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Diagnosis of facial asymmetry is routinely based on the analysis of patient' s facial photography by determining a symmetry plane and measuring linear and planar differences between the two hemifaces. As it is very difficult to evaluate facial asymmetry in small growing children from facial photography, constructing two mirror facial halves is one possibility of the assessment. However, the main drawback of this method is that facial photographs show a 3D structure in two dimensional perspective, the landmarks used to define the facial midline and to construct the symmetry plane can not be exactly defined, and thus, the precision of the method is highly questionable. PA involves irradiation risk and is therefore not appropriate to be used in small growing children. The use of three-dimensional method will be described to evaluate facial asymmetry in growing children.
Diagnose three-dimensional facial asymmetry in growing patients.
Define characteristics of facial asymmetry three-dimensionally.
Propose contemporary diagnostics of facial asymmetry in growing patients based on non-invasive stereophotogrammetry methodology. | <urn:uuid:8a1a3aff-e159-4ec9-92d5-16fd90e52a48> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://education.aaoinfo.org/aaoinfo/sessions/9223/view | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.932633 | 218 | 3.1875 | 3 |
A grain-arranged diamond wheel was developed and grinding performance of the wheel against aluminum alloys and titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V, has been investigated using various kinds of grinding fluid. Mirror finishing of aluminum alloys was successfully performed without grinding burn when emulsion-type grinding fluid with an extreme-pressure additive was used. When oil base lubricants or a fatty acid was supplied using a MQL supply unit, fine finishing could not be done. Mesh size of the grinding wheel had only a minor effect on surface roughness. When Ti6Al4V was ground by the developed wheel, an adhesion of work material on diamond grains occurred causing the finished surface to deteriorate. | <urn:uuid:56f01a30-0c20-4a12-a38e-c41b65d8b26d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.scientific.net/AMR.126-128.107 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00536-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964351 | 139 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Survey results suggest that half of the almost 1.5 million 2006 college graduates will end up being miserable and hating their jobs, according to a recent survey from The Conference Board. This is disturbing when considering the large amount of money and time that are invested in earning a college degree and choosing a job.
Further figures show that 50 percent of people in the workforce in America are not happy with their jobs.
According to Michael Spremulli, a corporate personality profiler, college speaker and CEO of The Chrysalis Corporation, there are keys to making the right job choice. College students usually receive little or no practical information from advisors about the selection of a major or about joining the workforce, so they may make choices and choose careers that result in them being unsuited for their choices.
Spremulli's company is a consulting firm that helps companies make the right choices in hiring. Based on his expertise with college students, he has developed a guide to help with this difficult individual decision - the Triple Crown of Success. He says, "A key solution is a student identifying their personal Triple Crown of Success early in their college experience. College students must be proactive and not wait around for some guidance counselor to take them by the hand through the process--it's not going to happen."
The theory could also be used by anyone trying to make a career choice. It is based on three elements-personality, abilities and motivators. "Each is equally important," he says, adding, "Once someone knows all 3 of their elements, discovering their ideal career path becomes incredibly easy."
Personality This is an important and basic part of the evaluation. The person must access how his personality will fit in the chosen field. For example, a shy person may not be happy in a job that requires a lot of social interaction with co-workers and may not be at ease dealing directly with clients, an area a more out-going person would enjoy. Is working alone, with few interruptions ideal, or are group projects preferable? Examine personality traits honestly.
Abilities What are you really good at and what do you enjoy? Are the strengths in writing, the computer, research, problem solving? It is much easier to perform in a job that capitalizes on strong points, so consideration must be given to these areas in the choice of jobs.
Motivation Spremulli states that motivation is the driving force in career happiness. Motivation is important because it "drives behavior" and people who are clear on what motivates them "are ahead of the pack to landing a job they are jazzed about." Motivation, be it money, power or personal growth, is what fuels behavior in every area of life, not only in a career. If the position taken is not in line with these motivators, career happiness is very difficult to obtain or sustain.
Salary is also an important part of any job choice, but it is not the most important consideration. There are two factors that consistently rank higher-job satisfaction and personal fulfillment. These two objectives must be given weight, if it is in choosing the entry level first job, or when deciding to switch jobs or even careers.
By giving careful examination to these key elements- personality, abilities, motivation- years of frustration and unhappiness may be avoided. There may not be a perfect job for everyone, but, hopefully, the chances will be in favor of finding a job you are "jazzed about".
Spremulli's http://findyouridealcareer.com/blog/category/figuring-out-what-motivates-you/ free podcast offers advice and students may call in for personal help and in his words, "It's like 'Car Talk' but for your career." | <urn:uuid:a3484b16-bc9c-477d-95ad-e28ad3d9f11f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.accountingweb.com/practice/team/half-of-all-college-grads-end-up-hating-their-job | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00241-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967902 | 770 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Hi, another question. My 5 yo daughter is typically a good 5 year old who is most of the time obedient and helpful. But she can be a little tricky sometimes. For example, if i'm accidentally micromanaging (usually because she dawdles), she will deliberately play dumb e.g pretend she doesn't understand what she has to do e.g pick up an obviously big piece right in front of her. At first I was confused, as she really acted very confused (great acting btw!)..then I realised she was doing it deliberately. Today, I told her to put the small piece of apple in her mouth, n then we can go down from the car. She was dawdling and eating it very slowly... She pretended she put the apple in her mouth n ate it up. Later when I took her out of the car, I realised she still had it in her hand. Now this seems like a rather small issue, but I was very cross because I'd felt deceived both yesterday and today. Is this kind of deception something I should not give a consequence for? (Because it's probably my fault for micromanaging). What would your advice be? | <urn:uuid:a4f0605c-26d0-45f7-83e4-7e4bf17260f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.parentguru.com/questions/view/11376 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.992474 | 245 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Wits Postgraduate Diploma in Occupational Health (PG DOH): Occupational Medicine
The Wits School of Public Health, in association with the National Institute for Occupational Health, offers a Postgraduate Diploma in Occupational Health (PG DOH) over two years part-time, with four, week long blocks per year, and examinations at the end of each year.
Who qualifies to study the PG DOH?
The PG DOH is for medical doctors in possession of an MBChB, MBBCh or equivalent qualification acceptable to the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) for registration as an independent medical practitioner in South Africa. The incumbent should be someone who works or intends to work in occupational health in the public or private sector. Students who complete the programme will have the theoretical knowledge and practical skills to work as occupational medicine practitioners, appointed under the Mine Health and Safety Act and the Occupational Health and Safety Act and the respective regulations.
The Wits PG DOH programme has five pillars which cover legislative, ethical and policy frameworks, occupational health services, common occupational diseases, toxicology and occupational hygiene.
The objectives of the PG DOH programme is for students to:
- Gain a holistic understanding of the comprehensive Occupational Health pathway from prevention of occupational diseases, through to diagnosis, medical surveillance, biological monitoring, fitness to work and compensation
- Highlight the role of the OMP in Occupational Health (and Safety) within a multidisciplinary dimension
- Consolidate knowledge on the legislative and policy frameworks within the business context at national, regional and global levels. | <urn:uuid:5b5a4426-79ea-4d22-b745-881d51a6ebe6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nioh.ac.za/teaching-training/diploma-in-occupational-health-doh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.913673 | 328 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Puskas's career was special because he was fortunate to play for one of the greatest ever national teams and one of the all-time great club sides.
He starred for the Mighty Magyars, the phenomenal Hungary side that played majestic football at the beginning of the 1950s, won gold at the 1952 Olympics, stunned the world when beating England 6-3 at Wembley and deserved to win the World Cup in 1954.
He was also an integral part of a legendary Real Madrid team, winning the European Cup three times and the Spanish title five times in a row.
Known as the Galloping Major, Puskas was a special player. He was never the greatest of athletes – stocky and under 5ft 8in tall – yet he possessed remarkable speed and an incredibly powerful shot. Puskas was able to build attacks and finish them himself, while his leadership qualities were undisputed.
Nurtured at Honved by his father, a former player himself and a brilliant coach, he immediately stood out thanks to his intelligence. Such was his potential that he made his first-team debut at the age of 16, and thrived from there on.
Hungary for goals
He started playing for the national team aged 18, and found the net on his debut. Naturally: Puskas always scored. He averaged more than a goal per game throughout his illustrious career, including 87 goals in 85 caps for Hungary.
Four of them came at the 1954 World Cup, when Puskas proudly wore the captain's armband and opened the scoring in the final against West Germany after only six minutes. But sadly he wasn’t fully fit for that match, after sustaining a hairline fracture against the same opponents in the group stage. Hungary lost the final 3-2 in a notable upset.
The political situation in his homeland caused Puskas even more trouble, however. After the revolution of 1956, he chose not to stay in Hungary and sought to continue his career abroad.
Unfortunately for him, a subsequent UEFA ban meant it was a further two years before he was able to represent Real Madrid. He finally joined at the age of 31 in 1958, but still became one of their most prolific scorers in history with 242 goals in 262 appearances. His partnership with Alfredo Di Stefano was truly breathtaking, but he outlasted the great Argentine, staying until 1966.
Spain became his second country, and Puskas even represented them at the 1962 World Cup, albeit without success. His legacy is cherished in both Budapest and Madrid, and his unique style, scoring record and longevity confirm his place as one of the greatest players in history.
Puskas scored four goals – all in the second half – in his only European Cup final appearance, as Real Madrid thrashed Eintracht Frankfurt 7-3 at Hampden Park in 1960. He'd missed the previous final in 1959 through injury, and didn't make the starting line-up as Madrid won the last trophy of his career in 1966.
100 to 91 • 90 to 81 • 80 to 71 • 70 to 61 • 60 to 51 • 50 to 41 • 40 to 31 • 30 to 21
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There was a problem. Please refresh the page and try again. | <urn:uuid:31e36cee-64e3-41f5-8289-36f70ed7a21f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/fourfourtwos-100-greatest-footballers-ever-no9-ferenc-puskas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.980794 | 770 | 1.5625 | 2 |
The deceased felines were discovered in Yonkers
Approximately 25 dead cats were found in plastic bags suspended from tree limbs in the New York City suburb of Yonkers Thursday morning.
Officials believe the cats were dead before they were tied up in the bags, as a live cat would likely be able to claw itself out of the enclosure. The cat corpses were in various states of decomposition, including some reduced to skeletal remains. Autopsies will be conducted on the animals, Lohud.com reports.
Officials said they often find dead animals dumped in the wooded area but rarely tied up in plastic bags and suspended from trees. There is no evidence the dead cats were used in any ritual or ceremony. | <urn:uuid:36b94f05-444a-4443-bf3d-f99d353bfc27> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://time.com/77413/dead-cats-trees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00218-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986009 | 144 | 2.046875 | 2 |
There are no colors that can be combined to achieve the color yellow. Yellow is a primary color. By definition, a primary color is a hue that cannot be created by mixing any other colors together.Continue Reading
There are three primary colors: red, blue and yellow. Primary colors are the building blocks of all other colors. Secondary colors are colors that can be created by mixing just primary colors. These include orange, purple and green.
The color yellow is often associated with the emotion of joy and happiness. It has a warming effect on moods and is the color of sunshine.Learn more about Colors | <urn:uuid:be658c7f-5ce2-462e-8f88-63382bb20d7d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.reference.com/science/colors-combine-make-yellow-9ce40b35fca146bd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00246-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970076 | 122 | 3.625 | 4 |
Growing plants is the ability of rising and developing plants and flowers as part of landscaping horticulture. The term is produced by the German term garden meaning “to flourish”. Each one has a single thing in popular, all of them seek to develop the standard of life for human beings and also other life points, though growing plants has many designs and varieties. Landscaping can be performed virtually everywhere on any shrub. Ornamental plants and flowers, sometimes called roses, are often developed for their stunning roses, tone, or any other appearance helpful plants, like fruits and vegetables, are produced as they are helpful for some reason or other, for most gardens. Plants are generally developed for yield, growth and harvest as well as for their shade, smell, other and appearance exclusive characteristics.
Garden features a substantial history, going back when it comes to early background. It is now a well known leisure activity and past time for folks across the world. The key attributes of landscaping are that it must be a fitness, a artistic leisure activity, a wonderful way to unwind and beautify one’s home, and a very good way to get ready to get a decent mealtime. Growing plants can be accomplished by anybody, irrespective of ability, which means you won’t ought to deliver your little one away and off to education to understand how to garden. If you wish to train a little human being about growing plants, it truly is a wonderful way to do exactly that, actually!
Horticulture delivers significant health advantages, both for the gardener as well as the plants. Landscaping not just rewards the gardener’s well being but will have a immediate good influence on the health and immunity process of those people who reside close to them. Gardening provides significant special discounts in strain, diminished blood pressure level as well as other heart conditions, reduced lung ailment hazards, reduced bronchial asthma episodes and lung irritation. Garden can be a great way to lessen heath care treatment prices, particularly for those who have recurring ailment or disabilities that make it hard or out of the question to enable them to have standard drugs or to do the job outside.
For people with youngsters that are energetic in sports activities or otherwise physically busy, gardening delivers an excellent way to help them to exercising jointly and reinforce their connection. Growing plants enables loved ones to economize on fuel and wear and tear in their vehicles, although giving them a chance to make wonderful blossoms for his or her home gardens. Numerous households with young children job extended hours and struggle to routine training outside of the time. They might continue to have top quality loved ones time, though lessening the number of strain a result of the day-to-day get back and forth from operate.
Landscaping can be achieved by a person with the appropriate resources, by building a simple backyard in the outdoor area. Essential growing plants equipment features a back garden hose, a potter’s wheel and equipment, and a variety of fertilizers and herbicides. Landscaping will be as intricate or basic as required, beginning with just one place and placing more plants and flowers as resources and interest let. A number of people commence with tiny home gardens and mature them up through a few years.
Several households realize that garden helps them reduce their risk of typical ailments for instance cardiovascular, asthma attack and having diabetes disease. Ingesting organic and natural fruits and veggies can help the digestive process which is beneficial to the defense mechanisms, lowering the hazards of many forms of cancer as well as other diseases. Several physicians assume that the physical demands related to landscaping cuts down anxiety, which unfortunately, has a favorable effect on the physical and mental wellness of those that get involved in growing plants. Gardening may additionally deliver a chance to fulfill new buddies and talk with nature, that is a contributive factor to the lowering of stress and anxiety.
You can find a second advantage to landscaping. Although many cities are banning sizeable-scope farming, there may be still a desire for this particular work in establishing countries around the world the place agriculture is simply not commercialized. During these areas, earth may not be likewise-watered as in america and The eu, and for that reason intensive gardening is required to keep up output and encourage the growth and development of plants. In producing countries, the usage of compounds is simply not prevalent, so brings may very well be lower nevertheless the crop generate is increased, that is an added advantage. Growing plants may be a worthwhile application by and helps to preserve the land and improve the healthiness of the farmers who improve the vegetation for meals.
Landscaping is a exciting and satisfying hobby which can be healthy for any physique as well as ecosystem if you would like to assist your local overall economy. You can buy all of your current garden apparatus from respected manufacturers on-line at lower price prices. This handy solution to expand your favourite roses, plants, flowers, many fruits, natural herbs and fruit and vegetables can be a fun way to commit your free time. Regardless of whether you reside in a very rural group or perhaps a city, pot gardening fits your needs.
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Proceed your quest to get more associated articles: | <urn:uuid:db354a6b-5868-4972-9dec-5caeeeceb71e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scrupdive.com/great-things-about-container-growing-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.960637 | 1,096 | 2.765625 | 3 |
From Dom Guéranger's The Liturgical Year.
The solemnity of Pentecost and its octave are over, and the progress of the liturgical year introduces us into a new period, which is altogether different from those we have hitherto spent. From the very beginning of Advent, which is the prelude to the Christmas festival, right up to the anniversary of the descent of the Holy Ghost, we have witnessed the entire series of the mysteries of our redemption; all have been unfolded to us. The sequel of seasons and feasts made up a sublime drama, which absorbed our very existence; we have but just come from the final celebration, which was the consummation of the whole. And yet we have gone through but one half of the year. This does not imply that the period we have still to live is devoid of its own special mysteries; but, instead of keeping up our attention by the ceaseless interest of one plan hurrying on to its completion, the sacred liturgy is about to put before us an almost unbroken succession of varied episodes, of which some are brilliant with glory, and others exquisite in loveliness, but each one of them bringing its special tribute towards either the development of the dogmas of faith or the furtherance of the Christian life. This year’s cycle will thus be filled up; it will disappear; a new one will take its place, bringing before us the same divine facts, and pouring forth the same graces on Christ’s mystical body.
This section of the liturgical year, which comprises a little more or a little less than six months according as Easter is early or late, has always had the character it holds at present. But, although it admits only detached solemnities and feasts, the influence of the movable portion of the cycle is still observable. It may have as many as twenty-eight or as few as twenty-three weeks. This variation depends not only upon the Easter feast, which may occur on any of the days between March 22 and April 25 inclusively, but also on the date of the first Sunday of Advent, which is the opening of a new ecclesiastical year, and is always the Sunday nearest the Kalends of December.
In the Roman liturgy the Sundays of this series go under the name of ‘Sundays after Pentecost.’ As we shall show in the next chapter, that title is the most suitable that could have been given, and is found in the oldest sacramentaries and antiphonaries, but it was not universally adopted even by those Churches which followed the Roman rite; in progress of time, however, that title became the general one. To mention some of the previous early names: in the Comes of Alcuin, which takes us back to the eighth century, we find the first section of these Sundays called ‘Sundays after Pentecost’; the second is named ‘weeks after the feast of the Apostles’ (post natale Apostolorum); the third goes under the title of ‘weeks after St. Laurence’ (post Sancti Laurentii); the fourth has the appellation of ‘weeks of the seventh month’ (September); and, lastly, the fifth is termed ‘weeks after St. Michael’ (post Sancti Angeli), and lasts till Advent. As late as the sixteenth century many missals of the western Churches gave us these several sections of the Time after Pentecost, but some of the titles varied according to the special saints honoured in the respective dioceses, whose feasts were taken as the date-marks of this period of the year. The Roman missal, published by order of St. Pius V, has gradually been adopted in all our Latin churches, and has restored the ancient denomination to the ecclesiastical season we have just entered upon; so that the only name under which it is now known amongst us is ‘the Time after Pentecost’ (post Pentecosten). | <urn:uuid:fed3a318-f079-4a79-8bec-80411dd9ddf8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fsspatl.com/liturgical-year/504-commentary-on-the-seasons/time-after-pentecost/3677-chapter-1-the-history-of-the-time-after-pentecost | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.971781 | 829 | 2.53125 | 3 |
CINCINNATI -- The National Weather Service has issued a Severe Thunderstorm Warning for the following counties until 5:15 p.m.
The National Weather Service has issued a Flood Advisory for the following counties until 7:30 p.m.
A Severe Thunderstorm Watch means atmospheric conditions are favorable for the development of severe thunderstorms.
A Severe Thunderstorm Warning means a severe thunderstorm has developed that is capable of producing hail greater than one inch in diameter and or 58 mph wind speeds.
A Tornado Watch means weather conditions are favorable for the development of severe thunderstorms that are capable of producing tornadoes.
A Tornado Warning means that a tornado has been sighted or indicated by weather radar and residents of the affected area should take shelter immediately.
Here are some helpful links to prepare for severe weather:
Download the WCPO Storm Shield app (storm-based alerts for life-threatening weather events) | <urn:uuid:7e03286d-21e9-4201-ad10-4a923b409c10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wcpo.com/weather/severe-thunderstorm-warning-may-20-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.925561 | 223 | 2.078125 | 2 |
By Shereen Siewert
Wausau Pilot & Review is part of a new student program that gives high school students the opportunity to learn marketable skills in the journalism field.
The journalism program allows students to learn about best reporting practices, interviewing skills, data-based reporting and other skills while mentoring with area news organizations. Students can build a portfolio of published stories, podcasts or photo essays that can help them in college applications and beyond, while being paid for their work.
“We want to attract youth who are interested in writing about topics of interest to them and their communities, while also promoting civic engagement,” said Eric Giordano, executive director of the Wisconsin Institute for Public Policy and Service, which launched the Student Journalism Program with these media partners:
- Door County Daily News
- Wausau Daily Herald
- Wausau Pilot and Review
- WSAU News/Talk 550 AM, 95.1 FM, 99.9 FM
- WXPR Public Radio, 91.7 Rhinelander, 91.9 Wausau, 100.9 Iron County
Each media outlet has a unique training program that pairs students with their publishing needs.
Students chosen for Wausau Pilot & Review will receive free online training from the Poynter Institute and will learn how to evaluate and verify information, fact check, obtain and understand public records, and use data in storytelling. Podcasting instruction will be offered for interested students, who will be eligible to receive payment for completed story assignments on publication.
For complete details on this student program, and how you can get involved, click here.
For a printable brochure, click here. | <urn:uuid:d0ae10f0-16c3-4463-a073-e72c26095a13> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wausaupilotandreview.com/2020/07/13/student-journalism-program-trains-youth-who-get-published-paid-for-writing-stories/?fbclid=IwAR22Lsa_3qHsZY2M6jfg1zLEQ8J065wlqNlV0SDock19rKc_ZbxZo9ALNN4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.931772 | 344 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2022-08-01 Origin: Site
With the in-depth study of protein and amino acid nutrition, people have gradually realized the importance of peptide nutrition. Protein degradation in the animal intestines must be to free amino acid or small molecular peptides can be absorbed by the intestines. The absorption of small molecular peptides in total fodder plays an important role in the absorption of protein. Its absorption use not only in the digestion, absorption and metabolism of amino acids play a crucial role, but also in maintaining the animal's intestinal health, the body's immune function is of great significance.
Absorption mechanisms of small molecule peptides
The protein digestion and absorption of traditional theory, the protein within the lumen, generated by trypsin and chymotrypsin role of free amino acids and oligopeptide (2 ~ 6 amino acid residues), oligopeptide under the action of peptide enzyme was hydrolyzed into free amino acid, and enter the blood circulation in the form of free amino acid, protein is amino acid nutrition. But as people to the research of protein digestion, absorption and metabolism of rules, the theory of protein digestion, absorption, gradually formed a new point of view, the protein within the lumen of the hydrolysis product, in addition to the amino acid, there are some small molecular peptide, and small molecular peptides and free amino acid is absorbed by the intestinal mucosa and transfer into the circulation of the blood.
Newey and Smith (1960) first presented a convincing argument that oligopeptides can be fully absorbed, and people gradually accepted the idea that peptides can be directly absorbed and utilized by animals. Since then, the transport mechanism of oligopeptides in animals has been studied extensively. These studies suggest that there may be a variety of oligopeptide transport systems in animals. The transport modes of oligopeptides in different animal species may be different, and the same animal species may have concentrated different transport modes of oligopeptides.
i. Absorption mechanism of small peptide in monogastric animals
The protein in the diet in the animal after A series of enzymes in the digestive tract, degradation into free amino acid (FAA) and oligopeptide (OP), one of the oligopeptides in the small intestine chorionic brush border by aminopeptidase A and aminopeptidase N, eventually to the free amino acid (FAA) and the form of small molecular peptide (SP) is absorbed by animals. The transport mechanism of small peptides may have the following three forms.
A pH dependent H+-Na+ exchange transport system that does not consume ATP.
Active transport processes, which depend on hydrogen or calcium concentrations, require ATP consumption, and this mode of transport is inhibited in the presence of hypoxia or the addition of metabolic inhibitors.
Glutathione (GSH) transport system. It was found that the transmembrane transport of GSH was related to the concentration gradients of Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+ and Mn2+, but not to the concentration of H+.
ii. Absorption mechanisms of small molecule peptides in ruminants
Unlike monogastric animals, the absorption of small peptides in ruminants can be divided into mesenteric and non-mesenteric systems. Small molecule peptides absorbed by jejunum, colon, ileum and cecum enter the mesenteric system. However, small peptides absorbed by the rumen, reticulum, omomasum, abomasum and duodenum enter the non-mesenteric system. The non-mesenteric system is the main pathway of small molecule peptide absorption. The absorption of small peptides by ruminants occurs either in the form of passive diffusion or in the form of active transport mediated by carriers.
iii. Characterization of small peptide transporters
At present, at least five kinds of small molecule peptide transporters have been found in animals, among which PepT1 and PepT2 are the most widely studied vectors. Both PepT1 and PepT2 are members of the proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT) family. PepT1 is a low affinity, high capacity peptide carrier, mainly expressed in the digestive tract, but also weakly expressed in the kidney. Pe pT2 is a high affinity, low capacity peptide vector, mainly expressed in the kidney. The factors affecting the transport of small molecule peptide transporters are as follows:
i). Nutrient level. Malnutrition will significantly affect the absorption of small peptides by animals.
ii). Insulin. Insulin promotes the transport of dipeptide by PepT1. Insulin mobilizes PepT1 stored in the cytoplasmic pool, thereby increasing the amount of PepT1 and thus the transport of dipeptide.
iii). The intracellular cAMP level can inhibit the transport of small peptides. Small molecule peptides combined with different carboxyl fatty acids can significantly increase the hydrophobicity of the substrate, thus increasing the affinity of PepT1. In addition, circular dipeptide can be transported more efficiently and stably than linear dipeptide.
Factors affecting the release and absorption of small peptides
i. Factors affecting the release of small peptides
i). The content and quality of dietary protein. The activity of intestinal brush border peptidase increased when animals were fed diets with high protein content. The activity of peptidase and the absorption of peptide were decreased when the diet was fed with low protein or no protein. During digestion, the quantity and proportion of small molecule peptides formed are also related to the quality of dietary protein. Protein with balanced amino acids can produce more small molecule peptides. Poor quality protein produces a large number of free amino acids and a small number of large molecular weight peptide fragments. Not only the proportion of amino acids in the diet affects the release of small peptides, but also the type of amino acids. It was found that the release of protein peptide was positively correlated with the available lysine.
ii). Processing and storage conditions. Processing and storage conditions are important factors affecting the release of small molecular peptides during protein digestion. It was found that the peptide release of soybean meal after heating or long-term storage was only 63% of that of fresh soybean meal with high available Lys content. The reason may be that Maillard reaction occurs, which makes the peptide bond between Lys residue and its adjacent amino acid residue difficult to break, thus affecting the digestibility of protein. In vitro hydrolysis experiments showed that the small molecule peptides released from steamed meat were less, while frozen, dried or fresh meat released more small molecule peptides.
iii). Protease in digestive tract. Protein ingested by animals is hydrolyzed by proteases in the digestive tract to produce peptides and free amino acids. Trypsin and hydroxypeptidase act only on peptide bonds composed of the carboxyl groups of lysine and arginine; Pepsin hydrolyzes several different peptide bonds and degrades most proteins into polypeptides and a few amino acids. In different intestinal segments, lumen and intestinal cells, the amount, relative proportion and activity of these enzymes are different, which affect the release of small-molecule peptides to different degrees.
ii. Factors affecting the absorption of small peptides
i). Protein quality in feed
During digestion, the amount and proportion of peptides formed are related to protein quality. The results show that protein can be easily hydrolyzed into oligopeptides with low molecular weight and large quantity in the diet with high balanced content of essential amino acids. But the essential amino acid deficiency, the imbalanced feed protein produces the quantity small, the molecular mass large peptide fragment. Animal proteolysis produces a higher proportion of small molecule peptides, while plant proteolysis produces more free amino acids, and the release of small molecule peptides is directly proportional to the content of available basic amino acids (such as lysine).
ii). Physical and chemical properties of small peptide
One is the length of the peptide chain. Current studies suggest that dipeptides and tripeptides can be fully absorbed, but whether oligopeptides above tripeptides can be fully absorbed remains controversial. Two is the configuration. In general, L-type is more easily absorbed than D-type, and neutral amino acid residue configuration is more easily absorbed than acidic and basic amino acid residue configuration peptide. The third is the affinity of small molecule peptide and carrier. Peptides composed of hydrophobic amino acids with large side chains are easier to absorb, while hydrophilic peptides with small charged molecules are more difficult to absorb.
iii). Feed processing and storage conditions
Processing and storage conditions are important factors affecting the proportion of small molecular peptides released to free amino acids during protein digestion. The Maillard reaction during protein processing and storage also has a certain effect on the absorption of small molecule peptides.
iv). The physiological state of an animal
The physiological state and metabolic changes of the animal can also affect the absorption of small peptides. Animals have different ability to utilize small molecule peptides at different growth stages. Age, health status and so on will affect the absorption and utilization of small molecule peptides.
v). Metabolic regulatory factor
Recent studies have shown that small peptides are not only substrates for protein metabolism, but also important physiological regulators. Such as growth hormone, stimulant and other regulatory factors can be directly as neurotransmitter, but also indirectly stimulate the secretion of intestinal receptor hormone or enzyme and play a role. Similarly, metabolic changes of growth hormones, stimulants and other regulatory factors will in turn affect the efficiency of protein utilization.
vi). Use of protective agents
Since there is non-mesenteric absorption of peptides in ruminants, and peptides can be used by rumen microorganisms and tissues, the absorption of small molecule peptides can be changed by adding protective agents. The rumen peptide concentration increased by 19.69% after adding sodium acetate in Hu sheep diet. When ionophore was added to goat diet, peptide protection in the rumen was increased by 20%, and the overall nitrogen digestibility was also significantly improved.
In recent years, great progress has been made in the study of oligopeptides. As mentioned above, the absorption mechanism of small peptides plays an important role in the utilization of proteins by animals. This mechanism allows the absorption of amino acids faster than the degradation to free amino acids for reabsorption, thus improving the utilization of protein in animals. In addition, some oligopeptides can be used as physiological active substances, which can be directly absorbed by animals and participate in physiological function and metabolic regulation of animals. Therefore, the absorption of small peptides is of great importance to animals. | <urn:uuid:a1b4ec75-cce9-4783-8cf1-d6ea97b68816> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.realclearbio.com/learn-small-molecule-peptide-nutrient-absorption-mechanism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.916495 | 2,297 | 2.75 | 3 |
Generation X and older millennials came of age in the 1990s and early 2000s, a time of ecstasy, Lil’ Kim, Sex and the City, and sex-positive feminism. It was not an era free of misogyny, but still, there was a sense that sex was something women enjoyed, not simply endured or navigated. They are arguably the first North American cohort to be steeped from puberty onward in a culture that allowed for the idea that women might be entitled to, and entitled to be public about, their own sexuality.
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These women are also the first to reach maturity in the age of Viagra, which initiated a cultural revolution when it first hit the market, in 1998. Former presidential candidate Bob Dole went on TV and made it okay to talk about impotence—which had been given a new, less stigmatizing name: “erectile dysfunction.” Sales of Viagra (sildenafil citrate) hit nearly $2 billion (US) annually by 2008. Viagra normalized both public discussion of sexual function in old age and the idea that medical science could provide a lifetime of satisfying sex.
Now, Gen X women are in or approaching menopause, with all its attendant complications—which, for many, includes the loss of the sexual desire and arousal they have always taken for granted. They are also starting to be more vocal about the toll that vanishing sex drives and medical indifference are taking—and to demand better. The force of these demands, and growing interest in the field from medical researchers, many of whom are themselves women of this generation, is spurring a new and far more nuanced understanding of sexuality and of what may be happening when desire goes missing.
Diminishing sexual desire (an interest in sex) and arousal (the physical changes that happen when we are turned on) are difficult to understand and diagnose: there is no single cause, and it is not one type of thing. Diminished desire and arousal can be traced to everything from the physiological changes of menopause to the stress and lack of sleep that often characterize a busy mid-life to iron deficiency to the side effects of prescription drugs.
This can make it difficult for doctors to even know how to begin isolating why a woman may be experiencing frustrating changes in her desire. Doctors are not often deeply educated about the subject—nor is there a formal medical specialty dedicated to its study—and many do not take the loss of libido seriously. The lack of care is further compounded for transgender and nonbinary people, whose experiences are not generally included in the medical research that does exist about desire. Solutions for women are, correspondingly, difficult to come by. The few treatments that do exist are confusing, costly, ineffective, and in some cases, potentially harmful. Many GPs advise women to seek out sex therapy, which—though it includes some of the most research-supported approaches available—may or may not be appropriate for their particular situations, is difficult to access, and is not a well-regulated field of practice.
Distressingly low desire or arousal—that is, desire or arousal that are significantly lower than one wishes—is the most prevalent sexual complaint among women. As many as 40 percent of women experience low desire, and up to 10 percent are distressed enough for it to be a diagnosable condition, called female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD). The problem isn’t isolated to any particular demographic—it affects single women as well as those in decades-long marriages, queer women as well as straight women, nonbinary and trans people as well as cis women—and it becomes more common after menopause: a 2018 survey of Canadians in mid-life in The Journal of Sexual Medicine found postmenopausal women much more likely to report low desire.
The effect on quality of life can be profound. One study of 1,100 women found lack of desire comparable to the toll of chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma, or hypertension. These women were also more likely to experience depression.
Some women are so frustrated by the limited options available to them that they are trying anything—including unproven remedies. A recent study of women with pelvic pain (one of the major, oft-ignored factors that rob women of desire) found that half were using a cannabis product such as CBD oil for relief and that, of those who weren’t, 80 percent wanted to try one. One woman I interviewed for this article told me that she and her husband want to try the psychoactive Amazonian plant ayahuasca as a “reset.” On the internet, topical creams with questionable ingredients are available. Some Canadian providers even offer women the “O-Shot,” a clitoral injection purported to boost arousal that is not recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
“That’s what happens when medicine has these gaps,” says OB-GYN Jen Gunter. “These voids get filled by people who are offering an easy solution.” Her 2021 book, The Menopause Manifesto, which includes chapters on libido and vulval health, argues that women deserve better. Gunter is on a mission to banish stigma and misinformation around menopause and women’s health, and she says women today are more open about sexuality and hungry for real facts. “The more the words are spoken, the less mystifying it is.”
The study of women’s sexual disorders is still in its infancy, long dwarfed by the brighter spotlight on men’s sexual health. A huge market would exist for an effective medication for low desire in women. But, while drug companies have touted one-size-fits-all fixes, experts such as Gunter say there is no single solution to lower desire because there isn’t one single problem.
Change hovers on the horizon. Mindfulness-based therapies developed at the University of British Columbia (UBC) have had the most clinically significant results, in part because of their ability to ease not just low desire but many of its causes, such as stress. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, a small research company called Emotional Brain says two of its drugs in development could usher in a new “personalized approach” to low libido. The hope is that we are on the cusp of a greater understanding not just that women are entitled to their desire but that pop culture and politics are not enough to secure it—that, to truly support women and their sexualities throughout their lives, we need to learn more, to research more creatively, and to develop a full range of treatments to address desire in all its complexities.
Viagra’s success at the turn of the twenty-first century kicked off a gold rush to cash in on a female version. On the one hand, this ignited some much-needed research on women’s sexual disorders. But the “little blue pill” skewed expectations of what a solution for sexual challenges could or should look like.
The science of women’s sexualities has always been shaped by cultural forces, whether prurience about the notion of women having desire in the first place or the tendency to use men’s sexualities as a benchmark. Until the mid-twentieth century, physicians generally believed that women naturally had less desire for sex. Then, the human sexual-response cycle developed by sex researchers William Masters and Virginia Johnson asserted that the way men’s and women’s bodies responded to arousal was similar. The publication of their book, Human Sexual Response, in 1966, was a breath of fresh air for feminists tired of patriarchal norms that said women simply did not, and should not, enjoy sex as much as men did. But the influential model—particularly its 1977 update by researcher Helen Singer Kaplan, which emphasized desire—dictated that desire looked exactly the same for women and men: it arose spontaneously, triggering sexual activity and physical arousal, then a plateau, then a single orgasm. As traditionally understood by medical science, desire leads to sexual activity, which in turn produces increasing arousal.
We now know that map isn’t quite right—it may capture what the experience is like for some women, some of the time, but it certainly isn’t the whole story. For decades, however, it sent researchers astray, and that confusion shaped theories of what an approach to low desire required. It should go without saying that, if you’re designing treatments to rev up women’s sex drives, it helps to understand how those sex drives work.
In 2001, UBC psychiatrist Rosemary Basson published a paper that shared what she saw in her patients: although a small group of women felt desire spontaneously, it was more common for women to feel physically aroused and even begin sexual touching first, and then feel desire. The traditional sequence was reversed.
Basson’s paper described a nonlinear, “responsive” model of female desire: women often begin by being open to sexual talk or touching, which in turn helps them get aroused and then generates desire, which makes them decide to continue. She argues that women pressuring themselves to feel spontaneously “in the mood”—to have desire first—without enough time or stimuli to help them get there, produces anxiety that, ironically, quashes desire. While the responsive model has been characterized as saying women have sex “in response” to their male partners’ advances, Basson has said that’s a misunderstanding—and many men have responsive desire too.
Women’s arousal, too, may work differently than has long been believed. From a physiological standpoint, arousal is a blood-flow event: increased blood flow to the pelvis readies our bodies for sex. Less blood flow equals less arousal. Simple, right? Yet even this basic description has become dotted with asterisks by newer research. Canadian sex researcher Meredith Chivers’s surprising studies at Queen’s University have shown that a rush of blood to the pelvis is sometimes just . . . blood flow. That is, it isn’t necessarily correlated with desire. An increase in vaginal blood flow doesn’t always mean one feels subjectively turned on or is even particularly aware of any sensation.
All that is just the physiology of sex, which researchers are still learning about. (The internal clitoris was only fully mapped in 2005.) When it comes to subjective sexual experience—why desire, arousal, and release feel the way they do—there is even more we don’t know.
Most of sex, and 100 percent of the enjoyment of sex, takes place in the brain, an overwhelmingly complex organ and one that is notoriously difficult to study. Researchers have begun to explore the importance of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the sexual response cycle, but measuring these in the human brain and creating a precise model of what they’re up to during sex is a major challenge, says Lori Brotto, UBC’s Canada Research Chair in Women’s Sexual Health. (This may be why loss of arousal is among the common side effects of some antidepressants that affect serotonin.)
The complexity of sexuality thus makes low desire vexing to fix. The situation becomes even more complicated during the menopause transition, when multiple changes can impact sexuality. The body’s production of estrogen and other sex hormones wanes, but the effect of this on desire isn’t direct. Lower estrogen levels can reduce the flow of blood to the pelvis, causing the genitourinary syndrome of menopause, which means less lubrication and tissue changes that can cause dryness, irritation, pain, and diminished sensation. All of that can shut down desire for sex. Luckily, says Gunter, hormonal creams and estrogen tablets can work to restore blood flow and ease these symptoms; she calls them equivalent to a Viagra for women. But lowered estrogen also produces hot flashes, waking women multiple times at night. Lack of sleep is a huge indirect desire killer that is often missed by doctors, she says. “For many women, the menopause transition can trigger a mild depression, and depression can affect your libido,” she adds. “So you have to think about this as a whole-body, whole-mind, whole-cultural-experience thing.”
Other changes in menopause can include decreased muscle mass in the pelvic floor, especially in the levator ani, the muscles that contract during an orgasm. Physiotherapy and exercises can help in these cases.
It’s important for GPs to be better educated about these basics, says Gunter, since they’re typically women’s first point of contact in their quest for help. The differential diagnosis should look widely at a person’s life. “Is it estrogen in the tissues? Is it your pelvic floor muscles not contracting? Is it a relationship problem? Is it the fact that you’ve been stuck at home because of the pandemic with three kids?”
“We are not simply beings that respond to hormones,” Gunter says. “We are far more complex than that.” Consider testosterone cream, a drug sometimes prescribed to women with low interest in sex, with side effects and mixed results. Studies have failed to establish a clear relationship between the hormones in our blood and the desire we feel in our bodies—meaning you can have high natural testosterone and still have low desire. In a 2010 study by UBC’s Basson and others comparing blood levels of androgens (such as testosterone) in a group of women with clinically low desire and in a group with no sexual dysfunction, few significant differences were found.
It’s also important to ask a patient what she means by low desire, says Gunter. It’s normal to have ebbs and flows in desire over a relationship spanning decades. “This idea that you’re going to have exactly the same libido throughout your whole lifespan is a very destructive message,” she says, alongside the images we see on TV of (still mostly heterosexual) lust: women and men embracing at exactly the same time, desire perfectly choreographed.
Given that there is no single biological cause for low desire, and given how partial our understanding of sexuality still is, it should be no surprise that attempts at finding a one-size-fits-all cure have failed. Many of the drugs we do have were discovered by accident. Viagra was supposed to be an angina drug. Flibanserin (marketed under the name Addyi), the only pill on the market for female low desire, was supposed to be an antidepressant. “The pharmaceutical companies have tripped over these things,” says Stephen Holzapfel, who founded the Sexual Medicine Counselling Unit at Women’s College Hospital.
These drugs have all faced criticism. Flibanserin, which received US approval in 2015 after a media campaign by its maker, Sprout Pharmaceuticals (Health Canada approved it in 2018), has been criticized by doctors because it must be taken daily, patients must curtail alcohol intake to use it, and it produces, at most, only one more satisfying sexual event per month over placebo—in exchange for a risk of unsexy side effects such as dizziness and nausea. (Sprout did not respond to requests for comment.) Bremelanotide, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2019 for the treatment of low desire in premenopausal women, must be injected into the leg at least forty-five minutes before sex—not sexy either—and side effects may include nausea, headaches, or vomiting. In testing, some subjects preferred a placebo. Robert Jordan, a senior vice president of Palatin, the maker of bremelanotide, counters that no one in its drug trials dropped out because of the injection and that side effects wear off quickly.
Viagra also made it seem as though quick and effective treatment for sexual dysfunction is the norm and women are, as always, the unlucky exception. That’s not true. Patient data have long shown drug companies’ well-kept secret: Viagra has a high dropout rate. Almost half of men taking phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors like Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis quietly stop refilling their prescriptions after one year, according to a comprehensive review of multiple studies published in 2016 in the journal Andrology. Reasons cited included lack of efficacy, side effects, and “marital problems”—in other words, sexual complexities that a pill couldn’t fix.
The notion that men always have strong sex drives despite emotional, psychological, or relationship factors and only require a boost to their hydraulics just isn’t true, says Sarah Hunter Murray, a Winnipeg therapist and the author of the 2019 book Not Always in the Mood: The New Science of Men, Sex, and Relationships. “I see the men that Viagra doesn’t work for,” she says. “Viagra is not a desire drug at all,” says Holzapfel. It’s an arousal drug: it boosts blood flow to the pelvis. That’s it. Sometimes, that sensation of blood flowing can spur feelings of desire. But, in many cases, an erection by itself doesn’t address the deeper desire issues that many men find it hard to talk about.
Viagra’s barrage of marketing, then, may have set up a mythical standard of what to expect in a drug for women: a pharmaceutical bypass for sex’s complexities and insecurities. Hearing Big Pharma’s line that men have a cure but women don’t, Gunter says, can compound women’s distress.
Lori Brotto does research with the urgency of someone trying to make up for lost time. Women’s concerns have long been excluded from medicine in general. “Up until the year 2000, women weren’t even included routinely in clinical trials” for heart or diabetes drugs, says Brotto, the director of UBC’s influential Sexual Health Laboratory. Sexuality has also been sidelined. “We haven’t known as much, scientifically, about sex function, especially desire, for men and women until really the last thirty years,” says Holzapfel.
You might imagine that a condition both multifaceted and widespread in the population would attract a proliferation of specialists similar to those who study nutrition or sports medicine. Yet the number of professionals truly qualified to treat complex sexual health issues is low. Studying sexuality, particularly in women, has never been a priority in Western medicine owing to deep-seated biases and doctors’ discomfort. “We don’t have a formal specialty called sexual medicine” in Canada or, indeed, in most places in the world, says Holzapfel. For example, while there is an organization, the Board of Examiners in Sex Therapy and Counselling in Ontario (BESTCO), that certifies Ontario sex therapists, membership is voluntary. A list of sex therapists certified by BESTCO shows only fifty-one for the entire province, most clustered in Toronto. That’s one for approximately every 291,000 people. (By contrast, according to the Canadian Medical Association, there are 835 OB-GYNs in the province.)
Until recently, Brotto says, medical research in this area has also been constrained. “Because pharmaceutical companies were the primary source of funding for research, it really steered the kinds of questions that got asked,” she says. The lion’s share of funding has gone to drug trials rather than to psychological or sex education treatments or even to testing how to combine new drugs with therapy, she says. Her own research focuses attention elsewhere: she’s interested in how a woman’s overall state of mind might affect her ability to experience arousal.
On the basis of her research, Brotto has developed a mindfulness-based sex therapy, which she hopes will both give women a more holistic approach to their sexualities and, by being something they can do on their own (an at-home guide will be out next year, and an online video series is in the works), expand access to care.
Diana Firican is one of the women Brotto has worked with: she participated in eight weeks of mindfulness-based therapy, part of a five-year randomized controlled study designed to test whether a mindfulness-based approach would be more effective than existing approaches to sex therapy. One group received sex education along with traditional group therapy; Firican’s group learned mindfulness-based techniques as well as the sex ed.
The sex ed, which included learning about responsive desire, helped; Firican loved knowing she could start having sex for nonsexual reasons, or “start from zero desire,” she said. But mindfulness, by helping focus attention first on the breathing, then on the whole body, and then on genital sensations, resulted in sexual feelings intensifying as distracting thoughts fell away. The key is not just noticing but fully accepting each sensation exactly as it is, a mindfulness skill called “equanimity.” As women notice more pleasant sensations, desire to have sex increases because there is more incentive to do so. The mindfulness group also saw greater reductions in distress and rumination and more relationship satisfaction. This held for up to a year after the therapy ended.
Gunter, who says Brotto’s therapies should be among FSIAD’s first-line treatments, nevertheless understands why all these steps might be frustrating. “You wait four months to see your GP and then you get in and they ask you about your sleep and they ask you about your depression, and you’re like, Ugh . . . . It’s hard for people to understand how something like talk therapy or mindfulness-based practices can improve this big problem. You know what you need for a big problem? You need a high-powered drug or an injection or a surgery.”
Mindfulness-based therapy is showing promise for many—in particular, for those who experience lowered desire due to stress, distraction, or distress related to physical health and for those who aren’t sure what the cause is. Those who don’t see improvement after trying mindfulness or talk therapies and who have ruled out other factors such as vulval changes and general health issues may still benefit from medication, says Gunter. This is especially true if researchers can refine their approaches and target drugs to the specific causes that underlie FSIAD.
If women ever do get a libido pill, Kim van Rooij may have something to do with it. In her job as a GP in Amsterdam, she often sees patients with sexual difficulties. As a researcher, she has been working on a treatment with huge market potential.
“I think the mistake [pharmaceutical companies] make is that they want to develop something for all women,” she says. “That’s not possible.” Until recently, Van Rooij was chief medical officer of Emotional Brain, which has developed two separate desire drugs—with the working names Lybrido and Lybridos—tailored to what its researchers believe are two subtypes of sexual brain chemistry. Although phase-two trials were promising and the drugs were initially expected to come to market in 2016, the company hit difficulty attracting funding for costly, much larger phase-three trials that would involve thousands of subjects in multiple countries. Emotional Brain is now in the process of being sold, and the new owners will be moving ahead with those more expensive trials.
Taking Lybrido or Lybridos would go like this: patients struggling with low desire would get a blood test. It would reveal whether they have a genetic predisposition to be sensitive to some of the neurotransmitters and hormones that play key roles in regulating pleasure, desire, and sexual satisfaction—oxytocin, androgens, and serotonin, respectively. Based on the results, they would get a prescription for either Lybrido or Lybridos—on the theory that each drug will be more effective if it’s targeted to the right kind of brain chemistry. Both drugs are taken on-demand, just like Viagra, and take effect within a few hours. Both have a coating containing a tiny quantity of testosterone to induce a heightened sensitivity to sexual feelings and suggestions.
If the pill is Lybrido, what’s beneath the coating is the drug sildenafil citrate (that is, the medication marketed as Viagra), which would send blood flow to the pelvis at the same time. The interplay of these drugs would work for about half of patients with FSIAD—those with less sexual sensitivity. “The first group of women don’t have as much sensitivity to oxytocin or androgens,” says Van Rooij. “They never flirt. If they see a very attractive person, they don’t think about sex.”
For roughly the other half, however, taking Lybrido would be an extreme turnoff. The failure of an early trial led to this discovery. Researchers were testing Lybrido on a pilot group when they noticed some women responding worse to the new drug than to placebo. “And then they looked at the interviews,” says Van Rooij. The screening interviews with participants who reacted negatively revealed histories of sexual abuse.
In a separate study of women without histories of sexual trauma, Van Rooij recalls, company researchers scanned women’s brains to see how they responded to the medication and found that, while they had expected testosterone to activate the limbic system in most women, for some, it instead activated the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in inhibition. They hypothesized that a subtype of people with FSIAD were perfectly sensitive to testosterone but also had strong inhibitory reactions—an overactive serotonin system, which is involved in telling the brain you’ve had enough of something and it’s time to stop.
“It’s not only sexual abuse but people who had a very strict [upbringing], with parents who never told them about sex, or there was always a taboo,” Van Rooij says. “Their first boyfriend or girlfriend experience was not what they expected it to be. Those kinds of experiences you take with you, of course, to other sexual activities.” This group would be prescribed Lybridos (a placeholder name which will be changed to prevent confusion, says Van Rooij), which has the same testosterone coating but with a very small dose of the antianxiety medication buspirone underneath.
Less serotonin during the testosterone’s active window would take the foot off the brain’s “brakes,” according to the dual-control model of desire, which Lybridos is based on. It’s the theory that much of human behaviour, including sex, depends on balancing excitatory and inhibitory patterns in the brain. Sex educator Emily Nagoski has described desire as having gas and brake pedals. We often focus on our turn-ons, trying to hit the gas harder, but equally important to desire is eliminating what turns us off, like stress or distractions.
Not all women with low desire have experienced sexual violence. But desire difficulties may be more common in those who develop PTSD, according to a study by Brotto and sexual health researcher Julia O’Loughlin in 2020. It found that women with low desire were significantly more likely than a control group to meet criteria for having ptsd even though people in both groups had experienced comparable traumatic life events.
The idea of a pill that could soften the body’s learned resistance to sex, whether from sexual trauma or just the general anti-aphrodisiac of being a woman navigating the world’s dangers and judgments, invites obvious reasons to be uncomfortable. Would women be pressured into taking it by partners? Would they pressure themselves into taking it?
Ultimately, the ideal course of treatment will involve choosing from a suite of options, personalized to the individual.
Lybridos works only if taken under the tongue—it wouldn’t work if dropped in someone’s drink, so it couldn’t be used as a date-rape drug, says Van Rooij. Nor does it have mind-altering effects: taking the medication would, if it worked, increase desire for something that a woman wanted—it wouldn’t make her amenable to something she didn’t. It would still be important to have frank conversations about potentials for partner pressure if these drugs came to market. Yet, with some women already turning to cannabis, wine, MDMA, or other ways of self-medicating in order to achieve the relaxation required to give pleasure a chance, a medically researched alternative would be welcome.
Ultimately, says Brotto, the ideal remedy for distress about desire will not be just one pill or one mindfulness technique for all, because these struggles don’t manifest in the same way for everyone. The ideal course of treatment would involve choosing from a suite of options, personalized to the individual.
Gunter isn’t sure if a game-changing pharmaceutical treatment for desire is in the cards or if desire is too complex to be addressed with medication. “Would it be good for us to have more solutions for people? I think so! Because the ones we have aren’t really very good. But I don’t know if that’s because there isn’t a medical option for that, if it’s a far more complex thing, or if there is a medical option and we haven’t come upon the research yet to shine a light on it.”
And, even if we did find a new pill, bigger-picture cultural change would still be needed. “I think the biggest thing that could be changed is at the ground level, everyone having a better understanding about normal sexual functioning,” Gunter says. “So often I hear people say, ‘There’s no female Viagra.’ Well, no, actually, there is. Taking estrogen in menopause is the same as taking Viagra. Estrogen increases blood flow to the tissues. It improves how the tissues can function. Viagra just improves how the penis can function. It doesn’t change libido. So I think it’s important that we make sure that people are also having the right conversations.” | <urn:uuid:65aabef2-6229-4329-adbb-8a22918ddb5b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thewalrus.ca/what-women-still-want/?utm_source=pocket&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=pockethits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.96163 | 6,395 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Scientific Name: Cynomys ludovicianus
A mega-sized prairie dog settlement, spreading 100 miles in one direction and 250 miles in the other, was discovered in 1900 in Texas with approximately 400 million prairie dogs in residence!
During their expedition to the Pacific Northwest, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark first saw prairie dogs when they entered South Dakota and were captivated by them, calling them “barking squirrels” in their numerous journal entries.
STATUS: The prairie dog population in North America has dropped by 98% since the turn of the 20th century, when it numbered approximately five billion. Even so, they are listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
HABITAT: Prairie dogs live throughout most of the western United States, from Canada into Mexico, on the grassy plains and prairies. Some species live in the higher areas of the Great Basin and the Mojave and Chihuahuan Deserts. Prairie dog “towns” consist of thousands of animals and can spread over 25,000 square miles. A “town” consists of numerous family groups called “coteries.” A coterie’s territory is approximately an acre in size and can contain as many as 70 burrow entrances.
DIET: Prairie dogs are herbivorous, eating all kinds of grasses, roots, weeds, and blossoms. They obtain most of their moisture needs from the food they eat. They do, however, eat insects occasionally.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Prairie dogs belong to the same family as squirrels and chipmunks and are among the largest of the rodents. They can be as tall as 15 to 16 inches from the top of the head to the tip of the very short tail and weigh as much as 3 pounds. When sitting on their haunches, these chubby little “dogs” look pear-shaped. Their eyes are set on the sides of the head, which provides them with better sight range to detect predators. Ears are very small and usually hidden by hair. Their coloring ranges from brown to clay-color with a buff-shaded belly.
Life Without the Prairie Dog
Prairie dogs are considered a “keystone species” by ecologists. They are food for the black-footed ferret, swift fox, golden eagle, badger, coyote, bobcat, and ferruginous hawk. They provide housing for ground-dwelling birds, such as the mountain plover and burrowing owl. Grazing species like the bison, pronghorn, and mule deer prefer the lands the prairie dog occupies because their burrows have aerated and fertilized the native grasses and plants. As the prairie dog population has declined, so have the populations of many animals, including the black-footed ferret (critically endangered) and swift fox, which depend on them. | <urn:uuid:f753e3a2-a995-496c-bc80-e87e96f72ed3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lazoo.org/animals/mammals/black-tailed-prairie-dog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00481-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963924 | 622 | 3.703125 | 4 |
These are various Dhammapada-related references in addition to the two above. I particularly like the Easwaran and Fronsdale translations and commentaries.
Buddha, Gautama. 2013. Dhammapada. September 12. Accessed January 6, 2018. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Dhammapada.
—. 2013. Dhammapada: “O Caminho da Sabedoria do Buddha”. Translated by Acharya Buddharakkhita and Bhikkhu Dhammiko. Floresta: Mosteiro Budista Theravada. http://sumedharama.pt/Dhammapada%20de%20Buddharakkhita.pdf
—. 2007. The Dhammapada / Introduced & Translated by Eknath Easwaran . Translated by Eknath Easwaran. Tomales: Nilgiri Press. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammapada_(Easwaran_translation).
—. 2005. The Dhammapada: A new Translaion of the Buddhist Classic with Annotations. Boston: Shambala Publications. http://www.insightmeditationcenter.org/books-articles/dhammapada/ Gil Fronsdale.
—. 1986. The Dhammapada: Verses and Stories. Translated by Daw Mya Tin. Rangoon: Burma Pitaka Association. http://www.tipitaka.net/tipitaka/dhp/.
Burlingame, Eugene Watson. 1910. “Buddhaghoṣa’s Dhammapada Commentary.” Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dhammapada Commentary) 45 (20). https://archive.org/details/jstor-20022589.
- Hymns of the Faith (Dhammapada): Being an Ancient Anthology Preserved in the Short Collection of the Sacred Scriptures of the Buddhists. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company. https://archive.org/details/hymnsfaithdhamm02edmugoog. | <urn:uuid:49a41507-3566-42fa-919c-f089b7dce1fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hallettgermanfiction.ml/wiki_tags/references/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.713331 | 460 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Religion & Spirituality
ELF 2021: 'Old Testament Historicity: From Abraham's Ur to Daniel's Babylon'
Edited recording of my post-forum seminar on Old Testament history from the on-line European Leadership Forum conference in May 2021.
Conference attendee Albert Crespo, who did his Master's thesis on the royal offices in the period of the first temple, helpfully brought to my attention the fact that two bullae mentioning Jeremiah’s scribe Baruch the son of Neriah are now thought to be forgeries. During my talk I referenced one of these bullae in good faith, but I have edited this reference out of this podcast.
See: "The Authenticity of the Bullae of Berekhyahu Son of Neriyahu the Scribe", Yuval Goren, Eran Arie, BASOR 372, www.researchgate.net/publication/305753694_The_Authenticity_of_the_Bullae_of_Berekhyahu_Son_of_Neriyahu_the_Scrib; www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-bulla-jeremiah-clay-bullae-inscription-Belonging-to-Baruch-Berechiah-Son-of-Neriah-The-scribe-Jer-36-4-1975-1996ad-Reuben-Hecht-israel-museum-605bc-forgery-fake.htm.
Crespo also alerted me to the fact that William F. Albright’s interpretation of the (genuine) “Eliakim na˓ar Yokan” stamped jar handles - that Yokan referred to King Jehoiachin - is now thought to be incorrect: “This misinterpretation was not corrected for almost 50 years and resulted in a great deal of confusion over the chronological sequence and stratigraphical analysis of the archaeology of Judah from the time of the Divided Monarchy." – “The Eliakim Na˓ar Yokan Seal Impressions: Sixty Years of Confusion in Biblical Archaeological Research”, Yosef Garfinkel, Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 53, 1990. Again, I have edited out a brief reference made to this artefact in my talk.
It is Free
Copyright © 2006-2022 Podbean.com | <urn:uuid:1439fc7d-64ba-44ed-abeb-87d11330d7fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.podbean.com/site/EpisodeDownload/PB104BEE0Y78D7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.853886 | 584 | 1.726563 | 2 |
The snow storm was not only extremely ferocious but intensely localized, as the storm – said to be caused by a "lake effect" – centered on a narrow slice of the city.
The lake effect originates where icy wind meets the comparatively warmer waters of a lake providing energy and picking up water vapor, which freezes and is deposited on the shores. This uplifting can produce narrow but very intense bands of precipitation, which deposits snow at a rate of many inches each hour, often resulting in huge amounts of snowfall.
The lake-effect snow in Buffalo is courtesy of Lake Erie.
Some areas of the Buffalo suburbs were reported to have more than 76 inches of snow since Monday — a record for snowfall over a 24-hour period anywhere in the U.S. ever.
Here’s what it looks like:
Recommended: The Big Freeze: Celebrities Combat The Cold Weather In Style
Worth Checking Out: Niagara Falls Freezes Again. Calling It Gorgeous Doesn’t Do It Justice
More than 100 miles of the New York State Thruway were closed, trapping a college basketball team on its bus for more than 24 hours.
Team Coach Kendra Faustin, who was traveling with her one-year-old tweeted the predicament as did other team members:
State trooper brought water and granola bars. Took babies and passenger off the bus. Thank you thank you! Hope for us all to be home soon.— Kendra Faustin (@kfaustin) November 19, 2014
According to meteorologists, temperatures in all 50 states dropped to or even below the freezing point on Tuesday. The low temperatures felt more like January than November, they said.
A state of emergency has been declared in South Buffalo, people have been warned off the streets and schools have been closed all the way from Michigan to western New York. Four people have so far died due to the severe weather conditions.
The severe weather is an unwelcome reminder of last year’s polar vortex that brought much of America to a standstill. There have been predictions of things getting chillier than last year and it seems they weren’t too far off the mark. | <urn:uuid:00ce28d2-4af6-4066-a525-eb01d96aa739> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.carbonated.tv/news/the-lake-effect-buffalo-new-york-under-massive-snow-piles-photos | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00556-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961988 | 444 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Winter best time to see bald eagles
If you want to see bald eagles — lots of eagles — winter is the time and along the Delaware River is the place.
While there are nesting eagles along the Delaware River and in at least three other locations in Sussex County, the leaves on the trees often obscure a perched eagle.
During winter, there are no leaves to hide the distinctive white head of an adult eagle and, because the river stays ice-free except in very cold winters, adult and immature birds congregate in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and the upper Delaware.
They also can be found at several of the reservoirs, which because of their varying water levels also tend not to have much ice.
According to the state’s annual bald eagle report released last week, a record number of nests were counted this past year, including new sites in Sussex and Warren counties.
Of the 84 nesting pairs, 69 nests produced eggs with 56 nests successfully producing 99 young.
Now, the eagles are away from the nests and some have migrated away from the area. Others have migrated in and an easy hike can result in spotting several of the birds.
Earlier this week, the first of several guided tours of known eagle winter haunts, resulted in 23 bald eagles being seen along a route that stretched from the Bushkill Access Area on state Route 209 to the Lackawaxen River, which empties into the Upper Delaware Scenic River.
With a lack of leaves, those on the tour also spotted eight nests along the route, and plan to have them monitored this next spring.
“These are wonderful opportunities to see eagles,” said Jack Padalino, president emeritus of the Brandwein Institute, who leads the excursions.
Future trips are scheduled for Jan. 13 and 31 and Feb. 7, 20 and 28. To register, call (570) 296-6752 or by e-mail at email@example.com.
Participants should dress warmly, bring a lunch, binoculars and a field guide since there are many other species of birds to be seen.
Padalino said he has seen these trips spot as many as 70 eagles on a single outing.
The state report noted volunteers spotted and monitored a new nest this past spring on the Wallkill River near Bassetts Bridge between Wantage and Vernon, and a new nest also was monitored on Yards Creek, the reservoir in Knowlton, Warren County. Neither nest produced young this past year.
There are established nests on Newton Reservoir, where two young were raised, and Little Swartswood. The report said that nest failed for an unknown reason.
Padalino said volunteers also have spotted what appears to be a new nest near the western end of Culver Lake.
“We have volunteers keeping an eye on that one, too,” he noted.
While the recovery of the bald eagle population has resulted in the birds being taken off the federal endangered list, the birds still are protected under several other laws with severe penalties for disturbing eagles or their nest sites. | <urn:uuid:71368ca9-cc84-47cd-8ce9-15a2829073f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.njherald.com/story/news/2009/12/28/winter-best-time-to-see/4076472007/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.967783 | 656 | 2.359375 | 2 |
You can see that if you cover-up
But that is not going to give us b and c, so let's do it in the saver way.
Put the RHS over a common denomintor:
[Stop for a moment. Let
: Then we have
. The cover-up method was really this in disguise. You can see why it doesn't work for finding b and c -- there is no value of x which can make
equal to zero. So if in general you have a partial fraction form of
, then you cannot find A and B by covering-up -- in other words, the denominator have to be linear for the cover-up to work.]
(expanding the right-hand side).
(writing it in terms of descending powers of x).
(factoring out the x's out).
Now, compare the coefficients:
, and since
, we get
It should of course take a much smaller space to write-up, but that's Mr Beefcake's attempt at being clear. | <urn:uuid:9d89a687-47f8-4bd9-894c-598b9d946e1b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mathhelpforum.com/math-topics/155783-how-do-you-decompose-into-partial-fraction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957375 | 218 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Share, discuss, and plan ideas for IYC 2011
Want to post your own idea or comment?
This forum is all about sharing your ideas and plans for celebrating IYC 2011. Ideas are just ideas! They might lead to nothing more or they might bloom into something exciting – up to you! You can just post simple suggestions, you can start a discussion and seek comments, or you can post a request for collaboration with other members of the IYC network. You can also just browse and search the forum to see what others are thinking about and add your comments.
Ready to turn your ideas into action? If so, switch to the Activities section and submit your plan for consideration.
application of chemistry experiments to eradicate blind beliefs from minds of illiterate people of under / un developed countries Collaboration Subrat kumar Panigrahy | added on Jan 31, 2011 Many chemistry experiments & applications are available, which can improve the quality / taste of life of illiterate / innocent people of poor and third world countries.
|Topic:||hands-on activities, workshops, experiments, game, drawing competition||Audience:||general public, students, secondary schools, high schools, school children, scientists, teachers, iyc enthusiasts, global, decision makers|
Lab Display Suggestion Eslon Wafihwaieh | added on Jan 19, 2011 Laboratory Activities must be done in an open area so any body can come to see how it is done
Safe Substitution for house hold chemicals Collaboration Saeed Al-alawi | added on Jan 11, 2011 To create a safe and natural for the house hold chemicals and collect all the information in a booklet for distribution
|Topic:||hands-on activities, experiments, environment, game, science fair||Audience:||general public, scientists|
Digital Periodic Table Suggestion Salome' Scott | added on Dec 30, 2010 A digital periodic table with multiple contributers. Perhaps a wiki-portal dedicated to a profile of each element with multiple media like: a video of an experimenting using that element, or presentations (prezi or powerpoint)
Periodic Quest Championship Tournaments in Chemistry Collaboration Ravindran Pulyassary | added on Dec 30, 2010 Periodic Quest Card and Board Game for Local and Regional Championship Tournaments in Chemistry among middle and high school students.
|Topic:||hands-on activities, engaging the youth, competition, game, periodic table||Audience:||general public, students, secondary schools, school children, high schools, educators, teachers, tertiary education, iyc enthusiasts, regional| | <urn:uuid:e9e362e2-99db-469f-8a8c-998d4de85f1c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.chemistry2011.org/participate/ideas?page=4&tag=game | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00454-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868869 | 537 | 2.125 | 2 |
It has bothered me in an earlier post that I missed several critical tricks the Democrats in Congress are using to understate the cost of their health care bills. These are important enough that I am re-writing the original post:
I think most folks were shocked that the CBO scored the Baucus bill as deficit-neutral. Well, we are starting to understand why (by the way, these are not criticisms of the CBO, but of the Senate). So far, four major budget tricks have been identified:
1. The cost of the individual mandate is not in the scoring. There seems to be a lot of spin on this issue, as to whether the mandate is a "tax" or not, but word games aside, clearly the individual mandate is a major cost of the program to Americans. The best analogy I can give is that if the government cut your taxes that go to road construction but then mandated that everyone fund directly out of their pocket the cost of a quarter mile of road repairs each year, most people would see this as a cost either way. But it turns out that the CBO scores things differently.
First, a little history. Like both the House and Senate bills, the Clinton health plan would have mandated that individuals and employers purchase private insurance. In its 1994 score of the Clinton plan, Bob Reischauer's CBO included those mandated "private" payments in the federal budget "“- i.e., as federal revenues and federal expenditures.
And yet, none of the CBO scores of this year's bills include the costs of similar individual/employer mandates as federal revenues or federal spending.
My read of the CBO's score of the Clinton health plan is that the private-sector mandates accounted for around 60 percent of the Clinton health plan's total cost, the remainder being (traditional) government spending. So how is it that the CBO made the full cost of the Clinton health plan apparent to the public in 1994, but may now be revealing only 40 percent of the cost of the Obama health plan?...
The Medical Loss Ratios memo is the smoking gun. It shows that indeed, Democrats have been submitting proposals to the CBO behind closed doors and tailoring their private-sector mandates to avoid having those costs appear in the federal budget. Proposals that would result in a complete cost estimate "” such as the proposal by Sen. Rockefeller discussed in the Medical Loss Ratios memo "” are dropped. Because we can't let the public see how much this thing really costs.
Crafting the private-sector mandates such that they fall just a hair short of CBO's criteria for inclusion in the federal budget does not reduce their cost, nor does it make those mandates any less binding. But it dramatically reduces the apparent cost of the legislation. It is the reason we're all talking about an $848 billion Reid bill, rather than a $2.1 trillion Reid bill.
2. Now-you-see-it-now-you-don't Medicare cuts. Via Michael Tanner of Cato:
When the Senate Finance Committee released CBO scoring of its health care reform proposal last week, we warned that its claim of reducing future budget deficits was achieved only through dishonestly assuming that Congress will implement a 21% reduction in Medicare payments that is scheduled under current law. We pointed out that Congress has been supposed to make those reductions since 2003, and never has. Now"”surprise, surprise"”Democrats have introduced a bill to eliminate the scheduled cut, at a cost of $247 billion. But Democrats cleverly are putting the new spending in a separate bill, so it won't change scoring of health care reform. Have they no shame?
3. Transfer of costs off the Federal budget to the states (which the CBO does not score). Via Glen Reynolds
Gov. Phil Bredesen warned Tuesday that pending federal health care legislation could cost Tennessee far more than the $735 million "best estimate" his administration previously has cited.
The $735 million would stretch over five years, but "in addition, there are huge unknowns for the states in this reform," Gov. Bredesen said, estimating that those costs, if realized, could exceed another $3 billion from 2014 to 2019. . . . "I'm glad they're trying to do it without increasing the federal deficit, that certainly is important," said Gov. Bredesen, a Democrat who has been critical of the plan's impact on states. "But to turn around and increase the state deficits as the way to handle it that does not seem a very appropriate way to do that."
4. Match 6 years of expenses with 10 years of revenues. From an earlier post:
Bruce McQuain points out something I think has not gotten enough attention in the health care bill. The new taxes being proposed start in 2010, but the benefits don't begin until 2013 and are phased in through something like 2018. That means for any 10-year budget look, there are 10 years of taxes but only 6-7 years of benefits. And even with this trick, the plan STILL adds a trillion dollars to the deficit, even before the certainly more pessimistic CBO numbers come in. | <urn:uuid:18cc2453-45db-4af2-84dd-6bd7d32d28ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.coyoteblog.com/coyote_blog/tag/medical-loss-ratios | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00293-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96638 | 1,059 | 1.507813 | 2 |
As I recently, and sadly found out, if you’re already using bulk paper napkins you won’t save much money by switching to cloth napkins. So you may think why switch to cloth anyway? Need a few more reasons…
- Cloth napkins work better and feel better. They also look nicer.
- Cloth napkins are a perfectly easy non-disposable lifestyle trait to introduce to your kiddos. It’s so much better to raise kids early on without disposables.
- It takes 324 L. of water to produce 1 KG of paper according to Environment Canada.
- The paper industry is one of the largest water polluters in the world.
- Recycled paper reduces water pollution by 35%, reduces air pollution by 74%, and eliminates many toxic pollutants – NO paper of course eliminates all of that.
- According to Conservatree, North Americans use 50 lbs. per person (22.4 kg) of tissue papers per year, up from 37 lbs. per person (17 kg) twenty years ago. That’s combined toilet paper, paper towels, paper napkins and such, but well, you get the picture.
- The US paper industry is heavily reliant on chlorine-intensive bleaching. Both chlorine and chlorine derivatives are harmful for the environment. Dioxins, which are considered one of the most potent chemical toxins, are a major issue. Studies show that dioxins are highly carcinogenic, lead to fertility problems, genetic damage, and are persistent and accumulate in the environment. For 20 years our government hasn’t been able to figure out how to regulate Dioxin (pdf) either.
- According to the American Forest and Paper Association, paper manufacturing is the 3rd largest user of non-renewable fossil fuels worldwide.
- Napkin packaging, usually plastic, made from non-renewable oil, is even more relevant when you consider that 30-40% of trash is discarded packaging according to Cornell Waste Management Institute.
- Half the world’s forests have already been cleared or burned, to make in large part paper products, and 80% of what’s left has been seriously degraded.
- Each human in the USA uses approximately one 100-foot-tall Douglas fir tree in paper and wood products per year (EPA, 2008). You can cut that amount a lot by using cloth not paper napkins.
[adorable cloth napkins image via here] | <urn:uuid:0c5250a8-0a2e-496c-994f-fe39adb5afbc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.growingagreenfamily.com/why-use-cloth-napkins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00384-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92954 | 513 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Bereavement The loss of a loved one is one of life’s most stressful events. People with Down syndrome can be denied the opportunity to grieve because other people mistakenly assume that they don’t have the capacity to understand about death or to feel real sadness. As the life expectancy of people with Down syndrome is steadily increasing many more are experiencing the death of their friends and parents. When they are bereaved, their emotional and physical reactions to the loss are frequently misunderstood or denied. People respond to bereavement and express their grief in many different ways. Usually there is a process of working through their feelings, coming to terms with the loss and adjusting to life without their loved one. The grieving process for those with Down syndrome may however take longer and may show itself in ways that are not instantly recognisable. They will probably need help in working through the process. Many people with Down syndrome find change of any kind difficult to cope with. Routines can be particularly important to them by providing a sense of order and structure to their lives. As well as dealing with the grief of the loss of someone close to them they may also have to cope with significant change to their routines. They may feel that other people are making decisions that affect their lives without any warning, any element of personal choice or of personal control. Specialist advice should be sought if grief develops into persistent low moods, significant behavioural changes or other symptoms of depression. | <urn:uuid:73f64a48-cfd3-4f0c-8b48-27d3887a1ea7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://downsyndromeinternational.eu.rit.org.uk/faqs/bereavement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.972548 | 289 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Beach Report: Is the Water Safe?
... Though by and large they are well-groomed and well-managed, on any given summer day, dozens of swimming spots are just one good rainfall away from closing. The problem: storm water runoff that carries feces from wild animals or pets, and contaminants from highways, subdivisions, malls and farms into the water.
Over the last decade, swimmers lost at least 3,000 days to bacteria-related closings, based on The Courant's examination of 10 years of closure data for Long Island Sound beaches and state parks, and four years of records for other lakes and ponds.
And while it's hard to track how many people are getting sick as a result, federal officials say instances of water-born illness contracted in recreational waters are on the rise around the country.
Already this season, the 10 most affected areas have lost at least 45 swimming days to contamination.
Some areas have only occasional problems, and a few are virtually pristine — Hammonasset Beach State Park, the busiest in the state, has not had a closure in at least a decade, according to the state Department of Environmental Protection. And beaches east of Fairfield County, including West Haven, have steadily improved.
But several areas continue to suffer persistent problems, and the problem does not discriminate by location or real estate value.
A lot of the beaches in the Courant study are inland. But here's what the authors -- David Funkhouser and Josh Kovner -- say about Sound beaches in Fairfield County.
Fairfield County beaches sit below land paved over with homes, malls, highways and industry: When it rains, instead of filtering through the soil, water is likely to run into storm drains and into the Sound, taking oils, dirt and other contaminants with it. Also, tides flush more lightly here than in the deeper, eastern end of the Sound, where contamination is less of a problem.
At the 144 beaches along the Connecticut coast that report testing data to the state, there were 65 closings for one or more days in 2007; 56 of those were in Fairfield County.
I think by the way that the Courant overstates the issue of people getting sick, not just because many beaches are closed preemptively but because they level of bacteria needed to close a beach is far, far lower than then amount of bacteria needed to make a person sick. Regardless, it's a good story, which everyone who goes to the beach on the Sound should read. Check it out here.
The Courant, by the way, is cutting its news staff by almost 60 jobs, from 232 to 175, which is bad news from Connecticut and the region. | <urn:uuid:161ad97d-ae60-48c1-9024-df50f9304a60> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thissphere.blogspot.com/2008/06/beach-report-is-water-safe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961985 | 552 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Continuing his tour around Kenya, Newsnight correspondent Paul Mason sees how mobile phones are helping those that live beyond the big cities.
June Arunga, a neo-liberal Kenyan academic and writer, hits me with the argument when I arrive to meet her at a Nairobi food market: "Why are we still trying to work
out how government can provide water and health; why are we still reliant on aid - when we have a model of private sector, market-led development in the mobile industry?"
The answer of course is politics. But June tells me mobile phones are having an amazing impact at a local level, even here. She says it's not obvious to visitors but there is a great deal of small-scale deference in Kenyan society.
"But," she says, "the mobile allows you to walk away, it allows you to own yourself."
I found out how accurate this perception was in Kibera. It's Africa's biggest slum, with about 800,000 people living in streets that are effectively composed of sewage and old shoes.
I should not call it a slum, says Marcy Kadenyeka, a community organiser in Kibera for the Nairobi People's Settlement Network. When the residents of Kibera came together last year, it was the first time people from shanty-towns around Nairobi had properly linked up beyond their local issues.
They came together to fight evictions. The street theatre Marcy took me to in Kibera tells the story of what usually happens. A rich guy in a white cap comes along and buys the land, then he goes to the local chief and "gives him something for his breakfast".
At this point the crowd of about a thousand Kibera people watching the play burst out laughing. "And my dinner, and my supper!" says the man playing the local chief - and the laughter of the audience gets raucous.
A brown envelope is slipped into the pocket of the chief, and now he calls for his askari - a big security guard with a stick. "They come at night with bulldozers," says Marcy. "They take off your door, your window frame or your roof and throw your things into the streets. That's eviction".
June Arunga: Mobiles show the way forward
So what the Nairobi People's Settlement Network did was use mobiles and the internet to get organised against evictions. They used what we would call flashmobbing to call people from across the many different and rival settlements together where big evictions were planned, and threatened to sit down in front of the bulldozers.
It has not been completely effective, since the bulldozers simply wait a few days - but it is starting to change the dynamics of grassroots politics. In Kibera most ordinary people can't afford mobiles instead they use the community mobile service, Simu Ya Jamii, which has been partly developed by the GSM Association, the world industry body for mobiles.
Most of the activists do have mobiles and they use texting when they are out of talktime. And, says Marcy, it's breaking down the usual arrangement between movements like this and the political elite.
Normally a politician arrives, promises stuff, fails to deliver and if you ask questions "you are seeing him face to face, backed by his goons," she shrugs.
"Now we have information we don't have to be dependent on patronage of the politicians - we can question them and be more independent," she says.
The final leg of my journey was into the Great Rift Valley where, according to my network map, the service peters out. But when we got there it didn't. The first person I met as I jumped out of the 4x4 was Lucy Ndilai, a teacher in a Masai village.
Had she got a mobile?
Had it made a difference to Masai society? A massive one. To hear her full tale you'll have to tune into my Newsnight report but, basically, Masai husbands have discovered the secrets of the "incoming calls" list - and there's been tears before bedtime.
Mobiles have caused marital strife among the Masai
Making the journey along the mobile network was like travelling through a corridor of progress: and yes, it's facile to say mobiles are causing it all - but I don't think either economists or sociologists have yet begun to measure the massive impact they are having.
The mobile phone industry worldwide is faced with the challenge of bringing the next two billion people onto the network: once that happens, and it will happen this century, the balance of world development will have tipped decisively. It will be a sign of progress but, I think now, a big contributor to it as well.
The Masai kids who waved me off from their village are part of Africa's first digital generation. To the north lies the old Africa of war, poverty, flood and famine - and one technology alone will not eradicate that. But giving ordinary African people more power, and a bigger voice will - and my journey left me in no doubt about the power of the cellphone to do that. | <urn:uuid:c3a90a63-f47b-459a-a0de-aa776679ad37> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6242305.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00486-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970079 | 1,071 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Top 10 Things To Do When You Become Unemployed
With the American economy (and many others in the world) potentially on the verge of collapse we are all subject to being out of a job any minute. One day we’re working, paying the bills and enjoying happy hour. The next day we are unemployed and panic is starting to set in. Don’t worry! Here is my Top 10 List of Things You Should Do When You Are Suddenly Unemployed. If you have extra tips for people who have lost their job or are going to lose their job, please add them in the comments.
If you were downsized or fired then go to your local unemployment office and apply. You may qualify for months of unemployment compensation. If you quit your job then it may be harder to collect but try anyway. They can also help you to write a resume and find a new job.
Make sure you can pay the rent and buy food until you find another job. If need be, cancel the fancy HBO cable TV package or start buying the no-name breakfast cereal. Get on a payment plan for other bills if you can. You don’t know when you will get a paycheck again so start hoarding the money you have. You may need to get a part-time job before you get a full-time job of your choice. Swallow your pride and do what needs to be done.
Include all skills and education you have and show potential employers what you have done in quantifiable and measurable terms. Never lie on a resume, but “puffing” your accomplishments within reason is acceptable. Only include references that you know will speak highly of you. Include key words that will get the future employers attention. Most resumes are scanned by computers so a good trick to use is customize the resume and cover letter for the specific job you are applying for. Use the same words companies use in the job description such as, “Self-Starter” or “Proven Results.” They will be picked up by the computer and get your resume moved to the top of the pile.
Ok, you want to stay low key and not let everyone know you are unemployed. You have to do just the opposite and let everyone know you are looking for a job. Networking is the #1 way people find jobs. Let your working friends and family know that you are looking for and need a job now. Everyone has been in your situation before and knows what it is like. Be honest and get them a copy of your resume. They can usually help you directly or refer you to someone else that is hiring.
Use this time to reassess your career choices, catch up on some reading or just veg in front of the TV for a few days. You don’t have to get up at 6am anymore to drive in rush hour traffic to get to work by 8am. Take a walk, smell the coffee, play with the kids. Give your mind a chance to recharge and re-evaluate your life. Maybe a new career is what you need. Maybe even a new city. The point is, take this down time to sit back and enjoy your vacation. You’ll be back to work soon enough and your next vacation will be a year away.
Your ex-boss or co-workers may be able to keep you abreast of re-hire opportunities at your former company. If the decision is made later to bring back former employees, you may be considered if you have kept in contact with with your bosses or peers.
You always used the excuse “I don’t have enough time to exercise or eat right.” Even though there was a state-of-the-art gym in your previous office building, you never used it. Now is the time to hit the treadmill or take a jog in the park. Use that neighborhood gym membership one more month (before you have to cancel it because you’re broke). Since you have less money you should be eating out less. Get the fast food out of your diet altogether. Set a goal and try to lose those pounds or inches off your waist so you look great for your next job.
Not only will volunteering help others in your community that need it, you can add that experience to your resume. It is also a form of networking. You may meet someone working at a hospital or homeless shelter that can offer you a paying gig.
While searching for jobs on sites such as Monster.com or CareerBuilder.com, you will no doubt stray into other areas of interest such as political news, sports, music, etc. That’s ok, but try to stay away from too many recreational sites (especially porn). It’s ok to be up to date on the latest music, fashions or other crazes, but don’t get sidetracked too often. However, I do recommend a daily dose of List Universe. The things you will learn on this site will enlighten you tremendously.
Don’t beat yourself up about your situation. It probably happened for a good reason. You know you didn’t like that old job anyway! Now it’s time to move on to the next phase of your life. Go to church, mosque or synagogue and pray on it. If you are not religious then just meditate and focus on the positive and don’t feel like you are worthless or a loser. This is a time in your life to build your character up and show the world what you are really made of! | <urn:uuid:f2f79bee-a665-47bf-bfd3-86dca0b660be> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://listverse.com/2008/12/02/top-10-things-to-do-when-you-become-unemployed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00546-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965492 | 1,144 | 1.554688 | 2 |
I’ve decided that I’d be totally remiss if I didn’t try to compile some sort of list of resources. So here they are (in no specific order):
1. Composition and the Elements of Visual Design is a well written article giving some basics around different techniques for composing photographs, but these techniques extend to document and website design as well.
2. The Principles of Design discusses several key issues in web design, and how those issues are echoed in print design. Pulling from the classics (balance, rhythm, proportion, dominance and unity), this article gives you a good overview of web design.
3. Composition and Design Principles from Goshen College is an interesting case – I nearly didn’t put it in the list because it’s an atrocious website (for instance, I’m not fond of mixing serif and sans-serif fonts on the same page for body text), but the information is great. As Google is fond of saying, “content is king”. It’s primarily targeted at people who might be teaching art, but my audience being mostly educators, so you should be able to relate. Also, you can sometimes learn from what not to do, which brings us to the next site.
4. 5 Common Visual Design Mistakes outlines some basic errors that designers make. Of course, rules are made to be broken, but when you are trying to communicate a message you need to ensure that rule breaking is consistent with the message.
5. Principles of Design from About.com is a decent tutorial with examples and questions to cover the basics of design.
6. IBM’s Design Principles Checklist gives you 17 aspects of visual design that they intend to use in software design, but I think they translate to the web and page as well. To me, the last point is critical; cluttered design is one that will only confuse and distract from the content.
7. The Artist’s Toolkit provides a quick tour through the elements and principles of art, which also are applied in design and user experiences. After all isn’t what we experience with art a “user” experience?
8. Art, Design and Visual Thinking is an interactive textbook from Cornell University. Well, it’s interactive if you consider clicking on links an interaction (also the design is dated). This online book is tailored more to the art student, but the first few sections are an excellent and go into areas that other suggested sites don’t cover. Gestalt? Color psychology? Important concepts, but often glossed over or overlooked in primers on design. This site will give you language to dive deeper into an area of design that interests you.
9. Design Psychology is a blog article I’ve referred to a couple of times over the last year or so, as a lot of what I do is web design dressed up as e-learning. While Andy Rutledge appeals to the commercial designer, the message shouldn’t be lost on educators. Educators are competing with commerce for attention, while we have content down pat (in fact content coming out our ears!) we may not design things in such a way as to hold attention or keep it. This post is a touchstone for me, essentially re-centering me when I’m far out in left field.
10. Aslam Memon’s Blog has 45 blogs and twitterers that provide design inspiration. That’s the biggest piece of composition education, looking at and analyzing designs you like, and seeing what was done to create them. | <urn:uuid:cd28ec28-26bd-455d-9be5-7b6807dbe6ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.robotvsrobot.com/2010/01/04/10-pages-for-composition-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00071-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936809 | 748 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A full-color graphic history of global dissent and historical activism, celebrating the possibilities of collective resistance--with an introduction by Charlene Carruthers and a foreword by Rebecca Solnit.
Spanning nearly three thousand years of history--from the ancient Secession of the Plebs to the 2017 protests of the Confederate Soldiers Monument in Durham, from Sojourner Truth to Naoto Matsumura--these posters pay tribute to the long-standing human legacy of revolution, creative activism, and grassroots organizing. In this book, contemporary artists imagine and interpret often-overlooked events and figures in movements for racial justice, women's rights, queer liberation, labor organizing, and environmental conservation.
The second edition of Celebrate People's History includes one hundred new posters printed in duotone, presenting these essential moments as a visual tour through decades and across continents. Featured artists include Miriam Klein Stahl, Swoon, Cristy C. Road, Bishakh Som, Sabrina Jones, Nicole Schulman, Christopher Cardinale, Eric Drooker, Klutch, Carrie Moyer, Laura Whitehorn, Dan Berger, Ricardo Levins Morales, Chris Stain, and more. | <urn:uuid:dbdff3da-070d-4a60-aed9-d2286dbc88a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kewandwillow.com/book/9781936932870 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.865186 | 242 | 2.203125 | 2 |
* * Portable desk reference that compliments the online course * Written by the developers of the online course - information straight from the source * Accompanying CD-ROM contains interactive e-Labs, practice test questions for the CompTIA A+ exam, and moreInstalling the Windows XP Operating System A successful installation of Windows XP starts with a review of the basic requirements. ... NOTE Some system hardware requires that you use a manufacturer-supplied recovery disk and procedure for installing the operating system. ... Understanding the Steps of a Windows XP Installation Before setting 454 Chapter 7: Windows XP Operating System Installinganbsp;...
|Title||:||HP IT Essentials|
|Author||:||Cisco Systems, Inc, Cisco Networking Academy Program|
|Publisher||:||Cisco Systems - 2004| | <urn:uuid:bbcabebe-d57a-418a-ae8c-bab064d07b63> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.emra-net.eu/download-pdf-hp-it-essentials-book-by-cisco-systems.pdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00427-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.723247 | 167 | 1.726563 | 2 |
The Cat In The Hat Experiment- A Literary Remix
I have to say one thing here: it is not fun to be with me. I like books and things. Tame: that is I. I get no kicks, fly no kites, play no games. Hops and pot are not my things. If you are here, I want you to go away. So what should this dish, this fox want out of me? I sat and picked at the fish and looked at those hands, so white.
J. Robert Lennon has created a whole alternate story using just words from The Cat In The Hat. This would be a great English lesson. You could remix other things as well- AP news articles, poems, song lyrics etc. It’d be fun to have students use each other’s work. Jill would remix Dre’s paper and they’d talk about the different choices they made. That type of thing.
The creativity comes out as a result of the restrictions. | <urn:uuid:394f2a7b-8bd2-44e8-98ce-3ce5e161e39a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bionicteaching.com/the-cat-in-the-hat-experiment-a-literary-remix/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00222-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967861 | 207 | 2 | 2 |
Nitrogen mineralization dynamics of different valuable organic amendments commonly used in agriculture
Review statusPeer Review
MetadataShow full item record
Masunga, R. H., Uzokwe, V.N., Mlay, P. D., Odeh, I., Singh, A., Buchan, D. & De Neve, S. (2016). Nitrogen mineralization dynamics of different valuable organic amendments commonly used in agriculture. Applied Soil Ecology, 101, 185-193.
Permanent link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/72893
Sustainable agriculture requires the careful optimization of the use of organic amendments to improve soil fertility while minimizing any harmful environmental effects. To understand the events that occur in soil after the addition of different organic amendments, we evaluated the nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics in soil after adding organic amendments, and evaluated changes in the microbial population. The four organic amendments were fresh dairy cattle manure, fresh white clover, vegetable, fruit, and yard waste compost, and poplar tree compost. The N mineralization potential of each organic amendment was determined by analyzing total mineral nitrogen during a 97-day laboratory incubation experiment. Soils amended with clover released 240 μg N g−1 soil during the 97-day incubation, more than twice as much as that released from soils amended with manure or composts (76–100 μg N g−1 soil). At the end of the incubation, the net N mineralization in clover-amended soils was 54%, more than five times higher than that in soils amended with composts or manure (4%–9%). Nitrogen was mineralized faster in clover-amended soil (1.056 μg N g−1 soil day−1) than in soil amended with composts (0.361–0.417 μg N g−1 soil day−1). The microbial biomass carbon content was higher in clover-amended soil than in the soils amended with manure or composts. We monitored changes in the microbial population in amended soils by a phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. On day 97, there were higher concentrations of total PLFAs in soils with organic amendments (e.g., 14.41 nmol g−1 in clover-amended soil) than in control soil without amendments (9.84 nmol g−1). Bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative), actinomycetes, and fungi were more abundant in clover-amended soils than soils amended with manure or composts. The N mineralization potential varied among the four organic amendments. Therefore, the timing of application and the type of organic amendment should be matched to the nutrient needs of the crop.
Published online: 27 February 2016This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Investors/sponsorsVlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad
- IITA Journal Articles | <urn:uuid:cb1fd4b0-7b5e-4581-9679-ead48802c589> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/72893 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896443 | 616 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories presents us with a cool and simple project. I think this will catch your eyes because its very simple to build and the effect is cool. I know that in my first year of electronics i wanted to build something like this, and had to do allot of search on the internet to find something like this and was much more complicated than this schematic. So beginners can do this project without a problem. How it works ? The circuit is based on a LTR-4206E phototransistor. The black package blocks visible light, so it is only sensitive to infrared light– it sees sunlight and incandescent lights, but not fluorescent or (most) discharge lamps it really will come on at night. And the rest is history, start building it right now and you will see how cool it is. Follow the link for full project info Link. | <urn:uuid:d99bc422-630a-493c-ac4c-9370a191e658> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.youritronics.com/tag/light-activated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00282-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948458 | 175 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Stress management is one of the 4 pillars of brain health. Therefore it is vitally important for us to understand and learn about stress and stress management in order to keep our bodies and brains healthy.
Stress is a normal reaction to the demands of life. But when we're not able to cope well with stress, our mind and body will pay the price.
Stress and Your Brain
According to the book titled "Brain Rules", by John Medina, our brain can safely handle stress that lasts for about 30 seconds. Our brain is simply not designed to handle long term stress. Long term stress damages our brain.
Stress damages virtually every kind of cognition that exists. It damages memory and executive function. It can hurt your motor skills. When you are stressed out over a long period of time it also disrupts your immune response. You get sicker more often. It disrupts your ability to sleep. You get depressed.
When we're stressed, a hormone called cortisol is released. In the short-term, cortisol helps the brain to cope with life-threatening situations. However, if overloaded with it, the brain's neurons end up firing too frequently and they end up dying.
Giving rats daily injections of cortisol for several weeks has been shown to result in the killing off of certain brain cells, particularly in the hippocampus (the area of the brain responsible for learning and memory). Stressing the rats daily for the same amount of time had an identical effect. A study where rats were tightly restrained for six hours daily for 21 days, without food or water, resulted in the animals' hippocampus shrinking by 3%.
Without cortisol you would die – but too much of it is not a good thing either. That's why it's critical for us to learn stress management techniques.
Typical stress management and stress relief techniques include:
Physical activity helps in reducing and preventing the effects of stress. Exercise triggers the production of dopamine, serotonin and endorphins. These chemicals are responsible for what’s called the "runner's high." Researchers at Duke University have shown that exercise (30 minutes per day, three to four days a week, for four months) can relieve anxiety and depression symptoms as effectively as prescription antidepressants.
Just be sure not to overdo it. Overdoing it can actually trigger excess cortisol production! An out of the norm, overly exerted exercise bout can elevate your cortisol levels. However, adhering to a regular, progressive and sustainable exercise program will slowly "teach" your body to produce less cortisol in response to a given workload.
Relaxation techniques help train your mind to become less responsive to stress. Practicing relaxation techniques enables you to maintain calm and peaceful feelings throughout your day.
Relaxation techniques include activities such as:
- Deep breathing
- Tai Chi
- Progressive muscle relaxation
A great online resource I’ve found for delving deeper into relaxation techniques for stress reduction is:
Getting enough sleep
The importance of getting enough sleep can’t be overstated. Sleep and stress are inter-related. Stress makes sleeping difficult and lack of sleep makes us more stressed. It can be a vicious cycle.
Researchers say we should try to get 7-8 hours of sleep a night. What can you do if you don’t get the recommended 7-8 hours of sleep? Try taking a power nap!
Positive outlook and self talk
If the thoughts that run through your head are mostly negative, then your outlook is more likely a pessimistic one. If the thoughts you have are mostly positive, then you're more likely an optimist.
An optimist is someone who practices positive thinking.
The health benefits that positive thinking may provide include:
- Increased life span
- Lower rates of depression
- Lower levels of distress
- Greater resistance to the common cold
- Better psychological and physical well-being
- Reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease
- Better coping skills during hardships and times of stress
On the other hand, thinking negatively most of the time, or focusing on things that make you frightened, fearful or angry is called rumination. Studies have shown that those who focus on negative aspects of themselves or on a negative interpretation of life had an increased activity in their amygdala. This results in a flood of destructive neurochemicals being released in the brain.
A great resource on self talk: | <urn:uuid:0be86511-92b2-4190-b695-0b4044d71b0f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.onlinebraingamesblog.com/brain-fitness/stress-and-your-brain-stress-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00561-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944361 | 893 | 3.703125 | 4 |
sciencehabit writes: This week, scientists will gather in Washington, D.C., for an annual meeting devoted to gene therapy—a long-struggling field that has clawed its way back to respectability with a string of promising results in small clinical trials. Now, many believe the powerful new gene-editing technology known as CRISPR will add to gene therapy’s newfound momentum. But is CRISPR really ready for prime time? Science explores the promise—and peril—of the new technology.
sciencehabit writes: Flights with a first-class section are nearly four times more likely to have air rage incidents in their economy class, according to a new study, and these incidents of “belligerent behavior” or “emotional outbursts” become nearly 12 times more likely among first-class passengers and more than twice as likely among economy-class passengers if people were made to board from the front of the plane and walk through the first-class section together. As first-class sections have become more common and larger since being introduced on airplanes in the late 1970s, they appear to be triggering more air rage incidents among passengers at the back of the plane. The authors argue that airplanes are, in essence, miniature versions of society, where stark differences in class are often a major cause of social unrest.
An anonymous reader writes: In an article on Opensource.com, DuckDuckGo's Tal Raviv writes:
DuckDuckGo is a search engine known for putting privacy first for users. So, when we passed 3 billion annual searches last year, we knew it was critical that we continue to serve users without sacrificing their privacy. The key, we realized, was open source.
First, we created an API. Then we started Instant Answers, where anyone can join us in improving search results. Instant Answers appear above the organic search results, and we now have hundreds of people from all over the world contributing. Since our first community commit almost four years ago, we've learned a lot of powerful lessons about what makes an open source community thrive. They've contributed hundreds of data sources and thousands of pull requests, which amount to around 800 Instant Answers at the time of this writing, capable of answering millions of searches.
We certainly have a long way to go, but we've learned that building a successful open source community—like any active community—comes down to providing value for individuals. Learn how to tune in to their motivations, find ways to align those motivations with your goals, and work hard to get barriers out of their way.
Communities always come down to people. The more DuckDuckGo has invested in helping them, the more we have received in turn.
You can go to the Post Office and Local Library to file your taxes. The working world still exists primarily outside of the internet. Banking is the only industry that has truly become dependent on the internet because of NACHA. Yet cash still exists in our society.
destinyland writes: "T-Mobile sold a woman a new cellphone, but when she got home it had 60 X-rated pictures on it. T-Mobile's phone rep wrongly insisted she or her boyfriend had taken the photos, or they'd received them via email and added them to their phone's photo gallery. T-Mobile later admitted an "isolated incident," and said they were taking "appropriate measures" to correct it. Apparently the number they assigned the phone corresponded to an already-existing photo gallery.
Besides the corporate incompetence, there's privacy implications. Whose naked photos did T-Mobile just hand out at the mall? And if you have time, watch the local newscasters feigning alarm." | <urn:uuid:d7f94970-122b-4a8c-a09e-7ffe1514e419> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://slashdot.org/~Azadre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00291-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963131 | 765 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Farmers and gardeners use tilling (hoeing) or cultivating to increase soil productivity. It aerates the soil as the gardener turns up the soil which lets water, oxygen, and important nutrients to penetrate the soil. It increases the productivity of the soil. The roots get aerated and the proper nourishment reaches the plant. The productivity of the soil increases and eventually it leads to better yield of the field. Furthermore, it has great benefits for the health of the soil and the garden. Before getting into the discussion of its functioning let us find out what tiller exactly is and what its assembly is.
What is the front tine tiller?
Tine tillers are for refining the yard’s soil. They are a form of farm tool. It has a long steel pointed metallic blade. This blade is called tine (so it has got the name tine tiller). The tine is secure to a handle. Some tillers have single tine while others have multiple tines for various purposes. It has wheels which help in its mobility in the narrow patches and along the width of the yard. Tines are whetted, ironed and leveled on either side. It is great for tilling both types of the soil i.e. heftier soil and loose-lying soil. It is best for soil beds and their borders. The wheels are a real go. They help in its movement through the crest and trough of the soil in the lawn. Like multiple tines, these tillers have different numbers of wheels. Some have only one wheel, and some have two. There are tillers having three and four wheels as well.
Benefits of Tine tiller
The benefits of a front tine tiller includes
- It is a time saver. It saves the time of the gardener. It does not require any manual effort nor does it cost much. It uses the prongs to slice down weeds, turns the soil to aerate, and loosen it up. You need not to worry about other things. Simply walk away after the work is done.
- It is quite economical to use tiller as it cuts the cost of other activities. For example you need not worry about the application of pesticides. An added plus is that you do not have to expand on fertilizers either. It is unwelcoming for the weeds to grow in the soil again. You are stress free in this regard again. The money you will save can come up with other uses for the next crop. Your present crop will be stronger and blooming as the soil is properly aerated with less weeds to get annoyed about.
- It assists stopping soil attrition. Tilling slackens up the soil. This loosening of the soil prevents wearing away of the soil. Keeping soil in place is challenging during a shift in the weather. You have to control the soil erosion by that time. For this purpose you will also require tools the absence of which can save you from great damage. By that time tilling becomes part of your economical pack. It reduces the loss of soil in the yard.
Garden tillers present a multiplicity of purposes to toil in the land. It enables the soil to get perfect for germination and plantation. It can weed, hoe, dig, plow, plow, crush and smash the soil for any given purpose.
How to work with a front tine tiller?
Now the question arises here is how to operate a front tine tiller?
Being the owner of a tine tiller is cool. Shake hand you are in the profession. Its addition to the garden toolkit solves many issues. They are for weeding and are beneficial for adding fertilizers to the yard. Before operating a tine tiller, read the directions by the manufacturer.
You will find this post quite beneficial in understanding how the tine tillers work.
Tilling is fun
- Mark out the patch in the garden to till. Begin tilling from one corner of the patch. Mark your garden in sections for tilling. Do one after another.
- Set the depth using the plastic ring. Remember do not go too deep.
- Start the engine and let it get warmer for a while at very low speed. Keep the engine to the fullest speed for efficient tilling. Opt for full speed if you are adept in its operation. If you are a newbie go at the speed which can assist you in controlling the tiller.
- Involve the tines by clasping the handle. Be careful. Have a grip on the handlebars or the tiller will hop away.
- Hold yourself tight and start tilling. Let the tiller impel itself under your firm control. Keep your tiller rocking a bit to keep it moving in the soil lumps and chunks.
- Take multiple passes from all directions to ensure not a single inch is left untilled. Repeat the process if needed.
Here you have a perfectly tilled garden.
Work out the setting by following the given steps.
A shallow depth setting is the most comfortable and effective setting of the tine tiller. If you do not opt for shallow setting the deep setting will cost you a pretty penny. The shallow setting does not pierce too deep. So it does not harm the roots and the plants. Till in such a way that only one row of plants is being worked out at a single time. For such purposes, the seasoned farmers or gardeners do not plant successive plants every year. Gardeners should be well aware of no-till techniques.
Given steps will help you to adjust your tine tiller’s depth.
- Pull the gate arm (situated at the tail of the tine structure) open. Pull all of it out. You will find a ring made of plastic at the outer brink of the gate arm.
- In the next step hold the plastic ring and slip it up until it retorts into the proper place. Each snapping of the plastic ring will increase 1 inch of the scale marked in the handle. The farther the ring is to the center of the handle, the lesser the depth of the tine. You can increase the depth to a required level by making the ring closer to the center of the handle. The tine can extend up to 18 inches and this is the fully forward scale of the tine tiller.
- Turning off the handle clockwise raises the tines while turning helical or anticlockwise helps in lowering the tines. During the tilling few tines will be visible on the surface while the other few will remain buried inside the soil.
- You have to keep turning the handle until the targeted depth is achieved.
- Stop twisting the handle and hold it stable for a few seconds.
Your time has come. You can start mowing the soil as per your requirement when the tines slid back to the soil.
- For getting the desired depth you have to repeat from steps 1 through 4. This is only showing you how to do it as different manufacturers have different tine depth. If you want to avoid soil erosion your blades should be facing downside (face towards the soil).
Happy tilling to you.
James, the D.I.Y Expert, graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Horticulture from Colorado State University. Love writing blog posts and guides to help others learn how to garden! | <urn:uuid:aef4cef1-771e-47c5-8edf-7a8047b43fd4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://backyardmash.com/gardening/how-to-use-a-front-tine-tiller/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.935612 | 1,526 | 2.609375 | 3 |
THE IMPACTS ON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE AFTER THE FIRST FLEET ARRIVED
European settlement had a severe and devastating impact on Indigenous people. Their dispossession of the land, exposure to new diseases and involvement in violent conflict, resulted in the death of a vast number of the Aboriginal peoples. The small percentage of Aboriginal people who did not die during these early decades of the colony, were not unaffected. The impact of the white settlers changed their lives, and the lives of future generations, forever.
It is believed that at least 750 000 Aboriginal people were living in Australia at the time of Captain Cook's arrival. These people were divided into around 600 different tribes and had hundreds of different languages. Archaeological evidence suggests that the ancestors of the modern Indigenous people of Australia migrated to the continent more than 50 000 years ago. Isolated from external influences, the Aboriginal peoples developed their own way of life, in accordance with their religious and spiritual beliefs of the Dreamtime.
Despite knowing of the existence of these peoples, the British considered the Australian continent to be a terra nullius under English law. Terra nullius is a Latin term meaning 'land belonging to no one.' Eight years later, the British went ahead with their plans to establish a penal colony in New South Wales. On 26 January 1788, the First Fleet, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in Sydney Cove.
The dispossession of Aboriginal peoples from their land resulted in a drastic decline in their population. While many Aboriginal people were killed in violent clashes over the rights to settle on the land, a vast number also died from malnourishment. Since they were unable to access clean water or an adequate and nutritious supply of food, this made them more susceptible to fatal diseases. | <urn:uuid:7d45bcb3-1fac-407e-8e32-d0a158473eac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Aboriginal/123822 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973262 | 356 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Article at Phys Org (summary below)
May 28, 2015
New research suggests that European and Asian (Eurasian) peoples originated when early Africans moved north - through the region that is now Egypt - to expand into the rest of the world. The findings, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, answer a long-standing question as to whether early humans emerged from Africa by a route via Egypt, or via Ethiopia.
The extensive public catalogue of the genetic diversity in Ethiopian and Egyptian populations developed for the project also now provides a valuable, freely available, reference panel for future medical and anthropological studies in these areas.
Two geographically plausible routes have been proposed for humans to emerge from Africa: through the current Egypt and Sinai (Northern Route), or through Ethiopia, the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Arabian Peninsula (Southern Route). Some lines of evidence have previously favoured one, some the other.
"The most exciting consequence of our results is that we draw back the veil that has been hiding an episode in the history of all Eurasians, improving the understanding of billions of people of their evolutionary history," says Dr Luca Pagani, first author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and University of Cambridge. "It is exciting that, in our genomic era, the DNA of living people allows us to explore and understand events as ancient as 60,000 years ago."
The team produced whole-genome sequences from 225 people from modern Egypt and Ethiopia. In previous studies, they and others have shown that these modern populations have been subject to gene flow from West Asian populations, so they excluded the Eurasian contribution to the genomes of the modern African people.
The remaining masked genomic regions from Egyptian samples were more similar to non-African samples and present in higher frequencies outside Africa than the masked Ethiopian genomic regions, pointing to Egypt as the more likely gateway in the exodus to the rest of the world. | <urn:uuid:8d0c095d-2626-4c5c-8c38-7ee39e45c31e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://goddesschess.blogspot.com/2015/06/its-settled-for-now-modern-man-left.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00149-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930142 | 388 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Over the course of his life Ron Engel has been a high school biology teacher, park ranger, community organizer, Unitarian Universalist minister, professor, and author.
Ron grew up on the outskirts of Baltimore where he fell in love with the beauty of the fields and streams of the Maryland countryside and became an avid hiker, birder and canoe enthusiast. In 1957 he married Joan Helen Gibb, a Ph.D. in creative writing (University of Illinois at Chicago) who specializes in nature writing and poetry. Together they have a son and daughter, who themselves are active in civic and environmental affairs.
In 1958 Ron earned his A.B. at Johns Hopkins University where he double majored in the biological sciences and creative writing and participated in early civil rights efforts with students at Morgan State College.
In the course of his work as a seasonal ranger at Kings Canyon National Park and a high school science teacher in Baltimore City and Baltimore County public schools he came to the conclusion that only a transformation in moral and religious consciousness will enable human beings to live by the democratic social values of liberty, equality and community and accept their responsibilities as participants in the evolutionary drama.
From 1960-1964 he studied for the ministry at Meadville Theological School of Lombard College (affiliated with the University of Chicago). During these years he and his family lived summers on Amygdaloid Island in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, where he served as permanent seasonal ranger. In 1971 he was ordained by the First Unitarian Church of Chicago.
From 1964-1970 Ron co-directed the Center for Urban Ministry and served as minister of the Second Unitarian Church on the near northside of Chicago. During these years he was active in the civil rights movement in Chicago and cofounded the first community development corporation in Chicago, the Neighborhood Commons, which continues today as a predominantly black-owned and managed housing cooperative for low income persons in the Lincoln Park neighborhood.
His struggle to bring together within a comprehensive intellectual framework a commitment to social justice and ecological integrity led him to pursue the Ph.D. program in Ethics and Society at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago. A portion of his 1977 dissertation, Nature and Democracy, became the basis for his 1983 book on the role of the democratic faith in the emergence of the science of ecology and the preservation of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore — Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the Indiana Dunes.
As professor of social ethics at Meadville/Lombard Theological School (1970-2000) and lecturer at the Divinity School and College of the University of Chicago, Ron helped to pioneer the new academic field of environmental social ethics and ecological theology.
Through his work with the National Council of Churches and the Unitarian Universalist Association, and as co-director of the Program on Ecology, Justice, and Faith (funded by the MacArthur Foundation), and co-founder of the Theological Initiative for Eco-justice Ministry in the Association of Chicago Theological Schools, he contributed to the emergence of the movement for eco-justice within the ecumenical religious community.
In 1984 Ron initiated the Ethics Working Group of the World Conservation Union, which eventually grew to a network of several hundred persons from over sixty nations, and played a leading role in the adoption of a “world ethic for living sustainably” as the foundation of the second world conservation strategy, Caring for the Earth (1990). During this period he also worked as a consultant on biosphere reserves for the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere program. In the late 90s he served as a core member of the international drafting committee for The Earth Charter, an effort to articulate a global ethic for the 21st century, sponsored by the Earth Council headquartered in San Jose, Costa Rica. In 2003 Ron was appointed co-chair of the Ethics Specialists Group of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law.
Ron is Professor Emeritus at Meadville Lombard Theological School, at the University of Chicago.
Ron and Joan make their home in Beverly Shores, Indiana, where they work to preserve endangered habitat and restore the ecological integrity of the Indiana Dunes.
Contributions to Humans & Nature:
Articles in Minding Nature: | <urn:uuid:0f3b2693-161e-42ae-8db8-48a0c893b17c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.humansandnature.org/j-ronald-engel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00062-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955202 | 857 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Letter to Caroline Shöler, July 14, 1849
|Author(s)||Jenny von Westphalen|
|Written||14 July 1849|
Source: Marx-Engels Collected Works, Volume 38, pg 539.
Publisher: International Publishers (1975)
Translated: Peter and Betty Ross
To Caroline Shöler in Cologne
My dear Lina,
You will have received my two letters from Trier and will have seen from them that on this occasion I did not feel at ease there. Everything has changed too much there and one does not, of course, always remain the same oneself. I felt an intense nostalgia for Paris and so, together with all my baggage, I returned posthaste via Air and Brussels; we got back here last Saturday, fit and well. I found very pretty, convenient lodgings in a salubrious district where we have already set up house, including kitchen, quite cosily.
At this moment Paris is splendid and luxurious in the extreme. The aristocracy and bourgeoisie suppose themselves safe since the ill-starred 13th of June and the fresh victories their party has won. On the 14th all the grandees, together with their carriages and their liveried retainers, were already creeping out of the holes in which they had been hiding and thus the marvellous streets are awash with magnificence and splendour of every description. Paris is a gorgeous city. How often during the past few days have I not wished you were here beside me as, filled with admiration and amazement, I walked along streets that were alive with people. Once we have settled in properly you must pay us a visit here and see for yourself how lovely it is.
Until 15 August we shall remain in these lodgings which, however, are too dear for us to stay in for any length of time. In Passy, a very pretty place an hour's distance from Paris, we have been offered a whole cottage with garden, 6-10 rooms, elegantly furnished throughout, and having four beds, at the unbelievable rent of eleven thalers a month. If it were not too remote we should remove there at once.
We have still not made up our minds whether we should have our things sent or not. So I shall have to make yet further calls upon your kindness and good nature.
Could you not find out from Johann and my packing-case maker, Hansen [Kunibert], approximately how many cwt. the whole amounts to, i.e. including only one of the boxes of books, No. 4, and how much it costs to transport a cwt. from Cologne to Paris? That would enable us to make an estimate of sorts. Before winter sets in you would in any case have to unpack out of the trunks and dispatch to me here some of the linen, clothing, etc. I shall be sending you further details later on. Johann would be of very great service to you in this.
At the end of August our things will have to be removed from the place where they are now. Perhaps you could have a word with Johann or Faulenbach about cheap storage for them later on. These are all very tiresome affairs, but unavoidable in view of our vagabond existence. I am only sorry that I should have to place this additional burden on you, the more so since you yourself will surely have had a great deal to arrange and see to of late. For I feel sure that your next dear letter will bring me the joyous tidings of Bertha's marriage. Whether that day is already past or whether it is yet to come, do please convey to her my most cordial wishes for her future prosperity and happiness. I wish it were within my power to make you all really happy and more than anything else I should like to see you, my dear Lina, as cheerful and contented as you deserve and have every right to be, considering the many
cares troubles and disappointed expectations that have already clouded and embittered your young life. Rest assured that in me you will always find a loyal and loving friend.
I shall not write anything about politics today. There is no telling what may happen to a letter.
My dear husband sends you his warm regards and wonders whether you could, perhaps, find out from Stein, the banker in the neumarkt, or from his mother, etc, etc., the address of Jung, the assessor, and then forward the enclosed letter to him, the matter is one of some urgency. I am not franking these letters because the franking office is much too far away—I beg you not to frank your letters either and, in fact, to get yourself a cash book for your outlays on my behalf. If you fail to keep strict accounts, I shall have to have recourse to coercive measures.
The children, who can hardly open their eyes wide enough to take in all these marvels, often babble about their dear Aunt Lina and send you their love, so does Lenchen, qui est toujours la meme.
My love to your sisters, to Roland et femme and to the Eschweilers should you happen to see them, etc., etc. | <urn:uuid:9e164918-980d-4856-b9cc-be747bcece2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wikirouge.net/texts/en/Letter_to_Caroline_Sh%C3%B6ler,_July_14,_1849 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.970373 | 1,087 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Grade:7th grade level
Where did we come from? Who was the first person on earth? Who created the universe? Children all around the world have asked these and many more questions. For thousands of years, people have made up stories in an attempt to answer these questions. In The Beginning, is a collection of twenty-five creation myth stories from cultures all around the world. One example, is an Eskimo myth that portrays the first man pushing his way out of a peapod. In a story from the Kono people of Guinea, death starts the world. A dramatic myth from China tells that the universe was originally in the shape of a hen?s egg – and from this burst the first being. The book has many different Gods and other characters that created the world in different ways. Plus, at the end of every story is a paragraph about where that story came from, what religion it came from, and also tells the meaning of the story or at least Virginia Hamilton?s opinion.
I like this book because I have a large imagination and it gives you a chance to take a large amount of non-sense and make sense of it. The book even challenged my imagination at times, which I believe is an essential part of reading for a seventh grader. But as intriguing as it was, from a Christian point of view, it was not only fascinating but also quite humorous. Through reading and learning about the many beliefs of people around the world, we can gain a better understanding of others while strengthening our own spirituality. | <urn:uuid:a5591d0d-b7a5-4344-8653-695877e1199d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://essay.ua-referat.com/In_The_Beginning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.971243 | 330 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The White House has so many challenges from Russia and North Korea that issues with Cuba have slipped below the radar. However when I read the recent (July 15) Daily Camera headline “Guantanamo recreation area could replace prison,” I was very surprised. Could this mean that the prison at Guantanamo Bay is going to be replaced and made into a Cuban-Caribbean recreation area resort? This seemed like breaking news.
I rejoiced because I remember many years ago we learned that the Cuban government had plans to convert the “illegal naval base” to an international ecotourism center. Cuban officials have dreamed that after the naval station became outdated and the prison complex was no longer needed the entire facility might revert to its original Cuban ownership. If that were ever to happen, the substantial airfield and modern facilities could accommodate tourists from all over the world. Visitors to eastern Cuba would have easy access to Cuba’s coral reefs, national parks and other recreational opportunities.
Of course, upon closer reading of the news story, written by Carol Rosenberg of the Miami Herald, one learns that only one of several prison units in the larger complex at Guantanamo is going to be torn down. The Navy plans to demolish only Camp Iguana. This former prison site is to be used as a recreation facility for the 5,500 military and base civilians. The juvenile prisoners once held in the razor wire and chain linked fence known as Camp Iguana have been released.
Only 41 out of a total of 779 prisoners are now interned at the Guantanamo Prison that opened in January 2002. Of this number, five are imprisoned after being cleared for release. Twenty-six are not charged for a crime but are not cleared for release.
I suggest that the annual cost of $445 million to operate Gitmo is excessive. Perhaps Congress is preoccupied with other issues on its radar?
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and prison complex, comprising 46.8 square miles, is evolving as a “recreation area” off limits to Cubans and the recent surge of American tourists. Under the radar, the Navy is driving up the cost of operating the base once known for illegal torture but now adding costly attractions for a large staff and a very small number of detainees.
The annual cost for one detainee at Gitmo is in excess of $11 million. This is in contrast to the annual cost per prisoner at a domestic federal maximum-security prison of $34,046. According to the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, the cost of the Guantanamo prison up to the end of 2015 was $5.697 billion.
Little-noticed examples of U.S.-Cuba cooperation include an agreement to preserve 3,000 documents from Ernest Hemingway’s Cuban home, a collaborative natural history program to protect marine ecosystems, and an agreement to on how to deal with the risk of oil spills in Cuban-American waters.
Also unknown to many American tourists is the fact that Cuban refugees live on the Guantanamo base. In 1959, 80 Cubans sought refugee status from Fidel Castro’s brutal revolutionary sweep of eastern Cuba. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy gave status to all of these anti-Castro Cubans who obtained entry to the base and were fearful for their lives.
Over 56 years, these Cubans have worked at the Naval base restaurants, served as janitors, caddies on the golf course, in barbershops and laundries. Today, the 21 surviving individuals are residing under what is called a “special category resident.” Their homes are neat and nicely landscaped. These anti-Castro Cubans, well into their 80s, are given special assisted living care. Those with chronic illness are flown to Naval hospitals in the United States for treatment.
These are remarkable humanitarian efforts that are under the radar and unknown to the throngs of tourists coming to Cuba this year.
Most Guantanamo base Cubans interviewed by Michael Phillips of the Wall Street Journal are afraid to leave because they are worried they will lose their subsidized health benefits. The care of the long-term Cuban exiles is almost as unknown as the annual U.S $4,085 rental payment for Guantanamo sent to Havana but never cashed by the Cuban government.
Spense Havlick is a former member of the Daily Camera Editorial Advisory Board and president of the Boulder-Cuba Sister City Organization. Email: email@example.com | <urn:uuid:d8bd1276-3336-4400-9524-5ecb172f3172> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dailycamera.com/2017/07/28/spense-havlick-cuba-under-the-radar-for-the-moment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.968819 | 911 | 1.804688 | 2 |
The Labor Department said Friday that the new jobless rate, which declined from 7.9% in January, was the lowest since December 2008, when the unemployment figure was 7.3%.
Although some of the rate drop was the result of workers leaving the labor force, the improvement reflected solid job gains across a broad swath of industries. Growth was led by the construction sector, which added 48,000 jobs last month — the most in a single month since March 2007.
The strengthening housing market also gave a lift to other sectors: Employment in financial services benefited from the addition of nearly 9,000 new jobs at real estate and leasing offices. Furniture makers and retailers also bulked up, as did architectural and engineering services.
Healthcare businesses and restaurants continued to expand at a strong pace.
Government employment, on the other hand, dropped by 10,000 jobs, as state and local offices cut back. Federal payrolls were flat.
Many analysts are expecting the fiscal spending cuts under the so-called sequestration to slow job growth in the coming months, but there was little hint of that in Friday’s report.
January’s job growth number was revised lower, to 119,000 from 157,000 initially estimated. But most of that was offset by changes in December’s payrolls, which were revised up to 219,000 from 196,000 previously reported.
–Don Lee, Los Angeles Times | <urn:uuid:6c343cf3-7003-4a8f-a790-6014b8841dd1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://q13fox.com/2013/03/08/19093/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00172-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983299 | 292 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Finite differences for the convection-diffusion equation : on stability and boundary conditions
The solution of convection-diffusion problems is a challenging task for numerical methods because of the nature of the governing equation, which includes a non-dissipative component and a dissipative component. Once the convection-diffusion equation is discretised, it is usual to observe oscillations in the computed solution regardless of whether these might be expected in the original physical situation. Mostly these oscillations are the result of numerical instability. This thesis centres on this fundamental difficulty: the numerical stability of finite difference discretisation of a convection-diffusion equation. The existence of an exact evolution operator for the constant coefficient convection diffusion problem is the framework we use to derive new finite difference schemes in one and two dimensions and also, when a high-order scheme is considered, to derive numerical boundary conditions. The influence of numerical boundary conditions on the stability of a general scheme is one of the main themes. The stability analysis is done mostly by using the von Neumann method and the matrix method. The Godunov-Ryabenkii theory is also applied to the one dimensional case. In two dimensions we deduce different forms of second-order (Lax-Wendroff) schemes and third-order (Quickest) schemes. We apply some of those schemes to a Navier-Stokes problem by running experiments to illustrate the practical stability region, showing how results from a simpler case presented in previous chapters carry over to the more complex case. | <urn:uuid:5f510bdb-92cb-44ca-baf8-9beb47d19e39> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365321 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00551-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875069 | 315 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Using March Current Population Survey (CPS) data, we investigate married women's labor supply behavior from 1980 to 2000. We find that their labor supply function for annual hours shifted sharply to the right in the 1980s, with little shift in the 1990s. In an accounting sense, this is the major reason for the more rapid growth of female labor supply observed in the 1980s, with an additional factor being that husbands' real wages fell slightly in the 1980s but rose in the 1990s. Moreover, a major new development was that, during both decades, there was a dramatic reduction in women's own wage elasticity. And, continuing past trends, women's labor supply also became less responsive to their husbands' wages. Between 1980 and 2000, women's own wage elasticity fell by 50 to 56 percent, while their cross wage elasticity fell by 38 to 47 percent in absolute value. These patterns hold up under virtually all alternative specifications correcting for: selectivity bias in observing wage offers; selection into marriage; income taxes and the earned income tax credit; measurement error in wages and work hours; and omitted variables that affect both wage offers and the propensity to work; as well as when age groups, education groups and mothers of small children are analyzed separately. | <urn:uuid:7add6490-b90d-435b-8a86-8cb434ffb747> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/33907 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00496-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980756 | 253 | 2.046875 | 2 |
There are 9 other file types using
the MCR file extension!
.mcr - Autodesk 3D Studio Max macroscript file
.mcr - CuteFTP script file
.mcr - DataCAD keyboard macro file
.mcr - Health Financial Systems Medicare Auditor cost report file
.mcr - Macro Magic macro file
.mcr - Perfect Keyboard macro files
.mcr - ePSXe memory card file
.mcr - Tecplot macro file
.mcr - Minecraft region file
MCR file extension - Bricscad macro file
What is mcr file? How to open mcr files?
File type specification:
The MCR file extension is associated with the Bricscad, a professional DWG CAD alternative,developed by Bricsys NV.
A *.mcr file contains macro, created and saved in the program.
The default software associated to mcr file type:
Company or developer:
BricsCAD is the powerful CAD software platform unifying the familiar feature set of native dwg with advanced 2D tools and intelligent 3D direct modeling on Windows and Linux, and this at a compelling price.
List of recommended software applications associated to the .mcr file extension
Recommended software programs are sorted by OS platform (Windows, Mac OS X etc.) and possible program actions
that can be done with the file: like open mcr file, edit mcr file, convert mcr file, view mcr file, play mcr file etc. (if exist software for corresponding action in File-Extensions.org's database).
- Settings mcr file | <urn:uuid:75349a32-8f78-41de-862d-587266870cb7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.file-extensions.org/mcr-file-extension | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00200-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.79775 | 341 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Update in Jan 2014: This is an old document. Currently the login node is hpclogin.case.edu
Information Technology Services (ITS) significantly updated its High Performance Computing (HPC) cluster infrastructure to provide more online storage, faster computing, and increased energy efficiency. The HPC cluster consists of a collection of servers functioning as a single computing system. The cluster provides users with the ability to run parallel computational tasks requiring hundreds of simultaneous processors in support of their research projects. High-speed parallel disk storage was increased from 20 Terabytes to 70 Terabytes. The upgrade more than doubles overall computational performance to 12 trillion floating-point operations per second while sustaining a mild 12% increase in energy utilization for power and cooling.
Researchers in over 31 departments use the HPC cluster, with the largest use coming from Biochemistry, Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry. Dr. Calvetti and Dr. Turc in the Department of Mathematics require students in Applied Math classes to use the HPC cluster to learn how to do scientific computing. Dr. Mihos in the Department of Astronomy uses the HPC resource to simulate the evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Dr. Shoham’s research in the Department of Biochemistry uses the HPC cluster to focus on drug discovery and drug screening to combat infectious diseases, heart disease, and cancer. Dr. Sichun Yang recently chose to join the Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics in part because he was able to use the HPC resource on his first day at CWRU and avoid months of non-productive time setting up his own computational facility for his research.
Find out more about the HPC resource by visiting links in our website.
Upgraded Cluster Architecture
What are the differences you should be aware of?
Temporary output files in details:
In the old cluster, users can access the temporary output files (*.OU and *.ER) in their own home directory. With this upgrade, we try to move away from this setup because this requires continuous writing of the temporary output files between the compute nodes and the home directory. While this can be a tiny file, it can also be a big file, so instead, these temporary files are stored locally on the compute nodes.
In the new cluster, users then can use qpeek <jobid> to access these local temporary output files (*.OU and *.ER).
$ qpeek 2967
comp073 <- host node
Mon May 16 13:00:05 EDT 2011 <- starting the job time
Only the person who is running the job can run this command successfully.
If the job is already finished, qpeek will give out an error.
If you need the output file page-by-page: qpeek <jobid> | more
If you want to save the output file, you can do file output redirect: qpeek <jobid> > mytempfile
Your other files will be located in your $PFSDIR or $TMPDIR depending on where you copy the files and your run location. If somehow you do not copy your files to a different location, your files will be located in your working directory $PBS_O_WORKDIR.
As a refresher, these are the locations of the temporary directories:
$PFSDIR=/scratch/pbsjobs/pbstmp.<jobid>.mast from any nodes
$TMPDIR=/tmp/pbstmp.<jobid>.mast on the first local compute node where the job is running
HPC Home > | <urn:uuid:353a53b8-98d5-43aa-8c43-e3d2b35d287c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://sites.google.com/a/case.edu/hpc-upgraded-cluster/home/upgrade-information | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00121-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901114 | 745 | 1.953125 | 2 |
If you want to spare yourself (some) grief, don’t call yourself an atheist.
Humans love labels, but boy can they be confusing.
Take the following terms, for example: freethinker, atheist, sceptic, rationalist. If I were to invest some of my time in detailed research (which these days means viewing the second page of Google search results or clicking a supporting reference in a Wikipedia article) I might establish some hair-breadth differences, but I admit my initial reaction is that they’re all much of a muchness. You could say I’m sceptical about the differences between these terms. Or is it skeptical?
I am godless but I prefer to avoid describing myself as an atheist if I can. I’m not embarrassed or ashamed to be godless, an atheist, a heathen or whatever else you might care to call it; it’s just that I don’t particularly like the word atheist, and I have the right to give myself whatever label or labels I want.
Apart from the negative connotation of the word atheist and the ease with which prickly adjectives like militant, aggressive and intolerant find themselves magnetically and magically drawn towards it, and apart from the pathetic charge that atheism is just another belief system no different in principle to a religion, my objection to this label is that it almost assumes there is in fact a god – in whose existence you have actively chosen not to believe.
I see this subtle assumption as one of the many examples of religious arrogance because a religious person will instinctively assume it’s just their god/s I don’t believe in. They won’t be too concerned about any other gods I don’t believe in because no such thing could possibly exist: that would be silly to them on the basis there is no evidence for any other gods.
Although it might be fun to stress there are many gods I don’t believe in by describing myself as a polyatheist, that might just add to everyone’s confusion because it sounds like some winged, non-existent, angelic wonder. Bearing in mind how excitable some religious people can get, there is always the danger that throwing a word or concept like this into the mix could completely overwhelm them – emotionally, spiritually and intellectually.
I see little problem with the simple terms “no religion”, “non-religious” or “not religious” and my preference is to use this terminology when required because it’s more benign and more capable of repelling pejoratives. What’s more, this terminology implies you have been offered something for your personal consumption, such as food (or even a mind-altering, controlled substance which impacts negatively upon your ability to make informed decisions and which is therefore potentially harmful not only to you but to those around you), and for whatever reason which is absolutely no-one else’s business you’ve concluded it’s not in your interests to accept that offer, so you’ve politely declined it (“No thank you, I’ve just had dinner at my mum’s”; “Thank you anyway but I tend to avoid crack pipes – they play havoc with my 5k running times”).
When I describe myself with this terminology, as opposed to atheist, I tend to find I’m not immediately confronted with a question beginning with the word, “why?” (you mean, why don’t I believe in something for which there is no evidence? You really need me to answer that one?). If someone tells me they’re Jewish I do not ask them why and in return for that I expect an identical courtesy. Reasonable, no?
Although I do enjoy a good argument with God’s little helpers, having an easy method for avoiding the word atheist is always handy for those occasions when I just cannot be arsed to argue.
My current response of choice when quizzed if I believe in God is to ask – very matter of factly and as a matter of genuine clarification – “which one?”. And when a member of a death cult whose body contains an everlasting battery backed up by an everlasting warranty smugly asks me what I think happens when humans die, I just murmur something about the answer being in the question and then I get on with my life, because I think I’m lucky to have this life and I don’t want to waste too much of it speaking to idiots unless there’s a reasonable chance one of us might be able to educate the other in some way. | <urn:uuid:b8985b61-9580-435e-85ca-b5086dc8f139> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://enlightenmentlover.wordpress.com/2012/04/23/for-atheists-who-dislike-the-word-atheist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00403-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950591 | 970 | 1.640625 | 2 |
|Elliott Sound Products||Class-D Amplifiers|
Class D Audio Amplifiers - Theory and Design
© June 2005, Sergio Sánchez Moreno (ColdAmp)
Edited & Additional Text by Rod Elliott (ESP)
Page Created 04 June 2005
A completely new technology for audio amplification has been evolving during the last 15-20 years that has a clear benefit over current widespread Class-A, and AB topologies. We are talking about the so-called "Class-D". This benefit is mainly its high power efficiency. Figure 1 shows typical efficiency curves vs. Output power for Class-B and Class-D designs.
The theoretical maximum efficiency of Class-D designs is 100%, and over 90% is attainable in practice. Note that this efficiency is high from very moderate power levels up to clipping, whereas the 78% maximum in Class-B is obtained at the onset of clipping. An efficiency of less than 50% is realised in practical use with music signals. The PWM amp's high power efficiency translates into less power consumption for a given output power but, more important, it reduces heatsink requirements drastically. Anyone who has built or seen a high-powered audio amplifier has noticed that big aluminium extrusions are needed to keep the electronics relatively cool. The loading on the power transformer is also reduced by a substantial amount, allowing the use of a smaller transformer for the same power output.
Figure 1 - Efficiency Comparison for Class-D and Class-AB
These heatsinks account for an important part of the weight, cost and size of the equipment. As we go deeper in the details of this topology, we will notice that a well behaving (low distortion, full range) Class-D amplifier must operate at quite high frequencies, in the 100KHz to 1MHz range, needing very high speed power and signal devices. This has historically relegated this class to uses where full bandwidth is not required and higher distortion levels are tolerable - that is, subwoofer and industrial uses.
However, this has changed and thanks to today's faster switches, knowledge and the use of advanced feedback techniques it is possible to design very good performance Class-D amplifiers covering the whole audio band. These feature high power levels, small size and low distortion, comparable to that of good Class-AB designs. (From now on, I will refer to Class-A and AB topologies as "classical").
Complete 400W Full-Range Class-D Amplifier Module (Courtesy of ColdAmp)
From the DIY perspective, Class-D is rather unfortunate. Because of the extremely high switching speeds, a compact layout is essential, and SMD (surface mount devices) are a requirement to get the performance needed. The stray capacitance and inductance of conventional through-hole components is such that it is almost impossible to make a PWM amplifier using these parts. Indeed, the vast majority of all ICs used for this application are available only in surface mount, and a look at any PWM amplifier reveals that conventional components are barely used anywhere on the board. Since SMD parts are so hard to assemble by hand and the PCB design is so critical to final performance, DIY versions of PWM amps are very rare indeed (I don't know of any).
In classical amplifiers, at least one of the output devices (let them be bipolar transistors, MOSFETs or valves) is conducting at any given time. No problem so far, but they are also carrying a given current where there is a voltage drop between collector-emitter / drain-source etc. Since P = V * I, they are dissipating power, and even if there is no output a small quantity of current must pass through the transistors to avoid crossover distortion, so some dissipation is present. As the output voltage increases, for given supply rails the voltage drop across the transistors will fall, but the current increases. At saturation (clipping), VCE or VDS will be low, but current is quite high (Vout / Rspk). Conversely, at low power levels, current is small but voltage drop is large. This leads to a power dissipation curve that is not linear with output power. There is a non-zero minimum dissipation (zero percent efficiency), and a point where maximum efficiency is reached ... about 78% in pure Class-B designs, 25% or less with Class-A.
Class-D on the other hand, bases its operation in switching output devices between 2 states, namely "on" and "off". Before discussing the topology specific details, we can say that in the "on" state, a given amount of current flows through the device, while theoretically no voltage is present from drain to source (yes, almost every Class-D will use MOSFETs), hence power dissipation is theoretically zero. In the off state, voltage will be the total supply rails as it behaves like an open-circuit, and no current will flow (that's very close to reality).
But how can our beloved audio signal be represented by an awful square wave with only two possible levels? Well, in fact it modulates some characteristics of this square wave so the information is there. Now we "only" have to understand the way the modulation is done and how to restore the amplified audio signal from it. The most common modulation technique used in Class-D is called PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) - a square wave is produced that has a fixed frequency, but the time it is in the "high" and "low" states is not always 50%, but it varies following the incoming signal. This way, when the input signal increases, the "high" state will be present for longer than the "low" state, and the opposite when the signal is "low". If we do some maths, the mean value of the signal in a single cycle is simply ...
Vmean = Vhigh * D + Vlow * (1-D), where D = Ton / T, (duty cycle)
T being the period of the signal, that is, 1/Fsw (switching frequency).
For example, the mean value of a 50% duty cycle (both states are present for exactly the same amount of time) signal going from +50V to -50V is: 50 * 0.5 + (- 50) * 0.5 = 0V. In fact, the idle (no signal) output of a Class-D amplifier is a 50% duty cycle square signal switching from the positive to the negative rail.
If we modulate the input up to the maximum, we will have a near-100% duty-cycle. Lets put 99%: Vmean = 50 * 0.99 + (-50) * 0.01 = 49V. Conversely, if the signal is lowest, we need near 0% (lets use 1%), so Vmean = -49V.
PWM is usually generated by comparing the input signal with a triangle waveform as shown in Figure 2. The triangle wave defines both the input amplitude for full modulation and the switching frequency
Figure 2 - Basic PWM Generation
Figure 3 shows a typical PWM signal modulated by a sine wave. Notice that it is designed so signals between -1 and 1V will produce 0% to 100% duty cycles, 50% corresponding to 0V input. The 'digital' output uses standard logic levels, where 0V is a logic '0' and 5V is a logic '1'. Because of this digitisation of the signal, PWM amps are sometimes erroneously referred to as digital amps. In fact, the entire process is far more analogue than digital.
Figure 3 - Aspect of a PWM modulated signal
Notice that for a correct representation of the signal, the frequency of the PWM reference waveform must be much higher than that of the maximum input frequency. Following Nyquist theorem, we need at least twice that frequency, but low distortion designs use higher factors (typically 5 to 50). The PWM signal must then drive power conversion circuitry so that a high-power PWM signal is produced, switching from the +ve to -ve supply rails (assuming a half-bridge topology).
The spectrum of a PWM signal has a low frequency component that is a copy of the input signals spectrum, but also contains components at the switching frequency (and its harmonics) that should be removed in order to reconstruct the original modulating signal. A power low-pass filter is necessary to achieve this. Usually, a passive LC filter is used, because it is (almost) lossless and it has little or no dissipation. Although there must always be some losses, in practice these are minimal.
There are basically two Class-D topologies - half-bridge (2 output devices are used) and full-bridge (4 output devices). Each one has its own advantages. For example, half-bridge is obviously simpler and has more flexibility as a half-bridge amplifier can be bridged as with classical topologies. If it is not correctly designed and driven, can suffer from "bus pumping" phenomena (transfer current to the power supply that can make it increase its voltage producing situations dangerous to the amplifier, supply and speaker).
Full bridge requires output devices rated for half the voltage as an half bridge amplifier of the same power, but it is more complicated. Figures 5a and 5b show both topologies conceptually. Obviously, many components such as decoupling capacitors, etc are not shown.
Figure 4a - Half bridge Class-D topology
Figure 4b - Full bridge Class-D topology
Note that full bridge PWM amp needs only one supply rail - bipolar supplies are not necessary, but can still be used. When a single supply is used, each speaker lead will have ½ the Vdd voltage present. As it is connected differentially, the loudspeaker doesn't see any DC if everything is well balanced. However, this can (and does) cause problems if a speaker lead is allowed to short to chassis!
The filter may be implemented by means of a single capacitor across the loudspeaker, by a pair of caps to ground, or in some cases by both (as shown by the dotted lines connecting the caps).
For the rest of the document, we will concentrate on half-bridge topologies, although the vast majority of the ideas are also applicable to full-bridge designs.
The operation of the half bridge circuit depicted in Figure 4a is as follows ...
When Q1 is on (corresponding to the positive part of the PWM cycle), the switching node (inductor input) is connected to Vdd, and current starts to increase through it. The body diode of Q2 is reverse biased. When Q2 is on (negative part of the PWM cycle), the body diode of Q1 is reverse biased and the current through Lf starts to decrease. The current waveform in Lf is triangular shaped.
Obviously, only one of the transistors must be on at any time. If for any reason both devices are enhanced simultaneously, an effective short-circuit between the rails will be produced, leading to a huge current and the destruction of the MOSFETs. To prevent this, some "dead-time" (a small period where both MOSFETs are off) has to be introduced.
Lf in conjunction with Cf and the speaker itself form the low pass filter that reconstructs the audio signal by averaging the switching node voltage.
Timing is critical in all this process: any error as delays or rise-time of the MOSFETs will ultimately affect efficiency and audio quality. So all the involved components must be high-speed. Dead-time also affects performance, and it must be minimised. At the same time, the dead-time must be sufficiently long to ensure that under no circumstance both MOSFETs are on at the same time. Typical values are 5 to 100ns.
The dead-time is a critical factor for distortion performance. For lowest distortion, the dead-time must be as small as possible, but this risks 'shoot-through' currents, where both MOSFETs are on simultaneously. This not only increases distortion and dissipation dramatically, but will quickly destroy the output devices. If the dead-time is too great, the response of the output stage no longer follows the true PWM signal generated in the modulator, so again distortion is increased. In this case, dissipation is not affected.
To ensure fast rise/fall times of the MOSFETs, the gate driver must provide quite a high current to charge and discharge the gate capacitance during the switching interval. Typically, 20 - 50ns rise/fall times are needed, requiring more than 1A of gate current.
Note that the schematics shown use both N-channel MOSFETs. Although some designs use N and P channel complementary devices, that is IMO sub-optimal due to the difficulty of obtaining suitable P devices and matched pairs. So lets concentrate on N-channel only half-bridges. Note that, in order to drive a MOSFET on, a voltage above Vth must be present between its gate and source. The lower MOSFET has its source connected to -Vss, so its drive circuit has to be referred to that node instead of GND.
However, the upper MOSFET is more difficult to drive, as its source is continuously floating between +Vdd and -Vss (minus drops due to on resistance). However, its driver must be also floating on the switching node and, what's more, for the on-state, its voltage must be several volts above +Vdd so a positive Vgs voltage is created when Q1 is on. This also implies a voltage shifting so the modulator circuit can communicate correctly with the driver.
This is one of the major difficulties of Class-D design: gate drive. To solve the issue, several approaches are taken ...
Figure 5 (a, b & c) depict some possibilities for 'High Side' gate driving ...
Figure 5a - Transformer Coupled
Figure 5b - Discrete BJT Driver
Figure 5c - IC Driver
Note that circuits in figures 5b and 5c have their PWM input referred to -Vss so may require previous level shifting of the comparator output, that will normally be referred to GND. Fig 5a will require level shifting of the inverted PWM only, as the transformer input can be referenced to GND as shown. Many of the driver ICs available now have inbuilt level shifters, and these are optimised for speed. Remember that any delay introduced into the switching waveform can cause distortion or simultaneous MOSFET conduction.
We have still one problem to solve ... obtaining 12V above VS (the switching node). We can add another power supply, isolated from the main one, which (-) is connected to VS. This solution can be impractical, so other techniques are commonly used. The most widespread is a 'bootstrap' circuit. The bootstrap technique uses a charge pump built with a high speed diode and a capacitor. The output of the amplifier produces the switching pulses needed to charge the capacitor.
Fig. 6 Bootstrap capacitor provides the high side driver supply voltage
This way, the only auxiliary power supply needed is 12V referenced to -Vss that is used for powering both the low side driver and the charge pump for the high side driver. As the average current from this supply is low (although there are high current charging peaks during the switching events, they last only 20-50ns, twice during a cycle, so the average is quite low, in the 50-80mA range), this supply is easily obtained from the negative rail with a simple 12V regulator (paying attention to its maximum input voltage rating, of course).
As can be seen from the previous figures, in order to excite the MOSFET driver, the PWM signal has to be referred to -Vss. So, as the modulator usually works from +/-5 to +/-12V, typically, a level shifting function is needed. One can choose to shift the level of the PWM signal and then generate the inverted version, or generate both outputs and invert both of them. It depends, for example, on the comparator type used (if complementary outputs are available, the decision is made).
A basic level shifting function can be performed with a single or two-transistor circuit similar to the one depicted in Figure 6 (before the high side driver). While this may work at low frequencies, it is important to simulate the behaviour of the comparator and level shifter, as they can introduce considerable delays and timing errors if not properly designed.
It is fair to say that the level shifter is one of the most critical parts of the circuit, and this is evidenced by the wide variety of competing ICs designed for the job. Each will have advantages and disadvantages, but in all cases the complexity is far greater than may be implied by the simplified diagrams.
The output filter is one of the most important parts of the circuit, as the overall efficiency, reliability and audio performance depends on it. As previously stated, a LC filter is the common approach, as it is (theoretically) lossless and has a -40dB/decade slope, allowing for a reasonable rejection of the carrier if the parameters of the filter and the switching frequency itself are properly designed.
The first thing to do is to design the transfer function for the filter. Usually, a Butterworth or similar frequency response is chosen, with a cutoff frequency slightly above the audio band (30-60KHz). Have in mind that one of the design parameters is the termination load, that is, the speaker impedance. Usually, a typical 4 or 8 ohm resistor is assumed, but that would produce variations in the measured frequency response in presence of different speakers. That must be compensated for by means of proper feedback network design. Some manufacturers simply leave it that way so the response is strongly dependent on the load. Surely a non-desirable thing.
The design can be done mathematically or simply use one of the many software programs available that aid in the design of LC filters. After that, a simulation is always useful. Figure 7 shows a typical LC filter for Class-D amplifiers and its typical frequency response.
Figure 7 - Frequency Response of a Typical Class-D LC 2nd Order Filter
This simple filter has a -3dB cutoff frequency of 39KHz (with 4 ohm load), and suppresses the carrier as much as 31dB at 300KHz. For example, if our supply rails are +/-50V (enough for about 275W at 4 ohms), the residual ripple will have an amplitude of about 1Vrms.
This ripple is, obviously inaudible, and 1V RMS will dissipate only around 200mW in a typical tweeter (not likely a problem, especially since the tweeters impedance will be a lot higher than 8 ohms at 300kHz). However, care must be taken as the speaker wires can become an antenna and affect other equipment. In fact, although a couple of volts RMS of ripple can seem low enough to run your speakers safely, EMI can be a concern, so the less carrier level you have, the better. For further rejection, higher order filters are used (with the potential disadvantage of increased phase shift in the audio band), although there are other clever ways to do it, as very selective bandstop or 'notch' filters tuned to the carrier frequency (if it is fixed, and that only happens in synchronous designs as the one described).
Well designed Class-D amplifiers have a higher order filter and/or special carrier suppression sections in order to avoid problems with EMI. As can be seen in Figure 8, the response is dependent on the load, and in fact the load is part of the filter. This is one of the problems to solve in Class-D designs. It doesn't help that a loudspeaker presents a completely different impedance to the amplifier than a test load, and many PWM amps have filters that are not (and never can be) correct for all practical loudspeaker loads. Again, only a handful of good Class-D amplifiers use feedback techniques that include the output filter to compensate for impedance variations and have a nearly load independent frequency response, as well as to reduce distortion produced by non-linearities in the filter. Although passive components are thought to be distortion-free, this does not apply to ferrite or powdered iron cores that are used for the filters. These components most certainly do introduce distortion.
Now, The Filter Components ...
The output inductor has to withstand the whole load current, and also have storage capability, as in any non-isolated switching converter (Class-D half bridge design is in fact analogous to a buck converter, its reference voltage being the audio signal).
The ideal inductor (in terms of linearity) is an air-core one, but the size and number of turns required for typical Class-D operation usually makes it impractical, so a core is normally used in order to reduce turns count and also provide a confined magnetic field that reduces radiated EMI. Powder cores or equivalent materials are the common choice. It can also be done with ferrite cores, but they must have an air-gap to prevent saturation. Wire size must also be carefully chosen so DC losses are low (requiring thick wire) but also skin effect is reduced (AC resistance must also be low).
Inductor core shape can be a drum core, gapped ferrite RM core, or toroidal powder core, among others. Drum cores have the problem that their magnetic field is not enclosed, hence producing more radiated EMI. RM cores solve this problem but have most of the coil enclosed, so cooling problems may arise as no airflow is possible. IMO, toroids are preferred because they feature both a closed magnetic field that helps control radiated EMI, a physically open structure that allows proper cooling, and easy and economical winding as they don't need bobbins.
Coil Shapes ... Drum, Toroid & RM Style Coils and Cores (Wilco & Coilcraft)
Many core manufacturers such as Micrometals or Magnetics offer their own software, very useful to design the output inductor as they help choosing the right core, wire size and geometrical parameters. The capacitor usually falls in the 200nF to 1uF range, and must be of good quality. The capacitor is responsible (in part) for high frequency behaviour and needs low losses. Of course has to be rated for the whole output voltage, but preferably much higher. Usually, polypropylene capacitors are chosen, and X2 mains capacitors are common. Needless to say, you cannot use electrolytics!
As I have stated previously, timing errors can lead to increased distortion and noise. This cannot be skipped and the more precise it is kept, the better the design will perform. Open loop Class-D amplifiers are not likely to satisfy demanding specifications, so negative feedback is almost mandatory. There are several approaches. The most simple and common is to take a fraction of the switching signal, precondition it by means of a passive RC low pass filter and feed it back to the error amplifier.
To put it simply, the error amplifier is an opamp placed in the signal path (before the PWM comparator) that sums the input signal with the feedback signal to generate a error signal that the amps automatically minimises (this is the concept of every negative-feedback system).
Figure 8 - Typical Feedback Network Connections
Although good results are obtained this way, there is still a problem: load dependency, due to the speaker being an integral part of the filter, hence affecting its frequency response as shown above.
Some more advanced amplifiers take the feedback signal from the very output, trying to compensate this. This way, a constant frequency response is obtained, with the further gain that the inductor resistance contributes much less to the output impedance, so it is kept lower, hence damping factor is higher (higher speaker control). However, taking feedback after the filter is not an easy task. The LC introduces a pole and hence a phase shift that, if not properly compensated, will make the amp become unstable and, ultimately, oscillate. Feedback may be taken from both the switching node and the filter output. Although this can give very good results, it is still difficult to maintain stability because of the phase shift through the output filter.
Pure PWM (based on triangle generators, also called 'natural sampling PWM') is not the only way to go in order to construct a Class-D amplifiers. Several other topologies have arisen, many of them based on auto-oscillation, where the hysteresis in the comparator and delays between the comparator and power stage can be taken into account to design a system that oscillates by itself in a somewhat controllable manner.
Although simpler, these designs have some disadvantages, IMO. For example, the switching frequency is not fixed, but depends on the signal amplitude. This makes output notch filters ineffective, yielding higher ripple levels. When several channels are put together, the difference in switching frequency between them can produce beat frequencies that can become audible and very annoying. This can also happen of course with synchronous design as the one described here, but there is a simple solution - use the same clock for all the channels.
Some self oscillating designs may have some other difficulties like start-up: special circuitry may be needed that forces the amplifier to start oscillating. Conversely, if for any reason the oscillation stops, you could end up with an 'always-on' MOSFET, and thus a large amount of DC at the output, followed almost immediately by a dead loudspeaker. Of course, these issues can be solved with proper design, but the added complexity can void the initial simplicity, thus no gain is obtained.
Low distortion in a PWM amplifier requires a very linear triangle waveform, along with a very fast and accurate comparator. At the high operating frequencies needed for optimum overall performance, the opamps used need to have a wide bandwidth, extremely high slew rate, and excellent linearity. This is expensive to achieve, requiring premium devices. Some of these constraints are relieved somewhat by self oscillating designs (therefore making them slightly cheaper), but this is not an effective trade-off for the most part.
Clocked designs (fixed frequency) are not easier to make than self-oscillating or modulated switching frequency designs, but are certainly far more predictable and tend to have fewer problems overall. The ability to synchronise multiple amplifiers ensures that mutual interference is minimised. An 'advantage' claimed by the proponents of non-clocked and 'random switching' designs is that the RF energy on the speaker leads is spread over a wide frequency range, potentially making such amplifiers more likely (or perhaps less unlikely) to pass EMI testing. From an overall perspective, this is more likely to be a hindrance than a benefit, as it is no longer possible to optimise the filter network for maximum switching frequency rejection.
There are also PWM amps that claim to be truly 'digital', using One-Bit™ technology, or generating the PWM signal directly from the PCM data stream. Although the manufacturers of such amplifiers will naturally proclaim their superiority over all others, such self-praise should generally be ignored. Implementing feedback in a 'pure' digital design is at best difficult, and may be impossible without using a DSP (digital signal processor) or resorting to an outboard analogue feedback system. Including additional ADCs and DACs (analogue to digital converters and vice versa) is unlikely to allow the amplifier to be any 'better' than the direct analogue methods described in this article.
A relative newcomer to the scene is the Sigma-Delta modulator, however at the time of writing this still has problems (challenges in corporate speak). The main issue is that the transition rate is too high, and it must be reduced to accommodate real-world components - particularly the power switching MOSFETs.
The 'pure' digital solutions described above have another shortfall, and that's the fact that the number of different pulse widths is finite, and determined by the clock speed. A digital system can only switch on a clock transition. Based on currently available information, only around 8 x oversampling is possible if a digital noise shaping filter is added to the system. An analogue modulation system has an effectively infinite number of different pulse widths, but this is not possible with any true digital implementation.
These latter comments cover a very complex area, one is outside the scope of this article. However, even the scant information above will give most readers far more information that is commonly available - especially from manufacturers of digital Class-D amplifiers.
In conclusion, Class-D amplifiers have evolved a lot since they were first invented, achieving levels of performance similar to conventional amplifiers, and even better in some aspects, like an inherent low output impedance that allows effortless bass. All this, with the great advantage of high efficiency. Of course, only if they are properly designed.
However, although very attractive, Class-D designs are not very DIY friendly. In order to achieve a properly working design in terms of efficiency, performance and EMI, very careful PCB layout is mandatory, some component selections are critical and of course proper instrumentation is absolutely required.
This article has been written in order to throw some light about the internals, advantages and difficulties of this not very well-known (and even less well understood) technology. Everyone thinks that "Class-D" stands for "Digital". I hope that after reading this article, no-one thinks that any more
|Copyright Notice. This article, including but not limited to all text and diagrams, is the intellectual property of Sergio Sánchez Moreno and Rod Elliott, and is Copyright © 2005. Reproduction or re-publication by any means whatsoever, whether electronic, mechanical or electro- mechanical, is strictly prohibited under International Copyright laws. The authors grant the reader the right to use this information for personal use only, and further allows that one (1) copy may be made for reference. Commercial use is prohibited without express written authorisation from Sergio Sánchez Moreno and Rod Elliott.| | <urn:uuid:ed027477-04bc-4ace-a1ce-172cf920b57f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://sound.whsites.net/articles/pwm.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721027.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00551-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943878 | 6,307 | 2.359375 | 2 |
BEIJING, Feb 28 (Reuters) - China on Friday accused the United States of widespread human rights abuses, including cyber-surveillance and child labour, in Beijing's annual rebuttal of Washington's criticism of its rights record.
Human rights have long been a source of tension between the world's two largest economies, especially since 1989, when the U.S. imposed sanctions on China after a bloody crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrators around Beijing's Tiananmen Square.
In an annual survey of human rights around the world released on Thursday, the United States noted some positive reforms in China, but said Beijing continued to tighten curbs on freedom and activists and step up repression in Tibet and Xinjiang.
In a lengthy response issued by the official Xinhua news agency, China said the United States "carefully concealed and avoided mentioning its own human rights problems".
The report, without a hint of irony in acknowledging China's sprawling domestic security and intelligence apparatus, slammed the U.S. surveillance programme known as Prism as "a blatant violation of international law", saying it "seriously infringes on human rights".
The United States faces rampant gun violence too, it said.
"In 2013, 137 people died in 30 mass killings, which caused four or more deaths each, in the United States," it said.
The report also took aim at U.S. drone strikes in countries such as Pakistan, a close ally of China's.
"The U.S. has carried out 376 drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004, causing deaths of up to 926 civilians," it said.
The report touched upon a wide range of issues, including unemployment, the alleged use of child labourers in farming, and the use of solitary confinement in U.S. jails.
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang said the United States was exercising double standards.
"The United States always wants to gossip and remark about other countries' situations, but ignores its own issues. This is a classic double standard," he told a daily news briefing.
Qin said China issued its own report on U.S. human rights to allow people to see whether the United States, which "wants to be the grand master of human rights", really has the right to make such judgments.
"The Chinese people are in the best position to judge the human rights situation facing the Chinese people," he added. (Reporting by Ben Blanchard; Additional reporting by Michael Martina; Editing by Clarence Fernandez) | <urn:uuid:0bc1c53f-76a4-452d-867e-36473e690ee1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.trust.org/item/20140228075732-iin6d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00461-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962003 | 507 | 1.898438 | 2 |
The balenaFin has been designed with field deployment in mind. It is a carrier board for the Raspberry Compute Module 3 and 3+ Lite (CM3L/CM3+L), that can run all the software that the Raspberry Pi can run, hardened for field deployment use cases.
Note : if you have a version number missing from the
balenaFin text written on the development board, you are using a balenaFin v1.0. Please check our v1.0 documentation page instead.
The balenaFin supports the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3 and 3+ lite (CM3L/CM3+L).
The storage on the balenaFin is based on an industrial grade eMMC storage with 8GB, 16GB, 32GB and 64GB options available.
The balenaFin features a wide input voltage range (6V-24V), especially suitable for applications where a reliable 5V is usually not available.
The balenaFin includes a low-power co-processor (32-bit ARM® Cortex M4) with Bluetooth support. The co-processor can run on its own or in parallel and allows the main processor to be powered on and off programmatically. This is especially useful in applications where low power consumption or real-time processing is required.
The balenaFin's wireless chip supports 802.11ac/a/b/g/n WiFI and Bluetooth 4.2 (including SMART features).
There is a dual-band embedded antenna included in the board and an external antenna connector for improved signal coverage.
The Mini PCI Express port on the balenaFin brings seamless connectivity to a number of different modules. Third party modules are readily available for LTE, Zigbee, LoRA and CANBus and extra storage can be achieved by leveraging the USB interface on the mini PCI Express connector (this will probably require a custom design).
The balenaFin HAT header can be used to connect any Raspberry Pi HAT compatible module (PoE, RS232, ZWave, etc). A smaller 18-pin header exposes the co-processor's analog and time-sensitive I/O.
V1.1 includes an extra 4-pin USB header that allows wire-free design applications such as additional storage, secondary ethernet port, multimedia readers, additional radio interfaces, etc.. | <urn:uuid:afa13537-df49-4ab3-9a5c-6f44fe21f0b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.balena.io/fin/1.1/docs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.861026 | 482 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Wednesday, 2 June 2010
Today, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released final label revisions for respiratory medications that contain an active ingredient known as a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA). This follows the FDA communication on 18 February 2010 requesting all manufacturers of LABA-containing medications to undertake class-labelling changes.
The FDA made label revisions to both single ingredient and combination LABA-containing medications. For the treatment of asthma, single ingredient LABAs should only be used with an asthma controller medication such as an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), they should not be used alone. SYMBICORT (budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate) is an asthma combination medication that contains both an ICS (budesonide) and a LABA (formoterol).
The updated label for combination asthma medications, including SYMBICORT, provides guidance on how these products should be prescribed to treat asthma, including:
- SYMBICORT should only be used for patients not adequately controlled on a long-term asthma control medication such as an inhaled corticosteroid or whose disease severity clearly warrants initiation of treatment with both an inhaled corticosteroid and LABA.
- Once asthma control is achieved and maintained, assess the patient at regular intervals and step down therapy (e.g. discontinue SYMBICORT) if possible without loss of asthma control, and maintain the patient on a long-term asthma control medication, such as an inhaled corticosteroid.
In addition, the Boxed Warning, and other relevant sections of the label, have been revised to inform healthcare professionals and patients that LABAs, when used as single ingredient products, increase the risk of asthma-related death based on a large placebo-controlled study with salmeterol (a single ingredient LABA product). FDA considers this risk to be a class effect of all LABAs, including formoterol, one of the components of SYMBICORT. Currently available data are inadequate to determine whether concurrent use of inhaled corticosteroids or other long-term asthma control drugs mitigates the increased risk of asthma-related death from LABA.
“AstraZeneca is confident in the positive benefit-risk profile of SYMBICORT in asthma. Combination therapies, such as SYMBICORT, continue to play a critical role in helping appropriate patients control asthma symptoms,” said Dr. Cathy Bonuccelli, Vice President, Clinical Respiratory & Inflammation, AstraZeneca. “Regular assessments of patients’ asthma control by their physicians is important for ensuring that they are on the appropriate therapy based on their individual treatment needs.”
In SYMBICORT clinical studies, AstraZeneca has shown that the combination of budesonide and formoterol provides clear benefits to appropriate patients with asthma, such as improvement in asthma measures of control and quality of life.
Patients who are currently taking SYMBICORT should continue their prescribed medication, and talk to their doctor regarding any questions they may have about their treatment.
The updated label only impacts the asthma indication for SYMBICORT and does not pertain to the other approved use of SYMBICORT for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
To view the FDA communication, visit the following FDA Web site link: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm213836.htm
NOTES TO EDITORS:
In the US, SYMBICORT is indicated for the treatment of asthma in patients 12 years of age and older.
SYMBICORT is approved in more than 100 countries and is available in two different inhalers, SYMBICORT TURBUHALER and SYMBICORT pMDI.
AstraZeneca is a global, innovation-driven biopharmaceutical business with a primary focus on the discovery, development and commercialisation of prescription medicines. As a leader in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neuroscience, respiratory and inflammation, oncology and infectious disease medicines, AstraZeneca generated global revenues of US $32.8 billion in 2009. For more information please visit: www.astrazeneca.com
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Jorgen Winroth +1 212 579 0506 mob: +1 917 612 4043 | <urn:uuid:b7f0ab81-6625-401c-9e8e-b8b112af4fed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/FDA-updates-US-product-labels-for-LABA-containing-medications-including-AstraZenecas-SYMBICORT-02062010.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00135-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.847042 | 1,068 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Jan 26,2007 00:00
As dentist Alexander Sabet poked around Lynn Tobias' mouth during a recent examination, his patient took extra care to note his every word and action.
"He looked me in the eyes and listened to what I had to say, and he spoke in clear, easy-to-understand terms," Tobias later recalled.
That was good news for Sabet, who's spent the last few months working to soften his "strictly business" bedside manner.
Mystery shoppers have visited restaurants, clothing stores, banks and other retail businesses for years, but an increasing number are now showing up at offices run by dentists, optometrists, chiropractors and family physicians.
With Americans paying more of their medical bills out of their own pockets and health care costs continuing to soar, patients are comparing prices, service quality and convenience. That's putting more pressure on health care professionals - particularly those who rely on referrals - to make sure their patients are happy with the care they receive.
These changes prompted Jodi Manfredi to launch Examine Your Practice, a San Diego-based mystery shopper service that caters to medical offices.
Manfredi, a former dental supply company sales representative, relocated to Southern California earlier this year after starting the business in Las Vegas.
An evaluation by Examine Your Practice can cost from $300 to $3,500, depending on the number of visits made by secret patients. A typical medical practice will schedule six visits over the course of six months.
In order to comply with privacy laws, such as the federal government's Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, health care mystery shoppers typically sign confidentiality agreements that bar them from disclosing information about their shopping experience outside of the evaluation process unless they receive permission from the client.
"This is not about getting staff members fired," Manfredi said. "It's not about what they are doing wrong. It's really about recognizing training needs and catching (staff members) doing something right."
On a visit to a doctor's office in the San Diego area recently, one of Manfredi's shoppers encountered an inattentive receptionist at the front desk.
"She barely looked at me, and then finally said, 'Sign in,' and went back to working on the computer and talking," the shopper wrote in a report on the visit. "The front office staff and medical assistants should be friendlier, more attentive and professional. They do not reflect the same caring and friendly attitude that (the doctor) displays."
Such observations can be revelations for medical practice owners.
Doctors who spend most of their workday in examination rooms often are unaware of what is happening in the front office, said Dr. James Loden, a Nashville, Tenn., ophthalmologist who has used Examine Your Practice.
"The only way to know exactly how (staff members) are performing is to have someone actually evaluate how they are performing," he said.
Sabet was more interested in evaluating his own dealings with patients when he hired Manfredi's firm a few months ago.
The Vista, Calif., dentist started warming up his button-down approach to work after his wife told him that he needed to be friendlier with his patients.
"Before, I was more focused on the teeth. But you need to get to know the person a little bit before you treat them," he said. "Now, I sit down with them at eye level. I talk to them and spend a little time with them."
Tobias, who has worked as a mystery shopper for several years, appreciated the changes.
"I would highly recommend this dentist. I would actually go to him," she said.
The mystery shopping industry racked up $600 million in revenue in 2004, according to the latest figures from the Mystery Shopping Providers Association, the industry's Dallas-based trade group. Most of the 8 million mystery shopping trips made in that year involved retail stores, banks, fast food restaurants and convenience stores.
Health care mystery shopping accounted for 2 percent of industry revenue in 2004, more than double the previous year when health care mystery shopping accounted for less than 1 percent of industry revenue.
"That's a pretty hefty jump," said John Swinburn, executive director of the association.
While about one-third of the group's 150 U.S. members say they provide mystery shoppers to health care clients, only a handful make it their primary focus, Swinburn said. Those that do mainly work with hospitals.
Devon Hill Associates of San Diego, for example, has been conducting mystery shopping visits to hospitals since the late 1990s. Last year the firm sent mystery shoppers posing as uninsured patients to 64 California hospitals. The shoppers were seeking price information on elective procedures, part of a study by the nonprofit California HealthCare Foundation looking into the difficulty of comparing costs among hospitals.
Health care companies are just starting to warm to the idea of using mystery shopper services to gauge customer satisfaction, said Devon President Barbara Gerber, who conducts long-term evaluations for two or three hospital clients each year.
"You are going to find in the future that there is more of it," she said. "It's still a very new field for them."
Neither Devon Hill Associates nor Examine Your Practice would divulge sales figures. Examine Your Practice currently has six clients.
San Diego chiropractor Danny Song decided last fall to hire Examine Your Practice to evaluate his pain care clinic after reading about a recent report that indicated San Diego physicians rank lower than doctors in many other large U.S. cities when it comes to patient satisfaction.
"We understand that patients have a choice of where they can go," he said. "Even though we give patients the best medical service that we can, we wanted to make sure that the customer service part is good as well."
Mystery shoppers who visited Pain Care San Diego gave practice workers high marks for scheduling appointments quickly and limiting time spent in the waiting room, but the shoppers complained about the office's confusing automated telephone system and said that some patients weren't immediately greeted after arriving for appointments.
Song said those weaknesses now are regularly discussed during staff meetings, and a suggestion box has been placed in the waiting room to collect more consumer input.
Though pay for mystery shopper work is relatively low - ranging from $10 to $30 for several hours of work - other perks make the job attractive.
Since shoppers are reimbursed for the cost of the exams they receive, a mystery shopping trip amounts to free health care. An undercover trip to a dental office, for example, could mean a free dental cleaning, X-rays and an exam that normally would cost about $250.
Tobias, who doesn't have dental insurance, said her recent trip to the dentist for Examine Your Practice provided valuable advice on procedures that she has been considering for some time. "I had a very nice teeth cleaning and got some good information," she said.
Tobias, who has worked for years as a mystery shopper outside of the health care industry, said the part-time job serves as a public service as much as anything else .
"There is a lot of satisfaction to it, and I do it because I enjoy shopping," she said.
"This isn't a 'get rich quick' thing. It's not a 'get rich' thing at all." | <urn:uuid:de1aa175-66ba-4706-bef9-0136e2c6049b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bendweekly.com/print/2271.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00097-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97698 | 1,522 | 1.59375 | 2 |
- Shows Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine [there is no state of Palestine] and Tel-Aviv as the capital of Israel [and Jerusalem is the capital of Israel].
- Claims that “Fundamental Judaism” is the reason “Israeli Defense Forces feel free to invade and re-occupy Palestinian territory at will.”
- “Zionist settlers feel justified in driving Palestinians from the land…they’ve also pulled off some high-profile terrorist attacks.”
Flashpoints Country Briefing: Israel-Palestine
Help us by sharing our message: | <urn:uuid:7f093935-2c60-4e9f-b73e-64c696c119e1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.peaceandtolerance.org/2013/11/14/flashpoints-guide-to-world-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.900132 | 122 | 1.789063 | 2 |
WASHINGTON, Jan. 16 (UPI) -- President Obama urged U.S. Senate Democrats not to impose more sanctions against Iran, saying they could harm negotiations on the country's nuclear program.
One senator who attended the meeting Wednesday said Obama's case was "one of the most powerful arguments" about the issue he had ever heard from the president, CNN reported.
"They discussed Iran and the president made the case for why new sanctions legislation now would hurt us," a senior administration official told CNN.
A six-month interim agreement with Iran begins Monday. Under terms of the deal, Iran must dismantle or freeze some of its nuclear program and allow more international inspections in return for limited relief from international sanctions.
If all goes as planned, negotiators from Iran, the United States, France, Russia, China, Britain and Germany will seek a broader agreement to prevent Tehran from developing a nuclear weapon.
However, pro-Israel members of Congress want additional sanctions against Iran that would take effect if the talks break down.
"The president did speak passionately about a way to seize this opportunity that we have," said Sen. Jeff Merkley, D-Ore., after the meeting. "If Iran isn't willing in the end to make the decisions necessary to make it work, he'll be ready to sign a bill to tighten those sanctions. But we've got to give this six months."
Merkley told Politico the mood generally was "quite supportive" of Obama's position.
The meeting lasted for more than two hours, Politico said. Besides discussing Iran, those attending the meeting said Obama discussed the need to raise the minimum wage, improve education, immigration and keep the Senate under Democratic control. | <urn:uuid:cd9c4ce3-e771-418c-9a52-8056de94acf0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2014/01/16/Senator-Obama-makes-powerful-case-against-more-sanctions-on-Iran/UPI-65461389879186/?st_rec=64321390477876 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00427-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961323 | 345 | 1.515625 | 2 |
After Hillary Clinton’s recent victories, many pundits and political officials have argued that Senator Sanders should drop put of the race, but there are many reasons for him to continue to fight for more delegates.
The first reason he should stay in is that he still has a chance at winning the pledged delegates. Currently, Hillary has 1,650 and Bernie has1,348, and both need 2,383 to win. This means that Hillary leads by 302, and she still has to gain 733 to win the nomination before the convention. With 1,206 delegates still undecided, if the Sanders and Clinton split the remaining delegates, Hillary would fall short by 130 delegates, and the nomination would have to be dcided at the convention. It is important to note that the superdelegates do not vote before the convention, and in 2008, many switched their votes from Hillary to President Obama.
The main reason why many superdelegates might change their votes is that Sanders is a stronger candidatein the national election. Sanders strength is in part due to his popularity among independents; however, the fact that many states do not allow independents to vote in the primaries makes Hillary look stronger than she really is. Moreover, Hillary has such a high unfavorable rating that she could actually lose to someone like Trump or Cruz.
Even if Sanders loses the nomination, but he brings a large number of delegates to the convention, he can help shape the party platform and influence who Hillary chooses for Vice President. If people want someone like Elizabeth Warren to be VP, they should keep on voting for Bernie.
As Sanders has said throughout the campaign, he is trying to create a political revolution, and so it is important for people to keep on supporting him to show that establishment politics have to be transformed. The fact that he has been able to raise most of his funds from small individual contributions shows that a different campaign finance system is possible. In short, a vote for Sanders is a vote for a different political system, and while Hillary attacks the system, she continues to use it to her advantage.
Unfortunately, many people are simply following the mainstream media narrative that tells them they are fools to vote for someone who is clearly going to lose. Would the same pundits tell a basketball team that was down two games in a series to simply give up? Why should Sanders drop out if he still has a chance of winning or at least influencing the party platform? Instead of sheepishly following the media narrative, people should vote their conscience. | <urn:uuid:77d85388-1edd-4cc7-9e39-b3c2d9f978bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://changinguniversities.blogspot.com/2016/04/why-you-should-still-vote-for-sanders.html?showComment=1472725943229 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.979941 | 502 | 1.546875 | 2 |
I stood in the checkout line at my local All-Natural Grocery with my lunch in hand—fresh sushi with a bottle of water. I patiently waited for my turn with the cashier when I heard a young woman behind me say with incredulity, “How can you miss a baby you never knew?” She was referring to the most recent cover of People Magazine that features a teenage couple who gave up their baby for adoption. I turned to see a woman in her late-teens or early 20’s with a man of the same age. My curiosity was piqued as they engaged in a conversation that would impact me beyond imagination.
The young man responded to her, “Wouldn’t you miss it if someone cut off a part of your body?”
“What do you mean a part of ‘my body’?” she replied with a confused look. I tried not to stare, but at this point I was fully engaged in their conversation… I could not help myself.
The young man put his hands to his stomach an said, “I mean, the baby is inside her for all that time, of course she will miss it just like anyone would miss a part of their body when it is cut off.”
“The baby is not a part of my body.” she said with some frustration, “it is more like a parasite than a body part.” She continued to explain herself to him, “The baby eats everything I eat and can’t live outside my body. That is just like a parasite.”
The young man did not pause for a second before agreeing, “You are right, a baby is a parasite, it is just that people often form emotional attachments to their parasites. Some people even feed their tapeworms.”
My gut reaction was to turn and say, “I am sure you still live at home and your parents feel the same way about you; living in their house and eating from their fridge like a parasite.” You will be glad to know that I did not say anything to the couple, but my mind began to process the truly horrific implications of the beliefs held by these people. In their Naturalistic worldview, a baby is the same as a tick, a mite, or even a tapeworm—a meaningless “life”-form that the host can choose to love or hate; nurture or annihilate.
I could write a volume about the conversation I overheard; the philosophy that undergirds it, the politics that enshrine it, and the culture that celebrates it, but today I only want to make one simple observation.
This story of my experience at the grocery store illustrates precisely what I have been teaching about Faith in Politics; the Abortion laws in America (and in Europe) are rooted in a philosophy that will not change by passing a new law. Even if abortion were outlawed tomorrow, this couple would still have no regard for the Divine-beauty of human life because they have no regard for the Divine.
The worldview expressed by this young couple is the same for all those who chant the mantra of “Pro-Choice.” To those who support such laws, a baby is simply a meaningless blob of inconvenient DNA and killing it has no meaning beyond the woman’s “right” to choose.
The Evolutionary-Narcissim reflected in our national’s Abortion laws will not change with the stroke of a President’s pen, it will only change by the transforming power of the Holy Spirit who alone can bring the conviction of sin, the righteousness of Christ and a genuine love for human life created in the image of YHWH. | <urn:uuid:f1fba07f-7500-4266-8d4c-5b21b4a64de0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.morethancake.org/archives/1916 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00156-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971975 | 779 | 1.515625 | 2 |
If you want to be president, the path is pretty straightforward: go to an Ivy League or other high-profile college or join the military (or both); become a lawyer, continue in a military career or become a high-profile and outspoken member of your community; get elected to the U.S. Senate or as governor; gain your party's support; become president. Easy, right?
In Pictures: 6 Hot Careers With Lots Of Jobs
Though the above is in jest, the path to presidency is rather homogeneous when you look at the past 50 years of presidents. It was a bit different for presidents from years ago, as there was no value placed on formal education. George Washington, for instance, finished school at 14 or 15 and became a surveyor. Abraham Lincoln had very little formal schooling and taught himself grammar, math and eventually law. Washington found his way to becoming president through war and the formation of the country, while Lincoln made his way from small-town lawyer to the House of Representatives. As values shift, so do the characteristics of U.S. presidents, and in the 20th and 21st centuries, the presidential resume changed. We look at what these resumes all have in common.
- Barack Obama (2009-Present)
Barack Obama got his B.A. from Columbia with a degree in political science. Following graduation, Obama joined the workforce as a community organizer in South Chicago. Obama eventually went to Harvard Law School, becoming the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. He graduated with his Juris Doctor in 1991. He followed this by becoming a lecturer and professor at the Chicago Law School for 12 years, teaching constitutional law. He then practiced law with a law firm specializing in civil rights litigation.
Obama became involved in politics and became a senator in Illinois in 1996, and was sworn into the U.S. Senate in 2005. He was sworn in as president in 2009. Obama's resume has many of the common presidential traits: a law degree, community work, being a member of the U.S. Senate and having attended an Ivy League university. (To learn more, check out Profitable Investing, Ivy League Style.)
- George W. Bush (2001-2009)
Obama's predecessor, the contentious George W. Bush, has a different pedigree than Obama. Whereas Obama had few political family connections, Bush had many, and also a fortune. Bush received his B.A. in history from Yale in 1968, and after failing to get into the University of Texas Law School, he went to Harvard Business School where he earned his MBA in 1975. Bush also served time in the Texas National Guard, though it's been disputed just how deeply involved he was at this position.
Bush went on to start his own oil company that was later bought by Harken in 1986. Bush served as a consultant and sat on the Board of Directors for Harken after the acquisition. He then became involved in his father's presidential campaign, as a campaign adviser. Shortly after this, Bush made his own foray into politics, becoming Governor of Texas before becoming president.
- Bill Clinton (1993-2001)
Bill Clinton has a similar story to Obama, having been born with little in the way of political connections or wealth. It seems that when future presidents are born into these positions, their pre-presidential resume is even more impressive than the more fortunate presidents. Clinton went to Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and received a B.S. in Foreign Service.
During his college years, Clinton worked as an intern for Senator J William Fulbright, Arkansas Democrat. Following this he was a Rhodes Scholar at the University of Oxford, taking philosophy, politics and economics, but he did not finish before enrolling at Yale Law School, where he received his JD in 1973. He then went on to teach law at the University of Arkansas.
In 1976, Clinton was elected Attorney General of Arkansas, and in 1978 was elected governor. After losing in 1980, Clinton was elected four more times as Governor of Arkansas from 1982 on. He won the Democratic nomination in 1992, and was sworn into office in 1993.
- Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)
Ronald Reagan was certainly an anomaly among the presidents. Reagan attended Eureka College and got a B.A., majoring in economics and sociology. Reagan was heavily involved at college, and was student president. Reagan went on to become an actor, and later the president of the Screen Actors Guild. He was famous for his anti-communist stance and was also fiscally and socially conservative.
After being the face of GE during a weekly television show that the company put on, Reagan attracted the attention of California Republicans who wanted him to run for governor of California. With his conservative political views and high-profile position, Reagan became governor in 1967, and later president in 1981. (For more, see The Power Of Economic Sanctions.)
- Richard Nixon (1969-1974)
Last on our list is the infamous Richard "Tricky Dick" Nixon, who received his law degree from Duke University, and was the president of the Duke Bar Association. He became a lawyer, and later became a partner at a law firm in 1939. He was voted into the House of Representatives and then into the U.S. Senate in 1950. Nixon became vice president in 1953, serving with President Eisenhower. Nixon was voted president in 1968, after losing to John F. Kennedy in 1960 - JFK, by the way, came from a politically influential family, had an undergrad at Harvard and served in the army; check, check and check.
The Bottom Line
The path to the president's office is always going to be challenging and nearly impossible to achieve, but when looking at presidents from the 20th and 21st centuries, the presidential resume has some must-haves. (For more, see 6 Outrageous Political Earmarks.)
Catch up on the latest financial news, read Water Cooler Finance: Billion Dollar Summits and Barack Vs. BP. | <urn:uuid:5f007edf-70ab-43cd-8d29-c806ad461723> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0610/the-presidential-resume.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00329-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986955 | 1,250 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Water Research Foundation (WRF) published the recommended best practices from global experts that contributed to WRF’s international water research summit on wastewater surveillance of the genetic signal of COVID-19 sewersheds. This paper offers insight from global leaders on the current state of knowledge on wastewater sampling, molecular genetics tools, interpretation of results, and communication of this information to stakeholders. The summit also provided recommended near-term research opportunities related to wastewater surveillance of the genetic signal of COVID-19 in sewersheds. WRF is currently implementing several research projects to accelerate progress in this critically important area.
WRF is committed to meeting the evolving needs of its subscribers and the water sector. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific studies demonstrated that the genetic material of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—an enveloped RNA virus—could frequently be detected in the feces of infected individuals. This provided a strong indication that the genetic signal could potentially be detected in wastewater. WRF is funding additional research to support the global water sector as it investigates the potential for wastewater surveillance for the genetic signal of SARS-CoV-2 as an indication of the distribution of COVID-19 within a community. | <urn:uuid:84e7abb6-a5f3-45fa-b84e-8e8177d2bd9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/water-research-foundation-wrf/wrf-publishes-recommendations-wastewater-surveillance-covid-19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.921416 | 263 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Friday April 03, 2020
‘Hank’ Gowdy, Super-Hero, Cont.
After posting this piece on Boston Braves first baseman Hank Gowdy being called a “super-hero” for his incredible 1914 World Series performance—one of the earliest mentions of the term I‘ve come across—I got the following email from my father:
Hank Gowdy also figured prominently in the 1924 World Series, but not so heroically. In the 12th inning of game 7 at Griffith Park, Senators leadoff hitter, Muddy Ruel hit a foul popup near home plate, but Gowdy tripped over his catchers mask and didn’t catch it. Ruel then doubled and scored the winning run, rewarding Walter Johnson, in relief, with the win.
It was the first time a Game 7 went into extra innings. The next time? 1991.
That last stat is pretty interesting—particularly since it involved the Twins—the original Senators franchise that moved to Minnesota in 1961. So the first two times a deciding Game 7 went into extras, it involved that franchise; and they won both. Not bad.
Also interesting? Though it hadn't happened in nearly 70 years when the Twins beat the Braves in 10, it happened again just six years later, in 1997, when Jose Mesa blew it for the Indians and the Marlins went on to win in 11. Then it happened again in 2016, when the Cubs and Indians took a rain-delayed Game 7 into the 10th. Right, the Indians lost both of those. So Senators/Twins win the first two Game 7 extras, Indians lose the next two Game 7 extras. Symmetetry. Sorry, Cleveland.
Despite my father's memory, Gowdy wasn't hounded into eternity for the ‘24 mishap, the way that Merkle, Snodgrass and Buckner were for theirs. In fact, tripping over the catcher’s mask isn't mentioned at all in Gowdy's 1966 New York Times obit. The subhed immediately goes to his '14 exploits, then mentions a truer kind of heroism: The fact that Gowdy was the first Major League Baseball player to enlist and serve in World War I. | <urn:uuid:083d58bb-9aa3-4f1e-a260-33f73be62ef9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://eriklundegaard.com/item/8216hank8217-gowdy-super-hero-cont | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.960689 | 461 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Definition of thereunder
adv. - Under that or this. 2
The word "thereunder" uses 10 letters: D E E E H N R R T U.
No direct anagrams for thereunder found in this word list.
Adding one letter to thereunder does not form any other word in this word list.Words within thereunder not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from thereunder by changing one letter
Browse words starting with thereunder by next letter | <urn:uuid:90fa4e07-e920-45ca-876d-a1b31de963d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.morewords.com/word/thereunder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00328-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875395 | 105 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology continues to be one of the most sought after and most often cited series in this field. Containing contributions of major empirical and theoretical interest, this series represents the best and the brightest in new research, theory, and practice in social psychology.
- Limba : Engleza
- Cuprins : L. Jussim, Accuracy in Social Perception: Criticisms, Controversies, Criteria, Components and Cognitive Processes. D.O. Sears and P.J. Henry, Over Thirty Years Later: A Contemporary Look at Symbolic Racism and its Controversies. D. De Cremer and T.R. Tyler, Managing Group Behavior: The Interplay Between Procedural Justice, Sense of Self, and Cooperation. R.S. Baron, Right Its Wrong: Groupthink and the Ubiquitous Nature of Polarized Group Decision-making. R. Brown and M. Hewstone, An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Contact. A.W. Kruglanski, A. Raviv, D. Bar-Tal, A. Raviv, K. Sharvit, S. Ellis, R. Bar, A. Pierro and L. Mannetti, Says Who?: Epistemic Authority Effects in Social Judgment.
- Data Publicarii : 03 May 2005
- Format : Hardback
- Numar pagini : 432
- ISBN : 9780120152377 | <urn:uuid:3e4776a0-3dab-44d8-bc32-527e53aae8d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.okian.ro/advances-in-experimental-social-psychology-v-37-9780120152377.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00192-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.755615 | 295 | 1.765625 | 2 |
DWELLING IN THE PAST used to be considered a sign of senility, but reminiscing can be an important and therapeutic aspect of aging. The idea that reminiscing could be therapeutic was first proposed in the 1960s by Dr. Robert Butler, a psychiatrist who specialized in geriatric medicine. Dr. Butler proposed what many now take as a given: When approaching death, many people find it helpful to put their lives in perspective.1
Revisiting the past
Reminiscence therapy is a nonpharmacological intervention that improves self-esteem and provides older patients with a sense of fulfillment and comfort as they look back at their lives.2 Although reminiscing involves recalling past events, it encourages older patients to communicate and interact with a listener in the present.3 Reminiscence sessions may be formal, informal, one-on-one, or in a group setting.
I first heard about reminiscence therapy in nursing school. Working part time as a home-health aid, I'd finally discovered a descriptive term for the intervention I was performing every day with my 93-year-old patient. Because her short-term memory was “shot,” in her words, she liked to talk about the past. One day while I was helping her get dressed, she confided, “I like you because you listen to me.”
I don't know anybody who doesn't have a need to be acknowledged. Because most of us are healthy and mobile, we can usually seek out friends and family for listening support. Often, though, older patients are isolated and have trouble finding someone to validate their worth. They often feel incapacitated in the modern world if they can't figure out how to use cell phones, replay phone messages, or operate a DVD player. The wisdom they've acquired through years of experience can seem inferior in our fast-paced world. Reminiscence therapy can reaffirm the importance of their hard-earned wisdom.4
Engaging older patients
Reminiscence therapy is all about engaging older patients throughout the day with positive interactions during meal and bed times, bath/shower times, when assisting with walking, or when giving medications. Reminiscing takes minimal skill, but following some guidelines can maximize a reminiscence session.
The open-ended question is the most important tool: How are you getting along today? How long have you and your husband been married?3 Other helpful tools include active listening, responding positively, asking follow-up questions, and allowing time for silence and emotion. If appropriate, share your own experiences as an offer of support.
If an older patient starts remembering a sad or difficult time in his or her life, it isn't necessarily a bad thing.3 My patient often cried when she talked about how her family members were killed in the Holocaust. Having an attentive listener allowed her to experience the painful memories and recall an important life-changing story, using her intact long-term memory.
Use your observational skills to detect clues about your patient's past from objects in his or her room or home. Many memories spring from mementos, keepsakes, souvenirs, and photographs. Using objects as prompts for memories is especially helpful for patients with dementia.
Reminiscing is more than simply talking about a memory, especially for cognitively impaired patients. Sensory stimulation through sound, movement, dance, smell, vibration, and food can trigger strong memories.3
Communication is key
My 93-year-old patient lived to be over 100, and I went on to a busy career on a medical-surgical floor working with veterans. But I still enjoy reminiscing with my patients. All reminiscence therapy takes on our part is a little bit of time. Reminiscing is really just good old-fashioned communication, which in nursing, should never go out of style.
1. Miller MC. Remembering as a form of therapy. Why reminiscing can be therapeutic. http://healthyliving.msn.com/health-wellness/remembering-as-a-form-of-therapy
2. Jones ED.Reminiscence therapy for older women with depression. Effects of nursing intervention classification in assisted-living long-term care. J Gerontol Nurs. 2003;29(7):26–33.
4. Reed S. Connecting the generations: why reminiscence is good for us all. http://manyhappyreturns.org/why-reminiscence-is-good-for-us-all | <urn:uuid:fc179db5-9b71-49c0-83fc-9a881d072630> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://journals.lww.com/nursing/Pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2013&issue=04000&article=00011&type=Fulltext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.9506 | 951 | 3.03125 | 3 |
TI-83 Resource Website
|Quick Steps||Step-by-Step||Related Links||Print Version|
The TI-83 can calculate the number of combinations or arrangements possible.
Example: Find the number of ways you can choose five people from a class of twenty. Note that n = 20 and r = 5. ( If you have any questions, see your instructor.)
Step 1:.Enter n.
In this example, n = 20.
Step 2: Press MATH.
Step 3: Using the right blue arrow button, highlight PRB. The PRB menu should appear.
Step 4: Using the down blue arrow, select 3:nCr
Step 5: Press ENTER. You will be taken back to the home screen.
Step 6: Enter r.
In this example, r = 5.
Step 6: Press ENTER. The result will appear.
Interpreting the results: There are 15504 possible ways to choose five students out of a class of twenty students.
This site was last updated 10/10/02 and is maintained by Donna L. Sperry | <urn:uuid:76a5b94a-5156-4a4d-b769-ce12425b5617> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.itc.csmd.edu/mth/ti83/stats/ncr.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00565-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.781449 | 230 | 4.125 | 4 |
Jun 3, 1976
94th Congress, 1975–1976
Died in a previous Congress
This resolution was introduced on June 3, 1976, in a previous session of Congress, but was not enacted.
Representative for Illinois's 18th congressional district
This is the first step in the legislative process.
H.Res. 1247 (94th) was a simple resolution in the United States Congress.
A simple resolution is used for matters that affect just one chamber of Congress, often to change the rules of the chamber to set the manner of debate for a related bill. It must be agreed to in the chamber in which it was introduced. It is not voted on in the other chamber and does not have the force of law.
This simple resolution was introduced in the 94th Congress, which met from Jan 14, 1975 to Oct 1, 1976. Legislation not enacted by the end of a Congress is cleared from the books.
How to cite this information.
We recommend the following MLA-formatted citation when using the information you see here in academic work:
Civic Impulse. (2017). H.Res. 1247 — 94th Congress: Resolution to require the adoption of a resolution by the House of Representatives to carry ... Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/hres1247
“H.Res. 1247 — 94th Congress: Resolution to require the adoption of a resolution by the House of Representatives to carry ...” www.GovTrack.us. 1976. January 17, 2017 <https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/hres1247>
|title=H.Res. 1247 (94th)
|accessdate=January 17, 2017
|author=94th Congress (1976)
|date=June 3, 1976
|quote=Resolution to require the adoption of a resolution by the House of Representatives to carry ...
Where is this information from?
GovTrack automatically collects legislative information from a variety of governmental and non-governmental sources. This page is sourced primarily from Congress.gov, the official portal of the United States Congress. Congress.gov is generally updated one day after events occur, and so legislative activity shown here may be one day behind. Data via the congress project. | <urn:uuid:da21fd9f-4a43-4d6c-9738-ff66273c2caf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/hres1247 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00545-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912928 | 480 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The correct answer is: “it depends,” but you probably already knew that. The next and most accurate answer is that it can take anywhere between three months to two years to learn how to speak, write, and read in a new language fluently.
- If a student begins learning a language in grade six and continues on through to high school completion in grade 12, that constitutes 6 years of language learning. 96 hours per year for 6 years = 576 hours of language instruction When Archibald et al, state that “95 hours per year for six years will not lead to functional
- 1 Is 1 year enough to learn a language?
- 2 How long does it take to learn a language naturally?
- 3 At what age is it hard to learn a language?
- 4 How long does it take to learn a language per day?
- 5 Can a person be fluent in 10 languages?
- 6 What is the easiest language to learn?
- 7 What’s the hardest language to learn?
- 8 What are the Group 1 languages?
- 9 What is the best language to learn?
- 10 Can a 13 year old learn a new language?
- 11 How many languages can a person learn?
- 12 Can you learn after 25?
- 13 Is Spanish hard to learn?
- 14 Can you teach yourself a language?
- 15 Can you learn a language just by listening?
Is 1 year enough to learn a language?
They’ve suggested that a person can become fluent in language for social contexts in six months to two years. However, it can take 5-7 years to become fluent in academic language. So within one year, it’s absolutely possible to get fluent in a language for social uses, although probably not for academic purposes.
How long does it take to learn a language naturally?
In what could be the most surprising conclusion, the researchers say that even among native speakers it takes 30 years to fully master a language. The study showed a slight improvement—roughly one percentage point—in people who have been speaking English for 30 versus 20 years.
At what age is it hard to learn a language?
Instead, the results suggest that after the age of 18 people will still learn quickly but may not achieve the same proficiency of native speakers.
How long does it take to learn a language per day?
For most people, around 30 minutes of active study and 1 hour of language exposure a day is a schedule that will give you great results. It’s a model that’s sustainable over a long period to help you reach fluency.
Can a person be fluent in 10 languages?
Is It Even Possible to Learn 10 Languages? Short answer: yes. Many polyglots say they’ve learned 10 or more languages—it’s been said that the 19th-century priest Giuseppe Mezzofanti spoke 50 languages! Kramsch estimates that you could really only live in four or five languages, tops.
What is the easiest language to learn?
And The Easiest Language To Learn Is…
- Norwegian. This may come as a surprise, but we have ranked Norwegian as the easiest language to learn for English speakers.
What’s the hardest language to learn?
Mandarin As mentioned before, Mandarin is unanimously considered the toughest language to master in the world! Spoken by over a billion people in the world, the language can be extremely difficult for people whose native languages use the Latin writing system.
What are the Group 1 languages?
Group 1, the easiest of the bunch, includes French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish and Swahili. According to FSI research, it takes around 480 hours of practice to reach basic fluency in all Group 1 languages.
What is the best language to learn?
The 10 Best Languages to Learn in 2021
- Learn Spanish. Spanish almost always ranks high on these types of lists, and for very good reasons.
- Learn Chinese.
- Learn French.
- Learn Arabic.
- Learn Russian.
- Learn German.
- Learn Portuguese.
- Learn Japanese.
Can a 13 year old learn a new language?
According to this study, the best age to start learning a second language was at around 11-13 years, when the brain was further developed. The later you leave learning a second language, the lower the child’s chance of achieving full fluency in two tongues.
How many languages can a person learn?
Then, you will have to maintain that initial learning. As a result, a normal human being can assimilate 10 languages in his life. Speaking 10 languages is enough to make a hyperpolyglot, that is to say someone who speaks more than 6 languages, a word popularized by the linguist Richard Hudson in 2003.
Can you learn after 25?
It’s strongly believed that once we hit 25, the brain’s plasticity solidifies. This makes it harder to create neural pathways, which can mean it’s tougher to learn new skills. However, we believe it’s possible to break apart rigid neural patterns in the brain.
Is Spanish hard to learn?
Spanish is the hardest language to learn. It also borrows words from other languages, such as French, Italian and Sardinian. But it’s not the vocabulary people seem to find the hardest. According to our survey, understanding native speakers was the number one challenge for Spanish students.
Can you teach yourself a language?
There’s no limit in learning a foreign language, and most of the things I assume. Of course, it is best to learn with native speakers or a teachers because they can help you clear up complicated questions. But again, self-learning a foreign language is definitely possible with the right resources.
Can you learn a language just by listening?
While it can be difficult to learn a language purely through passive listening, it’s definitely a legitimate (and sometimes effective) way of learning a language. In particular, languages that are similar to each other can be particularly easy to learn if you already know one. | <urn:uuid:391b436f-48ba-4be5-a2bb-b1c822e7a7a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.feckenhamfirst.com/how-to-learn/how-many-years-does-it-take-to-learn-a-language-question.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.936932 | 1,314 | 3.234375 | 3 |
William Randolph Hearst was a figure of Shakespearean proportions, a man of huge ambition, inflexible will, and inexhaustible energy. He revolutionized the newspaper industry in America, becoming the most powerful media mogul the world had ever seen, and in the process earned himself the titleof "most hated man in America" on four different occasions. Now in the second volume of this sweeping biography, Ben Procter gives readers a vivid portrait of the final 40 years of Hearst's life. Drawing on previously unavailable letters and manuscripts, and quoting generously from Hearst's own editorials, Procter covers all aspects of Hearst's career: hisjournalistic innovations, his impassioned patriotism, his fierce belief in "Government by Newspaper," his frustrated political aspirations, profligate spending and voracious art collecting, the building of his castle at San Simeon, and his tumultuous Hollywood years. The book offers new insight intoHearst's bitter and highly public quarrels with Al Smith (who referred to Hearst papers as "Mudgutter Gazettes") and FDR (whose New Deal Hearst dubbed the "Raw Deal"); his 30-year affair with the actress Marion Davies (and her own affairs with others); his political evolution from a progressivetrust-buster and "America first" isolationist to an increasingly conservative and at times hysterical anti-communist. Procter also explores Hearst's ill-considered meeting with Hitler, his attempts to suppress "Citizen Kane," and his relationships with Joseph Kennedy, Charles Lindbergh, Louis B.Meyer, and many other major figures of his time. As Life magazine noted, Hearst newspapers were a "one-man fireworks display"--sensational, controversial, informative, and always entertaining. In Ben Procter's fascinating biography, Hearst shines forth in all his eccentric and egocentric glory. | <urn:uuid:f8453fb9-14ab-47a9-8f5a-cf561e04b37f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/william-randolph-hearst-the-later/9780195325348-item.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00270-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962836 | 387 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Reducing school stand-downs : a case study of one New Zealand secondary school : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Education (Educational Psychology) at Massey University, New Zealand
In 2012 schools in New Zealand stood-down over 13,000 students as a result of behavioural difficulties. Within this data are a disproportionate number of low decile, male and Maori students. This present study examines the stand-down processes at one secondary school to compare the study school’s stand-down data with national norms, and conduct a case study within the school to gather different perspectives on a stand-down event from two students, their families, and school staff. Possible ways to reduce stand-downs and intervene early before behaviour peaks to a level that may justify a stand-down are examined from a global view and then in relation to the specific contexts at the study school. Successful measures that can lead to a reduction in school stand-downs include the implementation of a positive behaviour framework such as School-Wide Positive Behaviour for Learning which is being promoted and implemented in New Zealand, which take a targeted, tiered approach to behavioural interventions. Restorative Practices and seeking interventions that assess the function of student behaviour are also highlighted as successful measures to reduce the time students spend out of school as a result of behavioural incidents. | <urn:uuid:f208a2ed-dfb3-4d5a-b7e1-8e74d0cddb10> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/5156 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00139-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953377 | 275 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Contact the OCR science subject advisor team
- firstname.lastname@example.org – the address for general queries
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Available from the public qualification webpages
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Other useful OCR webpages
The science homepage, with links to all our science qualifications, team info, newsletters, videos and more, plus a link to positiveaboutpractical with videos and links explaining aspects of the Practical Endorsement.
Contains links to book on to our free, termly, teacher networks.
OCR CPD courses: https://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/professional-development/upcoming-courses/?subject=Science
Upcoming face-to-face courses and online webinars plus downloadable resources from CPD sessions which have previously run. | <urn:uuid:597caa93-27d4-4184-9b00-703614f0dd77> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://support.ocr.org.uk/hc/en-gb/articles/360036945212-AS-and-A-Level-Chemistry-Where-can-I-find-resources-and-support- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.809693 | 438 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Always the Season for Giving & Receiving
Always the Season for Giving & Receiving. Receiving is the less talked about and most challenging for many. Be open to receive: help, knowledge, love... balance
Aloha dear co-creators of the Dreams!
Today we look at the two different types of your Abundance, Giving and Receiving. We believe that these are important during any seasons… not only Christmas. As you see on the picture above, there is a woman and man dancing. When you get your Giving and Receiving in balance or to dance the same way, Holistic Abundance automatically follows...(Holistic Abundance described in our blog post “The Meaning of Abundance”)
The foundation to all creation is something we call CREATION FORMULA - meaning everything starts with the thought, then is expressed with words and then when action is taken - it will materialize. It is the same process - does not matter if this is a cake you would love to bake or book you would like to write - it all has a similar process.
All giving and receiving starts the same way, thoughts, words and action.
So next time you give, keep thins in mind. Giving and receiving is the practice of gratitude. It is easy to give, as it makes us feel good, doing something for someone.
How do you receive their thanks? This is a form of receiving. You make the other person feel good by receiving their gratitude. So, don’t dismiss their gift of giving.
Allowing yourself to be a gracious receiver is a humbling experience and is truly an act of love because it offers a chance for others to give.
Law of Giving and Receiving, is based on the fact that everything in the universe operates through dynamic exchange. Every relationship is one of give and take because giving and receiving are different aspects of the flow of energy in the universe. If we stop the flow of energy, we interfere with nature’s intelligence. We must give and receive in order to keep money, or anything we want, circulating in our lives.
Most people never have the ability to really tune in to giving and receiving and wonder why their lives are not flowing and fulfilling.
If you are not in tune, you may not hear the inner guidance that comes in the form of ideas, intuition. These messages come from your Inner World, or Inner Family( to be discussed in depth at another time) but in short, here is a description:
What does Inner World, Inner Life, Inner Being, Inner Family mean?
Having a rich inner life means being in touch with your true self and the vast terrain of your hopes and dreams, thoughts, emotions, instincts, and intuition. It is a private space for imagination and reflection which nourishes your creative spirit and a sense of well-being.
This tapes into the Thought part of the Creation Formula.
The most exciting lives are lived by those who LISTEN and PAUSE. This is one way to Receive.
The second step after listening is to take Action. How many times we have got a brilliant idea and never made it happen and then one day you see it has materialized through someone else? I know we have been there.. grrrr. How frustrating is that. This is because you got the idea, you received it but you did not take action and share it with the world. The emphasis is, you did not take Action ...
Once you start to receive the messages and act on them, things start to manifest fast.
Crystal Ra just last autumn listened to her inner guidance and shared with her clients and prospective clients the ideas of a mini course. It was overwhelming with the response and before she knew it, she had manifested 3 mini classes serving many that had interest. So not only did she fill the needs of those in the course but she filled her own needs to be able to share her gifts but to receive a financial reward while doing what she.
Our inner world is here to serve us… but we need to start to cooperate with it in order to make it happen.
So, remember to Give & Receive on a constant basis.
Giving does not mean you have to give monetarily, you can make a HUGE difference in someone’s life by giving them time, attention, friendship, love or support, whatever you can, for those who are ready to receive.
By being constant with your giving and receiving flow, you will keep your Abundance in constant flow as well.
Even though we said it doesn’t have to be monetary, be careful with holding back when it comes to money or sending out the message, I don’t have enough, even if only energetically or in your mind because that can create a Scarcity Mindset, so make sure to have that balance we spoke of.... Thoughts create reality
Here is a FUN exercise for you:
Answer these questions and take action! See your life change and more abundance coming in! So simple!
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Many times, you hear people talking about money as the only form of abundance. It is not only money. Money is just one possible expression of abundance and helps to create more abundance if used wisely.
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For us, conscious abundance is everything and this is how we define it:
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Michael & Crystal Ra | <urn:uuid:b01d8c58-d4a3-4b5d-bea6-88ec4ce9812e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://infinite-activation.mykajabi.com/blog/giving-and-receiving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.958741 | 1,419 | 1.554688 | 2 |
What do you expect to happen with a 2% inflation target, if productivity growth falls from 2% per annum to 0% per annum? You expect tight money. Nominal wage growth must be pushed down from 4% to 2%. If nominal wages are sticky you’ll need a nasty blast of unemployment to achieve this. But the labour market will adjust eventually to the new equilibrium. This is the EARN08 table which tracks one measure of nominal hourly wages, updated today, steadily tracking below 2% average growth since 2009.
Alternative view using nominal weekly wages, with the arrow highlighting that dangerous inflection point in Britain’s inflationary wage/price spiral which prompted Carney and other MPC members to insist last year that Bank Rate would soon rise:
Of course everybody knows that productivity growth will pick up to 2% per annum again, slash return to the pre-crisis trend, and then wages will rise 4% per annum again, slash soar into the heavens, and everything will be just fine. See also, Bank of England productivity forecasts today.
Welcome to Britain, have a nice day!
Economist writer H.C. has an interesting Free Exchange post discussing Scott’s “musical chairs” model and British unemployment. Scott also comments. Here is my curve-fitting exercise:
One of the difficulties in working with the UK macro data is that the ONS don’t produce a good quality high frequency time series for hourly wages. Of the available data we have low frequency, high accuracy data in the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) based on very large sample of employers’ payroll data held by HMRC. At the other end we have high frequency, low accuracy data in the Average Weekly Earnings (AWE) data, produced from a small survey which deliberately excludes a number of workers (notably, I believe, high earners and small employers). I compared the range of various sources at the beginning of last year.
In this post I’ll use the lower quality AWE data, from which we have time series for both regular (ex bonuses) and total weekly pay, and also for average actual hours worked. I’ll also assume that bonus pay is not very sticky. From either pay series we can then calculate average hourly wages by simple division.
The musical chairs model says there is a strong positive correlation between the unemployment rate and the ratio of hourly wages to nominal GDP. I’ll cheat slightly (I did warn you this was a curve-fitting exercise) and use nominal GVA at basic prices instead of NGDP. An increase in nominal GDP which is accounted for entirely by an increase in indirect taxes would not be expected to increase the resources available to hire workers; since we’ve had big VAT shocks in the UK I think this is a reasonable “cheat”.
Here’s the first version of the musical chairs graph, using regular wages to derive hourly wages:
I would say this has done quite well since 2008: though the recovery is predicted slightly too fast, and the correlation is absent for the period prior to 2008.
A second interpretation is to use aggregate employee income instead of nominal GDP/GVA, so changes in the labour share of GDP don’t affect the results:
This is a better fit.
One thing that either of these models will struggle with, if only because of data limitations, is the shift between employment and self-employment. There have been two very large swings in UK self-employment in the period covered above: a 9% rise in 2003 and a 10% rise in 2013/4. We cannot really measure the wages of the self-employed, and as far as I know those workers are entirely excluded from the AWE data – I would not find it surprising that the musical chairs model appears to breaks down for that kind of shock. If there are studies on self-employment and wage stickiness I’d be interested to hear in the comments.
I see some fuss over the wage data (again)… but I’m not convinced, especially since this happened earlier in the year and it was a false “dawn”. Declaring my bias: I want to believe there is still a massive hole in labour supply, either in the form of unemployed workers, or workers not getting enough hours. Hence, we still have a significant output gap, and we can expect to see unemployment fall to somewhere near 5%. Fast wage growth now would be a disconfirmation of labour market slack, so in a sense it is not what I “want” to see. (I also prefer that we’d had a macro policy since 2008 which had aimed for 4% wage growth and avoided large shocks to unemployment.)
Martin Weale and others are citing survey measures of pay settlements. I don’t see any reason to trust that over the ONS data. But the ONS labour market update for 2014 Q3 gave us a spike in the 6m growth rate:
That measure is clearly quite volatile.
The annoying thing here really is the “policy-based evidence-making” by Weale (et al), who has spent the last four years cherry-picking whatever data best supports his preferred policy of higher interest rates. In 2011 Weale told us to look at the GVA deflator, in 2013 the excuse was unit labour costs, and in 2014 the excuse is that he spoke to some business owners who said wages were rising. And by the way in 2014 the GVA deflator is running below 2% y/y and unit labour cost growth is around 0%.
Anyway, here are trends and levels for private sector regular weekly wages:
That tiny spike is enough to warrant rate rises? Really, that’s the best argument there is? We also have the quarterly estimates of hourly earnings, with the update to the “EARN08” table, although this survey measure excludes very high earners:
Again… there is no “inflation”.
There is an interesting asymmetry in how people read the macro data.
For a given increase in aggregate nominal spending (income) I think it would be generally agreed that “what we want to see” is a higher volume of output and not much inflation. Does anybody disagree? Anybody out there who would prefer the trade-off shifts towards higher inflation and lower output growth? No?
OK. For a given increase in aggregate nominal income (spending) we can consider the same trade-off between employment and wages. I had taken it as given that we had a depressed labour market and so “what we want to see” is that increases in aggregate income will translate primarily into higher employment.
What we have seen over the last year looks quite amazing. Over the year to the March-May 2014 period, hours worked has risen 3.7%. We only have nominal data for Q1, but that showed a 4.1% rise in nominal aggregate labour income. In other words, the increase in aggregate income has translated almost entirely into a higher volume of labour employed and there is no inflation – nominal wage growth is maybe just positive.
Yet this is seen somehow as a bad thing, see, for example the Guardian here, which puzzles me. Do you have a sticky wage model of the labour market, in which AD shocks can raise/lower employment, or not? Is higher employment in 2014 a good thing, or not? These questions have simple answers for this simpleton blogger.
6.5% is a good news story, and let’s hope they keep coming.
For me one of the most important lessons for British economic policymakers over the last six years should be to fear the interaction of micro with macro, supply-side policies with demand-side policies.
I do not think it is a merely a co-incidence that the worst fall in nominal demand since the 1920s occurred at the same time as a supply-side shock (collapse) in 2008. All recessions in British history have been driven by tight money aimed at lowering inflation. Was this time different? It’s not obvious why… CPI rate, September 2008? 5.2%.
And I do not think it is merely a co-incidence that the worst recovery in demand on record has occurred at the same time as inflation has sometimes hovered, sometimes soared above the inflation target. CPI rate, September 2011? This is during the time when the Darling/Osborne austerity drive “sucked demand out of the economy.” That CPI rate in September 2011 was, again, 5.2%.
Here is MPC hawk Martin Weale writing this week:
If wage growth picks up more rapidly than I expect, it will be an indication of inflationary pressure in the economy and Bank rate will need to rise sooner. If wage growth remains subdued, Bank rate should rise more slowly. Because the future is uncertain, we cannot make any promises about where Bank rate will be in a year or two years.
Raising the minimum wage by 3% at a time when hourly wage inflation is 1-2% at best, and is one of the indicators preventing the Bank from screwing up the demand side again… that would surely be an incredibly foolish gamble.
What, exactly, have policymakers learnt from six years of negative supply shocks and disastrous demand-side outcomes? Have we even learnt anything about wages, nominal shocks and employment? It does not appear so.
So sure, let’s try another supply shock. Maybe we’ll get “lucky” and the labour market tightens enough this year that hourly wages pick up, so that a 3% NMW raise doesn’t hurt many more people. Maybe.
Here is the Low Employment Commission report for 2008 (before the recession):
3.18 The decline in the labour market position of young people has been general across the UK. The proportion of young people not in FTE aged 16–21 who were in employment fell in almost all regions between 1998 and 2007, unlike those aged 22 and over who saw their employment share increase in all areas of the UK except London. However, by European standards, young people’s labour market position in the UK is relatively strong.
Good one! Our labour market may be doing badly, but just look at Spain! Those guys are really screwed. They continue:
Given that employment in the UK has been at record levels, it is difficult to explain why young people have not done better in the labour market. Two significant developments in the labour market in recent years have been the increase in the number of people of pension age becoming economically active and the arrival of predominantly young migrant workers from the European Union accession countries.
It’s “difficult to explain”… right. A total mystery. I can’t think what might have caused it, so let’s blame immigrants and old people, those are surely the most “significant developments” in the British labour market in the years to 2008. If anybody does have any better ideas about what happened, be sure to write to Card, Krueger, Dube, etc.
In the UK the spotlight is usually on the weekly wage measure produced by the ONS, Average Weekly Earnings. Scott Sumner tells us to focus on hourly wages. Why? I think the heart of the theory is that the hourly wage is a stickier price. Weekly wages can adjust via a change in hours, or the hourly wage rate.
In this post I’ll take a look at the hourly wage data. The ONS do not produce an “official” time series for mean hourly wages; but we can get to the data by a number of different routes:
- The Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings. This survey should provide the most reliable data for employed workers, and provides the gross mean hourly earnings (amongst others) from a survey of employers.
- The Labour Force Survey. Every quarter the Labour Market Statistics provide an update to a measure of mean gross hourly earnings (table “EARN08”) from the LFS. This data is known to underestimate the mean, it excludes workers earnings more than £100/hour.
- The monthly labour market update provides both an estimate of Average Weekly Earnings plus average weekly hours, again from the LFS. A simple matter of division should give us the mean hourly wage.
- The national accounts, combined with the Labour Force Survey. The national accounts tell us aggregate national wage income. The LFS data tells us total hours worked. From these two we can calculate mean hourly wages. I don’t know of any reason to doubt the LFS hours data. The national accounts do of course get revised. I am not sure how reliable this measure should be.
The ONS does also have an experimental Index of Labour Cost per Hour series. This data is also available from Eurostat as the Labour Cost Index. Annoyingly we are not given the underlying nominal data in either case, only the index level; I will ignore those series for this post.
This is what the four different sources of hourly wages look like:
I was pleasantly surprised that these estimates came out relatively close together; the data from the “EARN08” table (green line) is as expected an outlier.
Comparing weekly with hourly wages it does appear that a reduction in weekly hours worked in 2009 contributed to the weakness of weekly wages. Here I’ll stick with the LFS data using average weekly wages/hours as the hourly wage:
Similarly the recovery in average weekly hours since 2011 explains why weekly earnings have grown faster than hourly wages.
On the ASHE measure the average annual growth rate of gross hourly wages was 4.1% between 1997 and 2007, falling to 1.5% between 2008 and 2013. Remember that 4.1% figure when you are told silly stories about how globalisation reduced wages in Britain, and remember the 1.5% figure when you are told that inflation is the “real threat”.
Three graphs to try to convince you why slow wage growth is a “good thing” for the UK, given the path of aggregate demand.
Graph one: the change in nominal gross value added since 2008. This is nominal GDP at basic prices not market prices, so factors out changes in indirect taxes such as VAT.
This is very similar for France and the UK.
Graph two: the change in nominal hourly wages since 2008.
The fact that nominal wages increased in both countries between 2008 and 2009 despite sharp falls in nominal demand is a good illustration that nominal wages are indeed sticky. But there is “sticky” and there is “gravity-defying”. French wages are up nearly 12% since 2008 despite a 7% rise in national income over this period.
What’s the result? The “hard-working families” of the UK are actually working hard (relatively speaking; not to deny there is slack in the labour market). In France, not so much. | <urn:uuid:b8555425-a25d-4e0b-b87f-4cfd0478c45a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://uneconomical.wordpress.com/category/wages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00115-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951852 | 3,128 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Secretary of State John Kerry should be saluted for energizing US policy on climate change and pushing for global progress toward containment of greenhouse gas emissions. The impacts of climate change threaten the balance of nature, food supply, and national security. Kerry ambitiously seeks to be a lead broker in a global climate agreement in Paris in 2015 through the ongoing United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
The Secretary's goal is admirable. The pathway is problematic.
It would be nice to trust that this cumbersome process, involving 195 negotiating parties and a massive number of issues, can deliver emissions reductions. But after 22-plus years of pursuing this process, we are concerned: We see little evidence to support that trust.
A better approach? Break the issues down and diversify negotiating venues and configurations. We need to take successive bites out of this huge challenge. A single global deal is too complex. Let's pursue smaller ones that have a reasonable chance of producing results.
The current logic follows an "if you build it, they will come" model. The thinking is that global standards will prompt change on national and local levels. There is precedent here: The 1972 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment established commitments to protect the environment. Since then, there have been hundreds of international environmental agreements.
But getting a pact inked doesn't guarantee results. Researchers in the 1990s examined whether the large number of agreements actually protected endangered species or reduced pollution.
Frequently, the actual commitments were fairly trivial, they found, and even high levels of compliance meant little change for the better. In contrast to other areas of international diplomacy, "the history of international environmental diplomacy has been marked by states adopting symbolic or opaque commitments without the intention to implement them fully," concluded David Victor, then at the Austria-based International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
There is precedent for a different, "many bites of the apple" approach to the climate change problem: The decades-long, global effort to halt nuclear proliferation.
Here, again, humanity initially bet on a single negotiating process, called General and Complete Disarmament, involving all members of the United Nations. For 15 years, starting in 1947, the negotiations made no progress in the United Nations while world leaders pretended for political purposes to be concerned about the issue.
The Cuban Missile Crisis made very real the danger of the nuclear arms race. Only at that point did the then-existing nuclear powers—the United States, the former Soviet Union, France, and the United Kingdom—begin to discuss discrete issues and identify common ground. Over time, this focus on smaller goals led to solid, incremental progress.
The first result was the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty, prohibiting nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in space, and under the seas. It fell short of the desired comprehensive ban but ended a grave global health hazard and gave momentum to other negotiations.
Additional issues have since been resolved opportunistically in multilateral, regional, and bilateral arenas. UN negotiations eventually moved from the General Assembly to a smaller specialized body, currently called the Conference on Disarmament, which produced the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, the 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention, and the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Simultaneously, various regional venues have flourished to the point that virtually the entire Southern Hemisphere is now nuclear-free.
Overall, the strategy has been successful: Dozens of nuclear powers were once expected by 2000. Instead, there were eight, and it now seems unlikely there will be more than nine as late as 2020.
The history of arms control negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union or Russia, the countries that control 90 percent of the world's nuclear weapons, could be a model for the handful of countries that produce the most greenhouse gas emissions. More than a dozen agreements over 40 years established communications channels and protocols to avoid accidental nuclear wars. Nuclear weapons stockpiles dropped from about 64,000 warheads worldwide in 1986, at the height of the Cold War, to roughly 17,000 today.
In sum, why wait for the entire world to be on board if a small number of negotiators can make significant progress?
These efforts have not eliminated all nuclear weapons. But they have made undeniable progress. Significantly, virtually every multilateral nuclear agreement was put in place even though key countries refused to participate. Smaller agreements have a way of creating political pressures and norms that eventually cause others to join.
We can never know, unless we experiment, whether breaking climate change negotiations into smaller bites or developing alternative pathways might reboot the current stalemate. We do know that greenhouse gas emission control demands reliable action—not mere promises—at many governmental and institutional levels.
If studies almost 20 years ago warned against unfettered faith in the UN-brokered, multiparty, top-down model, what is the justification for doing only more of the same? Wouldn't prudence call for hedging this bet?
Secretary Kerry and climate negotiators should consider diversifying their efforts.
Editor's note: This article is cross-published with The Daily Climate, an independent news service covering energy, the environment, and climate change. | <urn:uuid:9676883b-3caf-4dcf-90e8-ecd0cffb41ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thebulletin.org/time-look-beyond-un-climate-negotiations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00406-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933087 | 1,051 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Established in 1988, the Humane Society of Louisiana leads the fight against cruelty to animals statewide. We are a private, independent charity based in New Orleans. We rely solely on private donations for support.
Most Louisiana parishes and towns have no services to help lost, injured, or homeless animal companions. In fact, more than 50% of Louisiana's communities are without animal shelters, wildlife rehab or pet rescue programs. Many existing shelters are little more than "dog pounds" which capture and destroy "nuisance" animals. No state agency has enforcement power to inspect, license or monitor such facilities, so our agency has taken on the job for more than 20 years.
The Humane Society of Louisiana works to expand animal care services statewide. We operate volunteer chapters in communities where no other programs exist; we conduct cruelty investigations training workshops for law enforcement officers, and we offer a variety of hands-on animal care programs.
We are committed to defending all animals from cruelty, abuse and exploitation, wherever they may suffer.
Mission: The Humane Society of Louisiana promotes nonviolence and compassion for animals through cruelty investigations, crime prevention, humane education and animal care programs.
|Website||website facebook twitter|
|Causes||Animals Community Disaster Relief Environment Justice & Legal| | <urn:uuid:4d8254a2-a528-4db8-b62c-71ef58bcc0af> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.givepulse.com/group/2461-Humane-Society-of-Louisiana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00072-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907729 | 257 | 1.6875 | 2 |
After months of meetings, studies and reports on Basic Income, Namibia takes another step forward towards adopting a basic income policy. President Hage Geingob has announced new plans that will aim to eradicate poverty by 2025. At the heart of this radical strategy is the introduction of basic income grants.
The “Harambe towards prosperity” Masterplan sets out a variety of new policy ideas to kick-start the Namibian economy. These ideas are aimed at building a stronger infrastructure, and introducing major economic and social developments.
Alongside basic income grants the plan also commits to major infrastructure projects such as: improved commuter trains, housing for government employees, and improved energy and water provision.
The central goal of the plan is to eradicate poverty by 2025, and the government believes that basic income grants will be the primary mechanism by which this happens. The government hopes to introduce cash payments to each citizen regardless of age or income.
Read more here. | <urn:uuid:6199952e-a16b-42ab-8887-9a2b98da04bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.basicincomecanada.org/namibian_president_unleashes_new_plan_for_basic_income_grant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00132-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923217 | 194 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Now that I've finished up this round of classes, I have time to catch up on everything else. I finally got to look at the most recent "Geri-Notes." It's the journal of the Geriatric Section of the APTA. In it was an article by William Staples, PT, DPT, GCS, looking at the stresses of care giving. I've often found myself wondering how some elderly people were able to manage to care for their loved ones at home. These caregivers weren't that healthy themselves, yet they had taken on the care of someone else. Those care recipients were also elderly with multiple medical problems and impaired mobility.
Staples cited research that identified the four most frequent stresses these individuals encounter. They are disorganization of household tasks, sleep disturbances, lack of social interaction and inability to get away at the holidays. I think lack of respite care and limited resources could easily be added to that list. I now understand why some caregivers view a hospital stay as an excuse to stay home. They need a break. A hospital is one place they know their loved one will receive adequate care. It might also be why I've seen some caregivers drag out the discharge process.
According to Staples, putting someone in a nursing home isn't always the answer. That is associated with its own unique stresses. I've often wondered why some people refuse to put someone in a nursing home when it's obvious the level of care needed is too much for one person. It seems like it would easier to let the nursing home take over the responsibility. Staples points out that admitting someone to a nursing home may create a feeling of failure because the caregiver could no longer keep the person at home. This also explains why some family members are never happy with nursing home care. They're judging the care against what they provided at home. In that comparison the nursing home will always come up short. I've also met caregivers who consider it a source of pride to describe all the things they've given up to care for a loved one.
I've read many articles documenting the problems experienced by caregivers. These include depression, isolation, failure to care for themselves and premature mortality. It's also been established that the majority of these caregivers are women. Women aren't known for taking the best care of themselves. My women friends, with myself included, aren't the best at taking care of ourselves. Sure we're busy but we could make the time if we had to. Compare us to an older women taking care of her husband. Making the time isn't her problem. To go to the doctor she either takes her husband with her if she can or must find someone to watch him while she is gone. I wonder if there is a relationship between the stress of care giving and the increasingly complex illness we're seeing in older women.
As PTs there's not a lot we can do. Increasing the functional status and mobility of the patient will relieve some of the burden for awhile. We can educate the caregivers on time saving techniques. We can provide information about available resources. I think the biggest thing we can do is listen. PTs are among the few outsiders who have some idea of what they're going through. We can also answer questions and offer support. These caregivers probably don't have many outlets for their feelings. Giving them a chance to let it out may be the best thing we can do.
Staples, W. (2009) How stress affects caregivers of people with chronic illness and dementia. Geri-Notes. 16, 9-11. | <urn:uuid:4774b346-0c03-4e41-bf71-7a619aa00649> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://community.advanceweb.com/blogs/pt_2/archive/2009/03/10/caregiver-stress.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98144 | 719 | 1.875 | 2 |
If you have decided to quit smoking, there is one thing that you should keep in mind – that decision is only half of the battle. Knowing where to start on your way to quit smoking can help you with some major problems that you might come across and in this article, you will be able to read about some ways that you can quit smoking. Let’s take a look at the list:
Prepare for Quit Day
Once you have made the decision to stop smoking, you will need to set a quit date. Choose a day that is not too far away, but which will give you enough time to prepare yourself. There are a few ways that you can quit, however, in the end, you will need to choose between two options:
- Quit abruptly or continue smoking right up to your quit day and then completely stop, or
- Quit gradually or reduce your cigarette intake slowly until the quit date and then stop.
Keep in mind that you should tell your family members, friends, and co-workers about the quit date you set. Once the quit day arrives, you should throw away all cigarettes, ashtrays, and lighters. Also, on your quit day, you should not smoke at all, try to stay busy, drink more juice or water, do not drink alcohol, and avoid situations where you have a strong urge to smoke.
Quitting abruptly or quitting without the help of NRT, therapy, or medication is a popular way to stop smoking, however, only 6% of these attempts are successful. NRT can reduce withdrawal symptoms, as well as cravings. The FDA has approved five types of NRTs that include skin patches, chewing gum, lozenges, nasal spray, and an inhaler.
Try Alternative Therapies
Some people find that alternative therapies help them quit smoking and some of these methods include filters, smoking deterrents, e-cigarettes, tobacco sticks or strips, nicotine lollipops or straws, hypnosis, and acupuncture. You can also try practicing yoga, meditation, or mindfulness which are great methods to relax your mind and body, as well as keep you focused on other things.
A lot of people consider e-cigarettes useful to give up smoking. According to the experts from steamo.de, various studies concluded that e-cigarettes are less addictive than cigarettes and they also concluded that smoker who use e-cigarettes are more likely to quit smoking than people who never tried e-cigarettes.
Seek Behavioral Support
The physical and emotional dependence you have on smoking can be difficult to overcome after your quit day. In order to quit, you will need to deal with that dependence. You can try counseling services, support services, or self-help materials that will help you during this time. You can also call the smoking helpline, smokefree websites, smokefreeTXT text messaging service, as well as join various Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram groups devoted to helping people quit smoking.
Quitting smoking is never easy and it will require you to be committed, as well as well-organized. You should create a good strategy, opt for alternative therapy, or try NRTs that will assist you with giving up smoking. Hence, do not waste any more time and start making a good strategy for quitting. | <urn:uuid:33e71af4-0940-4bf4-8610-4dcbb99ff9c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.chartattack.com/the-easiest-ways-to-quit-smoking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.9652 | 684 | 1.9375 | 2 |
A decline in revenue at the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife is putting the agency's financial health at risk. A recent audit from the Secretary of State is raising questions about the Department's business model.
Since the 1970's, fewer people have been buying hunting and fishing licenses, which analysts say is a reflection of a nationwide trend. The licenses are the largest part of the ODFW's annual operating budget; it generated more than a billion dollars in 2013. Gary Blackmer is the Director of the Secretary of State's Audit Division. | <urn:uuid:f8d4eeb0-95d4-43f8-bf38-9f14e8506630> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://klcc.org/term/audit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721278.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00147-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94902 | 108 | 1.75 | 2 |
Snow Plows Won’t Have Passes At Glacier National Park Open Before July 4
Snow clearing crews at Glacier National Park have only just gotten through Logan’s Pass. And much to the chagrin of visitors, Going-to-the-Sun Road won’t be cleared anytime soon, even as the calendar approaches July.
Since records began, Going-to-the-Sun has experienced only five openings in the month of July: these were July 1, 2007 and July 2, 2008 (solar minimum of cycle 23), July 10, 1943 (solar min of cycle 17) , July 13, 2011 (the very start of the space-age-record-weak solar cycle 24), and July 15, 1933 (solar min of cycle 16)–that last one, however -July 15, 1933- was the date of the road’s official opening and so wasn’t necessarily due to a large snowpack.
Only three factors have ever delayed the iconic alpine highway’s opening later than the Fourth of July: World War II, a global pandemic, and a deep, lingering mountain snowpack. This year is suffering the latter, of course; and given the truly historic snowpack of 2022, the year has a shot at breaking the current record for the road’s latest opening — July 13 set back in 2011.
Having recently cleared five avalanche slides that buried the upper reaches of the Sun Road, snowplow crews are now making progress, but there’s still plenty of work to do before all 50 miles of the road can open to motorists, reports flatheadbeacon.com.
On June 24, Glacier Park officials announced that the Sun Road would not fully open before July 4:
“Unprecedented winter snows and late spring snowstorms slowed plowing progress on Going-to-the-Sun Road this spring,” reads a section of the post–an inconvenient reality for the AGW Party and their ‘EOTW heat induced apocalypse’ narrative.
Towering snowbanks of as high as 80 feet have proven laborious for the experienced clearing crews. And although progress is now finally quickening, the unseasonably cold and snowy spring of 2022 has the team working the Continental Divide section a full month behind schedule–their progress slowed by 1) June’s lingering snowpack, 2) fresh snow accumulations measuring in the feet, and 3) frequent avalanches and rockslides.
Serving as further evidence of how so-called ‘climate experts’ can get it spectacularly wrong, let’s recall the predictions made by Montana’s National Park Service (NPS) back in the early 2000s.
For almost two decades the NPS warned the world that glaciers at Glacier National Park would be gone by the year 2020. They even went to the trouble of erecting signs across all of its visitor centers prophesying the 2020 doomsday date.
Embarrassingly for these spineless, bandwagon frauds, however, that deadline of doom uneventfully pass; and, laughably, the NPS sheepishly pulled all ‘2020 signs’ from its displays after the computer models it relied upon from the early 2000s –which foretold of unending glacial retreat– turned out to be woefully inaccurate.
The opposite is actually occurring.
In a supposedly catastrophically warming world Going-to-the-Sun-Road is about to witness its latest opening on record.
It is the Sun and the Sun alone that can impact Earth’s climate in any sustained and meaningful way.
Every great civilization of the past knew this and they acknowledged the Sun’s power, worshiping it as a God: the Egyptians called it “Ra”, the Minoans “Ariadne”, and the Romans “Sol”.
Today, we humans consider ourselves the most powerful entity in the solar system. Perhaps our recent technological advances and achievements have given rise to a sense of all-conquering self-confidence. But the Sun, as we call it, ended every one of those great civilizations of the past, and it will take down our modern one, too–and likely not in some raging fiery explosion but by a mere dimming of its energy colloquially known as The Grand Solar Minimum.
Don’t fall for the bogus political agendas perpetuated across the MSM. There is far more to behold than the obfuscating BS spewing from your TV.
Sunshine Village Offers Summer Skiing For First Time In 31 Years
Record winter snowfall and a cold spring at the ski hill in Banff National Park has the slopes reopening for summer.
“This is definitely the craziest amount of snow I’ve seen in my recollection,” said Kendra Scurfield, director of brand and communications. “I’ve never seen a season where we’ve had so much snow this late.”
“People are out-of-this-world excited for [the summer reopening],” added Scurfield. “A lot of them are like, ‘Is this a prank? Is this for real? Is this actually happening?’ I personally am like, what’s more Canadian than skiing on Canada Day?”
Scurfield continued: “Nine-hundred centimeters (30 feet) is one of our snowiest winters on record. The last time we had so much snow was actually in the 1956-57 ski and snowboard season. So it was a very, very snowy winter,” she said.
It’s the first time in more than three decades that the resort has opened this late in the ski season, and only the second time in the resort’s nearly 100 years of operation.
“The last time we did so was in 1991, after an incredibly snowy year just like this one,” concluded Scurfield.
Elsewhere in Canada, an anomalously cold lobe of air will swirl around Hudson Bay this week, one that is forecast to deliver summer snow to parts of Ontario.
Northern reaches of the province will also see the mercury plunge 15C below the seasonal norm.
Antarctica -5.1C Below 1979-2000 Base
Following yesterday’s -4.4C anomaly, temperatures across the Antarctic continent have cooled further today.
According to the Climate Change Institute at the University of Maine, today’s anomaly stands at an astonishing -5.1C below the 1979-2000 average (also worth noting is that the overall global temp stands at just 0.1C against that same multidecadal norm):
For more on Antarctica’s historic and prolonged cooling (now stretching 4+ decades), see the article below:
Proposed Biofuels Cap Rejected At G7, Despite Global Food Crisis
A proposal to temporarily reduce the volume of biofuels consumption in G7 countries has failed to gain traction, with the US and Canada said to be leading the opposition to the move.
Germany and the UK are reportedly pushing for a temporary relaxation of biofuels mandates. But the US and Canada have cited the recent spike in fossil fuel prices as the reason to refrain from introducing a waiver to biofuels mandates.
The choice, again, appears to be between ‘heating and eating’.
In a statement published late Sunday by Boris Johnson’s UK government, G7 leaders were urged to look at their demands on the use of land and biofuel globally: “The use of grain for biofuel is contributing to reduced availability and increased costs for human consumption. That is something the Prime Minister will be raising at the G7 today (Monday),” the statement said.
Reuters reported on June 23 that Germany and the UK would ask other G7 countries to consider reducing biofuels blending requirements in order to free up grains and vegetable oils amid fears of a global food crisis.
UK newspapers on June 24 reported comments from Boris Johnson that biofuels use should be moderated by 10% to free up the availability of grain for the world’s poorest countries.
However, and as is always the case, company revenue is being put before the needs of the people, and the U.S. will likely prevail in its drive to keep biofuel producers in operation.
Even amid a global food crisis, the biofuel waiver request has been met with disdain and frustration by large producers. The RTFA, the UK’s main biofuels lobby, said in statement that it has “no intention of curbing its ambition on renewable fuels, nor pulling back on E10 which was successfully and smoothly introduced in September 2021″–which translates as: We’re currently in a very profitable market. Don’t jeopardize our profits. We’re even willing to throw the hot-button that is ‘climate change’ into the mix.
Amusingly, though, the lobby also pointed out that the country’s bioethanol industry is also the single largest producer of food-grade carbon dioxide, which is essential for food preservation and distribution: “Lack of food-grade CO2 would trigger a food crisis in its own right,” the RTFA statement added.
But who’s really surprised by this gamesmanship?
As discussed in yesterday’s article, corporations rule the world, via lobbying.
The U.S. Agribusiness spent more than $150,000,000 on lobbying in 2021, via a total of 1,238 lobbyists–of which an uncomfortable 56% were former government employees.
The fact is that there is a very small circle of unelected power controlling our lives. Decisions are not made with the intention of improving the existence of the powerless masses, we are merely placated with empty promises and distracted by controversial, wedge-driving topics — such as gun laws and abortion rights.
The masses are idiots, basically, and they, the elite, know it.
The unnoticed monstrous wealth transfer during the most-recent ‘manufactured crisis’ –COVID-19– has shown how inattentive and easily led the majority are. Global Warming and the European War are the other key ‘catastrophes’ the elites are using to extract additional wealth and power from us. But how bad do things need to get before the masses awake from their manufactured psychosis? IS there even a limit?
Excess deaths reveal that COVID-19 was NOT a pandemic; while satellite temperature datasets show that the Earth is NO LONGER warming (see link below). Once these seismic pennies drop, I believe all hell could break lose. Unfortunately though, by then the elites may-well have a firm enough grip on us –via central bank digital currencies and a universal basic income, etc.– that anyone even contemplating stepping out of line is ‘stopped’ with just a click of a button–via a stripping of their benefits and their livelihood, and also by restricting their access to essentials.
Resist this authoritarian technocracy.
Don’t get riled up by the divisive topics TPTB continue to throw in front of your face; instead, concentrate and argue the points they routinely and keenly want resigned to the sidelines, such as a failing economy, crippling inflation, nonsensical climate pledges (while still buying oil from the Saudis) and nosediving living standards.
The COLD TIMES are returning, the mid-latitudes are REFREEZING in line with historically low solar activity, cloud-nucleating Cosmic Rays, and a meridional jet stream flow (among many other forcings, including the impending release of the Beaufort Gyre).
Prepare accordingly — learn the facts, relocate if need be, and grow your own.
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Any way you can, help me spread the message so others can survive and thrive in the coming times. | <urn:uuid:edd084b1-1028-4b91-9a1a-cc4cd9b6c81f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://electroverse.net/glacier-national-park-snowpack-sunshine-village-summer-skiing-antarctica-5-1c-below-avg-biofuels-cap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.95372 | 2,599 | 1.664063 | 2 |
14. Law of transformation of quantity to quality in Biological clock of the Earth
The law of transformation of quantity to quality at the level of a human organism is well seen in Bioclock of the Earth. The essence of the law is simple: as soon as the quantity of something in an organism changes, than the new quality of this organism appears.
Let's analyze this phenomenon by the example of a human life cycle. There he is as a fetus in sector 1 of Bioclock. He has got a lot of water. In the course of time, at the end of sector 1 he has a lot of carbonic acid, which blocks consumption of oxygen from the mother. It threatens by death to a fetus. What should he do? Obviously, it is necessary to be born and to get in such medium, where there is lots of oxygen and it will be immediately accessible to an organism. There a birth comes, there a new quality of an organism comes - a fetus has become a newborn, sector 2.
Not only oxygen, but also food begins to come into an organism from the moment of birth. And as soon as an organism will be filled with proteins and minerals in sector 3, and at the end of this sector with potassium also, there will come a new quality of an organism - puberty, sector 4. Amount of water significantly reduces in an organism.
Further, as soon as the basic respiratory pigment of a man, heme, will be accumulated in the necessary amount, there will come a new quality of an organism - maturity, sector 5, and the amount of water will decrease even more.
As soon as it will be a lot of orange bilirubin in an organism, there will be a new quality - climacterium, sector 6.
As soon as it will be a lot of adeps, sodium and fatty acids in an organism, there will be a new quality, old age, sector 7.
As soon as the respiratory enzymes will burn down to a plenty of a verdohemoglobin - biliverdin and it will be the minimum of water (50 %), there will be the Death.
Special case of the law of transformation of quantity to quality is the law of change of a habitat deduced from Bioclock.
Poisoning with the main component of a habitat is the reason of change of a habitat to such one, in which this component is absent or is not the main component.
The accumulation of hydrogen of water and carbonic acid (poisoning) was the reason of birth by the example of a man.
The poisoning with the atmospheric oxygen (combustion of respiratory enzymes) is the reason of change of air habitat to electromagnetic one, which has no oxygen. | <urn:uuid:4e7cc06f-cc40-48d3-9324-e7c4c213c019> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://h-longevity.net/c14m2t1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.954807 | 563 | 3.078125 | 3 |
UK - The production and price data of poultry feed has seen the highest rise in eight years, leading to calls to expand the range of animal feed available.
On 7 November the Government released data on the production and prices of animal feed. From January 2006 to June 2014, according to those figures, average compound feed prices for livestock in Great Britain rose by 85.8 per cent for cattle feed, 75.7 per cent for pig feed, 101.4 per cent for poultry feed and 92.7 per cent for sheep feed.
Commenting on the data Andrew Large, British Poultry Council Chief Executive, said: “Poultry producers have seen the highest rise in feed since 2006 compared to other major livestock types.”
“We therefore urge the Government to act to broaden the range of animal feeds that are available.
In particular we seek action to remove the legislative barriers to the use of insect based meal in poultry feeds; and we seek support for the re-introduction of processed animal proteins in poultry feeds, subject to strict controls.”ThePoultrySite News Desk
Top image via Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:0eb118fa-ef0c-4567-9fcd-6d9e306d82a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/33615/price-of-poultry-feed-continues-to-increase/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00170-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927279 | 227 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Date: January 17 2013
The case for yet an another interest-rate cut is getting stronger after a weaker than expected jobs report.
The jobless rate rose to 5.4 per cent in December after the number of people in employment fell by 5500, the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported on Thursday.
The unemployment rate was in line with what economists were expecting but the figure for November was revised up by 0.1 per cent to 5.3 per cent.
While full-time employment fell by 13,800, it was partly offset by an increase of 8300 part-time jobs.
All states recorded monthly rises in the rate of unemployment with the biggest in Tasmania, where the rate climbed 0.6 per cent to 7.3 per cent.
ANZ economists said the data supported their view that the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) needed to lower interest rates further this year to limit the rise in the unemployment rate.
"With inflationary pressures expected to remain relatively benign ... the RBA will have scope to ease policy further to support economic activity outside of the mining sector this year," the economists said in a statement.
The central bank meets for its first board meeting of the year on February 5 after it cut the cash rate by 0.25 basis points in December, to 3.0 per cent.
Acting Employment Minister Kate Ellis said while the unemployment rate was expected to rise even further, joblessness in Australia would remain low by international standards.
She blamed the rise in the national unemployment rate on public sector job losses in Queensland.
"Regrettably, more than 22,000 Queenslanders found themselves out of a job this Christmas (while) across the rest of the country, jobs grew," Ms Ellis told reporters in Adelaide.
"Were it not for the Queensland job losses, the unemployment rate today would have actually fallen to 5.2 per cent rather than slightly rising."
She said 65 jobs have been lost each day since the election of the LNP government.
Meanwhile, Opposition Leader Tony Abbott tried to link Labor's backflip on its promise to return the budget to surplus to the employment figures.
It was no wonder jobs growth was weak "when you've got a government which simply cannot deliver when it comes to budget management", Mr Abbott told reporters in Sydney.
He pointed out that Prime Minister Julia Gillard and Treasurer Wayne Swan had on 200 separate occasions promised a budget surplus - something the government now concedes is unlikely.
"(A surplus) is not going to happen and they have failed their own test of economic management," he said.
"That's why we're getting the kind of economic weakness which we're currently seeing."
Shadow treasurer Joe Hockey said the data showed that business had no confidence.
He also tried to link the weak employment report to Labor's budget surplus backdown.
"There is not the confidence there and there won't be whilst the government continues to act deceptively when it comes to the surplus," Mr Hockey said.
He highlighted the fact that Western Australia, a Liberal state, had the lowest rate of unemployment while Tasmania, held by Labor, posted an unemployment rate of more than seven per cent.
"Quite frankly, the only thing that's going to get confidence back is a change of government," he said.
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[ The Age | Text-only index] | <urn:uuid:e6b79f8d-bf53-4f34-a9e1-34efc040a0e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theage.com.au/breaking-news-national/rate-cut-more-likely-after-weak-jobs-data-20130117-2cvpq.html?skin=text-only | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00324-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967642 | 705 | 1.726563 | 2 |
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1 Introduction Strategy according to Henry Mintzberg Henry Mintzberg in his 1994 book The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning points out that people use strategy in several different ways the most common being these five 1Strategy is a plan a how a means of getting from here to there 2Strategy is a pattern in actions over time for example a company that regularly markets very expensive products is using a high end strategy 3Strategy is a position that is it reflects decisions to offer particular products or services in particular markets 4Strategy is a perspective an organisations fundamental way of doing things grand vision 5Strategy is a ploy a specific manoeuvre intended to outwit an opponent or competitor Mintzberg also points out that for each advantage a strategy provides us a disadvantage exists thus Strategy sets direction but may create blinders on our thinking It focuses effort but may create group-think It provides consistency but may distort the reality of a situation through oversimplification Even after these caveats Mintzberg is quick to say that strategy is definitely important or rather the use of it is Strategy resolves the big issues so that people can get on with the little details Mintzberg argues that strategy emerges over time as intentions collide with and accommodate a changing reality Thus one might start with a perspective and conclude that it calls for a certain position which is to be achieved by way of a carefully crafted plan with the eventual outcome and strategy reflected in a pattern evident in decision and actions over time This pattern in decisions and actions defines what Mintzberg called realized or emergent strategy 2 Strategy formation according to Henry Mintzberg 21 Introduction There are a number of ways to consider strategy formation Many respected business authors have for several decades debated and tried to convince the world that their way is
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- Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA | <urn:uuid:3e6446d5-c533-4230-b004-163b1ebbda76> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/strategy-according-to-henry-mintzberg-Jq86GcR0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00272-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9482 | 458 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This section is from the "Health and Survival in the 21st Century" book, by Ross Horne.
In brief, the transformation of normal cells into abnormal (cancer) cells is a predictable, biological event, obeying natural biological laws in circumstances that give the cells no other choice if they are to survive individually. In Chapter 3 it was explained how in conditions of constipation, normal aerobic bacteria in the colon are forced to change into anaerobic bacteria. In a similar fashion, when body cells are deprived of oxygen or the enzymes necessary to utilize oxygen they will endeavor to survive by anaerobic means, and to do this they must change in form, ie, de-differentiate, to a more primitive form.
Differentiation is the process that takes place in a developing embryo during pregnancy by which primitive, unspecialized embryo cells, as they multiply, change in form to the different specialized cells required to form the different organs of the baby's body. At conception, when egg and sperm unite to form one cell which then subdivides and multiplies, the new cells--called embryonic cells--are all the same: they are primitive in form, largely anaerobic, and multiply rapidly without constraint. And although they are different to the mother's own body cells and therefore foreign to her body, because of what is known as "blocking factor" they are not challenged by her immune system.
When the embryo attaches to the mother's circulatory system and begins to receive nourishment and oxygen from the mother's blood, the embryonic cells become fully aerobic, ie dependent on oxygen. As the embryo continues to grow, the embryonic cells change in form: they become different from each other in order to construct the different organs of the new body, so that they are identifiable as bone cells, muscle cells, skin cells and so on. They are differentiated.
In understanding cancer, the points to remember are that embryo cells are initially primitive, undifferentiated, largely anaerobic and multiply without constraint, whereas fully differentiated, specialized cells in normal tissues are aerobic and their subdivision and growth is strictly constrained.
When bacteria, which are single primitive cell organisms, are deprived of oxygen they are capable of survival by reverting to the process of fermentation of nutrients in order to produce the energy they need. This process, called glycolysis, was the process used by primitive cells billions of years ago before oxygen became freely available in the sea and air, and is still part of the aerobic respiratory process employed by oxygen-using cells of living creatures today.
Glycolysis is an inefficient process which liberates only small amounts of energy from a given amount of blood sugar, leaving a residue of pyruvic acid which is converted to lactic acid and eliminated. Oxygen-using (aerobic) cells still retain glycolysis in the initial stages of their respiratory cycle but are immensely more efficient because they are capable of taking the pyruvic acid resultant from glycolysis and combining it with oxygen, which process not only liberates about fifteen times more energy but at the same time leaves only carbon dioxide and water as by-products, substances which are completely harmless and easily eliminated.
In order to survive by fermentation, aerobic bacteria must change into a more primitive form, and because fermentation is so inefficient, more fuel (blood sugar) must be consumed and a lot of acid produced. This process occurs in the mouth when the natural bacteria there are deprived of oxygen by food residues stuck between the teeth, and the acid so produced eats away the tooth enamel to make the cavities we call tooth decay. Similarly, aerobic bacteria normal in the colon (bowel) change into anaerobic bacteria when putrifying residues of protein and fat cause constipation and acids and other toxins are produced, many of which find their way into the bloodstream.
When lipotoxemia and acidic conditions of the blood result in deterioration of the lymph which sustains the tissue cells of the body, the cells may be deprived of oxygen or deprived of the enzymes they need to utilize oxygen. When this occurs the milieu interieur , polluted, is referred to as the cancer milieu.
Like bacteria (which are cells), the cells of the human body are similarly capable of reverting to a more primitive form when forced to by interference to their normal respiration, and the more their aerobic respiration is curtailed, the more primitive they must become in order to survive. Thus, for a normal fully differentiated cell, eg a lung cell, to change into a more primitive form it must de-differentiate, and in degrees lose its identity as a lung cell, and resemble more and more the primitive embryo cells from which the body originated. The degree of dedifferentiation is proportional to the degree the cell is dependent on fermentation to survive, and when the cell reaches a certain stage of primitiveness it forgets its allegiance to the body as a whole and starts to reproduce as primitive cells do, heedless of the body's normal constraints. This unrestrained growth of increasingly dedifferentiated cells is cancer, and the tumor at the site of origin is called the primary tumor.
The degree of de-differentiation determines the primitiveness of the cells and therefore their rate of growth, which means that the malignancy of the cancer is directly related to the degree of de-differentiation, fermentation and production of lactic acid. Thus the cancer growth proceeds in a vicious circle because the lactic acid and other waste products of the cancer cells worsen further the cancer milieu which started the process off in the first place. Moreover, because the cancer cells resemble embryonic cells in structure and function they are to some degree capable of producing the same blocking factor embryonic cells do, which inhibits the immune system from attacking them. | <urn:uuid:8a6fdd6b-7a0b-4d3c-81d3-832eee791280> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chestofbooks.com/health/natural-cure/Ross-Horne/Health-and-Survival-in-the-21st-Century/Cancer-Differentiation-and-De-differentiation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948198 | 1,179 | 3.59375 | 4 |
4 Nov-26 Feb. The Albertina devotes an exhibition to the film still and its place between photography and film.
The 130 images on display date from 1910 to the 1970s and show how movie photographers restaged classic film stills such as Mariyln Monroe standing over the air vent in her white dress in The Seven Year Itch.
The exhibition represent a cross-section of several schools of photography and filmmaking such as Pictorialism, Expressionism and Art Nouveau, and includes images by Deborah Imogen Beer, Horst von Harbou, Pierluigi Praturlon and Karl Struss.
View on Map
Film Stills: Photography Between Advertising, Art and the Cinema
Albertina, Albertinaplatz 1, tel. +43153483. | <urn:uuid:5a69faa1-26d7-4913-ac06-f2d1483950a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wantedineurope.com/whatson/film-stills-photography-between-advertising-art-and-the-cinema.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.900203 | 173 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Notice how Haaretz tries to avoid the subject by first reporting the story this way:-
Mandela received weapons training from Mossad agents in EthiopiaTop-secret archive document also reveals that Mandela was 'familiar with the problems of Jewry and of Israel' and that Israeli operatives tried to 'make him a Zionist.'Nelson Mandela, the former South African leader who died earlier this month, was trained in weaponry and sabotage by Mossad operatives in 1962, a few months before he was arrested in South Africa. During his training, Mandela expressed interest in the methods of the Haganah pre-state underground...
.... In January 1962, he secretly and illegally fled South Africa and visited various African countries, including Ethiopia, Algeria, Egypt and Ghana. His goal was to meet with the leaders of African countries and garner financial and military support for the armed wing of the underground African National Congress.
A letter sent from the Mossad to the Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem reveals that Mandela underwent military training by Mossad operatives in Ethiopia during this period. These operatives were unaware of Mandela’s true identity. The letter, classified top secret, was dated October 11, 1962 – about two months after Mandela was arrested in South Africa, shortly after his return to the country.
“As you may recall, three months ago we discussed the case of a trainee who arrived at the [Israeli] embassy in Ethiopia by the name of David Mobsari who came from Rhodesia,” the letter said. “The aforementioned received training from the Ethiopians [Israeli embassy staff, almost certainly Mossad agents] in judo, sabotage and weaponry.” The phrase “the Ethiopians” was apparently a code name for Mossad operatives working in Ethiopia.
The letter also noted that the subject in question “showed an interest in the methods of the Haganah and other Israeli underground movements. “It added that “he greeted our men with ‘Shalom’, was familiar with the problems of Jewry and of Israel, and gave the impression of being an intellectual. The staff tried to make him into a Zionist,” the Mossad operative wrote...
Chairman of the South African Zionist Federation Avrom Krengel said in a statement...that former Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin had been a major influence of Mandela's. "The strength he drew from Zionism came from Menachem Begin’s book which inspired him to initiate the creation of Umkonto We Siswe. In turn, people across the world drew inspiration from him and his amazing ability to draw people together."
In Chapter 42 of his autobiography “Long Walk to Freedom,” Nelson Mandela describes how, in 1961, he began forming the African National Congress’ (ANC) military wing to launch guerrilla attacks on the apartheid regime. “I, who had never been a soldier, who had never fought in battle, who had never fired a gun at an enemy, had been given the task of starting an army. … I began in the only way I knew how, by reading and talking to experts.”
...He mentions three books that were crucial to his education. One was Commando by Deneys Reitz about the Boer rebellion. The second was Edgar Snow’s Red Star Over China about Mao’s revolution. And this was the third:
'I read The Revolt by Menachem Begin and was encouraged by the fact that the Israeli leader had led a guerrilla force in a country with neither mountains nor forests, a situation similar to our own.'... | <urn:uuid:6b8da59a-4e61-4c16-a01c-89c1145d7801> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://docstalk.blogspot.com/2013/12/mandela-and-irgun-connection.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00301-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9829 | 737 | 1.992188 | 2 |
The Inui Collection features five photographs of Seattle's Japanese American community from 1920-1943. Included are photographs of two Japanese American schools, a New Years Day celebration, and a group of internees at Santa Fe internment camp, New Mexico.
INCLUSIVE UNIT DATE
BULK UNIT DATE
5 photographic prints, black and white
Courtesy of the Inui Family Collection | <urn:uuid:4a376eac-63fa-4443-9e92-7a51300a3470> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-123/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.735774 | 144 | 1.5 | 2 |
Presentación del tema: "Objetivos to learn how to describe 11 chores to play brain gym to ask each other what chores you have to do and what you think of them to begin a dramatic."— Transcripción de la presentación:
Objetivos to learn how to describe 11 chores to play brain gym to ask each other what chores you have to do and what you think of them to begin a dramatic homework project
FechaSujetoVoy a aprender Los quehaceres ? / 11 ¿Cuántas cosas vas a aprender hoy?
Tengo que… -I have to…
fregar los platos
planchar la ropa
cortar el césped
limpiar el coche
sacar la basura
hacer la cama
pasear al perro
lavar la ropa
poner la mesa
pasar la aspiradora
no hacer nada
FechaSujetoVoy a aprender He aprendido Los quehaceres ? / 11 ¿Cuántas cosas vas a aprender hoy?
For this task, you will need to… Prepare a speech describing the house as if you were an estate agent. You will need to describe the house and its style in a typical style for an estate agent. The speech must be 60 to 90 seconds long. What might you include? Where it is Whats in the house What there is in your room How can you record it? Mobile / camera / voice recorder IF IN DOUBT ASK
You may work in pairs to share ideas, but everyone will need to present their own, individual speech. You will have the rest of this lesson, a homework and most of another lesson to prepare a high quality speech. Warning, certain speeches might be recorded to ensure quality and for possible training purposes! | <urn:uuid:659fb0a3-fbb0-4fb9-a186-8a675a762d3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slideplayer.es/slide/126280/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00442-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.72396 | 403 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Irish poet, critic, and lecturer Thomas McGreevy is rarely anthologized these days—despite the fact that his better-known compatriots (like T.S. Eliot and James Joyce) considered him both a creative peer and a pioneer of Irish modernism. Ever humble, in April of 1948, McGreevy wrote a fan letter to the American poet Wallace Stevens, praising his Peter Quince at the Clavier (“I have known your Susannah since my 1922 birthday”). What followed was seven years’ worth of admiring correspondence.
In this letter, a melancholy Stevens talks of the recent death of William Butler Yeats, struck by how profoundly the loss of a great poet moved a nation. Stevens jumps from subject to subject, clearly trusting his friend to track his complex thoughts without transition— he leaps from art to politics to anecdote with speed. What emerges is evidence of a deep intellectual friendship, and—for the morbid—a little ominous foreshadowing; McGreevy would experience another peer’s death when Stevens died several years later.
October 7th, 1948
Dear Mr. McGreevy:
Your last two letters and the papers reached me safely. In spite of [William Butler] Yeats’ contributions to the national spirit, or, say, in spite of his additions to the national nature, it is hard to see how these ceremonies came to take on their public aspect. The transport from France on a corvette of the Navy, the procession from Galway to Sligo, the lying in state were acts of recognition and homage of a public character. Conceding that Yeats was a man of world-wide fame, it is an extraordinary thing in the modern world to find any poet being so honored. Yet the funeral of Paul Valery was a great affair. Moreover, people are as interested in Rilke as if he was human enough and, in addition, something more. The fact must be that the meaning of the poet as a figure in society is a precious meaning to those for whom it has any meaning at all. If some of those that took part in this episode did so, very likely because of the man’s fame, the fact remains that his fame could not be different from his poetry. So that in this event there was a good deal that had to do with human beings both deeply and, likewise, superficially. I shall save the papers. Thanks for sending them.
What you say in one of your letters about your westwardness as a result of living near the Shannon Estuary interested me. The house in which I was born and lived as a boy faced west and wherever I have lived if the house faced any other way I have always been pulling it round on an axis to get it straight. But that is the last of this sort of thing. After all, instead of facing the Atlantic, you might have faced London and Paris. The poem which I sent you some time ago is one of the two. The other is on this very subject: the westwardness of things. The poem does little more than make the point but the point is there to be made.
The neologisms of talk in one’s sleep or half-sleep are not nearly so worthwhile as the acceleration and definition of ideas when one lies awake early in the morning, say, after a thoroughly good night’s rest. How often when one has been trying to say something in one’s room during the evening and when one has not even been sure what it was that one wanted to say, things come to mind, with all the force of acute concentration as one sits on the edge of the bed wishing it wasn’t true that Guinness sells 25,000 barrels of stout a week (or a month) in the South of Ireland alone, or something equally irrelevant. Of course that common enough experience is actually an episode of concentration, so that after a bit one comes to recognize not that it is exceptional, like a blandishment on the part of a fat and happy muse, but that it is an elevation available at will. This sort of thing might interest Jean Dubuffet. Mrs. Church had him send me a copy of his Notice sur la Compagnie de l’Art Brut, which sounds like a rather desperate project. Yet one cannot dismiss that sort of thing however much it may seem like debility or frustration. It is the same sort of thing that is going on in every area of activity. It cannot be dismissed because there will be more and more of it: there is bound to be.
The Malahide man was merely a curiosity. He became known over here because he was a descendant of Boswell and because Boswell’s manuscripts were found in the cellar of his castle and sold to an American. The purchaser published them in an elaborate way. This set of books has turned up in all of the old book catalogues from the last few years and has intensified the boredom of such things. I enclose a clipping from a catalogue that came in the other day which shows that they are now selling odd numbers of the set. No doubt there are a good many people interested in Boswell but this set of books calls for all the enthusiasm of the man who purchased them and not all of the people interested in Bowell completely share that enthusiasm. No-one gets more from book catalogues than I do but that is not a reason for saying that repetitions of items in them are boring […]
We are just entering what is the most moving part of our calendar: the early autumn. Nothing could be lovelier than these cold nights and the warm days that follow. The papers are full of reports of hurricanes in the South, but those might as well be taking place in New Zealand. The more violent the hurricane is in Florida, the quieter the weather seems to be here. It is like a kind of old age in which everything comes to rest except for an occasional thought of Vishinsky.
From Letters of Wallace Stevens. Selected and edited by Holly Stevens. California: University of California Press, 1966.
Originally published in The Southern Review, this article on “The Irish Connection” between Stevens and MacGreevy expands on the origin and early days of their friendship.
Find a 1954 New York Times profile of Wallace Stevens here. | <urn:uuid:772cc303-19a9-48bf-86b0-6399a3a2f1ba> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://theamericanreader.com/7-october-1948-wallace-stevens-to-thomas-mcgreevy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00334-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978716 | 1,295 | 2.125 | 2 |
Scientists announced yesterday (Feb. 2) that NASA's Kepler mission has discovered 1,235 alien planet candidates, including 54 that orbit in their host stars' habitable zone — that just-right range of distances that allow liquid water to exist.
If a significant portion of these candidates are subsequently confirmed, Kepler may have just doubled — or tripled — the number of known exoplanets, which had stood at about 520. Not bad for its first four months of data collection.
The Kepler Space Telescope launched in March 2009, tasked with searching for Earth-size alien planets in their stars' habitable zones. The telescope's science mission will run through at least November 2012.
Yesterday, SPACE.com caught up with the Kepler mission's principal investigator, Bill Borucki, of NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif. Borucki discussed Kepler's latest finds, how the mission can help astronomers better understand planetary systems — and how it's likely to shape our search for life elsewhere in the galaxy.
SPACE.com: So, how do you feel today, after announcing Kepler has found more than 1,200 planet candidates? It must feel good to show the world what you guys have been up to.
Bill Borucki:It does feel very good. We spent a lot of years, we spent a lot of money, a lot of time, and it's nice to see the product. The product is basically game-changing. It will help people — dramatically help — understand planetary systems, how our own solar system may have come into existence. It gives us lots of hope that we will find Earth-size planets in the habitable zone.
We are finding some candidates in the habitable zone right now, and so as time goes on and we find the ones that are around hotter stars more like the sun — everything looks good. I think everybody's happy with the productivity of the mission.
SPACE.com:So how many of these 1,235 planet candidates do you reckon will eventually be confirmed?
Borucki:My feeling is, it'll be better than 80 percent. So, something short of a thousand of them.
SPACE.com: Wow. That's very exciting.
Borucki: It really is, in so many ways. We really don't understand the structure of some of our planets. For example, if you're interested in saying, "I want to know how Jupiter and Saturn were constructed" — the gas giants. One of the theories is that you build up a rocky planet like the Earth, but you keep building until it's maybe twice the size, or three times the size. Then the hydrogen and helium condense out, and you form a Jupiter.
Well, let's go look at Jupiter. Jupiter doesn't have such a core. Now, isn't that odd? The main prediction of your theory doesn't work on the most prominent planet in your own solar system. There are a lot of things like this that are puzzles to us, understanding our own solar system. And by looking at another variety —tens or hundreds of other solar systems — we'll begin to understand what really goes on in developing planetary systems, and developing planets.
So it's just a tremendous amount of new knowledge. One of the people at headquarters today was saying, "We're writing the book on planetary physics."
SPACE.com: With such a big sample size of alien planets, people will be able to start making generalizations that they couldn't make just a few years ago.
Borucki:That's right. And in fact, it wasn't that many years ago that we only had one solar system, and that was our own. And people would build models: How was this formed? So they'd imagine a bunch of rocks getting together and colliding and breaking and merging and so on. And finally, you build a solar system.
And most of the models did not predict our own solar system. So they just threw the models away. They don't work, obviously. Well, of course. Your model may have worked, it's just that you didn't recognize that our solar system is rather unusual.
SPACE.com: Kepler has already found 54 candidate planets in their stars' habitable zones. But there are some discoveries that will take more time to make. Would extending Kepler's mission beyond November 2012 make a big difference?
Borucki: It really would. It would do several things, one of which is, as you go to hotter and hotter stars, the habitable zone moves farther and farther out. It takes longer to get to the three orbits that are required to have a confirmation. So that means that if you go to six years, now you can go and look at stars hotter than the sun and look at their habitable zones, and that's a huge improvement.
But you also can find out that the smaller planets you couldn't find in the older data you can now find, because there are enough transits. We're finding planets that are a little over half the size of Earth. That's Mars-size. And you will find more of those around these systems if you just look longer.
The Mars-size planets, of course, are very close to their stars, so they give you enough transits in a few weeks, or a few months. But you really want to find Mars-size planets out near the habitable zones. And you just need to look longer. So there are a lot of ways you gain.
SPACE.com: You've said that Kepler is a first step in the search for life beyond Earth. So what are some of the next steps?
Borucki: Well, there's several. These things often work in parallel — there's a breakthrough in one, then a breakthrough in another. The National Academy of Sciences has pointed out that the next missions ought to do things like finding the closer planets and, in particular, getting at the atmospheres of planets.
To do that, there are two approaches. One is called a coronagraph, which you take the light in a telescope from a star and you basically put a black dot where its focus is, and the light's gone, it's just absorbed. But the light from around that star goes through your telescope, and you get an image of the planets that are around it. That's called the coronagraphic approach, and it works the best if there are lots of planets around the stars, because it doesn't have a long range.
But if you say, "No, there aren't very many Earth-size planets in the habitable zone," then you want something with a longer range. That's the big interferometers, which are multi-mirror systems, sometimes floating independently in space, all controlled with little reaction motors.
But the first one, the coronagraph, is very expensive. The second one is extremely expensive. The National Academy of Sciences has said, "Well, figure out which of these situations is the case, and then build an instrument appropriate to the task." They've recommended that people wait and find out what Kepler tells us — how many stars are likely to have planets, what kind of stars would have these planets, and so you can go and build an instrument that's going to work.
And so that's one area that we will, I think, see Kepler contribute to. And we will see new instrumentation in a few years, when Kepler starts giving us the final answers that we want.
New instrumentation for spectrometers, new instrumentation for telescopes and, of course, new space missions all are required to make the progress that we all want. When Kepler's done, we're not going to be satisfied. We're going to say, "I want to know whether those planets have atmospheres."
SPACE.com: Next-generation instruments will be needed to check out those atmospheres.
Borucki: That's right. Once you get at the atmospheres, you're going to ask lots of questions. Does it have water? If it doesn't have any water, that's not a good sign. Does it have any oxygen? Well, that's really a good sign, because most atmospheres, even with life, wouldn't have oxygen. Creatures have to be pretty advanced to generate oxygen.
SPACE.com: Missions capable of scrutinizing alien planets' atmospheres like this — such as NASA's proposed Terrestrial Planet Finder — aren't close to getting off the ground. So there will probably be a big lag between Kepler's finds and following them up in detail. Won't that be frustrating to a lot of people?
Borucki: Yes. And in fact, one of the things that Kepler might do — if we were to find that many stars have Earth-size planets in their habitable zones, then I think a lot of people would ask NASA to move forward, to bring these projects forward, and not wait for 20 years. And Congress, and the president, might say, "Well, these are examples of innovative technology, and we'd like to see those things start early." So that might very well happen. I'm optimistic.
SPACE.com: Kepler is finding lots of planet candidates already, looking at just one four-hundredth of the sky. That really suggests there are millions and millions of planets out there, right?
Borucki:Yes, that's right.
SPACE.com: So do you have a gut feeling about whether we're alone in the universeor not? What do you think?
Borucki: Well, isn't that a great question? People have written books about it. What's the book that Ward and Brownlee wrote? “Rare Earth,” I think the book was called. And what they point out is, just imagine that you've got lots of planets. And they have atmospheres, and they're in the habitable zone. But there's a whole stack of things that might prevent life from being there. They go through a lot of different possibilities.
So the answer is really unknown. There's just no way of knowing the answer to that. And, of course, that makes it an interesting question. And similarly, you could have asked the question, "Well, are there Earths out there?" 10 years ago. And there would have been no way of knowing.
What you have to do is, you have to go out and make the measurements. Up to then, you're guessing. So with respect to, "Is there life in the solar system?" Go out to Mars and make the measurements. Go out to [the Saturn moon] Enceladus — go into the oceans and look. And when it comes to that question for other stars — build robotic systems, send them to these systems that show the existence of planets, and let them go and find out.
So, I simply know that we're going to have to be patient. There will be gaps. But if you want the answers, and the answers are valuable, then you need to make the effort to find out what the answer really is rather than just speculating. Because speculation never really gives you anything useful.
SPACE.com: That's why Kepler is so valuable, because it's going out and putting some numbers on things, so we don't have to speculate quite as much.
Borucki: And if the answer is, "No, there aren't any Earths" — you get that answer. You may not like the answer, but it is the answer. Whether we get a zero, or we get 100 percent, that answer's going to be extremely valuable.
And the mission was designed so that a zero could be obtained, and it would be a meaningful zero. It really would mean that there are very few Earths in the habitable zone. That's important. Null results should be important, if you're going to pay for one of these time-consuming missions to build, and expensive missions to fly.
SPACE.com: Right. But just in the first few months of data, Kepler's gotten 54 planet candidates in the habitable zone, some of them roughly Earth-size. So it seems to suggest that there could well be alien Earths out there.
Borucki:It's certainly suggestive, in that we are finding a lot of small planets. And that's a great harbinger of what we expect to find as we move to longer orbital periods, farther out in the planetary systems.
SPACE.com: You've said that we shouldn't expect quite as many planet discoveries from Kepler as time goes on, because it's picking up the low-hanging fruit relatively early. What's your best guess about how many planet candidates Kepler will have found if we were to have this conversation, say, two years from now?
Borucki: We would be talking about the ones that we've found. We'll find more of these. But the real question is, What about the ones with the long orbital periods that we can only find in a couple of years? We know the probability goes down significantly. But I guess it wouldn't surprise me in a couple more years, after a couple more years of data and our pipeline increases, that we might do as much as doubling what we have. I don't think it'll be any more than that.
You can follow SPACE.com senior writer Mike Wall on Twitter: @michaeldwall. | <urn:uuid:fc80b536-982a-41da-902d-5cf9d5c781e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.space.com/10753-planet-hunter-bill-borucki-calls-kepler-discoveries-game-changing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00071-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970266 | 2,780 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Representational Picture Courtesy- coalpost.in
Jharkhand Chief Minister Raghubar Das on Friday approved ‘Request For Proposal’ to set up Micro Hydro Power Stations on Public -Private -partnership(PPP) mode in 14 sites in the state.
The CM said that his government is trying to come up with Thermal Energy,Solar Energy and Hydro Energy to develop Jharkhand as an ‘energy hub’ in the country.
“In all,68 sites were identified for Hydro Power Plants.Among these sites,14 Micro Hydro Power Plants will be developed”,said the CM.
These 14 sites for Micro Hydro Power Plants were –
Torpa,Khunti(13 MW on Kanchi river bed);Dasham Fall,Ranchi(6 MW at Kanchi river);Manoharpur,West Singhbhum(8 MW at Koel and Karo);Malay,Palamau(8 MW at Malay Dam);Basia,Gumla(9 MW at Koel River);Jonha,Ranchi(1 MW Radhu river);Ardki(1.5 MW at Tazna river);Jonha,Ranchi(0.7 at Sita Fall);Hundru,Ranchi(11 MW at Suvarnarekha river);Tethakitangar,Simdega(24 MW Sankh Nadi);Kurdeg,Simdega(19 MW at Sankh river);Raidih,Gumla(23 MW Sankh river);and Sugbandh Stage-1,Latehar(4.5 MW at North Koyel.
This proposal was made by several departments such as Planning cum Finance,Water Resources,Forest and Environment,Commercial Taxes,Revenue and land Reforms,Industry,Mines,Tourism and Pollution.The CM appreciated their contributions. | <urn:uuid:de097fae-85ac-439d-9365-ae8f9d25b9c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/920/cm-clears-request-for-proposal-to-set-up-14-micro-hydro-power-plants-in-jharkhand | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.907452 | 404 | 1.695313 | 2 |
This post is an excellent piece on PBS’s Media Shift Idea Lab about the alliance between professional scientists and citizen or amateur scientists, and what journalists could learn from this.
Post author Dan Schultz notes that he was tuned into scientific community’s attitude towards the contributions of non-professionals by an article on Carnegie Mellon University’s website that documented efforts by Eric Paulos, an assistant professor in the Human-Computer Interaction Institute, to equip “everyday mobile devices” with sensors used to collect reliable scientific data. The point of all this effort is to create “a new generation of ‘citizen scientists,’ connected both to the environment and each other.”
That story, combined with several other stories he read about recent astronomy discoveries being initially reported by amateur scientists, made him think about how journalists could learn from this friendly, if structured relationship between professional and non-professional scientists:
“All three types of scientists (professional, citizen, amateur) have beautifully compatible relationships.
“Professionals can safely focus on daunting tasks, knowing that amateurs are ready and willing to take on the smaller stuff (like keeping tabs on Jupiter). The community standards are clear and ultimately bound by cold hard observable fact, so amateurs can make meaningful contributions without diluting the knowledge base. Meanwhile, citizens are being empowered by professionals to help the scientific cause in a way that informs individuals and improves their lives.”
Shultz makes the following recommendations for journalists based on this.
- Professional journalists can take the lead by clearly defining expectations, explaining best practices, and implementing an accessible infrastructure.
- If amateur journalists do a good job of covering a smaller scope of topics or areas, then professionals can focus on the deeper, otherwise inaccessible issues.
- Professional journalists are responsible for creating and maintaining the citizen network if they want it to meet their standards. (Emphasis mine)
- Citizen networks need more than a host – they need to be explicitly empowered through tools and guidance.
- A symbiotic relationship between the professional, the amateur, and the crowd is not just possible, it’s socially optimal.
This article is the first one I’ve seen to turn the typically contentious and negative “real” journalist vs. blogger/citizen reporter debate on its head and posit citizen journalist work as a positive benefit to professional journalists. Definitely worth reading, considering, and discussing.
A great reminder on what the beginning of each story must do by veteran writing coach Jessica Page Morrell, guest posting on the Editor Unleashed blog.
Morrell reminds us that, “Story openings are like job interviews, and if the words on the page entertain, you get the job. If they don’t, somebody who writes better gets the job.” She asserts that the easiest way to have your story get “hired” by editors (whom she correctly defines as “highly discerning reader(s) … connoisseurs who love the written word”) is to make a promise consistent with the genre you’re writing in, and then keep that promise.
She takes readers through the various sorts of promises one might make in a memoir, in a science-fiction story, a romance, etc. These genre-specific tips also could apply to the tone of a nonfiction magazine article, and her general tips on matching the promise to the overall story should be taken to heart by nonfiction authors, who sometimes (in my experience as an editor) mistake a dramatic opening anecdote as a cure-all for a lack of feel for the true tone of the story they’re writing.
As Morrell says,
“An emotional opening prepares the reader for a heart-rattling journey, just as a philosophical opening promises a thoughtful exploration of themes, an action-packed opening promises a bronco-breaking ride, and a quiet beginning usually promises an intense exploration of characters’ lives.”
Amen. Her post is a great reminder of the pact we make with the reader when we ask them to listen to our story, and our responsibility as writers to live up to the promise we make to them.
From Poynter Online’s E-Media Tidbits section. Author Vadim Lavrusik reports on FLYP magazine, a New York-based publication that uses an innovative palette of online tools and Web 2.0 user functionality to cover topics from politics and science to art and music.
FLYP augments traditional reporting and writing with animation, audio, video and interactive graphics. One of the major differences between FLYP and other magazines that have ramped up their digital/online versions is how the publication approaches news-gathering and production.
“(Editor-in-chief Jim) Gaines said the production process at FLYP is different from any of the ‘old media’ publications he has worked for. At many publications there is a pyramid structure; at FLYP the production process is flatly distributed across teams. Everyone gathers and each medium is considered for a particular story. At magazines, on the other hand, the text is the primary medium. Even for Web sites multimedia elements are often an afterthought.”
Another interesting point raised in the article is how FLYP is packaging rich media ads, which may help tease out the true profitability of using online ads as a mainstay of a publication’s business model. Currently, the publication is being privately funded by multi-millionaire Alfonso Romo, but Gaines would like to create a limited supply of “engaging” rich media ads which readers seek out, but which are not so commoditized that advertisers won’t pay top dollar for them.
For writers and editors keeping tabs on where online media is going, especially how content and revenue will interact in the “everything should be free” web era, this article is required reading.
A fun little blog on the Writer’s Digest site that offers writing prompts for readers 3 times a week. Readers can upload their written response to the prompt in the comments section of each post!
From Telegraph to Twitter: The Language of the Short Form
Roy Peter Clark gets into microblogging and writes about its historical roots on Poynter Online’s Writing Tools blog. | <urn:uuid:9b045de4-353e-4ede-836a-b526142eac5a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://writelivelihood.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/write-this-way-top-writing-and-editing-links-for-september-7-2009/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93008 | 1,304 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Graph Structured Program Evolution によるプログラムの自動生成 Automatic Generation of Programs using Graph Structured Program Evolution
In recent years a lot of Automatic Programming techniques have developed. A typical example of Automatic Programming is Genetic Programming (GP), and various extensions and representations for GP have been proposed so far. However, it seems that more improvements are necessary to obtain complex programs automatically. In this paper we propose a new method called GRAph structured Program Evolution (GRAPE). The representation of GRAPE is graph structure, therefore it can represent complex programs (e.g. branches and loops) using its graph structure. Each program is constructed as an arbitrary directed graph of nodes and <i>data set.</i> The GRAPE program handles multiple data types using the <i>data set</i> for each type, and the genotype of GRAPE is the form of a linear string of integers. We apply GRAPE to five test problems, factorial, Fibonacci sequence, exponentiation, reversing a list and sorting a list, and demonstrate that the optimum solution in each problem is obtained by the GRAPE system.
- 電気学会論文誌. C, 電子・情報・システム部門誌 = The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. C, A publication of Electronics, Information and System Society
電気学会論文誌. C, 電子・情報・システム部門誌 = The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. C, A publication of Electronics, Information and System Society 128(3), 370-380, 2008-03-01
The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan | <urn:uuid:4f42566d-78b5-4861-b353-80574e1de248> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10021131617 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00004-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.805795 | 388 | 3.15625 | 3 |
IT'S a surprise that it's a surprise.
Surely Australians realise by now the vulnerability of crops to major weather events and how that will impact their grocery bill?
Obviously not, as consumers posted outcries over the humble lettuce edging past $10 per head in the past month.
In these modern, shouty times, it's hard to keep up with who/what to blame for this culinary crisis- was it inflation? Gas prices? The war in the Ukraine? COVID? The "previous government"? Climate change? Clive Palmer?
It seems all of these (perhaps not Clive) have been linked to the price jump but in reality, the biggest factor was the flooding in Queensland's Lockyer Valley region earlier this year, which wiped out major vegetable crops.
The area provides most of the country's lettuce at this time of year.
The more frivolous citizens announced how costly it had become to be a guinea pig breeder.
Some suggested those with illegal hydroponic drug production would be replacing their cannabis crops for lettuce due to the higher profit margin.
Those same observers may mistakenly be thinking any remaining lettuce growers were currently out buying yachts and Louis Vuitton luggage.
Banana growers are familiar with this cycle.
Every time a major storm or cyclone rips apart areas of North Queensland, the price of the fruit skyrockets, and the mainstream media demands to know why.
It shows a worrying disconnect between metropolitan dwellers and primary production.
What if the jump was like fuel, where it's unlikely to ever return to previous levels?
Would the food service industry, hotels, clubs, snack chains, catering businesses and families be willing to fork out higher prices for lettuce?
Most Aussies aren't eating enough vegetables so it's amusing when there's an uprising over having to spend more, as if they were just about to buy up and "get healthy" when it suddenly got too expensive to do so.
Both KFC and Subway added to the frenzy when they announced they'd be supplementing cabbage for lettuce on their products.
That was welcomed by some but didn't go down well with others, according to the InstaTwitTokFaceTubeoGram crowd.
As one industry insider pointed out, at least the headlines and social media banter have pushed vegetables into the spotlight.
It has people talking about the food supply chain, perhaps making many realise it's not a matter of turning on the tap to instantly have lettuce on the dinner plate.
It takes planning, science and lots of work to get the vegetable from farm to fridge.
Considering that, it's quite reasonable fresh vegetables and fruit should cost more and be highly appreciated.
That shouldn't really come as a surprise.
In case you are interested in filtering all the latest down to just one late afternoon read, why not sign up for The Informer newsletter?
Sign up for our newsletter to stay up to date. | <urn:uuid:aed62a78-1859-45f0-9adf-c093f6a7ae28> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7797343/lettuce-limelight-shows-disparity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.965524 | 627 | 1.859375 | 2 |
|Home > Longhorn_Info > Management Tips > jargon >|
"Jargon" according to Webster, means, "the special vocabulary of a particular group or activity". As entry-level investors read or hear the "jargon" sometimes it's colorful, sometimes accurate, sometimes uniquely descriptive and at other times, it can be down right deceptive. This "jargon translation" is provided by DCCI to assist in understanding sale catalog notes, e-mails, and web site terms that may, or may not mean, "what they say", and say "what they mean". Read on, and you will catch the lingo-pilgrim.
"Exposed" - a cow is in the same pasture as a bull. She may or may not be pregnant.
"Open" - a cow is assumed, or proven not to be carrying a pregnancy. Opposite of guaranteed pregnant.
"ServiceSire" - is a term designated to the identification of the specific bull accessible who may or may not have "serviced" or "bred" a certain cow.
"Bloodtyped" - blood typing of cattle, like people is nearly 100% accurate in determining who is not the correct sire or dam. Blood from a sire, dam, and offspring can be sent to a qualified lab and blood experts can tell if the offspring qualifies as the correct progeny of specific parents. Blood typing, as in people, can not conclusively tell what race or breed is being tested.
"Blood typed pure" - neither TLBAA or ITLA has approved what "pure" Longhorn blood types are. No laboratory has a record of Texas Longhorns in 1880, so no one knows the answer to what a pure blood type is today. The fact that both major Longhorn associations have not approved "pure blood" types indicates it's impossibility. People who feel blood typing can prove 100% purity are purely 100% mistaken.
"Bred" - may have different meanings.
"Preg. checked positive" - a qualified vet or experienced person can rectally palpate a cow and feel the actual calf determining pregnancy. Professional palpations can be 100% accurate at the time of examination. A cow can loose the fetus, or abort, and not actually give birth. Two percent of all mammal pregnancies end in pre-birth abortion.
"Community Bull" - is one who has been spoiled with poor fences and has learned to travel all over the community.
"Traditional Longhorn" - the word "tradition" according to Webster means, "the handing down of beliefs or customs by word or mouth without written instruction." A traditional Longhorn is one that is just the average, basic type with no special qualities to boast about. It could be "sway backed," wild or common in type. The progressive and successful producers would refrain from calling their animals traditional.
"AI or AI'ed" - is short for Artificial Insemination or Artificially Inseminated.
"Clean" - refers to a Longhorn with a trim profile without a loose double chin look, a low brisket or huge navel flap.
"Calving ease" - to a Longhorn producer it means never assisting a cow to give birth. To an average commercial rancher it means not pulling calves at birth on over 20% of their first calf heifers. To a producer of large thick exotic breeds, it means not to pull over 40% of the calves and not to loose over 5% of the cows at birth.
"Show Winner" - can be an animal that was shown to become a World or International Champion, or it could be a critter that won 4th in a class of 4 entries.
"Bird legged" - means cattle that are very trim and have small fine bones in their legs and frame. It is normally associated with cattle that grow slow and carry minimal muscle.
"Non functioning horns" - is a term used for Longhorn cattle with wide lateral horn shapes. The horns get so wide their use to hook people or other cattle is nearly non existent due to leverage and shape.
"Functional horns" - is a term given to horn shapes like a Mexican fighting bull or bison. It would be a short, sharp horn curled forward and up from the head. "Functional horn" is a term referred to cheap cattle or low quality Longhorns of perhaps the "traditional" type. Their tendency would be to fight or hook other cattle. The smaller horned cattle are less desirable, and less valuable (not good).
"Easy Fleshing" - is one of the most valuable traits for any livestock. It means they maintain or gain weight with economical or low cost feed, most generally without any feed grain input.
"Trim" - refers to cattle that are slender, light weight or extra feminine on females.
"Full figured" - refers to cows well filled out, thick, and heavy. With fashion models, "trim" is a good word, with cows "full figured" is better.
"Trader" - is a term which describes a person who buys and sells all kinds of cattle and desires to make a profit by buying low and selling higher rather than raising cattle.
"Breeder" - is a term which describes a person who has a long range breeding program designed to produce and sell related families of cattle for specific tastes or qualities.
"Hard Doer" - is a critter that has ample opportunity to grow, increase body weight and be visually healthy, but doesn't. A "Hard Doer" is poor, small, and if lactating, does not produce much milk. "Hard Doers" are expensive to own with low monetary rewards.
"Program" - refers to a game plan, long range strategies or breeding system designed with a planned result intended for production of a specific type cattle.
"ITLA" - is the Texas Longhorn registry that records and promotes Texas Longhorns. They register about 35% of all Longhorns. Every active member annually gets to vote by mail on all new association officers. A bull calf can be registered for $10 and membership dues annually are $60. ITLA stands for International Texas Longhorn Association. DCCI registers all their Longhorn cattle with ITLA.
"TLBAA" - stands for Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America. They register about 60% of all Longhorns. TLBAA is the historic association that registered the early cattle. The majority of their membership is in Texas. Members get to vote for Directors, but are not allowed to vote for the President or Vice President. The fee to register a bull calf is $15 and annual membership is $100.
"CTLR" - is Cattlemen's Texas Longhorn Registry. Unlike the other two registries, they don't except any other association's pedigrees. They strive for pure Mexican ancestral genetics of traditional or Spanish type cattle. They register about 5% of the Longhorns, at the highest fees of the three associations.
"Tip to tip" - is the historical horn measurement most used to evaluate horn spreads. It is a measurement from the exact horn tip across to the other horn tip in a perfectly straight line. It may be shortened to "T2T".
"Poll measurement" - is a horn measurement which identifies the total distance from tip to tip down and around the total horn curl. A poll measurement is always longer than a tip to tip and may vary several inches depending on the person measuring, the method of measurement, and how still the critter holds their head.
"Circumference" - is a horn measurement around the horn base exactly at the hairline.
"60+2000" - is a designation given to the highest elite quality of Longhorn bulls which are over 60" T2T, and over 2000 lbs. weight.
"Clear title" - means the seller has complete ownership of the cattle offered for sale. Some cattle are mortgaged and the seller may not have the authority to sell or transfer ownership without making a sizable bank payment. If registration papers are not visibly available and or transferred promptly, it is reason for concern.
"205" - is an average number of days for most calves to be weaned. This is the exact number of days more cattle are evaluated and weighed to determine genetic growth values.
"One owner" or "original owner" - cattle. When cattle have bad habits or poor production records they often will be sold a number of times during their life. Each new owner soon dislikes the cattle and sells them because of their particular problem. The registration papers normally will show the different owners and transfers. That is a way to see if previous owners wanted to keep the cattle or wanted to get rid of them. One owner cattle will have one owner for all, or a major part of their life.
"Crocodile Dundee" - is a cow or bull who wants to "Walkabout" and won't stay home, or a herd sire who won't stay with his cows.
"Show fads" - during the last ten years there have been two Longhorn show systems. The TLBAA show system is judged mostly by professional college judges trained to judge numerous breeds of steers, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc. The TLBAA fad for show winners tends to favor very thick, heavy conditioned, young Longhorns that may or may not have long horns. The ITLA show system fad is quite different. All ITLA judges must attend judges training, have years of Longhorn producing and marketing experience and be approved by the ITLA board of directors. The fad or type that wins shows will tend to favor a beef type animal with huge horn, bright color and critters that would sell for a high price.
"In Between Milker" - is a cow that gives too much milk for coffee, but not enough for cereal. In other words, she will starve a calf to death.
"Speaks for themselves" - is a phrase used in sale catalogs when the owner can't think of anything to say about the cattle. It normally doesn't mean anything.
"Proven sire" - is an often used term. It means the bull has had one or more calves. It's neither negative or positive. A sire can be proven "bad", "good" or otherwise.
"Goat Horned" - is a small horn set that points upward.
"Flat Horned" - is a lateral horn growth direction that grows out and not up or down.
"Profile" - is the line of anatomy created by the side view silhouette or outline shape of cattle.
"Pedigree" - a record of a line of ancestors making an expanded shape by genealogical chart lines. The more proven high quality animals close up in a pedigree, the more value to the pedigree. Each generation reduces the contribution of an ancestor by 50%. A strong known pedigree is one of the most important value traits in quality cattle.
For all entry level Longhorn students, perhaps this will help understand the jargon. All that remains is to watch your boots and don't step in the hoya-hoya! | <urn:uuid:b4b65407-1f1d-412d-aec5-7fc95fb6e13a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.texaslonghorn.com/longhorn_info/management_tips/index.cfm?con=jargon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718285.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00106-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952811 | 2,313 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The TDM5 exhibition is about twentieth century Italian graphics
; the curators focus visitors? attention on the work of Italian graphic artists such as Albe Steiner, Franco Grignani, Bruno Munari, Bob Noorda, Armando Testa, Massimo Vignelli
, underlining their contributions to the success of Italian companies, shaping the country?s current economic, social and cultural form.
The exhibition starts with the typographic revolution
of the futurists, continuing with a look at Italy?s graphics tradition in previous centuries and concluding with recent works and various works by Italian graphic designers.
The variety of items on exhibit ? posters, typographic fonts, trademarks, magazines, brochures, books and street signs, to mention only a few ? is organised into a complex exhibition divided in sections by type and area: Letter, Book, Periodical, Culture and Politics, Advertising, Packaging, Visual identity, Signs, Films and videos. The installation is designed by Fabio Novembre
to look like a huge book, adding a third dimension to the materials on exhibit, using colour as the common theme running through the exhibition route.
: TDM 5: Grafica Italiana (TDM5: Italian Graphics)
: Silvana Annicchiarico
: Giorgio Camuffo, Mario Piazza, Carlo Vinti
: Fabio Novembre
: Corraini Edizioni
: 14 April 2012 - 24 February 2013
: Triennale Design Museum, Milan - Italy
: Pasquale Formisano
: courtesy of Triennale Design Museum | <urn:uuid:867192d1-2bef-489d-88cc-223e23642c9e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.floornature.com/tdm5-grafica-italiana-exhibition-7849/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00427-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889144 | 338 | 1.679688 | 2 |
You Can Have It All
Glitz and glamour attract us and the promise of status and prestige reel us in. Advertisers and marketers know just what to say and know exactly how to present products and services to get us to give them our money, even if we have to borrow it. Their goal is to make us say, “I want it” or “I need it!” However, a lot of things we say we “need” are actually things that we really “want”. Since we have been convinced that we need something, it makes it easier for us to justify why we “need” to buy it.
Many people end up overspending because of their wants. It is okay to buy some of our wants but not at the expense of our needs. You have to be very careful. We need to be honest with ourselves and ask, “Is it a need or a want?” We may need a car for transportation, but we do not have to buy an expensive luxury model that you cannot afford. We need food and clothes, but we do not need to buy brand name items at high prices because of the desire to portray the status and prestige associated with them.
Budgeting and money management do not mean that you have to be dull and boring. They mean that you plan and make wise decisions about how you spend your money. Here are two tips to get your wants and your needs:
- Do not use credit cards for purchases you cannot pay in full at the end of the month.
- Save for wants as a part of your budget and management plan, then pay cash when you have saved enough to buy them.
If you use these tips, you will see that you can have it all. You can have your needs as well as your wants. All the best!
Click here to get my free eBook: Money Management 101 | <urn:uuid:914530a9-8464-4c6f-bd2e-32fc66ead2c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://exbankerblog.com/you-can-have-it-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.980473 | 395 | 1.960938 | 2 |
I would wish to declare, at the beginning of this story, that I shall never regard that
cluster of islets which we call Bermuda as the Fortunate Islands of the ancients. Do not
let professional geographers take me up, and say that no one has so accounted them, and
that the ancients have never been supposed to have gotten themselves so far westwards.
What I mean to assert is this--that, had any ancient been carried thither by enterprise or
stress of weather, he would not have given those islands so good a name. That the
Neapolitan sailors of King Alonzo should have been wrecked here, I consider to be more
likely. The vexed Bermoothes is a good name for them. There is no getting in or out of
them without the greatest difficulty, and a patient, slow navigation, which is very heart-
rending. That Caliban should have lived here I can imagine; that Ariel would have been
sick of the place is certain; and that Governor Prospero should have been willing to
abandon his governorship, I conceive to have been only natural. When one regards the
present state of the place, one is tempted to doubt whether any of the governors have
been conjurors since his days.
Bermuda, as all the world knows, is a British colony at which we maintain a convict
establishment. Most of our outlying convict establishments have been sent back upon our
hands from our colonies, but here one is still maintained. There is also in the islands a
strong military fortress, though not a fortress looking magnificent to the eyes of civilians,
as do Malta and Gibraltar. There are also here some six thousand white people and some
six thousand black people, eating, drinking, sleeping, and dying.
The convict establishment is the most notable feature of Bermuda to a stranger, but it
does not seem to attract much attention from the regular inhabitants of the place. There is
no intercourse between the prisoners and the Bermudians. The convicts are rarely seen by
them, and the convict islands are rarely visited. As to the prisoners themselves, of course
it is not open to them--or should not be open to them--to have intercourse with any but
the prison authorities.
There have, however, been instances in which convicts have escaped from their
confinement, and made their way out among the islands. Poor wretches! As a rule, there
is but little chance for any that can so escape. The whole length of the cluster is but
twenty miles, and the breadth is under four. The prisoners are, of course, white men, and
the lower orders of Bermuda, among whom alone could a runagate have any chance of
hiding himself, are all negroes; so that such a one would be known at once. Their clothes
are all marked. Their only chance of a permanent escape would be in the hold of an
American ship; but what captain of an American or other ship would willingly encumber
himself with an escaped convict? But, nevertheless, men have escaped; and in one
instance, I believe, a convict got away, so that of him no farther tidings were ever heard. | <urn:uuid:1304e2cd-796d-4612-bdf8-e8d235c0b265> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.free-ebooks.net/ebook/Aaron-Trow/html/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00188-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970726 | 676 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Sea turtle nesting season officially ended on October 31, however our biologists are still out on the beach every morning to conduct nesting surveys on Jupiter beach and to monitor the remaining sea turtle nests on Juno, Jupiter and Tequesta beaches.
We have not recorded any new sea turtle crawls since October 18, when a green turtle nest was documented on Tequesta beach. In general, sea turtles have a two week internesting interval (the time between depositing a nest and re-emerging to nest again) Therefore, the nest we documented on October 18 was likely the final nest for the season.
In preparation for two upcoming nourishment projects on Jupiter beach, our research team will be conducting daily surveys on Jupiter beach until November 30. Any late season nests will be relocated to an area outside of the project area. So far, our team has safely relocated 6 sea turtle nests (1 loggerhead and 5 green turtle). The first relocated nest hatched on November 6 and will be excavated on November 9.
As of November 6, there are 23 marked sea turtle nests remaining in our survey area. This season, our research crew recorded over 11,000 nests and marked about 1,300 of those nests for evaluation. A sample of the nests are marked and evaluated, to be representative of the beach as a whole. If we were to mark every single nest, there would be a wooden nest stake about every 4 feet!
LMC biologists will continue to monitor the remaining marked nests until they have hatched, and then excavate the nests to calculate the emergence success (percentage of hatchlings that successfully hatched and got out of the nest). The excavation data are used to evaluate how many hatchlings were produced along our survey area. Last season, we estimated that 1,122,129 hatchlings were produced along Juno, Jupiter and Tequesta beaches! | <urn:uuid:9b4dd978-d5ed-4e2c-b94e-04ba45c721dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://marinelife.org/2014/11/13/research-update-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.969951 | 374 | 2.34375 | 2 |
At least three protesters have been killed and 45 wounded in Burundi, according to the Red Cross, as demonstrations against President Pierre Nkurunziza's decision to seek a third term in office entered a second week.
Pierre Claver Mbonimpa, a veteran member of the civil society groups which called for the rallies on Monday, had earlier said two protesters were shot dead in the capital, Bujumbura.
The police had no immediate comment but said they would issue a statement later, the Reuters news agency reported.
Leading opposition figure, Agathon Rwasa, who threatened to boycott the coming presidential election unless Nkurunziza withdrew his candidacy, condemned the country's police over the violence.
"It's a shame President Nkurunziza goes on killing innocent and unarmed people...our police are more partisan than professional and discredit our nation."
"It's a shame President Nkurunziza goes on killing innocent and unarmed people...our police are more partisan than professional and discredit our nation," Rwasa told Al Jazeera.
The protests would lead to the "fall of dictatorship and the rise of true democracy," he added.
The violence came as US Secretary of State John Kerry said Nkurunziza's decision to stand for a third term "flies in the face" of the constitution.
The top US diplomat said the recent unrest in Burundi was a result of public concern about that decision and "should be listened to"
The latest deaths take the total killed to at least 11 people, including soldiers and police.
Thousands of protesters joined Monday's protest with some managing to reach the centre of the capital, which they had previously failed to access amid heavy police and military presence.
Gunfire rang out and men ducked for cover as some shopkeepers hurriedly closed their businesses. Several people were also injured after the gunfire, the Associated Press news agency reported citing witnesses.
The government has called the demonstrations an "insurrection" and accused protesters of stoking violence.
Al Jazeera's Malcolm Webb, reporting from Bujumbura, said the protests seemed to be spreading.
"In today's protests there were more people on the streets than before, including in some suburbs in the capital that have not had any demonstrations since they began, and provinces outside the city too," Webb said.
"The police have also been escalating their response, proportional to the number of people on the streets."
Burundi's government has vowed a major crackdown on political protests, accusing opposition and civil society groups of providing cover for a "terrorist enterprise".
The African nation's Security Minister Gabriel Nizigama on Saturday said that an overnight grenade attack that killed three people, including two police officers, was "linked to those who say they are demonstrating" against the president.
"We heard these criminals used grenades and guns, and for us they are linked to those who say they are demonstrating because they consider the police, who are bringing peace and security, to be their enemy," Nizigama said.
|Demonstrations against President Pierre Nkurunziza's decision to seek a third term in office have entered a second week [AP]
Source: Al Jazeera and agencies | <urn:uuid:a9c4dc6a-2c1a-4d22-97dc-e040c7ceaa5b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/protesters-shot-dead-fresh-burundi-violence-150504122624498.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00431-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97624 | 667 | 1.578125 | 2 |
LALCAFÉ INTENSO™ coffee yeast can enhance mouthfeel, floral aromas, and tropical fruit notes. It is most notable for the development of overall complexity in the cup.
Fermentation occurs in all coffee processing methods. LALCAFÉ INTENSO™ can be applied to whole fruit or depulped coffee, in either submerged or «dry» protocols. LALCAFÉ INTENSO™ yeast’s specific metabolism facilitates rapid demucilagination and the release of varietal specific aromatic compounds. After years of studies run with different technical and research centers investigating coffee production and with results coming from trials performed in different wet mills around the world (in the Americas as well as Africa and Asia), LALCAFÉ INTENSO™ yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) has been characterized and selected for its ability to enhance coffee’s fruit character by releasing stone fruit, citrus, and floral notes as well as its ability to enhance mouthfeel in the final cup. The efficient demucilagination contributes to a more complex and higher quality sensory experience.
Due to its high capacity for implantation in coffee fermentations, LALCAFÉ INTENSO™ protects the coffee from developing negative aromas that can arise from some spontaneous fermentations. Its specific metabolism expresses the coffee’s aromatic potential.
• Available in 500 g pack and 10 kg box.
• To be used once opened.
• Only use vacuum-sealed sachet.
• Store in the original packaging, in a cool and dry place (< 25°C). | <urn:uuid:e2a79493-8f97-417b-98b5-1f87dfbe249a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lalcafeyeast.com/en/products/lalcafe-intenso/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.911752 | 338 | 1.59375 | 2 |
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