted to
give direction to the cultural renaissance. “La Escuelita” was
founded in Granger, Washington in 1969, and the same year in
Oregon’s Willamette Valley, Centro Chicano Cultural was organized
near Woodburn. In 1972 in Caldwell, Idaho, Mexican American families
organized FAMA (Familias Mexico Americanas) to promote the
preservation of Mexican American culture. These groups stressed the
need to preserve the Spanish language, to study Mexican history, and
to present Mexican and Mexican American cultural traditions. In
turn, theater groups such as El Teatro del Piojo (theater of lice)
sought to promote awareness of social issues affecting Mexican
Americans in the Pacific Northwest.
Religion-based celebrations and customs also fostered ethnic
solidarity and the continuity of Mexican culture among Mexican
American communities in the Pacific Northwest. Compadrazgo
(co-parenthood), which centered on baptism of Mexican and Mexican
American children, bonded families together. For Mexican American
girls an important event was the Quinceañera, an event that
signifies the passage of a girl to womanhood and is celebrated when
Mexican American girls reach their fifteenth birthday. Other common
religion-based celebrations are Las Posadas and the anniversary of
the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe to the Indian Juan Diego.
Las Posadas represent the re-creation of Mary and Joseph’s search
for lodging. Like the Mexican fiestas, these religion-based
celebrations have fostered cultural continuity and reinforced
Mexican American identity in the Columbia River Basin.
Volunteer, cultural, and political associations also played a
very important role in the formation of Mexican American communities
in the Columbia River Basin. In 1955, Nampa World War II veteran
Tony Rodriguez founded a local chapter of the American G. I. Forum,
an advocacy organization for Mexican American veterans. In Nyssa,
Oregon, Christina De La Cruz Vendrell helped establish Siempre
Adelante (Always Forward), an organization that emerged in 1954 as a
Mexican American community effort to seek justice in the hit- and-
run death of a young Mexican American killed by a drunk Anglo
driver. In 1967 the Mexican American Federation was organized in
Yakima, Washington, to advocate for community development and
political empowerment for Mexican Americans in the Yakima Valley. La
Sociedad Mutualista, founded in Granger, Washington in 1968, focused
on self-help for its members and sponsorship of social and cultural
events. In 1968 Woodburn residents created the Latin American Club
to promote preservation of Mexican American culture and awareness of
||Since the 1970s, the most visible organizations for
Mexican Americans in the region have been advocates for farm
workers. The United
Farm Workers Union, based in Sunnyside, Washington in the Yakima
Valley, has tried to organize and represent farm workers. PCUN
(Pineros y Campesinos Unidos del Noroeste), based in Woodburn, is
the labor union advocate for Latino farm workers in Oregon. In
Idaho, a labor union for Latino farm workers has not emerged.
However, the Idaho Migrant Council, a non-profit organization, has
advocated for Mexican American farm workers since the early 1970s.
|Until the 1960s, most Mexicans and Mexican Americans
in the Columbia River Basin were migrant farm workers. The
transition to permanent residency and the civil rights movement
changed this status for many, and more Mexican Americans have
received a college education and have joined the ranks of
professionals as educators, bankers, insurance and real estate
agents, lawyers, doctors, journalists, and engineers. The vitality
of Mexican American communities can also be seen in the explosion of
numerous businesses such as taquerias (fast food eateries), restaurants,
bakeries and tortillerías (tortilla factories), and tienditas (small
grocery stores that stock Mexican and other Latino ethnic foods)
that dot the region’s landscape. Mexican American entrepreneurial
achievement is also represented in the abundance of businesses in
lawn care and landscape services and auto repair shops throughout
the region. Perhaps a more powerful indicator of the social and
economic impact of the Mexican American presence in the Pacific
Northwest is the proliferation of numerous Spanish-language
newspapers, radio stations, and television programs that cater to
Spanish-speaking audiences throughout the region.
Today, Mexican American communities in the Columbia
River Basin are still in process of formation as new immigrants
continue to come to the region. Since 1970 record numbers of
Mexicans have entered the United States, and many of these have
entered without legal documentation. They have joined Mexican
Americans in established communities such as Sunnyside in
Washington’s Yakima Valley, Woodburn in the Willamette Valley of
Oregon, and Caldwell in western Idaho, and constitute the majority
in some small rural communities such as Wapato, Washington. They are
also settling in urban and remote, isolated areas previously
unpopulated by Mexicans or Mexican Americans. Prior to 1970, a small
population, low levels of education, and discrimination kept Mexican
Americans from any meaningful political participation in the
communities where they resided. Mexican Americans and Mexicans will
continue to shape politics and culture in the Columbia River Basin
as more of them become U.S. citizens and more second-generation
descendants obtain an education, vote, develop businesses, and
contribute to the cultural life of the region.
- Mario Compean
Acuna, Rodolfo. Occupied America: A History of Chicanos.
Third Edition. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1988.
Griswold Del Castillo, Richard and Anrnoldo De Leon. North to Aztlán A
History of Mexican Americans. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997.
Gamboa, Erasmo. “A History of the Chicano People and the Development of
Agriculture in the Yakima Valley, Washington.” M.A. Thesis, University of
Gamboa, Erasmo. “Mexican Migration Into Washington State: A History,
1940-1960.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 72. No. 1 (January 1981).
Gamboa, Erasmo. “Mexican Labor and World WA II: Braceros in the Pacific
Northwest, 1943-1947: A Photographic Essay.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly
73, No. 4 (October 1982).
Gamboa, Erasmo. “Braceros in the Pacific Northwest: Laborers on the
Domestic Front, 1942-1947.” Pacific Historical Review 56 (August 1987).
Gamboa, Erasmo. Mexican Labor and World War II: Braceros in the Pacific
Northwest, 1942-1947. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
Gamboa, Erasmo. “Mexican Mule Packers and Oregon’s Second Regiment
Mounted Volunteers, 1855-1856.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 92 (Spring
Gamboa, Erasmo and Carolyn M. Buan, Editors. Nosotros The Hispanic
People of Oregon: Essays and Recollections. Portland, Oregon: Oregon
Council for the Humanities, 1995.
Garcia, Gilberto. “Organizational Activity and Political Empowerment:
Chicano Politics in the Pacific Northwest,” in Maldonado, Carlos and
Gilberto Garcia, editors, The Chicano Experience in the Northwest. Second
Edition. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendal/Hunt Publishing Company, 1998.
Garcia Jerry. “ The History of a Chicano/Mexicano Community in the
Pacific Northwest: Quincy Washington 1948-1993.” M. A. Thesis, Eastern
Washington University, 1993.
Lopez, Camilo. Interviewed by Barbara Pulling. Boise: Idaho Oral
History Center, Dec. 15, 1989.
Lopez, Maria Rodriguez. Interview by
Patricia McDaniel. Boise: Idaho Oral History Center, April 26,
Murillo, Thomas. Interviewed by Angela Luckey. Boise: Idaho Oral
History Center, May 13, 1991.
Maldonado, Carlos, “Mexicanos in Spokane, 1930-1992.” Revista Apple 3,
No. 1-2 (Spring 1992).
Maldonado, Carlos. “An Overview of the Mexicano/Chicano Presence in the
Pacific Northwest,” in Maldonado, Carlos and Gilberto Garcia, editors, The
Chicano Experience in the Northwest. Second Edition. Dubuque, Iowa:
Kendal/Hunt Publishing Company, 1998.
Mercier, Laurie. “Idaho’s Latin Americans,” in Mercier, Laurie and
Carole Simon-Smolinski, editors, Idaho’s Ethnic Heritage: Historical
Overviews. Vol. 2. Boise: Idaho Centennial Commission and Idaho State
Historical Society, March 1990.
Perez, Rita Padilla. Interviewed by Rosa Rodriguez. Boise: Idaho Oral
History Center, August 25, 1991.
Rodriguez, Antonio Hernandez. Interviewed by Patricia McDaniel. Boise:
Idaho Oral History Center, November 5 and 10, 1991.
Rosalez, Epigmenio. Interviewed by Angela Luckey. Boise: Idaho Oral
History Center, Idaho May 23, 1991.
Sierra, Victoria Archuleta. Interviewed by Mary Hall. Boise: Idaho Oral
History Center, Jan. 10, 1991.
Slatta, Richard Wayne. “Chicanos in the Pacific Northwest: An
Historical Overview of Oregon’s Chicanos.” Aztlan 6, No. 3 (Fall | <urn:uuid:24c8bb3a-2fae-4fbf-a893-77432973de7a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://archive.vancouver.wsu.edu/crbeha/ma/ma.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917177 | 4,141 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Joseph (Hebrew: יוסף, romanized: Yosef; Greek: Ἰωσήφ, romanized: Ioséph) was a 1st-century Jewish man of Nazareth who, according to the canonical Gospels, was married to Mary, the mother of Jesus, and was the legal father of Jesus. The Gospels also name some brothers of Jesus which may have been: (1) the sons of Mary, the mother of Jesus, and Joseph; (2) sons of Mary, the wife of Clopas and sister of Mary the mother of Jesus; or (3) sons of Joseph by a former marriage.
|Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary|
Legal father of Jesus
Prince and Patron of the Universal Church
Guardian of the Holy Family
|Venerated in||All Christian denominations that venerate saints|
|Attributes||Carpenter's square or tools, holding the infant Jesus Christ, staff with lily blossoms, two turtle doves, and the rod of spikenard.|
|Patronage||Catholic Church, among others fathers, workers, married people, persons living in exile, the sick and dying, for a holy death|
Joseph is venerated as Saint Joseph in the Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and Anglicanism. His feast day is observed by some Lutherans. In Catholic traditions, Joseph is regarded as the patron saint of workers and is associated with various feast days. The month of March is dedicated to Saint Joseph. Pope Pius IX declared him to be both the patron and the protector of the Catholic Church, in addition to his patronages of the sick and of a happy death, due to the belief that he died in the presence of Jesus and Mary. Joseph has become patron of various dioceses and places. Being a patron saint of the virgins, too, he is venerated as "most chaste". A specific veneration is tributed to the most chaste and pure heart of Saint Joseph.
Several venerated images of Saint Joseph have been granted a decree of canonical coronation by a pontiff. Religious iconography often depicts him with lilies or spikenard. With the present-day growth of Mariology, the theological field of Josephology has also grown and since the 1950s centers for studying it have been formed.
In the New TestamentEdit
The Pauline epistles are the oldest extant Christian writings. These mention Jesus' mother (without naming her), but do not refer to his father. The Gospel of Mark, believed to be the first gospel to be written and with a date about two decades after Paul, also does not mention Jesus' father.
The first appearance of Joseph is in the gospels of Matthew and Luke, often dated from around 80–90 AD. Each contains a genealogy of Jesus showing ancestry from King David, but through different sons; Matthew follows the major royal line from Solomon, while Luke traces another line back to Nathan, another son of David and Bathsheba. Consequently, all the names between David and Joseph are different.
Like the two differing genealogies, the infancy narratives appear only in Matthew and Luke and take different approaches to reconciling the requirement that the Messiah be born in Bethlehem with the tradition that Jesus in fact came from Nazareth. In Matthew, Joseph obeys the direction of an angel to marry Mary. Following the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem, Joseph is told by an angel in a dream to take the family to Egypt to escape the massacre of the children of Bethlehem planned by Herod, the ruler of the Roman province of Judea. Once Herod has died, an angel tells Joseph to return but to avoid Herod's son, and he takes his wife and the child to Nazareth in Galilee and settles there. Thus in Matthew, the infant Jesus, like Moses, is in peril from a cruel king, like Moses he has a (fore)father named Joseph who goes down to Egypt, like the Old Testament Joseph this Joseph has a father named Jacob, and both Josephs receive important dreams foretelling their future.
In the Gospel book of Luke, Joseph already lives in Nazareth, and Jesus is born in Bethlehem because Joseph and Mary have to travel there to be counted in a census. Subsequently, Jesus was born there. Luke's account makes no mention of him being visited by angels (Mary and various others instead receive similar visitations), the Massacre of the Innocents, or of a visit to Egypt.
The last time Joseph appears in person in any of the canonical Gospels is in the narrative of the Passover visit to the Temple in Jerusalem when Jesus is 12 years old, which is found only in Luke. No mention is made of him thereafter. The story emphasizes Jesus' awareness of his coming mission: here Jesus speaks to his parents (both of them) of "my father," meaning God, but they fail to understand (Luke 2:41–51).
Christian tradition represents Mary as a widow during the adult ministry of her son. Joseph is not mentioned as being present at the Wedding at Cana at the beginning of Jesus' mission, nor at the Passion at the end. If he had been present at the Crucifixion, he would under Jewish custom have been expected to take charge of Jesus' body, but this role is instead performed by Joseph of Arimathea. Nor would Jesus have entrusted his mother to the care of John the Apostle if her husband had been alive.
While none of the Gospels mentions Joseph as present at any event during Jesus' adult ministry, the synoptic Gospels share a scene in which the people of Nazareth, Jesus' hometown, doubt Jesus' status as a prophet because they know his family. In Mark 6:3, they call Jesus "Mary's son" instead of naming his father. In Matthew, the townspeople call Jesus "the carpenter's son," again without naming his father. (Matthew 13:53–55) In Luke 3:23 NIV: "Now Jesus himself was about thirty years old when he began his ministry. He was the son, so it was thought, of Joseph, the son of Heli," (Luke 4:16–30); or alternatively punctuated: "(ὡς ἐνομ. τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ) τοῦ Ἡλί, ‘the son (as supposed of Joseph, but in reality) of Heli'". In Luke the tone of the contemporary people is positive, whereas in Mark and Matthew it is disparaging. This incident does not appear in John, but in a parallel story the disbelieving neighbors refer to "Jesus the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know" (John 6:41–51).
Mentions in the GospelsEdit
|1||Joseph lived in Nazareth||Luke 2:4|
|2||Genealogy of Jesus||Matthew 1:1–17 Solomon to Jacob||Luke 3:23 Nathan to Heli|
|3||Joseph Betrothed to Mary||Matthew 1:18|
|4||Angel visits Joseph (1st dream)||Matthew 1:20–21|
|5||Joseph and Mary travel to Bethlehem||Luke 2:1–5|
|6||Birth of Jesus||Matthew 1:25||Luke 2:6–7|
|7||Temple presentation||Luke 2:22–24|
|8||Angel tells Joseph to flee (2nd dream)||Matthew 2:13|
|9||Flight into Egypt||Matthew 2:14–15|
|10||Angel tells Joseph to return to Nazareth (3rd dream)||Matthew 2:19–20|
|11||Joseph and family settle in Nazareth||Matthew 2:21–23||Luke 2:39|
|12||Finding Jesus in the Temple||Luke 2:41–51|
|13||Holy Family||John 6:41–42|
Joseph appears in Luke as the father of Jesus and in a "variant reading in Matthew". Matthew and Luke both contain a genealogy of Jesus showing his ancestry from David, but through different sons; Matthew follows the major royal line from Solomon, while Luke traces another line back to Nathan, another son of David and Bathsheba. Consequently, all the names between David and Joseph are different. According to Matthew 1:16 "Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary", while according to Luke 3:23, Joseph is said to be "the son of Heli".
The variances between the genealogies given in Matthew and Luke are explained in a number of ways. One possibility is that Matthew's genealogy traces Jesus' legal descent, according to Jewish law, through Joseph; while Luke's genealogy traces his actual physical descent through Mary. Another possibility proposed by Julius Africanus is that both Joseph and his father were the sons of Levirate marriages. A third explanation proposed by Augustine of Hippo is that Joseph was adopted, and his two genealogies trace Joseph's lineage through his biological and adopted families.
Is not this the carpenter's son (ho tou tektōnos huios)?
Joseph's description as a "tekton" (τέκτων) has been traditionally translated into English as "carpenter", but is a rather general word (from the same root that gives us "technical" and "technology") that could cover makers of objects in various materials. The Greek term evokes an artisan with wood in general, or an artisan in iron or stone. But the specific association with woodworking is a constant in Early Christian tradition; Justin Martyr (died c. 165) wrote that Jesus made yokes and ploughs, and there are similar early references.
Other scholars have argued that tekton could equally mean a highly skilled craftsman in wood or the more prestigious metal, perhaps running a workshop with several employees, and noted sources recording the shortage of skilled artisans at the time. Geza Vermès has stated that the terms 'carpenter' and 'son of a carpenter' are used in the Jewish Talmud to signify a very learned man, and he suggests that a description of Joseph as 'naggar' (a carpenter) could indicate that he was considered wise and highly literate in the Torah. At the time of Joseph, Nazareth was an obscure village in Galilee, about 65 kilometres (40 mi) from the Holy City of Jerusalem, and is barely mentioned in surviving non-Christian texts and documents. Archaeology over most of the site is made impossible by subsequent building, but from what has been excavated and tombs in the area around the village, it is estimated that the population was at most about 400. It was, however, only about 6 kilometers from the city of Sepphoris, which was destroyed and depopulated by the Romans in 4 BC, and thereafter was expensively rebuilt. Analysis of the landscape and other evidence suggest that in Joseph's lifetime Nazareth was "oriented toward" the nearby city, which had an overwhelmingly Jewish population although with many signs of Hellenization, and historians have speculated that Joseph and later Jesus too might have traveled daily to work on the rebuilding. Specifically the large theatre in the city has been suggested, although this has aroused much controversy over dating and other issues. Other scholars see Joseph and Jesus as the general village craftsmen, working in wood, stone, and metal on a wide variety of jobs.
The name "Joseph" is found almost exclusively in the genealogies and the infancy narratives. Modern positions on the question of the relationship between Joseph and the Virgin Mary vary. The Eastern Orthodox Church, which names Joseph's first wife as Salome, holds that Joseph was a widower and betrothed to Mary, and that references to Jesus' "brothers" were children of Joseph from a previous marriage. The position of the Catholic Church, derived from the writings of Jerome, is that Joseph was the husband of Mary, but that references to Jesus' "brothers" should be understood to mean cousins. Such usage is prevalent throughout history, and occurs elsewhere in the Bible. Abraham's nephew Lot (Genesis 11:26-28) was referred to as his brother (Genesis 14:14), as was Jacob's uncle Laban (Genesis 29:15). Jesus himself frequently used the word "brother" as a generic term for one's fellow man. This custom has continued into modern times, with close friends, colleagues, and fellow churchgoers often called "brothers and sisters." Generally, certain Protestants read "brothers and sisters" of Jesus as referring specifically to children born of Mary. The doctrine of the Perpetual virginity of Mary means among other things that Joseph and Mary never had sexual relations.
The term kiddushin, which refers to the first part of a two-part marriage, is frequently translated as "betrothal". Couples who fulfill the requirements of the kiddushin are married, until death or divorce.
The New Testament has no mention of Joseph's death, but he is never mentioned after Jesus's childhood, and Mary is always presented as by herself, often dressed as a widow, in other texts and art covering the period of the ministry and passion of Jesus. By contrast, the apocryphal History of Joseph the Carpenter, from the 5th or 6th century, has a long account of Joseph's peaceful death, at the age of 111, in the presence of Jesus (aged about 19), Mary and angels. This scene starts to appear in art in the 17th century.
Later apocryphal writingsEdit
The canonical gospels created a problem: they stated clearly that Mary was a virgin when she conceived Jesus, and that Joseph was not his father; however, Jesus was described unambiguously by John and Matthew as "Joseph's son" and "the carpenter's son", yet Joseph's paternity was essential to establish Jesus' Davidic descent. The theological situation was complicated by the gospel references to "brothers and sisters" of Jesus. From the 2nd century to the 5th writers tried to explain how Jesus could be simultaneously the "son of God" and the "son of Joseph".
The first to offer a solution was the apocryphal Gospel of James (also known as the Protoevangelium of James), written about 150 AD. The original gospels never refer to Joseph's age, but the author presents him as an old man chosen by lot (i.e., by God) to watch over the Virgin. Jesus' brothers are presented as Joseph's children by an earlier marriage."
The apocryphal History of Joseph the Carpenter, written in the 5th century and framed as a biography of Joseph dictated by Jesus, describes how Joseph, aged 90, a widower with four sons and two daughters, is given charge of the twelve-year-old Mary, who then lives in his household raising his youngest son James the Less (the supposed author of the Protoevangelium) until she is ready to be married at age 14½. Joseph's death at the age of 111, attended by angels and asserting the perpetual virginity of Mary, takes up approximately half the story.
According to the bishop of Salamis, Epiphanius, in his work The Panarion (AD 374–375) Joseph became the father of James and his three brothers (Joses, Simeon, Judah) and two sisters (a Salome and a Mary or a Salome and an Anna) with James being the eldest sibling. James and his siblings were not children of Mary but were Joseph's children from a previous marriage. After Joseph's first wife died, many years later when he was eighty, "he took Mary (mother of Jesus)".
Eusebius of Caesarea relates in his Church History (Book III, ch. 11) that "Hegesippus records that Clopas was a brother of Joseph and an uncle of Jesus." Epiphanius adds that Joseph and Cleopas were brothers, sons of "Jacob, surnamed Panther."
Origen quotes the Greek philosopher and opponent of early Christianity Celsus (from his work On the True Doctrine, c. 178 AD) as controversially asserting that Joseph left Mary upon learning of her pregnancy: "...when she was pregnant she was turned out of doors by the carpenter to whom she had been betrothed, as having been guilty of adultery, and that she bore a child to a certain soldier named Panthera." Origen, however, argues that Celsus's claim was a fabricated story.
The earliest records of a formal devotional following for Saint Joseph date to the year 800 and references to him as Nutritor Domini (educator/guardian of the Lord) began to appear in the 9th century, and continued growing to the 14th century. Thomas Aquinas discussed the necessity of the presence of Saint Joseph in the plan of the Incarnation for if Mary had not been married, the Jews would have stoned her and that in his youth Jesus needed the care and protection of a human father.
In the 15th century, major steps were taken by Bernardine of Siena, Pierre d'Ailly, and Jean Gerson. Gerson wrote Consideration sur Saint Joseph and preached sermons on Saint Joseph at the Council of Constance. In 1889 Pope Leo XIII issued the encyclical Quamquam pluries in which he urged Catholics to pray to Saint Joseph, as the patron of the church in view of the challenges facing the church. Likewise, Leo stated that Saint Joseph "set himself to protect with a mighty love and a daily solicitude his spouse and the Divine Infant; regularly by his work he earned what was necessary for the one and the other for nourishment and clothing"
Josephology, the theological study of Saint Joseph, is one of the most recent theological disciplines. In 1989, on the occasion of the centenary of Quamquam pluries Pope John Paul II issued Redemptoris Custos (Guardian of the Redeemer), which presented Saint Joseph's role in the plan of redemption, as part of the "redemption documents" issued by John Paul II such as Redemptoris Mater to which it refers.
Together with the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus, Joseph is one of the three members of the Holy Family; since he only appears in the birth narratives of the Gospels, Jesus is depicted as a child when with him. The formal veneration of the Holy Family began in the 17th century by François de Laval.
In 1962, Pope John XXIII inserted the name of Joseph in the Canon of the Mass, immediately after that of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 2013, Pope Francis had his name added to the three other Eucharistic Prayers.
|Feast of Saint Joseph|
|Observed by||Catholic Church|
|Celebrations||Carrying blessed fava beans, wearing red-coloured clothing, assembling home altars dedicated to Saint Joseph, attending a Saint Joseph's Day parade|
|Observances||Church attendance at Mass or Divine Service|
Saint Joseph's DayEdit
19 March, Saint Joseph's Day, has been the principal feast day of Saint Joseph in Western Christianity since the 10th century, and is celebrated by Catholics, Anglicans, many Lutherans, and other denominations. In Eastern Orthodoxy, the feast day of Saint Joseph is celebrated on the First Sunday after the Nativity of Christ. In the Catholic Church, the Feast of Saint Joseph (19 March) is a solemnity (first class if using the Tridentine calendar), and is transferred to another date if impeded (i.e., 19 March falling on Sunday or in Holy Week).
Popular customs among Christians of various liturgical traditions observing Saint Joseph's Day are attending Mass or the Divine Service, wearing red-coloured clothing, carrying dried fava beans that have been blessed, and assembling home altars dedicated to Saint Joseph.
In Sicily, where Saint Joseph is regarded by many as their patron saint, and in many Italian-American communities, thanks are given to Saint Joseph (San Giuseppe in Italian) for preventing a famine in Sicily during the Middle Ages. According to legend, there was a severe drought at the time, and the people prayed for their patron saint to bring them rain. They promised that if God answered their prayers through Joseph's intercession, they would prepare a large feast to honor him. The rain did come, and the people of Sicily prepared a large banquet for their patron saint. The fava bean was the crop which saved the population from starvation and is a traditional part of Saint Joseph's Day altars and traditions. Giving food to the needy is a Saint Joseph's Day custom. In some communities it is traditional to wear red clothing and eat a Neapolitan pastry known as a zeppola (created in 1840 by Don Pasquale Pinatauro in Naples) on Saint Joseph's Day. Maccu di San Giuseppe is a traditional Sicilian dish that consists of various ingredients and maccu that is prepared on this day. Maccu is a foodstuff and soup that dates to ancient times which is prepared with fava beans as a primary ingredient.
Upon a typical Saint Joseph's Day altar, people place flowers, limes, candles, wine, fava beans, specially prepared cakes, breads, cookies, other meatless dishes, and zeppole. Foods are traditionally served containing bread crumbs to represent sawdust since Joseph was a carpenter. Because the feast occurs during Lent, traditionally no meat was allowed on the celebration table. The altar usually has three tiers, to represent the Trinity.
Saint Joseph the WorkerEdit
In 1870, Pope Pius IX declared Joseph patron of the Universal Church and instituted another feast, a solemnity to be held on the third Sunday of Eastertide. Pope Pius X, in order to restore the celebration of Sundays, moved this feast to the Wednesday in the second week after Easter, and gave it an octave. In 1955, Pope Pius XII introduced in its place the feast of Saint Joseph the Worker on 1 May in the General Roman Calendar as an ecclesiasical counterpart to the International Workers' Day on the same day. This reflects Saint Joseph's status as patron of workers. Pius XII established the feast both to honor Saint Joseph, and to make people aware of the dignity of human work.
Espousals of the Blessed Virgin MaryEdit
Patris corde and Year of Saint JosephEdit
Pope Francis on 8 December 2020, released the apostolic letter Patris corde on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the declaration by Pius IX, on 8 December 1870, of Saint Joseph as patron of the Universal Church; for the same reason he declared a Year of Saint Joseph, from 8 December 2020, to 8 December 2021.
Pope Pius IX proclaimed Saint Joseph the patron of the Universal Church in 1870. Having died in the "arms of Jesus and Mary" according to Catholic tradition, he is considered the model of the pious believer who receives grace at the moment of death, in other words, the patron of a happy death.
Saint Joseph is well known as the patron saint of fathers, both families and virgins, workers, especially carpenters, expecting mothers and unborn children. Among many others, he is the patron saint of attorneys and barristers, emigrants, travelers and house hunters. He is invoked against hesitation and for the grace of a holy death.
Places, churches, and institutionsEdit
Many cities, towns, and locations are named after Saint Joseph. According to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, the Spanish form, San Jose, is the most common place name in the world. Probably the most-recognized San Joses are San José, Costa Rica, and San Jose, California, United States, given their name by Spanish colonists. Joseph is the patron saint of the New World; and of the regions Carinthia, Styria, Tyrol, Sicily; and of several main cities and dioceses.
Many churches, monasteries and other institutions are dedicated to Saint Joseph. Saint Joseph's Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the largest dome of its kind in the world after that of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. Elsewhere in the world churches named after the saint may be known as those of San Giuseppe, e.g. San Giuseppe dei Teatini, San José, e.g. Metropolitan Cathedral of San José or São José, e.g. in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
The Sisters of St. Joseph were founded as an order in 1650 and have about 14,013 members worldwide. In 1871, the Josephite Fathers of the Catholic Church were created under the patronage of Joseph, intending to work with the poor. The first Josephites in America re-devoted their part of the order to ministry within the newly emancipated African American community. The Oblates of St. Joseph were founded in 1878 by Joseph Marello. In 1999 their Shrine of Saint Joseph the Guardian of the Redeemer was named after the Apostolic exhortation Redemptoris Custos.
Prayers and devotionsEdit
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, during the feast day of Saint Joseph the following hymn is chanted:
Verily, Joseph the betrothed, saw clearly in his old age that the foresayings of the Prophets had
been fulfilled openly; for he was given an odd earnest,
receiving inspiration from the angels,
who cried, Glory to God; for he hath bestowed peace on earth.
In the Catholic tradition, just as there are prayers for the Seven Joys of Mary and Seven Sorrows of Mary, there are also prayers for the seven joys and seven sorrows of Saint Joseph. Furthermore, there is a novena prayed before the feast of Saint Joseph on 19 March. Saint Joseph is frequently invoked for employment, daily protection, vocation, happy marriage, and a happy death.
Multiple venerated Catholics have described their devotion to Saint Joseph and his intercession. Francis de Sales included Saint Joseph along with Virgin Mary as saints to be invoked during prayers in his 1609 book, Introduction to the Devout Life. Teresa of Ávila attributed her recovery of health to Saint Joseph and recommended him as an advocate. Therese of Lisieux stated that she prayed daily to "Saint Joseph, Father and Protector of Virgins" and felt protected from danger as a result. Pope Pius X composed a prayer to Saint Joseph which begins:
Glorious St. Joseph, pattern of all who are devoted to toil,
obtain for me the grace to toil, in the spirit of penance,
in order to thereby atone for my many sins …
There is a Catholic tradition that burying a statuette of Saint Joseph on the grounds of a home will help to sell or buy a house.; this tradition became so popular through the World Wide Web that some American realtors bought them by the gross.
St. Joseph's role in the Catholic church is summarized by the German theologian Friedrich Justus Knecht:
St. Joseph’s high place in the kingdom of God comes from this, that God chose him to be the guardian and protector of His Son, entrusting him with what was greatest and dearest to Himself, singling him out and especially blessing him for this office. The Church celebrates a Feast in honour of St. Joseph on March 19th, and desires that all the faithful should honour him, ask for his intercession, and imitate his virtues. St. Joseph is the especial patron of the Church. Even as he was the protector of the Child Jesus on earth, so, we believe, is he now the protector of the mystical Body of Jesus, His holy Church. We also especially seek his intercession for a good death, because, having died so blessedly, in the presence and with the assistance of Jesus and Mary, he should be supplicated to obtain for us from Jesus the grace of a happy death.
In mosaics in the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore (432-40) Joseph is portrayed young, bearded and dressed as a Roman of status. Joseph is shown mostly with a beard, not only in keeping with Jewish custom, but also because – although the Gospel accounts do not give his age – later legends tend to present him as an old man at the time of his wedding to Mary. Earlier writers thought the traditional imagery necessary to support belief in Mary's perpetual virginity. Jean Gerson nonetheless favoured showing him as a younger man.
In recent centuries – in step with a growing interest in Joseph's role in Gospel exegesis – he himself has become a focal figure in representations of the Holy Family. He is now often portrayed as a younger or even youthful man (perhaps especially in Protestant depictions), whether going about his work as a carpenter, or participating actively in the daily life of Mary and Jesus as an equal and openly affectionate member. Art critic Waldemar Januszczak however emphasises the preponderance of Joseph's representation as an old man and sees this as the need:
to explain away his impotence: indeed to symbolise it. In Guido Reni's Nativity, Mary is about 15, and he is about 70 – for the real love affair – is the one between the Virgin Mary and us. She is young. She is perfect. She is virginal – it is Joseph's task to stand aside and let us desire her, religiously. It takes a particularly old, a particularly grey, a particularly kindly and a particularly feeble man to do that. ...Banished in vast numbers to the backgrounds of all those gloomy stables in all those ersatz Bethlehems, his complex iconographic task is to stand aside and let his wife be worshipped by the rest of us.
However Carolyn Wilson challenges the long-held view that pre-Tridentine images were often intended to demean him. According to Charlene Villaseñor Black, "Seventeenth-century Spanish and Mexican artists reconceptualized Joseph as an important figure, ... representing him as the youthful, physically robust, diligent head of the Holy Family." In Bartolomé Esteban Murillo's The Two Trinities, Saint Joseph is given the same prominence as the Virgin.
Full cycles of his life are rare in the Middle Ages, although the scenes from the Life of the Virgin or Life of Christ where he is present are far more often seen. The Mérode Altarpiece of about 1425, where he has a panel to himself, working as a carpenter, is an early example of what remained relatively rare depictions of him pursuing his métier.
Some statues of Joseph depict his staff as topped with flowers, recalling the non-canonical Gospel of James's account of how Mary's spouse was chosen by collecting the walking sticks of widowers in Palestine, and Joseph's alone bursting into flower, thus identifying him as divinely chosen. The Golden Legend, which derives its account from the much older Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, tells a similar story, although it notes that all marriageable men of the Davidic line and not only widowers were ordered by the High Priest to present their rods at the Temple. Several Eastern Orthodox Nativity icons show Joseph tempted by the Devil (depicted as an old man with furled wings) to break off his betrothal, and how he resists that temptation. There are some paintings with him wearing a Jewish hat.
Chronology of Saint Joseph's life in artEdit
Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet de St Joseph, H.368, for soloists, chorus, and continuo (1690)
- Domar: the calendrical and liturgical cycle of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church 2003, Armenian Orthodox Theological Research Institute, 2002, p. 530-1.
- Boff, Leonardo (2009). Saint Joseph: The Father of Jesus in a Fatherless Society. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 34. ISBN 9781606080078.
Legal father, because he cohabits with Mary, Jesus' mother. Through this title Mary is spared from false suppositions and Jesus from spurious origins.
- Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 237-238.
- "stjoeshill.org - stjoeshill Resources and Information". ww1.stjoeshill.org.
- "St. Joseph Lutheran Church, Allentown, Pennsylvania". lutherans.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014.
- Thomas H. Kinane (1884). St. Joseph, his life, his virtues [&c.]. A month of March in his honour. p. 214. OCLC 13901748.
- Reverend Archdeacon Kinane. "Section VI - The perpetual virginity os St. Joseph". Saint Joseph: His Life, His Virtues, His Privileges, His Power. Aeterna Press. p. 138. OCLC 972347083. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- "Chaplet and Prayers of the Most Chaste Heart of St. Joseph" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2015.
- P. de Letter, "The Theology of Saint Joseph", The Clergy Monthly, March 1955, JSTOR 27656897
- For the use of the term, see: James J. Davis, A Thomistic Josephology, 1967, University of Montreal, ASIN B0007K3PL4
- "What's the Chronological Order of the New Testament Books?". 2 March 2018.
- "Joseph in the Gospels of Mark and John". osjusa.org.
- Spong, John Shelby. Jesus for the non-religious. HarperCollins. 2007. ISBN 0-06-076207-1.
- Perrotta, Louise B. (2000). Saint Joseph: His Life and His Role in the Church Today. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. pp. 21, 110–112. ISBN 978-0-87973-573-9.
- Souvay, Charles (1910). "St. Joseph". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- Henry Alford: Greek Testament, on Luke 3:23. Alford records that many have thus punctuated the verse, though Alford does not endorse it.
- Vermès 2004, pp. 1–37.
- Vermes, Geza (1981). Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Philadelphia: First Fortress. p. 20. ISBN 978-1451408805.
- Ironside, Harry A. (2007). Luke. Kregel Academic. p. 73. ISBN 978-0825496653.
- Ryrie, Charles C. (1999). Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth. Moody Publishers. ISBN 978-1575674988.
- Monnickendam, Yifat. "BIBLICAL LAW IN GRECO-ROMAN ATTIRE: THE CASE OF LEVIRATE MARRIAGE IN LATE ANTIQUE CHRISTIAN LEGAL TRADITIONS". Journal of Law and Religion. 34 (2).
- "Why Are Jesus' Genealogies in Matthew and Luke Different? Was St. Joseph Adopted, too? Spiritual Insights into Adoption". All Roads Lead to Rome. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- Hippo, Augustine. "Sermon on New Testament, par. 7". New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- "techno-". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- Dickson, 47
- Deiss, Lucien (1996). Joseph, Mary, Jesus. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814622551.
- Fiensy, 68–69
- Fiensy, 75–77
- Landman, Leo (1979). "The Jewish Quarterly Review New Series, Vol. 70, No. 2 (JSTOR)". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 70 (2): 125–128. doi:10.2307/1453874. JSTOR 1453874.
- Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 978-0-06-073817-4
- Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. "Contexts," pp 1–24.
- Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition)
- Sanders terms it a "minor village." Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. p. 104
- Laughlin, 192–194. See also Reed's Chapter 3, pp. 131–134.
- Reed, 114–117, quotation p. 115
- Reed, Chapter 4 in general, pp. 125–131 on the Jewish nature of Sepphoris, and pp. 131–134
- Borgen, Peder Johan; Aune, David Edward; Seland, Torrey; Ulrichsen, Jarl Henning (5 March 2018). Neotestamentica Et Philonica: Studies in Honour of Peder Borgen. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004126107 – via Google Books.
- For example, Dickson, 47
- Vermès 2004, pp. 398–417.
- Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Birth & Infancy Stories" pp. 497–526.
- Holy Apostles Convent (1989). The Life of the Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. Buena Vista: Holy Apostles Convent and Dormition Skete. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-944359-03-7.
- "Judaism 101: Marriage". www.jewfaq.org.
- "Kiddushin -- Betrothal". www.chabad.org.
- Barclay, William (1 November 1998). The Ten Commandments. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-664-25816-0.
- Hall, James, Hall's Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art, p. 178, 1996 (2nd edn.), John Murray, ISBN 0719541476
- Everett Ferguson, Michael P. McHugh, Frederick W. Norris, article "Joseph" in Encyclopedia of early Christianity, Volume 1, p. 629
- Luigi Gambero, "Mary and the fathers of the church: the Blessed Virgin Mary in patristic thought" pp. 35–41
- CHURCH FATHERS: The History of Joseph the Carpenter. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- Cyprus), Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in; texts), Frank Williams (Specialist in early Christian; Holl, Karl (2013). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III. Leiden [u.a.]: BRILL. p. 622. ISBN 978-9004228412.
- College, St. Epiphanius of Cyprus; translated by Young Richard Kim, Calvin (2014). Ancoratus 60:1. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8132-2591-3. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
- Williams, translated by Frank (1994). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Books II and III (Sects 47-80, De Fide) in Sect 78:9:6. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 607. ISBN 9789004098985. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
- Williams, translated by Frank (2013). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis (Second, revised ed.). Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. p. 36. ISBN 9789004228412. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
- Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History, Book III, ch. 11.
- of Salamis, Epiphanius; Williams, Frank (2013). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III Sect 78:7,5. BRILL. p. 620. ISBN 978-9004228412. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
- "Celsus as quoted by Origen". www.earlychristianwritings.com.
- Contra Celsum, trans Henry Chadwick, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965)
- The liturgy and time by Irénée Henri Dalmais, Aimé Georges Martimort, Pierre Jounel 1985 ISBN 0-8146-1366-7 page 143
- Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3 by Phyllis G. Jestice 2004 ISBN 1-57607-355-6 page 446
- Bernard of Clairvaux and the shape of monastic thought by M. B. Pranger 1997 ISBN 90-04-10055-5 page 244
- The childhood of Christ by Thomas Aquinas, Roland Potter, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02960-0 pages 110–120
- Aquinas on doctrine by Thomas Gerard Weinandy, John Yocum 2004 ISBN 0-567-08411-6 page 248
- Medieval mothering by John Carmi Parsons, Bonnie Wheeler 1999 ISBN 0-8153-3665-9 page 107
- "Quamquam Pluries (August 15, 1889) | LEO XIII". Vatican website.
- "Sunday - Catholic Magazine". sunday.niedziela.pl.
- Foundations of the Christian way of life by Jacob Prasad 2001 ISBN 88-7653-146-7 page 404
- "Redemptoris Custos (August 15, 1989) | John Paul II". Vatican website.
- Cradle of redeeming love: the theology of the Christmas mystery by John Saward 2002 ISBN 0-89870-886-9 page 230
- Divine likeness: toward a Trinitarian anthropology of the family by Marc Ouellet ISBN 0-8028-2833-7 page 102
- Memorial of Saint Joseph the Worker
- "Tisch". www.clerus.org.
- Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 89
- 19 March is observed as the Feast of Saint Joseph, Guardian of Jesus, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, the Wisconsin Synod, and the Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Some Protestant traditions also celebrate this festival.
- "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 1 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-234-7.
- Jankowski, Nicole (18 March 2017). "Move Over, St. Patrick: St. Joseph's Feast Is When Italians Parade: The Salt: NPR". NPR. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- "Non-Stop New York's Italianissimo: La Festa di San Giuseppe NYC-Style".
- Clarkson, Janet (2013). Food History Almanac. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 262. ISBN 978-1442227156.
- "Louisiana Project - St. Joseph's Day Altars". houstonculture.org.
- "Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker | Roman Catholicism | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- "St. Joseph, Hammer of Communists: The Anti-Communist Origins of the Feast of St. Joseph the Worker". All Roads Lead to Rome. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- Robert Voigt, St. Joseph the Workman in Homiletic & Pastoral Review, Joseph F. Wagner, Inc., New York, NY, 1957, pp. 733–735
- "Pope Francis proclaims "Year of St Joseph" - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. Vatican News. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- Francis, Pope. Apostolic Letter Patris Corde of the Holy Father Francis on the 150th Anniversary of the proclamation of Saint Joseph as Patron of the Universal Church (8 December 2020). Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- Leonard Foley OFM Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey OFM), Franciscan Media, ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7
- "Patronages – Year of St. Joseph".
- Mention Your Request Here: The Church's Most Powerful Novenas by Michael Dubruiel, 2000 ISBN 0-87973-341-1 page 154
- Devotions to St. Joseph by Susanna Magdalene Flavius, 2008 ISBN 1-4357-0948-9 pages 5–15
- "Powerful Novena to St. Joseph for Work, Family, Job, Employment, to Sell House". All Roads Lead to Rome. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- Devotions to St. Joseph from The Catholic Prayer Book and Manual of Meditations by Patrick Francis Moran
- Introduction to the Devout Life by St. Francis de Sales ISBN 0-7661-0074-X Kessinger Press 1942 page 297
- The interior castle by Saint Teresa of Ávila, Paulist Press 1979, ISBN 0-8091-2254-5 page 2
- The Story of a Soul by Saint Therese De Lisieux Bibliolife 2008 0554261588 page 94
- Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 449
- Marcelle Bernstein, The nuns, Collins, London, 1976, p. 84
- Applebome, Peter (16 September 2009). "St. Joseph, Superagent in Real Estate". New York Times. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- "The Story Behind Using a St. Joseph Statue to Sell Your House". 16 April 2018.
- Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). . A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder.
- "Sacred Artwork – Year of St. Joseph". yearofstjoseph.org.
- Stracke, Richard. "Saint Joseph: The Iconography ", Christian Iconography Augusta University, 21 June 2021
- Finding St. Joseph by Sandra Miesel gives a useful account of the changing views of Joseph in art and generally in Catholicism
- Waldemar Januszczak, "No ordinary Joe", The Sunday Times, December 2003
- Wilson, Carolyn C., St. Joseph in Italian Renaissance Society and Art, Saint Joseph's University Press, 2001, ISBN 9780916101367
- Black, Charlene Villaseñor, Creating the Cult of St. Joseph, Princeton University Press, 2006, ISBN 9780691096315
- Bauckham, Richard (2015). Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781474230476.
- Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "Brethren of the Lord". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192802903.
- Ferguson, Everett; Michael P. McHugh, Frederick W. Norris, "Joseph" in Encyclopedia of early Christianity, Volume 1, p. 629
- Crossan, John Dominic. Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. Harpercollins: 1994. ISBN 0-06-061661-X.
- Dickson, John. Jesus: A Short Life, Lion Hudson plc, 2008, ISBN 0-8254-7802-2, ISBN 978-0-8254-7802-4, Internet Archive
- Fiensy, David A., Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life, Gorgias Press LLC, 2007, ISBN 1-59333-313-7, ISBN 978-1-59333-313-3, Google books
- Vermès, Géza (2004). The authentic gospel of Jesus. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-191260-8. OCLC 647043972.
- "Eastern Orthodox Tradition: The Righteous Elder Joseph The Betrothed, And His Repose". swerfes.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2006.
- "Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed". (Orthodox icon and synaxarion for the Sunday after Nativity)
- "Eastern Orthodox Tradition: The Righteous Elder Joseph The Betrothed, And His Repose". swerfes.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2006.
- "Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed". (Orthodox icon and synaxarion for the Sunday after Nativity)
- "Saint Joseph, patriarch of Israel and father of Jesus". Archived from the original on 3 May 2006.
- "The Life of St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary and foster-father of Our Lord Jesus Christ".
- "Saint Joseph, in the Encyclopædia Britannica". 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008.
- "The vocation of Saint Joseph". Early Christians. 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013.
- "Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square in Rome". stpetersbasilica.info.
- "St Joseph Altar in St Peter's Basilica". stpetersbasilica.info.
- Literature by and about Saint Joseph in the German National Library catalogue
- "Saint Joseph" in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
- "Apostolic writing Redemptoris Custos by Pope John Paul II". stjosef.at (in German).
- "Saint Joseph in art". Monumente Online (in German). Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. | <urn:uuid:da692edf-878c-48d9-bcf2-e72e5356e2bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.921425 | 10,960 | 2.828125 | 3 |
“And he arose and came to his father. But when he was still a great way off, his father saw him and had compassion, and ran and fell on his neck and kissed him” (Luke 15:20).
BECAUSE THE PATH AHEAD SEEMS UNCERTAIN AND DIFFICULT, WE OFTEN FAIL TO TAKE THE STEPS THAT LIE CLEARLY BEFORE US. If we allow it to happen, doubt and difficulty can paralyze us. Not having found God already, and seeing no way out of our confusion, we neglect to seek Him at all. Our search for truth is stymied.
But the steps that we could take are the most important ones. Usually, it is small steps toward God, taken in trust, that lead to great understanding. Jesus spoke of the honest soul who “comes to the light” (John 3:21). Obviously, enlightenment must be sought, and the seeking can be arduous. But we do not “come to the light” by mere worry or fretfulness. More is involved than simply trying to figure things out intellectually.
Godly wisdom must be sought actively and obediently. If conscience can indicate only a step or two, then a great deal depends upon our taking those steps. What we don’t know must never prevent us from doing the duty we do know. We must use the light we already have — or cease to expect any more.
God graciously honors whatever steps we take in faith, even if those steps seem slight. Numerous biblical texts give us this confidence, such as “Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you” (Matthew 7:7) and “Draw near to God and He will draw near to you” (James 4:8). God will see that we get the information we need to do the right thing, if doing the right thing is really what we intend.
Courage, much more than intelligence, is the key to great understanding in the things of God. The courageous not only think but act with integrity to what they already know. It is the honestly obedient who find the light they’re looking for, while the idly curious find only that the darkness grows more fearful. Active seekers are told: “If you seek Him, He will be found by you” (2 Chronicles 15:2). God is more than a disinterested witness to our quest. If our true purpose is to get back home, our Father will meet us much more than half way.
“Whoso draws nigh to God one step through doubtings dim, God will advance a mile in blazing light to him” (Angelus Silesius). | <urn:uuid:640f379c-57df-4dfe-96af-1a37405748a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wordpoints.com/small-steps-great-understanding-january-29/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956384 | 578 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Robert Alexander Clarke Parker was a British historian, specializing in British appeasement of Nazi Germany and the Second World War. He was a lecturer in History at the University of Manchester and a fellow in Modern History at Queen's College, Oxford. He is the author of several notable books on appeasement, including Chamberlain and Appeasement and Churchill and Appeasement. He died in 2001.
R. A. C. Parker
Sign up to the Pan Macmillan newsletter for great extra content and free extracts. | <urn:uuid:23a3d3b1-7659-47df-904c-f2954fc7e683> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/r-a-c-parker | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00001-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955979 | 105 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Lists and Tuples
bokr at oz.net
Fri Dec 5 09:25:18 CET 2003
On Thu, 04 Dec 2003 21:45:23 -0800, David Eppstein <eppstein at ics.uci.edu> wrote:
>In article <7x7k1b4yqn.fsf at ruckus.brouhaha.com>,
> Paul Rubin <http://phr.cx@NOSPAM.invalid> wrote:
>> Try this with a list:
>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>> a = 27
>> print a
>> Then try it with a tuple.
>That's true, but another answer is: you should use tuples for short
>sequences of diverse items (like the arguments to a function). You
>should use lists for longer sequences of similar items.
I'm curious what you're getting at. I.e., what does diversity or
similarity have to do with the choice? Is that an aesthetic thing?
(In which case 'should' should be qualified a bit, IWT ;-)
Or what am I missing?
More information about the Python-list | <urn:uuid:51ba0780-eca5-4620-ae2c-066356cc3df6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2003-December/231068.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00549-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.802514 | 264 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How to Improve Your Tread Water Skills
Swimming in deep water can feel intimidating. Learning to tread water is a great way to become more competent, and overcome a fear of water. More importantly, it‘s a key aspect of water safety. This guide will offer some great pointers for learning how to tread water.
Your arms play an important role in treading water. Stand in the shallow end of a pool. Move your arms back and forth right below the surface of the water. Stiffen your wrists as your do this, and sweep your hands in towards each other. Then sweep your hands out from your sides in this sculling motion.
A good way to picture this is to pretend that a dirty table is in front of you. Use your forearm and hand to sweep the imaginary crumbs back and forth on the table.
Once you get the hang of sculling, sit on a noodle. See if you can lift yourself by moving your arms back and forth in this sculling motion.
The simplest — but most exhausting — form of treading water is the flutter kick. This type of kick is straightforward because of the easy scissor kick motion. However, it can wear you out quickly.
At the Wall
Move to a deep part of the pool where you can’t stand. Face a pool wall, and grab the gutter with your hands. If you have trouble gripping the gutter, prop your arms up on the edge of the deck.
Get your legs beneath you, and use flutter kicks. Since the goal is to keep afloat, the kicks may feel a little different than the typical flutter kicks you would use while swimming freestyle. To keep yourself steadily above water, you can kick slower and bend your knees more.
Regardless, you should keep your toes pointed and move your feet back and forth in a scissoring motion as you kick.
With a Floating Device
Once you’re comfortable at the wall, take a floating device — such as a noodle — and move away from the wall. Tuck the noodle underneath your armpits to keep afloat. Go to a deep part of the pool, but make sure you can easily reach the side. Now practice the same kick away from the wall.
On Your Own
As you transition to treading water without the floating device, make sure that you’re not too far from the shallow end or the wall. You want to make sure that you are in a safe environment to attempt vertical kicks.
Slowly take the floating device away and see if your flutter kicks and hand sculls can support you.
Flutter kick can be very tiring. Breaststroke kick, on the other hand, is more powerful and easier on the legs over a long duration.
At the Wall
Go to the wall and grip the gutter in the deep end. Follow these steps:
- Turn your back to the wall and prop your elbows on the edge of the pool like you’re relaxing there.
- Move your legs underneath you.
- Touch your legs together and make sure they’re straight.
- Bend your knees while you keep your legs touching each other. Bring your heels towards your buttocks. It should look like you’re sitting in a chair.
- Move your legs apart with your knees in the same bent position. Flex your feet as you bring your legs away from each other.
- Extend your feet toward the bottom of the pool as you snap your legs together. Feel them touch with your legs straight.
An easy way to remember this motion: think about the cycle that your feet are going through. Repeat to yourself: “Up, out, squeeze together.” If you’re kicking properly, you should feel like you’re bobbing up and down in the water.
With a Floating Device
Now that you’ve got the gist of it, move away from the wall and practice with a noodle. Tuck the noodle under your armpits as you did before, and get your legs underneath you. Now practice the breaststroke kick.
On Your Own
If you feel comfortable kicking with the noodle, try treading water without iot. Take the noodle away and see if you can keep yourself afloat. Make sure that you’re near a wall or the shallow end, and have someone nearby who can help you get back to safety.
Because of the bobbing motion, many swimmers don’t like the sensation of kicking breaststroke. People who frequently tread water often prefer eggbeater.
Eggbeater is the most complicated — yet also most energy efficient — technique for treading water. The kitchen appliance name comes from the way each leg rotates in alternating circular motions to create water pressure.
Transition from Breaststroke Kick
Coordinating your legs to rotate in opposite directions can be confusing. Before jumping in and attempting to eggbeater, transition from the breaststroke kick detailed above.
Start by using breaststroke kicks toward the pool floor to hold you up. Next, try alternating legs. Kick only one at a time. Then — while still alternating — change your thigh position to parallel the surface, knees wide apart. Instead of kicking down to the bottom, kick out to the sides.
This vertical breaststroke kick will be the foundation which you will eventually morph into eggbeater.
Other Drills to Try
If you’re having trouble getting the hang of eggbeater, try this drill on-land. Sit in a chair and scoot forward so that you’re on the edge of the seat. Move your knees as far away from each other as you can. Your thighs should be parallel to the floor, knees bent at about 90°, and feet flexed.
Start making counterclockwise circles with your right foot and lower leg. Try to keep your thigh fairly still while you do this. Stop. Then try the same with your left leg, but rotating clockwise. Now do both legs together.
If you’re getting confused with the direction that your feet are supposed to move, remember this pattern: Back, outside, front, inside. It’s that same pattern for both the right foot and the left foot.
At the Edge of the Pool
While sitting on the edge of the pool, put only your calves and feet in the water. Repeat the same steps you did in the chair. Try to feel the water pressure on the bottom of your feet. Imagine that you’re mixing the water, like an actual eggbeater would! Do this until the circles you’re making feel coordinated.
Hop Back In
Hop in the deep end of the pool and hold onto the wall. Start to eggbeater, and slowly scoot away from the wall. With the same good body position and technique you’ve been practicing, use eggbeater to hold you up. Try to create a lot of water pressure with your flexed feet. Isolate your body from your legs. Hold your upper body as still as possible, even if your legs are working furiously.
The eggbeater motion is similar to riding a bicycle. When one foot is forward, the other is back. You are simultaneously making circles with your feet.
Don’t Get Discouraged
Keep in mind that the eggbeater is the most complicated form of treading water. If you don’t get it right away, don’t get discouraged! It usually takes some time to pick up on it. You’ll get the hang of it the more you practice. If it feels confusing, you can always rely on flutter or breaststroke kicks to keep you afloat. With a little practice, you’ll be treading water like a pro! | <urn:uuid:afcb6083-8128-443b-be8b-c805998c1e5d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.swimoutlet.com/blogs/guides/how-to-improve-your-tread-water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.933622 | 1,642 | 2.5 | 2 |
I believe that with hard work and determination one can achieve their goals. I have come to this conclusion from my experience. Although that experience is limited as of now, I also have associated with people who have come to the same conclusion. I will continue to believe this so that I have a reason to continue working hard.
Working hard is the best way to achieve the goals that you have for yourself. It gives you a sense of satisfaction which motivates you to continue with your work. I have many goals for myself that can only be achieved with hard work. My goal is to become a neurosurgeon. I have other goals that go along with that one; however, that is the most important. I try to work as hard as I can in school because I know that I must if I have a chance at succeeding.
The way I try to better myself is by taking courses that are honors and advanced placement courses. I believe that by pushing yourself academically, you will achieve your goals. Keeping high grades and striving for success will ultimately help you be where you want in life. I also believe you need to be actively involved in extra-curricular activities inside and outside of school. Joining clubs and volunteer work is also extremely important to show you are a well rounded person. I belong to several clubs and am a part of The Girl Scouts of America. I tutor students on my own time to help them achieve their goals as well. This summer I will be going to six countries in Europe with the People to People organization. I will be representing the United States as a student ambassador. This is a very important task for me as I will be learning about the workings of the countries I will visit as well as representing the United States. The countries that I will be visiting are Germany, England, France, Belgium, The Netherlands and Switzerland. I believe you need to learn as much as you can, whenever you can, to achieve your goals.
Working hard and being determined are the ways to achieve your goals. This statement I believe in wholeheartedly. I have worked very hard and this is only the beginning. I realize that to achieve such substantial goals I will have to continue to work as hard if not harder. That is what I believe and how I believe it can be achieved.
If you enjoyed this essay, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to This I Believe, Inc. | <urn:uuid:e9ad636d-ce87-4ca6-bd95-6c7a2dfa65af> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thisibelieve.org/essay/46909/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00372-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986062 | 487 | 1.8125 | 2 |
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The American Institute of CPAs is the world’s largest member association representing the accounting profession, with more than 418,000 members in 143 countries, and a history of serving the public interest since 1887. AICPA members represent many areas of practice, including business and industry, public practice, government, education and consulting.
The AICPA sets ethical standards for the profession and U.S. auditing standards for private companies, nonprofit organizations, federal, state and local governments. It develops and grades the Uniform CPA Examination, and offers specialty credentials for CPAs who concentrate on personal financial planning; forensic accounting; business valuation; and information management and technology assurance. Through a joint venture with the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, it has established the Chartered Global Management Accountant designation, which sets a new standard for global recognition of management accounting.
During the past year, AICPA members have worked diligently to get ready for what’s next for the profession. Learn how members are anticipating the needs of the profession in the AICPA’s Annual Report, "Ready for the Next," covering Aug. 1, 2015, through Jul. 31, 2016.
AICPA Insights is the official blog for the AICPA. It features posts from AICPA staff on a variety of topics affecting the accounting profession, the AICPA and its members.
Providing a directory for members, Where to Turn includes contact information for various teams within the AICPA and connects members with useful resources.
375,659 Voting Members
A: 47% Public Accounting
B: 34% Management Accounting
C: 14% Retired & Miscellaneous
D: 3% Government
E: 2% Education
Evolution of a Profession
The American Institute of CPAs was formed in 1887 and celebrated its 125th anniversary in 2012. As part of the celebration, this short video reviews the history of the accounting profession from its origins 8,000 years ago to present day.
More on AICPA TV
AICPA Commends House Sponsors of Fiscal State of the Nation Resolution
AICPA Announces Updated Body of Knowledge for CPA Financial Planners
AICPA, ASA and RICS to Provide Clarity to Investors, Auditors and Regulators on Understanding Value of Businesses and Intangible Assets
Prof. Rajiv D. Banker Receives CGMA-Sponsored AAA Lifetime Contribution Award
Professor Recognized for Research on Internal Whistleblowing | <urn:uuid:3c4acfe4-be5e-4245-94ce-43e5d1238825> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.aicpa.org/ABOUT/Pages/About.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00322-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912516 | 530 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Unit Oue Travel Language
Unit Two Lies and Truth
Unit Three Generation X
Unit Four Success
Unit Five Women, Men & Money
Unit Six The Soul of A Business
Unit Seven To Err Is Human
Unit Eight Throwing Away the Key
Unit Nine On Beincl Black and Middle Class
Unit Ten Depression and How to Beat It
Unit Eleven The Japanese Challenge
Unit Twelve On Friendship
THE PARADOX OF UAPPINESS
It's plain common sense -- the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It's plain common sense, but it's not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really flip sides （相对的事） of the same as emotion.They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.
"You'd think that the higher a person's level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa," says Edward Diener, a University of Illinois professor of psychology who has done much of the new work on positive and negative emotions. But when Diener and other researchers measure people's average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.
The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can coexist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable but probably won't make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition （倾向）for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found, happiness doesn't appear to be anyone's heritage.The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.
Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling -- happiness is a sense of subjective well-being.They've also begun to find out who's happy, who isn't and why,To date, the research hasn't found a simple recipe for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.
In a number of studies of identical and fraternal twins, researchers have examined the role genetics plays in happiness and unhappiness.The work suggests that although no one is really born to be happy, sadness may run in families （家庭遗传）. | <urn:uuid:99cd0020-9dd5-40d5-a702-3451cbf3da73> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tejiawang.com/newweb/product.aspx?pid=14449 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00199-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933109 | 522 | 3.34375 | 3 |
In amongst our usual coverage of green business news, we came across a really interesting post from Grist about why Americans aren’t buying climate change any more. The Grist post details a drop in the percentage of Americans that believed global warming was happening from 71% to 57%.
The Grist post stands out on its own but we saw similar results from the UK where the Guardian newspaper reported drops in the numbers willing to pay higher prices for the sake of the environment and an increase in skepticism, with 37% saying claims about environmental threats were exaggerated.
We can guess at the causes of these drops and climategate is almost certainly part of the whole problem. Once the science got murky and the claim and counter claim started, there seems to have been a chink in the certainty that the public need to be motivated by this problem. The presentation of the climate science is really down to the climate scientists, so that’s a problem they’ll have to solve.
Both articles, though, raise other issues which are important for the marketing environment facing green business today. The UK study found the “poorest sections of society” least willing to pay higher prices for the sake of the environment. This is not surprising given the financial crises but it is important. Durban gives us no evidence that governments are going to act, so green business and environmental activists alike had better get round to finding ways to motivate change.
The story from Grist points out that global warming is hard for us to understand. Its causes are invisible and its effects are hard to determine. Statistics are not good motivators, so an average rise in temperature is not a motivating influence for most people. Local effects of global warming are hard to determine. Some put every rain storm and every hot or cold winter down to climate change and others react to such sillyness with increased skepticism.
We are most motivated by those events which affect us most closely and climate change is not doing that. Fear is a great motivator and is the psychological mechanism that drives us to extricate ourselves from danger. Statistics do not cause fear and this is where the two stories meet up. Grist quotes risk analysis work conducted by Anthony Leiserowitz which found that people were most concerned about global impacts of climate change like damage to the environment. They thought local impacts were unlikely and only 13% were most concerned about those. Even people who are concerned about global warming aren’t really conscious that it will impact them directly. It is far away.
As Grist put it:
In other words, he found that most people think “It’s the polar bear’s problem, not mine — and as long as it’s not my problem, I frankly have more pressing things to worry about.”
This ties in with the UK findings. Once you’ve got more direct problems, climate change becomes far away.
The challenge of motivating change, then, becomes the challenge of bringing the awareness of the problem closer to the public. For climate change campaigners, that means stop showing us images of Polar bears floating on tiny patches of ice. I care about that but I’m trying to feed my kids and my job’s at risk so I care more about other things.
For green business, it means the argument for state subsidies or for consumer dollars has to be about more than just saving the planet. It has to explain the local impact. Yes I’ll feel good if I buy your product and it saves the planet but how much more do you want me to pay for that? How much more would I pay if the effect was local? How much more would I buy if the price was closer? What if you could demonstrate how I’ll save money with your product? | <urn:uuid:58fff892-7903-42f8-893a-2137b21eeae4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://greenbusinesswatch.org/blog/marketing-green-business-as-belief-in-climate-change-falls | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00509-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968972 | 773 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Chilling film holds online platforms accountable in fight against child abuse
The Canadian Centre for Child Protection (C3P) and agency partner No Fixed Address have released a hard-to-watch and chilling video that brings to light the many hurdles that child abuse survivors must face every day.
‘Unwanted Followers’ tells the disturbing story of a young girl who is abused throughout her childhood by an older man. Throughout the video, viewers get a real sense of the girl’s trauma and decades of struggle to escape the torment. It’s a grueling watch, but delivers an important message.
According to the organization, the rapid growth of social media platforms has made the distribution of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) easier than ever, resulting in the need for governments and the public to demand change from the big tech firms.
‘Unwanted Followers’ by No Fixed Address
“Survivors don’t simply get over childhood sexual assault and the recording of their abuse. They live with it their entire lives. When tech fails to remove the abusive images/videos, these crimes aren’t just memories – they can remain online for years,” said Trent Thompson, vice-president, creative director, No Fixed Address.
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“Haunted by the visual of survivors unable to escape their torment, we aimed to create a small glimpse into their experience for the viewers to have a better understanding and rally together to demand change.”
Prior to public release, the film was aired at the G7 Summit in London as a call to action for world leaders to hold tech industry leaders accountable in the fight against CSAM.
“The initial hands-on child sexual abuse was indescribable. The continued distribution of its recording is intolerable. It is for this exact reason we created Project Arachnid,” added Lianna McDonald, executive director of C3P.
“For decades, tech’s response has been woefully inadequate and through our work with No Fixed Address we aim to demand more to protect our children and future generations online.” | <urn:uuid:fabba952-f35e-4e36-a12c-00138408fbcf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thedrum.com/news/2022/01/20/chilling-film-holds-online-platforms-accountable-fight-against-child-abuse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.934909 | 488 | 1.578125 | 2 |
The septic tank inside your home is among the most vital aspects. They clean the wastewater as it is discharged from the house.
The cleansing of the septic tank generally will require the help of a qualified. Sometimes, there’s too little time to contact one. This article will explain how to keep a septic tank in good condition. There is also a product that is able to be used as well, namely Septifix. Let’s go! Septic Tank Cleaning Webster Ny
For those of you who prefer a more visual experience, here is a video review by Kate from Kate’s Journey’s YouTube channel. Do check out our article below, however, because it has a comprehensive overview of Septifix.
What You Should Know About Septic Tank Cleaning Septic Tank Cleaning Webster Ny
Maintaining a septic tank is no easy task. Most tanks are made of fiberglass, plastic, or concrete. After years of constant use there is an accumulation of sludge and bacteria. That’s where the septic tank maintenance is required.
It is recommended to clean your septic tank at least once every one or two times a year. Doing this will improve the efficiency of the tank’s systems. There are four things to consider:
- Check frequency and frequency of pump inspection
- Making use of water efficiently
- Proper waste disposal
- Maintaining the drain field is
Inspection and Pump Frequency
The process is usually handled by a professional, but you can inspect the process yourself. The tank should be pumped every 3-5 years. If the septic tank has degraded parts such as mechanical parts such as electrical switches or pumps, they should be checked. There are four factors that should be considered when checked:
- Your home’s size home
- The amount of solids that are present in the wastewater
- How big is your tank for septic?
- The total amount of water that’s produced by your home.
When You Should Consult a Professional
If the septic tank is creating more issues within the household, it’s recommended to consult with a professional. They know the best time and place to build new pipes to your home. This also is the case for the septic tank. They will inspect the layer of sludge and scum as well as look for leaks at the same time. Make sure that this will be documented to be used in the future. When cleaning is not yet required, it is still important to review it regularly.
Septic Tank Cleaning and Septifix Tablets
The septic tank’s pump has an outlet with a T-shaped design that stops the sludge from leaving the tank. If the lowest layers of the tank has sludge within twelve inches from the outlet it’s a must to flush out the scum. If there’s no time to contact an expert, another option is available and that is the Septifix tablet.
Septifix tablets can solve a variety of septic tank problems. Each dose can remove unpleasant odors from the sludge, and the formulation can break down bacteria.
Three tablets down the toilet should be taken before the effects take effect in just one session. As soon as the tablets get into the toilet, they break down the sludge. It can take around 3 to 5 days to see any odor change. The majority of tanks have sodium carbonate, which functions as a barrier to water. The result is that corrosion will be prevented in the house’s pumps. The same Septifix tablet is able to fight oil, toilet paper, grease, and soap to stop the scum in the tank that is pumped into it.
Pros and Cons of Septifix
- A thorough purification of the Septic tank
- Odor reduction
- The growth of live bacteria
- 60-day money-back guarantee
- Only available on their official website
- The tablet could itch hands, therefore wash hands frequently by rinsing them with clean water
Septifix Tablets Usage
Septifix tablets, when used by hand, won’t do any harm. You only need to wash your hands right away after using. It is not advised to take or ingest a tablet to your body. Why? The tablet contains sodium carbonate, a leading anti-sludge agent.
The tablet’s importance can help live bacteria flourish within the tank. Those bacteria will break down the sludge to improve oxygen levels, with less septic tank waste. Who doesn’t want to have an unpleasant septic tank in the first place? You will save more money in the long run instead of having to rely on the services of a professional.
If you need help you are in need of assistance from plumbers who are actually working. The whole thing is dependent on the pipes and the quality that your tank is in.
Septifix Tablet Formulation
A tablet of Septifix weighs 55 grams. Inside, it contains 14 types of aerobic bacteria and pH regulating components that encourage healthy bacteria. This will take effect once it enters the tank for septic. The same live bacteria will stop pipes from leaks or corroding. They will also neutralize the acid.
Pricing of Septifix
The price of Septifix tablets comes in 6 month supply. While you will only be able to find the product on the official website however, you can save around $300 per year. With that, there are 3 packages to choose from:
- A 6-month supply costs $69
- A 12 month supply of $59
- A supply of 18 months for $49
Note: The first package has an additional cost for shipping. Following packages offer free shipping instead. It is possible to save money by purchasing greater supply depending on the needs of your family. All offers come with a 60-day money-back guarantee.
In short the Septifix tablet can solve your septic tank woes.
It is possible to say goodbye to unpleasant odors with the expertise of honest plumbers. Although it may take time, you can see the results of your plumbing system in your home. It will boost the oxygen levels and help to grow the healthy bacteria. Another benefit is that it will stop in the process of oxidizing pipes. There is no need to pay more!
The only issue is that it is reachable on their website. While maintaining, make sure that you are maintaining your pipes is key to an effective Septic tank.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Septic Tank Cleaning Webster Ny
How do you take care of cleaning the Septic tank?
A professional is required to clean the Septic tank every one or two times. When cleaning the pumping system, it should be examined as well. Cracks or leaks in the pipe connecting into the tank should be repaired or replaced to prevent foul odors from emanating.
What exactly is Septifix specifically?
Septifix is a plumbing tablet designed by Richard V. He owns a plumbing company. He assists customers with their pipes. The tablet was born following three years of research by his team of scientists.
What is the process behind Septifix function?
Utilizing three tablets, put them in the toilet, and flush them down. When the tablets are in the septic tank, let it do its work. It takes 3 to 5 days for any changes to take place. You do not need to inspect the tank yourself since the tablet is a source of chemical substances.
Is Septifix appropriate to use?
Yes. Septifix tablets are safe for use, however it is advised to wash one’s hands after use. Its properties include oxygen and sodium carbonate that can cause irritation to the skin.
What are the advantages that come with Septifix tablets?
Septifix tablets will help to break down the sludges that are in the tank using its tried and true formula. In the process the smell of the tank will improve which makes the smell more pleasant to breathe in. When it comes to the environment, it diffuses oxygen which will make wastes change into nutrients. The most effective aid is to slow down corrosion on the pipes.
What happens if I’m unhappy by Septifix tablets?
The company offers a 60-day money-back assurance. If you’re not happy with the result you’ll be reimbursed. You can reach out to the company for more information. | <urn:uuid:473f5866-39c0-49e9-a7c4-6b20c1907592> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ecobugdoctor.com/septic-tank-cleaning-webster-ny/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.942041 | 1,751 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Here seen holding her bike aloft at Cape Hafun, Puntland, Somalia at the finish of the Breaking the Cycle in Africa expedition: 22,040km over 299 days. The expedition aimed to highlight the development needs of war-torn and poverty-stricken nations.
Kate will soon be embarking on another Breaking The Cycle expedition, this time cycling across Antarctica via the South Pole. This world first expedition will raise money for The Global Fund which finances medical and education support programs for HIV-related diseases in Africa.
Mont is proud to support Kate on this amazing ride. She will be relying on Mont Hydronaute shellwear, Polartec Power Dry and Power Stretch Pro baselayers, and Mont's famous Icicle down jacket as she rides through severe cold and extreme weather. | <urn:uuid:e9eafbd8-4c26-4fb7-8799-ccf96a4bdbbe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mont.com.au/pages/kate-leeming | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.910109 | 162 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Law and the Quest for Justice is a 2013 book featuring evocative essays on hotbed issues of rights, liberty, security and law. An insightful collection of essays from leading voices on the challenges and promise of justice and law, this book is accessible and interesting to a wide audience. It features internationally renowned members of the academy, national political figures, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalists, and crusading lawyers. The thought-provoking topics include:
Erwin Chemerinsky on reconceptualizing federalism and healthcare reform • John Echohawk on Native American rights • Jack Greenberg on Brown v. Board’s legacy • Linda Greenhouse on how Supreme Court Justices evolve over time • Lani Guinier on reframing affirmative action • Antonia Hernández on what citizenship means after 9/11 • Anthony Lewis on broadening presidential power to fight terrorism • Janet Napolitano on security and rights after 9/11 • Charles Ogletree on achieving racial justice • Robert Reich on the economic inheritance of our children • Judith Resnik on Guantánamo, Miranda, and public rights to fairness • Geoffrey Stone on sacrificing civil liberties in wartime.
The volume originates from a lecture series honoring legal legend John P. Frank, who represented Ernesto Miranda in the Supreme Court. It is edited and presented by Marjorie S. Zatz and Doris Marie Provine—both professors of Justice & Social Inquiry at Arizona State University—and Arizona attorney James P. Walsh, who was once a law partner to John Frank.
See the detailed and useful review of this book at the Law & Politics Book Review. Writes Professor Malone, “there is enough material to provide interesting context and side conversations for any law-related course on civil rights and liberties… its strength lies in how the chapters contextualize questions of racial and ethnic equality and the right to privacy from government intrusion. The other strength of the book is the quality of the writing and the caliber of the contributors.”
PAPERBACK AVAILABLE at the Quid Pro order page for this book (fulfilled securely by Amazon), as well as such booksellers as Amazon.com (discounted), Barnes & Noble, BooksAMillion.com, YBP Library Services, and Ingram catalog.
ALSO AVAILABLE in quality eBook formats:
Amazon for Kindle.
Barnes & Noble for Nook.
At Apple iBooks and iTunes bookstore. (See its preview online here.)
And at Google Play (in app on Nexus and similar devices, previewed here).
- ISBN 1610271637 / 978-1-61027-163-9 (pbk.)
ISBN 1610271645 / 978-1-61027-164-6 (eBook)
ASIN B00B6UG3CC (Kindle)
- Page count: 198
US paperback price: $28.99 | <urn:uuid:ead76099-e345-414d-b562-abfee4083073> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://quidprolaw.com/?p=3409 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859604 | 601 | 1.96875 | 2 |
tv Cross Talk RT June 5, 2020 1:30am-2:01am EDT
hello and welcome across the uk where all things are considered i'm peter lavelle the spiral downward depending on who you believe in the media the civil unrest in america is the result of systematic racism this explains protests and rioting but it does it the commanding heights controlling the financial system the media and the business world are loath to admit it it's the economy stupid for them race always trumps class. to discuss this and more i'm joined by my guest jason nichols in l. the cut city is a professor of african-american studies and in new york we crossed to margaret
kimberly she is the editor and senior columnist at the black gender report as well as the author of the book prejudicial black america and the presidents are right cross up rules in effect that means you can jump in anytime you want and i always appreciate it ok let's 1st go to margaret here in my introduction i said that race always trumps class and if you look at mainstream media particularly the liberal media that is the message you get over and over and over again now we're remarkably we actually are still in the middle of a pandemic. tens of millions of people have lost their job we've seen acts of congress and the inaction of a president the people that have the most money are protected and now we have this horrific death of george lloyd which i think it was very i was very pleased that there was a universal virtually universal reaction to this this is this was an atrocity but that seems so long ago when we think of the. the riots and continued protests and
the actions of the president here but the messages are always on race and i think that's misguided because at the end of the day this is a class issue it always is a class of go ahead well you know in the end us race determine what class one is in we can't there's no clean dividing line in this country and floyd's death is something that happens every day to a black person by the way every day to 3 people in this country an average of 3 people killed by the police and racism is a big part of that so this story begins with racism and racism that's practiced all the time mostly against black people but i think the reaction to it as you say they were both in was universal and i think the protests obviously were sparked by his chilling but i think they are sustained and growing because of anger about many
things in this country people are suffering people are struggling it is something that is almost for britain to talk about it's not an issue in politics the corporate media doesn't say anything about it we already had an economy that was not doing as well as we were told when we speak of jobs growth it's low wage work it's getting work it's all it's not anything that it's not living wage were so people were already struggling and now more than 30000000 are unemployed as a result of the pandemic any shutdowns of the current teens so i think there are people who are angry about a lot and while the killing of this man was the spark and near would be i'm sure a reaction across. the country that it has to sustain in small mentum because of
the insecurity that people feel and the anger they have which is rarely. yet i am here because i mean as we spoke right before this recording is that you know i think all across the country obviously this was a catalyst there's no doubt about that ok. but you know that the phrase i can't breathe and i think that that that that goes across race because i think what the media does in the political classes they don't want to talk about the structural deficiencies of the economy why they are there so many low paid jobs ok for example again this is a trick this went to the democrats why are so many cities so badly run and run down ok and taking responsibility for that is well so is jason i guess i'm going to throw to you what i said in the introduction about systematic racism that does the does. race always trump class in american politics. well again you
know i would echo everything that m.r. who just said i think she said a very eloquently in terms of race and class intersect. of course there's no question that there are poor white people and that you have outliers a well to do black people but i would also add when we connected to the unrest that we seen i don't know a black man and i know poor black people i know working class the middle class and i know very well to do black people and i don't know one african-american man who doesn't have a story about him encounter with the police so some of this actually does transcend class when i go out you know i generally i'm not wearing a shirt and tie and you know one would think i used a big you know i would age out of certain encounters with the police and you know in my early forty's and you see george ford was 46 walter scott was it is 50.
so again this is something that for black men seems to transcend age it seems to transcend class so i think a lot of people. you know when they saw george floyd they saw their fathers you know women you know washing say women i should say partners saw their partners their husbands in george floyd and we can't forget that these are things are happening to black women as well with briana taylor and you know many of the other cases of black women who have suffered at the hands of police so i think that while we can talk about the class impact of course there's been a serious impact more on working class communities and while we talk about george floyd we shouldn't necessarily think that these are the george floyd protests these george floyd was just the straw that broke the camel's back if you look at what the police were doing in york city they were going around during this pandemic and in the village and in the wealthy white or areas they were handed out mass you know
when you went you know north of 96th street into you know upper manhattan and into the rocks they were punching people in the face so i think a lot of people you know in arresting them so i think there was an explosion that was going to happen. and you know you can talk also you mention the democratic control of cities and i think that you know there is a valid point that you know some democrats have failed in their management of cities however and a lot of the cities mayors are blacks it's me think it's be very transparent but then in some cases even the police chiefs are black but what i'm saying is a lot of this is systemic and when you have a system it doesn't necessarily white supremacy a systemic so you don't necessarily it's not about who's at the head of the system and in addition the states like iowa. of course in the baltimore area where the
state is run by a republican lady their granddaughter depend on the state when we all did this to make racism a go to market right now and then if we get it if it's so literally black and white a lot about broken americans participate in the political process in this systematic racism i mean you know police chiefs and counselors and all kinds of things like this and then then if they need then it becomes very political because and you have i think in the state of washington you know it's basically it's ok to write it's ok to destroy property but not much and in a certain level i think all of us kind of agree with that but what if you destroying property of a person of color that started a business that's their whole life it's that you know that's it and then it goes right back to an economic issue go ahead yeah well this you know the political leadership though are established and even the black mayors the democrat here in new york city mayor pro bill de blasio liberal mayor. but they often go back on the
same pro status meant troops when something like this happened so over the weekend too there were 2 incidents of police vehicles driving into a crowd of protesters and a blasio he backtracked later but a 1st he disbanded the police the scent of your tech research backing everyone. he made statements in favor of them and the police hate him despite all his genuflecting that's another issue but most of these mayors are pro establishment and they work within the system that the larger system that as we just talked about doesn't work for anybody so they and the do i believe republicans and democrats that also is not always not such a clean dividing line blasio has gotten in trouble for taking campaign money from anybody from everybody. so we see in new york politicians like our mayor bill de
blasio who markets him self as a liberal that was his whole campaign slogan a tale of 2 cities he was going to do better for working people and so forth he made a big deal about having an interracial family but when this these demonstrations started he turned into the status mint all the titian again very pro chris even after police broke into a crowd 2 instances of that he defended them then he had to backtrack now there's a curfew. last night you had a curfew in new york you have to be inside by 888 pm or we can be arrested so a lot of these labels. democratic politicians are not any thing that we can say is really let let's talk about labels here jason what is the difference between prosthetics and protesting and rioting and looting because i see the liberal media
really you know it's. basically peaceful protesting but then there's tons of footage of extreme violence and looting and destruction i mean it seems to me that they're trying to invent language in a normal well in ways that basically everything's fine and everyone's just doing what they're doing now you can't ever get responsibility heads we're not i think that there we definitely need to draw a distinction between destruction of property and violence. the president named for example on his work rob remarks he made into violent altercations and one where he said that this man had been beaten within an inch of his life. but neglects to say is that that man ran out into the middle of the street with a samurai sward you know beat up and you know while bats are trying. you can
counter it's not this you know helpless person or this person just standing in front of their business he went out he engaged the protesters with a weapon and you know caught them you know the short end of the stick. i do think that there is a difference between you know an uprising which is whenever there is an oppressive authoritarian force and people have a political response to that whether it's organized or disorganized that is an uprising that's literally the definition of it runs when you look at what's happening for many people and that's not all of the people who are out there because there are some people who are doing this for their own purposes but the majority other people who are out there are i think even the ones who are engaging in destruction of property are carrying out and uprise again i'm not going to go to a short break and after that short break we'll continue our discussion on race and
class. know what's a conniption old you know you just you just thought i was going by the way it's always ok it was about the real moment and i didn't. not something you know. immediate this happens today they call. it the close to that. if they do can't. see the. yes. yes. is you'll be a reflection of reality.
in the world transformed. what will make you feel safe. isolation from the community. are you going the right way or are you being so. what is true what's his face. in the world corrupted you need to descend. to join us in the depths. or remain in the shallows. 54 jets and more than 1300 military personnel are headed to heal some air force base in alaska where is that to say come on i'll show you what's the reason for any type of enhanced u.s.
military presence in this area russia. what is it suddenly about the south china sea that makes it so that it 11000000000 barrels of oil. take a look at this map who really owns what kind of says no it belongs to us india says no we claim that that belongs to us both of these countries have nuclear weapons capabilities or. is reason for concern so that's why we're going to drill down on the story for you today right here on the news of where you know as we always like to say we do believe by golly it's time to do news again. welcome back to cross the where all things are considered to mind you were discussing race and class.
at mother let me go back to you i mean we were talking about in the 1st part of the program the difference between protesting in writing and there are so many different motives people may have i mean i don't think people were thinking and i hope people weren't that you mr lloyd when they were stealing night he shoots ok i hope that's not the case but i have i have to agree with jason when he's talking about uprising but then again that means something to different people is well ok and what i think one of the saddest things that's poisoned our politics as it all busts and i think the media does this do is we have preconceived ideas about other people about where they're from way they look and this is kind of neat jerk reaction and you know what it is it's fear on all sides and i think that is what's really sad here and i will not back away that this is a class issue because there is so much pressure on the middle class the middle class is been decimated and what's really sad and i think this is actually proven
is that since the civil rights movement so many people of color were able to move into the middle class and have that great be the dream that we all have about middle class america because it was a middle class country it's no longer a middle class country it is an underclass and a very very small a small group of very powerful rich people that have congo. and there tom do you agree or disagree but let's absolutely true living wage work has been decimated in this country and something that black people depended upon to be able to buy homes and send their kids to college all of those markers that we think of as being middle class which is a kind of amorphous. term that it makes you feel good doesn't it and makes you feel you that's your cause. but it's the people at the top who you mentioned who are responsible for this destruction the finance capitalists decided that we didn't
need to make anything in america anymore. and so these manufacturing jobs disappeared their whole portions of this country i mean midwesterner by birth and. yes and every time i visit family in the midwest in ohio and other states it looks worse and worse and worse. and so now we have but it's never acknowledged it's never talked about politicians don't mention it because they rely on people who give them money they don't care a corporate media they don't care they are rather elite institutions they don't have any connections with working people they don't cover working people who have a labor beat anymore. so we have these people who are treated as if they don't exist and i also think that it's not uncommon actually for protest to begin over
some very bright his issue people have well founded righteous indignation but it sets off a lot of emotions there people who. you know the knuckleheads for lack of a better term who will take advantage just because people are out into the streets and inspires. positive a lot mostly positive i would say a lot of negative too but i think we have to. remember this all started with great injustice and everyone should be working to stop this system that puts 2000000 people in jail george fluid was arrested because of a 20 dollar bill that was allegedly counterfeit that puts people in jail and americans love to talk about human rights everywhere else in the world but you can't have 2000000 people in jail and talk about human rights abuses everywhere else so i think there has to be a discussion about all of this all of these things that we talk about when people
are needs are acknowledged i think. and when people institutions like the police are kept in check i think so much of what we've been discussing can be you know jason. looting abhorrence and or to any and doing to macy's fine they got their insurance they're all covered ok it's the small businesses and it's the mom and pops at it and are breaking for me here but you know when people bring up the issue of looting i think about a different kind of looting ok i think about the looting of the middle class for 40 years ok and i really find it really rich when it comes to media figures in hollywood types of ok when they find on what they're basically thoughts in my opinion they met they don't add any it's all hurt you signally but you know the media it and i go back is it you know if they if it's race race race race
everything's races but you know what is it it hurts everyone when you have when you hollow out the middle class again the middle class in my mind is a place for all and that's where we find our great strength ok and when you pull that out it hurts everyone here and again the media covers this looting that's going on in this stimulus bailout just another huge tree. hansford well upwards and now we have we basically have a civil war or a revolution against the working people from the top down you agree with that or now so i agree with that with many elements of what you said. first of all i do agree with something you said earlier and that is that middle class is kind of this you know and i maybe as margaret said it is a more focused and may not even exist i think it was the playwright august wilson
who said if you can quit your job today and live at the same standard of living for 2 years then your core and you know i know me you know i it you know i'm live in a nice house in a nice neighborhood but if i would have who was my my employment today you know next month i'm scrambling you know to me and 3 months you know probably out of my year so i think that there is. you know this this idea that there's this middle class and 80 percent of americans are 85 percent i believe of americans identify as middle class now you want to tell us there are a lot of poor people because we demonize poverty itself that you know that they're like i'm poor you know there was. a middle class there was a joke by. the great comedian eddie murphy where he talked about everybody was poor neighborhood but if you could afford to get that ice cream you know to me and you know the other kids were like your gonna ice cream your mom's all welfare you
know when they all lived in the same community you know i mean they are had pretty much the same family structure you know everybody was poor but because you couldn't afford ice cream that day you know all of a sudden you were somehow worse you know decent i lived in a small community outside of denver colorado and it was lily white but the same issue apply the same exact name apply right. margaret and margaret ok in again you know losing your job poverty it's a shameful element of american culture here but you know you know if you're told you can't work you can't go to work you can't murder a living for yourself and your family then then again i criticize the structural deficiencies of the economy if you're telling people you can't go to work then you better you have to compensate them ok but no that's not what the $1200.00 check or whatever you know that's going to pay off debt that's not going to put food on the
table here how can the absence of any interest in the in the concerns of the conditions of the middle class and working people i find abhorrence and there's nothing out there to change it because we're all focused on race race breaks go ahead mark you're like well there are if. you're lucky if you know and if black people suffer the most because you're less likely to have family wealth had assets we're more likely to spend upon a salary and if anything happens to that sound we are in very very trouble and the fact that they do i believe the political class the people who go through the motions of opposing each other that they decided $1200.00 was the maximum for any anyone in this country regardless of circumstance it tells you where we stand the minimum wage hasn't gone up for years and the democrats the 1st 2 years
obama was in office and democrats controlled everything they didn't do anything about it either so we are living in this dystopian nightmare where we are told that our problems don't exist they're not acknowledged they're not talked about policy people campaign for office pretending that they care. about us and then they wonder why only half the public bother to show up. to moderate in the state of california in the state of california at local politicians are almost all universally elected on health care for single payer and when they get the power i mean it's the people's republic of california for god's sake and they still won't do it they still did all they did to do it and then when they get power oh we don't have the money and that is the myth that has been exploded this endemic and this crisis there's tons of money when you want something ok but if you're going to give people a step up across the board the middle class they just tonight jason last 30 seconds
go to you i'm sorry go well the only thing that i want to say is that it is adding to what margaret just stated and that is that there is a difference between being american middle class and being black american middle class i think that those are 2 very different constructions for example in boston massachusetts the media household income or the median household net worth is $247000.00 for african-americans in that same area it's 8 dollars so again you see the stark difference where people were worth you know what they have in their wallet versus people who have homes you know home ownership 40 percent for african-americans were at a rather of a 50 year low right now 40 percent for african-american 70 percent for a similar almost out of time and i am not going to contest anything you said but
you know i'm really tired of rich white liberals saying well at least i'm not racist ok and then that this cleans their conscience addressing the structural economic problems of the united states and affect all people that's all the time we have your aunt margaret and i want to thank jason for being on our program when i think our viewers are watching us here at the scenic some remember. america was never great was founded on the rapes in the murder. nothing changed so we said all response to these situations that we're dealing with. people here is sad every elvis day he is just sad people kill each other blacks are
killing children. so it was just no way that people are going to just sit back and allow children to be shot down by law enforcement. this country doesn't work for us it doesn't function for us. this is can't be happening in america we call from the streets we've got to deal with why this is the reason i have to ride like this is the reason. i'm no no crowd. no shots. actually just belts. drive no arrests. points your thirst for action.
according to several sources felice in the united states kills from 2 to 4 people every day. and his hand. with sand i still didn't. see one of my being arrested for a response. it's just their little world status they developed just us against them and. how long have you. ever had to shoot someone. is the least thing.
that. protests to press the 1st memorial for george floyd is held in minneapolis. global movement against racism and police violence. criticisms leveled at the european commission for. mid level threat to work a move designed to. ease safety measures in the workplace. and. at the scene of a far right terrorist atrocity. the locals say it's doing nothing to heal old. | <urn:uuid:04e79f4c-a404-4998-88c5-6a985022f719> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.healthmutts.com.wstub.archive.org/details/RT_20200605_053000_CrossTalk/start/16/end/76?q=peter+lavelle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.985343 | 5,170 | 1.679688 | 2 |
C area of 50,949 square miles (131,958 square kilometers) Greece is approximately the size of the US state of Alabama. The population of Greece is more than 10 million people - for comparison - in Alabama is home to around 4, 5 million people.
-Primerno 16, 5 million tourists visit Greece every year, it's more than the entire population of the country. Tourism accounts for about 16% of gross domestic product (GDP) in Greece.
-In Greece, no one can renounce the right choice. Voting is compulsory for all citizens over 18 years old.
-About 7% of marble produced in the world is produced in Greece.
-In Greece is a large international airports than in most countries, as it wants to visit a lot of foreign tourists.
-Third For the production of olive country, Greece, growing olive trees in ancient times. Some olive trees planted in the thirteenth century, is still bearing fruit.
-According To Greek mythology, Athena and Poseidon argued that the one who will present the city the best gift would be his patron. Although the gift of Poseidon was the water, olive tree, a gift from Athena, was seen by other gods as a precious gift.
-In Greece, no one navigable river because of its mountainous terrain. Approximately 80% of Greece is mountainous.
The old-Greek legend has it that when God created the world, he sifted through all the way to the ground through a sieve. When each country had a good soil, he threw stones remaining in the sieve over his shoulder and created Greece.
-Approximately 98% of the population of Greece - Greeks. Turks constitute the most significant minority. From representatives of other nations live in Greece Albanians, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Armenians and Gypsies.
-Primerno 12 million people in the world speak Greek. They live mainly in Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Turkey, USA.
-Tysyachi Russian word comes from the Greek language, sometimes through the Roman adaptation in Latin and then in Russian. Common words with Greek origin, is the word "academy", "Marathon", "siren", "alphabet" and "typhoon».
-In 1950, only about 30% of adult Greeks could read and write. Today, the literacy rate is over 95%.
-Greece has more than 2,000 islands, about 170 of which are inhabited. The largest Greek island - Crete (3189 sq. Miles) (8260 sq. Km.).
-Svyshe 40% of the population live in Athens, capital of Greece. Ever since the city became the capital of the modern state, its population grew from 10,000 in 1834 to 3, 6 million in 2001.
Constantly inhabited for 7,000 years, Athens - one of the oldest cities in Europe. It is also the birthplace of democracy. Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Political Science, Western literature and historiography, the most important mathematical laws and the Western theory of tragedies and comedies.
-Some Scientists say that Greek civilization there for so long, I had the opportunity to try on myself almost every form of government.
-In The case of Greece, more than 250 sunny days - or 3,000 hours of sunshine - a year.
At present, the male population of Greece is obliged to serve in any army troops from a year to 18 months. The state spends 6% of its annual gross domestic product (GDP) in the armed forces.
-Drevnyaya Greece was not a single state, as a modern Greece. Rather, it consisted of approximately 1,500 individual city-states or policies. Each of them had their own laws and army, and they are often in conflict. Athens was the largest city-state.
-Before The late 1990s was the main enemy of Greece, Turkey, since these countries have historical differences due to Cyprus and other territories for decades. Once rendered mutual devastating consequences of the earthquake that hit the two countries in 1999, their relationship improved.
-Average Life expectancy of ancient Greek women was 36 years and for men 45. Of all children born half dying in infancy. At present, the life expectancy in Greece is for women - 82 years old, male - 77 years. Greece is on the 26th place in the world for life expectancy.
-Greece - a leading manufacturer of marine sponges.
To Greek ships account for 70% of merchant vessels of the European Union. According to Greek law 75% of the ship's crew to be Greeks.
-In Greece is a large archaeological museums than any other country in the world.
-At Home nursing - a rarity in Greece. Grandparents tend to live with their families their children to death. Most young people live with their parents until they marry.
-Feta Derived from goat's milk is a traditional Greek cheese. He was already known in the Homeric era, and its annual consumption per capita is the highest in the world.
-In Greece, people are more willing to celebrate the name day, days of the saints, whose name they bear, than their own birthdays.
-Tysyachi Birds stop at the wetlands of Greece during the flight. Its winter here spend as much as 100,000 birds from northern Europe and Asia.
-Vyrazhenie "Take the bull by the horns" comes from the Greek myth of Hercules, in which he rescues from Crete enraged bull, grabbing him by the horns. | <urn:uuid:b4d50223-8b3f-4bb5-80e3-ec9b13f9de1e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://bashny.net/t/en/9694 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00509-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963003 | 1,148 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The workshop was welcomed by the delegates, who arrived at the workshop from different governorates, where they had their introduction on the first day.
On the second day, they were able to apply what they learned on site, as the delegates with the instructor, Dr. Nabil Mohareb, went on a field-trip to Al-Mansheya Area, Alexandria for practical application of the theoretical lectures on a real-life area of space.
On the third day, their experience gained from the field trip was put into application, the sessions were closed later and the delegates were farewelled by the ending of the workshop.
A Facebook group was also created for constant interaction between the delegates and Dr. Nabil, to get to the group please Click Here.
The theoretical part is discussing the usage of space syntax as one of the spatial configuration theories that can be applied starting from the micro level (inside buildings) to the macro levels (the city level).
Space syntax theory attempts to understand why, from a spatial point of view, the built environment takes its shape in relation to corresponding socio-cultural activities. There is a fundamental link between the structures and functions of cities, as the configuration of the network is the primary shaper of the pattern of movement.
As a quantitative method, space syntax describes patterns of spatial layouts showing the effect of urban grid configuration on existing movements. It measures integration, which refers to accessibility. It describes the average depth of a space to all other spaces in the systems, which indicates the preferable potential places to move to as a movement destination.
Key research findings
Research using the Space Syntax approach has shown:
- How movement patterns and flows in cities are powerfully shaped by the street network
- How this relation shapes the evolution of the local centers and sub-centers that makes cities liveable
- How patterns of security and insecurity are affected by spatial design
- How spatial segregation and social disadvantage are related in cities
- How buildings can create more interactive organizational cultures.
Dr. Nabil Mohareb
(Associate Professor and Head of Faculty branch, Faculty of Architectural Engineering at Beirut Arab University, Lebanon.)
Nabil gained his Ph.D. in (decoding the Genotype of Historical sites in Fatimid Cairo) from the Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University 2008 and his second Ph.D. from School of Architecture, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Community Services: (for the past 6 years)
- Member of the Water-Front Subcommittee, involved in creating regulations and recommendations for developing Waterfronts in Egypt. The National Council for Urban Design, Egypt (2005)
- Member in Forum for Conservation of Architecture and Historic Heritage, an NGO funded by US Aid (Alexandria, Rosetta and Siwa), Alexandria, Egypt (2003-2005)
- Member of research/ consultancy team ‘Architecture Design and master planning’ in UAE University, UAE (2007 to 2009)
- Member of research/ consultancy team ‘Sustainable architecture, Urban environment and community development’ in UAE University, UAE (2007 to 2009)
- Member of Sheikh Khalifa monumental Landmark Committee in Abu-Dhabi, UAE.(2007)
- Member of WASET (World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology) Humanities and Social Science Scientific Committee (2008 to present)
- Member of the Conference Scientific Committee for the Third International CSAAR Conference titled “Emerging Trends in The Architecture and Urbanism of Arab World”, Sharjah, UAE. (2008)
- Senior member of the International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology (IACSIT) (2009 to present)
- Member of the International Scientific Advisory Committee of “Sustainable Tourism Conference” in 2010, Wessex Institute of Technology, UK (2010) | <urn:uuid:a1a4f3f4-76e5-4b26-a11a-85c1d8e7e3f9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ierek.com/events/space-syntax-approach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944123 | 785 | 2.1875 | 2 |
There are a few questions in science for which the whole world wants to get the answer and one such question is on the existence of alien life. We have built so many telescopes, sent so many missions, studies terabytes of data but still, we don’t even have single strong evidence of the existence of extraterrestrial life.
Considering our planet, we know from the geological record that life started relatively quickly, as soon as the environment was stable enough to support it. We also know that the first multicellular organism, which eventually produced today’s technological civilization, took far longer to evolve, approximately 4 billion years which is a lot and it again took a lot of time to evolve into intelligent life like humans. So, this itself gives us an intuition that intelligence might be rare.
A new study by David Kipping, an assistant professor in the Department of Astronomy at University of Columbia provides a statistical analysis of how likely it is for intelligent life to exist beyond our planet. This new analysis uses a technique called Bayesian Inference that allows for updating the probability as we get more data.
“The rapid emergence of life and the late evolution of humanity, in the context of the timeline of evolution, are certainly suggestive,” Kipping said. “But in this study, it’s possible to actually quantify what the facts tell us.“
The study started by taking Earth and the evolution of intelligent life here as the starting point. He asked himself as in if the clock repeats what is the probability that intelligent life evolve again?
He saw that there seems four possibilities
- Life is common and so is intelligence.
- Life is common but intelligence is rare.
- Life is rare but when it happens intelligence is common
- Life is rare and intelligence is too.
Noone on the planet can certainly claim one of these possibilities but thanks to Bayesian Inference we can achieve something like betting odds.
On an Earth rerun, life will most likely emerge again at a 9:1 odds according to Bayesian Inference and it was 3:2 odds for intelligent life to emerge.
The above results are only statistical-based and can’t be guaranteed. We can’t say surely that even if we rerun the earth clock will the life form or not especially intelligent.
Anyhow, are you waiting to meet some extraterrestrial intelligence? Tell us in comments
An objective Bayesian analysis of life’s early start and our late arrival (PNAS) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921655117 | <urn:uuid:7ebfed21-64a2-4eb1-94cc-4314364a3620> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://atomstalk.com/news/extraterrestrial-life-common-but-intelligence-rare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.953048 | 532 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Standards for Accessible Design
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Education/NIDRR
PI: Leslie Young
Period: 10/01/94 through 03/31/00
The Center for Universal Design has almost completed preparing a series of broadcast quality videos and complementary training materials to address the technical and scoping requirements of the Americans With Disabilities Act Standards for Accessible Design. The project (a) illustrated how people with disabilities use the built environment and the rationale underlying specific technical and scoping provisions of the standards for accessible design, (b) explained how discrete provisions of the standards for accessible design mesh to ensure accessibility, (c) used innovative video techniques, including animation, fade-ins, and transitions from footage showing a person using a space or element to footage showing design layouts and diagrams from the relevant sections from standards for accessible design, and (d) developed complementary training materials in conjunction with the videos. The Center worked with national organizations in the building industry and with federal agencies to develop a dissemination plan for distributing the videotapes and related materials to practitioners in the field.
These videos are available for purchase. | <urn:uuid:18d8d342-5469-48b8-9662-12f15d815530> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ncsu.edu/ncsu/design/cud/projserv_ps/projects/psnidrraccess.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00173-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897052 | 230 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The “WebGL hit a snag” error can show up while browsing any graphically intensive web page in Chrome. WebGL stands for Web Graphics Library. It’s basically a lot of code written and optimized by awesome programmers which allow the website developers to enable beautiful animations and other illustrations on the web pages.
The WebGL hit a snag error shows when some error causes the library or the HTML canvas to crash in the browser. This can cause the whole web page to crash, or just a part of it to crash depending on how it is programmed.
So, how do you fix the “WebGL hit a snag” error on Chrome?
Well, the first thing you should do is that you should try reloading the web page which has caused this error. If that doesn’t happen again, then consider yourself lucky and then go on with your life. But, it’s been repeatedly showing on your browser, hasn’t it? Otherwise, you won’t be here.
Disable Hardware Acceleration
A sure shot way to get set WebGL things right is to disable hardware acceleration on the device you are using Chrome on. It’s pretty simple on Chrome.
chrome://settingsto open the Settings page on Chrome. If you are too lazy for that, just use the hamburger menu on the top-right of Chrome to open the Customize Chrome menu and hit Settings there.
- Once on the Settings screen, scroll down and click on Show advanced settings.
- Find and uncheck “Use hardware acceleration when available” option.
- Restart Chrome and open the web page again which was showing “WebGL hit a snag” error. This time, it shouldn’t crash like that.
A thing to note is that Restarting Chrome isn’t just closing the browser window and opening it up again. Depending on how it is configured, you will need to uncheck the “Continue running background apps when Chrome is closed” option. Do that, and you will be able to exit Chrome entirely. If you don’t want to tinker with that setting, just restart your PC. Doing either is fine. | <urn:uuid:a6b2fcfb-bc26-4c8a-bcd1-f5a7913ce81b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://errorfixer.co/fix-webgl-hit-snag-chrome-error/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00216-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879183 | 459 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Now residing in Montreal where he continues to paint and draw, Yehouda Chaki (1936-) was born in Athens, went to school at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris, and lived from 1945 to 1960 in Tel Aviv.
Chaki’s work has been described as a collision of the outside world with the artist’s innermost visceral perceptions. His landscapes and still-lifes are created by selecting and assembling commonly known elements of nature so as to present us with a newly ordered vision of the world. Although no element in his artworks can be traced to actual places and plants, he presents us with a believable reality entirely of his own making. The essence of the painting is to be found in their execution. Shapes are defined by forceful lines or clashes of colour, distance is conveyed by subtle shadings contrasting with brutal overlaps, and light and mood proceed from chromatic interplays laced with telling brushwork. (Excerpted from “Chaki: A Language of Passion”, by Leo Rosshandler). | <urn:uuid:ee7065d6-44f3-47ca-81e3-68073308f9c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://laparetegallery.com/portfolio/yehouda-chaki/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.976004 | 218 | 2.34375 | 2 |
29 November, 2018
THANE: City commuters hailing from the high density localities like Wagle Estate and Lokmanya Nagar, travelling from the far end of Ghodbundar Road and those travelling regularly to the neighbouring cities will breathe a sigh of relief once the intracity metro line is completed, as the ring route will pass right through their doorsteps. The proposed 29km circuitous intracity metro project, implemented by the Maha Metro on behalf of the Thane Municipal Corporation, will start of from the New Thane metro station in old city area and then pass the high density pockets of Wagle Estate, go along the Glady Alvares Road, turn go on till Vijay Nagari and Waghbil before turning back and passing through Kolshet, Rabodi, Thane station before reaching New Thane station again.
“The city’s population is expected to grow to 27 lakhs by the year 2025, of which 5.76 lakh passengers will be using the metro services daily once it is fully operational. The main aim of this project is to connect the different distant and difficult to access pockets of the city with the city centre and the modes of transportation that will take commuters across to other cities,” said Dr Brijesh Dixit, MD, Maha Metro.
“We conducted a six month study where we analyzed the population density in each area as well as the preferred transportation choices of the commuters there, the space available, the common daily travel destinations and so on before coming up with the locations for the 20 elevated stations and the 2 underground ones,” added an official from the Maha Metro team.
In all, this intracity metro line is expected to not only help citizens travel to different ends of the city but also aid those traveling to the neighbouring cities through its inter modal system.
“This ring route intracity metro will align with the Mumbai-Kasarvadavli metro line in the shape of the Greek symbol phi. So in addition to connecting commuters with the bus transportation at Lokmanya Nagar bus depot, and the railway line at the underground Thane station metro line, this intercity circuitous metro line will also allow citizens to switch over to the metro trains traveling to Mumbai on the Mumbai – Kasarvadavli line. This will reduce the pressure on the railway traffic as well as the roadway traffic then,” Dr. Dixit said.
The project, which is expected to cost around Rs.10,500 crore will also be embedded with solar panels and thus be energy sufficient.
“The roofs of the metro stations have ample space and can fit about 10 lakh solar panels which will provide about 65 percent of the energy requirements of these metro services. We have implemented a similar project successfully in Nagpur and will replicate it in Thane as well,” Dr Dixit said.
The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the proposed Thane Metro Rail Project has been submitted to Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC) who will then submit it to state government. Once the DPR is cleared by all concerned authorities, it is expected to pave the way for the launching of the project, which will then ease traffic congestion and facilitate passenger movement to a great extent in this city. The project is likely to be ready by 2025.
Source : timesofindia.indiatimes.com | <urn:uuid:1f9d6853-aa7f-49f3-b61d-cd1a10766206> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thaneweb.com/thane-city-news/2018-November/29-Nov-2018-22-stations-planned-for-thanes-intracity-metro-highly-populated-locations-linked.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.938258 | 700 | 1.554688 | 2 |
An electrician suffers serious burns and nearly loses his sight after misapplying a consumer-grade multimeter in an industrial setting.
After accidentally damaging his expensive, namebrand digital multimeter beyond repair, an electrician went to a local electronics store to purchase a replacement. The salesman showed him meters with essentially the same specifications, voltage ranges, and accuracy, but at one-fourth the cost of his original! At this price, he decided to buy one.
Within a few days of his purchase, the electrician went to troubleshoot an inoperative gantry crane. He quickly found a suspect motor contactor on the crane's bridge and prepared to test the voltages. As he applied the probes from the meter in a "chopstick" style, a blinding flash occurred as the inrush current began vaporizing the meter's brass probe tips. Instinctively, the electrician withdrew his hand, but the large energy release vaporized the probe tips so quickly that half an inch of each probe's tip was consumed. As a result, the superheated vaporized brass caused serious burns to his hand, arm, and eyes. Temporarily blinded, the electrician had to feel his way down off the crane.
Following the accident, the electrician (plaintiff) hired an attorney to sue the electronic store where he purchased the meter. In the resulting lawsuit, the electrician's attorney hired three forensics engineers (one specializing in explosions) to support his case. The defense attorney also hired an electrical engineer to support the storeowner.
After separate inspections of the damaged meter, each engineer found one of the circuit board's copper traces completely vaporized. They also determined this trace belonged to the meter's "milliamps" range. Unfortunately, these findings confirmed the electrician had not set the meter's switch to "AC V" as he'd thought. Instead, he selected "AC mA."
The engineers found the meter's design protected the milliampere circuits with a small, glass-encased fuse, rated 250V at 0.5A. They also found the inrush current had completely vaporized the small copper fuse wire and caused the fuse's glass tube to explode. This led them to believe the vaporized trace from the circuit board contributed to the current flow through the meter.
After learning these facts, the plaintiff's engineers felt compelled to discuss the electrician's responsibility with the plaintiff's attorney. Undaunted, the attorney encouraged a review of industry standards for multimeter design. The search revealed the fuse installed in the meter as a safety device was rated for 250V, whereas the meter itself had an advertised rating of 750V. The incident occurred while measuring 480VAC.
Since a case relating to a product's integrity requires finding deficient design, poor construction, or lack of warning, the plaintiff had to prove the defendant was liable for the design of this meter.
UL standards require that the half-ampere fuse (the rating of the meter's fuse) carry half an ampere indefinitely. However, should the current double to 1A, the fuse should open within 120 sec. Obviously, the fuse will open even faster with more current.
The proper placement and rating of components, especially the fuse, in a multimeter is crucial to the safe operation of any unit. Even if equipped with special fuses, the maximum current reaching the fuse is critical. We define the interrupting rating of a fuse as the maximum current the unit will safely interrupt. For special fuses used in meters, this is often 10,000A. In conjunction with this, the meter manufacturer must control the size of the wire used in the meter leads as well as their lead length to limit the maximum current that may flow to the fuse.
The 480V, 3-phase power at the circuit breaker panel was capable of supplying a fault current in the neighborhood of 40,000A. However, the defense attorney's engineer noted the resistance of the meter's leads and the branch circuit wiring to the contactor would have limited the maximum current to a range of 1200A to 2500A. But since test results indicated meter leads explode at about 2000A, and the electrician's leads had not exploded, the current was likely in the range of 1200A to 2000A.
Engineers on both sides of the case recognized the literature supplied with the meter failed to mention or warn of the hazards noted above. The seller was also unaware of this information. Since both parties had evidence to support a case against the other, they settled the lawsuit out of court. The injured electrician received compensation, and the seller added warnings to his meters.
What's the lesson here? Had the electrician used a meter properly designed for the task, the size of the arc produced would have been half or even less than that actually experienced. Also, the time duration of the arc would have been substantially less; resulting in less energy available to cause burns.
To avoid a similar situation, electrical professionals should always use proper test equipment and safety gear when working hot. In this case, appropriate gloves and safety glasses could have easily prevented or minimized the electrician's injuries.
Crawford, P.E., is a Forensic Electrical Engineer and Electrical Contractor; Buske, P.E., is an engineer with Buske Engineering. | <urn:uuid:61de04e6-64f6-42d7-806d-13a7df876d94> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ecmweb.com/content/beware-cheap-meters?quicktabs_11=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00024-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966509 | 1,087 | 2.015625 | 2 |
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Salt is utilized to enhance flavor in food. Salt is also a vital mineral that is needed by our bodies for proper functioning. Being a primary electrolyte, without salt the water content of our bodies would be out of balance. Salt also impacts blood pressure, and bone density. Salt is utilized in winter climates to assist with snow melting.
Aluminium which is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust is utilized daily in many ways. As with salt, aluminum is utilized in cooking due to its conductivity. It is also utilized in car manufacturing, packaging, and construction.
Wax paper is utilized in cooking to prevent food from sticking to surfaces and to insulate and steam food products (i.e. fish). It can also be utilized in as a container for food due to its water replent nature.
We’ve answered 319,184 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:56a0e47c-1511-4d49-8b92-762bd1d5cd62> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-do-we-use-salt-aluminium-wax-paper-everyday-150037 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00387-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969645 | 193 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Americans have long been known for their love of big cars. That is why to meet the high demand in 2006, Chevrolet has launched the third generation of the SUV Tahoe. This car has a length of 5130 mm to this day is a success not only among ordinary citizens, but also representatives of various special-purpose services.
Initially, the idea of an SUV release of the legendary sports car manufacturer Porsche was seemed absurd. However, the Cayenne has become a bestseller worldwide. Therefore, in 2010, updated version of this sport-utility vehicle went on sale, 4846 mm long and weighing nearly 2 tons. The range of engines of Cayenne are with power from 300 hp up to 500 hp. The fastest version of the Cayenne Turbo S boasts by rapid acceleration up to a hundred in 4.5 seconds and a top speed of 283 km / h.
Swedish company Volvo has long its fame as one of the safest cars automakers. That is why the new XC90 SUV in 2010 is in steady demand from buyers. Vehicle length is 4810 mm, and weight – 2250 kg.
- Carefully wash and dry the rubber. It is desirable to treat rubber by special aerosol, which largely will slow the formation of bonds in the rubber molecules.
- It is advisable to pack each wheel in the special case or bag. In this case, the rubber will not feel the effect of solar radiation and high humidity.
- Keep tires in a dry, cool, dark place.
- Tires without disks should be stored in an upright position, they can’t be put on top of each other or hang. Furthermore, once a month bus tires must be rotated to the load point was not always in the same place. Never put something heavy on them.
- Keep tires with wheels can be horizontally (put as “pit”) or in a suspended position, they can’t be placed vertically. As for the pressure it is recommended to deflate tires on 50% during the storage.
- Before laying tires on storage, be sure to pay attention to the shelf life of the tire. Often, it is 5 years.
If it has expired, you will have to get rid of them, because their continued operation would be extremely undesirable. | <urn:uuid:589eeed5-c802-4f2a-83c4-b9738b281607> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bladecars.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00518-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955842 | 468 | 1.859375 | 2 |
The main aim of golf is to hit the ball from the tee to the green, and then knock it into the hole.
For each hole, there is a number of shots that experts think players should need to complete the hole, called par. The shorter the hole, the lower the par number.
There are 18 holes in a round of golf, and par is normally 72. The player who completes the 18 holes in the least number of shots wins.
A tournament is normally made up of four rounds of 18 holes. | <urn:uuid:57f961cc-27a4-4919-aa3f-0008986b9172> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/sport/golf/newsid_1756000/1756000.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00239-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942145 | 107 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The five coronavirus patients in hospital range in age from their forties to eighties. One person is in intensive care.
The details of hospitalisations due to Covid-19 have been revealed in the latest States of Guernsey press conference.
There are currently 277 known active cases of the virus in the island.
46 people tested positive in the past 24 hour period and 137 diagnoses have been made since Friday.
63% of people diagnosed since 22 January have been under the age of 50.
Dr Nicola Brink says the percentage of new cases from an 'unknown community source' is declining, while the percentage from contact tracing is increasing - which is a pattern she would expect to see as lockdown continues.
Medical Director Dr Peter Rabey says the whole of Brock Ward has been made a Covid unit now that four patients are being cared for there.
He says that has involved moving other patients, and he has apologised for the disruption that has caused.
He says the hospital was already busy with normal winter pressures, but is 'managing fine' - adding that the hospital is better-placed during this lockdown as many people in the vulnerable age groups already vaccinated, there are improved Covid-19 treatments, 'excellent' PPE supplies and more equipment.
Only emergency operations are taking place this week, mainly because of staff shortages due to the numbers self-isolating. It is possible more procedures will be instated next week.
Dr Rabey confirmed that an overflow Intensive Care Unit can be in operation within 48 hours if necessary.
The press conference panel also confirmed that 8.400 doses of the vaccine have been administered so far and 70-74 year olds are being invited for their jab this week. | <urn:uuid:1c1f740c-995e-4156-9ea6-fac98912406a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.islandfm.com/news/guernsey/five-in-hospital-with-covid-19-as-cases-rise-to-277/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.97585 | 354 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Great decision not to use plastic plants :lol:
Lets see here...to be cost effective and still have some fun and success.
Screw in flourescents can replace your bulbs but I use a 25W incandescent on my nano and the plants have been doing good.
The ones you ordered will be fine
Its funny you should ask about this because in my 5 gallon Nano tank my plants are growing great with 75% Soil (free) mixed with 25% sand (50lb bag Playsand(HD)/3.00 a bag. I am considering redoing all my tanks with soil.
Or being small tanks just go 100% flourite if you dont mind spending. Whatever you use for substrate just be sure to have it 3" thick or so.
Low light choices would be best, Hygro polysperma,java moss,Java fern,Anubia's,some Crypts etc. even a small sword I have is doing good in the incandesscent nano tank. Here is the tank... http://www.buckmanshome.com/nano.html
Up to you, live plants allow you to stock a little heavier then conventional tanks and they actually help each other.
Half the fun is playing around with different combo's but I am really leaning towards the soil for growth as shown in the nano photos... I never touch this tank and the growth is steady and healthy
As you can see it does not have to cost a lot to grow a nice tank.
Good Luck To Ya Bert... I hope this helps ya get setup cheaply, if you want to upgrade someday just ask and we can help you spend some $$$ :lol: | <urn:uuid:d8c62634-15d4-45f5-af32-0b2c9e03b631> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.plantedtank.net/forums/8-general-planted-tank-discussion/1717-new-planted-tanks-update.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00312-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920471 | 350 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Famed jumper Laso Schaller made headlines for setting "a new cliff-jump world record" when dramatic video of him plunging nearly 200 feet into a pool of water was released on Aug. 18.
But a technicality will keep the Swiss 27-year-old out of the official record books — the feat is too dangerous for Guinness.
During the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series, Schaller completed a 192.9-foot jump into a 26-foot-deep pool of water. Red Bull, which sponsors the event, said he set a record.
Guinness World Records no longer monitors that category “due to the obvious dangers involved and the inadvisability of sanctioning such a record,” a spokesperson said.
Though Guinness doesn't track cliff-jumping anymore, they do keep a record of who has the most Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series titles. Four-time winner Gary Hunt is the current record holder.
Red Bull, which sponsors the event, declined to comment.
Even with Schaller’s experience, there was a lot of extra preparation needed to make the jump.
His team built a platform that extended out from the top of the waterfall to clear a rock wall for the jump, according to a blog post from Red Bull. The team also explored the pool using scuba gear and placed six aerating tanks in his projected landing area to "soften" the water.
Schaller, a canyon guide and athlete by trade, regularly participates in high-dive shows, which involve jumping roughly 80 feet, 20 times in a day. | <urn:uuid:c4636eaf-b72f-4cd8-a083-fb9af918ed82> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.nbclosangeles.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/Swiss-Cliff-Jumper-Laso-Schaller-322518542.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00085-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952221 | 333 | 1.5 | 2 |
El Salvador and Honduras have had the highest homicide rates in the world over the past ten years, with Guatemala close behind. Every day more than 1,000 people men, women, and children flee these three countries for North America. Read more...
El Salvador and Honduras have had the highest homicide rates in the world over the past ten years, with Guatemala close behind. Every day more than 1,000 people men, women, and children flee these three countries for North America. Oscar Martinez, author of The Beast, named one of the best books of the year by the Economist, Mother Jones, and the Financial Times, fleshes out these stark figures with true stories, producing a jarringly beautiful and immersive account of life in deadly locations.
Martinez travels to Nicaraguan fishing towns, southern Mexican brothels where Central American women are trafficked, isolated Guatemalan jungle villages, and crime-ridden Salvadoran slums. With his precise and empathetic reporting, he explores the underbelly of these troubled places. He goes undercover to drink with narcos, accompanies police patrols, rides in trafficking boats and hides out with a gang informer. The result is an unforgettable portrait of a region of fear and a subtle analysis of the North American roots and reach of the crisis, helping to explain why this history of violence should matter to all of us."
Publishers Weekly® Reviews
- Reviewed in: Publishers Weekly, page .
- Review Date: 2016-02-15
- Reviewer: Staff
Journalist Martínez (The Beast) tenaciously reports piece by piece on the accretion of gang-related violence besetting El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. This book is based on a series of articles he wrote for the website elfaro.net, and each entry details its own escapade." A well-connected mafioso twice escapes the clutches of the state and finally ends up serving time for murder. The bleak story of the paranoid informant's untimely end constitutes its own chapter. Another details how Los Zetas, a Mexican gang, consolidated power in Guatemala, which is crucial background for understanding a police massacre and the subsequent "chess game of criminal politics" analyzed later. Martínez pulls the tarp back from the snake-pit tangle of gang affiliations, offenses, and revenge in overcrowded prisons that lead to periodic massacres. He tells of the perseverance of El Salvador's only forensic investigator in excavating a well, a tale that approaches dark farce. The book enters "strange and impenetrable worlds filled with code words and carnage, in which players function as it were just another day at work." Martínez's reporting reveals shocking failures of the state—particularly of police and courts—but he avoids tidy lessons, preferring to let the intractable issues stand in all their cold brutality. (Mar.) | <urn:uuid:d5db37ab-80ba-4100-b9d5-d8c3b716f285> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.booksamillion.com/p/History-Violence-Living-Dying-Central/Oscar-Martinez/9781784781682 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00045-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918346 | 592 | 1.75 | 2 |
This speech was broadcast by legendary ABC Radio commentator Paul Harvey on April 3, 1965:
If I were the Devil . . . I mean, if I were the Prince of Darkness, I would of course, want to engulf the whole earth in darkness. I would have a third of its real estate and four-fifths of its population, but I would not be happy until I had seized the ripest apple on the tree, so I should set about however necessary to take over the United States. I would begin with a campaign of whispers. With the wisdom of a serpent, I would whisper to you as I whispered to Eve: “Do as you please.” “Do as you please.” To the young, I would whisper, “The Bible is a myth.” I would convince them that man created God instead of the other way around. I would confide that what is bad is good, and what is good is “square”. In the ears of the young marrieds, I would whisper that work is debasing, that cocktail parties are good for you. I would caution them not to be extreme in religion, in patriotism, in moral conduct. And the old, I would teach to pray. I would teach them to say after me: “Our Father, which art in Washington” . . . | <urn:uuid:1116aef3-3058-4f4b-8b12-79879d6634b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://clashdaily.com/2013/02/paul-harvey-1965-if-i-were-the-devil-warning-for-a-nation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00000-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.993541 | 278 | 1.867188 | 2 |
In 1907, the Albany Chamber of Commerce initiated a study of the city of Albany, and in 1912 they hired Arnold W. Brunner, a noted architect and city planner from New York City, and landscape architect Charles D. Lay to conduct this study.
A segment of the Brunner/Lay study addressed the development of the waterfront portion of Albany. Originally, there was a desire to secure a view of the Hudson River, but upon Brunner's investigation, he discovered that it would actually be a "view" of a large railroad yard, with passenger and freight trains, and a railroad bridge. Accordingly, he decided it would be better to obliterate this "view", by creating a plaza surrounded by buildings that would screen all of this from sight and create an attractive backdrop for the State Street neighborhood. This plaza would include a grassy park area and a turnaround for the trolleys from Schenectady, Hudson and Troy.
The Brunner/Lay plan was widely publicized. Articles on the transformation of Albany into a "City Beautiful" appeared in the Sunday New York Times and in two separate issues of the American Architect. In spite of this publicity, with the exception of the D & H office building and the Plaza, most of the plan was never implemented due to the change in priorities, values and tastes brought about by World War I.
At the time of the Brunner/Lay plan, Marcus T. Reynolds, a prominent Albany architect, was launching a crusade for a clean-up of Albany's then disreputable waterfront, with its "noxious wharves and warehouses," as he put it. For his appeal, Reynolds drew up a plan for a large, flemish gothic building, to sit at the foot of State Street. Reynolds based his plans for this building on the Nieuwerk annex of the Cloth Guild Hall, a huge flemish gothic structure located in Ypres, Belgium, which he had studied while he was in Europe.
Unless otherwise noted, photos courtesy of AlbanyGroup Archives on Flickr
Located at the north end of SUNY Plaza, the U.S. Custom House and Post Office was constructed by the Federal Government between 1874 and 1884. The building served as a customs house and post office until 1975. The architecture is identified in Federal records as late English Renaissance, but the architect is unknown. It is known that the government constructed several other post offices just like this one in other parts of the country. Originally, the building had a courtyard in its center, with a sky light, and offices were located on the outer perimeter. The building was obtained at a large educational discount through the Federal Government, and its renovation was financed from a grant from the Federal Government. The total cost of its original construction was over $600,000. To build it today would cost somewhere in the neighborhood of $22,000,000. | <urn:uuid:8324836b-5991-4954-b7b5-b8be16300393> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.suny.edu/about/state-university-plaza/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00380-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981178 | 589 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Contribution of Accidental Anthropologists
SARAT CHANDRA ROY
- He was a lawyer.
- He did his graduation and post graduation in English.
- In 1898, after starting practice of law, he decided to take up a job as an English teacher at a Christian missionary school.
- In Ranchi, he became the leading authority on culture and society of tribal people of Chota Nagpur Region.
- Started his anthropologists research when he left the school and was appointed as official interpreter in the court.
- Anthropologist research was a byproduct of his professional need to interpret tribal customs and laws for the court.
- His hard work and diligence and keen eye for details resulted in valuable research articles.
- In addition to Monographs on various tribes like Oraon, Mundas and Kharias, he published more than hundred articles in leading Indian and British Journals.
- Founded the journal ‘Man in India’ in 1922.
L. K. ANANTHAKRISH NA IYER
- College teacher in Cochin state.
- In 1902, he was asked by Dewan of Cochin to assist with an ethnographic survey of the state.
- British Govt, wanted similar survey in all the states.
- He did this work on voluntarily basis
- His work was appreciated by British administrators.
- Guests lecturer— University of Madras.
- Reader— University of Calcutta.
- Awarded an honorary doctorate by German UniversityA
- Received the titles of ‘Rao Bahadur’ & ‘Dewan Bahadur’ by Cochin state.
I. G.S.GHURYE on Caste and Race
- Caste and Race
(i) Herbert Risley thought humans can be divided into separate races on the basis of physical characteristics (length of nose, size of skull etc.)
(ii) He believed India was a 'Lab' for studying evolution of racial types because inter-caste marriage is prohibited.
(iii) He argued caste originated in race because different caste groups seemed to belong to distinct racial types.
(iv) He suggested that lower castes were original inhabitants and subjugated by Aryans.
(v) Ghurye believed Risley's theory was true only for north India. In other parts of India, inter-group differences were not very large.
(vi) Thus 'racial purity' was preserved only in north India and in rest of the country, endogamy was introduced into already racially varied groups.
- Features of caste
(i) Based on segmental division : Society divided into number of mutually exclusive segments decided by birth.
(ii) Based on hierarchical division : Each caste strictly unequal to every other castes. No castes are ever equal.
(iii) Involves restrictions on social interaction (especially food-sharing)
(iv) Involves differential rights and duties.
(v) Restricts the choice of occupation : It is also decided by birth and is hereditary.
(vi) Involves strict restrictions on marriage: Only endogamy is allowed
Debate between protectionist and Nationalist in regard to tribal culture
(a) British anthropologists were interested in studying the tribal culture of India.
(b) They believe that assimilation of tribal culture with main stream Hinduism will lead to exploitation of tribal people by Hindus and thus their culture should be protected and preserved.
(a) Believe in unity of India and the need for modernizing Indian society and culture.
(b) They believe that attempt to preserve tribal culture were misguided and resulted in maintaining tribes in a backward state.
II. D. P. MUKHERJEE on tradition and change
(i) According to D. P. Mukherjee, India was based on the centrality of society.Therefore he studied the social traditions of India.
(ii) His study was not oriented only towards the past but included sensitivity to change.
(iii) Living Tradition : Tradition not only maintaining its links with the past but also adapting to the present and thus evolving overtime.
(iv) Argued : Indian society was not individualistic, it is oriented towards group, sect or caste-action.
(v) Root meaning of word Tradition' is to transmit. Traditions are rooted in past and kept alive through repeated recalling and retelling of stories and myths.
(i) Three principles of change — Shruti, Smriti and Anubhay. Anubhav (personal experience) is a revolutionary principle.
(ii) However, in India, personal experience turns into collective experience.
(iii) For, D. P. Mukherjee, the discursive reason (Buddhi-vichar) is not dominant force' of change but prem (love) and Anubhava — are su perior agents of change.
(iv) Collective experience leads to conflict and rebellion.
(v) Resilience of tradition ensures that the pressure of conflict produces change in the tradition without breaking it.
III. A. R. DESAI on state
A. Features of welfare state
(i) Welfare state is a positive state.
- It does not seek to do only the minimum necessary to maintain law and order.
- It is interventionist state and uses it powers to implement policies of social welfare.
(ii) It is democratic state.
- Democracy is essential for welfare state.
- Formal democratic institutions especially multi-party elections are a defining feature.
(iii) It involves a mixed economy.
- Mixed economy is an economy in which both private and public enterprises exist.
- Welfare state does not eliminate capitalist market and nor prevents public investments.
B. Criteria to measure the performance of welfare state
(i) It ensures freedom from poverty, social discrimination and security for all its citizen.
(ii) It removes inequalities of income through redistribution of wealth and preventing the concentration of wealth.
(iii) It transforms economy in such a way that capital profit motive is made subservient to the needs of the community.
(iv) It ensures stable development free from the cycle of economic booms and depressions.
(v) It provides employment for all.
C. Claims of 'welfare state' are exaggerated
(i) Most modern capitalist states, even in most developed countries, fail to provide minimum levels of economic and social security to all their citizens.
(ii) They are unable to reduce economic inequality and often seem to encourage it.
(iii) They have been unsuccessful at enabling stable development free from market fluctuations.
(iv) There is a presence of excess economic capacity yet high levels of unemployment.
IV. M.N.SRINIVAS on village
- M.N.Srinivas's writings
His writings on the village were of two broad types.
(a) First, there was ethnographic accounts of fieldwork done in villages.
(b) A second kind of writing included historical and conceptual discussions about Indian villages.
- Louis Dumont view of villages
(i) He thought that social institution like caste were more important than villages, which was after all only a collection of people living in a particular place.
(ii) He described Indian villages are unchanging, self-sufficient and 'little republics'.
- Srinivas's views against Louis Dumont
(i) Believed that village was a relevant social entity. History shows that villages have served as a unifying identity.
(ii) He criticised Dumont's view of villages as unchanging, self-sufficient little republics. He showed that the village had, in fact, experienced considerable change.
(iii) Villages were never self-sufficient and had been involved in various kinds of economic, social and political relationships at regional level.
- Significance of villages
(i) The village as a site of research offered many advantages to Indian sociology.
(ii) It provided an opportunity to illustrate the importance of ethnographic research methods.
(iii) It offered eye-witness accounts of the rapid social change that was taking place in the Indian countryside as newly independent nation began a programme of planned development.
(iv) Because of these vivid descriptions, policy makers were able to form impressions of what was going on in the heartland of India,
(v) Village studies thus provided a new role for a discipline like sociology in the context of an independent nation. | <urn:uuid:e30557fb-7225-4ada-b6f3-32da142ad7c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://edurev.in/studytube/Revision-Notes-Indian-Sociologists--Clas-11--Socio/52b2cf51-2e3d-4e1f-8cdf-d4472b467d23_t | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.95495 | 1,789 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The establishment of apical–basal polarity within a single cell and throughout a growing tissue is a key feature of epithelial morphogenesis. To examine the underlying mechanisms, the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 was grown in a three-dimensional matrix to generate a cystlike structure, where the apical surface of each epithelial cell faces a fluid-filled central lumen. A discrete apical domain is established as early as the first cell division and between the two daughter cells. During subsequent cell divisions, the apical domain of each daughter cell is maintained at the center of the growing structure through a combination of mitotic spindle orientation and asymmetric abscission. Depletion of Cdc42 does not prevent the establishment of apical–basal polarity in individual cells but rather disrupts spindle orientation, leading to inappropriate positioning of apical surfaces within the cyst. We conclude that Cdc42 regulates epithelial tissue morphogenesis by controlling spindle orientation during cell division.
Cdc42 regulates the generation of cell polarity from yeast to man and in a wide range of biological contexts, and an important breakthrough in understanding the biochemical mechanisms involved came with the identification of the downstream target Par6 (Etienne-Manneville, 2004; Welchman et al., 2007). Par6 was originally identified in Caenorhabditis elegans as being involved in asymmetric positioning of the mitotic spindle during zygotic cell division, and subsequent work showed that Cdc42 is also required (Hung and Kemphues, 1999; Gotta et al., 2001). Other work in C. elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammals has revealed a critical role for Cdc42 and Par6 in generating polarity during directed cell migration and morphogenesis (Etienne-Manneville and Hall, 2001; Hutterer et al., 2004; Na and Zernicka-Goetz, 2006; Welchman et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2007). The exact contribution of Cdc42 in these contexts is less clear. Work on directed cell migration has shown that Cdc42 acts through Par6 to control the orientation of microtubules, but Cdc42 also controls nuclear positioning and polarized actin polymerization through two other targets, MRCK (myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinase) and p65PAK, respectively (Etienne-Manneville and Hall, 2001; Cau and Hall, 2005; Gomes et al., 2005). Cdc42 is not required for random migration, leading to the suggestion that it is not required for the establishment of polarity as such but rather to orient polarity with respect to an external cue (directional sensing; Allen et al., 1998; Srinivasan et al., 2003). A similar conclusion has emerged from experiments on Cdc42 during pheromone mating in yeast (Irazoqui et al., 2004).
Epithelial morphogenesis involves the establishment of an apical surface in an individual cell and the formation of cadherin-based adherens junctions and claudin-based tight junctions between adjacent cells. Accompanying reorganization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons and polarized vesicle trafficking reinforces these interactions, leading to a stable tissue of polarized cells. Expression of dominant-negative or constitutively active versions of Cdc42 in the dog kidney epithelial cell line MDCK grown on a two-dimensional surface leads to defective tight junction formation (typically a delay) as well as mislocalized delivery of basolateral proteins (Kroschewski et al., 1999; Rojas et al., 2001; Wells et al., 2006). Similar experiments performed with MDCK grown in three dimensions to provide a more physiological growth context have concluded that Cdc42 is required to form an apical surface through regulated trafficking of a vacuolar apical compartment (Vega-Salas et al., 1987; Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007). In this study, we describe the analysis of Caco-2, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, which, when grown in a three-dimensional matrix, generates polarized cysts with a single central lumen. We show that Cdc42 is not required for the formation of an apical surface, but instead is required to position the apical surface with respect to the growing three-dimensional structure. Our results indicate that Cdc42 regulates apical surface positioning by controlling spindle orientation during cell division.
Results And Discussion
Caco-2 form fully polarized cysts in three-dimensional cultures
Caco-2 cells have been used extensively as polarized epithelial monolayers grown on two-dimensional surfaces, although few studies have been performed in three dimensions (Zhang et al., 2003; Guruswamy et al., 2008; Ivanov et al., 2008). 12 d after suspending single cells in Matrigel, Caco-2 form cysts with enhanced actin accumulation at internal surfaces facing a central lumen (Fig. 1 A). Caco-2 cysts have distinct adherens junctions (visualized by epithelial cadherin [E-cadherin] staining) and tight junctions (visualized by ZO-1 staining; Fig. 1 C), and atypical PKC (aPKC), an apical membrane marker, localizes close to the tight junctions facing the luminal space (Fig. 1 B). A three-dimensional reconstruction of a mature cyst is shown in Video 1 (available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200807121/DC1).
cAMP stimulates lumen formation through polarized expansion
Although Caco-2 grown in three dimensions form cysts, the development of a central lumen is relatively inefficient (<50%) in normal culture conditions after 12 d. However, stimulation of cAMP signaling with cholera toxin (CTX) induces dramatic and rapid lumen formation (Fig. 1 D and Video 2, available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200807121/DC1). 6 d after plating, CTX treatment results in a well-defined lumen in >90% of all Caco-2 structures in <12 h (Fig. 1 E). Time-lapse microscopy reveals that lumen formation occurs through a process of internal expansion without cell proliferation or death (Video 3). cAMP can activate PKA and Epac, an exchange factor for the small GTPase Rap1 (de Rooij et al., 1998). PKA is known to activate apical chloride channels such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor (CFTR), resulting in fluid secretion (Riordan, 2008), whereas Rap regulates epithelial morphogenesis through unknown mechanisms (Boettner and Van Aelst, 2007). To determine which pathway is involved, cAMP analogues that specifically activate PKA (6-Bnz) or Epac (8-Cpt) were used. Activation of PKA but not Epac induces lumen formation (Fig. 1 E). Recent work on intestinal development in zebrafish concluded that lumen formation is induced through fluid accumulation driven by polarized ion transport (Bagnat et al., 2007). To examine whether Caco-2 use a similar mechanism, three-dimensional cultures were treated with CTX either alone or with ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump. Ouabain completely inhibits lumen expansion (Fig. 1 E). Similar to what has previously been reported for Caco-2 cells grown in two dimensions, the CFTR chloride channel and the Na+/K+-ATPase are localized apically and laterally, respectively, in three dimensions (Fig. 1 F). These data indicate that lumen expansion occurs by ion transport–driven fluid flow. Polarized secretion (fluid or protein) to drive the separation of two opposing apical surfaces is emerging as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for lumen formation in a wide range of epithelial tissues such as the Drosophila retina and trachea (Husain et al., 2006; Tsarouhas et al., 2007), the zebrafish gut (Bagnat et al., 2007), and the zebrafish neural tube (Lowery and Sive, 2005).
Cdc42 depletion inhibits Caco-2 morphogenesis
To determine the role of Cdc42 in cyst development, Caco-2 cells were transfected with nonspecific or Cdc42-specific siRNAs 1 d before plating in Matrigel (Fig. 2 B). Treatment with CTX 6 d later results in the swelling of a single central lumen in control structures, whereas 50% of Cdc42 siRNA–transfected structures appear abnormal (Fig. 2 A and Video 4, available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200807121/DC1). Immunofluorescence reveals that depletion of Cdc42 results in cysts containing multiple lumens (Fig. 2, C–E). Interestingly, the surface of each lumen within the three-dimensional structure is positive for the apical marker aPKC (Fig. 2 D) and the tight junction protein ZO-1 (Fig. 2 E). These data suggest that Cdc42 is not required for the formation of apical–basal polarity and tight junctions during Caco-2 morphogenesis but rather for the correct positioning of the apical surface with respect to the growing structure.
An apical surface is specified at the first cell division and is maintained at the center of the developing cyst by mitotic spindle positioning
To understand the mechanism by which Cdc42 depletion results in multiple lumens, the development of control Caco-2 cysts was examined. Surprisingly, an apical surface is clearly visible at the two-cell stage, as revealed by ZO-1 and aPKC localization (Fig. 3, A and B [second row]). E-cadherin is basolateral and does not overlap with ZO-1 (Fig. 3 A and Video 5, available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200807121/DC1) such that the membrane interface between two daughter cells is already demarcated into a lateral surface surrounding an apical patch. Because aPKC is delocalized around the cell periphery in single cells (Fig. 3 B, top), this suggests the apical patch is laid down during cell division, most likely cytokinesis.
As Caco-2 cells further proliferate, the apical region is maintained and localized exclusively at the center of the growing structure (Fig. 3 B, bottom three rows). This suggests that as cells divide, the mitotic spindle is oriented to give rise to two daughter cells that maintain an epithelial monolayer in a spherical structure. As shown in Fig. 3 C, this is indeed the case. This orientation of the mitotic spindle, to produce an apical–basal cleavage plane, has been seen in monolayer cultures (Reinsch and Karsenti, 1994) and in vivo in the mouse intestine (Fleming et al., 2007). It provides a simple mechanism for maintaining the integrity of apical membrane structures during cell division.
Cdc42 is required for mitotic spindle orientation
Based on this analysis, a consequence of Cdc42 depletion could be disruption of spindle orientation. To examine this, Caco-2 cells were transfected with Cdc42 siRNA and grown in three dimensions. 3 d later (4 d after transfection), structures were examined for orientation of mitotic spindles (calculated as described in Fig. 4 A). Depletion of Cdc42 has a dramatic effect on spindle orientation. In control cysts, the majority of spindles are oriented perpendicular to the centroid of the cyst (mean angle = 72.3 ± 3.9°; Fig. 4, B and C [top]). However, after Cdc42 depletion, spindle orientation is randomized (mean angle = 41.2 ± 5.2° and 41.8 ± 5.7° for duplex 2 and duplex 4, respectively; Fig. 4, B and C [bottom]), with some spindles oriented so as to produce a daughter cell in the middle of the structure (Fig. 4 D).
If the apical surface is generated between daughter cells (Fig. 3 A), the consequence of spindle misalignment will be the formation of apical patches at aberrant sites. To examine this, the localization of the apical marker aPKC was determined early in the development of Cdc42-depleted cysts. Fig. 4 E (arrows) shows that some cells have multiple distinct apical patches on their surface. These results suggest that loss of Cdc42 causes misoriented division, giving rise to an inappropriately placed apical membrane, which after expansion leads to multiple lumen.
Asymmetric abscission ensures correct positioning of apical surfaces at the center of the cyst
The analysis of MDCK in two-dimensional and mouse intestinal epithelial cells in vivo has revealed that invagination of the cleavage furrow is asymmetric, proceeding basal to apical such that abscission occurs at the most apical point between two daughter cells (Reinsch and Karsenti, 1994; Fleming et al., 2007). This, in combination with mitotic spindle orientation, would explain the persistence of apical surfaces at the center of growing Caco-2 structures (Fig. 3 B). To examine the abscission site in Caco-2 cells, the cytokinesis midbody was visualized with a tubulin antibody. As seen in Fig. 5 A (top), at the end of the first cell division, the apical marker aPKC is associated with the midbody at the center of the interface between the two emerging daughter cells. This strongly supports the idea that the apical surface is laid down during cytokinesis, although in the case of the first cell division, abscission appears to be symmetric. In multicellular structures (Fig. 5, A [middle] and B), 91% of midbodies are located in the center of the developing cyst, suggesting that after the first cell division, all subsequent abscissions occur asymmetrically and close to the existing apical membrane (i.e., in the center of the growing structure). In Cdc42-depleted Caco-2, <40% of midbodies are located centrally, reflecting the numerous noncentrally located apical surfaces (Fig. 5, A [bottom] and B). We conclude that the loss of Cdc42 results in spindle misorientation, leading to inappropriately placed abscission sites. Because the abscission site establishes the apical surface (Fig. 5 A, midbody position), loss of Cdc42 results in the formation of multiple lumens.
Three-dimensional culture models recapitulate many of the features of in vivo epithelial architecture. Two cell types have been used extensively in this context: the dog kidney cell line MDCK and the human mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A. Both generate cystlike structures, but MCF10A achieve this through clearing internal cells by apoptosis and autophagy, whereas MDCK use a combination of exocytosis of intracellular vacuoles (the vacuolar apical compartment) and apoptosis of interior cells (Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007). In this study, we show that Caco-2 cysts form by polarized fluid filling in a manner similar to gut and neural tube development in zebrafish (Bagnat et al., 2007). We believe that the similarities between Caco-2 cyst formation in vitro and intestinal epithelia in vivo make this a relevant system for studying morphogenesis.
A striking observation is that Caco-2 cells display a distinct apical membrane patch as early as the two-cell stage. This appears to be linked to cytokinesis because the apical marker aPKC associates with the midbody before abscission occurs. Apical surfaces are maintained at the center of the growing Caco-2 structure during subsequent cell divisions through a combination of (a) orientation of the mitotic spindle to generate radial cleavage and (b) asymmetric positioning of the midbody to generate apical abscission (Fig. S1 A, available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200807121/DC1). Oriented cell division coupled to apical abscission provides a mechanism for maintaining the structural integrity of an epithelial barrier in tissues undergoing continuous proliferation such as the intestine (Reinsch and Karsenti, 1994; Fleming et al., 2007).
Cdc42 depletion in MDCK cells leads to an accumulation of intracellular vesicles containing apical proteins, resulting in intracellular lumens, as well as cells in the middle of the cyst that are eventually cleared by apoptosis, resulting in intercellular lumens (Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007). We find no evidence for cell death after depleting Cdc42 in Caco-2; instead, multiple intercellular lumens are formed, each of which appears to be correctly polarized as judged by aPKC and tight junction localization. Because these ectopic lumens expand through polarized fluid secretion, this provides further evidence for appropriate apical–basal polarity. Further analysis reveals that Cdc42 depletion causes spindle misorientation, leading to disruption of cleavage furrow orientation and mislocalization of the midbody during cytokinesis. Because the apical surface is established at the site of abscission, Cdc42 depletion results in noncentrally located apical surfaces to generate ectopic lumens (Fig. S1 B). Cdc42 has been reported to control spindle orientation in the early C. elegans embryo and in mouse oocytes, and this is linked to its association with Par6 (Gotta et al., 2001; Na and Zernicka-Goetz, 2006), but other potential Cdc42 targets have also been linked to spindle orientation, including LIM kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Toyoshima et al., 2007; Kaji et al., 2008). Finally, it is interesting to note that the loss of asymmetric abscission (Fig. S1 C) could in itself lead to an inappropriately positioned apical surface. The mechanisms controlling apical midbody positioning are not well understood. Recent work on zygotic cell division in C. elegans has implicated septins and anillin (Maddox et al., 2007), and interestingly, the former has been linked to Cdc42 through the Borg family, and the latter is a target of Rho (Piekny and Glotzer, 2008). We are currently using live cell imaging to characterize in more detail the specific roles of Cd42 in this morphogenetic process.
Materials And Methods
Cell culture medium was obtained from Invitrogen or an in-house facility. Primary antibodies used in this study were Cdc42 (mouse monoclonal clone 44; BD), β-actin (clone AC-74; Sigma-Aldrich), Flag (clone M2; Sigma-Aldrich), α-tubulin (clone DM1A; Sigma-Aldrich), rat anti–E-cadherin (clone ECCD-2; Invitrogen), rabbit polyclonal PKCζ (C-20; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), ZO-1 (Invitrogen), and CFTR (NBD-R; provided by A.P. Naren, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN). The α5 monoclonal antibody to Na+/K+-ATPase developed by D.M. Fambrough was obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank and maintained by the University of Iowa. Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 secondary antibodies, rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin, and ProLong gold antifade with DAPI were obtained from Invitrogen. HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Dako, and DRAQ5 and 8-Cpt–2′-O-Me-cAMP sodium salt were obtained from Axxora LLC. N(6)-benzoyl-cAMP sodium salt was obtained from EMD, and other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
Caco-2 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and penicillin–streptomycin (100 IU/ml and 100 mg/ml, respectively) at 37°C in 5% CO2. To produce cysts, Caco-2 cells were plated either on top of matrix (for time lapse) or embedded in matrix (for immunofluorescence). For on-top cultures, cells were trypsinized and resuspended (104 cells/ml) in media plus 2% Matrigel (BD). 400 μl of suspension was plated in each well of an 8-well chamber slide (BD) precoated with 30 μl of Matrigel. For embedded cultures, cells were trypsinized and mixed with Hepes (final concentration of 0.02 M), collagen I (final concentration of 1 mg/ml; Trevigen), and Matrigel (final concentration of 40%) to 6 × 104 cells/ml. Approximately 100 μl was plated in each well of an 8-well chamber slide, allowed to solidify for 30 min, and overlayed with 400 μl of media.
Immunofluorescence of embedded Caco-2 cysts was performed as described previously for MCF10A cysts (Debnath et al., 2003) with the following modifications. Before blocking, Caco-2 chambers were rinsed with PBS and treated with 100 μl of 50 U/ml collagenase-1 (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS for 15 min at room temperature. After incubation with fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibodies, DNA was stained with a 1:300 dilution of DRAQ5 and mounted in ProLong gold antifade. Confocal microscopy was performed at room temperature on a microscope (TCS SP2 AOBS; Leica) using a plan Apo 20× 0.7 NA dry differential interference contrast C objective (HC; Leica) and 2.29× zoom or on a microscope (TCS SP2; Leica) using a plan Apo 63× 1.32–0.6 oil CS objective (HCX; Leica) and 2 or 4× zoom. Images were collected with confocal software (Leica). Scale bars were added, and images were processed using Volocity (PerkinElmer). Video 1 was generated with Amira 4 (Visage Imaging). For time-lapse video microscopy, Caco-2 cysts were grown on top, treated as indicated in the text, and imaged at 37°C with a plan Neofluar 10× 0.3 NA Ph1 objective (EC; Carl Zeiss, Inc.) on a microscope (Axiovert 200; Carl Zeiss, Inc.) equipped with a motorized stage and a camera (Orca-ER-1394; Hamamatsu Photonics) controlled by Axiovision software (Carl Zeiss, Inc.). Images of two fields per well were taken every 5 min for the indicated time period. Annotations (time stamp and scale bar) were added using Axiovision software, exported as tiff files, and assembled into videos with MetaMorph (MDS Analytical Technologies).
Measurement of spindle angle
To measure spindle angles (see Fig. 4 A for schematic), confocal images of metaphase cells in the middle region of the cysts were collected, and the centroid of the cyst (Fig. 4 A, dark blue circle) and center of the spindle axis (Fig. 4 A, pink circles) were drawn using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health). The angle (Fig. 4 A, red) between the spindle axis (Fig. 4 A, black lines) and the line connecting the centroid of the cyst and the center of the spindle (Fig. 4 A, dashed lines) was analyzed. When both spindle poles were not in one z section, three z sections including each spindle pole were taken and merged to draw a line of spindle axis.
To deplete Cdc42, a SMARTpool (a mixture of four siRNA duplexes) and individual siRNA duplexes were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. For siRNA transfections, 0.5 × 105 Caco-2 cells were plated into a well of a 6-well plate, and the next day 100 pmol of siRNA duplex was transfected using Dharmafect 1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's specifications. Under these conditions, 70–90% of transfection efficiency was achieved as judged by siGloGreen control (Thermo Fisher Scientific). To analyze the knockdown efficiency, cells were replated onto 6-cm plates 24 h after transfection and harvested for Western blotting on the day indicated. For three-dimensional cultures, cells were plated in matrix 24 h after transfection and analyzed as indicated.
Cells were washed with cold PBS and lysed in radio immunoprecipitation assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS). Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. SDS sample buffer was added to equal amounts of lysate, resolved by SDS-PAGE, blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes, and analyzed with the antibodies indicated in the text.
Online supplemental material
Fig. S1 schematically depicts Caco-2 three-dimensional morphogenesis and the effects of Cdc42 depletion. Video 1 shows a three-dimensional reconstruction of a Caco-2 cyst. Video 2 shows a Caco-2 cyst treated with CTX. Video 3 is similar to Video 2, except it shows prolonged treatment with CTX at a lower magnification. Video 4 shows siRNA Cdc42–transfected Caco-2 cysts treated with CTX. Video 5 shows a three-dimensional reconstruction of a two-cell stage Caco-2 structure stained for DNA, E-cadherin, and ZO-1.
© 2008 Jaffe et al. This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.jcb.org/misc/terms.shtml). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).
A. Jaffe's present address is Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139.
Abbreviations used in this paper: aPKC, atypical PKC; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor; CTX, cholera toxin; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin.
We thank the Sloan-Kettering Institute Molecular Cytology Core Facility (K. Manova-Todorova, T. Tong, Y. Romin, and Z. Lazar) for help with imaging, Dr. A.P. Naren for CFTR antibodies, and the Hall laboratory for helpful discussions.
This work was supported by a National Institutes of Health grant (GM081435) to A. Hall, a National Cancer Institute core center grant (P30-CA 08748), and by the Alan and Sandra Gerry Metastasis Research Initiative. N. Kaji is supported by the Uehara Memorial Foundation, and J. Durgan is a Charles H. Revson Foundation Senior Fellow in Biomedical Sciences. | <urn:uuid:da0328b6-d9a5-48d0-85d3-39580d6daf01> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rupress.org/jcb/article/183/4/625/45674/Cdc42-controls-spindle-orientation-to-position-the | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.918445 | 6,034 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Education Partnership North East is joining colleges across the country to support those most in need this Christmas.
With the Covid-19 pandemic continuing to have a significant social and economic impact on so many people, foodbanks across the country are reporting a huge rise in demand.
To help their communities, Hartlepool Sixth Form, Northumberland College and Sunderland College are working with colleges nationwide to collect 30,000 items for local foodbanks as part of the #FEFestiveFoodbankFriday campaign.
In addition, a Just Giving page has been launched with the aim of reaching a £12,000 fundraising target.
Funds from this will be divided up between all of the colleges involved and distributed to their local foodbanks.
Collection bins for food and other non-food donations will be placed across Education Partnership North East’s campuses, encouraging staff and students to donate food items where they can.
The colleges will also be publishing regular lists of the most needed items from the local foodbanks, to make sure donations are as helpful as possible.
Ruth Magnus, Director of Student Services, said: “Our colleges are at the very heart of their communities and we are proud to pledge our support to the FE Festive Foodbank Friday.
“No one should be going hungry, but our foodbanks are reporting huge increases in demand due to the ongoing pandemic with an estimated 500,000 people in the UK now reliant on food parcels.
“We are calling on our students, staff and the wider community to come together and help those who need it most in the run up to Christmas.”
Earlier this year, Education Partnership North East donated unused stock from campus refectories to Sunderland Foodbank and Wansbeck Valley Foodbank, to be distributed to vulnerable people and families in crisis after its colleges moved to remote learning.
Access to Higher Education students also organised a collection drive for food, toiletries and other household essentials to boost emergency parcels which were handed out throughout the North East to those facing increasing hardship.
FE Festive Foodbank Friday follows a successful campaign led by London South East College throughout lockdown which saw 30 colleges raise thousands for foodbanks around the country.
Sam Parrett, Group CEO of London & South East Education Group, added: “As the pandemic continues to impact so many people, it is imperative that we pull together to support one another.
“Christmas can be a very difficult time for many people and our aim is to help make it a bit easier for families in our communities.
“We very much hope we will receive the same amazing support that we did for our previous foodbank campaign, which saw over £40,000 raised for foodbanks.
“After such a tough year, this support is much needed.”
To make an online donation, visit www.justgiving.com/campaign/FestiveFEFoodbankFriday.
If you require immediate help from your local foodbank, call Citizen’s Advice on 01429 408401 (Hartlepool), 0344 411 1444 (Northumberland) or 0300 330 1194 (Sunderland) | <urn:uuid:4acf1d5d-31b8-47f0-9b58-f069e35d33a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sunderlandbusinesspartnership.co.uk/education-partnership-north-east-colleges-support-fe-festive-foodbank-initiative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.955321 | 648 | 1.5625 | 2 |
1 sense of Sprite found.
A small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers.
Brownie, Elf, Gremlin, Hob, Imp, Pixie, Pixy - (folklore) fairies that are somewhat mischievous.
Dwarf, Gnome - a legendary creature resembling a tiny old man; lives in the depths of the earth and guards buried treasure.
Water Nymph, Water Spirit, Water Sprite - a fairy that inhabits water.
Homo, Human, Human Being, Man - any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage; "Be a human".
Charming, Magic, Magical, Sorcerous, Witching, Wizard, Wizardly - possessing or using or characteristic of or appropriate to supernatural powers; "charming incantations".
Belittled, Diminished, Small - made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth); "her comments made me feel small". | <urn:uuid:67690993-77ad-46f5-a8ad-3bd1844011f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://urdu.wordinn.com/sprite | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00239-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.815116 | 206 | 2.34375 | 2 |
A slang phrase, sometimes used negatively, for the cinema genre that caters particularly to women’s interests and targets female audiences is “chick flick.” They primarily deal with love and romance and typically target a younger female audience. Despite the fact that a variety of movies may be made with a female audience in mind, the title “chick flick” is often reserved for movies with a focus on romance or personal drama (although not necessarily romantic, as films may focus on parent-child or friend relationships). Around Valentine’s Day, a large number of chick films are frequently released. Gloria Steinem and other feminists have criticized words like “chick flick” and the associated genre term “chick lit,” calling them offensive. Here’s the list of Best Chick Flicks On Netflix.
A chick flick is normally a movie made specifically with women, usually young women, in mind. According to The New York Times, defining a chick film is more of a parlor game than an exact science. These movies are typically seen as having predictable, cookie-cutter characters and plots in popular culture. According to ReelzChannel, this makes the use of the term “problematic” because it implies “frivolity, artlessness, and complete commercialism.” However, for their narratives and acting, a few chick films have won great praise from critics. For instance, the 1983 movie Terms of Endearment won Oscars for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role. It also won Best Screenplay. Recently, the movie La La Land, which stars both Emma Stone and Ryan Gosling and is referred to as a girl flick in some areas, received the Academy Award for Best Actress. Before moving up to the academy level, both of these performers were highly recognized for their parts in chick films.
25 Best Chick Flicks On Netflix
So here are some chick flick movies with particularly having women characters in them and these all chick flick movies are rated amazingly so you won’t regret watching them. One of the first films to be labeled a chick flick was 1989’s Steel Magnolias, which had a strong female audience and a predominately female cast. Soon after more movies were made like this which created a fanbase for such movies.
Something Borrowed: Something Borrowed is my go-to emotional support film; it’s the one I turn on while half-glancing at my phone when I just need something soothing to watch. It’s a romantic comedy that follows timid Darcy as she falls (again) in love with the college sweetheart who also happens to be engaged to her best friend. Messy!
To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before 2: P.S. I Still Love You: Lara Jean and Peter Kavinsky’s picture-perfect relationship is going to hit some rough patches. One hell of a love triangle follows when another one of her ex-boyfriends reappears in her life. Watch Lara Jean as she struggles with her emotions and strives to understand what her heart truly desires.
Five Feet Apart: Movies to watch when you are in the mood full of tears. In this tragic movie, two teenagers who are suffering a cruel illness fall in love for the first time. If Stella and Will, who have both been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, come within five feet of one another, the bacterium might instantly kill them both.
Life as We Know It: In Life, As We Know It, Katherine Heigl—the chick movie king of the early 2000s—plays Holly, who inherits custody of her best friend’s child after she and her husband passed away suddenly. She must split custody with Messer, the husband’s annoyingly charming best friend, under their will. Watch as they try to maintain their prior lifestyles while assuming parental responsibilities.
The Kissing Booth: The most crucial rule of Elle and Lee’s friendship is that his attractive older brother is completely off-limits. Of course, Elle defies that commandment and is compelled to conceal their relationship in order to preserve her friendship.
Dear John: We are delighted to report that the John Green story still slaps because we recently watched this one. This film is heartbreakingly romantic, like most of his books that have been made into movies, but it has a joyful ending that will make you believe in love, if only for a little while.
Twilight: This clip embodied people’s *entire* personalities in 2008. Every must-see girl flick list starts with this early 2000s vampire series, and you can watch the full series on Netflix right now.
The Perfect Date: Brooks is prepared to begin his ivy league life, but he must first obtain funding. In order to hire himself out for weddings and other gatherings where he will masquerade as the ideal boyfriend, he develops an app. He meets many girls, but he doesn’t get any closer to the one he really wants.
Safe Haven: Nobody does female flicks *quite* as well as my man John Green. Katie seeks sanctuary in a small coastal village after making a terrifying get away from her abusive husband. She falls in love with a charming local widower, but her history interferes with her new life and causes chaos.
To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before: Lara Jean needs to find a method to hide everything when covert letters to her crush are sent out. To show her sister’s ex-boyfriend that she is over him, she chooses to pretend to be in a relationship with one of the lads.
The Holiday: This holiday favourite is fantastic for all four seasons, but it’s best enjoyed wrapped up in a blanket in the middle of a blizzard. This romantic chick flick has a terrific cast (Cameron Diaz, Kate Winslet, Jack Black, and John Krasinski) and is perfect for a romantic night in. Watch how two young women who are both heartbreakingly single swap lives for a week and unintentionally fall in love.
My Girl: This heartbreaking coming-of-age story is well worth watching. Experience one of those perplexing summers between childhood and adolescence through Vada’s innocent eyes.
Someone Great: Jenny would be at the “starting wearing less and went out more” part of the song if it were by Drake. She turns to her two best friends for support after breaking up with her nine-year partner. Before Jenny moves across the country to start her dream career, the three decide to spend one final crazy night together in New York City.
Dumplin’: In the words of Dumplin’ herself, this Netflix original film is a protest in high heels. Willowdean decides to enter a pageant after years of seeing her mother rule the industry. Watch her succeed in a field when everyone treats her as an outsider.
Sierra Burgess Is A Loser: Barb was due better, and in this film, she receives it. Shannon Purser, who plays Sierra Surguess on Stranger Things, must work with the school bully to save the relationship after she unintentionally begins catfishing her crush, Noah Centineo.
About Time: Tim inherited his father’s capacity for time travel, unlike most people who inherit their mother’s eyes or their father’s chuckle. Watch as he makes use of his unique talents to win over the affection of his ideal match, played by Rachel McAdams from The Notebook.
Set It Up: The Parent Trap and Horrible Bosses collide in this film. Two worn-out assistants devise a scheme to seduce their domineering bosses. They work together to advance the relationship in the hopes that their superiors will place more emphasis on their connection than on their work.
The Ugly Truth: A stubborn leading lady (Katherine Heigl again) calls out Mike (Gerard Butler), a television dating expert who delivers sexist relationship advice and thinks love is beneath him. It’s really up to you whether you want to see this comedy or simply join me on my next Hinge date.
Rip Tide: Cora has the life that everyone wants—she has a modeling contract and is featured in every magazine—but it doesn’t make her happy. To discover her true identity, she flees to her family in Australia. There, she follows her passion for fashion design and discovers surfing.
Always Be My Maybe: It’s a modern-day The Notebook. A serious argument between two childhood sweethearts brings an end to their love forever. Though their circumstances are drastically different, they reignite their romance fifteen years later.
Desperados: Do you prefer your buddy comedies in your romcoms? Desperados will satisfy their urge. Wes and her girlfriends travel to Mexico to delete the embarrassing email from her dreamy new beau’s phone before he can view it after sending it to him while intoxicated. Naturally, there are shenanigans, but there’s also a touching tale about the dangers of keeping our actual selves hidden in relationships.
Nappily Ever After: Violet, an advertising executive, is fixated on perfection—perfect life, ideal boyfriend, perfect everything. One tragic night, after a disastrous salon experience and an unexpected love breakup, Violet snaps and shaves her head bald. What initially appears to be an emergency turns out to be a ticket to freedom and confidence that can change your life. I have to concentrate on myself right now.
Good On Paper: Iliza Schlesinger, a stand-up comedian, created and performed in the romantic comedy Good on Paper, which was based on her real life. Andrea Singer, a stand-up comedian who has put love on hold for years, is portrayed by Schlesinger. When she begins seeing the ideal partner, she starts to worry that he might be a catfish and enlists the help of her friends in a funny investigation to find out who this person is.
White Christmas: White Christmas, the 1954 classic about two army friends who fall for two seductive sisters, doesn’t have to be Christmas for you to appreciate it. They realize that the inn is in danger of closing when they pursue the women to the country inn owned by their previous commanding officer. They then work together to save the inn. No matter if it’s Christmas in July or Christmas in December, let these timeless tunes and dances cheer up your worn-out spirit.
Cloudburst: Thelma and Louise-style trip to Canada, where they want to get married in Nova Scotia, is taken by Dotty’s girlfriend Stella (Olympia Dukakis), who is transferred into a Maine nursing facility by her granddaughter. They pick up a hitchhiker on the way who is going home to see his dying mother. Cloudburst is a charming, sweet, and deliciously zany movie that shows that passion may happen at any age.
ALSO READ: Is BTS Overrated? What Are Fans Theories?
Previous Year Best Chick Flicks
Good On Paper: Consider Good on Paper as the anti-rom-com, with the lesson being that someone could be lying if your life starts to resemble one. Iliza Shlesinger, a comedian, turned a dating-related experience into a funny movie. She plays a stand-up comedian who, after years of chasing her career, feels ready to date. She meets a man on a plane who ticks all her boxes, but he hides behind his flawless appearance.
Andrea Singer is a struggling aspiring actress and stand-up comedian. Dennis Kelley meets Andrea at the airport after bringing back her lost boarding pass when she is returning from an audition.
Andrea is seated next to Dennis on the trip, who introduces himself as a Yale graduate who works in hedge funds. They click, and they start spending time together in Los Angeles. Dennis assists Andrea with her audition prep, and the two quickly become close friends. Dennis develops feelings for Andrea and approaches her about dating, but she declines. Dennis deceits Andrea into spending time with him one evening. After going out and getting wasted, they hook up. Andrea consents to be his girlfriend in the morning.
Andrea and her friend Margot begin to wonder if Dennis is all that he promises to be as they grow closer. Andrea finds that Dennis made up stories about his mother’s illness, his house, his work, and his college degree. To exact revenge, Margot makes Dennis intoxicated, resulting in his unconsciousness. Andrea confronts Dennis after Margot unintentionally hurt him. Later, Andrea finds out that Dennis has sued her for kidnapping him. She gets a restraining order and extra material for her stand-up performance after confronting him once more.
Crazy About Her: Perhaps the fact that Adri (Lvaro Cervantes) and Carla (Susana Abaitua) swear they’ll never see each other again is the reason they had such a great time on their night out. Their inhibitions are lessened, allowing them to relax and have fun. Adri, however, is unable to forget about Carla and sets out to find her. He is shocked to learn that Carla resides in a psychiatric hospital. The intersection between mental health and new relationships is examined in Crazy About Her.
Adri works as a successful journalist for a magazine covering entertainment. He meets the spontaneous and impetuous Carla while out with his pals. She lures him into a one-night stand while adamantly demanding that they never meet again. They travel to a hotel where they interrupt a wedding reception and engage in sexual activity in the bridal room until Carla leaves suddenly.
Now in love with Carla, Adri is determined to track her down. He is sent to a mental health facility where he encounters Carla, a patient. Adri devises a scheme to get her number by being accepted as uninvited visitors are not permitted, believing that she was pleased to see him too. Carla is astonished and incensed to see him when he returns to the room. Adri is upset and wants to leave, but the staff prevents him since they believe he may be mentally sick. They do not trust him when he says he is a journalist and that his admission was simply for an article. Adri’s companion makes unsuccessful attempts to free him. He writes her a disparaging article about the mental hospital before she departs to give it to his supervisor.
Sal, Adri’s sympathetic schizophrenic roommate, argues that becoming friends with other patients is the only way to exit the facility, coupled with making behavioral adjustments, as peer evaluations factor into one’s release. Adri meets the others, including Tina, who is delusional, Victor, who has OCD, and Martha, who suffers from sadness as a result of her Tourette’s. Victor is the love of Martha’s life, but she is too nervous to tell him because of her tics. Adri pledges to give Martha the confidence she needs to admit her feelings. He anticipates favorable ratings from them in return.
Dating and New York: Jaboukie Young-White and Francesca Reale, two millennial friends who are both chronically single, come to an understanding that they will serve as each other’s dating mentors, helping them to understand the perplexing ways of the other sex. This provides an insight into modern dating customs, where communication starts online and through dating apps before meeting in person.
With a strong focus on a fairy-tale style, “Dating & New York” begins with vintage credits that actually read “Once Upon a Time” across the screen, New York sites portrayed in beautiful pastels, and performers mentioned alongside their character names. The story opens with a narrator (Jerry Ferrara from “Entourage”) explaining “two millennials plagued with the dilemma of choice” in an amused satirical voice. The term “cursed” is simply too strong when applied to the entire movie. First and foremost, no one has enough of an inner existence to permit themselves to feel “cursed” about anything. Perhaps this is meant to be a critique on “millennials” or the swipe-right method of “dating” (there’s an entire sequence about refusing to pick just one flavor of ice cream). The first feature film from writer/director Jonah Feingold, “Dating & New York,” is a mixed bag. There are underlying issues the film cannot resolve despite the script’s frequent wit, incisive observations, and two extremely enjoyable performances.
Wendy (Francesca Reale) and Milo (Jaboukie Young-White) do not precisely “meet cute” using the dating app “Meet Cute,” but they do get together for drinks. They joke around with self-aware humor, and their major point of connection is when they let each other use their phones at the table. They go home and spend the night together, which is such a comfort.
Squared Love: Squared Love should be on your Netflix list if you prefer ’90s rom-com with extravagant plots. Our leading lady, Monika (Adrianna Chlebicka), leads a double life as a model by day and a teacher by night. A famous journalist named Enzo (Mateusz Banasiuk) has been tasked with profiling her genuine life. Cliches are used in the film to advance the plot, although fans of the genre may find them comfortingly familiar.
It’s good to see that Netflix understands what they have on their hands despite Squared Love being undeniably ridiculous. Many potential viewers would no doubt shake their heads and feel overwhelmed after reading the storyline summary and wondering what course this drama might go. they will be told. When it comes to the peculiarities that this Polish romantic comedy has up its sleeve, that is merely the tip of the iceberg. They don’t mention the model’s connections to a criminal organization, the journalist’s care of his emotionally challenged niece, or the modern’s Clark Kent-like disguise that lets her work as a teacher without her true identity being known.
In squared Love, Klaudia (Chlebicka), a famous model with a covert teaching career, is the main character. She manages to keep her two separate lives apart and pursues a number of high-profile modeling jobs in an effort to pay off her family’s obligations to a criminal organization. Because she frequently arrives late to work and does not get along with her superiors, she runs the risk of losing her teaching position. She meets journalist Enzo, who upsets the balance of her orderly life (Banasiuk). He is a playboy who is estranged from his family, and when he is called to take care of one of them, he finds it difficult to rise to the occasion. Because they are collaborating on a television ad, he and Klaudia spend a lot of time together. Despite their obvious attraction to one another, they both lie about their true identities, which creates issues. If everyone knew who she really was and she had to face all of her anxieties, she felt like she would lose herself. She is unable to pursue Enzo fully as a result, and they are forced to consider what they are prepared to give up in order to be together.
Monday: The following is the recipe for Monday’s romance: A Greek island’s blue and white backdrop, exhilaratingly rash choices, and an instant connection that would change their lives. American couples Chloe (Denise Gough) and Mickey (Sebastian Stan) decide to stay together after just one weekend together. Be warned that Monday will be completely on the steamy side of the sultry spectrum, featuring a dramatic romance rather than a rom-com.
Where To Watch These Chick Flicks?
These all movies are available on Netflix and if you like chick flick movies, then you must not miss these movies.
READ NEXT: Is BTS Splitting Up In 2022? Know The Truth! | <urn:uuid:6ed49da6-5d77-49e1-943f-663d603f3ceb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.liveakhbar.in/2022/07/21/best-chick-flicks-on-netflix/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.966483 | 4,200 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Instead, the letter features complaints about Trump's prejudice and intolerance:
The Wharton community is a diverse community. We are immigrants and children of immigrants, people of color, Muslims, Jews, women, people living with or caring for those with disabilities, and members of the LGBTQ community. In other words, we represent the groups that you have repeatedly denigrated, as well as their steadfast friends, family, and allies.
We recognize that we are fortunate to be educated at Wharton, and we are committed to using our opportunity to make America and the world a better place — for everyone. We are dedicated to promoting inclusion not only because diversity and tolerance have been repeatedly proven to be valuable assets to any organization’s performance, but also because we believe in mutual respect and human dignity as deeply held values. Your insistence on exclusion and scapegoating would be bad for business and bad for the American economy. An intolerant America is a less productive, less innovative, and less competitive America.
We, the undersigned Wharton students, alumni, and faculty, unequivocally reject the use of your education at Wharton as a platform for promoting prejudice and intolerance. Your discriminatory statements are incompatible with the values that we are taught and we teach at Wharton, and we express our unwavering commitment to an open and inclusive American society.
To be sure, Trump does take some peculiar positions with regard to some ethnic groups. but for the record, I do not believe Trump has said anything negative about Jews or the LGBTQ community. In fact, Trump's mentor when it came to toughness and dealing with the public was a gay Jew, Roy Cohn,
The Wharton letter is more a reflection on the said state of focus in schools today then it is about the weaknesses in Trump's campaign. What business school students should know about, business and economics, they don't mention in the letter, what they do mention, politically correct diversity, suggests superficial understanding of Trump's views with some glaring errors of fact. | <urn:uuid:181503f4-2b0e-4a35-a194-445eb0e34bcd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.economicpolicyjournal.com/2016/07/thousands-of-wharton-students-alumni.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00316-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962946 | 403 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Marijuana withdrawal is real. So, how can you cope with the physical and psychological symptoms of dependence? We review treatment suggestions here.
Most people can withdraw from marijuana at home. But how can you ease symptoms of marijuana withdrawal? We review here.
Marijuana withdrawal is a set of physical and psycho-emotional symptoms that occur when you stop using marijuana after a period of dependence. More on marijuana withdrawal here.
Marijuana withdrawal smyptoms include irritability, anxiety, and restlessness as well as decreased appetite, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. More on what to expect during marijuana withdrawal here.
Think you can’t become dependent on marijuana? Think again. Dependence on marijuana results in withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. More on characteristics of marijuana dependence here.
Yes, contrary to popular belief you have the potential of becoming addicted to THC. Studies report that THC use can lead to dependence and heavy use can result in withdrawal symptoms when you stop using THC. More on the addictive properties of THC here.
YES. Weed is addictive. In fact, becoming addicted to weed is more common than you may thing. We review how you get addicted to weed here.
Marijuana withdrawal640 320
When does marijuana withdrawal start?
Like other psychoactive drugs, marijuana causes withdrawal symptoms. In fact, it is estimated that at least 50-95% of marijuana users will experience withdrawal symptoms once they try to cut use . Why?
Withdrawal symptoms occur because marijuana contains THC, which binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain to cause effects typical of the drug. When the continuous supply of THC is interrupted, the body has to adjust because it is already habituated to it. This resulting adjustment causes withdrawal symptoms every time marijuana use is halted or reduced.
Marijuana withdrawal symptoms
A person experiencing withdrawal from marijuana may feel the following :
- aggression – the person may exhibit anger towards others
- agitation – the person feels tense, restless and confused
- anxiety – the person is worried and nervous
- craving – the person has a persistent desire to use marijuana
- insomnia – difficulty falling asleep or maintaining good sleep
- irritability – the person is grumpy, irascible and have short temper
Marijuana withdrawal timing
THC is lipid-soluble so it is stored in the body in fat cells. This causes the body to retain THC for fairly long time, which may cause extended withdrawal symptoms or eruption of cravings after treatment. Withdrawal symptoms may start several hours to within a day after last use of marijuana. Marijuana withdrawal symptoms then usually peak at around two to three days.
The whole duration of marijuana withdrawal symptoms can last for around two weeks. People who used the drug heavily or have developed dependence to marijuana may experience withdrawal symptoms, or residual drug effects and cravings, from time to time after abstinence .
Marijuana withdrawal tips
Once you decide to stop using marijuana, the best thing to do is to go directly to your physician. He or she can perform a health assessment and refer your case to marijuana addiction treatment centers. Self-treatment for marijuana addiction is not recommended. Symptoms of marijuana withdrawal, such as agitation, anxiety and acute psychosis can be uncomfortable or provoke adverse actions. In some people, particularly heavy users, marijuana may result to health problems that require medical assessment. Therefore, a person seeking treatment for marijuana dependence should also undergo medical checkup to determine presence of medical problems.
If you want to stop marijuana use but have problems with withdrawal symptoms, it is best for you to seek professional help by going to a drug addiction treatment center or seeking individual help from a psychologist, physician specializing in addiction treatment, or a psychiatrist. Withdrawal symptoms can prove significant in preventing you from seeking treatment for marijuana addiction. | <urn:uuid:04ff72d4-f1ae-4222-8195-0e64eb43ce60> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://drug.addictionblog.org/tag/marijuana-withdrawal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00391-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94753 | 761 | 1.6875 | 2 |
The treasury Department estimated that for 2006, the AMT would have kicked in at $67,890.
Thousands of Americans travel legally to Cuba every year under what the treasury calls "people to people" licenses.
The Bush tax cuts cost the treasury $1.3 trillion by the low estimates and $1.8 trillion by the higher ones.
If the treasury lets you accelerate the depreciation of your jet, they'll collect less tax revenue now, but more in year six.
The U.S. taxpayer became the largest shareholder of Citigroup, a stake that the treasury Department is still trying to unwind.
When not carried to the treasury, they were reckoned invalid.
The revenue from the homestead lands was bringing millions into the treasury.
No other ruler was provided with so well-filled a treasury, or so disciplined an army.
Willard's, as you know, is in the shadow of the treasury Department.
On my arrival at Natchez, I narrated the occurrence to the treasury agent at that point.
late 13c., "room for treasure," from Old French tresorie (11c.), from tresor (see treasure). Meaning "department of state that controls public revenue" is recorded from late 14c. An Old English word for "room for treasure" was maðm-hus.
(Matt. 27:6; Mark 12:41; John 8:20). It does not appear that there was a separate building so called. The name was given to the thirteen brazen chests, called "trumpets," from the form of the opening into which the offerings of the temple worshippers were put. These stood in the outer "court of the women." "Nine chests were for the appointed money-tribute and for the sacrifice-tribute, i.e., money-gifts instead of the sacrifices; four chests for freewill-offerings for wood, incense, temple decoration, and burnt-offerings" (Lightfoot's Hor. Heb.). | <urn:uuid:2ed81781-9432-4405-969c-0b06cad347b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/treasury | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00220-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969114 | 416 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Looking back, 2014 was not a good year for keeping things safe under digital lock and key. If a score was being kept, it might seem that the cybercriminals are in the lead, despite the valiant efforts – and own goals – from the cybersecurity profession worldwide.
Cast your mind back to March, everyone was panicking about the HeartBleed bug. Based on an error in code upon which the majority of the world’s secure servers relied, experts had plenty of time to fix the issue. Sadly there was an array of conflicting information about changing passwords, leading to widespread confusion. While most IT administrators made sure this was managed in a professional manner, it created a stir that seemed to set the tone for the year.
In May, online auction giant Ebay admitted to having been compromised. The site said its systems, with personal details of tens of millions of users, may have had been vulnerable for months. Everyone was advised, indeed forced, to change their password.
In the same month, iPhones were hijacked and their owners blackmailed by the cunning Oleg Pliss ransomware, locking phones and threatening to delete data unless cash was paid.
In this case, the criminals managed to acquire a database of usernames and passwords, maybe via HeartBleed, and cracked the passwords. As it’s well-known that many users reuse the same passwords for many accounts, the Oleg Pliss attackers searched for iCloud email accounts and simply stepped through their list of passwords until they were successful. Then they remotely locked the phones and demanded a ransom. What was clever about this attack is that it targeted the weak link – lax security among humans – rather than the tough target, the security of the iPhone itself.
Already 3-0 to the cybercriminals by half-time, it wasn’t looking too good for Team Cybersecurity. In June there was finally a score for law enforcement: Gameover Zeus, a prolific botnet, was brought down through a combined operation from the FBI, UK National Crime Agency and other international agencies. It gave security experts time to hose down their systems, upgrade security measures and re-group, knowing that it would be weeks before this botnet could rally.
The most popular mobile phone and tablet operating system, Android did not have a good year. With the most mobile malware, Android is seen as a system that needs to clean up its act, with vulnerabilities exploited through text messages, and potentially revealing intimate details left behind on second-hand devices that had been supposedly wiped.
In July, the focus was back on Apple’s iOS phone operating system, in which a back door was discovered, proving a major embarrassment for the company. It’s interesting that the subsequent release of iOS, version eight, brought full encryption to the phone, suggesting that Apple has tried to fill this hole – much to the annoyance of some national security agencies.
September arrived with a bang, as dozens of celebrities found naked pictures of themselves posted online. The issues earlier in the year that proved the potential to gain access to iCloud accounts had been realised, with the images stripped not from the phones themselves but from the iCloud accounts linked to them. Apple’s response was to generate a notification following any access to an iCloud account – but that may be too little too late if an intruder has already copied your more intimate snaps.
Later the same month, the discovery of the Shellshock bug makes it 7-1. This was a another issue arising from decades old code in the Bash shell software, since incorporated into millions of computers and embedded devices worldwide. It’s ironic that, after years in which Microsoft Windows was regularly compromised, 2014 was the year in which the heat was turned on open source systems like Linux.
As November came around we witnessed a spectacular own goal, when a particularly complex and aggressive malware, Regin, was alleged to be the product of Western intelligence agency experts. Of course, nobody has come forward to take the credit – but it’s clear that there are very capable cybersecurity or cybercriminal experts out there who have the time and resources to create bespoke attacks for their own ends.
December brings the season for joy for many – but not for Sony Pictures, which suffered an attack that leaked unreleased films online, posted embarrassing internal emails for all to see, and brought the company’s internal systems to their knees. Perhaps most embarrassing is that this seems to be becoming a habit for Sony Corporation.
Come Christmas Day, the servers supporting the XBox and PlayStation online gaming platforms were hacked.
All in all, such a 10-1 thrashing points to an eventful year, and unfortunately leaves no doubt that the criminals have the edge, leaving the security experts nursing their own goals and playing catch up. | <urn:uuid:52ee1b91-9c7c-4b7e-9ec7-9a073246421f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://theconversation.com/highlights-and-lowlights-of-2014-a-golden-year-for-cybercrime-35508 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.97227 | 973 | 2.25 | 2 |
The Federal Reserve just released a proposed rule that would limit the size of US banks. Apparently the rule would not effect the banks as they stand right now, but would only come into force if two of the country’s financial institutions were to merge. The proposed rule would implement section 622 of the Dodd-Frank Act.
There may be some argument about the necessity of such a rule, and those in the banking industry are sure to argue that it adds unnecessary rigidity in a time of capital accumulation among large banks in China. The Fed is seeking comment on the rule, and has set a date of July 8 by which comment should be made.
Federal Reserve limits bank size
The rule, according to a release from the Federal Reserve this afternoon, “prohibits a financial company from combining with another company if the ratio of the resulting financial company’s liabilities exceeds 10 percent of the aggregate consolidated liabilities of all financial companies.” It simply means that a single entity attempting to build its existence through merger, cannot hold more than 10% of the capital.
Given the activity of the Federal Trade Commission in judging the anti-competitive nature of mergers, some in the financial industry may argue that the attempt rule by the Fed is redundant and reduces flexibility in the industry. Given the changes in the power structure of the financial industry clear since China’s economy began to increase in size, it’s not wonder that banks in the US do not want their size limited.
Bank size a hot button topic
The Dodd-Frank bill was ferocious in its complexity and brought a ream of different regulations to bear on the US financial industry. Unfortunately the implementation of many of the limits in the bill has been difficult, and many, including the limit on the size of merged banks, have spent time languishing in a desk drawer waiting for the interest of a policy pusher.
The financial crisis of 2008, and the subsequent government bailouts of a substantial part of the US banking industry, brought with it a wave of arguments against an industry built on a too big to fail mentality.There have been several proposals to break up the large banks in the United States in order to create a sector that is more competitive, and less structurally dangerous.
Those in the sector, and those arguing in its interest, have said that accumulation is the only path that the Banks in the US has given the growing strength of international banks. Several analysts and executives have warned of the country losing a competitive edge if its banks are no longer able to stand among the biggest in the world.
With the proposal of today’s rule, the Federal Reserve has likely brought that idea out into the open once more. Janet Yellen may have to speak about her feelings on the topic, departing from a reign spent worrying about interests to get more involved in the manual and direct regulation of the banks. | <urn:uuid:b4b47f2a-32ac-44a0-b677-07121ec74c5c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.valuewalk.com/2014/05/federal-reserve-limit-bank-mergers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96552 | 585 | 2.46875 | 2 |
A record-breaking British car from the 'tween-war years has broken another record at the Bonhams Goodwood Festival of Speed sale this Friday 29 June. It is now the most expensive Bentley ever sold at public auction.
The ex-Sir Henry 'Tim' Birkin 1929 4 ½-liter supercharged 'Blower' Bentley single-seater, which when new raised the Brooklands Outer Circuit record to 137mph, sold for £5,042,000.
The Bentley was sold as part of a collection once owned by famed watchmaker George Daniels of seven cars, two motorcycles and assorted automobilia.
Daniels was a huge fan of Birkin, and also on sale at the Bonhams Goodwood FOS sale was another Birkin car. The 1932 Alfa Romeo 8C-2300 Long Chassis Touring Spider which formed part of Birkin's 1932 Le Mans 24-Hour Endurance Race entry with his friend Earl Howe, sold for more than £2.5 million.
Malcolm Barber, Bonhams chief executive officer and auctioneer at the Daniels sale, said: "The prices achieved for George Daniels's cars today are a fitting tribute to one of the truly great artist engineers of the 20th Century.
"George was not only a fantastic craftsman who hand-made some of the world's most desirable watches, he was also a car connoisseur held in immense respect throughout the vintage motoring world."
Doug Nye, Bonhams historian, said: "It is wonderful to see this iconic car's true appraise recognized by the world market.
"The Birkin single-seater Bentley was, in effect, the Concorde of its time, the fastest car around the high Brooklands bankings. It was driven by a great British hero in Sir Henry Birkin and was the most glamorous racing car of the era."
The 'Birkin' Bentley represents both an incredible piece of British racing and engineering heritage, and a remarkable achievement, both of which came about through the participation in a racing project of four top British personalities of the day.
First there was the fearless and charismatic aristocrat who was behind the wheel for the record lap. Sir Henry 'Tim' Birkin was a Baronet who became one of the most famed of the legendary 'Bentley Boys' of the 1920s – 30s. For an entire generation of British motor racing enthusiasts the mustached 'Tiger Tim' in his goggles, wind cap and polka-dot scarf was the epitome of Imperial power, speed and daring – a very British kind of hero. Intensely competitive, he was a born sportsman who raced for racing's sake and was whole-heartedly committed to making the most of his natural talent.
The engineering might behind the record effort came initially from Bentley founder and legend of his time, W O Bentley. Bentley's cars were designed with the motto: "To build a good car, a fast car, the best in class", and indeed they won the Le Mans 24-Hour Endurance Race on a number of occasions and set many records at the French track. Although the supercharged 'Blower' version was developed by Birkin with the backing of his financiers, it was based on the original 1927 design by W O, albeit against his wishes.
Despite the input of these two British legends in their fields, the success of the Birkin Bentley would not have been possible without the significant financial input of two of Britain's wealthiest people at the time.
Dorothy Paget, the daughter of Lord Queenborough, was a British racehorse owner who came from a prominent family of Thoroughbred racers and breeders. Her horses won a total of 1,532 races in both flat and hurdling, including seven Cheltenham Gold Cups and a Grand National in 1934. Living for the most part in Buckinghamshire and reportedly as eccentric as she was rich, she is said to have hated the sight of men – claiming they made her feel physically sick – and to have called all her staff by different colors rather than their names, apart from green, which she also disliked.
British financier and racing driver Joel Woolf 'Babe' Barnato was, like Birkin, one of the 'Bentley Boys', and he achieved three consecutive wins out of three entries at Le Mans. A product of Charterhouse School and Trinity College Cambridge, Barnato played cricket for Surrey in the late 1920s and served in the British Army and RAF during the wars. After inheriting his family's fortune, made out of diamond and gold mining in South Africa, he poured cash into the troubled Bentley brand, pushing through in the meantime the famous 'Blower' Bentley so disliked by W O.
These four remarkable personalities combined to produce a monster of a car that proved a real match for the aging, patched, bumpy and frost-heaved Brooklands circuit, a circuit Birkin himself described as: "...without exception the most out-of-date, inadequate and dangerous track in the world... Brooklands was built for speeds of no greater than 120mph, and for anyone to go over 130... is to court disaster... The surface is abominable. There are bumps which jolt the driver up and down in his seat and make the car leave the road and travel through the air."
Following its race career, the car was converted into a two-seater roadster before being acquired by George Daniels.
Daniels was one of the few modern watchmakers who could conceive, design and hand-make a complete watch from blank sheet of paper to finished timepiece. During his lifetime he created fewer than 100 pocket watches and wristwatches, each of which would typically involved 2,500 hours of work. Awarded a CBE in 2010, he is the only watchmaker ever to receive the honor 'Master Watchmaker, for services to Horology'.
NOTES FOR EDITORS
Bonhams, founded in 1793, is one of the world's largest auctioneers of fine art and antiques. The present company was formed by the merger in November 2001 of Bonhams & Brooks and Phillips Son & Neale. In August 2002, the company acquired Butterfields, the principal firm of auctioneers on the West Coast of America. Today, Bonhams offers more sales than any of its rivals, through two major salerooms in London: New Bond Street and Knightsbridge; and a further three in the UK regions and Scotland. Sales are also held in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Carmel, New York and Connecticut in the USA; and Germany, France, Monaco, Hong Kong and Australia. Bonhams has a worldwide network of offices and regional representatives in 25 countries offering sales advice and appraisal services in 60 specialist areas. For a full listing of upcoming sales, plus details of Bonhams specialist departments go to www.bonhams.com | <urn:uuid:05d86ec7-3953-477b-ab61-389fe8d16bcd> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bonhams.com/press_release/10774/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718285.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00105-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974258 | 1,422 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Indian Pediatrics 2004; 41:822-827
Spectrum of Atypical Celiac Disease in North Indian Children
Amrinder Singh Puri, Sanjay Garg, Rajnish Monga, Pankaj Tyagi and Manoj Kumar Saraswat
From the Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India.
Pediatric celiac disease (CD) is increasingly being reported from India(1-4). The clinical manifestations of CD vary with the age of the patient, the duration and extent of disease, and the presence of extra-intestinal complications. Reports over the last two decades have focused on classical CD in which diarrhea is the predominant symptom. Atypical celiac disease (ACD) that presents with extra-intestinal manifestations in the absence of diarrhea is well recognized in the West (5,6).
In absence of typical diarrheal presentation, many cases of CD remain undiagnosed due to lack of awareness regarding its varied presentation. To the best of our knowledge there is no published data on spectrum of ACD in childhood from the Indian subcontinent. To highlight this fact we present our experience of 7 children with ACD at a tertiary referral center. The clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with ACD were compared with the typical (diarrheal) variety of the disease.
Material and Methods
Our department maintains an ongoing database since 1998 of CD patients, both adults and children. Retrospective analysis of mode of presentation of children diagnosed to have CD in a single unit of Department of Gastroenterology, at GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, over a period of 5 years from 1998-2002 was done. Patients were labeled as having CD as per the standard ESPGHAN criteria(6). Clinical response to gluten free diet (GFD) was assessed after 6-8 weeks of starting the exclusion diet. Detailed history and physical examination with special reference to anthropometric assessment was done in all children at the time of diagnosis. As per the initial presentation patients were divided into two groups viz diarrheal or non-diarrheal.
The non-diarrheal group was further sub classified based on the predominant symptom at presentation. Children were labeled to have short stature if their height was less than 5th percentile against the expected height for the age and in the presence of normal height of both parents. The second subgroup was characterized as refractory anemia if the patients were referred to us for investigation of low hemoglobin (<10 g/dL) unresponsive to oral iron and folic acid therapy for atleast 6 months. Detailed workup for anaemia was done in all patients at entry. Serum iron estimation and total iron binding capacity were done in all patients prior to starting GFD. Biochemical tests viz., serum calcium, serum phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase and skeletal radiographs were done in all patients when presumptive diagnosis of CD was made on clinical and histological data prior to starting GFD. For those patients suspected to have metabolic bone disease on the basis of physical examination or biochemical abnormalities, estimation of bone mineral densitometry and intact parathormone (iPTH) levels was also included in the database from January 2001 if patients could afford them. Metabolic bone disease was classified as per WHO classification viz., osteopenia defined as z score between –1 and –2.5 whereas osteoporosis defined as a z score less than –2.5(7). As a part of the database preparation at least one serological marker viz., IgA antigliadin antibody, IgA anti-endomysial antibody or tissue transglutaminase antibody was determined if clinical picture and duodenal biopsy was suggestive of CD prior to initiation of GFD. Follow up of all patients diagnosed to have CD was done initially on a monthly basis for 3 months followed by evaluation at 6 monthly intervals thereafter.
Wilcoxan rank sum test was used to compare the means between the two groups. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Over a 5 year period starting from 1998, 34 patients were diagnosed to have CD at our center as per the ESPGHAN criteria. Twenty-two of these 34 were adults whereas the remaining were children (<15 years). The pediatric group comprised of 12 children, 7 males and 5 females in the age range of 4-15 years. In seven of these 12, the presentation was with non-diarrheal disease and they were labeled as having atypical celiac disease (ACD)(8). In contrast only four of the 22 (18%) adults had ACD. The mean age of the children with ACD and typical CD was 10.8 and 8.9 yr. respectively. The mean duration of diarrhea at presentation in typical CD children was 3.3 yrs (range 2 to 4.5 yr). None of the children with ACD had a past history of chronic diarrhea.
Short stature and refractory anemia were the mode of presentation in 4 and 3 children respectively. In five of these 7 children the height was less than the fifth percentile of the expected height according to the age. Significant anemia was present in 6 of these 7 children and the mean hemoglobin was 7.9 g/dL. Anemia was suggestive of iron deficiency in all 6 children with low serum iron levels and elevated total iron binding capacity. The mean levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase and transferrin saturation index in the ACD group were 8.7g/dL, 758 IU/mL and 9.8% respectively.
Skeletal radiographs were normal in all patients except one, which showed radio-graphic features of rickets. Bone mineral densitometry showed osteoporosis in each of the 6 patients in which this test was performed. The z score ranged between –4.08 to –5.51. Since BMD estimation was done in only 2 patients with typical CD (z score –2.78 and –3.89), no meaningful comparison could be made between the two groups. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was detected in 3 of the 4 patients in the ACD group in whom this test was done. Serum iPTH levels were more than 95 pg/mL (normal range 7-53 pg/mL) in each of these 3 patients. Four patients tested positive for IgA antiendomysial antibodies whereas 2 and 1 showed elevated titres of tissue transglutaminase antibody and IgA antigliadin antibody respectively. Histopathological examination of duodenal biopsy specimens showed severe villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia with increase in intra-epithelial lymphocytes in six patients whereas in one patient there was moderate villous atrophy (Table I).
Table I The clinical, laboratory and histological data of children with atypical celiac disease.
M: Male, F: Female, EMA: endomysial antibodies, AGA: anti gliadin antibodies, TTG: tissue transglutaminase antibodies, SVA: Subtotal villous atrophy, MVA: moderate villous atrophy.
Follow up data was available in all 7 children. The mean follow up period was 19 months (range 4-36 mo). During the follow up period there was an impressive gain in height and hemoglobin (Table II) in all the children.
Table II Comparison of clinical and biochemical parameters in typical and atypical celiac disease.
* n.s. = (not significant).
Although CD was once thought to be rare in India, several recent reports have cleared this misconception(1-4). However all of these reports deal with typical (diarrheal) variety of CD although passing reference has been made about the presentation of atypical disease(3,4).
The corner stone for diagnosis of CD is the revised ESPGHAN criteria which are based on demonstration of characteristic small intestinal mucosal abnormality on histological examination when the patient is consuming a normal diet(6). The second requirement is a clear cut remission on strict GFD with relief of all symptoms within few weeks. The second requirement poses difficulties in patients suspected to have ACD. Unlike in typical CD, where remission in diarrhea occurs within 2-4 weeks of excluding gluten from diet, patients with ACD who present with refractory anaemia, growth failure or metabolic bone disease take significantly longer to show a clinical improvement. In these patients the presence of serological markers adds weightage to the diagnosis in the initial period till clinical improvement becomes manifest. A repeat duodenal biopsy to demonstrate improvement of villous atrophy on gluten free diet is advisable for confirmation of diagnosis in ACD cases in whom the clinical improvement is subtle and equivocal(6). All the children with ACD in our study had a good response to GFD, thus obviating the need for a repeat biopsy to demonstrate improvement of duodenal villous atrophy.
Our report of seven patients is the first to focus on the atypical presentation of CD in children from India and compares the clinical presentation of the two groups. As expected the mean age of children with ACD was nearly 2 years more than the other group. This is mainly because diarrhea is a more alarming symptom for which parents are likely to seek early medical attention. On the other hand, growth failure or anemia are more subtle in presentation and may escape the attention of parents for considerable time resulting in a delayed presentation. On the basis of this logic we hypothesized that hematological and bone biochemistry parameters are likely to show more derangement in the ACD group than in the typical CD by virtue of the longer time required to reach the diagnosis in the former group. On comparing the various parameters between the two groups we found that despite the lower values of hemoglobin, calcium and transferrin saturation index in the ACD group none of these differences were statistically significant. However since our sample size is small it is possible that this is a type 2 error and larger studies need to be done to address this issue.
The widespread availability of highly sensitive and specific serological markers has resulted in changing the spectrum of CD in the West as atypical and early disease is being recognized more frequently(8). This is perhaps not true for India as at least three studies from north India have recorded that more than 93% of Indian children still present with classical type of disease(1-3). Our data is definitely skewed as there is a very high percentage of ACD at our center. The skewness in our data is due to the fact that it is from a tertiary referral center; only cases that remain undiagnosed in primary and secondary health centers are referred to us. We do not suggest that majority of CD in north India presents with atypical disease.
Of the several atypical presentations of CD the commonest are short stature and refractory anemia. Other less common manifestations are unexplained metabolic bone disease, infertility and idiopathic epilepsy(8). Short stature and refractory anemia are not mutually exclusive as both features may co-exist. In fact all three patients with refractory anemia had significant growth retardation and conversely severe anemia was present in three of the four children with short stature. Thus it would appear that both these modes of presentation go hand in hand with each other. It is believed that as many as 9%-10% of those with "idiopathic" short stature have CD(9,10).
Prevalence of metabolic bone disease in Indian children with CD is not known. There was a high frequency of metabolic bone disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism in this cohort that appears to be at least at par with the figure of 50% reported in untreated celiac disease children from Turkey(11). All children with ACD in our study showed normal levels of serum calcium and skeletal radiographs were also normal in all but one and yet BMD showed significant changes of metabolic bone disease. These data underscore the need for adding calcium and vitamin D supplementation to gluten free diet at least in this subgroup even though they may be asymptomatic or show no biochemical or radiological evidence of bone disease.
To summarize, the diagnosis of ACD is frequently missed as it presents sans diarrhea. This is probably the reason that these children are likely to be diagnosed at tertiary referral centers. The commonest modes of presentation of ACD are refractory anemia and/or short stature. Positive serology is helpful in this subgroup as clinical improvement may take longer time. With increasing awareness and widespread availability of serological markers for celiac disease, its clinical spectrum in India is likely to undergo a change with greater proportion of atypical and asymptomatic patients being diagnosed early.
The authors are grateful to Dr. L. Satyanarayana, Astt. Director, ICPO, ICMR, New Delhi, for his help in statistical analysis.
Contributors: ASP, RM have done conceptualization, data analysis and critical revision of the manuscript; SG, PT, MKS designed the follow up proforma, data collection, patient’s follow up and drafting of the manuscript, ASP will act as guarantor.
Competing interests: None. | <urn:uuid:87e2aa24-ba76-4025-a1fe-48beb95c18b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.indianpediatrics.net/aug2004/aug-822-827.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00048-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953083 | 2,732 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Part 1 out of 6
This etext was produced by Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
JEANNE OF THE MARSHES
E. PHILLIPS OPPENHEIM
"A MAKER OF HISTORY," "THE MISSIONER," "THE GOVERNORS," ETC.
J. V. McFALL AND C. E. BROCK
The Princess opened her eyes at the sound of her maid's approach.
She turned her head impatiently toward the door.
"Annette," she said coldly, "did you misunderstand me? Did I not say
that I was on no account to be disturbed this afternoon?"
Annette was the picture of despair. Eyebrows and hands betrayed
alike both her agitation of mind and her nationality.
"Madame," she said, "did I not say so to monsieur? I begged him to
call again. I told him that madame was lying down with a bad
headache, and that it was as much as my place was worth to disturb
her. What did he answer? Only this. That it would be as much as my
place was worth if I did not come up and tell you that he was here
to see you on a very urgent matter. Indeed, madame, he was very,
very impatient with me."
"Of whom are you talking?" the Princess asked.
"But of Major Forrest, madame," Annette declared. "It is he who
The Princess closed her eyes for a moment and then slowly opened
them. She stretched out her hand, and from a table by her side took
up a small gilt mirror.
"Turn on the lights, Annette," she commanded.
The maid illuminated the darkened room. The Princess gazed at
herself in the mirror, and reaching out again took a small powder-
puff from its case and gently dabbed her face. Then she laid both
mirror and powder-puff back in their places.
"You will tell monsieur," she said, "that I am very unwell indeed,
but that since he is here and his business is urgent I will see him.
Turn out the lights, Annette. I am not fit to be seen. And move my
couch a little, so."
"Madame is only a little pale," the maid said reassuringly. "That
makes nothing. These Englishwomen have all too much colour. I go to
She disappeared, and the Princess lay still upon her couch,
thinking. Soon she heard steps outside, and with a little sigh she
turned her head toward the door. The man who entered was tall, and
of the ordinary type of well-born Englishmen. He was carefully
dressed, and his somewhat scanty hair was arranged to the best
advantage. His features were hard and lifeless. His eyes were just a
shade too close together. The maid ushered him in and withdrew at
"Come and sit by my side, Nigel, if you want to talk to me," the
Princess said. "Walk softly, please. I really have a headache."
"No wonder, in this close room," the man muttered, a little
ungraciously. "It smells as though you had been burning incense
"It suits me," the Princess answered calmly, "and it happens to be
my room. Bring that chair up here and say what you have to say."
The man obeyed in silence. When he had made himself quite
comfortable, he raised her hand, the one which was nearest to him,
to his lips, and afterwards retained it in his own.
"Forgive me if I seem unsympathetic, Ena," he said. "The fact is,
everything has been getting on my nerves for the last few days, and
my luck seems dead out."
She looked at him curiously. She was past middle age, and her face
showed signs of the wear and tear of life. But she still had fine
eyes, and the rejuvenating arts of Bond Street had done their best
"What is the matter, Nigel?" she asked. "Have the cards been going
He frowned and hesitated for a moment before replying.
"Ena," he said, "between us two there is an ancient bargain, and
that is that we should tell the truth to one another. I will tell
you what it is that is worrying me most. I have suspected it for
some time, but this afternoon it was absolutely obvious. There is a
sort of feeling at the club. I can't exactly describe it, but I am
conscious of it directly I come into the room. For several days I
have scarcely been able to get a rubber. This afternoon, when I cut
in with Harewood and Mildmay and another fellow, two of them made
some sort of an excuse and went off. I pretended not to notice it,
of course, but there it was. The thing was apparent, and it is the
Again she looked at him closely.
"There is nothing tangible?" she asked. "No complaint, or scandal,
or anything of that sort?"
He rejected the suggestion with scorn.
"No!" he said. "I am not such an idiot as that. All the same there
is the feeling. They don't care to play bridge with me. There is
only young Engleton who takes my part, and so far as playing bridge
for money is concerned, he would be worth the whole lot put together
if only I could get him away from them--make up a little party
somewhere, and have him to myself for a week or two."
The Princess was thoughtful.
"To go abroad at this time of the year," she remarked, "is almost
impossible. Besides, you have only just come back."
"Absolutely impossible," he answered. "Besides, I shouldn't care to
do it just now. It looks like running away. A week or so ago you
were talking of taking a villa down the river. I wondered whether
you had thought any more of it."
The Princess shook her head.
"I dare not," she answered. "I have gone already further than I
meant to. This house and the servants and carriages are costing me a
small fortune. I dare not even look at my bills. Another house is
not to be thought of."
Major Forrest looked gloomily at the shining tip of his patent boot.
"It's jolly hard luck," he muttered. "A quiet place somewhere in the
country, with Engleton and you and myself, and another one or two,
and I should be able to pull through. As it is, I feel inclined to
chuck it all."
The Princess looked at him curiously. He was certainly more than
ordinarily pale, and the hand which rested upon the side of his
chair was twitching a little nervously.
"My dear Nigel," she said, "do go to the chiffonier there and help
yourself to a drink. I hate to see you white to the lips, and
trembling as though death itself were at your elbow. Borrow a little
false courage, if you lack the real thing."
The man obeyed her suggestion with scarcely a protest.
"I had hoped, Ena," he remarked a little peevishly, "to have found
you more sympathetic."
"You are so sorry for yourself," she answered, "that you seem
scarcely to need my sympathy. However, sit down and talk to me
"I talk reasonably enough," he answered, "but I really am hard up
against it. Don't think I have come begging. I know you've done all
you can, and it's a matter with me now of more than a few hundreds.
My only hope is Engleton. Can't you suggest anything?"
The Princess rested her head slightly upon the long slender fingers
of her right hand. Bond Street had taken care of her complexion, but
the veins in her hand were blue, and art had no means of concealing
a certain sharpness of features and the thin lines about the eyes,
nameless suggestions of middle age. Yet she was still a handsome
woman. She knew how to dress, and how to make the best of herself.
She had the foreigner's instinct for clothes, and her figure was
still irreproachable. She sat and looked with a sort of calculating
interest at the man who for years had come as near touching her
heart as any of his sex. Curiously enough she knew that this new
aspect in which he now presented himself, this incipient cowardice--
the first-fruits of weakening nerves--did not and could not affect
her feelings for him. She saw him now almost for the first time with
the mask dropped, no longer cold, cynical and calculating, but a man
moved to his shallow depths by what might well seem to him, a
dweller in the narrow ways of life, as a tragedy. It looked at her
out of his grey eyes. It showed itself in the twitching of his lips.
For many years he had lived upon a little less than nothing a year.
Now for the first time his means of livelihood were threatened. His
long-suffering acquaintances had left him alone at the card-table.
"You disappoint me, Nigel," she said. "I hate to see a man weaken.
There is nothing against you. Don't act as though there could be. As
to this little house-party you were speaking of, I only wish I could
think of something to help you. By the by, what are you doing to-
"Nothing," he answered, "except that Engleton is expecting me to
dine with him."
"I have an idea," the Princess said slowly. "It may not come to
anything, but it is worth trying. Have you met my new admirer, Mr.
Cecil de la Borne?"
Forrest shook his head.
"Do you mean a dandified-looking boy whom you were driving with in
the Park yesterday?"
The Princess nodded.
"We met him a week or so ago," she answered, "and he has been very
attentive. He has a country place down in Norfolk, which from his
description is, I should think, like a castle in Hermitland. Jeanne
and I are dining with him to-night at the Savoy. You and Engleton
must come, too. I can arrange it. It is just possible that we may be
able to manage something. He told me yesterday that he was going
back to Norfolk very soon. I fancy that he has a brother who keeps
rather a strict watch over him, and he is not allowed to stay up in
town very long at a time."
"I know the name," Forrest remarked. "They are a very old Roman
Catholic family. We'll come and dine, if you say that you can
arrange it. But I don't see how we can all hope to get an invitation
out of him on such a short acquaintance."
The Princess was looking thoughtful.
"Leave it to me," she said. "I have an idea. Be at the Savoy at a
quarter past eight, and bring Lord Ronald."
Forrest took up his hat. He looked at the Princess with something
very much like admiration in his face. For years he had dominated
this woman. To-day, for the first time, she had had the upper hand.
"We will be there all right," he said. "Engleton will only be too
glad to be where Jeanne is. I suppose young De la Borne is the same
The Princess sighed.
"Every one," she remarked, "is so shockingly mercenary!"
The Princess helped herself to a salted almond and took her first
sip of champagne. The almonds were crisp and the champagne dry. She
was wearing a new and most successful dinner-gown of black velvet,
and she was quite sure that in the subdued light no one could tell
that the pearls in the collar around her neck were imitation. Her
afternoon's indisposition was quite forgotten. She nodded at her
"Cecil," she said, "it is really very good of you to take in my two
friends like this. Major Forrest has just arrived from Ostend, and I
was very anxious to hear about the people I know there, and the
frocks, and all the rest of it. Lord Ronald always amuses me, too. I
suppose most people would call him foolish, but to me he only seems
very, very young."
The young man who was host raised his glass and bowed towards the
"I can assure you," he said, "that it has given me a great deal of
pleasure to make the acquaintance of Major Forrest and Lord Ronald,
but it has given me more pleasure still to be able to do anything
for you. You know that."
She looked at him quickly, and down at her plate. Such glances had
become almost a habit with her, but they were still effectual. Cecil
de la Borne leaned across towards Forrest.
"I hear that you have been to Ostend lately, Major Forrest," he
said. "I thought of going over myself a little later in the season
for a few days."
"I wouldn't if I were you," Forrest answered. "It is overrun just
now with the wrong sort of people. There is nothing to do but
gamble, which doesn't interest me particularly; or dress in a
ridiculous costume and paddle about in a few feet of water, which
appeals to me even less."
"You were there a little early in the season," the Princess reminded
Major Forrest assented.
"A little later," he admitted, "it may be tolerable. On the whole,
however, I was disappointed."
Lord Ronald spoke for the first time. He was very thin, very long,
and very tall. He wore a somewhat unusually high collar, but he was
very carefully, not to say exactly, dressed. His studs and links and
waistcoat buttons were obviously fresh from the Rue de la Paix. The
set of his tie was perfection. His features were not unintelligent,
but his mouth was weak.
"One thing I noticed about Ostend," he remarked, "they charge you a
frightful price for everything. We never got a glass of champagne
there like this."
"I am glad you like it," their host said. "From what you say I don't
imagine that I should care for Ostend. I am not rich enough to
gamble, and as I have lived by the sea all my days, bathing does not
attract me particularly. I think I shall stay at home." "By the by,
where is your home, Mr. De la Borne?" the Princess asked. "You told
me once, but I have forgotten. Some of your English names are so
queer that I cannot even pronounce them, much more remember them."
"I live in a very small village in Norfolk, called Salthouse," Cecil
de la Borne answered. "It is quite close to a small market-town
called Wells, if you know where that is. I don't suppose you do,
though," he added. "It is an out-of-the-way corner of the world."
The Princess shook her head.
"I never heard of it," she said. "I am going to motor through
Norfolk soon, though, and I think that I shall call upon you."
Cecil de la Borne looked up eagerly.
"I wish you would," he begged, "and bring your step-daughter. You
can't imagine," he added, with a glance at the girl who was sitting
at his left hand, "how much pleasure it would give me. The roads are
really not bad, and every one admits that the country is
"You had better be careful," the Princess said, "or we may take you
at your word. I warn you, though, that it would be a regular
invasion. Major Forrest and Lord Ronald are talking about coming
"It's just an idea," Forrest remarked carelessly. "I wouldn't mind
it myself, but I don't fancy we should get Engleton away from town
"Well, I like that," Engleton remarked. "Forrest's a lot keener on
these social functions than I am. As a matter of fact I am for the
tour, on one condition."
"And that?" the Princess asked.
"That you come in my car," Lord Ronald answered. "I haven't really
had a chance to try it yet, but it's a sixty horse Mercedes, and
it's fitted up for touring. Take the lot of us easy, luggage and
"I think it would be perfectly delightful," the Princess declared.
"Do you really mean it?"
"Of course I do," Lord Ronald answered. "It's too hot for town, and
I'm rather great on rusticating, myself."
"I think this is charming," the Princess declared. "Here we have one
of our friends with a car and another with a house. But seriously,
Cecil, we mustn't think of coming to you. There would be too many of
"The more the better," Cecil said eagerly. "If you really want to
attempt anything in the shape of a rest-cure, I can recommend my
home thoroughly. I am afraid," he added, with a shrug of the
shoulders, "that I cannot recommend it for anything else."
"A rest," the Princess declared, "is exactly what we want. Life here
is becoming altogether too strenuous. We started the season a little
early. I am perfectly certain that we could not possibly last till
the end. Until I arrived in London with an heiress under my charge,
I had no idea that I was such a popular person."
The girl who was sitting on the other side of their host spoke
almost for the first time. She was evidently quite young, and her
pale cheeks, dark full eyes, and occasional gestures, indicated
clearly enough something foreign in her nationality. She addressed
no one in particular, but she looked toward Forrest.
"That is one of the things," she said, "which puzzles me. I do not
understand it at all. It seems as though every one is liked or
disliked, here in London at any rate, according to the amount of
money they have."
"Upon my word, Miss Jeanne, it isn't so with every one," Lord Ronald
She glanced at him indifferently.
"There may be exceptions," she said. "I am speaking of the great
"For Heaven's sake, child, don't be cynical!" the Princess remarked.
"There is no worse pose for a child of your age."
"It is not a pose at all," Jeanne answered calmly. "I do not want to
be cynical, and I do not want to have unkind thoughts. But tell me,
Lord Ronald, honestly, do you think that every one would have been
as kind to a girl just out of boarding-school as they have been to
me if it were not that I have so much money?"
"I cannot tell about others," Lord Ronald answered. "I can only
answer for myself."
His last words were almost whispered in the girl's ears, but she
only shrugged her shoulders and did not return his gaze. Their host,
who had been watching them, frowned slightly. He was beginning to
think that Engleton was scarcely as pleasant a fellow as he had
"Well," he said, "Miss Le Mesurier will find out in time who are
really her friends."
"It is a safe plan," Major Forrest remarked, "and a pleasant one, to
believe in everybody until they want something from you. Then is the
time for distrust."
"And by that time, perhaps," she said, "one's affections are
hopelessly engaged. I think that it is a very difficult world."
The Princess shrugged her shoulders.
"Three months," she remarked, "is not a long time. Wait, my dear
child, until you have at least lived through a single season before
you commit yourself to any final opinions."
Their host intervened. He was beginning to find the conversation
dull. He was far more interested in another matter.
"Let us talk about that visit," he said to the Princess. "I do wish
that you could make up your mind to come. Of course, I haven't any
amusements to offer you, but you could rest as thoroughly as you
like. They say that the air is the finest in England. There is
always bridge, you know, for the evenings, and if Miss Jeanne likes
bathing, my gardens go down to the beach."
"It sounds delightful," the Princess said, "and exactly what we
want. We have a good many invitations, but I have not cared to
accept any of them, for I do not think that Jeanne would care much
for the life at an ordinary country house. I myself," she continued,
with perfect truth, "am not squeamish, but the last house-party I
was at was certainly not the place for a very young girl."
"Make up your mind, then, and say yes," Cecil de la Borne pleaded.
"You shall hear from us within the next few days," the Princess
answered. "I really believe that we shall come."
The little party left the restaurant a few minutes later on their
way into the foyer for coffee. The Princess contrived to pass out
with Forrest as her companion.
"I think," she said under her breath, "that this is the best
opportunity you could possibly have. We shall be quite alone down
there, and perhaps it would be as well that you were out of London
for a few weeks. If it does not come to anything we can easily make
an excuse to get away."
"But who is this young man, De la Borne?" he asked. "I don't mean
that. I know who he is, of course, but why should he invite perfect
strangers to stay with him?"
The Princess smiled faintly.
"Can't you see," she answered, "that he is simply a silly boy? He is
only twenty-four years old, and I think that he cannot have seen
much of the world. He told me that he had just been abroad for the
first time. He fancies that he is a little in love with me, and he
is dazzled, of course, by the idea of Jeanne's fortune. He wants to
play the host to us. Let him. I should be glad enough to get away
for a few weeks, if only to escape from these pestering letters. I
do think that one's tradespeople might let one alone until the end
of the season."
Forrest, who was feeling a good deal braver since dinner, on the
whole favoured the idea.
"I do not see," he remarked, "why it should not work out very well
indeed. There will be nothing to do in the evenings except to play
bridge, and no one to interfere."
"Besides which," the Princess remarked, "you will be out of London
for a few weeks, and I dare say that if you keep away from the clubs
for a time and lose a few rubbers when you get back your little
trouble may blow over."
"I suppose," Forrest remarked thoughtfully, "this young De la Borne
has no people living with him, guardians, or that sort of thing?"
"No one of any account," the Princess answered. "His father and
mother are both dead. I am afraid, though, he will not be of any use
to you, for from what I can hear he is quite poor. However, Engleton
ought to be quite enough if we can keep him in the humour for
"Ask him a few more questions about the place," Forrest said. "If it
seems all right, I should like to start as soon as possible."
They had their coffee at a little table in the foyer, which was
already crowded with people. Their conversation was often
interrupted by the salutations of passing acquaintances. Jeanne
alone looked about her with any interest. To the others, this sort
of thing--the music of the red-coated band, the flowers, and the
passing throngs of people, the handsomest and the weariest crowd in
the world--were only part of the treadmill of life.
"By the by, Mr. De la Borne," the Princess asked, "how much longer
are you going to stay in London?"
"I must go back to-morrow or the next day," the young man answered,
a little gloomily. "I sha'n't mind it half so much if you people
only make up your minds to pay me that visit."
The Princess motioned to him to draw his chair a little nearer to
"If we take this tour at all," she remarked, "I should like to start
the day after to-morrow. There is a perfectly hideous function on
Thursday which I should so like to miss, and the stupidest dinner-
party on earth at night. Should you be home by then, do you think?"
"If there were any chance of your coming at all," the young man
answered eagerly, "I should leave by the first train to-morrow
"I think," the Princess declared softly, "that we will come. Don't
think me rude if I say that we could not possibly be more bored than
we are in London. I do not want to take Jeanne to any of the country
house-parties we have been invited to. You know why. She really is
such a child, and I am afraid that if she gets any wrong ideas about
things she may want to go back to the convent. She has hinted at it
more than once already."
"There will be nothing of that sort at Salt-house," Cecil de la
Borne declared eagerly. "You see, I sha'n't have any guests at all
except just yourselves. Don't you think that would be best?"
"I do, indeed," the Princess assented, "and mind, you are not to
make any special preparations for us. For my part, I simply want a
little rest before we go abroad again, and we really want to come to
you feeling the same way that one leaves one's home for lodgings in
a farmhouse. You will understand this, won't you, Cecil?" she added
earnestly, laying her fingers upon his arm, "or we shall not come."
"It shall be just as you say," he answered. "As a matter of fact the
Red Hall is little more than a large farmhouse, and there is very
little preparation which I could make for you in a day or a day and
a half. You shall come and see how a poor English countryman lives,
whose lands and income have shrivelled up together. If you are dull
you will not blame me, I know, for all that you have to do is to go
The Princess rose and put out her hand.
"It is settled, then," she declared. "Thank you, dear Mr. Host, for
your very delightful dinner. Jeanne and I have to go on to
Harlingham House for an hour or two, the last of these terrible
entertainments, I am glad to say. Do send me a note round in the
morning, with the exact name of your house, and some idea of the
road we must follow, so that we do not get lost. I suppose you two,"
she added, turning to Forrest and Lord Ronald, "will not mind
starting a day or two before we had planned?"
"Not in the least," they assured her.
"And Miss Le Mesurier?" Cecil de la Borne asked. "Will she really
not mind giving up some of these wonderful entertainments?"
Jeanne smiled upon him brilliantly. It was a smile which came so
seldom, and which, when it did come, transformed her face so
utterly, that she seemed like a different person.
"I shall be very glad, indeed," she said, "to leave London. I am
looking forward so much to seeing what the English country is like."
"It will make me very happy," Cecil de la Borne said, bowing over
her hand, "to try and show you."
Her eyes seemed to pass through him, to look out of the crowded
room, as though indeed they had found their way into some corner of
the world where the things which make life lie. It was a lapse from
which she recovered almost immediately, but when she looked at him,
and with a little farewell nod withdrew her hand, the transforming
gleam had passed away.
"And there is the sea, too," she remarked, looking backwards as they
passed out. "I am longing to see that again."
Perhaps there was never a moment in the lives of these two men when
their utter and radical dissimilarity, physically as well as in the
larger ways, was more strikingly and absolutely manifest. Like a
great sea animal, huge, black-bearded, bronzed, magnificent, but
uncouth, Andrew de la Borne, in the oilskins and overalls of a
village fisherman, stood in the great bare hall in front of the open
fireplace, reckless of his drippings, at first only mildly amused by
the half cynical, half angry survey of the very elegant young man
who had just descended the splendid oak staircase, with its finely
carved balustrade, black and worm-eaten, Cecil de la Borne stared at
his brother with the angry disgust of one whose sense of all that is
holiest stands outraged. Slim, of graceful though somewhat
undersized figure, he was conscious of having attained perfection in
matters which he reckoned of no small importance. His grey tweed
suit fitted him like a glove, his tie was a perfect blend between
the colour of his eyes and his clothes, his shoes were of immaculate
shape and polish, his socks had been selected with care in the Rue
de la Paix. His hair was brushed until it shone with the proper
amount of polish, his nails were perfectly manicured, even his
cigarette came from the dealer whose wares were the caprice of the
moment. That his complexion was pallid and that underneath his eyes
were faint blue lines, which were certainly not the hall-marks of
robust health, disturbed him not at all. These things were correct.
Health was by no means a desideratum in the set to which he was
striving to belong. He looked through his eyeglass at his brother
"Really, Andrew," he said calmly, but with an undernote of anger
trembling in his tone, "I am surprised to see you like this! You
might, I think, have had a little more consideration. Can't you
realize what a sight you are, and what a mess you're making!"
Andrew took off his cap and shook it, so that a little shower of
salt water splashed on to the polished floor.
"Never mind, Cecil," he said good-humouredly. "You've all the
deportment that's necessary in this family. And salt water doesn't
stain. These boards have been washed with it many a time."
The young man's face lost none of his irritation.
"But what on earth have you been doing?" he exclaimed. "Where have
you been to get in a state like that?"
Andrew's face was suddenly overcast. It did not please him to think
of those last few hours.
"I had to go out to bring a mad woman home," he said. "Kate Caynsard
was out in her catboat a day like this. It was suicide if I hadn't
reached her in time."
"You--did reach her in time?" the young man asked quickly.
Andrew turned to face the questioner, and the eyes of the brothers
met. Again the differences between them seemed to be suddenly and
marvellously accentuated. Andrew's cheeks, bronzed and hardened with
a life spent wholly out of doors, were glistening still with the
salt water which dripped down from his hair and hung in sparkling
globules from his beard. Cecil was paler than ever; there was
something almost furtive in that swift insistent look. Perhaps he
recognized something of what was in the other's mind. At any rate
the good-nature left his manner--his tone took to itself a sterner
"I came back," he said grimly. "I should not have come back alone.
She was hard to save, too," he added, after a moment's pause.
"She is mad," Cecil muttered. "A queer lot, all the Caynsards."
"She is as sane as you or I," his brother answered. "She does rash
things, and she chooses to treat her life as though it were a matter
of no consequence. She took a fifty to one chance at the bar, and
she nearly lost. But, by heaven, you should have seen her bring my
little boat down the creek, with the tide swelling, and a squall
right down on the top of us. It was magnificent. Cecil!"
"Why does Kate Caynsard treat her life as though it were of less
value than the mackerel she lowers her line for? Do you know?"
The younger man dropped his eyeglass and shrugged his shoulders
"Since when," he demanded, "have I shown any inclination to play the
village Lothario? Thick ankles and robust health have never appealed
to me--I prefer the sicklier graces of civilization."
"Kate Caynsard," Andrew said thoughtfully, "is not of the villagers.
She leads their life, but her birth is better on her father's side,
at any rate, than our own."
"If I might be allowed to make the suggestion," Cecil said,
regarding his brother with supercilious distaste, "don't you think
it would be just as well to change your clothes before our guests
"Why should I?" Andrea asked calmly.
"They are not my friends. I scarcely know even their names. I
entertain them at your request. Why should I be ashamed of my
oilskins? They are in accord with the life I live here. I make no
pretence, you see, Cecil," he added, with a faintly amused smile,
"at being an ornamental member of Society."
His brother regarded him with something very much like disgust.
"No!" he said sarcastically. "No one could accuse you of that."
Something in his tone seemed to suggest to Andrew a new idea. He
looked down at the clothes he wore beneath his oilskins--the clothes
almost of a working man. He glanced for a moment at his hands,
hardened and blistered with the actual toil which he loved--and he
looked his brother straight in the face.
"Cecil," he said, "I believe you're ashamed of me."
"Of course I am," the younger man answered brutally. "It's your own
fault. You choose to make a fisherman or a labouring man of
yourself. I haven't seen you in a decent suit of clothes for years.
You won't dress for dinner. Your hands and skin are like a
ploughboy's. And, d--n it all, you're my elder brother! I've got to
introduce you to my friends as the head of the De la Bornes, and
practically their host. No wonder I don't like it!"
There was a moment's silence. If his words hurt, Andrew made no
sign. With a shrug of the shoulders he turned towards the staircase.
"There is no reason," he remarked, carelessly enough, "why I should
inflict the humiliation of my presence on you or on your friends. I
am going down to the Island. You shall entertain your friends and
play the host to your heart's content. It will be more comfortable
for both of us."
Cecil prided himself upon a certain impassivity of features and
manner which some fin de siecle oracle of the cities had pronounced
good form, but he was not wholly able to conceal his relief. Such an
arrangement was entirely to his liking. It solved the situation
satisfactorily in more ways than one.
"It's a thundering good idea, Andrew, if you're sure you'll be
comfortable there," he declared. "I don't believe you would get on
with my friends a bit. They're not your sort. Seems like turning you
out of your own house, though."
"It is of no consequence," Andrew said coldly. "I shall be perfectly
"You see," Cecil continued, "they're not keen on sport at all, and
you don't play bridge--"
Andrew had already disappeared. Cecil turned back into the hall and
lit a cigarette.
"Phew! What a relief!" he muttered to himself. "If only he has the
sense to keep away all the time!"
He rang the bell, which was answered by a butler newly imported from
"Clear away all this mess, James," Cecil ordered, pointing in
disgust to the wet places upon the floor, and the still dripping
southwester, "and serve tea here in an hour, or directly my friends
arrive--tea, and whisky and soda, and liqueurs, you know, with
sandwiches and things."
"I will do my best, sir," the man answered. "The kitchen
arrangements are a little--behind the times, if I might venture to
"I know, I know," Cecil answered irritably. "The place has been
allowed to go on anyhow while I was away. Do what you can, and let
them know outside that they must make room for one, or perhaps two
Upstairs Andrew was rapidly throwing a few things together. With an
odd little laugh he threw into the bottom of a wardrobe an unopened
parcel of new clothes and a dress suit which had been carefully
brushed. In less than twenty minutes he had left the house by the
back way, with a small portmanteau poised easily upon his massive
shoulders. As he turned from the long ill-kept avenue, with its
straggling wind-smitten trees all exposed to the tearing ocean
gales, into the high road, a great automobile swung round the corner
and slackened speed. Major Forrest leaned out and addressed him.
"Can you tell me if this is the Red Hall, my man--Mr. De la Borne's
place?" he asked.
Andrew nodded, without a glance at the veiled and shrouded women who
were leaning forward to hear his answer.
"The next avenue is the front way," he said. "Mind how you turn in--
the corner is rather sharp."
He spoke purposely in broad Norfolk, and passed on.
"What a Goliath!" Engleton remarked.
"I should like to sketch him," the Princess drawled. "His shoulders
But neither of them had any idea that they had spoken with the owner
of the Red Hall.
About half-way through dinner that night, Cecil de la Borne drew a
long sigh of relief. At last his misgivings were set at rest. His
party was going to be, was already, in fact, pronounced, a success.
A glance at his fair neighbour, however, who was lighting her third
or fourth Russian cigarette since the caviare, sent a shiver of
thankfulness through his whole being. What a sensible fellow Andrew
had been to clear out. This sort of thing would not have appealed to
him at all.
"My dear Cecil," the Princess declared, "I call this perfectly
delightful. Jeanne and I have wanted so much to see you in your own
home. Jeanne, isn't this nicer, ever so much nicer, than anything
you had imagined?"
Jeanne, who was sitting opposite, lifted her remarkable eyes and
glanced around with interest.
"Yes," she admitted, "I think that it is! But then, any place that
looks in the least like a home is a delightful change after all that
rushing about in London."
"I agree with you entirely," Major Forrest declared. "If our friend
has disappointed us at all, it is in the absence of that
primitiveness which he led us to expect. One perceives that one is
drinking Veuve Clicquot of a vintage year, and one suspects the
nationality of our host's cook."
"You can have all the primitivism you want if you look out of the
windows," Cecil remarked drily. "You will see nothing but a line of
stunted trees, and behind, miles of marshes and the greyest sea
which ever played upon the land. Listen! You don't hear a sound like
that in the cities."
Even as he spoke they heard the dull roar of the north wind booming
across the wild empty places which lay between the Red Hall and the
sea. A storm of raindrops was flung against the window. The Princess
"It is an idyll, the last word in the refining of sensations," Major
Forrest declared. "You give us sybaritic luxury, and in order that
we shall realize it, you provide the background of savagery. In the
Carlton one might dine like this and accept it as a matter of
course. Appreciation is forced upon us by these suggestions of the
"Not all without, either," Cecil de la Borne remarked, raising his
eyeglass and pointing to the walls. "See where my ancestors frown
down upon us--you can only just distinguish their bare shapes. No De
la Borne has had money enough to have them renovated or even
preserved. They have eaten their way into the canvases, and the
canvases into the very walls. You see the empty spaces, too. A
Reynolds and a Gainsboro' have been cut out from there and sold. I
can show you long empty galleries, pictureless, and without a scrap
of furniture. We have ghosts like rats, rooms where the curtains and
tapestries are falling to pieces from sheer decay. Oh! I can assure
you that our primitivism is not wholly external."
He turned from the Princess, who was not greatly interested, to find
that for once he had succeeded in riveting the attention of the
girl, whose general attitude towards him and the whole world seemed
to be one of barely tolerant indifference.
"I should like to see over your house, Mr. De la Borne," she said.
"It all sounds very interesting."
"I am afraid," he answered, "that your interest would not survive
very long. We have no treasures left, nor anything worth looking at.
For generations the De la Bornes have stripped their house and sold
their lands to hold their own in the world. I am the last of my
race, and there is nothing left for me to sell," he declared, with a
"Hadn't you--a half brother?" the Princess asked.
Cecil hesitated for a moment. He had drifted so easily into the
position of head of the house. It was so natural. He felt that he
filled the place so perfectly.
"I have," he admitted, "but he counts, I am sorry to say, for very
little. You are never likely to come across him--nor any other
There was a subtle indication in his tone of a desire not to pursue
the subject. His guests naturally respected it. There was a moment's
silence. Then Cecil once more leaned forward. He hesitated for a
moment, even after his lips had parted, as though for some reason he
were inclined, after all, to remain silent, but the consciousness
that every one was looking at him and expecting him to speak induced
him to continue with what, after all, he had suddenly, and for no
explicit reason, hesitated to say.
"You spoke, Miss Le Mesurier," he began, "of looking over the house,
and, as I told you, there is very little in it worth seeing. And yet
I can show you something, not in the house itself, but connected
with it, which you might find interesting."
The Princess leaned forward in her chair.
"This sounds so interesting," she murmured. "What is it, Cecil? A
Their host shook his head.
"Something far more tangible," he answered, "although in its way
quite as remarkable. Hundreds of years ago, smuggling on this coast
was not only a means of livelihood for the poor, but the diversion
of the rich. I had an ancestor who became very notorious. His name
seems to have been a by-word, although he was never caught, or if he
was caught, never punished. He built a subterranean way underneath
the grounds, leading from the house right to the mouth of one of the
creeks. The passage still exists, with great cellars for storing
smuggled goods, and a room where the smugglers used to meet."
Jeanne looked at him with parted lips.
"You can show me this?" she asked, "the passage and the cellars?"
"I can," he answered. "Quite a weird place it is, too. The walls are
damp, and the cellars themselves are like the vaults of a cathedral.
All the time at high tide you can hear the sea thundering over your
head. To-morrow, if you like, we will get torches and explore them."
"I should love to," Jeanne declared. "Can you get out now at the
"The passage," he said, "starts from a room which was once the
library, and ends half-way up the only little piece of cliff there
is. It is about thirty feet from the ground, but they had a sort of
apparatus for pulling up the barrels, and a rope ladder for the men.
The preventive officers would see the boat come up the creek, and
would march down from the village, only to find it empty. Of course,
they suspected all the time where the things went, but they could
not prove it, and as my ancestor was a magistrate and an important
man they did not dare to search the house."
The Princess sighed gently.
"Those were the days," she murmured, "in which it must have been
worth while to live. Things happened then. To-day your ancestor
would simply have been called a thief."
"As a matter of fact," Cecil remarked, "I do not think that he
himself benefited a penny by any of his exploits. It was simply the
love of adventure which led him into it."
"Even if he did," Major Forrest remarked, "that same predatory
instinct is alive to-day in another guise. The whole world is
preying upon one another. We are thieves, all of us, to the tips of
our finger-nails, only our roguery is conducted with due regard to
The Princess smiled faintly as she glanced across the table at the
"I am afraid," she said, with a little sigh, "that you are right. I
do not think that we have really improved with the centuries. My own
ancestors sacked towns and held the inhabitants to ransom. To-day I
sit down to bridge opposite a man with a well-filled purse, and my
one idea is to lighten it. Nothing, I am convinced, but the fear of
being found out, keeps us reasonably moral."
"If we go on talking like this," Lord Ronald remarked, "we shall
make Miss Le Mesurier nervous. She will feel that we, and the whole
of the rest of the world, have our eyes upon her moneybags."
"I am absolutely safe," Jeanne answered smiling. "I do not play
bridge, and even my signature would be of no use to any one yet."
"But you might imagine us," Lord Ronald continued, "waiting around
breathlessly until the happy time arrived when you were of age, and
we could pursue our diabolical schemes."
Jeanne shook her head.
"You cannot frighten me, Lord Ronald," she said. "I feel safe from
every one. I am only longing for to-morrow, for a chance to explore
this wonderful subterranean passage."
"I am afraid," their host remarked, "that you will be disappointed.
With the passing of smuggling, the romance of the thing seems to
have died. There is nothing now to look at but mouldy walls, a bare
room, and any amount of the most hideous fungi. I can promise you
that when you have been there for a few minutes your only desire
will be to escape."
"I am not so sure," the girl answered. "I think that associations
always have an effect on me. I can imagine how one might wait there,
near the entrance, hear the soft swish of the oars, look down and
see the smugglers, hear perhaps the muffled tramp of men marching
from the village. Fancy how breathless it must have been, the
excitement, the fear of being caught."
Cecil curled his slight moustache dubiously.
"If you can feel all that in my little bit of underground world," he
said, "I shall think that you are even a more wonderful person--"
He dropped his voice and leaned toward her, but Jeanne laughed in
his face and interrupted him.
"People who own things," she remarked, "never look upon them with
proper reverence. Don't you see that my mother is dying for some
The Princess was only obeying a faint sign from Forrest. She leaned
forward and addressed her host.
"It isn't a bad idea," she declared. "Where are we going to play
bridge, Cecil? In some smaller room, I hope. This one is really
beginning to get on my nerves a little. There is an ancestor exactly
opposite who has fixed me with a luminous and a disapproving eye.
And the blank spaces on the wall! Ugh! I feel like a Goth. We are
too modern for this place, Cecil."
Their host laughed as he rose and turned towards Jeanne.
"Your mother," he said, "is beginning to be conscious of her
environment. I know exactly how she is feeling, for I myself am a
constant sufferer. Are you, too, sighing for the gilded salons of
"Not in the least," Jeanne answered frankly. "I am tired of mirrors
and electric lights and babble. I prefer our present surroundings,
and I should not mind at all if some of those disapproving ancestors
of yours stepped out of their frames and took their places with us
"If they have been listening to our conversation," he said, "I think
that they will stay where they are. Like royalty," he continued, "we
can boast an octagonal chamber. I fear that its glories are of the
past, but it is at least small, and the wallpaper is modern. I have
ordered coffee and the card-tables there. Shall we go?"
He led the way out of the gloomy room, chilly and bare, yet in a way
magnificent still with its reminiscences of past splendour, across
the hall, modernized with rugs and recent furnishing, into a smaller
apartment, where cheerfulness reigned. A wood fire burnt in an open
grate. Lamps and a fine candelabrum gave a sufficiency of light. The
furniture, though old, was graceful, and of French design. It had
been the sitting chamber of the ladies of the De la Borne family for
generations, and it bore traces of its gentler occupation. One thing
alone remained of primevalism to remind them of their closer contact
with the great forces of nature. The chamber was built in the tower,
which stood exposed to the sea, and the roar of the wind was
"Here at least we shall be comfortable, I think," Cecil remarked, as
they all entered. "My frescoes are faded, but they represent
flowers, not faces. There are no eyes to stare at you from out of
the walls here, Princess."
The Princess laughed gaily as she seated herself before a Louis
Quinze card-table, and threw a pack of cards across the faded green
"It is charming, this," she declared. "Shall we challenge these two
boys, Nigel? You are the only man who understands my leads, and who
does not scold me for my declarations."
"I am perfectly willing," Forrest answered smoothly. "Shall we cut
Cecil de la Borne leaned over and turned up a card.
"I am quite content," he remarked. "What do you say, Engleton?"
Engleton hesitated for a moment. The Princess turned and looked at
him. He was standing upon the hearthrug smoking, his face as
expressionless as ever.
"Let us cut for partners," he drawled. "I am afraid of the Princess
and Forrest. The last time I found them a quite invincible couple."
There was a moment's silence. The Princess glanced toward Forrest,
who only shrugged his shoulders.
"Just as you will," he answered.
He turned up an ace and the Princess a three.
"After all," he remarked, with a smile, "it seems as though fate
were going to link us together."
"I am not so sure," Cecil de la Borne said, also throwing down an
ace. "It depends now upon Engleton."
Engleton came to the table, and drew a card at random from the pack.
Forrest's eyes seemed to narrow a little as he looked down at it.
Engleton had drawn another ace.
"Forrest and I," he remarked. "Jolly low cutting, too. I have played
against you often, Forrest, but I think this is our first rubber
together. Here's good luck to us!"
He tossed off his liqueur and sat down. They cut again for deal, and
the game proceeded.
Jeanne had moved across towards the window, and laid her fingers
upon the heavy curtains. Cecil de la Borne, who was dummy, got up
and stood by her side.
"Do you know," she said, "although your frescoes are flowers, I feel
that there are eyes in this room, too, only that they are looking in
from the night. Can one see the sea from here, Mr. De la Borne?"
"It is scarcely a hundred yards away," he answered. "This window
looks straight across the German Ocean, and if you look long enough
you will see the white of the breakers. Listen! You will hear, too,
what my forefathers, and those who begat them, have heard, from the
birth of the generations."
The girl, with strained face, stood looking out into the darkness.
Outside, the wind and sea imposed their thunder upon the land.
Within, there was no sound but the softer patter of the cards, the
languid voices of the four who played bridge. A curious little
company, on the whole. The Princess of Strurm, whose birth was as
sure as her social standing was doubtful, the heroine of countless
scandals, ignored by the great heads of her family, impoverished,
living no one knew how, yet remaining the legal guardian of a
stepdaughter, who was reputed to be one of the greatest heiresses in
Europe. The courts had moved to have her set aside, and failed. A
Cardinal of her late husband's faith, empowered to treat with her on
behalf of his relations, offered a fortune for her cession of
Jeanne, and was laughed at for his pains. Whatever her life had
been, she remained custodian of the child of the great banker whom
she had married late in life. She endured calmly the threats, the
entreaties, the bribes, of Jeanne's own relations. Jeanne, she was
determined, should enter life under her wing, and hers only. In the
end she had her way. Jeanne was entering life now, not through the
respectable but somewhat bourgeois avenue by which her great monied
relatives would have led her, but under the auspices of her
stepmother, whose position as chaperon to a great heiress had
already thrown open a great many doors which would have been
permanently closed to her in any other guise. The Princess herself
was always consistent. She assumed to herself an arrogant right to
do as she pleased and live as she pleased. She was of the House of
Strurm, which had been noble for centuries, and had connections with
royalty. That was enough. A few forgot her past and admitted her
claim. Those who did not she ignored....
Then there was Lord Ronald Engleton, an orphan brought up in Paris,
a would-be decadent, a dabbler in all modern iniquities, redeemed
from folly only by a certain not altogether wholesome cleverness,
yet with a disposition which sometimes gained for him friends in
most unlikely quarters. He had excellent qualities, which he did his
best to conceal; impulses which he was continually stifling.
By his side sat Forrest, the Sphynx, more than middle-aged, a man
who had wandered all over the world, who had tried many things
without ever achieving prosperity, and who was searching always,
with tired eyes, for some new method of clothing and feeding himself
upon an income of less than nothing a year. He had met the Princess
at Marienbad years ago, and silently took his place in her suite.
Why, no one seemed to know, not even at first the Princess herself,
who thought him chic, and adored what she could not understand.
Curious flotsam and jetsam, these four, of society which had
something of a Continental flavour; personages, every one of them,
with claim to recognition, but without any noticeable hall-mark....
There remained the girl, Jeanne herself, half behind the curtain
now, her head thrust forward, her beautiful eyes contracted with the
effort to penetrate that veil of darkness. One gift at least she
seemed to have borrowed from the woman who gambled with life as
easily and readily as with the cards which fell from her jewelled
fingers. In her face, although it was still the face of a child,
there was the same inscrutable expression, the same calm languor of
one who takes and receives what life offers with the indifference of
the cynic, or the imperturbability of the philosopher. There was
little of the joy or the anticipation of youth there, and yet,
behind the eyes, as they looked out into the darkness, there was
something--some such effort, perhaps, as one seeking to penetrate
the darkness of life must needs show. And as she looked, the white,
living breakers gradually resolved them-selves out of the dark, thin
filmy phosphorescence, and the roar of the lashed sea broke like
thunder upon the pebbled beach. She leaned a little more forward,
carried away with her fancy--that the shrill grinding of the pebbles
was indeed the scream of human voices in pain!
With the coming of dawn the storm passed away northwards, across a
sea snow-flecked and still panting with its fury, and leaving behind
many traces of its violence, even upon these waste and empty places.
A lurid sunrise gave little promise of better weather, but by six
o'clock the wind had fallen, and the full tide was swelling the
creeks. On a sand-bank, far down amongst the marshes, Jeanne stood
hatless, with her hair streaming in the breeze, her face turned
seaward, her eyes full of an unexpected joy. Everywhere she saw
traces of the havoc wrought in the night. The tall rushes lay broken
and prostrate upon the ground; the beach was strewn with timber from
the breaking up of an ancient wreck. Eyes more accustomed than hers
to the outline of the country could have seen inland dismantled
cottages and unroofed sheds, groups of still frightened and restive
cattle, a snapped flagstaff, a fallen tree. But Jeanne knew none of
these things. Her face was turned towards the ocean and the rising
sun. She felt the sting of the sea wind upon her cheeks, all the
nameless exhilaration of the early morning sweetness. Far out
seaward the long breakers, snow-flecked and white crested, came
rolling in with a long, monotonous murmur toward the land. Above,
the grey sky was changing into blue. Almost directly over her head,
rising higher and higher in little circles, a lark was singing.
Jeanne half closed her eyes and stood still, engrossed by the
unexpected beauty of her surroundings. Then suddenly a voice came
travelling to her from across the marshes.
She turned round unwillingly, and with a vague feeling of irritation
against this interruption, which seemed to her so inopportune, and
in turning round she realized at once that her period of absorption
must have lasted a good deal longer than she had had any idea of.
She had walked straight across the marshes towards the little
hillock on which she stood, but the way by which she had come was no
longer visible. The swelling tide had circled round through some
unseen channel, and was creeping now into the land by many creeks
and narrow ways. She herself was upon an island, cut off from the
dry land by a smoothly flowing tidal way more than twenty yards
across. Along it a man in a flat-bottomed boat was punting his way
towards her. She stood and waited for him, admiring his height, and
the long powerful strokes with which he propelled his clumsy craft.
He was very tall, and against the flat background his height seemed
almost abnormal. As soon as he had attracted her attention he ceased
to shout, and devoted all his attention to reaching her quickly.
Nevertheless, the salt water was within a few feet of her when he
drove his pole into the bottom, and brought the punt to a momentary
standstill. She looked down at him, smiling.
"Shall I get in?" she asked.
"Unless you are thinking of swimming back," he answered drily, "it
would be as well."
She lifted her skirts a little, and laughed at the inappropriateness
of her thin shoes and open-work stockings. Andrew de la Borne held
out his strong hand, and she sprang lightly on to the broad seat.
"It is very nice of you," she said, with her slight foreign accent,
"to come and fetch me. Should I have been drowned?"
"No!" he answered. "As a matter of fact, the spot where you were
standing is not often altogether submerged. You might have been a
prisoner for a few hours. Perhaps as the tide is going to be high,
your feet would have been wet. But there was no danger."
She settled down as comfortably as possible in the awkward seat.
"After all, then," she said, "this is not a real adventure. Where
are you going to take me to?"
"I can only take you," he answered, "to the village. I suppose you
came from the Hall?"
"Yes!" she answered. "I walked straight across from the gate. I
never thought about the tide coming up here."
"You will have to walk back by the road," he answered. "It is a good
deal further round, but there is no other way."
She hung her hand over the side, rejoicing in the touch of the cool
"That," she answered, "does not matter at all. It is very early
still, and I do not fancy that any one will be up yet for several
He made no further attempt at conversation, devoting himself
entirely to the task of steering and propelling his clumsy craft
along the narrow way. She found herself watching him with some
curiosity. It had never occurred to her to doubt at first but that
he was some fisherman from the village, for he wore a rough jersey
and a pair of trousers tucked into sea-boots. His face was bronzed,
and his hands were large and brown. Nevertheless she saw that his
features were good, and his voice, though he spoke the dialect of
the country, had about it some quality which she was not slow to
"Who are you?" she asked, a little curiously. "Do you live in the
He looked down at her with a faint smile.
"I live in the village," he answered, "and my name is Andrew."
"Are you a fisherman?" she asked.
"Certainly," he answered gravely. "We are all fishermen here."
She was not altogether satisfied. He spoke to her easily, and
without any sort of embarrassment. His words were civil enough, and
yet he had more the air of one addressing an equal than a villager
who is able to be of service to some one in an altogether different
"It was very fortunate for me," she said, "that you saw me. Are you
up at this hour every morning?"
"Generally," he answered. "I was thinking of fishing, higher up in
the reaches there."
"I am sorry," she said, "that I spoiled your sport."
He did not answer at once. He, in his turn, was looking at her. In
her tailor-made gown, short and fashionably cut, her silk stockings
and high-heeled shoes, she certainly seemed far indeed removed from
any of the women of those parts. Her dark hair was arranged after a
fashion that was strange to him. Her delicately pale skin, her deep
grey eyes, and unusually scarlet lips were all indications of her
foreign extraction. He looked at her long and searchingly. This was
the girl, then, whom his brother was hoping to marry.
"You are not English," he remarked, a little abruptly.
She shook her head.
"My father was a Portuguese," she said, "and my mother French. I was
born in England, though. You, I suppose, have lived here all your
"All my life," he repeated. "We villagers, you see, have not much
opportunity for travel."
"But I am not sure," she said, looking at him a little doubtfully,
"that you are a villager."
"I can assure you," he answered, "that there is no doubt whatever
about it. Can you see out yonder a little house on the island
She followed his outstretched finger.
"Of course I can," she answered. "Is that your home?"
"I am there most of my time," he answered.
"It looks charming," she said, a little doubtfully, "but isn't it
He shrugged his shoulders.
"Perhaps," he answered. "I am only ten minutes' sail from the
She looked again at the house, long and low, with its plaster walls
bare of any creeping thing.
"It must be rather fascinating," she admitted, "to live upon an
island. Are you married?"
"No!" he answered.
"Do you mean that you live quite alone?" she asked.
He smiled down upon her as one might smile at an inquisitive child.
"I have a ser--some one to look after me," he said. "Except for that
I am quite alone. I am going to set you ashore here. You see those
telegraph posts? That is the road which leads direct to the Hall."
She was still looking at the island, watching the waves break
against a little stretch of pebbly beach.
"I should like very much," she said, "to see that house. Can you not
take me out there?"
He shook his head.
"We could not get so far in this punt," he said, "and my sailing
boat is up at the village quay, more than a mile away."
She frowned a little. She was not used to having any request of hers
"Could we not go to the village," she asked, "and change into your
He shook his head.
"I am going fishing," he said, "in a different direction. Allow me."
He stepped on to land and lifted her out. She hesitated for a moment
and felt for her purse.
"You must let me recompense you," she said coldly, "for the time you
have lost in coming to my assistance."
He looked down at her, and again she had an uncomfortable sense that
notwithstanding his rude clothes and country dialect, this man was
no ordinary villager. He said nothing, however, until she produced
her purse, and held out a little tentatively two half-crowns.
"You are very kind," he said. "I will take one if you will allow me.
That is quite sufficient. You see the Hall behind the trees there.
You cannot miss your way, I think, and if you will take my advice
you will not wander about in the marshes here except at high tide.
The sea comes in to the most unexpected places, and very quickly,
too, sometimes. Good morning!"
"Good morning, and thank you very much," she answered, turning away
toward the road.
* * *
Cecil de la Borne was standing at the end of the drive when she
appeared, a telescope in his hand. He came hastily down the road to
meet her, a very slim and elegant figure in his well-cut flannel
clothes, smoothly brushed hair, and irreproachable tie.
"My dear Miss Jeanne," he exclaimed, "I have only just heard that
you were out. Do you generally get up in the middle of the night?"
She smiled a little half-heartedly. It was curious that she found
herself contrasting for a moment this very elegant young man with
her roughly dressed companion of a few minutes ago.
"To meet with an adventure such as I have had," she answered, "I
would never go to bed at all. I have been nearly drowned, and
rescued by a most marvellous person. He brought me back to safety in
a flat-bottomed punt, and I am quite sure from the way he stared at
them that he had never seen open-work stockings before."
"Are you in earnest?" Cecil asked doubtfully.
"Absolutely," she answered. "I was walking there among the marshes,
and I suddenly found myself surrounded by the sea. The tide had come
up behind me without my noticing. A most mysterious person came to
my rescue. He wore the clothes of a fisherman, and he accepted half
a crown, but I have my doubts about him even now. He said that his
name was Mr. Andrew."
Cecil opened the gate and they walked up towards the house. A slight
frown had appeared upon his forehead.
"Do you know him?" she asked.
"I know who he is," he answered. "He is a queer sort of fellow,
lives all alone, and is a bit cranky, they say. Come in and have
some breakfast. I don't suppose that any one else will be down for
She shook her head.
"I will send my woman down for some coffee," she answered. "I am
going upstairs to change. I am just a little wet, and I must try and
find some thicker shoes."
"One sees so little of you," he murmured, "and I was looking forward
to a tete-a-tete breakfast."
She shook her head as she left him in the hall.
"I couldn't think of it," she declared. "I'll appear with the others
later on. Please find out all you can about Mr. Andrew and tell me."
Cecil turned away, and his face grew darker as he crossed the hall.
"If Andrew interferes this time," he muttered, "there will be
The Princess appeared for luncheon and declared herself to be in a
remarkably good humour.
"My dear Cecil," she said, helping herself to an ortolan in aspic,
"I like your climate and I like your chef. I had my window open for
at least ten minutes, and the sea air has given me quite an
appetite. I have serious thoughts of embracing the simple life."
"You could scarcely," Cecil de la Borne answered, "come to a better
place for your first essay. I will guarantee that life is
sufficiently simple here for any one. I have no neighbours, no
society to offer you, no distractions of any sort. Still, I warned
you before you came."
"Don't be absurd," the Princess declared. "You have the sea almost
at your front door, and I adore the sea. If you have a nice large
boat I should like to go for a sail."
Cecil looked at her with upraised eyebrows.
"If you are serious," he said, "no doubt we can find the boat."
"I am absolutely serious," the Princess declared. "I feel that this
is exactly what my system required. I should like to sit in a
comfortable cushioned seat and sail somewhere. If possible, I should
like you men to catch things from the side of the boat."
"You will get sunburnt," Lord Ronald remarked drily; "perhaps even
"Adorable!" the Princess declared. "A touch of sunburn would be
quite becoming. It is such an excellent foundation to build a
complexion upon. Jeanne is quite enchanted with the place. She's had
adventures already, and been rescued from drowning by a marvellous
person, who wore his trousers tucked into his boots and found fault
with her shoes and stockings. She has promised to show me the place
after luncheon, and I am going to stand there myself and see if
"You will get your feet very wet," Cecil declared.
"And sand inside your shoes," Forrest remarked.
"These," the Princess declared, "are trifles compared with the
delightful sensation of experiencing a real adventure. In any case
we must sail one afternoon, Cecil. I insist upon it. We will not
play bridge until after dinner. My luck last night was abominable.
Oh, you needn't look at me like that," she added to Cecil. "I know I
won, but that was an accident. I had bad cards all the time, and I
only won because you others had worse. Please ring the bell, Mr.
Host, and see about the boat."
"Really," Cecil remarked, as he called the butler and gave him some
instructions, "I had no idea that I was going to entertain such
"Oh, there are lots of things I mean to do!" the Princess declared.
"I am seriously thinking of going shrimping. I suppose there are
shrimps here, and I should love to tuck up my skirts and carry a big
net, like somebody's picture."
"Perhaps," Cecil suggested, "you would like to try the golf links. I
believe there are some quite decent ones not far away."
The Princess shook her head.
"No!" she answered. "Golf is too civilized a game. We will go out in
a fishing boat with plenty of cushions, and we will try to catch
fish. I know that Jeanne will love it, and that you others will hate
it. Between the two of you it should be amusing."
"Very well," Cecil declared, with an air of resignation, "whatever
happens will be upon your own shoulders. There is a boat in the
village which we can have. I will have it brought up to our own quay
in an hour's time. If the worst comes to the worst, and we are bored
to death, we can play bridge on the way."
"There will be no cards upon the boat," the Princess declared
decidedly. "I forbid them. We are going to lounge and look at the
sea and get sunburnt. Jeanne can wear a veil if she likes. I shall
Cecil shrugged his shoulders.
"Very well," he said. "Whatever happens, don't blame me."
* * *
The Princess had her way and behaved like a schoolgirl. She sat in
the most comfortable place, surrounded with a multitude of cushions,
with her tiny Japanese spaniel in her arms, and a box of French
bonbons by her side. Jeanne stood in the bows, bareheaded and happy.
Lord Ronald, who was feeling a little sea-sick, sat at her feet.
"I had no idea," he remarked plaintively, "that your mother was
capable of such crudities. If I had known, I certainly would not
have trusted myself to such a party. This sea air is hateful. It has
tarnished my cigarette-case already, and one's nails will not be fit
to be seen. To be out of doors like this is worse than drinking
Jeanne smiled down at him a little contemptuously.
"You are a child of the cities, Lord Ronald," she remarked. "Next
year I am going to buy a yacht myself, but I shall not ask you to
come with us."
Lord Ronald groaned.
"That is the worst of all heiresses," he said. "You have such queer
tastes. I shall never summon up my courage to propose to you."
"There is always leap year," Jeanne reminded him.
"What a bewildering suggestion!" he murmured, looking uncomfortably
over the side of the boat. "I say, Forrest, what do you think of
this sort of thing?"
"Idyllic!" Forrest declared cynically. "To sit upon a hard plank and
to have one's digestion unmercifully interfered with like this is
unqualified rapture. If only there were cabins one might sleep."
"There will be cabins on my yacht," Jeanne declared laughing, "but I
shall not ask either of you. You are both of you knights of the
candle light. I shall get some great strong fisherman to be captain,
and I shall go round the world and forget the days and the months."
Forrest shivered slightly.
"The country," he remarked to the Princess, "is having a terrible
effect upon your stepdaughter."
The Princess nodded and thrust a bonbon into the languid jaws of the
dog she was holding.
"It is my fault," she declared. "It is I who have set this fashion.
It was a whim, and I am tired of it. Tell our host that we will go
They tacked a few minutes later, and swept shoreward. Jeanne, still
standing in the bows, was gazing steadfastly upon the little island
at the entrance of the estuary.
"I should like," she declared, pointing it out to Cecil, "to land
there and have some tea."
Cecil looked at her doubtfully.
"We shall be home in a little more than an hour," he said, "and I
don't suppose we could get any tea there, even if we were able to
"I have a conviction that we should," Jeanne declared. "Mother," she
added, turning round to the older woman, "there is an island just
ahead of us with a delightful looking cottage. I believe my
preserver of this morning lives there. Wouldn't it be lovely to go
and beg him to give us all tea?"
"Charming!" the Princess declared, sitting up amongst her cushions.
"I should love to see him, and tea is the one thing in the world I
want to make me happy."
Cecil de la Borne stood silent for a moment or two, looking
steadfastly at the whitewashed cottage upon the island. It seemed
impossible, after all, to escape from Andrew!
"The man lives there alone, I believe," he said. "I don't suppose
there is any one to get us tea. He would only be embarrassed by our
coming, and not know what to do."
Jeanne smiled reflectively.
"I do not think," she said, "that it would be easy to embarrass Mr.
Andrew. However, if you like we will put it off to another
afternoon, on one condition."
"Let me hear the condition at any rate," Cecil asked.
"That we go straight back, and that you show us that subterranean
passage," Jeanne declared.
"Agreed!" Cecil answered. "I warn you that you will find it only
damp and mouldy and depressing, but you shall certainly see it."
The girl moved toward the side of the boat, and stood leaning over,
with her eyes fixed upon the island. Standing on the small grass
plot in front of the cottage she could see the tall figure of a man
with his face turned toward them. A faint smile parted her lips as
she watched. She took out her handkerchief and waved it. The man for
a moment stood motionless, and then raising his cap, held it for a
moment above his head. The boat sped on, and very soon they were out
of sight. She stood there, however, watching, until they had rounded
the sandy spit and entered the creek which led into the harbour.
There was something unusually piquant to her in the thought of that
greeting with the man. whose response to it had been so unwilling,
"Not another step!" the Princess declared. "I am going back at
"I too," Forrest declared. "Your smuggling ancestors, my dear De la
Borne, must indeed have loved adventure, if they spent much of their
time crawling about here like rats."
"As you will," Cecil answered. "The expedition is Miss Jeanne's, not
"And I am going on," Jeanne declared. "I want to see where we come
out on the beach."
"This way, then," Cecil said. "You need not be afraid to walk
upright. The roof is six feet high all the way. You must tread
carefully, though. There are plenty of holes and stones about."
The Princess and Forrest disappeared. Jeanne, with her skirts held
high in one hand, and an electric torch in the other, followed Cecil
slowly along the gloomy way. The walls were oozing with damp,
glistening patches, like illuminated salt stains, and queer fungi
started out from unexpected places. Sometimes their footsteps fell
on the rock, awaking strange echoes down the gallery. Sometimes they
sank deep into the sand. Cecil looked often behind, and once held
out his hand to help his companion over a difficult place. At last
he paused, and she heard him struggling to turn a key in a great
worm-eaten door on their right.
"This is the room," he explained, "where they held their meetings,
and where the stuff was hidden. It was used for more than twenty
years, and the Customs' people never seemed to have had even an
inkling of its existence."
He pushed the door open with difficulty. They found themselves in a
gloomy chamber, with vaulted roof and stone floor. A faint streak of
daylight from an opening somewhere in the roof, partially lit the
place. Here, too, the walls were damp and the odour appalling. There
were some fragments of broken barrels at one end, and an oak table
in the middle of the floor. Jeanne looked round and shivered.
"Let us go on to the end," she said.
Cecil nodded, and they made their way on down the passage.
"The roof is getting lower now," he said. "You had better stoop a
She stopped short.
"What is that?" she asked fearfully.
A sound like rolling thunder, faint at first, but growing more
distinct at every step, broke the chill silence of the place.
"The sea," Cecil answered. "We are getting near to the beach."
Jeanne nodded and crept on. Louder and louder the sound seemed to
become, until at last she paused, half terrified.
"Where are we?" she gasped. "It sounds as though the sea were right
over our heads."
Cecil shook his head.
"It is an illusion," he said. "The sound comes from the air-hole
there. We are forty yards from the cliff still."
They crept on, until at last, after a turn in the gallery, they saw
a faint glimmering of light. A few more yards and they came to a
"The entrance is boarded up, you see," Cecil said, "but you can see
through the chinks. There is the sea just below, and the rope ladder
used to hang from these staples."
She looked out. Sheer below was the sea, breaking upon the rocks and
sending a torrent of spray into the air with every wave.
"We can't get out this way, then?" she asked.
He shook his head.
"No, we should want a rope ladder," he said, "and a boat. Have you
"More than enough," Jeanne answered. "Let us get back."
* * *
Jeanne sank into a garden seat a few minutes later with a little
exclamation of relief.
"Never," she declared, "have I appreciated fresh air so much. I
think, Mr. De la Borne, that smuggling, though it was a very
romantic profession, must have had its unpleasant side."
"There were more air-holes in those days," he said, "but our
ancestors were a tougher race than we. Coarse brutes, most of them,
I imagine," he added, lighting a cigarette. "Drank beer for
breakfast, and smoked clay pipes before meals. Fancy if one had
their constitutions and our tastes!"
"The two would scarcely go together," Jeanne remarked. "But after
all I should think that absinthe and cigarettes are more
destructive. I am dying for some tea. Let us go in and find the
Tea was set out in the hall, but only Engleton was there. Forrest
and the Princess were walking slowly up and down the avenue.
"I imagine," the latter was saying drily, "that we are fairly free
from eavesdroppers here. Now tell me what it is that you have to
"I am bothered about Engleton," Forrest said. "I didn't like his
insisting upon cutting last night. What do you think he meant by
The Princess shrugged her shoulders.
"Nothing at all," she answered. "He may have thought that we were
lucky together, and of course he knows that you are the best player.
There is no reason why he should be willing to play with Cecil de la
Borne, when by cutting with you he would be more likely to win."
"You think that that is all?" Forrest asked.
"I think so," the Princess answered. "What had you in your mind?"
"I wondered," Forrest said thoughtfully, "whether he had heard any
of the gossip at the club."
The Princess frowned impatiently.
"For Heaven's sake, don't be imaginative, Nigel!" she declared. "If
you give way like this you will lose your nerve in no time."
"Very well," Forrest said. "Let us take it for granted, then, that
he did it only because he preferred to play with me to playing
against me. What is to become of our little scheme if we cut as we
did last night all the time?"
The Princess smiled.
"You ought to be able to manage that," she said carelessly. "You are
so good at card tricks that you should be able to get an ace when
you want it. I always cut third from the end, as you know."
"That's all very well," Forrest answered, "but we can't go on
cutting two aces all the time. I ran it pretty fine last night, when
for the second time I gave you a three or a four, and drew a two
myself. But he seems to have the devil's own luck. They cut under
us, as you know."
The Princess looked up toward the house. She had seen Jeanne and
"Those people are back from their underground pilgrimage," she
remarked. "Have you anything definite to suggest? If not, we had
better go in."
"There is only one way, Ena," Forrest said, "in which we could
"And what is that?" she asked quickly.
"Don't you think we could get our host in?"
The Princess was silent for several moments.
"It is a little dangerous, I am afraid," she said.
"I don't see why," Forrest answered. "If he were once in he'd have
to hold his tongue, and you can do just what you like with him. He
seems to me to be just one of those pulpy sort of persons whom you
could persuade into a thing before he had had time to think about
"I will drop him a hint if you like," the Princess said
thoughtfully, "and see how he takes it. Are you sure that the game
is worth the candle?"
"Absolutely," Forrest answered eagerly. "I saw Engleton drop two
thousand playing baccarat one night, and he never turned a hair. I
wasn't playing, worse luck."
"If I can get Cecil alone before dinner," the Princess said, "I will
sound him. I think we had better go back now. We are a little old
for romantic wanderings, and the wind is beginning to disarrange my
"See what you can do with him, then," Forrest said, as they retraced
their steps. "I'll call in and hear if you've anything to tell me on
my way down for dinner."
The Princess nodded. They entered the hall, and Cecil at once drew
an easy-chair to the tea-table.
"My good people," the Princess declared, "I am famished. Your sea
air, Cecil, is the most wonderful thing in the world. For years I
have not known what it was like to be hungry. Hot cakes, please!
And, Jeanne, please make my tea. Jeanne knows just how I like it.
Tell us about the smuggler's cave, Jeanne. Was it really so
"It was very, very weird and very smelly," she said. "I think that
you were wise to turn back."
Andrew came face to face with his brother in the village street on
the next morning. He looked at him for a moment in surprise.
"What have you been doing?" he asked, drily. "Sitting up all night?"
Cecil nodded dejectedly.
"Pretty well," he admitted. "We played bridge till nearly five
"You lost, I suppose?" Andrew asked.
"Yes, I lost!" Cecil admitted.
"Your party," Andrew said, "does not seem to me to be an unqualified
"It is not," Cecil admitted. "Miss Le Mesurier has been quite
unapproachable the last few days. She's just civil to me and no
more. She isn't even half as decent as she was in town. I wish I
hadn't asked them here. It's cost a lot more money than we can
afford, and done no good that I can see."
Andrew looked away seaward for a moment. Was it his fancy, or was
there indeed a slim white figure coming across the marshes from the
"Cecil," he said, "are you quite sure that your guests are worth the
trouble you have taken to entertain them? I refer more particularly
to the two men."
"They go everywhere," Cecil answered. "Lord Ronald is a bit of a
wastrel, of course, and I am not very keen on Forrest, but we were
all together when I gave the invitation, and I couldn't leave them
"Well," he said, "I should be careful how I played cards with
Forrest if I were you."
Cecil's face grew even a shade paler.
"You do not think," he muttered, "that he would do anything that
"On the contrary," Andrew answered, "I have reason to believe that
he would. Isn't that one of your guests coming? You had better go
and meet her."
Andrew passed on his way, and Cecil walked towards Jeanne. All the
time, though, she was looking over his shoulder to where Andrew's
tall figure was disappearing.
"What a nuisance!" she pouted. "I wanted to see Mr. Andrew, and
directly I came in sight he hurried away."
"Can I give him any message?" Cecil asked with faint irony. "He will
no doubt be up with the fish later in the day."
She turned her back on him.
"I am going back to the house," she said. "I did not come out here
to walk with you."
"Considering that I am your host," he began--
"You lose your claim to consideration on that score when you remind
me of it," she answered. "Really the only man who has not bored me
for weeks is Mr. Andrew. You others are all the same. You say the
same things, and you are always paving the way toward the same end.
I am tired of it. Stop!" | <urn:uuid:aadc9e99-d982-4cfb-be3a-60016c4c02e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/Jeanne-Of-The-Marshes1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00157-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985495 | 20,460 | 1.507813 | 2 |
MAVinci Sirius Pro UAS drops need for ground control points
A new MAVinci unmanned aerial system (UAS) that reduces aerial mapping project time and improves safety by eliminating the need for ground control points (GCPs) has been introduced to the Australian market by distributor Position Partners.
"Setting out ground control can often take more than 50 percent of the total project time for an aerial survey," says Position Partners UAS Product Manager Gavin Docherty. "By removing this step in the process, the Sirius Pro delivers the same accuracy and reliability of data with ultimate convenience for the user."
That accuracy is 5cm — the same as a Sirius Classic. Depending on the ground sample distance (GSD), however, MAVinci says this could even come down to 2cm.
Not only does eliminating GCPs save time, reduce costs and increase efficiency, Docherty says, it also allows areas that are difficult to access, hazardous or very large to be aerially surveyed with ease.
The Sirius Pro couples Topcon Positioning System’s high precision GNSS technology with an on-board Topcon 100Hz dual frequency geodetic GNSS receiver. The MAVinci Connector then works as a Real Time Kinematic (RTK) base station, which transmits corrections to the on-board GNSS receiver.
"The Sirius Pro UAV essentially puts ground points in the air, eliminating the need for manual set-out on the ground," Position Partners says. "This technology could prove a game changer for any surveyor wanting to undertake large-scale mapping and topographical surveys."
It is especially useful for mining applications, it adds: "Mine surveyors face the challenge of conducting surveys, reconciliation and geological work in active mining areas with working heavy machinery. This often requires the surveyor to get approval to shut down plant on site for ground control set-out, adding lengthy delays to a survey."
Keep up to date on the industry by signing up to Trade Earthmover's free weekly newsletter. Be the first to know about new machines for sale. | <urn:uuid:93435ad0-469e-4649-a266-57c740ac014e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.tradeearthmovers.com.au/product-news/1406/mavinci-sirius-pro-uas-drops-need-for-ground-control-points | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00244-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930499 | 431 | 1.8125 | 2 |
ST ANDREW’S OCCASIONAL PAPERS
JESUS CHRIST IS GOD
- Jesus Christ is God.
This idea has been touched on in an earlier paper in this series, but it is so important that it is worth a paper to itself. Remember, too, that some groups who would call themselves Christian, do not accept this fundamental truth which means that we need to be clear in our understanding of it.
It has to be admitted that the New Testament seems somewhat reluctant to state this truth as clearly as one might wish. Maybe this is something to do with the origins of Christianity among Judaism where the concept of God as one (Deuteronomy 6:4) was fundamental. Thus it was no easy step to recognise Jesus (and the Holy Spirit) as well as the Father as God. Nevertheless there are many, many witnesses to the truth of the deity of Jesus and we will examine some of them.
Jesus is truly God and this vital idea is truly biblical.
- The Witness of Emmanuel.
After Joseph had been visited by “an angel of the Lord” (Matthew 1:20) who explained to him why Mary would give birth to a Son and that he was still to take her home as his wife, we are reminded that this fulfilled Isaiah’s prophecy (7:14) of the birth of a child called “Emmanuel.” The name “Emmanuel” means “God with us” and suggests that Jesus was indeed, “God with us.”
Jesus is truly God and He fulfilled the vision of the prophet.
- The Witness of the Virginal Conception.
Matthew (1:18) and Luke (1:35) both record that before the marriage of Mary and Joseph was formalised, Mary was found to be pregnant by the action of the Holy Spirit. This idea of a Virginal Conception – often loosely called the Virgin Birth – is disputed or rejected by many, yet the witness is there. Without it Jesus would have been conceived and born like any other man and so lose His uniqueness. Conception in the way Matthew and Luke (and remember Luke was a doctor) describe, shows that Jesus was uniquely both God and man. It was also a break in the chain of sinfulness that has affected every human being since the fall of Adam and Eve (Hebrews 4:15).
Jesus is truly God, conceived in Mary by the Holy Spirit and born without taint of sin.
- The Witness of “The Word.”
John begins his gospel with a majestic prologue which takes us back to the very beginning, even before the creation of the world (John 1:1-3). In this beginning “was the Word,” and John tells us that “the Word was God.” However in v.14 John adds that “The Word became flesh and made His dwelling among us,” which refers to Jesus. So, if the Word was God and the Word is Jesus, then Jesus is God.
Jesus is truly God, active before the creation of the world.
- The Witness of Sins Forgiven.
The story of some men bringing a paralysed friend to Jesus and letting him down through the roof because of the crowd is well known (Luke 5:18-26), but we need to focus carefully on the words of Jesus. First of all, Jesus said, “Friend, your sins are forgiven.” This enraged the religious authorities who thought Jesus guilty of blasphemy, saying “Who can forgive sins but God alone?” Jesus responded to their challenge by stating “that the Son of Man [a favourite name He used for Himself] has authority on earth to forgive sins,” and then healing the man of his paralysis, to the amazement of the crowd.
So, if only God can forgive sins – and Jesus certainly did not contradict those who thought this – and if Jesus had the power to forgive sins, then, logically, Jesus must be God.
Jesus is truly God, able to forgive the sins of those who trust Him.
- The Witness of “I am.”
After another dispute with the religious authorities Jesus made a statement whose meaning may not be immediately clear to us. He said, “I tell you the truth …. before Abraham was born, I am!” (John 8:58). It may not be immediately clear to us, but it certainly was to those who first heard Jesus say it – for they “picked up stones to stone Him” (John 8:59) because they knew this was a claim to be God.
To understand why they knew this, we need to go back to the call of Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3). Moses was reluctant to accept God’s command to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and into Canaan and, as he argued with God, he asked God by what name he was to refer to Him in front of the people. He was told, “I am who I am. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: ‘I am has sent me to you’” (Exodus 3:14). “I am” – which has the idea of the one who does not depend on another, i.e. the original one – is the name of God and therefore when Jesus used it of Himself, He was claiming to be God.
The use of “I am” with nothing following is, in a way, even stronger than those occasions when Jesus said things like, “I am the bread of life” (John 6:35), “I am the light of the world” (John 8:12), and “I am the resurrection and the life” (John 11:25), etc. But each time the “I am” is used, deliberately and with emphasis, we should think of it as the very name of God.
Jesus is truly God, just as entitled to use the name “I am” as the Father.
- The Witness of the Disciple Thomas.
After His resurrection from the dead Jesus appeared to His disciples as they met together in a locked room “for fear of the Jews” (John 20:19-23). However, for some reason, Thomas was not with his colleagues and so when they told him what had happened, he refused to believe them and demanded physical proof (John 20:25).
A week went by and the disciples met together again and this time Thomas was there. “Though the doors were locked, Jesus came and stood among them” (John 20:26). Jesus challenged Thomas to come and inspect His wounds to obtain the physical evidence he had demanded. But Thomas did not need to do so. He exclaimed “My Lord and my God!” (John 20:28).
But the most significant thing is not the words Thomas said but what Jesus said in comment on them – nothing! Jesus accepted Thomas’ worship, He did not deny the truth of what Thomas had said. So Thomas’ confession stands as truth.
Jesus is truly God as even “doubting” Thomas realised.
- The Witness of the “Great Commission.”
At the end of Matthew’s account o f the life and work of Jesus, Jesus gives His disciples their final task to “Make disciples of all nations” and to baptise “them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (Matthew 28:19). this formula, and the similar words used by St. Paul in 2 Corinthians 13:14, obviously link the three persons of the Trinity as one God. In the Matthew version it is worth noting that the Greek word translated “name” is in the singular. There is just one name and three co-equal persons.
Jesus is truly God, just as much as the Father and the Holy Spirit.
- The Witness of the Throne.
In Revelation 4, John is given a vision of heaven and of a throne set in heaven “with someone sitting on it” (v2). From the following description and from the words of the strange “living creatures” who were “around the throne” (v6), we realise that it is God the Father who is seated on the throne. Then, suddenly, in Chapter 5, the One who stands in the centre of the throne is described as “a Lamb, looking as if it had been slain” (v6), obviously a reference to the Lord Jesus Christ. Moreover, the living creatures, along with myriads of angels, worship the Lamb just as they had done the Father. In other words both Father and Son were treated equally as God.
Jesus is truly God, fully entitled to sit on the Throne of Heaven.
- The Witness of an Ancient Hymn.
In his letter to the church at Philippi, St. Paul says some wonderful things about Jesus, and many believe that he does so by quoting an early Christian hymn (2:6-11). This starts by saying that Christ Jesus was “in very nature God” (v6), as clear a statement that Jesus is truly God as one could wish for! The hymn goes on (vv10,11) to say that Jesus should be worshipped on bended knee and by “every tongue” and that this will bring glory to “God the Father.” This is another reference to Jesus’ divinity because only God should be worshipped. (Throughout the Bible worship of anything other than God is condemned, e.g. Exodus 20:4,5).
Jesus is truly God, fully entitled to be worshipped and adored.
- The Witness of the Greek Alphabet.
In Revelation 1:8 we read “I am the Alpha and the Omega” says the Lord God, “who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty.” Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, so revealing God as the beginning and the end of all.
Yet in Revelation 22:13, Jesus speaks and says, “I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End.” So Jesus takes to Himself another title previously claimed by God the Father. He can only do this because He is truly God.
Jesus is truly God, the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end of all.
- The Witness of many others.
We could call to witness many other people and events. We could consider further the writings of John (1 John 5:20), of Paul (Colossians 2:9), of Peter (2 Peter 1:1), of Stephen (Acts 7:59 cf. Luke 23:46), and of the writer to the Hebrews (1:8). We could reflect on the attitude of the Jewish authorities (Mark 14:64). We could ponder the events of the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1-8) and more. Yet the witnesses we have called should have established the case beyond any doubt whatsoever.
Jesus is truly God, as confirmed by many, many witnesses.
- Does this matter?
Yes it does! It may seem a remote matter of theology for the experts to debate over – but no, it affects every Christian: indeed, if Jesus is not truly God the whole of Christianity collapses into a heap of false promises.
All men and women have sinned and rebelled against God (Romans 3:23). Each of us knows the truth of this for him or herself. Yet God still loves us, it is the very basis of His nature (1 John 4:8). So if we are to be saved, something has to be done about sin. Men and women cannot do it, so God Himself has to act. This He has done by sending His Son (John 3:16) and this “atoning sacrifice” is so great that it is enough to cover “the sins of the whole world” (1 John 2:2). But the sacrifice is so great because it was God Himself, in the person of Jesus, who gave His all for His people. No man could do it, so if Jesus were only a man His sacrifice was in vain, but as Jesus is both man and God, His sacrifice has infinite value.
Jesus is truly God and His sacrifice on the cross is vast enough to cover the sins of all who put their trust in Him.
Scripture quotations are taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version. © 1973,1978,1984, International Bible Society. Used by permission of Hodder and Stoughton, a member of the Hodder Headline Group. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:3a1ec679-a808-49f0-b6c6-ae4b786f86d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.standrewslfe.org.uk/stop-15-jesus-christ-is-god/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.974334 | 2,686 | 3.25 | 3 |
In this study, granulated activated charcoal (GAC) and bio charcoal (BC) is used as a filler in P3 biosand bag filter to study their filtration performance against a range of fluoride impurities from 1-1400 mg/L. A set of experiments are done to analyze the filtration efficiency of the sandbag filter against fluoride impurities after incorporating different amounts (e.g., 0.2, 2 kg) and a combination of GAC and BC. A combination of filler GAC and BC (1 kg each) have exhibited excellent results with 100% fluoride removal efficiency against 5 mg/L fluoride impurities for an entire experimental time of 165 min. It is because of the synergetic effect of adsorption caused by the high surface area (739 m2/g) of GAC and hydroxyapatite groups in BC. The data from remediation experiments using individual GAC and BC are fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm Models to check their adsorption mechanism and determine GAC and BC’s maximum adsorption capacity (Qm). The remediation data for both GAC and BC have shown the better fitting to the Langmuir Isotherm Model with a high R2 value of 0.994 and 0.970, respectively, showing the excellent conformity with monolayer adsorption. While the GAC and BC have presented negative Kf values of -1.08 and -0.72, respectively, for Freundlich Model, showing the non-conformity to multilayer adsorption. The Qm values obtained from Langmuir Model for GAC is 6.23 mg/g, and for BC, it is 9.13 mg/g. The pH study on adsorption efficiency of individual GAC and BC against 5 mg/L of fluoride impurities indicates the decrease in removal efficiency with an increase in pH from 3 to 9. For example, BC has shown removal efficiency of 99.8% at pH 3 and 99.5% at pH 9, while GAC has exhibited removal efficiency of 96.1% at pH 3 and 95.9% at pH 9. Importantly, this study presents the significance of the synergetic application of GAC and BC in the filters, where GAC and BC are different in their origin, functionalities, and surface characteristics.
Keywords: Langmuir Isotherm; adsorption; bio charcoal; biosand filter; granulated activated charcoal.
*Free full-text study online at https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/11/11/868/htm | <urn:uuid:ac562ccf-41e7-4051-888c-abd2616a6572> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fluoridealert.org/news/study-the-use-of-activated-carbon-and-bone-char-on-the-performance-of-gravity-sand-bag-water-filter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.915573 | 555 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Does the thought of a quiet forest, gentle ripples on a lake or the crackling of a campfire send you to your happy place? If so, you are not alone. These places of peace and natural beauty are often owned and operated, but your local park and recreation agency. Parks and other outdoor areas provide a connection to nature proven to benefit visitors both physically and mentally.
Regardless of age, over half of all Americans say they visit local parks, picnic areas or lakes and beaches to experience the health benefits of nature. So, whether your happy place is at the dog park with your best friend, smelling the roses at the nearby botanical garden or reading a good book under the shade of a tree in the park, get outside and reap the health benefits of your natural surroundings!
- Fifty-five percent of Americans visit their local parks or picnic areas to experience the health benefits of nature
- Fifty-six percent of Americans head to a waterbody (e.g., lake, river, ocean) to experience the health benefits of nature
- Vast majorities of millennials, Gen Xers and baby boomers turn to nature for its health benefits (89 percent, 82 percent and 77 percent, respectively).
- Parents are more likely than non-parents to visit waterbodies, trails, campgrounds and sports fields. | <urn:uuid:3661ccc6-1f0e-45b3-b57d-4bc535439849> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nrpa.org/publications-research/park-pulse/park-pulse-survey-find-health-benefits-at-your-local-park/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.928993 | 274 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Scientific Breakthrough Increasing Efficiency of Growing Organic Apples
Published By : 17 Feb 2015 | Published By : QYRESEARCH
Apples grown in Northern Ohio soils and shaped by their weather have a better taste. However, the organic versions of these apples are not so easily available, which would benefit their local farm economy.
Apple scab is the major reason behind the lack of this. Apple scab is a fungal infection which thrives in more humid climates and the leaves of the apples get disfigured. However, most of the Apple scab infection is controlled by chemicals which do not meet standards for organic certification.
However, there is new hope to increase the production for organic apple in this region, with two of its proponents being Tim Gebhart and Don Kretschmann, PA, around 40 miles southeast of Youngstown. This farming duo appeared during the recent 2015 OEFFA sustainable food conference and stated that there were a lot of reasons to grow organic apples in this region and on a commercial farm.
Many scab-resistant varieties are available in the market; some of the favorites among Gebhart of these were Pristine, Crimpson Crisp, and Gold Rush. Each of this apple variety is resistant to apple scab and many other diseases. However, their exist hybrid varieties of apples which will be coming next year. Some of these favorite sources are are near Itaca, N.Y. and Gettysburg, PA. The farming duo stated recommends the dwarf rootstock for easier access, thus spreading their roots when planting and not allowing them to curl in their place.
More supplies are readily available. Growing organic apple needs a lot of specific requirements such as soil conditions, good drainage, serious pruning, and foliar spraying to fight the diseases and pests. | <urn:uuid:2d3665ae-5f7f-4463-90d3-8f6857a69ea2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.qyresearchreports.com/news/scientific-breakthrough-increasing-efficiency-of-growing-organic-apples.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00503-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969537 | 366 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Martin Luther King and Malcolm X.
Credit: Image courtesy of American Studies at the University of Virginia.
"You don't integrate with a sinking ship." This was Malcolm X's curt explanation of why he did not favor integration of blacks with whites in the United States. As the chief spokesman of the Nation of Islam, a Black Muslim organization led by Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X argued that America was too racist in its institutions and people to offer hope to blacks. The solution proposed by the Nation of Islam was a separate nation for blacks to develop themselves apart from what they considered to be a corrupt white nation destined for divine destruction.
In contrast with Malcolm X's black separatism, Martin Luther King, Jr. offered what he considered "the more excellent way of love and nonviolent protest" as a means of building an integrated community of blacks and whites in America. He rejected what he called "the hatred and despair of the black nationalist," believing that the fate of black Americans was "tied up with America's destiny." Despite the enslavement and segregation of blacks throughout American history, King had faith that "the sacred heritage of our nation and the eternal will of God" could reform white America through the nonviolent Civil Rights Movement.
This lesson will contrast the respective aims and means of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. to evaluate the possibilities for black American progress in the 1960s.
Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm X (1925-65) was the son of a West Indian mother and black Baptist preacher. His father was a local organizer for Marcus Garvey's United Negro Improvement Association, which promoted black separatism and pan-Africanism. After moving to Lansing, Michigan, Malcolm suffered the death of his father (under suspicious circumstances) and several years later saw his mother committed to a mental institution. A top student in elementary school (who was elected the seventh-grade class president), Malcolm told his English teacher he wanted to be a lawyer; he was told, "That's no realistic goal for a Nigger," and he soon asked to go live with his half-sister Ella in Boston. He took a job as a shoe-shine boy; later became a street hustler in New York; and eventually was imprisoned for burglary before his twenty-first birthday. Malcolm read voraciously in prison and was introduced to the teachings of Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam (NOI) by his siblings and inmates. Paroled in August 1952, he went to live in Detroit with his eldest brother Wilfred.
After meeting Elijah Muhammad, he began recruiting converts for the local NOI temple and officially adopted "X" for his surname, which represented his lost African family name. He quickly rose through the ranks of NOI temple ministers. Malcolm married Betty X (née Sanders) in January 1958, who bore him four daughters while he was alive and twins after his death. In 1959, Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam gained national prominence with the airing of "The Hate That Hate Produced," a documentary by Mike Wallace and Louis Lomax, and subsequent articles in U.S. News & World Report and Time magazine. By 1960, Malcolm X had started or helped start over a hundred temples with thousands of converts; founded the NOI's newspaper Muhammad Speaks; wrote a syndicated column entitled "God's Angry Men" for major black newspapers; and became Elijah Muhammad's chief spokesman.
Malcolm X's popularity soon distanced him from rival ministers at the Chicago headquarters. In addition, Elijah Muhammad's bad health and rumors of his infidelity with NOI secretaries led to uncertainty about the future leadership of the Nation. After John F. Kennedy's assassination in November 22, 1963, Elijah Muhammad directed his ministers not to comment on the death of a president popular among black Americans. But after giving a speech entitled "God's Judgment of White America" on December 4, 1963, Malcolm X called the assassination a case of "the chickens coming home to roost." Elijah Muhammad promptly silenced Malcolm X for ninety days. Convinced that jealous rivals were undermining his reputation with the ailing Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam in March 1964 and announced the formation of the Muslim Mosque, Inc.
Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam at the climax of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s fame as leader of the Civil Rights Movement. During 1963 and 1964, King was chosen Time magazine's "Man of the Year"; drew national attention to "Bull" Connor's barbaric law enforcement; penned his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"; delivered his most famous speech ("I Have a Dream") at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom; saw passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act; and received the Nobel Peace Prize. To justify an alternative message for black liberation in America, Malcolm X painted a stark contrast between his philosophy and that of the most popular civil rights spokesman of his day.
After a pilgrimage to Mecca in April 1964, where he became a Sunni Muslim (and referred to the NOI as a "pseudo-religious philosophy"), he returned to America as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity. No longer asserting that whites were "devils," but still skeptical of American institutions to secure the civil rights of black Americans, Malcolm argued that the civil rights movement needed to be taken to a more receptive international forum such as the United Nations and World Court. Denounced by his protégé Louis X (Farrakhan) in Muhammad Speaks as "worthy of death," and suspecting he was poisoned during a tour of Africa, Malcolm X saw his death as imminent. On February 14, 1965, his home was firebombed, and on February 21 Malcolm X was shot to death as he began a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem.
For Malcolm X, discussing his legacy is complicated by his departure from the Nation of Islam in March 1964, which was followed by a year of self-examination and public exploration of alternative approaches to helping black Americans secure their rights. Although he became famous between 1959 and 1963 as the lead spokesman for the Nation of Islam, his controversial exit from the Black Muslim organization and his eventual assassination in February 1965 make it difficult to give a definitive account of what he actually believed. This lesson will focus on the ideas and recommendations of Malcolm X that produced his greatest fame and notoriety as the public face of the Nation of Islam. (Students can explore some of the changes that his thinking underwent in the last year of his life in the "Extending the Lesson" section of this lesson.)
During his seventeen-year association with the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X did not consider politics a legitimate activity for black Americans. He believed that the United States governments (both state and federal) represented the interests of whites exclusively, which made political participation by black Americans a waste of time at best, and complicity in their own oppression at worst. The "so-called Negro," as Elijah Muhammad called black Americans, needed to stay as far away as possible from the white institutions of power. These institutions included not only political parties, offices, and elections but also schools, workplaces, and social venues. According to the Nation of Islam's religious dogma, the one true God, Allah, destined whites for imminent annihilation. Therefore, the less integrated blacks were with white society, the better.
Malcolm X believed that the only way to be free from the cultural hegemony of white America was through the reeducation of black Americans. Central to that reeducation was the rejection of the traditional Christianity of black America. Malcolm X read current events in light of Nation of Islam eschatology. With "the race problem" in the U.S. as the problem in modern-day America, Malcolm X believed only God's "Messenger," Elijah Muhammad, knew the true nature of the problem and how it could be solved. Unlike Martin Luther King, Jr., who appealed to the conscience and justice of white America, Malcolm X highlighted the longstanding and manifest injustices of white America to persuade black Americans to seek a separate black state large enough to include all 22 million black Americans then residing in the United States. Self-understanding for black Americans could only come through their becoming a nation unto themselves and form their own schools, shops, and businesses.
For an introduction to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s involvement with the Civil Rights Movement, see Sections I and IV of Lesson #1 of "Competing Voices of the Civil Rights Movement" unit, entitled "Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolent Resistance: To Obey or Not to Obey?"
This lesson makes use of sound recordings, written primary source documents, and worksheets, available both online and in the Text Document that accompanies this lesson. Students can read and analyze source materials entirely online, or do some of the work online and some in class from printed copies.
Read over the lesson. Bookmark the websites that you will use. If students will be working from printed copies in class, download the documents from the Text Document and duplicate as many copies as you will need. If students need practice in analyzing primary source documents, excellent resource materials are available at the EDSITEment-reviewed Learning Page of the Library of Congress. Helpful Document Analysis Worksheets may be found at the site of the National Archives.
Note: Discussion of the Civil Rights Movement can elicit strong responses from individuals, even today. Teachers should be aware of this and closely monitor class discussion, particularly when addressing the derogatory language used to describe different groups of people during this time period.
This activity is built around the following sequence of tasks:
1. Students gain an understanding of the mission of Civil Rights Movement and the context in which it occurs
2. Students hear the rhetorical power of Malcolm X and analyze primary sources (a) Audio recording of Malcolm X, "Message to the Grassroots" (November 10, 1963)
3. Students hear the rhetorical power of Martin Luther King, Jr., and analyze primary sources
4. Students write reports in which they evaluate the two activists and judge which leader's goals could best secure a better life for black Americans. In the activity for this lesson, students will be playing the part of a reporter from a large city newspaper in the 1960s. This reporter has seen first-hand the inner-city problems and racial conflict that are tearing at the seams of society. He knows that the black community is hearing two persuasive voices: those of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr., whose approaches to solving the difficulties are poles apart. His editorial board assigns him the task of writing a column on the two leaders, briefly assessing their strengths and weaknesses, but also judging whose approach better solves the problems facing the black community. Before he writes this column, however, he travels to hear the speeches of the two men, and takes an up-close look at key speeches and writings.
In order for students to know why they are listening and doing research, they should be told at the beginning that the goal of their stint at journalistic writing is a column for the newspaper. They can then proceed with the assignment with this final objective in mind. Let them know that the final report will be graded. If an additional prize is to be offered for the best report or reports, announce this before the project begins.
Give students the option of either working individually or working in pairs as a journalistic team.
Start this activity with a homework assignment. A day or two before the lesson begins, have students gain historical context for this assignment by accessing two EDSITEment-reviewed websites or by reading printed copies of the same information located in the Text Document on pages 1-3, distributed to students in advance.
1. (a) For an overview of the civil rights struggle of the 1960s, see paragraphs one, two, and five at the following site, linked from the EDSITEment-reviewed "American Studies at the University of Virginia."
(b) Tell students to pay particular attention to specific examples of racial discrimination and segregation laws found in the following EDSITEment-reviewed website from the National Park Service. (Students need to scroll down to the bottom of the page and click on "The Need for Change.") Have students take notes on these sites for later use in their newspaper articles.
2. (a) On the first full period devoted to this lesson, begin class with an introduction to Malcolm X's provocative rhetoric by having students listen to 3-5 minutes of his November 10, 1963 speech, "Message to the Grassroots," linked from the EDSITEment-reviewed "American Studies at the University of Virginia." Given the length of the audio clip, you may want to suggest that each student listen to a different 3-5 minute segment of the speech to give a more expansive coverage of Malcolm X's riveting oratory.
(b) Next, have students read Louis Lomax's interview of Malcolm X (November 1963) and answer the questions that follow, which are available in worksheet form on pages 9-10 of the Text Document. A link to the text "A Summing Up: Louis Lomax Interviews Malcolm X" can be found at the EDSITEment-reviewed site "Teaching American History." For a shorter version of the interview that can be printed out and distributed to the students, see the excerpted version on pages 4-8 of the Text Document.
(c) Next, have students continue their in-class work by reading Malcolm X's "Message to the Grassroots" (November 10, 1963) and answering the questions that follow, which are available in worksheet form on page 13 of the Text Document. A link to the text of "Message to the Grassroots" can be found at the EDSITEment-reviewed site "Teaching American History." A short excerpt from the speech is also included in the Text Document on pages 11-12, and can be printed out for student use.
Assign any unfinished work on the two Malcolm X worksheets for homework.
3. (a) Begin day two by introducing students to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s stirring rhetoric by having them listen to a brief excerpt from his "I Have a Dream" speech. Go to the EDSITEment-reviewed site "Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project: Popular Requests" and click the Quicktime or Realmedia link for a three-minute, audio excerpt from "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom."
(b) Then, spend part of the class having students read Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "The Power of Nonviolence" (June 4, 1957) and answering the questions that follow, which are available in worksheet form on page 17 of the Text Document. A link to the text of "The Power of Nonviolence" can be found at the EDSITEment-reviewed site "Teaching American History." The speech is also included in the Text Document on pages 14-16, and can be printed out for student use.
(c) Next, have students continue their in-class work by reading Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail," and answering the questions that follow below, which are available in worksheet form on pages 23-24 of the Text Document. Note: If your class has completed Lesson 1 of the "The Diversity of the Civil Rights Movement" unit, substitute the King activity listed in the "Extending the Lesson" section, which examines Martin Luther King, Jr.'s October 1966 essay, "Nonviolence: The Only Road to Freedom."
A link to the full text of King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" can be found at the EDSITEment-reviewed site "Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project":. For purposes of this lesson, use the excerpts from the essay, located on pages 18-22 of the Text Document.
Assign any unfinished work on the two Martin Luther King, Jr., worksheets for homework. Students who wish to do so may also begin their final writing task at home.
4. After students have gained an understanding of the key ideas of the two leaders, they are ready, as reporters, to assume their final, culminating task of writing their columns for the newspaper. Devote most of the class time to the writing assignment. The article should include the following points, using the Text Document guidelines on page 25, which students should have in hand for reference as they write:
After the newspaper columns have been written, select a few to be read in class: namely, those that reflect good writing and journalistic skills or that represent differing points of view in the judgment rendered or the reasons given. An editorial prize or prizes might be given (in addition to a good grade!), such as a homework pass or extra credit.
Instruct students to give a one- or two-paragraph answer to any or all of the following questions, which are available in worksheet form on pages 26-27 of the Text Document:
While a member of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X was apolitical. This was due to Elijah Muhammad's strictures against Black Muslims participating in a political system he believed was rigged against blacks. Malcolm X was chiefly a religious spokesman who exhorted black Americans to separate from what he viewed as white American institutions. His message to white Americans was to repair the damage they had done to black Americans (for example, by giving them a separate state and money for 25 years to get started), or else God's judgment would fall on them for domestic oppression and international imperialism and colonialism.
After Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam in March 1964, he felt free to offer political solutions to the problems that afflicted black Americans. He was still dubious of the American political system, but advised black Americans to (1) engage in smarter political voting and organization (for example, no longer voting for black leaders he viewed as shills for white interests) and (2) fight for civil rights at the international level, where he thought the non-white nations of the world would side with the oppressed black American minority and pressure the United States (through the United Nations and World Court) to protect their rights.
A month after leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X gave a speech entitled "The Ballot or the Bullet." This speech will help students understand how his thinking about America and black progress was evolving. In particular, it will explore how his goal and methods changed after he left the Nation of Islam.
Have students read the "The Ballot or the Bullet" (April 3, 1964) and answer the questions that follow, which are available in worksheet form on pages 7-8 of the corresponding Text Document. A link to the text "The Ballot or the Bullet" can be found at the EDSITEment-reviewed site "Teaching American History". For purposes of this lesson, use the excerpts from the speech, located on pages 1-6 of the Text Document.
After Malcolm X's violent death in February 1965, and amidst urban riots the following year, increasing numbers of black youth rejected Martin Luther King, Jr.'s nonviolent methods and sought a more militant approach to combating white supremacy in America. The cry of "Black Power," instead of "We Shall Overcome" and "Freedom Now," became the slogan of a new faction of the Civil Rights Movement. In response to Black Power advocates, King wrote an article for Ebony magazine that directly addressed the claims of this new movement and explained why he believed nonviolent protest remained the most prudent means of advancing the cause of black Americans.
Have students read King's October 1966 essay, "Nonviolence: The Only Road to Freedom," and answer the questions that follow, which are available in worksheet form on pages 14-15 of the Text Document. A link to the "Nonviolence" text can be found at the EDSITEment-reviewed site "Teaching American History". A shorter excerpt from the article is also included in the Text Document on pages 9-13, and can be printed out for student use.
3 class periods | <urn:uuid:ca496247-13c7-4b9a-929c-69a96e5e526d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/black-separatism-or-beloved-community-malcolm-x-and-martin-luther-king-jr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00168-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961154 | 4,103 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Pakistani Public Opinion Ever More Critical of U.S.
Following a year of tensions between their country and the United States, Pakistanis continue to hold highly unfavorable views of the U.S. and offer bleak assessments of the relationship between the two nations. And President Obama is held in exceedingly low regard. Additionally, over the last few years, Pakistanis have become less willing to work with the U.S. on efforts to combat extremist groups.
Global Opinion of Obama Slips, International Policies Faulted
Global approval of President Barack Obama’s international policies has declined significantly since he first took office, while overall confidence in him and attitudes toward the U.S. have slipped modestly as a consequence. In nearly all countries surveyed, there is considerable opposition to a major component of the Obama administration’s anti-terrorism policy: drone strikes.
China Seen Overtaking U.S. as Global Superpower
The United States continues to receive positive ratings in much of the world, but it faces the new challenge of doubts about its superpower status. Publics around the world increasingly believe that China either will replace or already has replaced the U.S. as the world’s leading superpower.
U.S. Image in Pakistan Falls No Further Following bin Laden Killing
America’s image among Pakistanis remains poor, and most disapprove of the U.S. raid that killed bin Laden. Extremist groups also remain unpopular, although support for using the Pakistani military against extremists has waned. Most name India as the top threat to Pakistan. Overall, the public mood in Pakistan is grim – 92% are dissatisfied with the country’s direction.
Concern About Extremist Threat Slips in Pakistan
Overwhelmingly, Pakistanis see terrorism as a major problem in their country and most have negative views of the Taliban and al Qaeda, but they have become less concerned over the last year that extremists will take over Pakistan. Meanwhile, Pakistanis continue to express serious concerns about the U.S. and their longtime rival India.
Obama More Popular Abroad Than At Home, Global Image of U.S. Continues to Benefit
As the global economy begins to rebound from the great recession, people around the world remain deeply concerned with the way things are going in their countries. Less than a third of the publics in most nations say they are satisfied with national conditions, as overwhelming numbers say their economies are in bad shape. […]
Confidence in Obama Lifts U.S. Image Around the World
The image of the United States has improved markedly in most parts of the world reflecting global confidence in Barack Obama. In many countries, opinions of the U.S. are now about as positive as they were at the beginning of the decade before George W. Bush took office.
Optimism and Obstacles for Obama in Europe
By Erin Carriere-Kretschmer, Senior Research Associate, Pew Global Attitudes Project On his first trip overseas, U.S. President Barack Obama intends to tackle the current global economic downturn and NATO commitments in Afghanistan, with stops in Britain, France, Germany, Czech Republic and Turkey. Public opinion polls suggest Obama may have reason to expect a mostly warm […]
Bush Unpopular in Europe, Seen As Unilateralist
George W. Bush is highly unpopular with the publics of the major nations of Western Europe. By wide margins, people in Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy all disapprove of his handling of international policy, and the American president does not inspire much more confidence in these countries than does Russian President Vladimir Putin. […] | <urn:uuid:d4fce06b-15a6-4f73-9cf7-41d15c17f22a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pewglobal.org/subjects/presidential-confidence/?src=global-footer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00089-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953374 | 732 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Those involved in the formation of technology and other start-ups meet founders and entrepreneurs many of whom have idiosyncratic personal traits. Venture capital investors appear, for the most part, to overlook these behaviors in favor of encouraging the genius lying underneath. When, if ever however, do proclivities rise to the level of disclosure in a financing? Are there times when habits or foibles impact, potentially, the affairs and furthering of a fledgling operation to such an extent that the failure to advise investors could give rise to liability?
Posit a founding group, one or more of whom have personal "issues": e.g., mental issues, physical illness, addictions, etc. If a first round investor discovers these tendencies, there is a choice to be made as to whether to proceed. If a second round is attempted, there are at least three groups with "knowledge:" the founders, the company and the existing investor. What disclosure might be made in the new round? Consider that in a worst case situation, key people may be lost (and the entity destroyed) through incapacity or inability to function. In the "doomsday" scenario, the company tanks, the founders have no assets but the venture capital investor or angel does. Lawsuit? Result?
There is little, if any, judicial input directly on what might be termed "intensely personal" information. In the public company arena, mandated disclosure under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "1933 Act") and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "1934 Act") and rules and regulations thereunder focus, basically, on objective, factual matters in those instances where disclosure is required. For example, Regulation S-K deals with a variety of biographical, financial and relationship information, but not personal or health information about individual officers or directors.
Since, bottom-line, there are no "required" disclosures, it would appear that disclosure, or lack thereof, would be governed by Rule 10b-5 and the principles of "materiality" enunciated in Basic Inc v. Levinson and TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway, Inc.
Under TSC, "[a]n omitted fact is material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable shareholder would consider it important in deciding how to vote … put another way, there must be a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the 'total mix' of information made available." In Basic, a materiality test for "contingent or speculative" information involved balancing the probability of a future event or condition occurring against the magnitude of the future event or condition.
The TSC/Basic formulation has two alternative "materiality" standards for omissions: (a) if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in making an investment decision or (b) if there is a substantial likelihood that disclosure would have been viewed by that reasonable investor as having significantly altered the "total mix" of available information.
Recent teaching in the Supreme Court and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirms the older Basic principles that "materiality" is contextual and that there are no bright-line tests. In echoing Basic, the Eleventh Circuit stated how the test of 'materiality' … requires the Court to consider all the information available to the hypothetical reasonable investor, which necessarily includes private communications." More recently, in Richman v. Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, in allowing a class action to proceed based on claims of Goldman's misstatements concerning conflicts of interest in certain derivative transactions, stated:
A complaint, however, "may not properly be dismissed … on the ground that the alleged misstatements or omissions are not material unless they are so obviously unimportant to a reasonable investor that reasonable minds could not differ on the question of their importance."
Some commentators have argued against disclosure of personal information on a variety of grounds ranging from the First Amendment, the Fifth Amendment and various privacy rights. Further, it has been urged that "there is no conclusive evidence linking CEO leadership to organizational performance, much less linking a CEO's personal life to her firm's performance." It has even been suggested that there be a bar to any cause of action based on the public behaviors.
While it has been suggested there is a duty of good faith or loyalty, under state law, which could support officer or director liability for omissions involving personal "facts," in Beam v. Stewart, the Delaware Chancery Court rejected a claim that the board of Martha Stewart's company had failed to look into her personal matters, stating that there was no authority "to support this new 'duty' to monitor personal affairs."
Despite arguments to the contrary, it is submitted that personal issues may be material:
[A] court may find that it is substantially likely that a reasonable investor would consider certain personal facts important in making an investment decision relating to the corporation's securities. Moreover, a court may find it substantially likely that a reasonable investor would have viewed disclosure of an omitted personal fact about an executive officer as a significant alteration of the total mix of available information. In this regard, it is important to note that executives' personal facts may be contingent or speculative information, as they relate to the public company in which the executive serves. News of a possible criminal prosecution or a terminal illness, for example, is important not just as a statement of current fact, but also as information that may impact the future of the public company. Accordingly, in those circumstances, Basic's probability/magnitude balancing test presumably would be used in gauging materiality.
While the overall legal analysis is the same for privately financed start-ups and venture capital backed entities, the consequences of liability may be quite different. As "iconic" as Steve Jobs, Martha Stewart, Warren Buffet and others may be, their supposed digressions or undisclosed blemishes are not "bet the company" matters. This is not true, however, if one of the three founders of a tech start up overdoses, embezzles or the like.
It is not clear what an investor should do. Diligence may not reveal proclivities or personal behaviors that prove destructive to an organization. It seems, though, that if an investor knows of personal issues, careful consideration should be given when determining whether to disclose this knowledge to prospective investors. Would a "risk factor" noting the possibility of personal issues clouding an investment's future work as a bar? Standard language involving the fledgling nature of an enterprise and that the risk of loss of key personnel might protect if there were no knowledge of specific issues, but maybe not if something more concrete was known and not revealed in the financing. Does it beg or answer the question if the argument for non-disclosure is that if information is disclosed, investors would walk?
See, for example, the "behaviors" of Steve Jobs in WALTER ISAACSON, STEVE JOBS (Simon & Schuster 2011).
15 U.S.C. §§ 77a-aa (2006) (originally enacted as Act of May 27, 1933, ch. 38, § 1, 48 Stat. 74).
15 U.S.C. §§ 78a-nn (2006) (originally enacted as Act of June 6, 1934, ch. 404, §1, 48 Stat. 881).
See 17 C.F.R. § 229 (2012).
Id. § 240.10b-5. For simplicity, only Rule 10b-5 will be considered here. There are other anti-fraud provisions in the securities laws. See, e.g., Sections 11, 12 and 17 of the 1933 Act. Sections 9(a)(4) and 9(f) of the 1934 Act, added by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, are new anti-fraud provisions as well. See Pub.L. 111-203 (July 21, 2010).
485 U.S. 224 (1988).
426 U.S. 438 (1976).
See id. at 449.
See Basic, 485 U.S. at 232.
The analyses of Rule 10b-5 fill many volumes. For the purposes of this piece, the "standard" Basic/TSC Northway formulation will be presumed. For an excellent recent discussion of the law of materiality under Rule 10b-5, see Allan Horwich, An Inquiry into the Perception of Materiality as an Element of Sciender under SEC Rule 10b-5, 67 BUS. LAW. 1, 9-16 (2011).
For a discussion of the core elements of a 10b-5 claim, see Joan MacLeod Heminway, Martha Stewart Saved! Insider Violations of Rule 10b-5 for Misrepresented or Undisclosed Personal Facts, 65 MD. L. REV. 374, 378-88 (2006) [hereinafter Heminway, Martha Stewart Saved!].
See Matrixx Initiatives Inc. v. Siracusario, 131 S.Ct. 1309 (2011); SEC v. Morgan Keegan & Co. Inc., 678 F.3d 1233 (11th Cir. 2012).
Morgan Keegan, 678 F.3d at 1248 (emphasis in original).
See Richman v. Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., 2012 WL 2362539, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. June 21, 2012) (citing ECA, Local 134 IBEW Joint Pension Trust of Chi. v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d 187, 197 (2d Cir. 2009)).
See, e.g., Patricia Sánchez Abril and Ann M. Olazábal, The Celebrity CEO: Corporate Disclosure at the Intersection of Privacy and Securities Law, 46 Hous. L. REV. 1545, 1604 (2009-10) ("Securities law would be unduly burdened by further mandatory disclosures regarding the lives and idiosyncrasies of CEOs. Its focus should remain on verifiable facts rather than attenuated inferences.").
See id. at 1603.
See, e.g., Heminway, Martha Stewart Saved!, supra note 11, at 424-25.
See Joan MacLeod Heminway, Martha's (and Steve's) Good Faith: An Officer's Duty of Loyalty at the Intersection of Good Faith and Candor, 11 TRANSACTIONS 113 (2009).
833 A.2d 961 (Del. Ch. 2003), aff'd on other grounds, 845 A.2d 1040 (Del. 2004).
See id. at 971.
Joan MacLeod Heminway, Personal Facts about Executive Officers: A Proposal for Tailored Disclosures to Encourage Reasonable Investor Behavior, 42 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 749, 759 (2007).
See Tom C. W. Lin, Undressing the CEO: Disclosing Private, Material Matters of Public Company Executives, 11 U. PA. J. Bus. L. 383, 386 (2008-2009) ("[T]he issue about what types of material, private information should be disclosed will be of significant concern to academics and regulators, to Wall Street and Main Street, and to corporate titans and average citizens in the present and coming years as the investing marketplace's voracious need for more information confronts the executive's innate human desire to protect.").
Carl E. Kaplan is a retired partner at the international law firm of Fulbright & Jaworski, LLP. His practice included the formation and operation of venture capital and private equity entities as well as all aspects of investment in and financing of portfolio companies, both private and public.
Elizabeth DePonte, a summer associate at Fulbright & Jaworski, LLP, assisted in the preparation of this article.
Material in this work is for general educational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice or legal opinion on any specific facts or circumstances. For legal advice, please consult your personal lawyer or other appropriate professional. Reproduced with permission from Carl E. Kaplan. This work reflects the law at the time of writing. | <urn:uuid:dda8b13a-44ff-4035-9de7-7d1196b09d23> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.vcexperts.com/reference/buzz/1248 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00065-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926215 | 2,569 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Scientists have have found that a bar magnet is the basis of bats' direction-finding prowess.
University of Leeds researcher Richard Holland and his colleagues exposed big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), which are renowed navigators, to a magnetic pulse 5000 times stronger that the Earth's own magnetic field.
One group of the bats received a pulse aligned with the planet's field. The intention was that these animals would serve as a control to rule out any behavioural side effects caused by exposure to the magnetic pulse. The second group of animals received a pulse oriented in the opposite direction to the Earth's field, and the third group received no pulse at all.
The bats were then released 20 km north of their usual roosting sites and tracked with radio transmitters as they tried to find their way home. As expected the unmagnetised and the control animals all set off in the right direction, but about half of the animals that received the reverse-direction pulse initially flew off in totally the wrong direction.
This, say the researchers, suggests that the animals are using a neurological compass based on a magnetic iron compound called magnetite (Fe3O4). Crystals of the compound form small grains like miniature bar magnets which will swing around as the animal changes its position relative the the Earth's magnetic field. But a strong magnetic pulse like that used in the present experiment can reverse the poles of the magnetite compass, causing the animal to confuse north with south.
The team base their argument on observations from certain types of bacteria which naturally seek out magnetic north or south poles. These "magnetotacts", which also produce small magnetite crystals inside their cells, can also be converted from north-seeking to south-seeking forms by exposure to magnetic pulses.
But why did only half of the magnetised bats fly off in the wrong direction? The answer, the team suggests, is because they were testing the animals in their home territory and some of them could well have realised where they were using other cues, such as sight or smell, and this over-rode their flawed sense of direction. | <urn:uuid:6034fcf4-80ee-4f1c-b60a-989df09c5308> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-news/bat-nav-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00195-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968493 | 429 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Learn tips and techniques for making the best homemade pizzas, as well as various unique recipes. You'll also learn how to make delicious, fluffy calzones and a few sweet dessert pizzas.
To view this DRM protected ebook on your desktop or laptop you will need to have Adobe Digital Editions installed. It is a free software. We also strongly recommend that you sign up for an AdobeID at the Adobe website. For more details please see FAQ 1&2. To view this ebook on an iPhone, iPad or Android mobile device you will need the Adobe Digital Editions app, or BlueFire Reader or Txtr app. These are free, too. For more details see this article.
|Size: ||920 KB|
|Date published: || 2015|
|ISBN: ||9781329683617 (DRM-EPUB)|
|Read Aloud: ||not allowed| | <urn:uuid:63a36564-a4ec-4f1b-b7e4-2828798f4d60> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lybrary.com/pizzas-and-calzones-p-793856.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00209-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.846213 | 188 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Sabbath boundary marker found in Timrat, with 3 letters in Hebrew. The marker was dated to the Roman period.
* Site of the Month Nov 2018 *
A boundary marker was found near the Galilee community of Timrat. It had 3 faint letters that were inscribed in Hebrew, spelling: “Sabbath”. This exciting and unique finding, first identified by BibleWalks, was confirmed to be dated to the Roman/Byzantine period.
Background – work not allowed on Sabbath:
According to Jewish customs, work is not allowed during Sabbath or Holidays, including traveling outside of the place of residence. According to the Biblical commands (Exodus 16:29):
“See, for that the LORD hath given you the Sabbath, therefore he giveth you on the sixth day the bread of two days; abide ye every man in his place, let no man go out of his place on the seventh day”.
This prohibition was translated by the second temple period Rabbis to a certain limit where it was allowed walking during the Sabbath or Holidays within the boundary of a village. The Sabbath boundary was defined as a distance of 2000 cubits (about 1km), as measured from the edge of a settlement to all directions. This measure is also termed as a “Biblical mile”.
The area of the village covered the cluster of houses within a settlement, and included all houses within the range of 70 cubits from one each other.
The illustration shows the allowed walking zone around the village.
In 2011 BibleWalks identified a Roman period marking, with the Hebrew letters “Sha-ba-t” inscribed on a natural rock in Timrat. It is located near the ruins of Roman/Byzantine period Jewish villages, within the range permitted for walking on a Sabbath. This was the first ancient Sabbath marking found in Hebrew in the Galilee.
History of the place:
In the vicinity of Timrat are ruins of three Roman/Byzantine Jewish villages, that were probably related to the Sabbath stone:
The Jewish Roman town was called “Mahalul”, and flourished from the commercially strategic location during the Roman/Byzantine times. It is mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud (Megila page 2 , 2 1:1, Hebrew): “Nahalal is Mahalul”, and listed among the walled cities from the period of Joshua.
The town was probably destroyed in the Arabic period (8th century AD), and the site was in ruins for many centuries.
During the Second temple period, a Jewish town called Simonia was established on the western footsteps and around Tel Shimron. It flourished from the commercially strategic location until the Roman times. The town was spread over the hills around the Biblical Tel. The foundations of Simonia can be seen all over the area, including caves, cisterns, wine and oil presses, and quarrying sites.
- Horvat Qisi (Qattat/Qattonit?)
This ruin is located 1.5km north of the marker. It was suggested by Z. Erlich and Y. Shivtiel as a possible option for the Sabbath marker. They also based on the fact that the marking is oriented to the north, and so that it was intended to mark the boundary for the walkers from the north.
In the ruins, which were not previously marked on the maps, are traces of a settlement, agriculture installations, cisterns, and hiding complexes. According to their survey and the existence of hiding complexes, they dated the settlement and concluded it was one of the Galilean Jewish villages.
They suggested the village Biblical name was Qattat (Joshua 15:10,19): “And the third lot came up for the children of Zebulun according to their families:… And Kattath, and Nahallal, and Shimron, and Idalah, and Bethlehem: twelve cities with their villages”. During the Roman period the village was renamed Qattonit, based on the Jerusalem Talmud (Megila page 2 , 2 1:1, Hebrew): “…and Qattat is Qattonit”.
Sabbath boundary in the scriptures
The Sabbath boundaries in the Galilee villages are documented in the Babylonian Talmud, a 2nd century AD collection of Jewish practices. A section from Babylonian Talmud (Sanhendrin 14) tells the story of Rabbi Judah Ben Baba which relates to the Usha site, the first seat of the Sanhedrin in the Galilee. This Rabbi defied the orders of the Romans to avoid ordinating (=giving a degree of a Rabbi) to others. These orders followed the second revolt against the Romans (131-135 AD: Bar-Kochva), and his act resulted in his death by the Romans, but helped to continue the Jewish leadership during these tragic days.
“… because once the wicked Government, decreed that whoever performed an ordination should be put to death, and whoever received ordination should he put to death, the city in which the ordination took place demolished, and the boundaries wherein it had been performed, uprooted. What did R. Judah b. Baba do? He went and sat between two great mountains, between two large cities; between the Sabbath boundaries of the cities of Usha and Shefaram and there ordained five elders: R. Meir, R. Judah, R. Simeon, R. Jose and R. Eliezer b. Shamua’. R. Awia adds also R. Nehemia in the list. As soon as their enemies discovered them he urged them: ‘My children, flee.’ They said to him, ‘What will become of thee, Rabbi?’ ‘I lie before them like a stone which none overturn, he replied. It was said that the enemy did not stir from the spot until they had driven three hundred iron spear-heads into his body, making it like a sieve”.
Modern period – discovery of the Sabbath Stone
In 2011 Nathan Ben Jehuda walked with his dog near his grandson’s house in Timrat, a community located north east of Tel Shimron. Nathan observed some very faint markings on a rock at the edge of Moran street. He notified this curious finding to a neighbor, Uncle Ofer, who came and photographed the stone. That evening, Ofer called his brother, Yoram, and told him that there are probably three letters on the stone but not sure what they mean. Perhaps Hebrew letters reading: S-cha-Kh (forget?).
Yoram, the father of Webmaster Rotem and a major contributor to BibleWalks, knew and documented a similar rock marking near Horvat Usha. That marking contained Greek letters, including the letters “CAB”, which some scholars suggested it meant CABAT (Sabbath), relating it to the Talmudic reference of the Sabbath boundary of Usha. However, there were other suggestions on the meaning of the letters, and so it remained a puzzle for years.
Excited, Yoram translated the Timrat marking to the letters “Sha-ba-t”, meaning: “Sabbath”. On the next day he visited the site of the discovery and realized that this was an important discovery, and posted it on BibleWalks blog.
To confirm this finding, Uncle Ronni (the third brother) contacted Dr. Motti Aviram, an archaeologist who they were acquainted previously with other archaeological activities. Motti, a senior member of the Kinneret Institute for Galilean Archaeology, came to the site and confirmed the antiquity of the marking. He dated it to the Roman/Byzantine period, 3rd to 6th century AD.
The public announcement of the finding quickly spread in the Worldwide media.
(a) The stone:
Nathan walked here with his dog on a trail at the edge of Moran street. He observed faint letters on the rock just above the trail. He is seen here a foot below the place of the Sabbath marker.
Click on the photos to view in higher resolution…
The engravings are hard to see, and only at a certain time of day the markings could have enough contrast to make the letters stand out of the white surface of the rock. The archaeologist, who observed the patina (thin layer) of the letters, determined that their color is identical to the rock’s surface, which indicates that the marking is old.
Placing some dirt on the grooves, the 3 Hebrew letters שבת (Sha-ba-t) are visible. The inscription is 62 cm long, and the height of the letters is 20cm.
The first and third letters are very clear, while the middle letter has a short tail on the right. The letters are written in the similar typeface as other Roman period Jewish inscriptions.
A path leading to the north is adjacent to the Sabbath marker. This trail is modern, but could have been the same route during the Roman period, and why the marker was inscribed near it.
(b) Search for more Stones:
If one stone was found – couldn’t there be more in this area? According to Jewish practices, the Sabbath boundary is to all directions. In modern times, a wire is hung on poles around religious communities to mark their greater area. Therefore, it is plausible that more stones could be out there.
BibleWalks prepared two maps where to search these stones, and called the public to try to locate them. Assuming that the marker is on such boundary, and at a distance of about 1km from the edge of an ancient village, then these locations may be candidates for more stones.
The first map is around the ruins of Roman period Mahalul, with areas 1-7 marked on the map.
Another option is that the marker was on the boundary of the Roman period village of Simonia, around Tel Shimron.
(c) Between villages (“Mixed borders”):
A special exempt from the Sabbath city limit of 2000 cubits allows an extension of another 2000 cubits beyond the city limit. It is named Eruv Techumim – Hebrew for “mixed borders”. This exemption applies in cases two villages are within 4000 cubits, allowing walking between them after the Sabbath starts in Friday evening. This exemption is allowed by two options – (a) physically standing at the Sabbath boundary just before sundown when the Sabbath starts, then walking the extra distance, or (b) by placing food before sundown on a spot at the Sabbath boundary.
The Eruv Techumim exemption allows walking another 2000 cubits from that point to the neighboring village. Is this the case of the Sabbath marking in Timrat? According to this theory, the marker was in the middle between two villages to the north of the marker. Perhaps in this case – between Mahalul and/or Simonia on the south, and Horvat Qisi (Qattat, Qattonit?) on the north.
The following map shows the area north of the Sabbath marker stone. Horvat Qisi may have been the reason why the Sabbath marker was inscribed there – as a “mixed borders” marker.
Uncle Ofer also suggests that while the “Eruv Techumim” location is a permanent spot between two villages, the Sabbath boundary may move in time due to the expansion of the settlement. Therefore, the former custom was marked permanently on stone, while the latter was a temporary pile of wood or other types of makeshift markings. This theory makes the Sabbath marker in Timrat more likely to serve the allowance of walking between two villages rather than setting the limits within the village.
(d) Other Sabbath markers in the Holy Land?
In the Holy Land are two known cases where there could have been additional Sabbath markers.
The first one is in the Western Galilee, between Usha and Shefaram – both Jewish villages and places where the Sanhedrin (Jewish religious and administrative leadership) council was stationed during the 2nd century AD.
A detail of the inscription is seen below. The letters “CAB” seen below are considered as the prefix of the word CABAT – Shabbat. However, scholars argue on the meaning on these letters.
Another known case are the boundary inscriptions of Gezer, where 13 markers were found (so far) around the site. They all (but 2) read AΛKIOY (Alkios) in Greek letters, and “תחם גזר” in Hebrew: “the Boundary of Gezer.” Some scholars suggested that the boundary refers to the Sabbath perimeter, while others relate them to mark the city limits, which is more likely. The dating of these markers is probably during the Hellenistic/Hasmonean period.
Read more on the Gezer Boundary inscriptions.
We call the public to look for more such markers. Either by locating the possible boundaries of 2000 cubits around ancient Jewish Roman settlements, or between two villages for the Eruv Techumim custom.
Important archaeological finding – Kinneret Academic college – July 11, 2011 (Hebrew)
Timrat – Sabbath marking (Hebrew)
Horvat Qisi – “Al Attar”, Vol. 19, 2016, pp 5-23 [Z. Erlich and Y. Shivtiel (Hebrew, pdf ]
Other Sabbath stones?
Etymology (behind the name):
Nahalal – the source of the Biblical name is not clear, but may have based on the Canaanite name of the city that preceded the Israelites – maybe “Nahal”. In Hebrew “Nahal” may mean “managed” or “guided by” or “lkead by”. Thus the name may be interpreted as “guided by God”.
In Psalms 23: 2 (“He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters.”) the Hebrew word “Yenahaleni” is associated with herds and water, so the name may mean “led to the water”. The area is indeed rich in springs and may have been the source of the name.
Mahalul – the name of the Talmud/Mishna period Jewish town, preserved the Biblical name.
Ma’alul – the Arabic town, preserved the Jewish name.
Timrat – A new settlement west of Ma’Alul; named after the tree Tamar (Hebrew: palm tree). Initially it was a Kibbutz (est. 1947) called “Timorim”, which relocated to the south in 1954. In 1981 the site was re-established as a community settlement.
Other ancient sites close to the stone:
Ancient villages in the vicinity of the site:
- Tel Shimron – the Biblical site south west of the marker
- Nahalal – Mahalul – the Biblical site south east of the marker
- Horvat Qisi – 1km north of the Sabbath stone
BibleWalks.com – walk with us through the sites of the Holy Land
This page was last updated on June 6, 2018 (Added link to Qisi) | <urn:uuid:ede37db3-2b46-406b-a4d1-b9845c00e228> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.biblewalks.com/sabbathstone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.96205 | 3,290 | 3.265625 | 3 |
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Estimation of the Wing Lift Distribution of the STOL Experimental Aircraft, “ASKA”
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Published March 01, 1994 by SAE International in United States
Annotation ability available
We estimated the wing lift distribution from the ASKA's flight tests, utilizing the stress data of the wing and the horizontal tail fin 1). The wing lift distribution was estimated, by dividing the wing into three kinds of parts; the center wing part, the USB (Upper Surface Blowing) flap parts, and the outer wing parts.
The results are that the lift of the center wing part is relatively high in all configurations. Particularly, it is higher than the lift of the USB flap parts in the STOL* take off configuration and in the clean configuration.
The induced drag of a USB type powered lift STOL aircraft was calculated from the estimates of the wing lift distribution. The results were compared with an aerodynamics model drag estimated by flight test data.
CitationInokuchi, H., "Estimation of the Wing Lift Distribution of the STOL Experimental Aircraft, “ASKA”," SAE Technical Paper 940042, 1994, https://doi.org/10.4271/940042.
- Yazawa, K. et al. “Estimation of the Wing Lift Distribution of the STOL Experimental Aircraft, ‘ASKA’,” 29th JSASS aircraft symposium October 1991
- Bando, T. et al. “Some Topics of ASKA's Flight Test Results and its Future Plan,” SAE Technical Paper Series 872317 December 1987
- Yamato, H. et al. “Flight test of the Japanese USB STOL Experimental Aircraft ASKA,” AIAA,4th Flight Mechanics Conference, AIAA-88-2180 May 1988
- Mori, M. et al. “Quiet STOL Research Aircraft, ASUKA-Development and Flight Test,” ICAS Proceedings 1990
- Okada, N. et al. “The Current Status of the Flight Test of the ASKA,” SAE Technical Paper Series 881433 October 1988
- Sasaki, M. et al. “Installation and Operation of the FJR710 Engine in the NAL-QSTOL ‘ASKA’,” International Gas Turbine Congress Tokyo, Japan October 1987
- Maita, M. et al. “Development of the External Upper Surface Blowing Propulsive-Lift Device,” AIAA-80-1244 June-July 1980
- McPherson, R.L. “YC-14 Flight Test Results,” AIAA-77-1259 August 1977
- Wimpress, John K. “Upper Surface Blowing Technology as Applied to the YC-14 Airplane,” SAE Technical Paper Series 730916 October 1973
- Heald, Ervin R. “External Blowing Flap Technology on the USAF/McDonnell Douglas YC-15 (AMST) Program,” SAE Technical Paper Series 730915 October 1973
- Oka, T. et al. “The Data Acquisition system of the STOL Experimental Aircraft,” 23th JSASS air -craft symposium October 1985
- Yazawa, K. et al. “Radar Guidance by HUD for the STOL Experimental Aircraft ASKA,” IPAC Proceedings October 1991
- Inokuchi, H. et al. “Measurement of the Wing Pressure Distribution of the STOL Experimental Aircraft, ‘ASKA’,” 27th JSASS aircraft symposium October 1989
- Yanagizawa, M. “Calculations for Aerodynamic Characteristics on a 3-D Lifting Body in Subsonic Flow Using Boundary Element Method,” NAL TR-835 September 1984
- Abbot, Ira H. Von Doenhoff, Albert E. “Theory of Wing Sections,” Dover Publications, Inc. June 1958 | <urn:uuid:f3314577-938a-468c-9557-6fd8a0374a35> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/940042/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.860653 | 918 | 2.203125 | 2 |
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