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This class examines substantive domestic and international environmental law and natural resource law to better understand how those laws relate to businesses in the United States and internationally. Students also consider more general issues related to environmental and natural resource legislation and regulation. These issues include the tension between business and the environment, the concept of sustainability, the appropriate goals of environmental regulation, the problems of monitoring and enforcement, and the roles of science and risk assessment, including valuation of environmental injuries and environmental benefits. Studies of environmental legal history and environmental ethics are interwoven throughout the course. Students use case method studies, statutes, and legal cases to explore these concepts in contemporary situations. Students are responsible for substantial class leadership responsibilities including leading discussions on assigned days and verbally contributing to substantive material under consideration during each class session. Students identify suitable topics for exploration, formulate research questions, conduct independent research, write a substantial research paper, and present their work to the class.
Prerequisites: BUS 205, 305/320, 310/335, 315, 340, and senior standing or permission of instructor. | <urn:uuid:0a43c0de-59df-4cb7-b199-61063dd6d82f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pugetsound.edu/ajax/peoplesoft-course/?id=175 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00284-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927447 | 211 | 2.21875 | 2 |
MFRS urges businesses to make fire safety a priority following
number of industrial fires across Merseyside
BUSINESSES across Merseyside
are being urged to ensure they are operating safely and adhering
to fire safety regulations following a series of large
industrial fires in recent weeks. Merseyside Fire and Rescue
Service (MFRS) spent more than 26 hours dealing with a fire on
an industrial estate in Newton-le-Willows last month. The fire;
which was declared a major incident; saw 20 fire engines attend
at its height, and drew resources from neighbouring fire and
rescue services and multi agency partners. 2 further fires at
industrial sites took place the following day, again requiring
significant emergency service resources. On the back of these
and a number of similar incidents, MFRS is reminding businesses
of their responsibility to adhere to fire safety and carry out
checks around their site.
Station Manager Bill Shepherd, MFRS Protection department,
said:- "We know that the current COVID-19 pandemic has
adversely affected a number of businesses across Merseyside,
through reductions in staffing levels and disruption to normal
working practices. However, it is vital that business owners
continue to prioritise the fire safety of the business, the
safety of the people working there and/or those visiting the
business. As Government guidance changes and lockdown
restrictions are eased, more and more people will be returning
to work but we understand that businesses are still not
operating at what they would deem to be Ďnormalí. Coronavirus is
not an excuse for disregarding your responsibilities and
businesses must ensure that they have an adequate amount of
competent people to help in the implementation of both
preventative and protective fire safety measures. If you have
absent staff, you must ensure that there are adequately trained
staff on site at all times to ensure fire safety measures are
not adversely affected. You should be continuing to maintain and
regularly testing your fire safety provisions, including testing
your fire alarms and carrying out regular fire drills."
Businesses should also be taking the necessary steps to protect
themselves from arson, including removing combustible materials
from the site or ensuring they are stored securely out of sight.
Entrances and exits of buildings should be kept clear at all
times and stock should not be kept in excessive amounts. 1 thing
that businesses should not be doing under any circumstances is
burning waste onsite. Not only does this create serious risk of
fire, it can also seriously harm health and pollute the
Nigel Glasgow, an Environment Agency Environmental Manager
said:- "The Environment Agency remains committed during
the Coronavirus pandemic to reducing waste crime and reducing
the opportunities for those operating illegally to do so. We
will continue to support the Fire and Rescue service during this
challenging time. The Environment Agency would like to take this
opportunity to remind the public that itís illegal to burn most
types of waste. Burning waste such as treated wood, tyres,
plastics, rubber and oil can seriously harm health and pollute
the environment. People face a fine of up to ₤50,000 for
illegally managing waste. Also if you are visiting the
countryside, please follow the Countryside Code and do not light
fires or use disposable barbecues. Fires can be devastating to
wildlife and habitats as they are to people and property. So be
careful with naked flames and cigarettes at any time of the year
and if a fire appears to be unattended then report it by
There are a number of steps that businesses can take to reduce
their risk of fire:-
►COMPETENT PERSONS:- Ensure you have an adequate amount of
competent persons to help in the implementation of preventative
and protective fire safety measures. If you have absent staff
you must ensure that there are adequately trained staff on-site
at all times, to ensure the fire safety measures are not
►PROTECTION FROM ARSON:- If your business is closed for an
extended period of time, ensure it is secure and continue with
usual measures to prevent arson:-
- Any combustible materials should be removed from site or
- Remove or store all rubbish securely away from the premises.
- Keep all entrances and exits clear at all times.
- Stock should not be kept in excessive amounts.
►FIRE SAFETY TESTING:- Onsite fire safety provisions should be
tested regularly. This includes carrying out alarm tests and
►FIRE DOORS:- Do NOT prop open fire doors, even if this is
intended to minimise contact between staff and door handles. We
would advise businesses to follow Public Health Advice around
regularly washing your hands for 20 seconds or more to minimise
the spread of Coronavirus.
►LONE WORKING:- With a reduced workforce, there may be an
increased likelihood of people working alone within buildings.
You need to ensure that these people are provided with adequate
warning in case of fire so they do not become trapped.
►FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT:- It may be necessary to review your fire
risk assessment during this time to ensure suitable and
sufficient measures are in place. Further information on your
fire risk assessments can be found
►SECURE BUILDINGS:- Try to ensure premises are regularly
checked to ensure that the security of the building is not
compromised and identify any attempts of arson. Any issues
should be reported to Crimestoppers by calling:- 0800 555 111.
►BURNING WASTE ON COMMERCIAL SITES:- Remember, it is illegal to
burn most types of waste. Burning waste such as treated wood,
tyres, plastics, rubber and oil can seriously harm health and
pollute the environment. People face a fine of up to ₤50,000 for
illegally managing waste.
- You may be committing an offence by allowing waste to be
stored on your land or in your property without the relevant
permissions. This could leave you liable to prosecution. Carry
out rigorous checks on prospective and new tenants.
- If you operate a waste management site, make sure it is legal
and check you have the right permit for your activities:-
For fire safety advice, please
call:- 0800 731 5958. For more information on the Countryside
Stay safe at the School
IF youíre going back to
School, follow the rulesÖ Thatís the message from Liverpool City
Council as pupils return to the classroom in the wake of the
Coronavirus outbreak. This week some Schools have
re-opened to accept the children of key workers and vulnerable
residents, who had previously used the Cityís Childcare Hubs.
The City Council is working closely with primary and Secondary
Schools to encourage social distancing at the School gates. And
1 of the biggest ways parents can help is to leave the car at
home and walk their children to School. Measures being
considered to encourage greater social distancing include
installing barriers of footways to create space and even closing
roads at both School drop off and pick up times. As well as
helping to prevent the spread of the virus, such measures may
also help improve air quality around the Schools. The big
message from the Council is:- do not drive to School if you can
possibly avoid it. The space taken up by cars means less space
for people to walk and maintain the correct social distance. The
advice from the Council is clear for those returning their
children to School this week; plan ahead. Parents/carers should
consider how they will get to School and give themselves more
time to walk or cycle in. Those with older children, Year 4 and
over, are being asked to encourage them to walk some of the way
independently. This could help children to become more aware of
the roads. Parents could agree on a meeting place each day away
from the School gates, which would reduce the number of people
congregating outside School. The Council is urging everyone,
except adults and children with mobility issues, not to drive to
School. If you have to take the car, then plan in advance and
find a suitable spot away from the gates to park.
Liverpool City Councilís Cabinet Member for Education,
Employment and Skills Cllr Barbara Murray, said:-
"Children returning to their Schools this week will find their
classrooms very different places to the ones they left before
lockdown. We have encouraged all our Schools to undertake a full
risk assessment and ensure that all the necessary safety
measures have been put in place. We know many of our children
will be looking forward to returning to School, but it must be
done in the safest way possible. We would urge everyone to
follow the advice and respect the social distancing rules at all
Cllr Sharon Connor, who is the Councilís Cabinet Member for
Regeneration and Highways, added:- "Residents of Liverpool
have risen to the challenges posed by the Coronavirus outbreak.
They have worked with the Council and other agencies responded
to our requests for their support and looked out for one
another. People have also responded by walking and cycling more
around our City and we would ask everyone to continue to do this
as the Schools return. Leaving the car at home will leave more
space for everyone outside Schools, it will also help you to
become more active and could help to make the streets and roads
around our Schools safer for children. If you are sending your
children back to School this week, letís all stay safe at the
Total UK cases
COVID-19 cases - update for Liverpool City Region and
THE total number of UK
Coronavirus (COVID-19) infections that have been laboratory
confirmed, within the UK, has risen by 1,871 cases and the total
number now stand at 279,856, that includes tests carried out by
commercial partners which are not included in the 4 National
The total number of deaths of people who have had a positive
test result confirmed by a Public Health or NHS laboratory is
39,728. Daily number of COVID-19 associated UK fatalities added
to the total, was sadly reported to be 359 according to the
Department of Health.
In England, there are a total of 153,376 confirmed cases.
North West - total of 25,891 confirmed cases. The number of
laboratory confirmed cases within the following Local
Authorities, in and around the Liverpool City Region are as
► Liverpool, 1,633 confirmed cases.
► Sefton, 934 confirmed cases.
► Wirral, 1,301 confirmed cases.
► St. Helens, 753 confirmed cases.
► Halton, 408 confirmed cases.
► Lancashire, 3,653 confirmed cases.
► Cheshire West and Chester, 1,157 confirmed cases.
► Cheshire East, 1,249 confirmed cases.
► Manchester, 1,597 confirmed cases.
► Stockport, 1,055 confirmed cases.
► Trafford, 830 confirmed cases.
► Wigan, 1,210 confirmed cases.
► Bolton, 1,025 confirmed cases.
► Rochdale, 810 confirmed cases.
► Bury, 771 confirmed cases.
► Tameside, 745 confirmed cases.
► Oldham, 1,091 confirmed cases.
► Blackburn with Darwen, 413 confirmed cases.
These stats are according to Public Health England as of
03/06/2020. Last updated 4.01pm GMT. UK total includes cases
detected through:- "Pillar 2" testing (tests carried out by
commercial partners) and therefore does not equate to the sum of
the 4 countries' counts, which only include:- "Pillar 1" (tests
carried out by NHS / PHE / Devolved Administration Labs)..
UK total includes cases detected through:- "Pillar 2" testing
(tests carried out by commercial partners) and therefore does
not equate to the sum of the 4 countries' counts, which only
include:- "Pillar 1" (tests carried out by NHS / PHE / Devolved
UK Government Coronavirus Press
Conference on 03 June 2020 Video | <urn:uuid:b87d2950-0438-49d2-9908-a212fdb4224d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.southportreporter.com/-southport-mersey-reporter-/alerts/03-June-2020.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.93081 | 2,679 | 1.710938 | 2 |
This project was the first project to use any 3D features of OpenGL. It concentrated on setting up and manipulating the viewport and changing the scene appearance by changing the viewing parameters. It further enhanced and refined RapidApp programming skills.
Given the gluLookAt, gluProspective, and gluOrtho functions, the set up of the viewport became relatively easy.
The program focused on a few main things: There needed to be a scene with various features - a small house, mountains, a sun, some trees, and a floor. I started the project with those objects, but had lots of extra time. I decided to model a more complicated scene. Since I was at work at the time and I happen to work in Wilhelm, I decided to model selected features of Wilhelm Hall.
I started with a rough outline of Wilhelm. I mostly just guessed at proportions and made some very crude estimates of the width of the building to start. Then I decided to model the windows and interior walls. Afterwards, I decided to model a crude view of my office and our main computer rooms. I still had time left so I modeled a couple interior features in those rooms, mostly the computers. Finally, I added the enviornmental elements - the smiling sun, the random trees, the mountains, and the floor. The interface for the program is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: The Initial Program Appearance (click to enlarge)
A slightly better view is straight down the Z axis:
Figure 2: A slightly better view (click to enlarge)
Once the model of Wilhelm was complete, I turned towards the required flight sequeneces. The first one is activated with the 'Pan' button. This basically moves in to a reasonable position near the front of the building. Then, it pans around the building. When it makes it back to the front of the building, the view essentially goes to the next floor and continues.
The second flight sequence is the 'Offices' button. This one starts outside of Wilhelm, enters the loading dock door, walks the short stairway hallway, turns, and heads back towards the elevator. Then, there is a wait for the elevator. It arrives and the view suggests entering the elevator and turning to face the doors. The doors then close and we head up to third floor. Now, we walk down the hallway to 304, my office, enter the door and stop behind my Indy.
Figure 3: The Indy view (click to enlarge)
Clicking the 'Offices' button a second time backs up from the Indy, re-enters the hallway and walks clear to the opposite end to room 335. We then enter 335 and climb up the ramp to the raised floor in our main computer room. We then turn to take in all of the machines. I crudely modeled most of our significant machines. The large rectangular racks straight ahead in this view are our 4 shelfs of PCs making up our 64 node PPro cluster. Odin, our 2-processor Deskside Onyx and Helix, our 6-processor Challenge L appear to have been forgotten. Oops. On the opposite side of the room is our UPS, patch-panel rack, comm-gear rack, 47-node Intel Paragon, 8-processor Power Onyx, our disk rack with ~200g of disk plus our Origin 200 rack-mounted server and our RAID controller. Next to that is another shelf with miscellaneous PCs.
Figure 4: The View of 335(click to enlarge)
None of the tours take you to 4th floor, our newest computer room. However, it is stocked with IBM Power 3 boxes, Compaq Alpha 21264s and Pentium II boxes, but it is pretty easy to get there.
As an extra feature, I added the 'Crash' button. This basically moves to an extremely high elevation and looks down at the scene. Then, the view-up vector is circled around while our Y coordinate decreases, giving the effect of a downward crashing spiral.
A few other features of note: The 'follow' toggle button. This button causes the selected X/Y/Z coordinate to affect both the eye and camera vectors at the same time, basically making it easy to move along straight lines in the scene.
The 'Scene Complexity' toggle buttons toggle the features suggested. This can speed up the scene drawing process.
The 'Flight Speed' scale allows you to increase the flight speed - very useful in debugging and can make 'Crash' look interesting.
The arrow buttons on each of the X/Y/Z scales allow you to increment or decrement the X/Y/Z coordinate of the currently selected view parameter by the value of Flight Speed. This makes it possible for fine-tuning the view.
The Reset button resets the scene to a decent vantage point in case things get messed up.
The Front/Back scales control the front and back clipping plane locations respectively, allow parts of the scene to be chopped out and not rendered.
The FOV dial controls the field of view.
The aspect ratio scale controls the aspect ratio for the scene.
The 4-view/1-view buttons toggle between perspective and parallel views.
One final debugging feature - if you click the right mouse button in the GL drawing area, all of the vital statistics get printed out.
Section 2: Code
There is pretty much only one code file for this project. However, parts of it are really huge. BulletinBoardClass.C
The code is generally straightforward and easily followed. Most of the code is used to draw the building.
Section 3: Known Problems
After turning in the project, I noticed two problems.
1) I forgot the way to split the view on 4-view. So, my top and side views are not in the right spots.
2) A structural detail - the second and third floor interior walls just
north of the elevator should be solid, not heading towards a door like
the first floor ones. A consequence of the while loop used to draw
those walls, I guess. | <urn:uuid:5784129b-2064-4bcf-b049-dad986893b12> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.public.iastate.edu/~things/cpre519/proj3/proj3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00339-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924518 | 1,251 | 1.867188 | 2 |
muslim headscarf for women
Muslim Headscarf or head scarves are scarves hiding most or the greater part of the highest point of a lady’s hair and her head. Headscarves may be worn for a mixture of purposes, for example for warmth, for sanitation, for design or social qualification; with religious hugeness, out of unobtrusiveness, or different types of social meeting but in Islam it is worn particularly to cover the hair and head by ladies.
Making a customary Muslim headscarf a compliment to any outfit is a straightforward approach to show your remarkable feeling of style. Hijabs are utilitarian, and might be chic notwithstanding humble with a couple of straightforward progressions.
• Add investment to you scarf by picking unified with an inconspicuous design woven in.
o Small prints are not difficult to work with and match generally furnishes.
o Popular designs in little prints incorporate flower, polka-dabs, plaid etc.
o Delicate prints can come to be occupied and moving to the eye if worn in numerous colors. Attempt to uncover these little prints with a constrained color palette.
• Add a strong pop to any outfit by picking a scarf with a huge print.
o Find designs that extend from the extent of your hand and bigger. This helps the scarf abstain from looking too occupied provided that it joins numerous shades.
o Large flower prints are a subject in huge designs, yet you can additionally find lovely vintage and unique prints.
o Big prints give you the choice of using gallant colors. | <urn:uuid:d0f68018-c6b7-4f1a-ad27-61257c42a6e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://womensfavourite.com/muslim-headscarf-for-women | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00037-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908475 | 320 | 1.601563 | 2 |
THE Justice Department is building its case against Megaupload, the hugely popular file-sharing site that was indicted earlier this year on multiple counts of copyright infringement and related crimes. The company’s servers have been shut down, its assets seized and top employees arrested. And, as is usual in such cases, prosecutors and their allies in the music and movie industries have sought to invoke the language of “theft” and “stealing” to frame the prosecutions and, presumably, obtain the moral high ground.
Whatever wrongs Megaupload has committed, though, it’s doubtful that theft is among them.
From its earliest days, the crime of theft has been understood to involve the misappropriation of things real and tangible. For Caveman Bob to “steal” from Caveman Joe meant that Bob had taken something of value from Joe — say, his favorite club — and that Joe, crucially, no longer had it. Everyone recognized, at least intuitively, that theft constituted what can loosely be defined as a zero-sum game: what Bob gained, Joe lost.
When Industrial Age Bob and Joe started inventing less tangible things, like electricity, stocks, bonds and licenses, however, things got more complicated. What Bob took, Joe, in some sense, still had. So the law adjusted in ad hoc and at times inconsistent ways. Specialized doctrines were developed to cover the misappropriation of services (like a ride on a train), semi-tangibles (like the gas for streetlights) and true intangibles (like business goodwill).
In the middle of the 20th century, criminal law reformers were sufficiently annoyed by all of this specialization and ad hoc-ness that they decided to do something about it.
In 1962, the prestigious American Law Institute issued the Model Penal Code, resulting in the confused state of theft law we’re still dealing with today.
In a radical departure from prior law, the code defined “property” to refer to “anything of value.” Henceforth, it would no longer matter whether the property misappropriated was tangible or intangible, real or personal, a good or a service. All of these things were now to be treated uniformly.
Before long, the code would inform the criminal law that virtually every law student in the country was learning. And when these new lawyers went to work on Capitol Hill, at the Justice Department and elsewhere, they had that approach to theft in mind.
Then technology caught up.
With intangible assets like information, patents and copyrighted material playing an increasingly important role in the economy, lawyers and lobbyists for the movie and music industries, and their allies in Congress and at the Justice Department, sought to push the concept of theft beyond the basic principle of zero sum-ness. Earlier this year, for example, they proposed two major pieces of legislation premised on the notion that illegal downloading is stealing: the Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act (PIPA) and the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA).
The same rhetorical strategy was used with only slightly more success by the movie industry in its memorably irritating advertising campaign designed to persuade (particularly) young people that illegal downloading is stealing. Appearing before the program content on countless DVDs, the Motion Picture Association of America’s much-parodied ad featured a pounding soundtrack and superficially logical reasoning:
You wouldn’t steal a car.
You wouldn’t steal a handbag.
You wouldn’t steal a mobile phone.
You wouldn’t steal a DVD.
Downloading pirated films is stealing.
Stealing is against the law.
Piracy: It’s a crime.
The problem is that most people simply don’t buy the claim that illegally downloading a song or video from the Internet really is like stealing a car. According to a range of empirical studies, including one conducted by me and my social psychologist collaborator, Matthew Kugler, lay observers draw a sharp moral distinction between file sharing and genuine theft, even when the value of the property is the same.
If Cyber Bob illegally downloads Digital Joe’s song from the Internet, it’s crucial to recognize that, in most cases, Joe hasn’t lost anything. Yes, one might try to argue that people who use intellectual property without paying for it steal the money they would have owed had they bought it lawfully. But there are two basic problems with this contention. First, we ordinarily can’t know whether the downloader would have paid the purchase price had he not misappropriated the property. Second, the argument assumes the conclusion that is being argued for — that it is theft.
So what are the lessons in all this? For starters, we should stop trying to shoehorn the 21st-century problem of illegal downloading into a moral and legal regime that was developed with a pre- or mid-20th-century economy in mind. Second, we should recognize that the criminal law is least effective — and least legitimate — when it is at odds with widely held moral intuitions.
Illegal downloading is, of course, a real problem. People who work hard to produce creative works are entitled to enjoy legal protection to reap the benefits of their labors. And if others want to enjoy those creative works, it’s reasonable to make them pay for the privilege. But framing illegal downloading as a form of stealing doesn’t, and probably never will, work. We would do better to consider a range of legal concepts that fit the problem more appropriately: concepts like unauthorized use, trespass, conversion and misappropriation.
This is not merely a question of nomenclature. The label we apply to criminal acts matters crucially in terms of how we conceive of and stigmatize them. What we choose to call a given type of crime ultimately determines how it’s formulated and classified and, perhaps most important, how it will be punished. Treating different forms of property deprivation as different crimes may seem untidy, but that is the nature of criminal law.Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:6db10b81-eab2-46cd-bba9-342f4b4cc123> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/29/opinion/theft-law-in-the-21st-century.html?_r=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00210-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962669 | 1,272 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Last Thursday, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) took the highly unusual step of declining to move forward on permits for the proposed Jordan Cove LNG export terminal in Coos County, Oregon. If built, the $10 billion Jordan Cove project would become the largest source of global warming pollution in the state.
FERC commissioners voted 2 to 1 to postpone a decision on federal approvals for the project after a string of permit denials from the state of Oregon. Commissioner Bernard McNamee said he needed an additional week to review the latest denial, issued by the Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC) one day prior to FERC’s vote.
In their February 19 letter, sent to Jordan Cove, FERC, the Army Corps of Engineers and others, Oregon’s land conservation officials wrote that approving Jordan Cove would “negatively impact” resources relied on by the state’s coastal tourism, fishing, shipping, and other industries, as well as endangered and threatened wildlife, “among other sectors critical to the state.”
“After long deliberation and review of the record before the department, it is clear that there is no reasonable assurance that the proposed project is or will be consistent with the laws, regulations, and policies that continue to maintain the Oregonian way of life,” the LCDC said in a statement announcing its decision. “Overall, the issuance of this decision protects the interests of the State of Oregon and those who call Oregon home.”
Without the state’s sign off, called a “consistency certification,” federal agencies including FERC and the Army Corps of Engineers “cannot authorize this project,” the Oregon commissioners wrote.
The next day, February 20, one Jordan Cove backer abruptly resigned from the state’s land conservation commission, citing the commission’s February 19 letter. Coos County commissioner Melissa Cribbins — whose contacts with Jordan Cove backers during the time that the project’s county-level permits were pending were at the center of a recent DeSmog investigation — penned a letter to Oregon’s governor.
“I am tendering my resignation from the Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC) effective immediately,” Cribbins, who is currently running for state office, wrote in a letter posted to Facebook by her campaign. She cited the timing of the land conservation permit decision, calling it “purely political.”
“Clearly, this is not the Oregon way,” the letter concludes, “and I will not lend my credibility to this process any longer.”
Cribbins retains her seat as a Coos County commissioner. She was also recently appointed to a federal Environmental Protection Agency advisory committee on local government, which advises Trump-appointee Andrew Wheeler.
The land conservation commission had emphasized the significance of the negative impacts on Oregon and its coast that Jordan Cove construction would have as it issued its state permit denial.
“After careful review of the proposed project, in conjunction with receiving extensive public comment, and coordination with coastal partners, [Department of Land Conservation and Development] has determined that the coastal adverse effects from the project will be significant and undermine the vision set forth by the [Oregon Coastal Management Plan] and its enforceable policies,” the commission wrote in their February 19 letter (emphasis in original). “Coastal effects analyses show that the project will negatively impact Oregon’s coastal scenic and aesthetic resources, a variety of endangered and threatened species, critical habitat and ecosystem services, fisheries resources, commercial and recreational fishing and boating, and commercial shipping and transportation, among other sectors critical to the state.”
The Jordan Cove project would export U.S. and Canadian fossil fuels — enough to fill roughly 120 liquefied natural gas tankers a year.
Project opponents say that without permits from the state of Oregon, the Jordan Cove fossil fuel export project cannot be built. “Oregon has concluded that the Jordan Cove LNG project would have significant adverse effects on the state’s coast and without permits from the state of Oregon, Jordan Cove LNG cannot move forward,” Courtney Johnson, attorney and executive director at Crag Law Center, said in a statement following the LCDC’s permit denial.
Jordan Cove has 30 days from the LCDC’s denial to appeal the state’s decision.
On Monday, Jordan Cove representatives urged FERC to approve the project over Oregon’s rejection. “A [Coastal Zone Management Act] consistency determination ‘is a permit issued under federal law,’ and state [Coastal Zone Management Act] objections are subject to plenary federal administrative override,” David Owens, an attorney representing the Jordan Cove Energy Project and the Pacific Connector Gas Pipeline wrote in a February 24 letter to FERC.
The FERC commissioner who cast the deciding vote to delay a decision cited the state’s permit denials at the hearing last week. “I want to see what the State of Oregon said, and I need that information to inform my decision, whether I’m ultimately going to vote for or against Jordan Cove,” McNamee said.
The land conservation permit is not the only permit that the Jordan Cove project currently lacks.
In January, Oregon’s Department of State Lands detailed over a half dozen categories of “critical information” that the Jordan Cove project had not yet provided to state officials after the company’s permit application was first deemed incomplete in November 2017. Days later, Jordan Cove withdrew its application for that permit.
And in May 2019 state officials denied a required Clean Water Act permit for Jordan Cove, citing concerns about the hazards posed to the state’s waters.
State officials predict a legal battle may be on the horizon. “I think the evidence is very clear that the strategy now for this project is to wholly ignore Oregon and its requirements and to have the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approve it, and somehow have the courts rule that that Oregon law, that quite clearly can’t be preempted by the federal government, can be,” State Sen. Jeff Golden said in early February after Jordan Cove withdrew its land permit application. He described a “legal fight that almost certainly is coming, to uphold the law of the land and tell the Trump administration you don’t get to cancel environmental safeguards all over this country on behalf of the fossil fuel industry.”
Oregon’s governor Kate Brown has also said the state “would consider all available options” if FERC attempted to override the state’s permit processes.
It’s not clear when FERC will reconvene to consider the Jordan Cove project. Legal experts have said that the law also allows Jordan Cove to appeal to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, currently Trump appointee Wilbur Ross, to approve the project without the state’s sign off. Ross has previously expressed support for the Jordan Cove project.
Environmentalists called on FERC to reject the permit when it does reconvene.
“Tens of thousands of people across the region have spoken out against this Jordan Cove LNG for over a decade,” Allie Rosenbluth, campaign director of Rogue Climate, said in a February 20 statement. “It’s time to put an end to Jordan Cove LNG for good this time so our communities can focus on creating local jobs in clean energy instead.” | <urn:uuid:f1aa6a26-828e-4607-9ce2-dc51a1f8f227> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.desmog.com/2020/02/26/jordan-cove-backers-double-down-efforts-push-project-forward-wake-federal-permit-delay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.94904 | 1,561 | 2.203125 | 2 |
I am visiting my son in Philadelphia and took the opportunity to do some more legwork, hunting down Calhoun ancestors who lived in the area. I made an appointment with the Archivist at the Germantown Historical Society.
Germantown, Pennsylvania is now part of Philadelphia. In the 1860’s, many wealthy Philadelphians built ‘summer homes’ (which were very large, beautiful estates) there. They were helping their families escape the cholera outbreaks that were occurring in Philadelphia itself. Germantown wasn’t as wet and swampy and mosquitoes were not the problem they were down in town.
A pair of ancestors (a great-uncle and a great-aunt) were servants of a couple of those wealthy families and are recorded as such in the 1870 and 1880 censuses. Unfortunately, the 1890 census was destroyed in a fire and I cannot track what happened to these folks at that time.
Great-grandfather, ROBERT CHARLES COLHOUN (or CALHOUN, once he immigrated to Canada), was part of a large family. His older sister, MARY CALHOUN, immigrated from Gortin, County Tyrone, Ireland to Philadelphia by 1870. I found her in the 1870 census, living in Germantown, with the William Wynne Wister family as a domestic.
Here are the family members and domestics listed:
|William W Wister||63|
|Wm Wynne Wister||32|
|Mary W Wister||23|
Now, Mary Colhoun/Calhoun (the Colhouns seemed to all understand that once they hit the New World, they HAD to change the spelling of their names) was born on 21 March 1841, so she was 29 years old not 24, as stated in the census. Of course, one never knows who was giving the census-taker the information and there was possibly a fair amount of guessing-of-ages going on, especially in terms of the servants. Hey, maybe Mary looked younger than her years…or told her employers that she was younger than she was.
William Wynne Wister was part of a very prominent Philadelphia family. William, himself, was the president of the Germantown Bank. He was a mover and a shaker in the community and did business with all the other wealthy men in the area. He was born in 1807 and died in 1898; he went into the Bank till a few weeks before his death. He was an amateur Botanist and was known as the Grand Old Man of Germantown.
Mary was still working for him in 1880. The census says that Mary Calhoun was still a domestic (and age 30!), while the other live-in servant was a C. McLoughlin, 23, who was the Cook. The house was large, so Mary must have had quite a time keeping that big house clean, unless there were other servants that lived outside the house. Doubtful.
I have a hunch that Mary got her job through a relation. In the 1860, 1870, and 1880 censuses, a certain Bridget McCullough was living as a servant right next door, at the Isaiah Hacker home.(Isaiah Hacker was a very successful merchant. His house still stands.) McCullough was the last name of Mary Calhoun’s mother. There were no other McCulloughs listed in Germantown, either. I suspect that Bridget McCullough helped her niece/cousin get a place when she immigrated.
In the 1880 census, Mary’s younger brother shows up in Germantown. ALEXANDER CALHOUN was twelve years younger than his sister Mary; he was born in 1853. In 1880, he was 27 years old, though he was listed as 24 in the census. He was listed in that census as working as the only male live-in servant of Harry Ingersoll, Farmer. SARAH CRAWFORD, who would later become Alexander Calhoun’s wife, was also listed as a servant for the same family. There were 5 live-in servants.
Harry Ingersoll was much, much more than a Farmer. His family had deep roots in the country. His grandfather was a personal friend of George Washington and he himself was a personal friend of Charles Dickens and James Fenimore Cooper. He was very wealthy…his wife brought a considerable fortune to their marriage. Their estate, called Medary, was known for its’ incredibly beautiful garden.
I suspect that Mary helped her brother get his position at Medary, through the connections that William Wynne Wister, her employer, had.
Doing research on servants in 19th century America, I read that Irish servants were often suspected of trying to convert the children of their employers and there was much prejudice. Alexander and Mary were Protestants and Protestant servants were hard to come by, and very much in demand.
Germantown is no longer a place where the wealthy live and play. The area has become a victim of white-flight and is noticeably poor. There is still some fine architecture there and one day it will probably turn back to being a fashionable place to live. I did get a sense of the area that Mary and Alexander lived and worked, though, and it was a worthwhile visit. | <urn:uuid:7a43283d-832c-4716-afb9-f6f4d6d6dec6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://violetismycolor.com/category/germantown/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.992595 | 1,139 | 2.046875 | 2 |
A quarter fold card is one of the easiest at-home cards you can design. Using a standard A4 piece of paper, the kind that you are used to printing on, you can create a small cute card that can easily fit a multitude of purposes. This article will include both a link to two templates for creating the card, as well as the instructions for folding it.
To download the design created in this guide, click this link: Quarter Fold Card Template
8.5x11 Standard Printer Paper (If using the template)
A ruler (optional, will lend itself to crisper folds)
A Graphics Design Program, be it Paint, Photoshop, the Gimp, Painter, etc.
1. Design Your Card
While this isn’t a design tutorial, you can go ahead and design your card the way you would like. The important factor right here is that you keep each design element within its own box, lest you bleed it over onto an entirely separate part of the card.
2. Printing & Preparation
Print your card out. Here I’ll just be using the template to help illustrate the point a little bit better. If your design is particularly ink-heavy, make sure you let it dry for a minimum of at least ten minutes. While most inks dry within seconds, there are some differences between brands, printing resolution, and some other predetermining factors. Better to wait the ten minutes than smear ink all over the place!
3. First Fold
Lay your piece of paper in front of you as such:
Now, fold your piece of paper in half like so:
And use a ruler or a pen (or any other straight-edge, I’m using an envelope opener, for example!) to flatten the crease and make it really crisp. Go over it a few times with a solid, even pressure.
Note: If using a ruler, it’s a wise idea to make sure that it is clean. Wiping it down with rubbing alcohol before you start can help to make sure that the graphite and pen ink that may be on it are off. Just make sure it’s dry before using it!
4. Second Fold
Now take your piece of paper and lay it in front of you like so:
Fold the paper in half again, taking care to make sure that you keep the insides on the insides and the outsides on the outsides! It should look like this:
5. Crisp Up Your Creases!
Using your ruler, straight edge, pen, heavy book, fingernail, or whatever you have, go over your creases again. The flatter you get this card the nicer it looks, so even sticking it between a couple of heavy books for a few hours can yield noticeable results! Trim off any extra you might have, and you’re good to go!
Tips & Tricks
- Looking for a more durable card? Use a slightly heavier weight paper, such as matte photo-paper. Keep in mind that this will make the card harder to fold, so make sure that you do have a clean ruler to work with.
- These cards are easy to decoratively cut, just keep it to the two “open” edges and away from the folds.
- Decorating these with Photoshop brushes is easy! Not sure what brushes to use? Here are some of my favorites: Super Cute Photoshop Brushes, Photoshop Sky Brushes, and Photoshop Retro Brushes. | <urn:uuid:46cd417a-cb57-40e7-b924-71b42579ec29> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.brighthub.com/multimedia/publishing/articles/97527/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.929532 | 747 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Paul Michaud wrote a post here a couple of days ago on the challenge of allowing offline usage in a Saas based system. In his comprehensive discussion, he used the example of a Saas based contact management system and the complexities involved in allowing users to take their data, manipulate it offline, and then synchronise it all back up to the Cloud again.
A challenge it certainly is, even for a (dare I say it) simple system such as contact management. This reminds me of a long and convoluted discussion we had amongst our development team and clients here last year over trying to create a Cloud based ERP system which allowed offline access. Here was our ‘perfect world’ scenario:
The entire company would run their accounting system in ‘the Cloud’, with users scattered across various locations being able to use a web browser on any sort of PC or operating system to update customers, suppliers, stock and invoices. In addition, field sales agents could download a copy of the inventory database to their laptops, or even smartphones, and be able to create invoices for customers whilst sitting in their offices or warehouses. No need for expensive wireless or roaming data connections.
Sounds simple? We thought so too, initially. Until we started to analyse the workflow in more detail. Consider the following scenario:
2. Salesman A decides to download the inventory database (including current stock levels) to his laptop and go out to a customer site.
3. On customer site, Salesman A enters an invoice for 25 Widget Z’s for his customer. This invoice is allocated number 1235.
4. Meanwhile, back in the office, the rest of the sales team are still entering invoices. They entered another 5 during Salesman A’s absence, so the current invoice counter is 1239.
5. Salesman A returns to the office, only to find that when he tries to sync his data back to the main system, that he is told invoice 1235 already exists. Even worse, he finds out that one of the other invoices generated in his absence has sold the last of Widget Z’s in stock, and he will have to wait a week for the back order to arrive.
So, how do we resolve this issue with several incrementing invoice numbers? Here are some of the ideas we tossed around:
1. Have a separate incrementing range for each salesperson that went offline. For example, in the above scenario, Salesman A could have his own invoice number range that started at 2000 and kept incrementing. There will still be a collision though, when the Cloud invoice numbers reach 2000. Perhaps we could start him at 20,000? What happens if you have hundreds of offline salespeople? There will be incredible gaps in your invoice number range and I wish your debtors accounts manager the best of luck trying to reconcile that mess. Not to mention the confusion of the customer getting a statement with wildly varying invoice numbers all over the place.
2. Renumber the offline invoices as they are being synced back to the Cloud. That would be fine, however we were hoping that the sales team could print and give their customers the invoice whilst still in the field. Nothing will irritate your customer more than to get a statement with totally different invoice numbers to the physical invoices he/she has in front of them. We also had a synchronisation issue when two or more field team members were trying to sync at the same time, while someone was in the middle of entering an invoice in house. Messy.
3. Generate pseudo-unique invoice numbers each time to minimise collisions. This meant that invoice numbers were huge, GUID like monstrosities that were impossible to try and remember or communicate. We wanted to keep our invoice numbers down to 6 or so digits, which severely limited the probability of generating a unique one each time. Plus, we had the same difficulties with trying to reconcile a non-linear numbering sequence at the end of the month.
The above issues only deal with the sole problem of generating invoice numbers. We haven’t even scratched the surface of the other problem highlighted above, which was of not having real time inventory counts. There was nothing preventing a salesperson from selling items that were in stock when he left the office, but were sold out in his absence. Once again, should we:
1. Place a portion of inventory items ‘on hold’ to prevent anyone in the office selling them whilst they were ‘checked out’ by the salesperson? Not really feasible, and it would throw your JIT inventory management out of kilter severely – even if we weighted the hold quantities depending on what that salesperson’s usual customers bought.
2. Deliberately lower the inventory count on the salesman’s offline database to prevent ‘overselling’. This also defeated the goal of most of the salespeople trying to move ‘end of life’ products or deliberately clearing out stock.
So you can see here, that when you start to look at real world applications in the Cloud, the issue of offline access is certainly not a simple one. It requires deliberate planning, careful execution, and sometimes just the ability to say “No, we can’t do that” and move on, much to our chagrin.
I am incredibly lucky to have smart colleagues here at CloudAve, as well as smart readers who ‘get’ Cloud Computing. Do any of you have an inspirational solution that we have missed when it comes to the above issues? If so, I would love to hear about it in the comments.
(Guest post by Devan Sabaratnam) | <urn:uuid:f70c9fc6-ddb3-4a9f-93ea-d106702d665d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.cloudave.com/1698/the-challenge-of-offline-saas-revisited/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00539-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968029 | 1,180 | 1.601563 | 2 |
A VPN for Google android is a software that runs in the background, encrypting data before it leaves your equipment. It protects your internet interconnection and guarantees data personal privacy. This VPN can be configured to run on a separate account, to help you choose the best machine for your needs. In this article, we might briefly explain just how VPN for Android functions. After putting in it, you need to use it to get into blocked sites, stream video clips, and more.
Using a VPN application also inhibits your information out of being leaked due to not sufficient transport coating security. Mainly because apps quite often store info locally to speed up functionality, they can be seen by snoopers, hackers, and eavesdroppers. Additionally , a VPN prevents your Internet Supplier via tracking your activities and selling your data to third persons. Therefore , you may feel secure that your web privacy will be protected.
When choosing a VPN for Android, make sure to try to find an app that provides fast connection rates of speed. You don’t prefer to experience a slower connection while streaming videos or perhaps playing games. An effective VPN intended for Android will provide speeds of 15 Mbps or more quickly and include enough data to browse the web without interruption. Moreover, a very good VPN with respect to Android will allow you to choose which programs you use. Once you’ve selected a VPN with respect to Android, really time to try out its tempo and reliability.
A good VPN for Android os app will need to provide a server in your region and be compatible with the streaming needs. However , if you don’t want to pay extra for a registration, the www.vpnforandroid.org/ free variation of Proton VPN isn’t really for you. It allows simply 24 computers in three countries and unblock Netflix US, Amazon . com site Prime Online video, or Hulu. It also offers a favorable 10GB info allowance per 30 days. This isn’t enough for HI-DEF streaming, although it’s greater than nothing. | <urn:uuid:ac7cbce7-12c4-4d83-8b7f-a86e9f59ed5b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mapeco.cz/2022/06/29/how-vpn-designed-for-android-performs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.920722 | 418 | 1.679688 | 2 |
MCAT Study Strategies that Improved My Score 10 Points4 min read
When I first took the MCAT I scored a 508, not awful, but not amazing. I knew that if I wanted to get accepted to the medical school of my dreams I needed a better score.
I changed my study strategy drastically, these changes took my score from a 508 to a 518. Here are the top 10 study tips that improved my score.
1. Develop Your Plan Before Starting
Every day of your MCAT study schedule should be planned. You may not necessarily get to everything you planned for that day, but every day should be planned.
When you don’t plan your days you may:
- Not stay consistent
- Not take breaks (equals burnout)
- Feel Stressed about what you should be studying
Make an excel sheet, with every day listed until your test day.
Questions to ask yourself:
- How many days will I be studying?
- What resources will I be using? (My write-up here)
- What will me every day look like?
- Between what times will I be studying? (8-4 is a good idea)
- What environment will I be studying in?
- Will I be distracted?
- Do I need to go somewhere else to study?
- Do I have any mandatory things between now and the end of my study time? (schedule those in)
- Have I integrated breaks, exercise, and when I will be eating?
2. Give Yourself More Time Than You Need
The MCAT is an extremely important test. It is the most important test for getting into medical school.
Do NOT rush into it.
If you don’t feel prepared, take extra time, even if that means delaying until the next application cycle. Apply when you are the best applicant you can possibly be.
Every MCAT score is recorded and admissions boards see the past exams.
3. Set a Goal
Have you checked out the MSAR? Do you know the average MCAT/GPA of people that get accepted into the school you want to go to?
I would check it out. See your dream school. See the school.
Set your goal as an average of above-average student that is accepted to that medical school. This helps in two ways:
- You know where your goal is, you know where to strive for.
- It attaches your dream to the score. Now you know that getting a good school improves your chances of getting into the dream school. It makes studying more emotional and more driven.
4. Tell Your Friends
Tell your friends for a couple reasons:
- They know you won’t be able to go out as much (I went out on two study nights out of 90)
- Good Friends will support you and the intense journey you are about to go on
- Good Friends are an outlet for you when you need (not want) a break
5. Focus On Your Weaknesses
Are you bad at chemistry? Put in extra time on chemistry. Some high yield tips I learned:
- For P/S memorize the terms; just by doing flashcards for P/S terms, my score jumped 2 points.
- Memorize the amino acids, know their structure, three-letter name, one letter name, charge, full name. I got at least 4 questions that I breezed through because I had them memorized.
- CARS is tricky. Don’t get disheartened with your score, it will fluctuate, that’s ok. Keep crushing sections.
6. Practice Testing > Content
It’s been repeated over and over again for good reason.
Practice testing will improve your score more than reviewing content.
Integrate practice testing, full-length tests, in as soon and frequently as you can. Aim for 8 practice exams, at least, before you take your final exam.
7. Turn Wrong Questions Into Flashcards
Every time you get a question wrong studying, that is an opportunity for an improvement in your score.
However, you need to write the information that you don’t understand in some way otherwise you will forget it.
One good way is converting it to an Anki flashcard.
Anki will test you at the perfect time before you fall off of the forgetting curve.
8. Mimic Test Day as Much as Possible
Mimic your test day as close as possible when you are taking your tests. I even replicated it when I was studying.
- No phone
- No human interaction during study time that isn’t during breaks (that’s cheating!)
- Time your breaks and lunch breaks the same way the exam times them (90->10->90->30->90->10->90)
- Wear the same clothes you will wear on test day (if you are taking this mid-COVID-19, this includes wearing a mask)
- Pretend this practice exam is the real exam that will be scored
9. AAMC Materials are the Most Valuable
The AAMC study materials are written by the same people that write the MCAT. The connection should be obvious here.
These are your golden materials. Treat them as such (wait until you are near the end to do them and take a lot of time to review the questions)
10. Schedule Breaks
Don’t let this test take over your life.
Maintain consistent and focused study habits and consistent and scheduled breaks.
If you don’t you will burn out or not absorb the content as well.
Exercise, go outside, relax with your family and friends. Take the day off before your exam.
Keep consistent and you will crush this exam. | <urn:uuid:633372e7-7739-44ef-bc9d-2b6e6759e89e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zhighley.com/top-10-mcat-study-tips-that-improved-my-score/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.947415 | 1,216 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Farm SafetyBy George Grow
This is the VOA Special English AGRICULTURE REPORT.
A new report says agriculture is the second most dangerous industry in the United States. The report says more than seven-hundred American farm workers died while working last year. One-hundred-fifty-thousand others suffered injuries that prevented them from farming. The National Safety Council released the findings.
Recently, President Clinton declared National Farm Safety and Health Week. The declaration says safety and health experts are working with many different groups in American farm communities. It says farm safety programs are reducing the dangers that threaten young people. It notes training programs have reduced the level of preventable diseases, injuries and deaths in farm areas.
American agriculture officials say farmers have a high risk of suffering a serious injury sometime during their lives. Officials say high rates of injury, disease and disability increase the demand for farm safety programs. American farm workers who are unable to work because of injury lose up to four-million dollars each year.
Agriculture officials say there are several ways to improve safety. These include using safety devices on farm equipment. Wearing personal protective equipment, such as hard hats and safety shoes. And, carrying out safety inspections around the farm.
Farms earn most of their money during harvest time. This also is a major period for farm injuries and deaths. The National Safety Council says many of these injuries could be prevented.
The group urges farm workers to follow safe work rules all the time and set a good example for others. Everyone who operates farm equipment should receive training. Farm workers should be fully awake before operating farm equipment. And, they must be physically able to operate the equipment safely.
Farm safety programs can help people of all ages. Studies show farm accidents are likely to involve older adults. One example is in the state of Kansas. Farmers age sixty-five or older are involved in up to seventy percent of all farm accidents there. As a result, programs have been developed to inform older farmers about safety. Experts hope such programs will lead to a decrease in the numbers of injuries and deaths.
This VOA Special English AGRICULTURE REPORT was written by George Grow. | <urn:uuid:032900e9-349e-4761-84ba-6b089880b2c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.manythings.org/voa/0/10161.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00109-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966108 | 446 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Nigeria does not have health care waste management plan thus putting its citizens at the risk of infecting blood related diseases, the United States Agency for International Development [USAID], Country Director, said in Abuja weekend.
Health care wastes are ones driven from used syringes, scissors and other hospital wastes that need to be disposed after use because of their risk to humans and the environment.
However, Dr. Abimbola Soyande told newsmen after her team’s courtesy visit to the Minister of Environment, Mr John Odey, the country does not have any plan for health care waste management.
Said she: “Right now, the waste management of the country is in limbo because we don’t have a plan. We don’t have any policy for healthcare waste especially our wastes from hospitals are just mixed with municipal waste. And that means the whole community is at risk of infecting HIV, hepatitis and other blood related illnesses.
Soyande said the purpose of their visit is to intimate the Minister on their efforts to partner the Ministry to develop some documents towards having a proper healthcare waste management in the country.
She said: “we have been working with the Ministries of Environment, Health and other partners to develop three major documents. These are Healthcare Waste Management Guideline, Healthcare Waste Management Policy and Healthcare Waste Management Implementation Plan.”
According to her, the project started in 2002 by the Ministry of Environment where USAID, under a project called Making Medical Injection Safer, helped them in capacity building and technical support.
Speaking earlier, Minister of Environment, Mr John Odey, assured that the documents will be presented to the Federal Executive Council [FEC] for consideration and adoption. | <urn:uuid:8d1afdbe-1986-484a-85b3-97aeee03b2bd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/nigeria-country-doesnt-have-health-care-waste-management-plan-usaid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00060-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950552 | 357 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Chenguang Li, Meirong Jiang, Bing Ren, Yongxue Wang
Friday 3 july 2015
12:15 - 12:30h at Amazon (level 1)
Themes: (T) Water engineering, (ST) River and coastal engineering
Parallel session: 15E. Engineering - River
The flexible walls of the liquid container will deform under the sloshing loads. The deformation has a significant influence on the hydrodynamic behavior of the sloshing in the tank. A model test is conducted to study the hydro-elastic effect on the sloshing waves in the elastic square tank. The experimental liquid depth h/L is 0.16, the model tanks are exited in 1-D harmonic longitudinal motion and the excitation frequency is in the vicinity of the lowest natural frequency of the liquid. Due to the influence of the fluid-structure interaction, the lowest natural frequency of the liquid in the elastic tank slightly deviates from that in the rigid tank of the same size. The wave shapes and amplitudes in the rigid and elastic square tanks are classified and analyzed under the 1D harmonic longitudinal excitation with different excitation frequencies. Corresponding to the different wave regimes of the two-dimensional traveling waves, transition state, three-dimensional resonance and the secondary resonance, the free surface elevations are compared between the rigid tank and the elastic tank to investigate the effect of fluid-structure interaction. | <urn:uuid:ada00dac-5e07-4082-a9d1-734fe469b188> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://app.iahr2015.info/programma_details/2789 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.88575 | 294 | 1.71875 | 2 |
JAMA Psychiatry Article by Reynolds and Colleagues Demonstrates How Training Lay Counselors Helps to Prevent Depression in Low Income Communities in India
In many disadvantaged communities, where mental health professionals are scarce, training local lay counselors chosen from the very communities they serve offers an effective, boots-on-the-ground approach to preventing depression among older adults. University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry investigators, led by Professor Emeritus Dr. Charles F. Reynolds III, in collaboration with researchers from Goa, India, trained lay health counselors in Goa to help at-risk residents avoid depression. Lay counselors, some of whom also have been diagnosed with depression and are successfully managing it, provide problem-solving therapy and act as mentors. The results of this randomized, clinical trial were published online on November 7, 2018 in JAMA Psychiatry.
“There’s a real shortage of trained mental health professionals – psychiatrists and the like – whereas it’s relatively easy to train lay counselors and then provide ongoing oversight,” Dr. Reynolds said. “That allows the expertise of people like me to be multiplied so we can reach out to far greater numbers of people than would otherwise be possible.”
One hundred and eighty-one adults aged 60 and older in Goa with subsyndromal depressive symptoms participated in the project. Of this group, 91 older adults were assigned to the intervention arm of the study and engaged with lay counselors. Dr. Reynolds and his team assessed major depressive episodes, depressive symptom change, functional status, and cognition as well blood pressure and body mass index over 12 months. Among the older adults who received the intervention, 95% remained depression-free in the following year vs. 87% in the control group over the same time period. The intervention was also associated with a significant lowering of systolic blood pressure and a change in body mass index.
Dr. Reynolds originally tried out this problem-solving approach to depression prevention among the African-American population of Pittsburgh’s East Liberty neighborhood, with great success and shared those findings in a 2014 Psychiatric Services article. He has partnered with the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance to train lay health counselors within the Hispanic community of Mission Hills, Los Angeles, and plans to bring the intervention to rural communities in northern New England in the future. Dr. Reynolds stressed that the training program must be adapted to each patient population for it to be effective. For instance, in Goa, limited literacy of some participants necessitated the use of visual aids. In East Liberty, there was a strong interest in education specific to healthy food choices and managing chronic illnesses. “It’s important to spend time in the community to learn what residents find important so the program can be adapted to suit their needs,” said Dr. Reynolds. “One size does not necessarily fit all. You have to learn to speak their language, to engage them so they can take ownership and really run with it.”
Effect of a Lay Counselor Intervention on Prevention of Major Depression in Older Adults Living in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Dias A, Azariah F, Anderson SJ, Sequeira M, Cohen A, Morse JQ, Cuijpers P, Patel V, Reynolds CF 3rd.
JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Nov 7. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3048. [Epub ahead of print] | <urn:uuid:e8e7ffe9-b57f-4389-a1c2-77d5586ec6a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.psychiatry.pitt.edu/news/jama-psychiatry-article-reynolds-and-colleagues-demonstrates-how-training-lay-counselors-helps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.940474 | 711 | 2.453125 | 2 |
John Nienstedt: Let's protect the meaning of marriage
- Article by: JOHN C. NIENSTEDT
- April 27, 2010 - 10:05 PM
Why should Minnesotans care about passing a marriage amendment?
Marriage matters to every Minnesotan, whether or not we choose to marry personally, because it is the natural way we bring together men and women to conceive and raise the next generation. The intended reality of marriage as a lifelong, committed, life-giving union between one man and one woman, a reality long accepted as established fact, is severely challenged today. High rates of fatherlessness and family fragmentation impoverish children and leave women with the unfair burden of solo parenting. Children suffer, but so does the whole society, when marriage fails in its irreplaceable task of bringing together mothers and fathers with their children.
Into this confusing mix, so-called same-sex "marriage" throws a whole new level of challenge and uncertainty. Defining marriage as simply a union of consenting parties will change the core meaning of marriage in the public square for every Minnesotan.
We might learn caution from experience. Back in the early 1970s, the experts told us that no-fault divorce would liberate women from bad marriages without affecting anyone else. We now know that as many as one-third of women fall into poverty with their children as a result of divorce. Social science caught up late with the common-sense wisdom that children need a mom and a dad working together to protect them.
In other words, changing the law of marriage to enshrine no-fault divorce had unintended consequences that few predicted. Same-sex marriage represents an even greater challenge.
Throughout history, human beings in virtually every society have recognized that, to make a marriage, one needs a man and a woman. What is more, it has long been acknowledged that marriage is not just about the happiness of adults but concerns the well-being of society -- that is, the common good. Marriage exists in civil law primarily in order to provide communal support for bringing mothers and fathers together to care for their children. Same-sex unions cannot serve this public purpose.
What will happen to children growing up in a world where the law teaches them that moms and dads are interchangeable and therefore unnecessary, and that marriage has nothing intrinsically to do with the bearing and raising of children? Do we really want first-graders to be taught that gay marriage is OK, or that the influence of a mother and a father on the development of a child somehow doesn't matter?
We all know that not all children live in the ideal situation. Many parents are doing a magnificent job working hard to raise children in less than ideal circumstances. Every son or daughter is a child of God who deserves our concern. But gay marriage would certainly be a declaration by the government that we have officially abandoned the ideal that children need both a mom and dad.
The only way to secure the definition of marriage as a union of one man and one woman is to follow the lead of other states and put a simple definition of marriage in our state Constitution, beyond the reach of activist courts.
In years past, our elected officials told us that we did not need a marriage amendment, because there was no realistic threat from the courts. But the Iowa court decision, on the heels of rulings in Connecticut, California and Massachusetts, clearly demonstrates that an amendment is needed.
Thirty-one states have passed marriage amendments, from Oregon to Wisconsin, from Michigan to California. There is nothing radical about the ideal of making sure marriage is defined as a union of one man and one woman.
Marriage is the way a man and woman bind their love into a lifelong commitment that is mutual, exclusive, and open to new life -- where they promise not only to love each other, but to love any children whom they create together. With that vow, the die is cast and the adventure of receiving and raising the next generation has begun.
A question as important as the future of this great, social institution called marriage should not be decided by a few, narrow elites, but by the people of Minnesota themselves. A marriage amendment is the only just and respectful resolution.
The Rev. John C. Nienstedt is archbishop of the Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis.
© 2017 Star Tribune | <urn:uuid:d9f6dc93-50f7-4e08-8ee0-23ef4643550d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.startribune.com/printarticle/?id=92264669 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00296-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963345 | 893 | 1.5625 | 2 |
I regularly think about times when the Church has been persecuted. Has been? Nay, rather… is being persecuted. I think it is a good idea to reflect on these matters frequently and even try to get your head around the real possibility of serious, sustained persecution in times to come.
Hebei Catholics: Penal Code reform means Xi Jinping must free imprisoned bishops and priests
by Bernardo Cervellera
The new laws, in force since 1st January 2013, provide for immediate access to a lawyer; immediate notification for the relatives; limits detention without trial to six months. Bishops and priests imprisoned without trial for seven years or more, should be allowed return home or receive visits from their relatives. Optimism of some faithful Hebei; skepticism of other church figures. [And who can blame them?]
Rome (AsiaNews) – Hebei priests and faithful are eagerly awaiting the return of their bishops and priests who have disappeared in police custody for years. From 1st January 2013, their hope of seeing their pastors, some detainees without trial for 15 years and more, it also has a legal basis.
Since the beginning of this year, in fact, the reformed penal code has passed into law which, at least in intention, aims to “respect and protect human rights.” An example of this is that under the new law no one should be forced to incriminate themselves and all arrests must be based on evidence “obtained in a legal manner”, i.e. not through torture.
The law also ensures immediate access to a lawyer within 48 hours of a request being made, and that the relatives of the suspect are to be informed of the circumstances and place of detention. Moreover during the period of detention, the suspect must be guaranteed an adequate diet and sleep. Finally, the police can not detain a person without charge for more than six months.
A Hebei priest told AsiaNews that under these new laws, enacted in the era of Xi Jinping, Msgr. James Su Zhimin, the underground bishop of Baoding (ds in the photo), 80, who disappeared in police custody 15 years ago, should be able to return home. His family every year, on the anniversary of his kidnapping, ask the police where their relative is being held, as of this year they will finally have an answer different from the one received in the past (“We do not know!”) .
There is also “legal” hope for Msgr. Cosma Shi Enxiang, 90 years old, underground bishop of Yixian (left in photo). Arrested by police and detained without trial since 2001, according to the new laws he should be able to return to his family and its dynamic diocese.
Read the rest there.
Read it with the thought in mind that Pres. Obama, if he could have his way, would impose an American Patriotic Catholic Association, under state control.
Holy Mary, Mother of the Church, intercede with your Son for our brothers and sisters in China and obtain for us the graces we will need when it is our turn to make the hard choices. | <urn:uuid:3224a1b5-7171-4ffb-8f82-62b0a9a6d757> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://wdtprs.com/blog/2013/01/will-2013-bring-some-relief-for-chinese-catholics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00476-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961975 | 648 | 1.648438 | 2 |
1423 East Street, Honesdale Glen Dyberry Cemetery was established in 1859 by the Honesdale Cemetery Association. In October of that year a bridge was built across the Dyberry River from Fifteenth Street to the cemetery and in 1864 the Tillou house at Fifteenth and East was purchased as a residence for the cemetery superintendent. The Wrought Iron Bridge Company installed a new bridge in 1885 for $590. When it was swept away in the flood of 1936 it was not replaced. J.S. Miller was superintendent of the cemetery from 1884 until his death in 1908. His son Robert filled the position until he died in 1944. Robert and Emma Miller bought the house in 1937 and in 1953 Emma sold it to Olney and Marjorie Smith. In 1985 Mildred Collins purchased the property and in 1994 it was bought by Michael and Mary Ricardo. The Tudor style house has a steeply pitched roof and the decorative half-timbering typical of the Tudor style. A side entrance on Fifteenth Street repeats the shallow arches of the front porch and leads to a room once used as the superintendent's office. The beautifully landscaped property reflects the quiet and gracious aura of its early history, when stone entrance posts and an iron bridge led to the park-like cemetery across the Dyberry.
This page was one month of the calendar and was made possible through the Wayne County Commissioners and a Tourism Promotion Committee’s Tourism Grant. | <urn:uuid:13730c4d-e552-4396-863d-ea4233b9d714> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.waynehistorypa.com/places/id/102 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.971374 | 296 | 2.15625 | 2 |
This book is a how-to manual for practicing physicians and health care providers, nurse educators, nutritionists, and physicians in training in the management of persons with diabetes mellitus. Experts with strong clinical and teaching backgrounds provide up-to-date recom-mendations and rationale of the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to diabetes mellitus and its multiorgan micro- and macrovascular complications for patients of all ages. Gives five practical guidelines for nutrition therapy that supplies realistic recommendations! With contributions from nearly 60 clinicians who reveal a constellation of disorders with different signs, symptoms, clinical characteristics, and therapies, Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus reviews the autoimmune process and genetics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes offers an overview of the medications that impair glucose metabolism causing hypo- or hyperglycemia covers pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnosis with specialized laboratory tests surveys therapeutic modalities, their mechanisms of action, and rationale for use focuses on outcomes and how they are tracked stresses early detection and therapy of end-organ complications discusses the effect of intensive diabetes management on reducing retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy considers incorporating psychiatric techniques into the treatment of diabetes compares and contrasts diabetes in children, adults, and the elderly and more! Containing over 850 references, tables, drawings, and photographs, Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus is a cross-disciplinary reference perfect for family practice physicians, internists, pediatricians, endocrinologists, pharmacologists, nutritionists, physiologists, dietitians, obesity specialists, psychiatrists, and medical school students in these disciplines.This book is a how-to manual for practicing physicians and health care providers, nurse educators, nutritionists, and physicians in training in the management of persons with diabetes mellitus.
|Title||:||Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus|
|Author||:||William T. Cefalu|
|Publisher||:||CRC Press - 2000-02-17| | <urn:uuid:aca9c257-93fa-410e-b083-74e25ba5d3fc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.informatyczna-pomoc.eu/download-pdf-medical-management-of-diabetes-mellitus-book-by-crc-press.pdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882415 | 398 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Ant Baiting Tips
Baits are particularly effective on social insects such as ants and termites, because these pests collect food and share it with their colony.
Because of this food-sharing ability, slow-acting insecticide baits are best for controlling ants, so the Ant carrying it does not die before it returns to the colony.
By the slower method of destroying the colony, some say baits offer a more permanent pest solution than broadcast applications of repellent spray pesticides, which inadequately repel pests from a structure. Non-repellent Ant sprays ensure that the worker ants carry residual insecticide back to the nest before they die.
Click Here : Recommended Ant Baits
How To Apply Ant Bait Effectively
- Find the trails. The most effective bait placement is along the trails the Ants use while they're foraging for food.
- If you are not sure if multiple trails belong to the same colony, bait every trail that you find.
- Re-bait after the Ants have consumed the bait. Check on it daily. When the Ants are gone you can stop baiting in that location.
- If none of the bait has been taken, switch to a different type of bait. Consider the sweet-based baits if you are baiting with a protein/grease-based bait and vice versa.
- Have patience; it does take some time for the whole colony to die.
- Make sure to bait all trails (both inside and outside) to completely eliminate every Ant colony.
- Use bait stations such as Bait Station Plates to preserve and protect baits.
- Do not use repellent insecticides on or near baits. Non-repellent insecticides are fine.
- Do not bait on top of a mound. Bait around the base of the mound. If you bait on top, some of the foraging ants will not find it to bring it back to the queen.
- Remove all competitive food sources. Baits are less effective in areas with abundant rival food sources such as: dumpsters, chicken houses, pet's feeding dishes, trash cans, etc. Another type of bait competition comes from aphids and scale insects producing honeydew on nearby vegetation. If you do notice a mold-like substance on your perimeter plants, treat those plants with an appropriate product (like Liquid Seven) to kill the aphids.
- Use fresh bait. Once the container is opened it needs to be used within 6 months to 1 year. After that it becomes stale and unacceptable to the ants.
- Do not use repellent insecticidal sprays or dusts near the baits during baiting treatment. Contact or residual insecticide applied some time prior to or during the baiting treatments creates a hostile environment, suppressing foraging activity.
- Baits are most effective when temperatures are above 70°F. If daytime temperatures are in the 90s a nighttime application may be more effective. Place a small amount of bait or other food (try potato chips) close to a mound. If ants are present, they will emerge to forage for this food within 30 minutes if conditions are favorable.
- Do not use baits on wet surfaces such as grass with dew. This will make the bait less desirable to the ants.
- Broadcasting baits is normally more effective than mound treatments in reducing Fire ant populations. Broadcasting is more economical and less labor intensive than individual mound treatments in areas with more than 40 mounds per acre.
- Be very thorough when baiting. If at all possible, locate every possible entry point. If the infestation is indoors, don't forget to bait outside as well.
- It is very important to remove any other food competition when applying ant baits.
- Leave the bait alone once the ants start feeding it (do not disturb ant activity).
Click Here : Recommended Ant Baits
Poplular Ant Bait Combination Kits
(Combinations of Ant Baits To Enhance Acceptability)
Complete Ant Bait Kit contains both a protein/grease bait and a sweet/carbohydrate based bait.
It is effective on Argentine, Odourous House, Ghost, Pavement, and little black ants.(Excludes Carpenter Ants and Pharoah Ants)
Advion Ant Bait Kit is a bait combination of Advion Ant Bait Arena (protein cycle) and Advion Ant Bait Gel (sugar cycle).
This kit is excellent for Pharoah Ants and a broad spectrum of ants, but excludes Carpenter Ants.
Carpenter Ant Bait Kits combine both Advance 375A and Maxforce Carpenter Ant Bait Gel for the most effective control of carpenter ants.
These kits are the best choices for Carpenter Ants. They also works for Argentine, acrobat, big-headed, cornfield, field, honey, odorous house, pavement, pharaoh and thief ants.
These kits come in a small size and large size, as well as DIY Complete Carpenter Ant Bait Kit (an excellent non-repellent insecticide to spray the perimeter outside.)
Texas 2 Step Fire Ant Kit is a two step process for an immediate knockdown of Fire Ants, then a second step for long term control.
This kit is made for Fire Ants, it also comes in the larger, Texas Size Texas 2 Step Fire Ant Kit. | <urn:uuid:c4d11367-4b65-40ea-8aac-1417e497f936> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.doyourownpestcontrol.com/baiting.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00007-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890991 | 1,112 | 2.3125 | 2 |
How Does Mind, Physique, And Spirit Connect To Overall Wellness?
When you give of yourself brazenly and freely, your bodily and psychological well being improves exponentially. The smallest gesture or type word can brighten your day and brings you closer to others. Many persistent diseases, like hypertension and sort 2 diabetes, are on the rise.Wellness is greater than being free from sickness, it’s the spirited means of change and progress that lasts for a lifetime. Wellness addresses the broader spectrum of your physique encompassing the general stability of your bodily, psychological, and non secular well-being. It just isn’t an end to be achieved, quite it’s a way of life that you simply undertake.
Simple Tips To Balance Your Thoughts, Body & Soul
Time spent in nature has numerous benefits for each part of our mental, physical, social and psychological nicely being and feelings. Going outside will enhance focus and focus, strengthen your sense of meaning, improve your energy, reduce despair, enhance happiness and improve physical well being. Think about feeding your body things that come from nature as properly corresponding to fruits and vegetables. It will guarantee you might be getting a wholesome dose of fiber which leads to good digestion and that your physique is getting the essential nutritional vitamins and minerals it needs. Staying match and keeping wholesome is a priority for people unfold across the globe. In the United States, coronary heart disease remains the main explanation for dying. In fact, heart disease and stroke are the … Read More | <urn:uuid:efb288a5-fdb4-4cc5-b553-6ef00f317d54> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.angelahallstrom.com/2022/07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.912864 | 309 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Linda F. Benedict, Enright, Frederick M. | 1/16/2013 10:42:00 PM
For Fred Enright, working with animals has always been a part of his life. His father was a Louisiana cattle farmer and gave every family member cattle to care for. “It was interesting to have your own cattle at age 11,” Enright said.
What started as a huge responsibility became an aspiration. “I didn’t want to be a doctor, but a veterinarian,” Enright said.
“I had never considered the research or academic aspect of it. The real shock was my second year in vet school when I found myself interested in disease mechanisms.”
Enright went on to earn a doctor of veterinary medicine degree from Oklahoma State University in 1970. Four years later he received his Ph.D. in pathology from the University of California at Davis.
In 1976, Doyle Chambers, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station director at the time and also an animal scientist, offered Enright a job to combat bovine brucellosis, a disease that was devastating cattle herds by causing late-term abortions. Enright collaborated with other veterinarians along with cattle farmers in southwest Louisiana to develop and implement a management system for addressing the disease.
That effort led to Louisiana becoming a brucellosis-free state, ultimately saving millions of dollars in losses each year because of the disease, Enright said. Those techniques were modified and applied to livestock around the world.
“The current vaccine that’s used in the United States is RB51. LSU is the first place where we actually used the vaccine in cattle, and it worked,” Enright said.
Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas are the reservoir for brucellosis in the continental United States. The disease can spread from wildlife to livestock herds.
“Brucellosis is in bison and elk, which can’t be herded up and vaccinated like cattle, and so we’ve done a great deal of research in the application of vaccines for wildlife,” Enright said.
That important research has thrust the LSU AgCenter into a prominent national and international role.
In addition to other important work with diseases and vaccines, Enright teamed with the Pennington Biomedical Research Center for a project in 1999 that produced surprising results. While working on a specialized drug to sterilize cats and dogs, they discovered a compound that could combat major forms of cancer in humans.
Unlike chemotherapy, these compounds, through the action of membrane disrupting peptides (MDPs), seek and destroy cancer cells, without harming normal cells. This new technology was the basis for a startup biotechnology company, Esperance, which has already begun human trials with new drugs.
“We are very excited about that,” said Enright. “It just shows you how research can start off one way and end up another way.”
Enright has received numerous awards including the LSU School of Medicine Distinguished Faculty Scholar Award, the LSU AgCenter Diversity Initiative Award for Excellence, a Fulbright Scholar award for research in Argentina, and a Distinguished Alumni Award from the Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences. He also held the Doyle Chambers Distinguished Professorship.
He formally retired in 2010 and now embraces hobbies like fishing, turkey hunting and golf. But the veterinary pathologist is still there. Enright volunteers for research projects on deer disease and in the development of new vaccines for captive deer herds.
“It’s been a real interesting career. I still love it,” Enright said.
Randy LaBauve is an assistant communications specialist with LSU AgCenter Communications.
(This article was published in the fall 2012 issue of Louisiana Agriculture magazine.) | <urn:uuid:9d07c79e-3543-4c6e-b4cb-adb7acec30ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lsuagcenter.com/portals/communications/publications/agmag/archive/2012/fall/enright-fights-disease-in-animals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00310-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963272 | 785 | 3.125 | 3 |
WCAI (Cape and Islands NPR) - "Advances in Alzheimer's Diagnosis, but Where are the New Drug Therapies?"
Last month, federal government decided that it will not pay to scan suspected Alzheimer's patients, unless the scan is being used to see if someone is a good candidate to participate in a drug trial. Samuel Gandy, MD, Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry, and Associate Director of the Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, said wider use would give researchers more information about the disease, and there's value, he said, in affirming the diagnosis people get in their doctor's office. "These things," he said, "have an educational value for the public who still see diseases like Alzheimer's as mysterious, and perhaps the public would be more supportive if they understood what we're doing - that now we have a scan, we can see the disease, and now we are developing drugs to treat it." Learn more | <urn:uuid:dc80410c-77e3-4815-b92e-262ca5b1c12d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/service-areas/neurology/news/wcai-cape-and-islands-npr-%E2%80%93-advances-in-alzheimers-diagnosis-but-where-are-the-new-drug-therapies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00301-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965982 | 205 | 1.890625 | 2 |
George Condo and David Means discuss “George Condo: Mental States,” the first retrospective of twenty-five years of work by Condo.
David Means is the author of The Spot and Assorted Fire Events. His stories have appeared in the New Yorker, Harper’s, Esquire, The O. Henry Prize Stories, and The Best American Short Stories. He lives in Nyack, New York, and teaches at Vassar College.
American artist George Condo was born in New Hampshire in 1957. He has occupied a prominent position in the art world for close to three decades. Often called “an artist’s artist,” Condo has stood as an example to younger practitioners through his unabashed commitment to his personal vision despite the coming and goings of fads in the art world. Along with Schnabel, Basquiat, and Haring, Condo was instrumental in the international revival of painting in the 1980s. Condo studied art history and music theory at the University of Massachusetts in Lowell. The first public exhibitions of his work took place in New York City at various East Village galleries in 1981. His first solo exhibition was in Los Angeles in 1983 at the Ulrike Kantor Gallery, followed in 1984 by a simultaneous two-gallery exhibition in New York at Pat Hearn and Barbara Gladstone galleries. The New Museum previously showed Condo’s work as part of the exhibition “East Village USA” (December 9, 2004–March 19, 2005).
Condo has exhibited extensively in both the United States and in Europe. His work has been included in museum shows at the Whitney Museum of American Art; the Museum of Modern Art, NY; the Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston; the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey, Mexico; Musée d’Art Moderne et d’Art Contemporain, Nice, France; and Stalliche Kunthstalle Baden, Germany, among others. His work is in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, NY; the Whitney Museum of American Art, NY; the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY; and the Albright-Knox Museum, Buffalo, NY.
“George Condo: Mental States” was curated by Laura Hoptman, former Kraus Family Senior Curator. | <urn:uuid:3257489d-1346-4400-8927-5281a0a9aa83> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://archive.newmuseum.org/sounds/7527 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.958251 | 490 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Applications Materials Management and Logistics Implementation Guide
11g Release 1 (11.1.2)
Part Number E20385-02
This chapter contains the following:
Manage Subinventories and Locators
Manage Interorganization Parameters
Manage Account Aliases
Manage Inventory Transaction Sources and Types
Manage Inventory Transaction Reasons
Manage Item Transaction Defaults
Manage Material Statuses
Manage Pick Slip Grouping Rules
Manage Picking Rules
Manage Picking Rule Assignments
You can structure the relationship of inventory organizations, subinventories, and locators to match the physical structure of your warehouse.
One inventory organization contains two subinventories. One subinventory contain no locators, and the other subinventory contains two locators.
An inventory organization can contain one or more subinventories.
Define at least one subinventory for each inventory organization that you want to transact items into, from, or within.
If desired, a subinventory can contain one or more locators.
Define at least one subinventory for each inventory organization of item and inventory management usage.
You can create the following kinds of subinventories:
A storage subinventory is used to store material in the warehouse. Material in a storage subinventory is reflected in on-hand quantity.
A receiving subinventory is used to temporarily store material before it is placed in a storage subinventory. Material in a receiving subinventory is not reflected in on-hand quantity. An inventory organization does not need to contain a receiving subinventory.
You should take into account the following when planning to create subinventories and locators:
Considerations for creating subinventories
Considerations for creating locators
You should consider the following when planning the hierarchy of subinventories and their corresponding locators:
The importance, for your organization, of creating a subinventory and locator hierarchy that represents the physical layout of your warehouse.
Your organization's plan for the movement of item and labor, and utilization of labor and equipment, for putaway and picking.
You should refer to these plans when sequencing the picking order of subinventories and locators.
You should consider the following when planning to create subinventories:
How many storage and receiving subinventories are required in your warehouse.
Whether you need to distinguish between receiving and storage subinventories.
Use storage subinventories for tracking on-hand quantities.
Whether you want to associate items to subinventories and their locators by creating item subinventories.
You should consider the following when planning to create locators:
Whether you want to allow users to dynamically create locators.
Whether you want to add items to locators.
Whether it is necessary to implement locator control.
If you decide to implement locator control, consider whether you need to implement locator control for the organization, for individual subinventories, or at the item level.
The level of granularity required for locators, such as row/rack or row/rack/bin.
A locator is a physical area within a subinventory where you store material, such as a row, aisle, bin, or shelf. You can transact items into and out of a locator.
You can assign locator control to the subinventory only if an inventory organization's locator control parameter is set to assign locator control at the subinventory level.
Select Dynamic Entry to require entry of a locator for each item; the user can choose a valid predefined locator, or define a locator dynamically at the time of transaction. Select Item Level to define locator information for specific items. Select Prespecified to require entry of one of the predefined locators for each item.
If the item is associated with one or more subinventories (as one or more item subinventories), you can only select the subinventories with which the item is associated.
Interorganization transfers enable you to transfer particular items between organizations.
You are charged with performing the prerequisites that are necessary for your users to perform interorganization transfers of a particular item.
To enable interorganization transfers, you perform the following:
Ensure that you have created the inventory organization from which the item will be transferred, in addition to the inventory organization to which the item will be transferred.
In the item's attributes, ensure that the item is assigned to the inventory organization from which the item will be transferred, in addition to the inventory organization to which the item will be transferred.
Manage interorganization parameters to define the relationships that exist between the inventory organizations.
Ensure that the item has the same unit of measure in each inventory organization.
Interorganization parameters define the relationships that exist between source and destination inventory organizations. Define these relationships to enable users to create interorganization transfers. One interorganization parameter enables a one-way interorganization transfer from a source inventory organization to a destination inventory organization. To enable two-way interorganization transfers between two inventory organizations, create two interorganization transfers, with each inventory organization functioning as a source inventory organization and a destination inventory organization.
Select Receipt to specify that the shipment organization owns the shipment until the destination organization receives it.
Select Shipment to specify that the destination organization owns the shipment when the source organization ships it, and while the shipment is in transit.
Select Direct to deliver this item directly to its location at receipt. Select Inspection to receive this item first, inspect it, then deliver. Select Standard to receive this item first, then deliver without inspection.
There are multiple situations for which you might want to create an account alias. The following scenario illustrates an example of one such situation.
Your company has a temporary project for which costs need to be tracked to a particular account. You create an easily-recognizable account alias for the account and have your employees cost the project's transactions to this account alias. You set the account alias to expire when the project ends, so that users cannot cost transactions to this particular project after the project ends.
An account alias is an alternate name for an account number, and is used to more easily identify an account when performing a transaction. You can select an account alias as a demand source when performing a reservation; you can also select an account alias as a transaction source when performing a miscellaneous transaction.
The following scenario illustrates how you would define a transaction source and transaction type for a particular business need:
Your organization frequently donates items that you manufacture to charity. You might want to define a transaction source called "Charity" and a transaction type called "Issue to Charity", using the "Issue from Stores" transaction action. When you donate an item to charity, you create a miscellaneous transaction using the Issue to Charity transaction type.
A transaction type is used to classify transactions. Examples of transaction types are Purchase Order Receipt, Sales Order Issue, and Inventory Subinventory Transfer.
Transaction types are combinations of:
A transaction source is the type of entity against which a transaction is charged. Along with a transaction action, a transaction source uniquely identifies a transaction type. Examples of transaction sources are Purchase Order, Sales Order, and Inventory.
A transaction action is a system-defined type of material movement or cost update. Examples of transaction actions are Receipt into Stores, Issue from Stores, and Subinventory Transfer.
The transaction type for which you enable status control becomes an allowed transaction type for new material statuses that you create. When material status control is enabled for a transaction type and you are creating or editing a material status, you can choose to leave transactions of that transaction type as allowed, or disallow transactions of that transaction type.
If you do not enable status control for a particular transaction type, transactions of that transaction type are always allowed.
An inventory transaction reason is a standard means of classifying or explaining the reason for a transaction, and can be used when performing any type of material transaction. For example, you could define the inventory transaction reasons Theft, Misplaced Items, and Damaged Items for classifying adjustment transactions when performing a cycle count or physical inventory count.
The transaction reason will only be selectable when you perform an inventory transaction in the reason type and reason context that you select. For example, if you create an inventory transaction reason with a reason type of Receiving and a reason context of Change Subinventory/Locator, the user will only be able to select that transaction reason when the user is in Receiving and moving material to a different subinventory and locator combination.
An item transaction default specifies the default subinventory or locator for a specified item when the specified shipping or receiving transaction is performed on that item. The default subinventory or locator is included in the item's default shipping or receiving information. Note that for movement requests, if a user does not specify a locator when transacting an item into a locator-controlled subinventory that you specify as the item transaction default, the application determines the put-away locator.
Material status control restricts the movement and usage of portions of on-hand inventory.
Using material status control enables you to control whether you can pick or ship a sales order, or issue material for a sales order or account. You can also specify whether material needs to be quarantined until you inspect it. In addition, you can determine whether products with a particular status can be reserved, included in available to promise calculations, or netted in production planning.
This topic discusses:
Material status control levels
Material status transactions
Cumulative effective status
You assign material statuses at the subinventory, locator, lot, and serial number levels.
When you assign a material status to a subinventory or locator, items are not assigned the material status of the subinventory or locator. Instead, items take on the behavior indicated by the material status that is assigned to the subinventory or locator.
To assign a material status to a lot or serial number, you must first enable the item attributes Lot Status Enabled and Serial Status Enabled on the item in the item master organization.
You can optionally assign a default lot or serial number status to an item in the item master organization. When you do so, the item retains the lot or serial number status through all inventory transactions, including interorganization transfers.
When you create a material status, you select the allowed and disallowed transaction types for that material status. Note that you must enable status control for transaction types to make them available to allow and disallow. Transactions types for which you do not enable status control are always allowed.
A cumulative effective status is the combination of all disallowed transactions. If a transaction is disallowed at the serial number, lot, locator, or subinventory level, the transaction fails. For example, if you have a locator whose status disallows miscellaneous issues, and that locator is in a subinventory whose status disallows sales order issues, you cannot perform transactions of either transaction type for material in that locator.
Material statuses provide more flexible control of transacting material. For example, you can create a Damaged material status to disable damaged material from being shipped to a customer.
Before creating material statuses, you should plan:
Determine if material statuses are necessary
Determine allowed and disallowed transaction types
Determine material statuses to define
Consider the needs of your organization, and whether it is necessary to create material statuses.
For example, if your organization operates on a small scale or you want to manage the statuses or items manually, it might not be necessary to create material statuses. By default, all the material is in Active status, which allows transactions with no restrictions.
Consider the needs of your organization, and the transaction types that should be allowed.
For example, damage to your warehouse's racks is making locations in the racks, and the material in those locations, inaccessible. You can create a material status to disallow transactions on the inaccessible material. Once the damaged racks have been repaired, you can create a material status to allow transactions on the material that is once again accessible.
Consider the needs of your organization, and the material statuses that are necessary to define for your organization.
Following are examples of questions that you can ask when determining material statuses for your organization:
What are the kinds of items that are handled in the warehouse?
Does the consumption of material needs to be restricted when it needs to inspected for quality assurance?
Should users be allowed to ship material, such as food or pharmaceuticals, to customers if the refrigerator storing the material is broken?
By creating pick slip grouping rules, you organize how picking lines for released sales orders are grouped on to pick slips. For example, if you select Shipment as a grouping criterion, then all picking lines on a pick slip are for the same shipment.
The following aspects of a pick slip grouping rule can reduce time spent on planning and organizing:
Group pick slips based on criteria
Specify effective date for the grouping rule
Enables you to specify more than one grouping criteria for picking. For example, if you select Shipment and Ship-to Location as grouping criteria, then all the picking lines grouped together on a pick slip are for the same shipment and ship-to location.
Enables you to specify the date from which you want the pick slip grouping rule to come into effect.
Picking Rule enables you to define the criteria that determines how material is consumed. For example, LIFO, FIFO, Lot Ascending, Locator Ascending. After you create a picking rule, it can be enabled for usage in various organizations.
A group of picking rules with different criteria can address the various needs of consuming material in an organization. The following criteria determine how material should be consumed:
Allow partial picking
The material restriction criteria you to specify:
Shelf Life Days: Indicates the minimum number of days prior to expiry that the material can be consumed. For example, if an item with an expiration date of June 30 is assigned to a picking rule that dictates a 60-day shelf life restriction, then that item must be picked no later than May 1, which is 60 days before its expiration date.
Enforce Single Lot: The enforcement of a single lot for the specific picking rule. If not, multiple lots may be picked.
Enables you to specify if the demand line can be partially picked if the total quantity for the order lines is not available. For example, the requested quantity is 100 and the quantity available using the picking rule is 60. In this case, allow partial picking determines if the available quantity of 60 is picked or nothing is picked at all.
The sort attributes that you can assign priorities to are Lot, Locator, Subinventory, and Revision. You can have only one priority based on a sort attribute and type such as Locator Ascending, Locator Descending, Revision Ascending, or Revision Descending. For example, if you assign the sort attribute and type Lot Ascending to priority 1, then you cannot assign the same sort attribute to another priority in the same picking rule regardless of the sort type being Ascending or Descending.
Material sort criteria enable you to specify a priority to the sorting criteria. You can do this by assigning priority levels, with priority 1 being of highest priority and priority 3 being of lowest priority. The sort criteria can be based on four different attributes; Lot, Locator, Subinventory, and Revision. Before assigning material sort criteria priorities, consider:
What sort criteria is relevant to the picking rule you are creating?
Consider the relevance of the sort criteria to the picking rule you are creating. For example, if the picking rule you are creating is primarily aimed at lots, then select sort criteria that will assist you in sorting by lots; Lot number ascending or lot number descending.
Picking rule assignment enables you assign an organization and sequence to a picking rule. It provides mechanisms to:
Indicate if a picking rule can be used in an organization.
Prioritize the various rules available to be used in an organization.
Define set of criteria when a rule should be activated.
You can then assign certain criteria to the picking rule assignment based on which the material will be picked. Note that the same picking rule can have multiple rule assignments in an organization. The following example demonstrates how picking rule assignments work for an item that is lot controlled and expiration enabled.
Picking Rule name
The facility usually follows the FIFO rule and ships the oldest material first. However, for their loyal customers, for example, Loyal, they would like to follow the LIFO rule and ship the newest material first. The loyal customers are given priority over their other customers. In order to achieve this, the facility needs to have two picking rule assignments in order of priority.
Picking Rule name
Picking Rule Assignment criteria
Item is specified and customer is specified as "Loyal" as part of the criteria.
Item is specified but customer is not specified as part of the criteria.
According to the way the picking rules are assigned above, the application will first look at the high priority assignment and apply the picking rule assignment in the following manner:
Demand line for specified item and from customer specified as "Loyal."
Rule 2 is applied and newest material is supplied following LIFO.
Demand line is for specified item and customer is not "Loyal."
Rule 1 is applied and oldest material is supplied following FIFO.
Picking rule assignment provides you the flexibility to:
Assign sequence to the rule assignment
Define criteria for the assigned picking rule
Enables you to prioritize the rule assignment with respect to the other rule assignments.
Enables you to specify the details when a rule on a particular picking rule assignment is activated. For example, if you create a picking rule that picks lots based on FIFO and select a specific customer in the criteria, then according to the picking rule assignment, the item is picked for that customer based on FIFO.
You can select any combination of criteria after assigning a picking rule. Selecting the criteria enables you to specify when the rule assignment is used. For example, if a picking rule, which allocates lots based on FIFO, is assigned to a particular customer, then the material picked for that customer is allocated based on FIFO.
Before selecting criteria for picking rule usage consider:
Which combination of picking rule and criteria will help achieve optimum material selection for your organization?
What is your organization's preference for picking based on the available criteria?
You must consider the combination of picking rule and criteria that will meet your requirements on material consumption in your organization. For example, you have a picking rule that ships material based on Lot FIFO. You can assign that rule to a particular customer so that material for that customer is shipped based on FIFO.
Before selecting the criteria, you must consider your organization's preference for picking based on the available criteria.
Consider your organization's picking order preference on what material to ship to which customer. For example, if certain kind of material should be picked based on customer requirements, then the rule assignments with customer as criteria are effective.
Consider your organization's preference on what material to ship based on carrier. For example, if the demand line is to be shipped via a specific carrier, then the carrier-based rule assignment will be effective.
Consider your organization's preference on what material to ship based on UOM class. For example, if the demand line to be shipped specifies a UOM that belongs to a particular UOM class, then the UOM class-based rule assignment will be effective
Consider your organization's preference on what material to ship to based on UOM. For example, you have the following rules. Rule 1 sorts the subinventories in such a way that the item is stored by UOM 'Case' in the top subinventories. Rule 2 sorts the subinventories in such a way that the item is stored by UOM 'Each' in the top subinventories. You can sequence the rule assignments such that the correct demand lines with appropriate UOMs are picked using the appropriate rules.
Consider your organization's preference on what material to ship to from which source subinventory.
Consider your organization's preference on what material to ship to which destination subinventory.
Consider your organization's preference for particular items. For example, if the material needs to be consumed in a certain way because of the characteristics of the item, then the appropriate picking rule should be assigned to the item criteria. Take the case of milk products that should be consumed within the expiration date. In that case, a picking rule that has shelf life material restriction and assigned to item criteria "milk products" can work best in optimizing material selection.
Consider your organization's preference to ship material that belong to particular item types. You can select the best possible combination of a picking rule and item type that will help make selection efficient.
ABC Assignment Group and Class
Consider your organization's preference on material to ship based on a particular ABC assignment group and class.
Transaction source type
Consider your organization's preference on material to ship based on a particular transaction source type.
Consider your organization's preference on material to ship based on a particular transaction type.
Consider your organization's preference on material to ship based on a particular transaction action.
You can enter different values into the Start Date and End Date fields. For example, if you select Week, you can enter 1 to represent the first week of the year, and 52 to represent the last week of the year. If you select Day of the Month, you can enter 1 to represent the first day of the month, and 31 to represent the last day of the month. | <urn:uuid:113f1918-9ba9-426c-b328-4c9f9c578d8c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E25054_01/fusionapps.1111/e20385/F451682AN2DAF1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00041-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878885 | 4,512 | 2.5 | 2 |
Tuckerman and Huntington Ravines have Considerable avalanche danger. Natural avalanches are possible and human triggered avalanches are likely. Dangerous avalanche conditions exist making conservative decision making essential. Huntington’s Escape Hatch has Moderate avalanche danger. Natural avalanches are unlikely and human triggered avalanches are possible. Tuckerman’s Lower Snowfields and Little Headwall have Low avalanche danger. Natural and human triggered avalanches are unlikely.
Over the past 32 hours the summit has received 6 inches (15cm) of snow brought in on strong NW and W winds. Over the last several hours winds ramped up quickly gusting to 118mph (190kph) from the WNW before falling as rapidly back to the current of 85-90 (137-145 kph). In addition to the snow already received the forecast is expecting an additional 1-3” (2.5-7.5) this morning. This entire scenario has brought us to similar discussion points we entertained yesterday.
Friday’s winds have loaded new snow into many E and SE aspects and crossloaded a number of others giving us concerns about natural avalanches in almost all of our forecast areas, hence the Considerable rating. High winds, particularly this morning, brought above treeline snow and new snow falling from the sky into strong lee areas. Areas in Tuckerman harbor more of these protected locations than in Huntington so we believe our number one avalanche concern today spans between the Sluice through the Center Headwall. Other lee locations of W and NW winds currently have instabilities, but not to the extent of the aforementioned areas.
High winds over the century mark this morning have undoubtedly scoured a number of areas particularly in the Huntington gullies, and Tuckerman’s Left gully and Hillman’s. However our rationale for a Considerable rating in these locations is due to a dropping wind speed and continued loading from alpine areas and additional snow. As winds fall through the day, eventually getting as low as 40mph this evening, new slab will deposit over older scoured locations. Some gullies, especially those being cross loaded will struggle to meet the “considerable” definition but as the day continues should get there nonetheless.
Bulls-eye points and considerations:
**Generally expect a high degree of variability as you move through the terrain with the potential of being on hard old surfaces one second and fresh unstable slabs the next.
**In Tuckerman we have the most concern of natural avalanches coming from the Center Headwall over to the Sluice followed by the top climber’s left of Right Gully and the top climber’s right of Left Gully.
**In Huntington we have the most concern about the protected approaches of climbs, most notably the bottom of Odell, Pinnacle, and Central. These areas pick up frequent sluff deposition creating new slabs. As winds fall some higher start zones should pick up some new snow through the morning.
Safe travel in avalanche terrain requires training and experience. This advisory is just one tool to help you make your own decisions in avalanche terrain. You control your own risk by choosing where, when, and how you travel.
Anticipate a changing avalanche danger when actual weather differs from the higher summits forecast.
For more information contact the Forest Service Snow Rangers, the AMC at the Pinkham Notch Visitor Center, or the caretakers at Hermit Lake Shelters or the Harvard Cabin.Posted 8:30am, 1-5-2013. A new advisory will be issued tomorrow.
Christopher Joosen, Snow Ranger
USDA Forest Service
White Mountain National Forest
(603) 466-2713 TTY (603) 466-2856 | <urn:uuid:6d4ba982-ccf9-453d-978b-4d322cb63335> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.mountwashingtonavalanchecenter.org/2013/01/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00312-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913981 | 773 | 1.632813 | 2 |
The website ProCon.org has a new debate online laying out the different perspectives about the question: “Do violent video games contribute to youth violence?” It includes citations for a wide variety of studies that come down on both sides of the question. Simply put, there’s a study for everyone out there. Do you want to find a study suggesting that there’s a strong correlation between violently-themed media and aggression? You can find plenty. Or do you want to hear that there’s no correlation between these things? Well, there’s plenty of studies suggesting that, too.
As someone who briefly flirted with a degree in psychology, I find this an interesting intellectual debate. But here’s the thing I can’t get away from — lab studies by psychology professors and students are not the real-world. I am consistently shocked and disappointed at the lack of scrutiny these studies receive when they are little more than artificial constructions of reality.
So, how can we determine whether watching depictions of violence will turn us all into killing machines, rapists, robbers, or just plain ol’ desensitized thugs? Well, how about looking at the real world! Whatever lab experiments might suggest, the evidence of a link between depictions of violence in media and the real-world equivalent just does not show up in the data. The FBI produces ongoing Crime in the United States reports that document violent crimes trends. Here’s what the data tells us about overall violent crime, forcible rape, and juvenile violent crime rates over the past two decades: They have all fallen. Perhaps most impressively, the juvenile crime rate has fallen an astonishing 36% since 1995 (and the juvenile murder rate has plummeted by 62%).
Now, let me be perfectly clear about something. When analyzing such things it is vitally important to recall one of the first rules of statistical analysis: correlation does not necessarily equal causation. This works in both directions. Even if an increase in real-world violence was closely tracking depictions of violence on television or in video games, it wouldn’t necessarily mean there is a connection. But it would also be wrong to state that, on its own, an inverse correlation (with the trends moving in opposite directions) meant that there was absolutely no connection between these things.
At the margin, I believe that some media can have negative impacts on some people. Certainly, in heavy enough doses, watching non-stop depictions of sex or violence probably would have some sort of negative effect on some people — loss of sleep, if nothing else. Perhaps more.
Then again, it is impossible to ignore the real-world evidence being so starkly at odds with the “monkey see, monkey do” theories bandied about by some researchers or regulatory proponents. At a minimum, the real-world evidence should at least call into question the “world-is-going-to-hell” sort of generalizations made by proponents of increased media regulation, who all too often make casual inferences about the relationship between media exposure and various social indicators. Such a causal relationship is even more dubious today since all Americans, especially youngsters, are surrounded by a much wider variety of media than ever before. Even though television viewing has gone down slightly in recent years, it has been due to the rise of other media substitutes that command the attention of children, including the Internet, cell phones and video games. Overall, therefore, it appears that children are “consuming” as much, if not more, media than ever before. One would think that if depictions of violence in media really were leading to increased aggression among youth it would start showing up in some of these indicators at some point. But that’s just not occurring. [If you’re interested, I’ve discussed all these issues at much greater detail here, here, here, here, and here.]
Another argument I often hear is: ‘Well, the numbers would be even better if not for media violence!’ But there’s just no way to prove that one way or the other. Would the juvenile crime rate be down 46% instead of the 36% decrease we’ve actually since 1995? I don’t know. Nobody can know. But I certainly hope that media critics and regulatory proponents aren’t so foolish as to suggest that the crime rate would drop to zero if we just forced everybody to watch “Mary Poppins” all day long.
Finally, let’s keep in mind that, whatever the evidence suggests, there are many other ways society can deal with objectionable media content without resorting to government censorship. There are plenty of excellent parental control tools and methods out there today which give individuals and families, all of which have different needs and values, the ability to craft their own “household media standard.” There are also ways to put pressure on media providers, distributors, and advertisers to self-regulate content, or better control when and where it appears. And educational and media literacy strategies can help assimilate youth into a media-saturated culture. To me, that’s the best approach. If you accept the fact that media — including violently-themed media — has always been with us and is never going away, then you understand the importance of talking to kids about these things in an open, understanding, and loving fashion. We should be doing this in schools, at home, and throughout society.
In the meantime, don’t buy into the hype about artificial lab studies, regardless of what they say. The kids are alright.
- Video Games, Violence, & Social “Science”: Another Day, Another Fight
- Does TV Cause Violence Against Women? PTC’s “Women in Peril” Report
- Why hasn’t violent media turned us into a nation of killers?
- Are All Video Games Violent?
- Do video games create cop killers?
- Let’s Consider the Facts Before We Call In Government to Regulate Video Games
- review: Kutner & Olson’s “Grand Theft Childhood”
- review: Dr. Kourosh Dini’s “Video Game Play & Addiction”
- Jenkins on new Pew report about “Teens, Video Games, and Civics” | <urn:uuid:ab65fa43-93d8-4fbb-9a9d-5db4f4d598e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://techliberation.com/2010/02/09/violent-video-games-youth-violence-what-does-real-world-evidence-suggest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00016-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95142 | 1,311 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Higher consciousness. Higher consciousness is the consciousness of a higher Self, transcendental reality, or God.
It is "the part of the human being that is capable of transcending animal instincts". The concept developed in German Idealism, and is a central notion in contemporary popular spirituality. Philosophy Fichte Fichte distinguished the finite or empirical ego from the pure or infinite ego. Fichte (1762-1814) was one of the founding figures of German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant. According to Michael Whiteman, Fichte's philosophical system "is a remarkable western formulation of eastern mystical teachings (of which he seems to have had no direct knowledge).
" Schopenhauer In 1812 Schopenhauer started to use the term "the better consciousness", a consciousness ... According to Schopenhauer, The better consciousness in me lifts me into a world where there is no longer personality and causality or subject or object. Eye of Horus. The Wedjat, later called The Eye of Horus The Eye of Horus is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection, royal power and good health. The eye is personified in the goddess Wadjet (also written as Wedjat, or "Udjat", Uadjet, Wedjoyet, Edjo or Uto). It is also known as ''The Eye of Ra''. Funerary amulets were often made in the shape of the Eye of Horus. The Wadjet or Eye of Horus is "the central element" of seven "gold, faience, carnelian and lapis lazuli" bracelets found on the mummy of Shoshenq II. The Wedjat "was intended to protect the pharaoh [here] in the afterlife" and to ward off evil.
Horus Horus was the ancient Egyptian sky god who was usually depicted as a falcon, most likely a lanner or peregrine falcon. His right eye was associated with the sun god, Ra. Wadjet. Two images of Wadjet appear on this carved wall in the Hatshepsut Temple at Luxor Wadjet (/ˈwɑːdˌdʒɛt/ or /ˈwædˌdʒɛt/; Egyptian wꜣḏyt, "green one"), known to the Greek world as Uto /ˈjuːtoʊ/ or Buto /ˈbjuːtoʊ/ among other names, was originally the ancient local goddess of the city of Dep (Buto), which became part of the city that the Egyptians named Per-Wadjet, House of Wadjet, and the Greeks called Buto (Desouk now), a city that was an important site in the Predynastic era of Ancient Egypt and the cultural developments of the Paleolithic.
She was said to be the patron and protector of Lower Egypt and upon unification with Upper Egypt, the joint protector and patron of all of Egypt with the "goddess" of Upper Egypt. The image of Wadjet with the sun disk is called the uraeus, and it was the emblem on the crown of the rulers of Lower Egypt. She was also the protector of kings and of women in childbirth. Etymology Protector of country, pharaohs, and other deities Ra. Ra /rɑː/ or Re /reɪ/ (Egyptian: 𓂋ꜥ, rˤ) is the ancient Egyptian solar deity.
By the Fifth Dynasty (2494 to 2345 BC) he had become a major god in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the midday sun. The meaning of the name is uncertain, but it is thought that if not a word for 'sun' it may be a variant of or linked to words meaning 'creative power' and 'creator'. In later Egyptian dynastic times, Ra was merged with the god Horus, as Re-Horakhty ("Ra, who is Horus of the Two Horizons"). He was believed to rule in all parts of the created world: the sky, the earth, and the underworld. He was associated with the falcon or hawk.
When in the New Kingdom the god Amun rose to prominence he was fused with Ra as Amun-Ra. All forms of life were believed to have been created by Ra, who called each of them into existence by speaking their secret names. Role Ra and the sun To the Egyptians, the sun represented light, warmth, and growth. | <urn:uuid:745d2905-cee8-44bc-aac2-ff60ff4ca369> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pearltrees.com/i.am.god/the-eye/id2931744 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00558-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950834 | 934 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Nile Basin:
Egypt's Role in Africa's Development
by Hussein Askary and Dean Andromidas, Part III
[Egyptian priest:] "Ah, Solon, Solon, you Greeks are ever children. There is not an old man among you." On hearing this Solon said, "What? What do you mean?" "You are young," the old priest replied, "young in soul, every one of you. Your souls are devoid of beliefs about antiquity handed down by ancient tradition. Your souls lack any learning made hoary by time. The reason for that is this: There have been, and there will continue to be, numerous disasters that have destroyed human life in many kinds of ways. The most serious of these involve fire and water....
"When this happens, all those people who live in mountains or in places that are high and dry are much more likely to perish than the ones who live next to rivers or by the sea. Our Nile, always our savior, is released and at such times, too, saves us from disaster. On the other hand, whenever the gods send floods of water upon the Earth to purge it, the herdsmen and shepherds in the mountains preserve their lives, while those who live in cities, in your region, are swept by the rivers into the sea. But here, in this place, water does not flow from on high onto our fields, either at such a time or any other. On the contrary, its nature is to always rise up from below. This, then explains the fact that antiquities preserved here are said to be the most ancient."
(translated by Donald J. Zeyl)
There is a reason why Egyptians are alarmed by any mention of dams or other water infrastructure from the source of the Nile at the Equatorial Lakes region and along its path. This cradle of ancient civilizations has always owed its existence to the flow of the water in the Nile River, and will continue so. As referenced in Part II of this series (EIR, Sept. 12), Egyptians were alarmed by Ethiopia's decision to build the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile, the largest source and tributary of the Nile River.
Egypt is almost completely reliant on the water of the Nile, which it shares with seven other African nations, each of which has its own requirements and aspirations for development. According to the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement between Sudan and Egypt, the two countries received the right to 85% of the annual flow of the Nile, where the White Nile and Blue Nile converge in Khartoum, Sudan, with Sudan getting 18.5 billion cubic meters, and Egypt, 55.5 billion. But this figure is misleading, as almost eight times this amount of water evaporates, or runs off along the way.
The agreement has become a contested issue, as the other riparian nations further upstream want to sign a new agreement allowing them to have more equal rights to the water of the Nile. But the real issue is not "equal share" of the water, but the right to develop the water resources so that each nation can meet its needs and future development requirements.
The 1959 agreement was signed after Sudan and Egypt became free from British colonialism. However, it has its precedence in a British imperial agreement signed by Anglo-Egyptian Sudan with the British-controlled government in Cairo in 1929. That agreement stipulated that not only do Egypt and Sudan utilize 48 and 4 billion m3, respectively, of the Nile flow per year, but that Egypt reserves the right to monitor the Nile flow in the upstream countries, and to "veto any construction projects that would affect her interests adversely"!
In 1999, the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) was adopted by all the riparian nations, aimed at creating a partnership mechanism to develop the river in a cooperative manner, share substantial socioeconomic benefits, and promote regional peace and security. However, lack of development and abundance of political conflicts have hampered the Initiative.
In 2010, spearheaded by Ethiopia, which has been encountering massive and unfounded international pressure due to its attempt to develop its hydropower projects, four of the eight Nile Basin states (Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda) signed a new treaty on the equitable sharing of the Nile waters, despite strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan. "This agreement benefits all of us and harms none of us," said Ethiopia's Water Resources Minister Asfaw Dingamo. "I strongly believe all Nile Basin countries will sign the agreement." Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo were not represented at the meeting, while Kenya issued a support statement.
For Africa in general, and the nations of the Nile Basin in particular, to realize their aspirations for peace and development, and to cope with underdevelopment, wars generated by poverty, lack of education, and fights over allegedly "limited resources," for the benefit of Anglo-American and other foreign interests, human society's relationship to Nature in this region has to change. No longer should civilization be subject to the whims of the "gods" and of what are called Nature's arbitrary powers. Humankind is the only creative species on the planet, and is endowed with certain capabilities to master nature's forces for its own legitimate benefit.
In addition, with the advent of a new, just world economic order, initiated by the emerging BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) New Development Bank, and the end of the colonial era of racist British and other trans-Atlantic policies against Africa, the nations have a genuine opportunity to rise above the ashes of decades of civil wars and underdevelopment.
From Linear to Geometrical Development
In almost all academic papers and reports by international organizations, including the UN, water is treated as a closed system, with a finite amount of water and limited potential for development. The linear measurements of the water and land resources exclude creative, noetic human intervention, in the form of technology to transform these resources and multiply their effect. On the contrary, humans, whose growth in numbers and needs is not linear but geometrical, are considered a burden on the natural resources that are growing arithmetically, to cite the British Empire's genocide theorist Thomas Malthus. This is reflected, often subconsciously, in many "scientific" papers presented in conferences concerning water issues in the world, to which this author has been a witness.
The total population of the Nile Basin nations and East Africa has quadrupled since the 1960s, from 100 million to an estimated 400 million people. This fact is considered a catastrophe by international environmental and financial institutions. But for cognitive humans, this should be considered a great source of wealth.
The linear facts:
According to the standard information, such as from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Nile River, with an estimated length of over 6,800 km, is the longest river flowing south to north, traversing over 35° of latitude. It is fed by two main river systems: the White Nile, with its sources on the Equatorial Lake Plateau (Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda—sometimes, Kenya and the Democratic Republic of Congo are also included); and the Blue Nile, with its source in the Ethiopian highlands and Lake Tana 2,100, meters above sea level.
The sources of the White and Blue Nile are located in humid regions, with rainfall varying between 1,200 and 2,600 mm/year, a relatively high level of precipitation. However, the annual average for the whole Nile Basin is 650 mm/year. That is due to the inclusion of the arid region that starts in Sudan, which was the largest country in Africa before the separation of South Sudan in the 2011 referendum. Sudan can be divided into three rainfall zones: the extreme south, where rainfall ranges from 1,200 to 1,500 mm/year; the fertile clay-plains where 400 to 800 mm of rain falls annually; and the desert in the north, where rainfall averages only 20 mm per year. Further north, in Egypt, precipitation falls to less than 20 mm per year, or as the Egyptian priest told Solon, the water comes from down below and never from above.
The total area of the Nile Basin or catchment area of the Nile is 3.2 million square kilometers, representing 10.3% of the area of the continent. As mentioned above, most of that rainfall occurs in the Equatorial Lakes region and in South Sudan, in addition to the Ethiopian highlands. The total annual precipitation in the whole basin can be estimated to be 800-1,000 billion m3. Of that, almost 70% is lost to evapotranspiration. The combined share of Egypt and Sudan of that is less than 10%!
What is also not represented in the linear facts is that, unlike the almost even flow in the White Nile that emerges from the tropical Equatorial Lakes region, the rainfall and level of water in the Blue Nile and other tributaries, like the Atbara, that originate in the Ethiopian highlands, vary dramatically from the rainy season (July-September) to the dry season (November-June). The increased flow in the Blue Nile in the rainy season usually causes catastrophic flooding in Sudan, and increased siltation in the Sudanese water reservoirs behind dams such as the Roseires and Khashm El-Girba. What this implies is the need for considerable regulation of the flow of the Blue Nile to reduce the risks of the fluctuation and to achieve the full utilization of the water, both for its own sake and for generation of hydropower.
Construction of dams on the Blue Nile and Atbara would augment the quantity of water available for Egypt eventually, because of a loss of only 3% by evaporation in this region with its moderate weather, compared with a loss of almost 16% in the Aswan Dam reservoir in Egypt. Egypt, however, would no longer be the beneficiary of additional water in years of high flood, which would then be stored and regulated in the Blue Nile reservoirs, such as the GERD under construction in Ethiopia now, instead of at Aswan.
Ironically, the lack of water infrastructure in this water-rich region exposes it to severe water shortages, due to the variability in seasonal rainfall. The capability of storing water from times of plenty for use in times of scarcity is lost, due to lack of infrastructure. Artificial storage of water in Ethiopia has been, until recently, 47 m3 per capita, Kenya 114 m3, and Tanzania 142 m3, as compared to 6,150 m3 per capita in North America or 4,100 in Australia (source: The Nile Basin Initiative).
Once again, it is not the availability of a "natural resource" which is the issue, but society's optimizing of its use, through science and technology, that is the key. These technologies have been available for more than a century in the industrialized world; but Africa has been denied their benefits. Environmental organizations, NGOs, and financial institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF have been used to stop such development in Africa in recent times, the same way colonial armies were used in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Lost to Evaporation
Another non-linear way of looking at the availability of water for the downstream nations such as Egypt and Sudan is the ability to reduce evaporation of the water of the White Nile. A great part of the water originating in the Equatorial Lakes Region evaporates before reaching northern Sudan. While evaporation and transpiration (through vegetation) are a natural way to balance the water cycle in such tropical locations as the misnamed Lake Victoria and Lake Albert (Lake Mobutu Sese Seko) in Uganda, evaporation from swamps and wetlands can be considered a net loss of water and, actually, arable land.
The Kagera flows into Lake Victoria, from which Nile waters then flow on to Lake Kyoga, then Lake Albert, and northward across the Uganda-Sudan border. At the town of Bor in South Sudan, the land gradient changes, and the great swamp, the Sudd, begins. The extent of the Sudd varies greatly with the volume of water received. During the great rains of 1961-64 over the Equatorial Lake district, the Sudd reached 29,800 km2, which is close to the size of Belgium.
At other times, the Sudd has averaged 16,000 kilometers, still quite vast. Through the Sudd, the Nile flow makes its way through various currents. The swamp is characterized by floating or jammed up "islands," called sudd in Arabic, of marsh vegetation, broken off from their moorings, and in various states of decomposition. There are vast chunks of sudd, some up to 30 km long. In the sluggish waters there are many varieties of malaria mosquitoes and waterborne parasites. The Sudd is almost impassable overland or by river craft. A huge volume of Nile flow is lost to evaporation in the Sudd. The mean annual loss from evaporation from 1905 to 1980 is estimated to be 16.9 billion m3, and can reach 20 billion m3, which is nearly a third of the annual volume of the Nile at Aswan.
Another example is the swamps in Uganda, a country with numerous lakes and wetlands, and with internal renewable water resources estimated at 39 billion m3/year. However, the total annual flow into the country (at Ripon Falls and from D.R. Congo) is about equal to the total annual outflow to Sudan, which means that a lot of water disappears within the country through evaporation from the lakes and wetland. Wetlands cover about 10% of Uganda's land surface.
Like many countries in Africa that had become formally independent from British colonial rule, Uganda, which became independent in 1962, launched several large-scale drainage programs, especially in the 1970s. However, a civil war that ended with the deposing of Idi Amin in 1979, and a rebellion by the National Resistance Movement that subsequently that led to the demise of the Milton Obote regime in 1985, destroyed these plans.
In 1986, the government banned further large-scale drainage, and instituted the National Wetlands Conservation and Management Program, becoming subservient to the British-inspired and controlled Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, which has been used for decades to hamper the development of water resources in Africa, under the guise of environmentalism and biodiversity. Direct British colonialism was replaced by "green genocide," and by International Monetary Fund and World Bank genocide. Only small-scale projects were allowed, and the country was encouraged to use its water and land resources for production of cash crops for export, such as coffee.
The Ramsar Convention specifies that each country must designate on its own territory, certain sites to be locked up in the "Ramsar List," now managed by a secretariat run out of the offices of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Gland, Switzerland. In 1999, a "strategic framework" was designed "to develop and maintain an international network of wetlands which are important for the conservation of global biological diversity and for sustaining human life through the ecological and hydrological functions they perform."
Critical parts of the Sudd in South Sudan are on the Ramsar list too. This vast, marshy area, created by the White Nile, could be transformed into farmland by completing construction of the Jonglei Canal (see below). But fully 5.7 million hectares of the swamp are listed as a "Ramsar Site" to be frozen for eternity.
Large parts of the Lake Chad Basin, a world priority for upgrading through the proposed Transaqua Project for moving water from the Congo River to refill the disappearing Lake Chad, are listed as untouchable for development by Prince Philip's World Wildlife Fund and the IUCN. The specific designation is that there are wetland habitats for bird life in the Lake Chad basin that must remain off-limits to human projects. One hundred and sixty nations have signed the Ramsar Convention, and there are 1,898 sites on the list. This represents a total surface area of over 186 million hectares (more than five times the area of Germany!).
Under the Ramsar Convention, the government of Uganda undertook a "National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources" in 1995. It states: "7.1—Drainage of Wetlands: Uganda has experienced massive drainage of wetlands for human development activities. The effects of this drainage are visible in many parts of the country."
Uganda's "strategy" to deal with this issue is not development, but the contrary: "i) There will be no drainage of wetlands unless more important environmental management requirements supersede." Its explanation reads: "Artificial large-scale removal or exclusion of water from a wetland by whatever means constitutes drainage. This may be by pumping, by excavation of water channels and perhaps combined with excessive growing of trees. Other drainage means may include building of dams upstream of a wetland. Such modifications should be avoided."
But now that the British Empire's trans-Atlantic System is going down in bankruptcy, the suffering of the people of Uganda, among others, under the merciless forces of nature, will force governments to reverse that policy, with the help of the emerging BRICS system.
The Jonglei Canal
One of the most important drainage projects in Africa is the Jonglei Canal Project, intended to drain a portion of the Sudd swamps. The idea goes back to the British colonial period in the early 1900s. But the first serious study was carried out in 1946 by the Egyptian government, before it became really independent of the British. But it was under the progressive, republican government of Gamal Abdel Nasser that concrete plans were developed in 1954-59. An agreement with the government of Sudan in 1976 paved the way for the construction work on the canal in 1978. But a British-orchestrated, U.S.-backed rebellion halted the work in 1984. The first major military target of the Sudan People's Liberation Army under John Garang was the giant German-built excavation machine, nicknamed "Sarah." When the work was halted, 240 out of the total 360 kilometers had been completed. The canal is intended to divert a portion of the water from entering the Sudd, and send it directly, from south to north, from Bor to Malakal to provide great ecological and economic benefits to both the immediate region and downriver lands.
Sarah, a bucketwheel machine, was first used in Pakistan, where it had successfully dug the 101-km Chasma-Jhelum link canal between the Indus and Jhelum rivers (completed 1970). It was dismantled, brought to Sudan, and reassembled there. It was the largest excavator in the world, weighing over 2,100 tons. Operating at full tilt in 1981, the bucketwheel was excavating 2 km a week, and digging at a rate of 2,500-3,500 m3 per hour. The great machine required 40,000 liters of gasoline per working day. The canal is designed to divert about 25 million m3 a day from the upper Nile waters just north of Bor, and channel it through a cut of 360 km, which would deliver at Malakal about 4.7 billion m3 annually. This would mean adding to the downriver Nile volume about 3.8 billion m3 yearly, as measured at Aswan (subtracting for losses in transmission). The draw-off of 25 million m3 daily from the feed waters of the Sudd would reduce the swamp area by an estimated 36%, from an average total swamp area of 16,900 km2 down to 10,800 km2. The canal is designed to vary in width from 28 to 50 meters, and to vary in depth from 4 to 7 meters, to accommodate boat traffic. Parallel to the canal there was intended to be an all-season roadway, and ancillary projects include slipways, bridges, ferries, civil works for crossings and regulation, and other infrastructure.
When the South-North Sudan peace process was launched in 2000, efforts, especially by Egypt, reemerged concerning the resumption of the project. While the Egypt and Sudan governments have agreed to re-start the Jonglei Canal project, the new South Sudanese government in Juba was more concerned about the future "independence" and separation issue. It was aided and encouraged by the U.S. and Britain to move into a confrontationist position against the central government in Khartoum. Moreover, South Sudanese politicians and the public were led to believe that the Jonglei Canal is an "Egyptian imperialist" project which would not benefit the South Sudanese people.
When independence was granted in 2011, South Sudan was left all alone by the former allies to face massive economic and social crises that led to an internal conflict among rival tribes and militias in 2014. The oil production in the South, the only source of income which was developed in the years of peace from 2000-10 by the Sudanese government, was halted due to emerging border conflicts with the North. The only exit route for the oil to the world market is the existing pipelines to Khartoum and Port Sudan on the Red Sea.
The South Sudan government and political leadership are finding themselves trapped in their newly founded state, with a massive food crisis, civil war, and physical isolation. The only solution is to resume cooperation with the North, and open new avenues of communication and trade with its neighbors in the south and east. This is fortunately becoming a reality, thanks to China's cooperation with the East African nations on development of transport corridors for the landlocked Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and D.R. Congo, through Kenya.
A decision by the South Sudanese government to cooperate with Egypt and Sudan to resume Jonglei Canal reconstruction would be the real signal that South Sudan is ready to join the coming economic and social renaissance of Africa.
Hydropower, Water Management, Agricultural Development
A number of very important dam projects are currently under construction or planned, which would completely transform the Nile Basin nations' relationship to the biosphere. Sudan has recently accomplished the Merowe Dam in the north of the country, which is a hydropower and agriculture development program of great significance. A new dam, Kajbar Dam, is planned further north, near the border with Egypt at the Third Cataract. Two dams are under construction on the Atbara and Setit rivers, two smaller tributaries emerging from northern Ethiopia. Almost all these dam projects involve Chinese construction and financing.
However, the greatest of the dam projects in the Nile Basin, and in Africa now is the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile. The name of Ethiopia in the past decades has been associated with famine, poverty, and conflict. That is about to change. Ethiopia, with a population of 86 million, an ancient historical identity, and enormous economic potential was not, until recently, able or allowed to realize its potential for developing its human, land, and water resources. The hydropower potential is a very clear example.
Ethiopia's long-term potential for exploitable hydropower is 45,000 megawatts (MW), but it has only exploited 2,000 MW! In 2009, less than 10% of Ethiopians had access to electricity. Since the initiation in 2004 of the construction of the Gilgil Gibe dam series 1-4 on the Omo River, increasing the capacity by 2,000 MW, the Ethiopian national power grid capacity is increasing by the double. The GERD, when completed in 2018, will add 6,000 MW to the grid. While the Gilgel Gibe dams were built by or financed by China, Ethiopia faced massive financial and propaganda attack from Western environmental and financial institutions. But showing the power of a national credit-based alternative, the GERD, while being built by Italian construction giant Salini Impregino, is being financed by nationally emitted bonds available only to Ethiopian citizens at home and abroad, in addition to special taxes. This is the same method being followed by Egypt's new government under President Abdul Fattah el-Sisi to finance the new national development projects such as the New Suez Canal and Toshka Project (see EIR, Sept. 5 and Sept. 12).
Construction of the GERD was launched in 2011 by then-Prime Minister Meles Zinawi. Salini Construttori was awarded the contract which is worth US$4.3 billion. Chinese banks are to finance the hydropower plant and its components for a cost of US$1.8 billion. Neighboring countries are being solicited to contribute to the financing of the dam, in return for delivery of electricity. Djibouti is so far the largest purchaser of the GERD bond, but Egypt and Sudan have not contributed, pending a political and technical decision to be reached through a tripartite special committee studying the impact of the dam on the latter two.
The dam will be a 170-meter-high, 1,800-meter-long gravity-type, composed of roller-compacted concrete, and will have two power houses, one on either side of the spillway. The left and right power houses will each contain 8 x 350 MW Francis turbine-generators. Supporting the dam and reservoir will be a 5-km-long and 50-meter-high saddle dam. The dam's reservoir will have a volume of 63 billion m3 (about a whole year's discharge of the Nile at Aswan Dam in Egypt). This, as mentioned, is a major source of concern in Egypt, as filling the reservoir in the years following the completion of the dam could reduce the flow of the Nile by 10-15% annually.
Benefits and Concerns
As noted earlier, since the Blue Nile is a highly seasonal river, the dam would help reduce flooding downstream, including on the 40-km stretch within Ethiopia, and Sudan beyond that, which has suffered from flooding almost every year.
In earlier times, the flooding was considered beneficial for the limited agriculture, as it brought minerals to the soil and helped irrigate new areas. However, with the advent of modern agriculture and irrigation methods, the ancient ways of agriculture have to give way to modern ones. The GERD, although it is not located in a densely populated region, would serve as part of the basic infrastructure for modernized agro-industrial centers. With the dam also representing a bridge over the Blue Nile, and with roads, cement factories, and industrial workshops being set up for the construction work, this region will become one of the fastest-growing in Africa.
The idea of transferring electricity over long distances to serve other parts of the country, and exporting electricity to Sudan and Egypt, sounds like a necessity, and a source of income for the country now, seen with monetarist eyes. In the long run, however, and if Ethiopia develops properly as an agro-industrial nation, then almost all that power, and even more, will be needed to meet domestic needs. For Egypt and Sudan, development of nuclear power is the alternative for the future.
The precise impact of the dam on the downstream countries remains a matter of speculation, since no common understanding is being created. Egypt fears a temporary reduction of water availability due to the filling of the dam, and a permanent reduction because of evaporation from the reservoir. The reservoir volume is about equivalent to the annual flow of the Nile at the Sudanese-Egyptian border (65.5 billion m3). This loss to downstream countries would most likely be spread over several years.
Reportedly, during the filling of the reservoir, 11 to 115 billion m3 of water per year could be lost. It is also feared that this would affect Egypt's electricity supply from the Aswan Dam. The GERD could also lead to a permanent lowering of the water level in Lake Nasser, if floodwaters are stored in Ethiopia instead. On the positive side, this would reduce the current evaporation of more than 10 billion m3 per year. But it would also reduce the ability of the Aswan High Dam to produce hydropower.
The reservoir, located in the temperate Ethiopian Highlands, and up to 200 meters deep, will experience considerably less evaporation than downstream reservoirs such as Lake Nasser in Egypt, which loses 12% of its flow due to evaporation as the water sits in the lake for 10 months. Through the controlled release of water from the reservoir to downstream, this could facilitate an increase of up to 5% in Egypt's water supply, and presumably that of Sudan as well.
The GERD will also retain silt, thus increasing the useful lifetime of dams in Sudan—such as the Roseires, Sennar, and Merowe dams—and of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt.
Relations with Egypt
While the Sudanese government has declared its support for the GERD dam since 2011, in Egypt, the picture has been different. During the short rule of the Muslim Brotherhood in 2013, a massive media campaign was carried out against the GERD dam, with allegations that it would dry up the Nile River, and threaten the existence of Egypt as a nation. The tension prevented the countries from continuing the negotiations and joint studies that were initiated through a joint panel of experts.
The Egyptian leadership under el-Sisi is developing a new approach. During a visit to Ethiopia on Sept. 4, Egypt's Foreign Minister, Sameh Shoukry, discussed with his counterpart Tedros Adhanom, the avenues for political and economic levels of cooperation between the two countries. One of the key issues is the resumption of the work of the GERD tripartite joint commission of experts from Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia. Shoukry stated that Egypt considered ties with Ethiopia as a key component of his government's foreign policy.
Egypt's Irrigation and Water Minister, Hossam el-Moghazi, headed a delegation to Khartoum in late September, to meet with his Ethiopian and Sudanese counterparts, and to resume the work of the tripartite committee.
El-Moghazi later visited the site of the GERD construction and reported to Egyptian media that he received new documents, maps, and technical studies that he will hand over to Egyptian experts to study, and make sure that the dam has no negative impact on Egypt. He also called on the Egyptian media to use precision and objectivity in reporting about the impact of the GERD on Egypt, in order to preserve friendly relations with Ethiopia. He further emphasized that the GERD will not affect the flow of water to Egypt, as its purpose is to generate power, and not transfer water to other regions, or use it for agriculture in Ethiopia.
President el-Sisi met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn in June in Equatorial Guinea during the African Union Summit, and again in New York in September on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly. El-Sisi is due to visit Ethiopia before the end of this year.
For these two giants of Africa to work together would be an important step in the right direction. Political differences and intrigues among the nations of the continent have delayed Africa's development for decades. It is through sound scientific studies and creative economic thinking that they can exit the colonial era and enter the era of sovereignty and development.
[1 The Nile Basin Initiative is a political agreement of 10 nations: Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, D.R. Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt. The physical Nile Basin, or catchment area, includes Eritrea and Zaire. However, they are not members of the NBI. The eight nations that could have impact on the Nile water if they develop their infrastructure are: Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Egypt.
See Hussein Askary, "World Water Week: Two Opposing Worlds Meet: Development or Death," EIR, Sept. 14, 2012.
Transportation projects for Africa will be covered in the next part of this series. | <urn:uuid:c07c00a8-002d-4e36-bfa6-48936c98a41e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://larouchepub.com/other/2014/4140egypt_role_afr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.959159 | 6,649 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A database is more than just a place to store data. In today’s article we will make you learn about the basic to advance concepts of ArangoDB which is a multi-purpose open-source database with a flexible data model for documents, graphs, and key-values. Though it has its many features with Multi Model database support, extendable through Java Script, high performance and space efficiency, more over its easy to use with its graphical user interface. We can use ArangoDB as a database or as a combined database/application server because it can answer random HTTP requests directly. Let’s take a review at its major features before we start its installation and configurations.
- Easy to install and configure
- Integrated Application Servers
- Web based console and CLI commands
- Easy Administration and System Monitoring
- Multi Model Database Document, Graphs and Keys
ArangoDB Installation Setup
Now we will describe the steps to install ArangoDB under the Ubuntu 15.04 Operating system. So, first of all we will download the corresponding debian package from the official web link to Arangodb download page. After setting up its repository we will be able to install ArangoDB easily with debian package manager.
STEP 1: Adding repository key to Apt
Before the installation we need to add a particular repository key to apt according to our Operating system version.
For Ubuntu 15.04
Use following commands with root user or sudo privileges to get and add key.
root@ubuntu-15:~# wget https://www.arangodb.com/repositories/arangodb2/xUbuntu_15.04/Release.key
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-key add - < Release.key root@ubuntu-15:~# echo 'deb https://www.arangodb.com/repositories/arangodb2/xUbuntu_15.04/ /' >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/arangodb.list
For Ubuntu 14.04
Similar if you are using Ubuntu 14.04 you need to add following key wih root user.
root@ubuntu-14:~# wget https://www.arangodb.com/repositories/arangodb2/xUbuntu_14.10/Release.key
root@ubuntu-14:~# apt-key add - < Release.key root@ubuntu-14:~# echo 'deb https://www.arangodb.com/repositories/arangodb2/xUbuntu_14.10/ /' >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/arangodb.list
STEP 2: Install ArangoDB
Now Update your system after adding key to apt and then start the installion with apt-get command.
For Ubuntu 15.04:
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-get update
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-get install arangodb=2.5.5
For Ubuntu 14.04:
root@ubuntu-14:~# apt-get update
root@ubuntu-14:~# apt-get install arangodb=2.5.5
STEP 3: Adding HTTPS Downloads Support
This is an optional package if we need to add the download support of HTTPS then we should install the following package.
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-get install apt-transport-https
We had done with the basic installation packages now make sure that the ArangoDB service is running properly. We can check its status by following command.
root@ubuntu-15:~# systemctl status arangodb
Using ArangoDB Shell
ArangoDB shell is a command line administration of ArangoDB. We will use it to create new databases, users, collections and documents etc.
In next few we show you you can easily get fimilar with the ArangoDB Shell.
STEP 1: Open ArangoDB Shell
We can launch its shell by using following command.
STEP 2: ArangoDB Shell Help
We can get more detailed help of the command line administration of ArangoDB by using the following command.
arangosh [_system]> db._help();
STEP 3: Testing ArangoDB Shell Commands
With the help of arangoDb shell commands now we will create new database and user and check how it works with us.
Use following commands to create new database with its user and password:
arangosh [_system]> db._useDatabase('test')
arangosh [test]> require("org/arangodb/users").save("linux", "linux123");
ArangoDB Web Interface Setup
Before moving to Web interface, we need to setup its basic parameters and configurations to setup server's access point and authentication.
STEP 1: Testing ArangoDB HTTP API
Make sure that ArangoDB is up and running. this could be checked by executing the following curl command to get results from ArangoDB HTTP API.
root@ubuntu-15:~# curl http://localhost:8529/_api/version
STEP 2: Configure ArangoDB Endpoints
Open the configurations file to mention your servers IP as below both in the arangod.conf and arangosh.conf file.
root@ubuntu-15:~# vi /etc/arangodb/arangod.conf
endpoint = tcp://172.25.10.179:8529
root@ubuntu-15:~# vi /etc/arangodb/arangosh.conf
endpoint = tcp://172.25.10.179:8529
STEP 3: Enable Authentication
Its a best practice to enable authentication of ArangoDB Web interface, by default it comes with disabled state. We can make it enable by changing its parameter from yes to no in its configuration file.
root@ubuntu-15:~# vi /etc/arangodb/arangod.conf
# disable authentication for the admin frontend
disable-authentication = no
After making changes to configuration file restart Arangodb Service.
root@ubuntu-15:~# systemctl restart arangodb.service
Using ArangoDB Web Interface
We are now ready to go with ArangoDB Web Interface, Open your web browser and access it with its configured end point server Ip and default port 8925.
Choosing from the top bar menu of Web Interface click on the drop down option to Manage DBs. Here we can see the previously created databases from the command line that we are now able to manage them from the web interface. Also we can switch to another database or we can delete or add new databases here.
Create New Database
We can add new database from the web interface as below by giving it a specific name, user and password.
ArangoDB Collections and Documents
Collections in ArangoDB are just like the tables where we will create new documents to place and manage our music libraries, users bio data or our books library.
Adding New Collection
Click to add new collection and fill out its name and type to save changes.
Creating New Document
If we click on the newly created collection, you will be able to see that there is no document present there. We can create new document under the same collection by pointing "+" sign on the top right side.
Adding Data to Document
After creating the document we will be able to see it under the contents. Now we will open up the document and put our relevant information to it. To do so click on the particular document and change editor mode from tree to Code to add data in it.
We can add JSON Objects to fill out information in the document as below.
"street": "Street of Happiness",
"city": "Heretown, The Earth"
Now after saving the code, once again switch editor mode from Code to Tree and see its out in human readable format.
Using Applications in ArangoDB
The fresh installation of ArangoDB comes with no application installed on it. We can install new applications from the web interface as well as from command line interface. We can install the applications under different mount paths and using different sources like Github, Store or from the Zipped package.
Adding New Application
From the Web interface we need to click on the Add Application and just mention its mount point and add other information as shown.
Managing New Applications
Using AQL Editor of ArangoDB
ArangoDB comes with AQL Editor that we can use for querying the data from the command line or by using its web interfac as its fully integrated with ArangoDB. From the AQL Editor we will be able to put queries and to get its results from the pre configured databases, collections and documents. So lets see how it works as below.
AQL Query Test
In order to test the EQL Editor we will submit a following query to check its results as below.
AQL Query Result
After we had submitted the query on EQL Editor, Click on Results to check its output as below.
Using ArangoDB Tools
ArangoDB comes with its built in tools that provides the facility to use JS Shell, APIs and with Users and Query management. Using its User management tool we can easily create new users with its user information, password and other current status.
We had done with the Installation of ArangoDB 2.2.5 version's on Ubuntu 15.04 by using its command line as well as Web interface for the administration of its databases in its unique way. So, ArangoDB is one of the best database administration tool because of its many supporting features.We had just covered the main installation steps in it with the overview of its all functional parameters.There are still alot of things that ArangoDB facilitates with us to do. | <urn:uuid:005a6e3b-4fc8-44f9-83a9-0a44a88464cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-use-arangodb-ubuntu-14-04-15-04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00022-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839657 | 2,088 | 1.90625 | 2 |
AP IMPACT – Synthetic Drugs Send Thousands To ER
UNDATED (AP) – Synthetic substances that mimic marijuana, cocaine and other illegal drugs are making users across the nation seriously ill, causing seizures and hallucinations and even killing some.
The inexpensive products are often packaged as incense or bath salts. As more people experiment with them, hospitals are seeing a sharp spike in the number of patients with problems ranging from labored breathing and rapid heartbeats to extreme paranoia and delusions.
At the request of The Associated Press, the American Association of Poison Control Centers analyzed nationwide figures on calls related to synthetic drugs.
At least 2,700 people have fallen ill since January, compared with fewer than 3,200 cases in all of 2010. At that pace, medical emergencies related to synthetic drugs could go up nearly fivefold by the end of the year.
(Copyright 2011 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.) | <urn:uuid:6f05d7db-41ff-4eef-a9c7-775b3411177b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://wjon.com/ap-impact-synthetic-drugs-send-thousands-to-er/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00435-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930655 | 187 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Definition - What does Enhanced Keyboard mean?
An enhanced keyboard is a modern keyboard containing extra keys that were not in older keyboard designs prior to the 1980s. An enhanced keyboard has a set of 12 function keys for over 100 total keys, and now represents the majority of computers shipped with laptop and desktop computer designs today.
Techopedia explains Enhanced Keyboard
In the early era of computer manufacturing, QWERTY keyboards (keyboards with today’s conventional alphanumeric character layout) did not have the set of 12 function keys that are on modern keyboards. But over time, function keys were added at the left side of the keyword, and then at the top. Other command keys were also added.
The enhanced keyboard provides additional functionality for many things such as boot processes, altering text commands, and controlling sound and video. Prior to the modern enhanced keyboard, and even today, many functional commands have been performed with “bucky” keys which shift a bit sequence in order to input a variety of additional commands. “Function” keys like the command, alt and delete keys have also been instrumental in expanding the scope of what a user can do with a computer keyboard, beyond just entering in text and numbers.
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Free 30 Day Trial – Turbonomic: | <urn:uuid:f0525648-92c2-4caa-a56b-b284ea26a550> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2577/enhanced-keyboard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00565-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941045 | 329 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Nothing Is In HereAndrew Levy EOAGH Press, 2011
"The United States of Andrew Levy"
review by Matt Reeck
Both meanings of the word lead the way into Andrew Levy’s book. Nothing Is In Here is a constitution, in the sense of a document of profession, belief, and order—a binding to law, a cohering of a social body, as any nation-state must have. But it also investigates the idea of constitution as composition, as the content of being.
The title sentence “nothing is in here” is a primary tenet in this new state, the United States of Andrew Levy, and yet with its seeming negation of the book’s every proposition, what gives, Mr. President? Am I not to take you seriously?
Well, no. Or yes.
Every book of poetry constitutes at least one thing: a proposition about authentic experience, a proposition about authentic statement, or a proposition about both. Nothing Is In Here does both. As a polysemous text, it asks the reader to focus on their experience of reading; it asks the reader to reconstitute the text in a way meaningful for themselves. The book also asks the reader to be wary of language’s advantage: its ability to propose reality, to instate reality through its logic. (Logic is a feature of language.) This warning, then, is Levy’s own way of defining, or deferring, the possible authenticity of statement, language and voice. The question is shifted to the sphere of social reality, i.e. experience.
If nothing is in here, what does Nothing Is In Here point toward?
It points toward a Utopian search for an authentic experience of life and of language, not blinded by the beacons of convention—ideology and orthodoxy. It doesn’t tell us any one thing, but it does show us what an experience of looking for authentic experience (as a poet, as a citizen) looks like. It also shows the process of a writer trying to keep himself off-balance so as to subvert his own ideological routines.
But if the value of statement is that it leads quickly to action, what happens to the possibility of action within a failed public order and corrupt government—in our America? The possibility of meaningful action seems remote. Instead, in such conditions, the only realizable goal becomes imagining future actions, and likewise opening the future to imagination.
Nothing Is In Here speaks with the urgency of finding an anchor in social experience that will allow individual and social transformation.
Every text is plural, or polysemous. Of course a writer can find ways to reduce or to exaggerate the open-ended nature of texts, especially literary ones. Those that constrain meaning, or reduce a text’s polysemous nature, are, as Roland Barthes instructed in S/Z, readerly. Those that promote the fragmentation of narrative and encourage diverse readings are writerly.
Mark Nothing Is In Here as an extreme example of the latter.
Barthes writes that a writerly text means to “make the reader no longer a consumer, but a producer of the text” (4). It wants the reader to “gain[ing] access to the magic of the signifier, to the pleasure of writing.” This is a cordial invitation: the reader as equal to the writer. It is an invitation that Levy offers as well: “I don’t think you’ll be able to read my writing without leaving some trace” (46). This is good. Not only does this statement recognize textual reality, but it also permits my desire to participate in shaping meaning.
But Barthes cautions that the writerly text is an abstraction, an ideal image that cannot live fully in the world:
The writerly text is a perpetual present, upon which no consequent language (which would inevitably make it past) can be superimposed; the writerly text is ourselves writing, before the infinite play of the world (the world as function) is traversed, intersected, stopped, plasticized by some singular system (Ideology, Genus, Criticism) which reduces the plurality of entrances, the opening of networks, the infinity of languages. (5)
Nothing Is In Here is, thus, not without content. It has its own constitution. And it has its own ideology (Utopian) and genus/genre (poetic manifesto). If the title suggests that the book is writerly, then Barthes keeps us grounded by pointing out the obvious constraints on writing. No text is entirely random; once writing begins, the writer’s consciousness shapes it in ways well beyond the writer’s control:
For the plural text, there cannot be a narrative structure, a grammar, or a logic; thus, if one or another of these are sometimes permitted to come forward, it is in proportion (giving this expression its full quantitative value) as we are dealing with incompletely plural texts, texts whose plural is more or less parsimonious. (6)
Nevertheless, Levy’s text struggles to achieve a fluid interchange between the constitutive elements of language and consciousness. It pushes against the forces that bind us into narrative, coherent (and, perhaps, sane) bodies. In this way, it is experimental; in this way, it is Utopian.
After the failed Utopian schemes of the twentieth century, it’s hard to get too excited about future Utopias. Read Foucault for a thoroughly distasteful description of Utopia:
The plague-stricken town, traversed throughout with hierarchy, surveillance, observation, writing; the town immobilized by the functioning of an extensive power that bears a distinct way over all individual bodies—this is the utopia of the perfectly governed city. (198)
This is the sort of nation-state Levy does not want to live in. Nor would I. But it is, in certain regards, reminiscent of our lives today: hierarchy, surveillance, the function of an extensive power (viz. money, social classism) over individual bodies.
If we live in a decadent state, if we recognize the earmarks of corruption around us, then we also suffer the chronic fatigue of hindsight. This is Levy’s world.
He laments the ambiguous freedom of language stripped from social context: “It has been easy to say anything at all for some time” (1). He questions the bureaucracies of intellectual creed and caste: “It’s not even disinterestedness, its exhaustion / What’s the problem? / Languages have betrayed their glorious beginnings? / Intellectual, social, and professional suspension?” (52).
He returns to interrogative reminders, asking us to overcome our torpor: “So what do we do?” (13). And, “Would we get used to it? Would we accommodate ourselves? / […] Be content with what you have been able to act on?” (38). He pushes us toward acknowledging our inactivity and our resignation within the status quo. And yet, what change is possible? What revolutionary change can we countenance, with the recent past being so full of Utopian errors?
In Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions, Jameson suggests that within the contemporary world the impulse toward change itself, the Utopian desire for transformation itself, suffices:
The Utopian form itself is the answer to the universal ideological conviction that no alternative is possible, that there is no alternative to the system. But it asserts this by forcing us to think about the break itself, and not by offering a more traditional picture of what things would be like after the break. (232)
This is the leading edge, the onward search, that Levy is interested in. He locates the break in two things: the text, or the book as form; and beauty. First, the text itself hopes to furnish possibilities: “To act so that thought could possibly be read in ways different than one expected” (5/6).
Beauty is the key to understanding what might lead us toward a future of shared value: “[…] beauty focuses on inclusion, finding commonalities between objectives” (70).
Important here is the idea of social text—of a text not speaking merely for a private individual but a text that does that and goes beyond that to speak with a social voice, for social imperatives, effectual because the desires it expresses aren’t that of just one individual but rather represent the beliefs of many.
The text’s non-referential use of personal pronouns is the first obvious means of implying a social text. The text reinforces this through its meta-commentary: “Identity can be lost in the telling of the stories one knows or linking sentences in imagined collisions as if these colliding stories are not there” (70). The writer can hardly be located in the weave of the text’s pronouns and in the displacements of scene and attitude. But the goal is not to locate a particular individual—the writer—through the veil of the text’s words. The goal is to progress toward a consciousness capable of transformation.
Beauty as abstraction, as motivator, as means, as Utopian ideal.
Beauty is Levy’s idea to shape action. It’s intimately tied to the idea of the book:
There’s something in my character that’s always pushed me toward the book. At the idea that I would discover, if my intentions and effort were spirited, the book that would satisfy a quest for everything I’d grown to imagine language, as rendered in books might provide. It would be a complete satisfaction, emotionally, sexually, intellectually, in every way. I would end my search for that book having come to the one that completed everything. And if it did “complete” everything for me it would by extension, though I’ve never bothered to think how this extension would manifest itself, complete every person’s thirst in the entire world. That has been part of my fantasy of beauty—of what beauty would be. (7-8)
This passage, the first in the book to deal with beauty overtly, declares the scope of beauty’s power. The writing is full of the language of Utopia: discovery, completion, total satisfaction. But it reins itself in at the end; it acknowledges what Jameson notes as necessary in our times—the understanding that Utopia is a fantasy, an imagining of what something could be without going so far as defining it outright.
If Utopia, if beauty, is not (and should not be) an end-state, then it might act as a vehicle to transform us out of stasis: “The beauty of something you can’t do even if the attempt toward that thing, thoroughly compromised, is penned to dissolve or recede from your hopelessly outdated history” (11). That is to say, beauty is a motivator toward something, and though that thing will never exist, the momentum will create a new landscape, a new history, and might create a new sense of possibility.
Beauty quotes.
Beauty is the philosopher’s stone (that which can change metal to gold, human ambivalence to positive action). Beauty is the lynchpin to “[s]elf-transmuting in the reform of one’s own discourse” (70).
No eventuality, the text says, “[…] fails to diminish the belief in the inevitability of a beauty that can be attained” (16).
The text itself is a conduit for change: “What is beautiful must change. […] The unthinkably improbable hero of the plot, given so much time, makes the impossible become possible, the possible beautiful, and a good competitor emotionally” (23).
Beauty has been maligned: “Beauty isn’t a bed partner to envy, but it has been forced to act as one” (32).
Instead, we should acknowledge it as a shining hope: “There is a circle that goes from you to the world and back. That’s the way to go into a world. A thick beauty” (60).
Beauty is the key to linking the individual to the commonweal:
Beauty may first appear “an unblendable element … alien and unassimilable,” a desire that when you open it up it becomes a piece of the real you can live in. I disappear when I feel it and everything, every bit of everything rises before me. I am part of the bridge that is falling; I am part of the bridge that is being built. I imagine everything is still very rough going. I understand that it must be difficult to think. That incompletion in the imagined manifestation of the complete has been a crucial part of my fantasy of beauty—of what beauty would be. The site of many celebrations, in some manner self-arranged, it’s something that seems to be, at least for me, a required course of hope temporarily turned out and felt to be complete. (61)
If a repetitive refrain (as refrains tend to be), “nothing is in here” asks us even at the book’s conclusion not to accept it. Not to accept this text. This answer. Nothing Is In Here asks us not simply to shelve the book, nod or shake our heads, yawn or smile. Rather, it really wants us to ask ourselves what we can do to change the real world we live in. This is a generous offer. It’s also an offer, and challenge, that this reader will continue to try to meet.
Barthes, Roland. S/Z. Trans. Richard Miller. NY: FSG, 1974.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish. Trans. Alan Sheridan. NY: Vintage, 1995.
Jameson, Fredric. Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. London: Verso, 2005.
Andrew Levy is the author of Don’t Forget to Breathe (Chax Press), Nothing Is In Here (EOAGH Books), Cracking Up (Truck Books), The Big Melt (Factory School), Ashoka (Zasterle Books), Democracy Assemblages (Innerer Klang), Values Chauffeur You (O Books), and several other titles of poetry and prose. His writing has appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Writing from the New Coast, The Gertrude Stein Awards in Innovative American Poetry, and Telling It Slant: Avant-Garde Poetics of the 1990s. With Roberto Harrison, Andrew edited and published the poetry journal Crayon 1997-2008.
Matt Reeck’s poetry is forthcoming in Colorado Review, Interim, No Dear, and Verse. His reviews have appeared in Jacket2 and The Brooklyn Rail. A winner of PEN and NEA translation grants, he is the co-translator with Aftab Ahmad of Bombay Stories – stories from the Urdu of Saadat Hasan Manto – forthcoming from Random House India. He is the co-editor of the new magazine Staging Ground. | <urn:uuid:1e4cd51d-9284-433b-8093-3d5a3402b5f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cutbankonline.org/cutbank-blog/2012/10/cutbank-reviews-nothing-is-in-here-by-andrew-levy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00277-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940089 | 3,212 | 1.59375 | 2 |
To better understand man’s greatest achievement, try looking at it without your 2019 eyes. In July of 1969, we were just a few years removed from sending men up into space and returning them safely. Being on the verge of sending human beings to the moon’s surface was almost ludicrous. These astronauts were leaving Earth with no guarantee of returning. Talk about having the “right stuff.” These men might have been slightly insane.
Not to dismiss the accomplishments of Columbus and Magellan over 500 years ago, but man was navigating the seas from the beginning of time. And if you recall, people were already living in North America when Columbus knocked on the door. The achievement was certainly heroic in 1492 but chances are, sooner or later, someone would have run into it.
Getting to the moon required technologies previously unknown to man, along with a lot of preparation and practice. To put things in perspective, your cell phone is a more powerful computer than the one used on the Apollo 11 spacecraft.
There were three other Apollo missions completed in the six months before the moon landing. Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to reach the moon’s orbit in December of 1968, circling within just a few nautical miles of the moon’s surface. Apollo 9’s mission in March of 1969 was to practice docking the command module with the Lunar Excursion Module (the LEM was built right here in Bethpage). That set up Apollo 10, less than two months later, to strap on the LEM and take it all the way to the moon and back in a real “dress rehearsal” for the lunar landing mission of Apollo 11 in July.
Apollo 11 launched on a Wednesday, and for the next 72 hours, three astronauts traveled over 240,000 miles inside the command module, nicknamed “Columbia,” which was the size of a Buick. Think about that the next time you take the family down to the Jersey Shore.
On Sunday afternoon, July 20, astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong made their way into the LEM, nicknamed the “Eagle,” leaving Michael Collins to pilot “Columbia.” Once separated, the “Eagle” began its free-fall, orbiting the moon twice before beginning its descent onto the lunar surface.
Although every television network was covering the historical event, there was no actual video during the descent, only scratchy audio, which sounded like someone trying to tune an AM radio. You could hear Aldrin and Armstrong communicating with NASA as the spacecraft closed in on the lunar surface in what was the most intense two minutes in human history. With the entire world holding its collective breath, Aldrin announced, “engines off.” As Armstrong confirmed, “Houston, Tranquility Base here, the Eagle has landed.”
At 4:18 p.m. EST, the world cheered in unison. Human beings were on the surface of the moon.
The astronauts spent over six hours inside the “Eagle” before Armstrong emerged at 10:49 p.m. Slowly descending the nine steps to the surface, we watched a ghostly, black and white image of Armstrong that was coming from, unfathomably, the surface of the moon. He paused to uncover the plaque on the module’s leg with the inscription “Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon, July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.”
With more than 600 million people watching across the globe and more than a billion listening, Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon, declaring, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” Joined a few minutes later by Aldrin, they spent a little over two hours working while kicking up the moon’s dust.
That night, like most people who witnessed the event, I looked at the moon differently. I knew I couldn’t see the astronauts on the surface, but I knew they were there. For the first time in human history, when you looked up at the moon, two men were looking back at you.
Paul DiSclafani, a Massapequa resident, is a 2018 Press Club of Long Island award winning columnist and an Anton Media Group contributor since 2016. | <urn:uuid:b942ec57-4557-479e-bd1e-dfd7b3c95bb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://longislandweekly.com/the-eagle-has-landed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.965609 | 897 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The semi-displacement hull provides open-ocean stability for surveying or USBL communications and the powerful propulsion system delivers more than 20 knots and 3 tons bollard pull when needed.
With a pilot house and helm, the V2 is designed for operators who desire an autonomous vessel that can also be manually-driven as a conventional boat. The V2 is outfitted with Sea Machines’ ACS control system, which allows operation of the vessel in three primary gradations of autonomy, with the ability to communicate via wireless radio or satellite. The hull houses a 60cm diameter moon pool for vertical deployment of sensors, sonar, and acoustic systems below the keel. Propulsion is diesel-electric with an optional Siemens hybrid system for quiet running and fuel efficiency.
The vessel has a 60cm diameter moonpool with integrated deployment pole and hydrodynamic doors which are the heart of the V2’s remote sensing package. Designed to accommodate high accuracy USBLs, Acoustic Modems, and Multibeam Sonars, the V2 is capable of carrying out missions ideally suited to autonomous vessels, such as AUV Tendering and Collaborative Hydrographic Survey. After deployment, the subsea components are retracted and the doors closed, protecting the sensors and allowing for a high transit speed.
The Pilot House on the V2 provides for a seamless transition between Unmanned and Manned operations.
The V2 is outfitted with continuous foam-filled fendering to simplify dockings and provide structural protection for the hull.
With Sea Machines autonomous control systems, the vessel can operate in ‘Line of Sight’ and ‘Over the Horizon’ modes. The Sea Machines user interface is capable of incorporating either a proprietary path planning system or 3rd-party planning software. Sea Machines’ control systems include full collision avoidance capabilities and operate under the mariner’s “Rules of the Road”. | <urn:uuid:b72bfa7d-eb0c-468a-859c-b7eacbf4fc30> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2015/12/sea-machines-announces-v2-heavy-duty-autonomous-workboat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.899871 | 397 | 1.734375 | 2 |
The mostly Black and Brown women workers at Access-A-Ride, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s transit service in New York City for people with disabilities, are demanding $15 an hour and a union as well as an end to a hostile work environment. They voted to join the Transport Workers Union Local 100 a year ago. The workers, employed by contractor Global Contact Services, earn from $9 to $11 an hour. Their wages are totally unfair, they say, since they provide a service for a state-run agency, and all state employees will soon be making $15 an hour.
Unfair firings contribute to the toxic work environment. The National Labor Relations Board recently consolidated several cases showing that 228 workers were fired for supporting the union between February and October. The NLRB is hearing two other types of cases: that GCS pays low wages because workers are predominantly women of color, and that a third of the workers have been sexually harassed by GCS supervisors.
TWU President John Samuelsen is in talks with GCS with the goal of averting a strike, which disability activists say would be “disastrous for those who rely on the service.” (New York Times, Nov. 28) Stay tuned.
Boeing workers: Tie jobs to tax incentives
As many as 200 aerospace workers protested at the Washington state Capitol in Olympia on Nov. 20 to demand that legislators take steps to close the Boeing Company’s massive tax loophole and tie tax incentives to job creation in the state.
In 2013, legislators extended $8.7 billion in tax incentives to aerospace companies, the largest corporate tax break in the U.S. Despite this, Boeing has since outsourced some 3,700 Washington jobs to such low-wage states as Missouri and Oklahoma (a “right to work” for less state), where the mega company can get additional tax breaks by increasing employment. Denouncing that as “double dipping,” machinist Adrian Camez said, “[Boeing is] taking our tax incentive, and taking their tax incentives, and taking our jobs to those other states.” (heraldnet.org, Nov. 21)
Meanwhile, Boeing supplier companies in Washington, which also benefit from tax incentives, remain stagnant, with more than 6,000 jobs paying less than $15 an hour. No wonder protesters also demanded living wages for all aerospace workers with at least three years’ seniority. The action was organized by the Professional Engineering Employees union (SPEEA) and the Association of Machinists (IAM), the state’s two largest unions representing aerospace workers. (SPEEA.org, Nov. 20)
Verizon not bargaining fairly
Since their contract expired on Aug. 1, about 40,000 Verizon workers from Maine to Virginia, represented by the Communication Workers and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, have been fighting for a new contract. The workers have been holding pickets, rallies and marches in both local areas and regional mobilizations. The latest ones were held on Nov. 19 — CWA protested at 35 locations — and on so-called Black Friday, Nov. 27.
But Verizon, which reports revenue of about $1.5 billion a month, has refused to budge on contract terms. While Verizon’s CEO makes over 200 times as much as the average Verizon employee, the greedy company is offering no raises, a jump in health care costs and scaled-down pensions, at the same time it seeks to eliminate job security, accident disability and cost of living adjustments. Its ultimate goal is union busting — obvious from its demand to increase contracting jobs to nonunion workers.
“We do not have a willing negotiating partner,” CWA Local 1103 President Kevin Sheil told members in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. “The company’s practicing the art of race-to-the-bottom bargaining.” (cwa-union.org, Nov. 25) To sign a petition to Verizon, click on “For Allies” at the top right of standuptoverizon.com.
Amazon drivers sue for stolen wages
Four “Amazon Prime Now” delivery drivers filed a class action lawsuit in California against the online retail giant on Oct. 27. They charge that Amazon engages in widespread wage theft by misclassifying them as $11-an-hour contractors, denying them benefits, withholding $5 tips and forcing drivers to pay for gas and use their own vehicles for deliveries. After subtracting expenses, net wages fall below minimum wage.
The drivers, who wear Amazon Prime Now uniforms and report to Amazon’s warehouse, are represented by attorney Beth Ross. She won a similar class action suit this summer on behalf of FedEx delivery drivers in California, resulting in a $228 million payout to some 2,300 drivers. “The facts in this case are much stronger than in the FedEx case, and we won,” said Ross. (RHRealityCheck.org, Nov. 11) | <urn:uuid:094b963c-be97-48b9-952b-978e89cb01d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.workers.org/2015/12/04/on-the-picket-line-51/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00087-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953889 | 1,039 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Vesta looks pretty battered
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla
23-06-2011 13:53 CDT
There was a press briefing on Dawn today at NASA Headquarters, and there are new pictures! Here's what Vesta looked like as of three days ago, when Dawn was only 189,000 kilometers away. The images appear blurry because they've been magnified by a factor of five or six, by my estimate:
Vesta is still fuzzy but as we get closer and closer we're beginning to see some pretty surprising topography at the terminator. (I use the word "terminator" a lot and should probably define it more often: it's the day/night boundary, the boundary between sunlit and dark areas of a world, and because the sunlight slants onto the landscape at that location, topographic features are thrown into stark relief by their shadows.) At least, Iam surprised by the amount of topography visible there. It looks like Vesta is as lumpy as much smaller roundish worlds, like, say, Janus, which is about a third the size of Vesta. Of course, Janus is made of ice, while Vesta is made of rock, but still, seeing so much shape from shadow surprises me.
The animated GIF above was pulled out of this neat, much longer animation containing lots of approach images:
Other than that, and another graphic that shows that the spectrometer appears to be working, there wasn't much news from the press briefing. This is, in itself, good news, because anything unexpected at this point would likely mean bad news about the spacecraft. Every space mission has one of these kinds of press briefings that are intended to bring up to speed those press who haven't been paying attention during the long cruise. So they talked a lot about the plans for operations at Vesta (which Marc Rayman has explained to you in much greater detail, and which I summarized here). If you've been paying attention all along, there wasn't much news from the briefing.
Those of you who have been clamoring for more images from Dawn ought to read my summary; they only take optical navigation images 24 times during the 3-month approach period, less frequently while distant, so they only have new images about once a week right now anyway.
But we're fast approaching Vesta, and the world is getting bigger, and the pictures getting more frequent and more detailed, and I can't wait to see more! | <urn:uuid:636aedee-d019-4b35-9337-7f57f5881599> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2011/3077.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973061 | 507 | 1.976563 | 2 |
When an asteroid enters earth's atmosphere there are two
occurences of extreme shock. The first occurs as the asteroid enters the
atmosphere. The second, more important one, occurs when the
ejecta plume (the ejected debris caused by an impact) enters
the atmosphere (Zahnle, 1990).
This shock causes the breakdown of the oxygen (O2) and the
nitrogen (N2) molecules found in our atmosphere.
Through a series of chemical reactions the
dissociation of the nitrogen and oxygen forms NO which is then converted into NO2. These two
molecules can produce acid rain (HNO3) (Prinn and Fegley, 1987).
In 1987 Prinn and Fegley determined the atmospheric consequences of a "large" comet
impact versus a "small" comet impact. They assumed the "large" impact comet had a mass of
1.25 x 1016 Kg travelling at a velocity of 65 Km/s. As for the "small" impact asteroid, they
assumed it had a mass of 5 x 1014 Kg travelling at a velocity of 20 Km/s. It is important to note
that these two objects are possible bolides that hit the earth 65 million years ago.
Conclusions of the Large Impact Scenario
If the comet scenario occurred, 7 x 1040 molecules of NO would have been produced and
subsequently converted into acid rain. (See chemical reactions) This would have
caused a global dispersal of acid rain with a pH of 0-1.5.
On the continents the acid rain would have weathered the soil removing many of the insoluble
elements ( for e.g. Be+2, Al+3, Hg+2, Cu+, Fe+2, Fe+3, Ti+3, Pb+2, Cd+2, Mn+2, Sr+2). These elements
would end up in soil water, streams, rivers, lakes, etc., causing a problem as some of these
elements are known for their toxicity towards plants and animals (e.g. Al, Be, Ti, Hg)
As for the oceans, the global acid rain would lower the pH of the mixed layer (the top 75 M of
the ocean) to a pH of 7.8, breaking down the calcareous shells of organisms that thrive
in the mixing zone.
Conclusions of the Small Impact Scenario
If the "small" asteroid scenario were to occur, the amount of acid rain produced would be similar
to the "large" comet scenario but only near the impact site. The global pH change would be rather | <urn:uuid:d54d4c08-d049-4143-bba9-9c2965fc3ca1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/impacts/atmchg.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.911457 | 564 | 4.0625 | 4 |
On Wednesday we got another chapter in the “kangaroo economy.” The Commerce Department reported that U.S. GDP grew only 0.2% at an annualized rate in the first quarter of the year. That was down from 2.2% in the previous quarter and well off the 5.0% and 4.6% paces, respectively, of the two quarters before that. But it was in line with the first quarter of 2014’s drop of 2.1%.
As the Wall Street Journal pointed out,
“The first-quarter figures repeat a common pattern in recent years: one or two strong readings followed by a big slowdown. Before this year, first-quarter GDP growth had averaged 0.6% since 2010 and 2.9% for all other quarters. That has worked out to moderate overall expansion but no sustained breakout for the economy.”
But the feast-or-famine performance of the U.S. economy hasn’t been limited to just first quarters. We’ve had a fairly consistent inconsistency in U.S. economic growth for the past five years. The downturns have often occurred in the first quarter, but we also had dips in the second quarters of 2012 and 2013 and the third quarter of 2011. Those don’t correlate with “harsh winter weather.”
The Q1 GDP report wasn’t surprising, since it’s been preceded by months of uninspiring reports on the U.S. economy, except for how much worse things were than everyone thought. Look at some of the comparisons to the fourth quarter of 2014, which wasn’t so great itself:
- In dollar terms, GDP rose a scant 0.1%, or $6.3 billion, in the first quarter to $17.7 trillion, compared to the 2.4%, or $104 billion, gain in the previous quarter.
- Consumer spending growth slowed to a 1.9% pace, down from 4.4% in the fourth quarter. Personal outlays increased just $7.8 billion, compared to $127.3 billion in Q4.
- Corporate fixed investment declined 2.5%, compared to growth of 4.5% previously. That was the worst performance since Q4 2009.
- Nonresidential fixed investment dropped at a 3.4% rate, versus the 4.7% jump in Q4.
- Business investment in nonresidential structures, including office buildings and factories, plunged more than 23%, the most in four years, compared to a nearly 6% increase in Q4.
- Exports fell 7.2% after rising at a 4.5% rate in Q4, while imports rose a weak 1.8%, down from 10.4%.
- Real final sales of domestic product – GDP less the change in private inventories – dropped 0.5%, compared to a 2.3% rise in the previous quarter.
- Durable goods orders increased just over 1%, down from 6.2%. Nondurable goods fell 0.3% after rising 4.1%.
Coincidentally, the Federal Reserve’s two-day monetary policy meeting ended in Washington just five and a half hours after the release of the GDP report. The announcement that followed stated the obvious, namely that “economic growth slowed during the winter months,” although it said that was “in part reflecting transitory factors.” Indeed, the Fed said that it expects “economic activity will expand at a moderate pace” going forward.
Also not surprisingly, it said it was leaving interest rates near zero as a result.
Is the Fed to blame for this up-and-down economic performance? To a large degree, yes.
To the extent that the Fed won’t, finally and firmly, decide and announce to the world when it will raise interest rates and instead keep everyone guessing when it might, this spotty performance will continue.
As I’ve noted in an earlier column, businesses and households are holding back to some degree on making big investments, either building buildings or hiring new workers or buying new homes, because there’s no compelling reason to do so. If you think interest rates are going to remain low for the foreseeable future and the U.S. economy is just going to blow hot and cold, what’s the rush to do anything?
However, if you think rates are going to go up very soon and maybe keep going up, there’s a strong motivation to act now. That would certainly juice home sales, retail spending, business investment and hiring, rather than having everybody, businesses and households alike, continue to hoard their money.
The Fed keeps saying that it can’t justify raising rates until the decision can be supported by the economic numbers. I call it paralysis by analysis. | <urn:uuid:0e376724-1516-43dc-a7b1-778abfe67c92> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.smarteranalyst.com/2015/05/01/americas-kangaroo-economy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719416.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00363-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964367 | 1,009 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Instead of taking 4 years of your life to get a degree, a vocational school will let you get it done in two years (or less)! You can even complete your studies online if you prefer.
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Before we dive-in and introduce you to the opportunities that await you, we will start by answering a frequently asked question: What is a vocational school?
What Is a Vocational School?
A vocational school is a career-focused school that prepares and trains students for specific occupations. Vocational schools – also called trade schools, technical schools or career schools – offer a number of advantages to students.
- Faster completion times. Most vocational school programs take from a few months to two years to complete, which means you can enter the workforce quickly.
- No general education courses. Your education will focus only on the skills necessary for your career, with few or no extras.
- Smaller classes. With fewer students in each class, instructors can provide hands-on learning opportunities, and be more accessible to their students.
- Lower cost. The cost of attending a vocational school will vary depending on the program and location, but it will be thousands or even tens of thousands of dollars less than attending a traditional college program.
- Highly specialized training. Your education will involve hands-on training specific to your field, and will likely take place in a setting similar to your future workplace. As a vocational school graduate, you should need very little on-the-job training.
One potential drawback to vocational schools is that they can limit your options. Because the programs are highly specialized from start to finish, once you begin you are committed to that path and there is little room for exploring alternatives or changing your mind.
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But for many students, the specialized programs offered by vocational schools are exactly what they’re looking for to get them started in their career field without wasting time or money.
Getting the Skills You Need From the Comfort of Home
If you are working full-time or juggling other responsibilities, you may find that attending school online is the best option for you. Instead of attending night or weekend classes, you log-in to your courses from the comfort of home at a time that is convenient for you.
If you are a self-starter and want to get the skills you need without sacrificing your current job or family time, this might be an option worth considering. A number of universities offer vocational training through online study. Check out the list below and click on any college to get more information about their online programs.
How Long Is Vocational School?
Most vocational schools offer a diverse list of programs that vary in length from a few months to up to 2 years. How long you attend will depend on the field, the program and school, and what level of training you choose to pursue.
Here are a few examples:
|Vocational Program||How long does it take to finish?|
|Web Page Designer||6 months|
|Dental Assistant||4 months|
|Hotel / Restaurant Management||4 months|
|Small Engine Repair||4 months|
|Occupational Therapy Aide||1 month|
Some programs will award certificates or diplomas, while others are designed to prepare students for career-specific licensing exams.
What are the Most Popular Vocational School Programs?
The best vocational school programs are those that pay well and offer long-term job security. You want to enter a field in which you can grow professionally, and where your skills will be in demand for years to come.
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Vocational school programs in the healthcare, business and legal fields tend to be popular choices, but schools such as accredited online career school Penn Foster Career School offer a diverse range of options. Here are some of the career possibilities in a variety of fields:
Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy
- Medical Billing and Coding – Medical Billers and Coders analyze patient’s medical documentation looking for diagnoses and treatments, then determine the appropriate code and record that for insurance billing purposes. They are the middle person between physicians and insurance companies, managing important, confidential data.
- Dental Assistant -A Dental Assistant works directly with the dentist, preparing instruments, assisting with procedures, taking impressions and discussing dental care with patients. They may also take on administrative tasks such as updating records or scheduling appointments.
- Pharmacy Technician -Pharmacy Technicians communicate with patients and relay their needs, questions and concerns to the Pharmacist. They also handle pharmaceutical inventory.
- Physical Therapy Aide – An important part of the support team, Physical Therapy Aides set up therapy rooms, help patients into the room and wash linens. They may also take care of clerical tasks.
- Occupational Therapy Aide – An Occupational Aide is a support person during occupational therapy, preparing the room and equipment for patient appointments and sometimes taking care of clerical tasks such as scheduling appointments and ordering supplies.
- Veterinary Assistant – This position takes on duties such as feeding, weighing and taking the temperature of animals, cleaning cages, providing medicine and basic care-giving before and after procedures. They may work in veterinary clinics, animal hospitals, shelters and/or zoos.
Trainer / Instructor
- Certified Personal Trainer – This fitness guru evaluates clients’ abilities, sets fitness goals, and provides feedback and encouragement to help them succeed. They are also educated in health and nutrition.
- Dog Obedience Trainer / Instructor – A Dog Obedience Trainer / Instructor teaches commands to dogs and owners. They may work on basic commands like sit and stay for house pets, more complex tricks for show dogs, or even train future therapy or aide dogs.
- Computer Support Technician – This individual must be up-to-date on computer hardware, software, and related equipment, as well as trends, viruses and other threats. He or she must have strong communication skills to help understand and troubleshoot problems with users.
- Electronics Technician – In this position, professionals are equipped to design and install electrical equipment, but spend most of their time troubleshooting and repairing problems. They work with communication equipment, medical monitoring devices, navigational equipment, computers and more.
- PC Maintenance and Repair – Whether it’s hardware, software, or networking issues, this person can resolve the problem and keep computers operating successfully. They may be employed in large corporations, small businesses or own their own repair business.
- Residential Electrician – Residential Electricians plan, install, repair and upgrade electrical fixtures and control equipment within residential homes. Using specialized instruments, they ensure that the electrical components inside homes are up-to-code and safe for residents.
- Appliance Repair – Working in customer’s homes or in repair businesses, these individuals install and repair appliances such as washers, dryers, refrigerators, freezers, televisions, air conditioning units and more.
- Basic Electronics – While pursuing a degree in Basic Electronics, students learn to design, troubleshoot and repair a wide variety of electronic components. They work with lasers, fiber optics, robotics and computer technology.
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- Plumber – Plumbers install and repair systems used for drinking water, sewage, drainage and even heating systems. Since a plumber’s work is as needed and oftentimes an emergency situation, these individuals may need to work odd hours.
- Home Inspector – These individuals are knowledgeable about many aspects of a home! They perform function and safety inspections – looking at the roof, attic, floors, walls, ceilings, stairs, windows and doors, plumbing, electrical system, foundation, basement or crawlspace, and everything in between – and advise potential buyers of any repairs that may need to be done.
- Gunsmith – A Gunsmith may design, build, modify or repair firearms. This field requires mechanical expertise as well as a level of artistry or craftsmanship.
- Landscaping Technology – People in this occupation are responsible for the care and upkeep of public and private outdoor spaces, including gardens, yards, parks, golf courses or even indoor greenhouses. They must have an understanding of horticulture as well as irrigation and landscape design, and be able to operate a variety of tools and equipment.
- HVACR Technician – HVACR or HVAC technicians work with heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. They may specialize in instillation or maintenance and repair.
Software and Technology
- Web Page Designer – Those who are skilled in technical and creative areas may enjoy a career in Web Page Design. In this field, people build or redesign web pages so that they are functional, user friendly and aesthetically pleasing.
- Microsoft Office – Students in this certification program will become proficient in Microsoft software including Excel, Word™, PowerPoint and how to integrate the various applications – all skills that are required in a variety of work environments today.
- Drafting with AutoCAD – AutoCAD Drafters work on dimensioning, plotting, and printing, digitized 3D drawing, geometric construction and tolerancing, and electronic schematic drafting. They may find employment in engineering firms, government agencies, automotive companies or dealerships, construction, landscaping, or patenting companies.
- Wildlife / Forestry Conservation – Wildlife and Forestry Conservationists are passionate about animals and natural resource preservation. They work to preserve forests and natural habitats in order to protect various animal species.
- Small Engine Repair – This occupation involves the maintenance and repair of small engines. Examples may include chain saws, trimmers, leaf blowers, snow blowers, lawn mowers, wood chippers, go-carts and snowmobiles.
- Motorcycle Repair Technician – In this occupation, individuals are responsible for maintenance and repairs of motorcycles, as well as similar vehicles such as motor scooters, all-terrain vehicles, dirt bikes and mopeds.
- Diesel Mechanics / Heavy Truck Maintenance – These repair persons inspect, diagnose and repair brakes, steering, engines, electric components, transmissions and more on diesel vehicles. They may work on diesel automobiles, trucks, buses, tractor trailers, or construction vehicles, for example.
- Carpenter – Carpentry is one of the most versatile construction occupations. They may construct skyscrapers or bridges, install framework or flooring in an office building, or put up molding in a private home.
- Furniture & Cabinet Maker – These skilled woodworkers design and create beautiful pieces of furniture and cabinetry. They may work in a retail store, manufacturer, repair shop, home improvement store or own their own woodworking shop.
- Home Remodeling & Repair – With this background, individuals could find careers as construction laborers, construction managers or carpenters. They may evaluate interiors and exteriors of homes, inspect building materials, draw plans and establish contracts.
Creative and Design
- Certified Wedding Planner – A Wedding Planner is a liaison between the bride and groom and the various wedding vendors. They organize and coordinate everything so the couple can enjoy their special event.
- Floral Design – Floral Designers, or Florists, arrange live, dried and/or silk flowers and greenery for decorative displays. They may work in floral shops, nurseries, markets, for wedding or party planners or own their own businesses.
- Dressmaking and Design – Students who wish to become tailors, work at fashion design agencies, design patterns or clothing, or start their own dressmaking business should choose this major. They will learn about fashion, embroidery, and altering, among other things.
- Jewelry Design and Repair – These artists create, repair and modify jewelry, which may include bracelets, earrings, rings or necklaces. Some work in appraisal, and with precious metals and gems.
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- Caterer – A caterer coordinates the delivery, preparation and presentation of food for clients. This could be at a wedding reception, rehearsal dinner, family reunion, workplace meeting, birthday or anniversary party, or any number of special occasions.
- Legal Transcriptionist – These professionals transfer audio recordings from the civil and criminal court system into written documentation using a word processor. They understand legal terminology, do intensive legal research, and handle sensitive, confidential information.
- Interior Decorator – Using paint, lighting, fabric and other elements, Interior Decorators strive to make an owner’s living space match his/her personality. They balance taste with budget and function.
Business and Management
- Travel and Tourism Specialist – These specialists are adept at using reservation systems, arranging transportation, and booking hotels, and they know about all the best tourist destinations around the world.
- Hotel and Restaurant Management – Hotel and Restaurant Managers run the daily operations of restaurants or hotels, including managing staff, maintaining facilities, and ensuring customer satisfaction. They also handle administrative and financial records.
- Bookkeeping – Bookkeeping clerks or Bookkeepers handle some or all of a business or organization’s accounts. This may include payroll, revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities and more.
- Child Day Care – Child Care Providers handle general care of children either in their home, in a center or in the home of the child. This background can help individuals secure jobs as Teacher’s Aides, Preschool Aides, In-Home Child Care Providers or Nannies, for example.
What Is the Difference Between a Vocational School and on-the-job Training?
Vocational school and on-the-job training are both focused on strengthening your skills in a very specific field; however, there are important differences between the two.
- On-the-job training is generally arranged and provided by your employer, at no cost to you. Vocational school is an educational venture that you have chosen to pursue as an investment in your own future. You choose the program and you pay for it.
- On-the-job training is often taught by co-workers who merely know how to do the job. Vocational school instructors are experts in the field and are also skilled educators.
- On-the-job training is narrowly focused on the skills needed for a specific job with a specific employer. Those skills may or may not transfer to a future position. Vocational school, on the other hand, will provide a broader understanding of and training in the field which will be of value to current and future employers.
Generally speaking, vocational school is above and beyond training and can offer more long-term benefits to you as a professional.
How Much Does Vocational School Cost?
The cost of vocational school will vary by program and school, but let’s take a look at a few in particular so you have a good idea of what to expect.
At Penn Foster Career School, the average monthly cost is $49 or less. Students may also opt to pay for an entire program in full (including tuition, books and course materials) and save up to 20%. As an example, if paid in full, the Medical Transcriptionist program costs $669, the Hotel and Restaurant Management program costs $699, the Medical Billing and Coding program costs $839, and the Paralegal program costs $699.
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Career programs at Ashworth College also average $49 per month, and offer a discount for students who pay in full. Their Dental Office Assistant program is $599 if paid in full, while the Graphic Design program costs $649, and the Online Tax Preparation program is $699.
Can You Complete Vocational Training Online?
Yes! Online vocational training is available in a wide variety of specializations. Here are just a few examples:
- Advanced Medical Coding
- Computer Services and Repair
- Criminal Law and Procedure
- Dental Office Assistant
- Diesel Mechanic
- Graphic Design
- Home Health Aide
- Interior Decorating
- Landscape Design
- Medical Billing
- Medical Transcription
- Personal Trainer
- Pharmacy Technician
- Real Estate Law
- Retail Management
- Small Business Management
- Tax Preparation
- Teacher Assisting
- Travel Agent
- Veterinary Assisting
- Wedding Planner
Vocational training online is an excellent option for those who have other commitments, such as a job or family, that they need to maintain while earning a degree or certification. While the majority of the training can be completed online, some online vocational training programs include additional hands-on courses at a campus or workplace in the student’s area.
Is there a Difference Between a Vocational College and a Trade School?
No, they refer to the same thing: a streamlined education program that provides the hands-on training necessary for a specific career.
There are many terms we use to describe these schools, including: trade schools, vocational schools, vocational colleges, technical schools, vocational trade school, adult vocational school, vocational training programs and career schools.
What Is a Vocational School and How Does It Relate to Trade Schools or Career Schools?
No matter what it is called, a vocational school is the same as a trade or career school. They describe the same thing, much like how the terms college or “university” or higher education are used almost interchangeably.
Still wondering what is a vocational school? Are you great at fixing motorcycles or want to be a chef? Then you you might want to look into a vocational school! Do you want a way in to the heating and air conditioning industry or service and repair marine engines? A vocational school could be the perfect option for you!
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What is vocational school? When you know what you want but just need a way to get there, vocational schools are the answer! Earn your degree in less time (and usually a lot less money) than your typical four year college while learning skills in the specific field that you want! It’s hands-on and, in many cases, in-demand!
Vocational School vs. College Degree – What’s the difference?
There are 5 major differences between attending a vocational school and earning a traditional college degree: time, cost, focus, career opportunities and earning potential.
- It takes around 4 years to earn a bachelor’s degree from a traditional college or university, but vocational schools offer programs that can be completed in less than 2 years (some in a matter of months!). This means you can enter the workforce and start earning an income 2 years earlier than university graduates.
- According to the Idaho Department of Labor, the average cost of a bachelor’s degree is $127,000. Vocational schools, on the other hand, costs an average of $33,000. That’s a savings of $94,000!
- Traditionally, university students are required to complete – and pay for – general education courses that provide a broader educational experience. At vocational school, there are no general education courses; each course you take will directly relate to and prepare you for your chosen occupation. If you’re studying to be an electrician, you won’t have to take British Literature.
- Career opportunities. College degrees prepare students for a wide variety of careers. For example, those who graduate with a degree in Communications may work in journalism, marketing, human relations, event planning, administration and a number of other areas. Those who attend vocational schools will receive more specialized training, preparing them for just one line of work.
- Earning potential. People often assume that those who attend a vocational school will earn much less than those with a college degree, but that’s not necessarily the case. Take a look at these occupations you can enter as a vocational school graduate, and the respective earning potential for each.
|Careers||Annual Median Salary|
|Private Detective / Investigator||$50,700|
|Paralegal / Legal Secretary||$50,410|
|Heating, air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanic / Installer||$47,080|
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Indeed there are important differences between vocational school and earning a college degree, but there are advantages to each path. If you are looking for a less expensive, more focused education that you can complete quickly, vocational school may be an excellent option for you!
Vocational School Coursework
While students at four year schools have a varied list of core subjects to complete before college graduation, vocational schools are highly specialized. What is a vocational school? Two words: hands on! In vocational school, you won’t just read out of your college textbook, you’ll get in there and get dirty! Depending on your career path, you’ll take classes that reflect your field.
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Need an example? You won’t only learn how to read and understand blueprints and schematics but learn how to apply them in real life. Interested in becoming a chef? You won’t just study what happens to milk when it is heated, you’ll learn how to make sauces and gourmet meals.
Trade School vs. Vocational School – What’s the Difference?
Nothing! Trade school vs. vocational school vs. technical school vs. career school – they all refer to the same thing. These schools provide shorter, more focused educational programs that are designed to prepare you for a specific occupation.
Each course you take will be relevant to your field, providing the exact skills you will need in your profession. Choosing this type of school will help you save money and get started in your field sooner.
What Is a Trade School?
A trade school is a career-focused school that provides students with the skills necessary to succeed in a specific trade or occupation. Trade schools may also be called vocational schools, career schools or technical schools – they are all the same thing!
The programs offered through trade schools are more career-focused than programs at traditional colleges. Typically you are not required to take general education courses at trade school; instead, you will dive right in and move through the specific training required in your field. This, of course, means that the programs are shorter – most take two years or less to complete – and cost less money.
Trade school is an excellent option if you are already sure about which career you want to pursue.
Top 15 Most Popular, Best Paying Trade School Careers
- Computer Network Architect
- Applications Software Developer
- Electronics Engineer
- Construction Manager
- Computer Programmer
- Auto Body Repairman
- Heavy Equipment Operator
- Home Inspector
- Dental Hygienist
- Web Developer
- HVAC Technician
But this is just a sampling! Trade school programs can qualify you for hundreds of other positions that pay well and have excellent job security.
Top 15 Most Popular Vocational Certificates
|Certification||Annual Median Salary|
|Electrical or Electronics Engineering Technicians||$63,660|
|Computer Support Specialist||$52,810|
|Plumber, Pipefitter and Steamfitter||$52,590|
|Food Service Manager||$52,030|
|Private Detective or Investigator||$50,700|
|Paralegal or Legal Assistant||$50,410|
|Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installer||$47,080|
|Bookkeeper, Accountant or Auditing Clerk||$39,240|
According to Bureau of Labor Statistics
Tools of the Trade
Vocational school students frequently leave their colleges not only with a degree and a firm background in their field, but they often leave with tools of the trade.
Those mechanically inclined may have the cost of name-brand tools as part of their tuition. Likewise, a future chef will usually exit the doors of the school with a snazzy set of sharp knives. Still looking? Try using our college search tool below to find the right vocational school programs to match your career goals and vocational job interests. | <urn:uuid:fe5a32d3-fc03-4396-be61-cb9025b8bdb4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mycollegeguide.org/vocational-schools-colleges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.936594 | 5,178 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Same as the ordinary heat mat range but with a sticky adhesive back to make installation simple.
Habistat Heat Mats with sticky back to make installation simple! Heat Mats produce ultra long wavelength infra red heat. This wavelength is invisible to the human eye and tends to furnishings in the cage rather than the air. This action of heating is very similar to the sun and it has the ability to heat anything that it strikes but with the air temperature remaining much lower. Reptiles absorb this at in a manner very similar to basking in a natural enviroment. Heat mats do get warm but provide a very gentle warmth which the animal can sit under or on top of.
It should be noted that heat mats give a gentle background heat. If you are keeping animals that requires higher temperatures, then you may require additional supplemental heating. Many diurnal or day active species of lizard require basking spots of rather high localised heat. Additional heat sources should then be provided for these species. Heat mats are excellent primary heaters for most applications requiring night time heat.
We recommend the use of a HabiStat Thermostat with any heating source you may provide. This will prevent any risk of overheating and give you accurate temperature control.
The Emperor Scorpion is a large, impressive, and hardy species. With a docile and calm nature, they rarely sting and are recommended for beginners.
Prices from £34.95
IHS Breeders Meeting (Sunday 18th September)
Saturday 10 September 2016
We will be attending next weekends IHS show at Doncaster Racecourse with a range of livefood, supplies and inverts
Wednesday 13 July 2016
We are continuing to expand our pet supplies range and add further products to our website. | <urn:uuid:215415d6-c758-490d-8308-1b2a8ea2a512> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.exotic-pets.co.uk/habistat-heat-mat-adhesive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00467-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911605 | 358 | 1.570313 | 2 |
As a social worker in one of the nation’s largest autism centers, I frequently meet families from all over who come to us seeking help for their child. They travel from across Maryland, from other states, and sometimes even from other countries. No matter where a family is from, each parent wants the same thing –the best chance for their child‘s future.
But, because their children struggle with communication, social skills, and behavioral issues, they worry what kind of future that might mean. These families know their children need help, and they are willing to literally trek around the world to get it.
And, they’re doing it all under extremely stressful circumstances. Families are sometimes scared and confused by all of the information out there about autism. Understanding the different terminology involved in a diagnosis—Autistic Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified, and Asperger’s Disorder—is hard enough. Add to that the arrangement of school services, various therapies, and medical appointments, and any family could easily feel overwhelmed. I am truly awed by the strength these families find to cope with everything on their plate and also by the ways that they support their children.
To me, Ryan’s story is an inspiring example of how important the family unit is during the autism journey. As a young child, Ryan was speech impaired and his school diagnosed him with a developmental delay. As he got older, Ryan’s development didn’t seem to keep pace with his peers, social problems developed, and his behaviors confused his family and teachers. When Ryan began to isolate himself, his parents decided they needed more intervention. Finally they made it here, to the Center for Autism and Related Disorders (CARD), determined to get answers and help for their son.
And, like in so many of the cases we see here each day, when Ryan ultimately received a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and we were able to identify his unique needs, it meant big changes for his family.
His parents set out to learn everything that they could about what this diagnosis would mean for Ryan’s future and what they could do to help him succeed. I was especially touched by Ryan’s older sisters, who came to see me while on their school break with many questions about autism, and then had all of their friends support and encourage Ryan in his after-school job at McDonald’s.
Ryan’s mother and father made many changes at home to suit his needs. Because routines and consistency can be important to helping a child who has ASD to feel comfortable, they accepted Ryan’s need to be precise with time and adjusted their schedules to suit him. Ryan’s parents also did a great job in helping him to become more independent; he is now going to work and the library on his own! Once Ryan’s family was armed with the information that they needed, they became his biggest advocates. His parents ensured that the school added goals that would help Ryan with his social and life skills, including a career exploration course, in which he’s excelling today.
The wonderful thing about my work is that I get to meet families such as Ryan’s. They are heroic to me, and they are part of a larger community of families who are willing to do whatever it takes to help their children. Kids with autism are unique individuals who teach me something new every day. Granted there is hard work and many challenges involved for all of us, but I see each day how the strength and hopefulness of families leads to progress for the children they love.
Cathy Groschan, M.S.W., is a social worker in Kennedy Krieger’s Center for Autism & Related Disorders. | <urn:uuid:ddf49890-a1e6-4d94-ad51-9c0888c8976b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.kennedykrieger.org/2011/03/it-takes-a-family/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00244-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985776 | 777 | 2.234375 | 2 |
News: Greenwood, Wis. (31 Oct 1901)
Contact: Dolores Mohr Kenyon
Surnames: Desens, Zell
----Source: The Neillsville Times (Neillsville, Clark Co., WI.) October 31, 1901
Greenwood, Wisconsin Area (October - 1901)
The latest victim of careless handling of guns is Herman Desens, a man about thirty years of age, who lived with his farther across from Fred Zell’s place west of town. Friday evening as the two were about to leave the clearing where they had been working, the young man went after his shot gun which he had left near by standing against a log. He seized the gun by the muzzle and drew it toward him, and in doing so the hammer cocked, discharging the load of one barrel into his breast. The father hearing the shot, looked up, but noticing his son standing thought nothing of the shot and stopped to his work, when he heard his son give an exclamation and saw him start for the house. The man went only a few yards when he dropped to the ground dead. The funeral occurred at the cemetery on the West side Sunday afternoon. Deceased, with his father, came to Greenwood about two years ago, and they have lived together on their small clearing. -- Gleaner
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maintained by the Clark County History Buffs | <urn:uuid:4b1856b3-e83d-4744-82dd-39a13e930096> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wiclarkcountyhistory.org/3data/66/66612.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00309-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978115 | 325 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Almost 119 million people, or 23.7 % of the EU population, are at risk of poverty or social exclusion.
We, members of the European Minimum Income Network, are convinced that this is not inevitable, but the consequence of political choices. One of these political choices to be made is the progressive realisation of well-designed Minimum Income Schemes: guaranteeing income support for everybody who needs it, for as long as they need it, enough to live a life in dignity and fully participate in society, adapted to the cost of living in every European country.
Today, we are asking you to show your support for the fight against poverty and for Guaranteed Minimum Income Schemes because:
1. Well-designed Minimum Income Schemes support people and families with limited financial means to live in dignity.
2. Well-designed Minimum Income Schemes support people to be active in society and facilitate their progressive (re)integration into the labour market.
3. Well-designed Minimum Income Schemes are essential to ensure cohesion and to manage transitions in the current changing world of work.
4. Well-designed Minimum Income Schemes set a minimum floor for income levels and therefore help to ensure decent wages and help to reverse the dangerous trend of ‘working poor’.
5. Well-designed Minimum Income Schemes are indispensable for more equal societies and more equal societies are better for the whole of society.
6. The money from Minimum Income is immediately spent in local shops and on local services so is crucial to maintain economic activity particularly in areas experiencing high levels of disadvantage.
7. Minimum Income Schemes represent a small percentage of social spending and have a high return on investment, while the cost of non-investment has enormous negative impacts for individuals concerned and high long-term costs for society.
8. In cash-based societies the absence of good quality Minimum Income Schemes exposes people to take intolerable risks.
The European Pillar of Social Rights sets out “the right to adequate minimum income benefits ensuring a life in dignity at all stages of life for everyone lacking sufficient resources”; ensuring progress on the access to this right, affirmed in the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, is essential for the credibility of the EU.
Well-designed Minimum Income Schemes are adequate to live in dignity, providing comprehensive coverage for all people who need the schemes for as long as they need it, and promote people’s empowerment and participation in society.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Income_distribution_statistics (Most recent available data 2015) | <urn:uuid:93613389-676d-48aa-b2ce-dd979ba1221e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://eminbus.eu/why/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.919735 | 560 | 2.421875 | 2 |
San Francisco: At a time when concerns over data collection and breach by tech majors are on the rise, it has been reported that US law enforcement officials have been turning to a particular Google database called “Sensorvault” to trace location and other data of people as part of their investigations.
The database, that is otherwise maintained to collect user-information from Google products for ad targeting, contains detailed location records from hundreds of millions of phones from around the world, CNET reported on Saturday.
On coming under question of exposing personal user data to law enforcement officials, the search engine giant ensured that the information obtained through the database is anonymous and that it reveals specific information only after the police has analysed and narrowed down the devices which would be relevant to the investigation.
“We vigorously protect the privacy of our users while supporting the important work of law enforcement,” the report quoted Richard Salgado, Director of law enforcement and information security at Google as saying.
Before the officials could use Google’s data-base for investigation purposes, they require a “geofence” warrant — that specifies an area and a time period that helps Google gather information about the devices that were available in the specified window.
“We have created a new process for these specific requests designed to honour our legal obligations while narrowing the scope of data disclosed and only producing information that identifies specific users where legally required,” Salgado added.
Even though law enforcements seeking help from tech giants is not uncommon, the use of “Sensorvault” data has raised concerns about innocent people who could be wrongly or mistakenly implicated.
“The New York Times interviewed a man who was arrested last year in a murder investigation after Google’s data had reportedly landed him on the police’s radar. But he was released from jail after a week, when investigators pinpointed and arrested another suspect,” the report added, citing an example of an innocent getting into trouble because of Google’s data.
Tech giants like Facebook, Microsoft and Google have been under global scrutiny following the countess data leak, hacking and non-consensual collection of data scandals.
Facebook particularly, become infamous after it admitted in April 2018 that information of up to 87 million people, mostly US citizens, may have been improperly shared with the British political consultancy firm Cambridge Analytica.
Google has also been subjected to scrutiny after it was revealed that the search engine giant had been tracking people’s location even after they turned off location-sharing on their Android phones.
According to information available on public domains, in 2017, Android accounted for more than 80 per cent of all smartphone sales to end users worldwide and by 2020, 85 per cent
of all smartphones would run the Google-owned operating system. | <urn:uuid:0ce903bc-c638-4c23-9703-0bd08d8145d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://archive.siasat.com/news/google-sharing-data-us-forces-raises-concerns-1487606/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.942732 | 588 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Co. Contae Fhear Manach →
An Machaire Buí →
Rossorry Paróiste Sibhialta →
Coolyermer Electoral Division →
Bodarra Little is in the Electoral Division of Coolyermer, in Civil Parish of Rossorry, in the Barony of An Machaire Buí, in the County of Contae Fhear Manach
Bodarra Little is on Logainm.ie: Bodarra Little.
It is located at 54° 19' 33" N, 7° 41' 4" W.
Bodarra Little has an area of:
- 291644 m² / 29.16 hectares / 0.2916 km²
- 0.11 square miles
- 72.07 acres / 72 acra, 0 ceathrú-acraí, 10 percheanna
Nationwide, it is the 54458ú largest townland that we know about
Within Co. Contae Fhear Manach, it is the 1837ú largest townland
Bodarra Little borders the following other townlands:
We don't know about any subtownlands in Bodarra Little.
Genealogy / Ancestry / Records Search
Curious to see who lived in Bodarra Little in the past? Maybe even seeing scans of their handwritten census returns?
Bodarra Little was added to OpenStreetMap on 24 Iúil 2014 by KDDA. | <urn:uuid:346dfd6f-45cb-4adb-bae1-6ff921287e04> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.townlands.ie/ga/fermanagh/magheraboy/rossorry/coolyermer/bodarra-little/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.827451 | 347 | 1.710938 | 2 |
King Alfred was born at Wantage in The Vale of the White Horse in 849. He became King at twenty-one after his older brothers had all been killed in the wars against the Norse. ("From the fury of the North Men, O Lord deliver us.") He was twenty-nine at Ethendune. After the battle, England was split into the Danelaw (generally the north and east) and the English kingdoms in the south and west. Before he died he re-took London.
Alfred brought Latin back to the kingdom and ordered translations of Latin works. He turned Boethius into English himself. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was probably begun at his behest. He compared learning to a wood; you go there to cut timber to make a house for the mind to live in.
In the eightth century, before the Norse burned the monasteries and their books, England had been a centre of European culture. The Venerable Bede (now St Bede) tells the story of Northumbria's seventh century conversion to Christianity. King Edwin called a meeting to decide if missionaries should be allowed to preach. One man, Bede records, compared the life of a pagan to the flight of a sparrow flying out of the rain and snow of a winter night into the light of the mead hall and then quickly back out again to be lost forever in the storm. The new religion offered the certainty of salvation and knowledge of what is to come. Coifi, the high priest, broke Woden's shrine. (All that's left of Woden now is Wednesday).
Alfred died in 899, and is buried in Winchester, the capital of the West Saxons (Wessex). All towns ending in chester, cester, caster or other variants, by the way, are Roman in origin. Chesterton would have known that: it's where his own name came from. It's from the Latin castrumoppidum — and oppidan is still used in Eton College with a similar meaning.
In The Ballad of the White Horse, Chesterton imagines a continuity between Roman and Englishman. One of the men in the Ballad who fights the Danes is a Roman with an estate overlooking the sea. There was no continuity. The Old English poem, The Ruin, tells of their awe at the sight of an abandoned Roman city, probably Bath. The first English settlers were villagers. By the time they reached Bath, the Legions had long gone and the Empire itself had failed. The Victorians could be romantic about such things, and often wrong, not that they had any way of knowing better. For example, Chesterton assumes there was intermarriage between Anglo-Saxon and Celt. A late 20th/early 21st century DNA survey proved intermarriage never took place to any great extent.
There are at least two statues of the King. The one in Wantage, his birthplace, was carved in 1877 by the Queen's cousin, Count Gleichen. The other, in Winchester, is by Hamo Thornycroft. It was commissioned in 1899 to mark the millennium of the king's death and unveiled in 1901. Neither is a likeness, of course, but they do convey the high regard in which he was held by the Victorians. Somebody once called Sir Winston Churchill the greatest Englishman ever. No, Churchill corrected him, the greatest is King Alfred.
The Persistence of the Victorians: Things Remembered and Things Forgot
- Forgetting Obvious Things: The legacy of the Victorians?
- Vaughan Williams and The Lark Ascending
- The Last of the Victorians:June 2008
- Laurence Binyon (1869-1943)
- Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens OM (1989-1944)
- John McCrae (1872-1918)
- Portrait of a Victorian: A Washerwoman's Daughter
- Stained Glass and Gaslight — Darkness, Smog, and a Litte Light in Victorian Cities
- "Weeping Willow" stands for "Pillow": Victorian Rhyming Slang
- Earth Yenneps: Victorian Back Slang
- Victorian Costermongers: "A Penny Profit out of the Poor Man's Dinner"
Last modified 17 September 2006 | <urn:uuid:5b8c8296-d21f-4214-82be-55f234e8a59b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.victorianweb.org/vn/sullivan/2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718866.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00002-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962962 | 896 | 3.734375 | 4 |
With poor transparency and predictability that exacerbates an already fragmented industry, traditional logistics and transportation companies are plagued by underutilization of assets, old and inefficient manual processes, and outdated, siloed IT systems that fail to provide the flexibility, adaptability, scalability and lower response times required by e-commerce growth.
Logistics need to be reinvented and shift from traditional supply-chains to open supply networks. In the new paradigm, not assets, but digital data and the capacity to provide ad-hoc supply-chain connections become the key to success.
This is where the LogTech startups are born. This is the place where Postis became the Romanian LogTech innovator to disrupt the logistics and transportation through its open digital platform.
Andrei Moldoveanu, Product Owner @Postis, has an extensive experience in software engineering and business analysis, and coordinates the product development team with Postis. Together with the members of the Postis Community, he integrates within our platform different business typologies and complexities, use cases, optimization scripts and develops product features that generate new industry best practices and help the entire market to evolve.
Andrei holds a a Masters Thesis in Distributed Diagnosis with Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble and a Masters Degree in Advanced Automatics with The Bucharest Polytechnics Institute.
Save the date and join Andrei on November 12, starting 10.45, to learn from his presentation how IT disrupts logistic and transportation sectors and how distribution and last-mile delivery transform. | <urn:uuid:2883e6f8-7f70-43d1-a446-62693e26ca87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.postis.eu/news/the-rise-of-logtech-how-it-disrupted-the-logistics-and-transportation-sectors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.920432 | 314 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Thehorse.com - Full Article
By Nancy S. Loving, DVM
Aug 19, 2015
Due to its potentially devastating economic impact, researchers have been hard at work studying this contagious respiratory disease
Influenza epidemics in horses date as far back as 433 A.D. In more recent times, an 1872 outbreak in Canada and the northeastern United States brought all equine-based commerce, transportation, and services to a standstill—an estimated 80-99% of horses in the region were affected, with 1-2% dying. It only took 90 days for this epidemic to spread from Toronto, Canada, throughout the United States and as far south as Cuba. In an era when everything depended on transport via horse power, this had a staggering effect on daily life.
In 1987 in India, an outbreak involved the infection of 27,000 horses. In Australia in 2007, imported horses from Japan became the index cases of influenza that, due to biosecurity lapses, circulated from the quarantine station to infect 70,000 naive (never exposed or vaccinated) Australian horses, wreaking losses of a billion dollars in productivity and function...
Read more here: | <urn:uuid:36b9ef75-2bf1-4206-8303-57c9dcb26302> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://considerthis.endurance.net/2015/09/seven-things-you-need-to-know-about.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.940847 | 300 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The UK exported £634.1billion in trade over 2018 with 236,000 businesses taking advantage of overseas opportunities. New businesses and SMEs (in particular) are diversifying revenues streams and moving into overseas markets with 6.6% growth YOY.
The digital revolution has enabled global business transactions. Whilst it can be tempting to jump in feet first, understanding the associated risks allows you to mitigate them, protect your bottom line and grow your profits.
Risk Vs Reward
Vast numbers of UK businesses trade in multiple currencies, both locally and at destination. This regularly involves multiple financial touchpoints throughout the logistics lifecycle. Potential overseas business risks to consider are:
- Economic risks:
- High inflation that eats into profit margins
- Fluctuating exchange rates creating unpredictable profits and losses
- Exchange controls imposed by governments on the purchase and sale of local currency
- Commercial risks:
- Buyer insolvency
- Contract disputes
- Late and secure payment
- Crime and fraud
- Political risks:
- Trade embargoes and sanctions
- Expropriation of assets without compensation
- Civil unrest, terrorism and war
- Non-tariff barrier risks, i.e. customs, product, packing and government restrictions
Next, there are false risks, managed risks, known unmanaged risk and unknown risks. One of your businesses’ best defences against export risk is to assess the risk and tailor an appropriate risk management plan. Your risk management strategy goes hand in hand with financial expertise and guidance. This will armour you with accurate and up-to-date knowledge of economic and political events causing volatility and help you combat unknown fees, charges and interest rates. There are key elements that define and help you to understand your risk:
- Timing – when do you need to exchange one currency for another? If you have a limited timeframe for exchange currencies it can limit your choices (choices that avoid currency risk).
- The amount – How much are you exchanging? The more you need to exchange, the greater the potential risk and need to be correctly hedged.
- Margin – What’s your profit margin? The smaller the margin, the higher the need to monitor and manage your currency risk to prevent losses.
- Forecasting – How accurately can you forecast? The accuracy of your forecasting will influence your currency strategy.
A dedicated FX specialist will develop your unique risk mitigation strategy, taking into consideration the currencies your customers use, the associated risks of those currencies and country-specific regulations. A specialist can help you to reduce the risks that you are naturally exposed to when you trade in different economies, currencies and governance. Spot Market, Forward Contracts and Market Orders are three of the options available to help you secure the best rate possible. Protecting your FX and managing risk allows for accurate financial planning and can save your business a considerable amount over the fiscal year.
Central FX is a leading foreign exchange service protecting corporate and private clients since 2008. The benefits of exporting and overseas trade can be huge. We help you to get it right the first time and every time.
Get in touch with one of our dedicated FX specialists to find out how we can protect your bottom line.
Central FX is authorised by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) under the payment services regulation 2017. Our FCA registration number is 565847. | <urn:uuid:9ee90c43-e8f7-4e3d-842a-20da23cf07dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://centralfx.co.uk/insights/managing-the-risks-of-exporting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.917124 | 686 | 1.546875 | 2 |
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Hunting and Fishing in Kazakhstan.
A passion for hunting has brought several breeds of animal to the very brink of extinction in Kazakhstan. The hunting of eagle, snow leopard, kulan, saiga antelope, dzheyran, Tien Shan brown bear, red wolf and Turkestan lynx is now completely banned.
Annual quotas have been imposed on hunting other animals, but they are largely ignored by poachers. Thus, only a few arkhar (argali wild sheep) may be shot each year at a cost of US$ l6 000 each; ibex, maral and Siberian wolf are a bit cheaper.
Hunting is seasonal, restricted to a few species and numbers as well as to certain limited areas. Waterfowl, black cock, partridge and quail can be hunted at certain times and places.
Fishing in Kazakhstan.
Fishing is a popular hobby among Kazakhstanis, partly for the opportunity it provides for fresh air and to picnic socially around a small campfire. The fact that rivers such as the Ural, Ili and the Black Irtysh, and lakes such as Balkhash, Alakol and Zaysan, as well as the Caspian Sea, are rich in fish and can provide a good source of income, has led to the growth in fishing trips and related tourism for foreign tourists.
Many tour operators in all the major cities now offer a variety of excellent fishing trips, especially to catch monster fishes such as the catfish, sturgeon and battling pike-perch. In recent years, due to the decimation of some stocks, certain fish, for example sturgeon, may only be caught in accordance with the "catch & release" system.
The guidebook across Kazakhstan . Authors Dagmar Schreiber and Jeremy Tredinnick. Publishing house "Odyssey". 2010. | <urn:uuid:0b9b97db-fc72-4099-bb02-24f88c7bbbf8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://silkadv.com/en/content/hunting-and-fishing-kazakhstan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00336-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941189 | 393 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Blanche Simona Ngokoumounga | May 5, 2014
Blanche Rosalie leads a double life. She works as a teacher in the morning but is transformed into a farmer in the afternoon. She digs and rakes the soil in her small plot of land and sows maize, harvesting enough to fill a 60-kilogram bag.
Ms. Rosalie is one of the many women in the city of Pointe-Noire who have been inspired by the high cost of maize to grow small plots of the staple food behind their houses.
Before she started to grow her own, Ms. Rosalie traded maize on a small scale. She needed the income to meet some basic family needs, such as buying soap or ensuring that her children eat breakfast regularly. But the business offered poor returns.
Ms. Rosalie purchased 60-kilogram bags of maize from farmers for 10,000 Central African francs ($21 US). She cooked the maize and sold it as a snack. But her profits were insignificant, only 2,000 francs ($4.20 US) on each bag of maize she bought, cooked and sold.
But this changed when she discovered that the ground under her feet was fertile. Ms. Rosalie decided to try growing her own maize to cook and sell.
Encouraged by the initial results, Ms. Rosalie planted a larger area this year, and enjoyed a good harvest. She now earns more from her maize garden than she did from trading. Her costs are low. A small bottle of seeds costs 400 francs (84 US cents). She pays a further 300 francs (63 US cents) for firewood to cook the maize.
She says, “Yesterday I made 5000 francs ($10.50 US). I earned a lot from the barbequed cobs. The neighbours also buy maize fresh from my garden.” By the end of her harvest, Ms. Rosalie had earned a profit of 20,000 francs ($42 US).
Pierrette Ngatala is a nurse who loves to eat Ms. Rosalie’s maize. She explains: “It is fresh and sweet maize, and cheap. I bought four cobs for 100 francs (21 US cents) direct from Rosalie’s garden, whereas it’s twice as expensive at the market. Also, the maize that comes from the villages is often hard and [has] lost its freshness.”
Ms. Ngatala plans to grow maize in her own garden next season. She says: “So far I have planted sorrel, groundnuts and cassava in my garden. I intend to add maize to that, as it is good to eat with cassava leaves and peanuts.”
The Department of Agriculture in Pointe-Noire plans to help farmers who establish co-operatives. Aurélie Niambi is head of the Department of Agricultural Production and Plant Protection. She hopes to educate women on the importance of forming co-ops. She says, “We can then give them free seeds, but as long as they are scattered and limit themselves to their [individual] gardens, it will be difficult to help them.”
Ms. Rosalie has a clear vision for the future. The teacher-farmer plans to rent a plot of land to grow a larger volume of maize, to make even more money. | <urn:uuid:cd83f1e3-254c-44b7-b980-fae6bdf583c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wire.farmradio.fm/farmer-stories/congo-brazzaville-women-of-pointe-noire-grow-maize-behind-their-houses-by-blanche-simona-ngokoumounga-for-farm-radio-weekly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.969515 | 714 | 2.71875 | 3 |
From Pleasanton, California, USA:
My six year old daughter, who has type 1 diabetes, is given Lantus and Humalog at night and NPH and Humalog in the morning before meals. Is it a good idea to give insulin after meals after calculating how many carbohydrates she has consumed or we should continue with the current regimen? For example, if she has a blood sugar of 200 mg/dl [11.1 mmol/L] and she is going to consume three carbohydrates (45 grams), do we give her two and a half units of Humalog (one unit to drop existing 200 mg/dl [11.1 mmol/L] to 100 mg/dl [5.6 mmol/L] and 1.5 units for consuming three carbohydrates)?
It is hard to argue that insulin before meals is the best way to give it, but only if you eat what you plan. Sometimes, the food looks better than it tastes and other times, it tastes better than it looks. Either way, the insulin is wrong. I generally tend to give it as soon as possible after the meal, but the post eating glucose will be higher than if the insulin had been given before the meal.
Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:09:56
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Even Republicans like Arizona Sen. John McCain, a Vietnam vet, say women taking on combat roles is “the right thing to do.” But not everyone agrees. Here’s a breakdown of some of the more impassioned and far-out arguments against women in combat.
The Pentagon made history this week when it announced it would lift a longstanding ban on women in combat. The groundbreaking change is being praised by many as a historic leap toward gender equality in the U.S. armed forces, especially in places like Iraq and Afghanistan, where approximately 300,000 women have deployed since the wars there began.
Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta on Thursday said “our military is more capable, and our force is more powerful when we use all of the great diverse strengths of the American people.” Even Republicans like Arizona Sen. John McCain, a Vietnam vet, said the move was “the right thing to do.” And Republican Sen. Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire called the announcement a reflection of the “increasing role that female service members play in securing our country.”
But not everyone is thrilled. Here’s a breakdown of some of the more impassioned and far-out arguments against women in combat:
It’s “not worth the risk,” claims the Christian conservative advocacy group, the Family Research Council. In a statement, retired Lt. Gen. Jerry Boykin, the executive vice president of the group called the move a “social experiment” that will place “unnecessary burdens” on military leaders who will now be distracted by having to provide some separation of men and women during “fast moving and deadly situations.”
“The people making this decision are doing so as part of another social experiment, and they have never lived nor fought with an infantry or Special Forces unit. These units have the mission of closing with and destroying the enemy, sometimes in close hand-to-hand combat. They are often in sustained operations for extended periods, during which they have no base of operations nor facilities. Their living conditions are primal in many situations with no privacy for personal hygiene or normal functions. Commanders are burdened with a very heavy responsibility for succeeding in their mission and for protecting their troop,” said Boykin.
“It’s social engineering,” insists Elaine Donnelly, who heads the Center for Military Readiness, a Michigan-based conservative public policy organization. She argued to Newsmax the change was being enacted merely to “achieve a political end in the name of diversity” and predicted women who don’t want to serve in the frontlines would eventually be forced to do so.
“Feminism’s latest victory: the right to get your limbs blown off in war. Congratulations,” tweeted Tucker Carlson, editor of the conservative Daily Caller. Perhaps even more bizarre, Carlson tried to tie the move to the Obama Administration’s push to stop women from being assaulted. “The administration boasts about sending women to the front lines on the same day Democrats push the Violence Against Women Act,” he wrote.
It “distracts” from the real goal of protecting our country, claims the Concerned Women for America Legilative Action Committee. CEO of the conservative Christian activist group, Penny Nance, issued a statement saying “The point of the military is to protect our country. Anything that distracts from that is detrimental. Our military cannot continue to choose social experimentation and political correctness over combat readiness. While this decision is not unexpected from this administration, it is still disappointing.”
Women and men are just too biologically different, writes Heather MacDonald for the National Review. The political commentator argues, “Any claim that our fighting forces are not reaching their maximum potential because females are not included is absurd. The number of women who are the equal to reasonably well-developed men in upper-body strength and who have the same stamina and endurance is vanishingly small.” She also says putting both genders in close quarters will result in a “proliferation of sex,” favoritism and an increase of sexual assault cases. | <urn:uuid:bb875df5-6a53-425e-9bd5-37b309b519ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nbcnews.com/id/50577303/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00023-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951588 | 864 | 2.203125 | 2 |
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(MENAFN- Jordan Times)
AMMAN — Abdelrahman Al Masatfa, Jordan's Olympic karate bronze medallist at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Games, says that he is keen on inspiring youth and instilling the value of perseverance.
“I want people to know that, even if they have somehow gone off-course or lost track of their passions, that there is no obstacle or challenge too great to stop you from achieving what you want. Nothing is impossible,” Masatfa said in a statement sent to The Jordan Times.
Growing up in East Amman, Masatfa enjoyed watching martial arts films and would often copy the moves he saw on the screen.
Masatfa's father, who practised karate, noticed his son's interest and brought him to the club to train.
Despite initial setbacks resulting in him being taken off the team, Masatfa continued training.
After years of participation in international competitions, he is now a two-time medallist at the Asian Games and a four-time medallist at the Asian Karate Championships, including a gold medal at the 2018 games, held in Amman.
Elaborating on his passion for karate, Masatfa said that“it is a misconception” to assume that the sport is all about fighting. The sport does help participants develop strength, fitness and exceptional self-defence skills,“but the real value lies in its emphasis on honour, tradition, community and respect”, he said in the statement.
Masatfa managed to win 10 consecutive matches in one day at the World Qualification Tournament in Paris, nabbing one of the 10 spots at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Games.
Due to the COVID pandemic, the Olympic Games were postponed, resuming in 2021.
Masatfa was the first Arab national to win an Olympic medal in karate at the Olympic Games, and his win also helped Jordan achieve a record of winning two medals in a single Olympic Game, the statement said.
Looking forward, Masatfa hopes to compete in the Islamic Solidarity Games, which will be held in Turkey in August.
It was recently announced that karate will not be represented at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. However, he is preparing for other international competitions.
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I know the image poppy in a computer game (Starwars)sense, but it does captures the idea of confrontation:
It suggests that the history of philosophy is a battlefield with reasoning being used as a weapon.I like it, even though the image downplays the importance of a dialogue between the French and the Germans. I prefer that conception tothe Wittgenstein view tht philosophy is "a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language."
Starwars. That series was all about technology and mysticism.
Could we not have a dialogue about technology, machine metaphysics and a technological mode of being. A dialogue conducted from the perspective of the biomedical future of human beings, human genetics and biopsychological engineering.
That would enable us to trangress the current debates about our bio-futures currently conducted by American liberals.
Due to very heavy spamming over Xmas the file mt-comments.cgi has been disabled. So the comments function is turned off. No comments can be made. The trackback function is turned off as well.
Silence. Tis odd. I've become so used to the waves of comment spam washing over the weblogs.
It was the end of the road for the old style free Moveable Type publishing system.The philosophical conversation in the commons is killed off by comment spam. 800 on this site in a couple of hours from a spambot. Some weblogs have been getting 10,000 an hour! Comment spam is a conversation killer.
We are currently in the process of a long overdue upgrade to Movable Type v3.14 plus MT-blacklist as a first step to deal with the pernicious comment spam problem. It would appear that there has been a targeting of MT by the spammers.
This is due to the popularity of its publishing system and Movable Type's susceptiblity because it is designed for very open commenting.Movable Type's built-in comments functionality did not require registration and it allowed bloggers to block comments only by IP address: a restriction spammers can easily avoid. Hence a spam bot could, and did, enter hundreds of unwanted spams in a matter of minutes into the comments of a largely unprotected weblog.
I've been waiting for the new style Movable Type to fix the bugs in their MT-blacklist software that resulted in escalating comment spam, which in turn caused extreme server loads. Movable Type has been working on the problem.
Now I'm not sure whether the spam comment problem has been solved. People are voting with their feet and moving on: onto WordPress. As there is no silver bullet to remove comment spam I've decided to stick with a now corporatised Movable Type.
That means paying for a more sophisticated publishing system (fee based licence system) and using the specially designed plugin architecture. I'm happy to do that.
In the meantime--until the upgrade has gone through--comments can be emailed to me and I will incorporate them into the post as an update.
The Movable Type upgrade has been successful. However, problems have been encountered with installing the MT-Blacklist plugin.It is far too far complex for me. I've called in help from my local tech support. We will work on it tomorrow.
Jay Allen writes in response to my comment that "People are voting with their feet and moving on: onto WordPress." He replies:
"Not as many as you might think...After you upgrade everything (which will help immensely) you may want to also install Brad Choate's MT-DSBL. I installed it last night and so far not a single spam has even gotten TO MT-Blacklist to be blocked or moderated. It's eerie quiet...
If you're having problems, go search on the MT-Blacklist forums for an answer. It's probably already been written about. See forum."
Installing the MT-Blacklist plugin is very complex. We are struggling with it.This is no easy task--it is beyond the capabilities of ordinary bloggers such as myself.
I reckon that essential plugins such as MT-Blacklist should be really be part of Movable Type 3.14 itself, not an add on extra. There are 7 pages of instructions. It is a major job---it is a job for the professionals.
Very hot weather and New Years eve is not the right time to be doing this kind of work. We will have another crack at it tomorrow.
For some reason I could not post this comment at this earlier post on Heidegger and Aristotle. I suspect that comments have been turned off due to a massive comment spam attack yesterday--over 1100 with 800 on this weblog alone.
The comments are in italics and, with more room, I've expanded the line of reasoning.
"Aristotle's practical ethical philosophy, which is concerned with a flourishing life well lived, promises a way to opt out of complete systematicity, without embracing romanticism, aesthetics and celebrating the non-conceptual and the subjectivity of inner experience. It opens up a return to the concrete.
Pointing to the idea of ethical life also provides a way to counter the dominant "postmodern" trend in “Continental Philosophy” which casts a stuffy Hegel, a unified Platonist notion of closed, rigorous, totalizing reason, and closure of the Hegelian dialectic, under suspicion in favor of a radical Nietzschean critique that opens the door to the thematics of difference.
Ethical life provides a different way to link theoretical and practical reason."
What we get on the aesthetic reading of the conceptual is a play around what is left over: variously the “night” that remains after the closure of the Hegelian dialectic; a return to nothingness; a presencing of absence, a murmuring silence, the void, that which cannot be said et etc.
Once God used to fill the gap of the other. But God is dead. So what is left beyond the categories of reason is the ineffable that has no linguistic status. It is seen as a romantic murmuring silence, non-knowledge, individual experience beyond the social, what is dissolved, as bodily sensations, flushes, and affects.
Often this conception of inner experience (eg., Bataille's mystical states of ecstasy and rapture or Klossowski's unconcious chaotic forces) reminds me of a dialectics in reverse. According to this aesthetic romanticism we face that which we cannot know. This renders as inoperative all attempts at comprehending. It is all about death.
Another way of reading what is remaindered or left over by theoretical reason is to makrk the leftover as practical reason--- what is suggested by Hegel's master-slave dialectic. The focus here is on the active, working body through which human beings act on, and shape, the environment they find themselves within. The categories of this practical reason do not represent reality as truth; rather they construct it in terms of making sense of our life by us as historically situated human beings shaping our world, and being shaped by it. Thinking is involved in the practical transformation of the environment we find ourselves within. Thinking is embodied thought.
The primacy of the practical is what links American pragmatism and Heidegger’s hermeneutic phenomenology. The latter Heidegger does have a conception of our way of living being warped by a technological mode of being that lays waste to nature. His critique of technology has an ethical current, as he is concerned to relate to technology in a way that not only resists its devastation but also gives technology a positive role to play in our lives.
I'm continuing to read the diary section of Bataille's On Nietzsche. He continues to dig away into his subjectivity, into his feelings, beliefs and desires. If we ignore all the God talk about absolutes, celestial glories and the universe, then bits of his reflections about his inner experience do make sense. I can connect with, and understand, some of them, even though I think that mysticism is a temptation to be avoided.
In chapter 5 of the diary Bataille says:
"I hate lies (poetic nonsense). But the desire within us has never lied. There's a sickness in desire that oftern makes us perceive some gap between the object imagined and the real object. It's true, the beloved individual differs from the conception I have of that individual. What's worse: to identify the real wth the object of desire it seems, presupposes extraordinary luck." (p.69)
It seems to similar to what psychoanalysis means by projection: a cutting off what the super-ego perceives as "bad" aspects of oneself (e.g. weakness or aggression) and projecting them onto someone else "over there" where they can be condemned, punished, etc. It is associated with, and constructed in part by, the repression of that which is too painful to remain in consciousness. It is this kind of unconscious projection that determines our behavior, especially in personal relationships.
Bataille does not seem to have any sense of philosophy as a healing art that tries to cure us of the beliefs and desires that make us sick and cause us to live such miserable lives. It is the gap between the object imagined or projected and the real object as the individual human being makes us miserable. If we are being judged in terms of the good projection we are always seen to be inferior; if we are judged by the bad projectionwe are seen negatively, and so need to be punished and attacked as threatening.
This diary is more than romantic self-expression. Being the good Catholic Bataille abolishes the tormenting absence of his lover until he can possess her under his roof. He accepts that carnal love involves excesses of suffering, and accepts the bitterness, anguish and torment, knowing that he only reach his love in a few moments of chance. The excess is what makes him alive. He wants to experience the pain. It seems that he accepts that we are castrated, lacking, lacerated and split anway. So lets up the pain.
Another way of reading this is that Bataille is being made sick by the poisons inside him. Bataille is a soul in distress entrapped in torment. His suffering body needs healing byremoving some of the poisonous projections and tormenting desires. But Bataille turns away from the therapy offered by psychoanalysis to intensifyhis own torment.
Though he has moved beyond the traditional Catholic disgust with his bodily desires Bataille remains trapped in his obsessions of love. For Bataille personal erotic love has come to replace religion as bearing the weight for his longings for transcendence, for mysterious union. All that desire and passion flows to the heavens into the sacred. In this religion of love we have obsession, madness, attempted escape and death. Yet Bataille sees no need for therapy: no need to expose the myths and delusions that prevent us from relating to one another in less destructive ways.
He welcomes the pain. The writing is about pain. He loads up the pain. Just like a good mediaeval Christian mystic.
What do we make of this lack of desiring to get well? Bataille is sick so why does he not want to get well?
I recoil from Bataille, as he has no desire to heal himself. I distrust the violence. Is the "ecstatic anguish," more a form of masochism?
Bataille does whip up the intensity of the emotional pain, just like a mystic. I read this as a perverted Catholic impulse toward sacrifice, ritual and excess. But the violence overflows the limits of mysticism.
Bataille is writing pain. So argues Amy Hollywood in her Sensible Ecstasy: Mysticism, Sexual Difference, and the Demands of History. Writing pain is Bataille's response to history. Meditation on pain is a way of dissolving subjectivity by inducing a constructed traumatic experience.
Hollywood argues that in this response to history Bataille's texts become 'operations' of ecstasy; they continually erect and overturn distinctions between 'experience' and 'theory,' 'subjective' and 'objective,' 'inner' and 'outer.' The writing of the text is an erotic, mystical, religious exercise; a writing based on a conception of mystical speech that assumes the ultimate futility of language and embraces absence and paradox in the place of meaning.
Why the desire to dissolve subjectivity? As a way of moving beyond the scientistic Enlightenment's dualism? So why the violence? Why value suffering in such an intense excessive form that one sails dangerously close to the line that signifies the serial killer?
I've started reading Part 111 of Bataille's On Nietzsche, which is more or less a diary he kept in the early part of 1944. I guess the experience of reading this text (and Klossowski's Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle) embodys a lived process of thought by myself as gripped by, exploring, and trying to work through, the contrary tendencies and shifting moods. It is a new way of reading a text.
The question I keep asking myself is: Why was Christian mysticism so attractive to alienated secular French intellectuals in the 1930s? I have no answer beyond interpreting it as part of a radical critique of the anti-bodily, anti-emotional character of the Enlightenment. They had the hyper-rational conception of what it means to be human and live in the world--presumably Descartes rather than the materialist's conception of humans as a machine?
The enlightenment in our era has perverted itself by overrationalization and mechanization. Bataille was alert to such dangers. But why his turn to mysticism?
With that in mind I go back to reading Bataille's diary section of On Nietzsche. In Chapter 111 he writes:
"My obsessive need to make love opens on death like a window on a courtyard.To the extent that lovemaking calls up death (like the comical ripping apart of a painted stage set) it has the power to pull the clouds from the sky." (p. 61)
Does the desire for one another actually masks a desire for death? I have no idea.
Sex, violence and death. Where are the boundaries between them?
Presumably the sex-death boundary is more social than natural and it is maintained through our signifying practices in everyday life. For Bataille the sociologist/anthropologist taboos are the structures which protect societyfrom inherent contradiction. They establish the core identity of the culture by establishing precisely what must be abjected. Transgression is then the means by which the desires and frustrations masked, or set up, by taboo are released in socially-sanctioned ways.
Bataille, as the individual writing On Nietzsche, is trying to release the desires and frustrations masked by established Christian religion. He trusts the unconscious desires and distrusts the social masking. The focus is on the violent intensity of the desires not on the need to heal the damage the masking has done. So what connects desire and death?
Love decays and this decay reminds me of my own movement toward death? I don't buy it for a moment. Life decays from within? Hardly. Unconscious desire is always attached to death--a promise of release from the demands of consciousness leads to death? Perhaps.
But the interlinking between desire and death for Bataille has more to do with Christianity.Christianity has an obsession with death, loss and failure. A core tenet of Christianity is that man through desire (Adam) brought death (Christ) into the world. Consequently, death must haunt desire as the source of all suffering.That is more like Bataille.
I come back to question above: Why was Christian mysticism so attractive to alienated, secular French intellectuals in the 1930s?
From what I can make out, Bataille is writing through visions and physical feeling. This is not the mysticism as an acceptable form of religion that is based on an intellectual mystical union. It is the more bodily, experiential and visionary form of mysticism that Bataille is expressing; he is articulating a subjectivity deeply grounded in bodily life. The sacred can only be known through intense pain and deep emotional ecstasy.
Bataille accepts that our emotional life is a valuable source of experience and provides crucial kinds of knowledge. He tries to engender it. Is Bataille seeking to revitalize contemporary Catholicism by recovering untapped aspects of Christian mystic thought?
Sartre interpreted Bataille's mysticism as an escapism, as a rejection of history and its ethical and political imperatives. Maybe Bataille is using a bodily mysticism to engage with history and temporality differently, through subverting a series of binary oppositions entrenched in the rationalistic Enlightenment tradition?
You write in a previous entry:
So those who deny their darker desires and natures and try to be moral and virtuous are the ones most likely to behave badly, while the people who are socially condemned as immoral because they give free expresion to their dark desires who often display true virtue. The former live their lives within a rigid moralism and behavioral codes and have a supercilious social pretense. These paragons of society -- the priests and moral straightners -- act behind the facade of their pious sanctity to perform the cruelest, most despicable acts, sexual and otherwise.
That is de Sade is it not? Justine, suffers for her virtue, while her sister Juliette profits through debauchery. Justine is punished for her virtues - chastity, piety, charity, compassion, prudence, the refusal to do evil, and the love of goodness and truth.
Maurice Blanchot, in his essay Sade, which appears at the beginning of my copy of Justine, Philosophy in the Bedroom, and Other Writings (Grove Press), suggests that Justine and Juliette each present a different response to the same circumstance:
...the two sisters' stories are basically identical, ... everything which happens to Justine also happens to Juliette, ... both go through the same gantlet of experiences and are put to the same painful tests. Juliette is also cast into prison, roundly flogged, sentenced to the rack, endlessly tortured. Hers is a hidwous existence, but here is the rub: from these ills, these agonies, she derives pleasure; these tortures delight her... those uncommon tortures whihc are so terrible for Justine... for Juliette are a source of delight... Thus it is true that Virtue is the source of man's unhappiness, not because it exposes him to painful or unfortunate circumstances but because, if Virtue were eliminated, what was once painful then becomes pleasurable, and torments become voluptuous. (pp.49 - 50)Juliette is not outside the sphere of suffering—nor is she a stoic—but rather, she embraces and enjoys suffering by taking the other's perspective upon it (like the Greek whom Nietzsche exhalts for being able to view hardship from the eyes of the gods, with tragedy). She is in this sense a sovereign individual who (again in Blanchot's words) "is able to transform everything disagreeable into something likable, everything repugnant into something attractive" (50). In this way, she is truly an artist.
What we can say about Heidegger and Aristotle in a sentence?
Why a sentence? It is late, very hot, and I'm tired, too tired to work with Stuart Eldren's academic text. What is more it is getting close to Xmas and that means the odd drink or two. In the heat a drink means knockout. That means falling asleep at the keyboard trying to concentrate reading a tough academic text online.
So here is a stab at a sentence before I fall asleep.
Though Heidegger recovered a practical reason in Aristotle's texts he foregrounds the ontological dimension, downplays the ethical, and forgets about the link between the ethical and the political.
Oh,I can add a bit more. An inference.
The ethical is buried. It-- the practical concern to live well-- is what needs to be recovered.
Is that one sentence a reasonable account of Heidegger's engagement with Aristotle?
The primacy of the practical is what links Aristotle, American pragmatism (Dewey), Heidegger's hermeneutic phenomenology and environmental philosophy. Practical philosophy was what Gadamer highlighted in his intepretation of Heidegger.
There is more on this connection between American pragmatism and Heidegger by Ali Rizvi over at Habermas Reflections. Ali explores the links from the perspective of Habermas, the recoil from the spectator model of knowledge based on the passivity of sense experience, and the shift to understanding of knowledge based on action or practice.
Instead of reading Aristotle through Heidegger so to recover Aristotle's practical philosophy, we can we re-read Heidegger through the lens of Aristotle to make with, and recover, an ethical knowledge and inquiry. What we make contact with is a practical ethical philosophy is one concerned with our health and sickness, and it aims to help us to live more flourishing lives.
This then allows us to talk in Nietzsche's terms about modes of valuation.
What is missing in Heidegger is a compassionate philosophy that intervenes actively in the world to help ease our suffering from living damaged lives. So we can read Heidegger in terms of this lack.When we do we come across 'care' and 'concern' as modes of being-in-the-world.
With Trevor having all but disappeared from philosophical conversations the posts on literature have pretty much dried up. That is a pity.
An interview with William Burroughs from the Centre for Book Culture.org courtesy of Matt at pas au-dela The interview was conducted on 4 July 1974, the day before William Burroughs left England for good and went back to live in America. It was conducted by Philippe Mikriammos.
It is many a long year since I've read Burroughs. An online text. I sort of file him away under the beat culture of post-World War II America that foreshadowed the counter culture of the 1960s. My memory is that the romance about being a young man on the road in America that was akin to a rite of passage.
I never really clicked with Burroughs and all the stuff about his own fantasies, obsessions and paranoid imagination. I understood and grasped his suspicions about language and words, even though his life as a writer was defined by language. I had read Naked Lunch" whilst reading banned European and American classics (eg., Henry Miller) in New Zealand when at university. I was searching for something different to the boring middle class novel (bourgeois novel?) with its structure that gave the comfort of secure moral frameworks, recognizable characters, a narrative and a moral criticism of life.
Burroughs has been rediscovered by a younger generation for whom the Beats and hippies that he once inspired are the stuff of movies. I reconnect with Burroughs these days though his experiments with text and music.
PM: To what extent is the prologue to Junky autobiographical?
PM: Several people have mentioned a text of yours called Queer, which would be a continuation of your Mexican adventures and of Junky. What has become of these pages?
WB: It's in the archives. Now, the catalogue of the archives was published by the Covent Garden Bookshop. It took us five months to get all the manuscripts, letters, photographs, etc., from fifteen, twenty years. And the archives are in Vaduz, Liechtenstein. Whether they will let it be transferred to Columbia University in America, I don't know. But Roberto Altmann, who has the archives at the present time, has not made them available yet. He is setting up something called the International Center of Arts and Communication in Vaduz. But they had a landslide which destroyed part of the building, and they haven't opened it yet. The catalogue's a very long book; it's over three hundred pages. And I wrote about a hundred pages of introductory material to the different files, and where this was produced and so on and so forth. Literary periods, what I wrote, where, and all that, is in the catalogue, and the material itself, including this manuscript Queer, is in the archives.
PM: Did you use parts of the Queer material in other books?
WB: No, no. Frankly, I consider it a rather amateurish book and I did not want to republish it.
PM: In The Subterraneans, Kerouac spoke of "the accurate images I'd exchanged with Carmody in Mexico." Does this sentence refer to experiences in telepathy and non-verbal communication between you and him?
WB: Well, I think we did some elementary experiments, yes.
PM: Have you been influenced by Celine?
WB: Yes, very much so.
PM: Did you ever meet him?
WB: Yes, I did. Allen and I went out to meet him in Meudon shortly before his death. Well, it was not shortly before, but two or three years before.
PM: Would you agree to say that he was one of the very rare French novelists who wrote in association blocks?
WB: Only in part. I think that he is in a very old tradition, and I myself am in a very old tradition, namely, that of the picaresque novel. People complain that my novels have no plot. Well, a picaresque novel has no plot. It is simply a series of incidents. And that tradition dates back to the Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, and to one of the very early novels, The Unfortunate Traveler by Thomas Nashe. And I think Celine belongs to this same tradition. But remember that what we call the "novel" is a highly artificial form, which came in the nineteenth century. It's quite as arbitrary as the sonnet. And that form had a beginning, a middle, and an end; it has a plot, and it has this chapter structure where you have one chapter, and then you try to leave the person in a state of suspense, and on to the next chapter, and people are wondering what happened to this person, and so forth. That nineteenth-century construction has become stylized as the novel, and anyone who writes anything different from that is accused of being unintelligible. That form has imposed itself to the present time.
PM: And it's not vanishing.
WB: Well, no, it's not vanishing. All the best-sellers are still old fashioned novels, written precisely in that nineteenth-century format. And films of course are following suit.
PM: Would you say that Kerouac also belonged to the picaresque novel?
WB: I would not place Jack Kerouac in the picaresque tradition since he is dealing often with factual events not sufficiently transformed and exaggerated to be classified as picaresque.
PM: Isn't it a bit striking that a major verbal innovator like you has expressed admiration for writers who are not mainly verbal innovators themselves: Conrad, Genet, Beckett, Eliot?
WB: Well, excuse me, Eliot was quite a verbal innovator. The Waste Land is, in effect, a cut-up, since it's using all these bits- and-pieces of other writers in an associational matrix. Beckett I would say is in some sense a verbal innovator. Of course Genet is classical. Many of the writers I admire are not verbal innovators at all, as you pointed out. Among these I would mention Genet and Conrad; I don't know if you can call Kafka a verbal innovator. I think Celine is, to some extent. Interesting about Celine, I find the same critical misconceptions put forth by critics with regard to his work are put forth to mine: they said it was a chronicle of despair, etc.; I thought it was very funny! I think he is primarily a humorous writer. And a picaresque novel should be very lively and very funny.
PM: What other writers have influenced you or what ones have you liked?
WB: Oh, lots of them: Fitzgerald, some of Hemingway; "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" was a great short story.
PM: Dashiell Hammett?
WB: Well ... yes, I mean it's of course minor, but Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler in that genre, which is a minor genre, and it's not realistic at all. I mean this idea that this is the hard boiled, realistic style is completely mythologic. Raymond Chandler is a writer of myths, of criminal myths, not of reality at all. Nothing to do with reality.
PM: You have developed a personal type of writing called the "routine." What exactly is a routine?
WB: That phrase was really produced by Allen Ginsberg; it simply means a usually humorous, sustained tour de force, never more than three or four pages.
PM: You read a lot of science fiction, and have expressed admiration for The Star Virus by Barrington Bayley and Three to Conquer by Eric Frank Russell. Any other science fiction books that you have particularly liked?
WB: Fury, by Henry Kuttner. I don't know, there are so many of them. There's something by Poul Anderson, I forget what it was called, Twilight World. There are a lot of science fiction books that I have read, but I have forgotten the names of the writers. Dune I like quite well.
PM: There is no particular science-fiction author that has notably influenced you?
WB: No, various books from here and there. Now, H. G. Wells, yes, The Time Machine, and I think he has written some very good science fiction.
PM: What about the other Burroughs, Edgar Rice?
WB: Well, no. That's for children.
PM: In The Ticket That Exploded you write: "There is no real thing-- all show business." Have Buddhism, Zen, and Oriental thinking in general exerted a strong influence on you?
WB: No. I am really not very well acquainted with the literature, still less with the practice of yoga and Zen. But on one point I am fully in agreement, that is, all is illusion.
PM: Has the use of apomorphine made any progress that you know of since you started recommending and advocating its use?
WB: No, on the contrary. Too bad, because it is effective.
PM: In a recent interview, you said that apomorphine combined with Lomotil and acupuncture was the remedy for withdrawal. What was wrong or insufficient with apomorphine to require the combination of two other elements?
WB: I found out about Lomotil in America some time ago, and then doctors have been using it here with pretty good results. The thing about apomorphine is that it requires pretty constant attendance. In other words, you've got to really have a day and a night nurse, and those injections have to be given every four hours. And it isn't everybody that's in a position to do that. But at least for the first four days, it requires rather intensive care. And it is quite unpleasant.
PM: And it's emetic...
WB: Well, no, there's no necessity; see, it's not an aversion therapy and there's no necessity for the person to be sick more than once or twice when they find the threshold dose. They find the maximum dose that can be administered without vomiting, and they stick with that dose. You'll get decreased tolerance; sometimes the threshold dose will go down. Usually, almost anyone will vomit on a tenth of a grain. So then they start reducing it, but as the treatment goes on, you may find that a twentieth of a grain or even less than a twentieth of a grain produces vomiting again. You may get decreased tolerance in the course of the treatment. So it's something that has to be done very precisely, and of course people must know exactly what they're doing. It's very elastic, because some people will take large doses without vomiting, and some people will vomit on very small doses. Continual adjustments have to be made.
PM: And acupuncture?
WB: Well, I thought immediately when I saw these accounts, as well as a television presentation of operations with acupuncture, that anything that relieves intense pain will necessarily relieve withdrawal symptoms. Then they started using it for withdrawal symptoms, apparently with very good results, and are using it here, I think.
PM: Most of your books definitely have a cinematographic touch. The Last Words of Dutch Schultz actually is a film script, and The Wild Boys and Exterminator! are full of cinematographic details and indications
WB: That's true, yes.
PM: Why haven't we seen any film made from one of your books?
WB: Well, we've tried to get financing on the Dutch Schultz script, but so far it hasn't developed. Very, very hard to get people to put up money for a film.
PM: What films have you liked recently?
WB: I like them when I go, when I see them, but it's rather hard to get myself out to see a film. I haven't seen many films lately. I saw A Clockwork Orange; I thought it was competent and fun, well done, though I don't think I could bear to see it again.
PM: Do you write every day?
WB: I used to. I haven't been doing anything lately because I gave a course in New York, and that took up all my time; then I was moving into a new flat there, so that during the last five months, I haven't really been doing much writing.
PM: When you write, how long is it each day?
WB: Well, I used to write... it depends ... up to three, four hours, sometimes more, depending on how it's going.
PM: What is the proportion of cut-up in your recent books, The Wild Boys and Exterminator!?
WB: Small. Small. Not more than five percent, if that.
PM: Parts of Exterminator! look like poems. How do you react to the words poem, poetry, poet?
WB: Well, as soon as you get away from actual poetic forms, rhyme, meter, etc., there is no line between prose and poetry. From my way of thinking, many poets are simply lazy prose writers. I can take a page of descriptive prose and break it into lines, as I've done in Exterminator!, and then you've got a poem. Call it a poem.
PM: Memory and remembrances of your youth tend to have a larger and larger place in your recent books.
WB: Yes, yes. True.
PM: How do you explain it?
WB: Well, after all, youthful memories I think are one of the main literary sources. And while in Junky, and to a lesser extent in Naked Lunch, I was dealing with more or less recent experiences, I've been going back more and more to experiences of childhood and adolescence.
PM: Parts of Exterminator! sound like The Wild Boys continued. We find again Audrey Carson, and other things. Did you conceive it that way, as a continuation of Wild Boys, or is it just a matter of recurrent themes?
WB: Any book that I write, there will be probably...say if I have a book of approximately two hundred pages...you can assume that there were six hundred. So, there's always an overflow into the next book. In other words, my selection of materials is often rather arbitrary. Sometimes things that should have gone in, didn't go in, and sometimes what was selected for publication is not as good as what was left out. In a sense, it's all one book. All my books are all one book. So that was overflow; some of it was overflow material from The Wild Boys, what didn't go into The Wild Boys for one reason or another. There are sections of course in The Wild Boys that should have gone into Exterminator!, like the first section, which doesn't belong with the rest of the book at all; it would have been much better in Exterminator!, the Tio Mate section. There's no relation really between that and the rest of the book.
PM: There was the Egyptian Book of the Dead, and the Tibetan Book of the Dead, and then The Wild Boys, subtitled "A Book of the Dead." Am I stupid in seeing a connection between them.
WB: Oh no, the connection I think is very clear: everyone in the book is dead. Remember that Audrey is killed in the beginning of the book, in an auto accident.
PM: Did you inspire yourself from the old books of the Dead?
WB: To some extent, yes. I've read them both; not all of the Egyptian one, my God, or all of the Tibetan one, but I looked through them. In other words, the same concepts are there between birth and death, or between death and birth.
PM: You have kept an unchanged point of view about the origins of humanity's troubles. In The Naked Lunch you wrote: "The Evil is waiting out there, in the land. Larval entities waiting for a live one," and in Exterminator!, "The white settlers contracted a virus," and this virus is the word. But who put the word there in the first place?
WB: Well, the whole white race, which has proved to be a perfect curse on the planet, have been largely conditioned by their cave experience, by their living in caves. And they may actually have contracted some form of virus there, which has made them what they've been, a real menace to life on the planet.
PM: So the Evil always comes from outside, from without?
WB: I don't think there's any distinction, within/without. A virus comes from the outside, but it can't harm anyone until it gets inside. It is extraneous in or??ìp
PM: Speaking of coming in and out, as you were arriving in London for a visit late in 1964, you were allowed only fourteen days by the authorities, without explanations. Have you had to suffer from a lot of harassment from authorities?
WB: Very little. That was straightened out by the Arts Council and was of course prompted by the American Narcotics Department. Allen Ginsberg had the same difficulties. The American Narcotics Department would pass the word along to other authorities. Well, I got that immediately straightened out through the Arts Council; I've never had any trouble since.
PM: May I ask the reasons for why you are moving to New York?
WB: Well, I like it better. New York is very much more lively than London, and actually cheaper now. I find it a much more satisfactory place to live. New York has changed; New York is better than it was; London is worse than it was.
PM: You have always described the System as matriarchal. Do you still have the same opinion?
WB: Well, the situation has changed radically, say from what it was in the 1920s when I was a child; you could describe that as a pretty hard-core matriarchal society. Now, the picture is much more complicated with the pill and the sexual revolution and Women's Lib, which allegedly is undermining the matriarchal system. That is, at least that's what they say they're doing, that they want women to be treated like everyone else and not have special prerogatives simply because they're women. So, I don't know exactly how you would describe the situation now. It's certainly not a patriarchal society--I am speaking of America now--but I don't think you could describe it as an archetypal or uniform matriarchal society either, except for the southern part of the United States. You see, the southern part of the United States was always the stronghold of matriarchy, the concept of the "Southern belle" and the Southern woman. And that is still in existence, but it's on the way out, undoubtedly.
PM: You call for a mutation as the only way out of the present mess. Right now, what positive signs, factors, or forces do you see working toward such a mutation?
WB: Well, there are all sorts of factors. Actually, if you read a book like The Biologic Time Bomb by Taylor, you'll see that such mutations are well within the range of modern biology, that these things can be done, right now. We don't have to wait three hundred years. But what he points out is that the discoveries of modern biology could not be absorbed by our creaky social systems. Even such a simple thing as prolonging life: whose life is going to be prolonged? Who is to decide whether certain people's lives are going to be prolonged and certain other people's are not? Certainly politicians are not competent to make these decisions.
PM: You hate politicians, right?
WB: No, I don't hate politicians at all, I'm not interested in politicians. I find the type of mind, the completely extraverted, image-oriented, power-oriented thinking of the politicians dull. In other words, I'm bored by politicians; I don't hate them. It's just not a type of person that interests me.
PM: What are your methods of writing at present?
WB: Methods? I don't know. I just sit down and write! I write in short sections; in other words, I write a section, maybe of narrative, and then I reach into that, but if it doesn't continue, I'll write something else, and then try to piece them together. The Wild Boys was written over a period of time; some of it was written in Marrakech, some of it was written in Tangiers, and a good deal was written in London. I always write on the typewriter, never in longhand.
PM: What is, in The Wild Boys, the meaning of sentences like "A pyramid coming in...two...three..four pyramids coming in..."?
WB: That is an exercise of visualizing geometric figures which I have run across in various psychic writings.
PM: Would you be interested in testing psychotronic generators too?
WB: Yes, the various devices described in Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain. They have now come out with another book called A Handbook of PSI Discoveries, which is a how-to book telling just how to do Kirlian photography how to build all these machines and generators and so on. I'm very interested in experimenting with those if I have the opportunity, time, and money.
PM: In the mid-seventies, you write that you wanted to create a new myth for the Space Age. Is it what you are still trying to do, and do you use the word myth in a particular sense?
WB: I feel that I am still working along the line of a myth for the Space Age and that all my books are essentially one book. I use myth in the conventional meaning.
I have to admit being suprised that the Marquis de Sade worked within, and accepted, the mechanistic French materialist precursors to physicalism.
So how you go from a deterministic world of physical particles in motion to the passions ruling the body, perversions, violence, and the subjugation and humiliation of women of de Sade's philosophy in the bedroom?
There is no morality in the mechanistic world, and no freedom, as human beings cannot act otherwise to their nature. Or the body unfree and freedom is the imagination?
Are we not ruled by the dark forces of nature? Or is it a case of being ruled by our desires? It is our desires that lead to sexual violence and mutilation. Is it a case of getting back to Nature giving free rein to sexual violence and lust?
Is that not a Christian way of understanding sexual desire, violence and human nature? On this account, the free reign of lust means without any moral inhibitions.That means exalting evil as virtue.
Presumably de Sade would have to hold that we are governed by our nature (and Nature). As there is little we can do about it, therefore we should simply enjoy life to the full, whatever his intrinsic nature dictates, as to do otherwise is to deny our nature. We can only exhibit and enjoy to the full our natural desires when we are freed from all moral and social restraints. So Nature determines that I enjoy myself, no matter at whose expense.
Since moral conscience is a reflection of prejudices and codes inculcated by training and upbringing, then the conscience needs to be destroyed.Freedom, then, is the absence of external obstacles.
So those who deny their darker desires and natures and try to be moral and virtuous are the ones most likely to behave badly, while the people who are socially condemned as immoral because they give free expresion to their dark desires who often display true virtue. The former live their lives within a rigid moralism and behavioral codes and have a supercilious social pretense. These paragons of society -- the priests and moral straightners -- act behind the facade of their pious sanctity to perform the cruelest, most despicable acts, sexual and otherwise.
That is de Sade is it not? Justine, suffers for her virtue, while her sister Juliette profits through debauchery. Justine is punished for her virtues - chastity, piety, charity, compassion, prudence, the refusal to do evil, and the love of goodness and truth.
This review of Heidegger's Zollikon seminars is interesting for two reasons. First it clearly states what Heidegger was doing with his destruction or overcoming of the metaphysical tradition. It says:
"Here we see Heidegger insisting once again, as he did in Being and Time, on the necessity of distinguishing an ontological analysis of Dasein, i.e., an analysis of its manner of being (disclosedness, openness, the clearing), from an ontic analysis, e.g., a causal analysis or an analysis that supposes a subject confronting an object. He also revisits his account of the historical reasons why contemporary thinkers fail to appreciate this necessity. In this connection Heidegger calls attention to the continued influence of Kant, Descartes, and Aristotle, much as he projected that he would do in the unfinished second part of Being and Time. ...In the seminars he also rehearses at length his earlier analyses of time and his criticisms of a natural, scientistic attitude that takes for granted that, at bottom, ’being’ means the same thing, whether the subject matter is the travel of photons, the life of a cockroach, or human existence."
Physicalism sucked, big time. To put it into Heideggerian terms we can talk in terms of a questioning of the Physicalist World Picture. Another pathway of recoil---from Whitehead to Heidegger to Merleau Ponty.
However, what is even more interesting in Daniel Dahlstrom's Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews of Heidegger's Zollikon Seminars is the issue of the body in being-in-the world.
I've always read Merleau Ponty as extracing a very good interpretation from the buried themes of Being and Time, and then a building on it to a conception of an embodied being-in-the-world. I've always found this to offer one of the most innovative ways of crawling out of the reductionist physicalist flybottle to a new and different space.
Heidegger appears to concur with this reading of Merleau Ponty's innovative creation of new philosophical concepts. Daniel Dahlstrom's review says:
"Probably the most important new topic discussed at length in the seminars is a particularly weak link in those earlier analyses and a theme that one might expect him to confront in this setting: the body. Taking his cues from difficulties surrounding talk of “psychosomatic” and “somapsychic” illnesses, Heidegger turns to the problem of the body (like Husserl, Leib in contrast to Körper), though he does so by way of reviewing the account of Dasein’s spatiality that he gave in Being and Time. Without mentioning Husserl’s or, more importantly, Merleau-Ponty’s comparable studies, Heidegger analyzes such themes as blushing, phantom limbs, attention, being in pain, grasping, sadness, and gesture, among others. The lack of reference to Merleau-Ponty seems particularly egregious, not only given his extensive treatment of these themes, but also given his insistence both on the motility of perception and on construing the body in terms of a Heideggerian notion of being-in-the-world, an insistence that in both cases is iterated by Heidegger in the seminars. Indeed, at one point – in what amounts to a paraphrase of Merleau-Ponty’s own formulation – Heidegger equates “being-in-the-world” with “bodily having a world.”
Tis a common relationship for those scholars have spent time working through the texts of the early Heidegger, but it is not a well known one. Many do not see Heidegger as having a practical philosophy, let alone one about the ethics of practical life.
It is explored by Stuart Elden (see Works in Progress) in a paper called, 'There must be some Architectonic: Heidegger and Aristotle on the Politics of Phronesis.' Eldens text is a very detailed reading that shows how closely Heidegger read the Greek texts, and the way he uncovered the sedimentation of the philosophical tradition (scholasticism) on these Aristotlean texts.
Gadamer, who was a participant in this destruction, says in his Philosophical Hermeneutics, (pp.201-2) that what was uncovered was phronesis as a form of practical ethical knowledge that is distinct from the theoretical knowledge of science. This is the habit of deliberating well and making non-ruled governed practical and political judgements in concrete situations. It is a form of ethical knowing based on experience.
Heidegger sides with Aristotle's critique of Plato's understanding of ethics and the good life, then deploys this Aristotlean critique against the neo-Kantian value philosophy in 20th century Germany.
This is very good news. The first issue of Foucault Studies is now out.
It is a new electronic, refereed, international journal from Queensland, Australia.
The innovative cover design was by Maria Spanou.
It is good news because the journal is fully accessible online, and so it is an open resource. That is a radical break from the closed world of academic journals in which everything is locked up on a subscritption only basis. The digital shift is happening slowly in academia.
So it is good to see the journal operates in the ethos of Foucault rather than than the conservative academic elitism that locks knowledge away from the masses.
A Foucault quote:
"I would like my books to be a kind of tool-box which others can rummage through to find a tool which they can use however they wish in their own area... I would like [my work] to be useful to an educator, a warden, a magistrate, a conscientious objector. I don't write for an audience, I write for users, not readers."
"In his last two books and in the essays and interviews associated with them, Foucault develops a new mode of ethical thought he describes as an aesthetics of existence. I argue that this new ethics bears a striking resemblance to the virtue ethics that has become prominent in Anglo-American moral philosophy over the past three decades, in its classical sources, in its opposition to rule-based systems and its positive emphasis upon what Foucault called the care for the self. I suggest that seeing Foucault and virtue ethicists as engaged in a convergent project sheds light on a number of obscurities in Foucault's thought, and provides us with a historical narrative in which to situate his claims about the development of Western moral thought."
This conference on Nietzsche looks interesting. It asks some good questions:
"Does Nietzsche, as some critics have argued, merely idealise time, transitoriness and difference in the same way that his predecessors idealised permanence, being and identity? What are the new conceptions of time that Nietzsche has to offer? What kind of historian was Nietzsche himself? What kinds of 'temporal' histories and 'historical' philosophies did Nietzsche write/or fail to write?"
As an aside the more I struggle with Klossowski on this the more I come to appreciate Joannes insights about text, subjectivity and reading. She says that
"...reading philosophical texts—and Nietzsche’s in particular—accomplishes a formative function in the subject’s life, specifically in terms of identity and desire. Acquiring the ability to ‘read’ and assess a philosophical text necessitates the incorporation of its structures and values. Reading requires a reorganisation of the self according to the imperatives of the text, to the extent that one becomes a product of the text one reads."
Given my interest in ethics, I thought that I'd throw this paragraph into the mix, stir it with a few comments, and finish with a question.
'Conventional wisdom either indicts poststructuralism and its forebears (Sade, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Bataille, Blanchot) on the grounds that they are devoid of ethical potential, or else it ignores them altogether. Reading and actually attempting to follow an astounding array of poststructuralists (a task all too many of those who declare themselves their enemies are loathe to undertake), Jay examines what he quickly allows is their "intense and abiding fascination with moral issues" which in turn demands that serious thought be given to the ethical questions they raise (39). Examining several ruminations on ethics contained in texts by Foucault, Lyotard, Emmanuel Lévinas (obliquely), Lacan, and others, Jay reiterates their common resistance to normative moral systems -- something he believes makes it nearly impossible for them to envision egalitarianism, mutuality, and reciprocity. Their ... ethics -- a sort of aesthetics of self -- opens upon somewhat stark sociological whimsy which nevertheless jibes paradoxically with recent Anglo-American moral meditations by Alasdair MacIntyre and Bernard Williams. Convinced as poststructuralists are that humanism led to the several coercive political systems of the twentieth century, they remain doggedly antihumanistic. But Jay's predilection for ideological dialogue and even accommodation of tenets belonging to the most inimical philosophies can be credited in his refusal to dismiss poststructuralist ethical skepticism most in evidence when collectivities are characterized as "unrepresentable" (Lyotard), "unworkable" (Nancy), "unavowable" (Blanchot). One can feel Jay pushing and pulling, trying to adapt these conceptualizations to Habermasian communicative discourse in order to prevent their stagnating as mere "evocative rhetoric"'.
What can we make of the paragraph? Analytic ethics has been very fairly impoverished given the postivist legacy of emotivism, the formalism of Kantian ethics and the technicalism of utilitarianism. Is the indictment, that poststructuralism and its forebears (Sade, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Bataille, Blanchot) is devoid of ethical potential, on target?
I reckon that (Anglo-American) conventional wisdom is quite wrong on the devoid of ethical potential. An ethical current runs through poststructuralism and its forebears. What we see here is the poverty of Anglo-American discourse, which has been habitually hostile to poststructuralism. That ethical current is deeper than ethical scepticsm towards humanism or convcentional moralities.
The aesthetics of self is a reference to Foucault but it is too narrow to capture the ethical concerns of Nietzsche about nihilism and the revaluation of values; or Heidegger's turn towards an ecological ethics of letting be in response to a technological mode of being. This implies a particular reception of Nietzsche that should be spelt out.
I've suggested that if we adopt the perspective of classical Stoic ethics, then we usefully read the ethical currents of poststructuralism and its forebears in terms of the a medical conception of philosophy that diagnoses our sickness, the disintegration of a moral community, the breakdown of moral language, the blighting of character or personality from a damaged life, and the need to revalue our values in a nihilistic world to live a more flourishing life.
What this ethical strand implies is a reevaluation of the modern (utilitarian) Australian Enlightenment, in which the liberal subject seamlessly enframes the world as an object of reflexive knowledge. Adorno's pessimistic vision of an increasingly instrumentalized modernity is well taken by this ethical strand in an Australian context. That strand then becomes environmental in orientation, as it interprets modernity as overstressing the tendency to commodify nature and, to degrade the earth as a source of life. This ethical strand would then go through and beyond Heidegger.
A question can be posed. Can those who who are hospitable to postmodern currents of thought nonetheless seek to recover something of value from the dark ruins of the once-heavenly city of Enlightenment discourse?
I guess I should have read Bataille's Inner Experience before reading the latter On Nietzsche. But that's the way with bookshops in Australia is it not? They had one text --On Nietzsche--- but not Inner Experience. So I bought the former, ordered the latter, and discovered that Guilty is out of print. So I had little choice but to sit down and start reading On Nietzsche.
And I found that text dam near incomprehensible. Suprise suprise. By the time I had struggled through reading the first two parts, 'Mr Nietzsche' and 'Summit and Decline' I had concluded that this text was about religious feeling. I then mapped this in confessional terms and I understood that Bataille placed these intense, private emotional states in opposition to the public world of work.
I found the juxtaposition naive, given my background in Stoic philosophy of managing the passions ('serpents in the soul') in public life. Naive more than a
The passions in the Stoic tradition are understood as inclinations of thought, or judgement, and a part of reasoning rather than passion being placed in opposition to thinking; a therapeutic philosophy delves into our subjectivity in order to develop a rich sense of what we are experiencing in our way of life; and it works upon our strange fears and anxieties, our excessive loves and grief, and our crippling angers without dismissing them as irrational, as did Kant.
On this account our passions can be irrational in the sense that the beliefs they rest on may be false, or unjustified. They are not irrational in the sense of having nothing to do with reasoning or argument. The reason? There is a cognitive dimension to our emotions, and this has a close connection to our ethical judgements about what is important or ethically significant in our lives and what is not.
But Bataille, for all his talk about morality, was so religious. What interested him was religious ecstasy.The references to Nietzsche were very misleading. This religious focus is upfront in Inner Experience. He opens by saying:
"By inner experience I understand that which one usually calls mystical experience: the states of ecstasy, of rapture, at least mediated emotion. But I am thinking less of confessional experience, to which one has had to adhere to now, than of an experience laid bare, free of ties, even of origin, of any confession whatsover.This is why I don't like the word mystical."
It would have been nice to have known that before I started reading On Nietzsche. Then I would have known that Bataille was reading Nietzsche in terms of Nietzsche's own "mystical" states, rather than the more classical themes of the disintegration of a moral community and moral language, the blighting of character or personality from a damaged life, and the need to revalue our values in a nihilistic world so as to live a flourishing life.
So what have I gained from the struggle with On Nietzsche so far? That Bataille is thinking about the emotions and possibly about the emotions as forms of evaluative judgement. Though I am not sure about the latter point of emotions as value judgements.
Gary, Jo, Ali, everyone else,
My most abject apologies. A web page is not the place for a drunken rave. It won't happen again. I know it is an obvious contradiction but I don't drink, at least, not usually, and I couldn't tell you the last time that I devoted a whole day to it. There's no excuse. Sorry again.
are you Trying to provoke me? Boredom is like beauty - it lies in the eyes of the beholder. Start your philosophical education again. Avoid all the things you read before. Try to get all that shit out of your head. This is radical surgery. It's your only hope. Anybody who thinks that Bataille is boring is brain-dead. Come on, mate, this is crap. I've bypassed all the Heidegger stuff in silence but this is crap. I'm not going to say the same old things over and over again. You don't understand and I don't give a fuck how many Americans like what you say, it's shit. If you can't understand Bataille you can't understand the C20. Forget about looking outward and looking inward. If it doesn't make sense do some more work.
I've still got some time for you. Forget about the conscious and the unconscious. I don't know what you are doing for your PhD but I need to know. Tell me. Let's start a real conversation. Who's Ali? Habermas is a conservative nothing. I don't care how he relates to Heidegger. It's irrelevant. Read Adorno. If you can't understand it, read it again. This is no bullshit. Don't waste your time on crap, Ali.
Hey Jo, I'm coming to Melbourne at the end of next month and I want to see you. Who's your supervsor? Never trust an academic. I've looked at all your pictures and they're great. Are they your kiddies? Is that your old man? You are beautiful.
What has this to do with philosophy, you ask? The answer: everything.
I'll be on Nicholson Street. Let's get in touch.
Don't give up on Klossowski. Don't give up on Bataille. Don't give up on Adorno.
I don't usually drink but I'm pissed to the eyeballs. But hey, don't give up on me, Jo. It's nearly Christmas, it's been a bastard of a year, and I'd love to talk to you. How about it? Let's meet at the end of next month.
Lets face it. Bataille is boring. Dead boring. Boring because he is such an individualist.
For a far more sympathetic and insightful reading of Bataille, see Joe's earlier post here.
Boring is my reaction, even though I try to get in the mood by reading him late at night in the bowls of the Canberra political machine at the end of a long day, with Sky News on endless repeat. Is there any other way to read Bataille?
Believe me, though Canberra is a world of mesmerizing surfaces, seductively addictive but depthless, it is also a very existential experience full of fear, despair, terror and death. The machineryof power and spectacle can crush you, and many have been. There are bodies everywhere. People hug the walls avoiding your eyes, pretending your bodily existence is nothing, as they walk past you in the corridors. Once they were your friends. Now they are hurt, wounded and full of shame. People become shadows of their former self due to losing an election. All that energy fighting is wasted. They feel wasted, tired, exhausted and depleted. Life has no meaning anymore.
On Nietzsche is all about Bataille alone and preoccupied with his inner experience. There is little conception of ethics involving self and other, or of belonging to a public world. With Bataille we are locked up in the world of Cartesian individualism, trapped in our subjectivity, romancing the passions, resisting normative moral systems and preoccupied with the relentless and useless emptying out of energy.
On Nietzsche is little more than a diary of an isolated individual dealing with his pain. One can be alone writing but in Canberra one knows that one is still a part of the machinery of political power, and that this power often works to easily extinquish you. However, Bataille fantasies that he is actually alone in the world, alone in the cosmos. It's mythmaking.
In Ch 13 of the 'Summit and Decline' section (part two) Bataille says:
"Making my inner experience a project:doesn't that result in a remoteness, on my part, from the summit that might have been?"
Ho hum. It reads like a Catholic confession without the priest.
In chapter 14 Bataille puts aside his desires for autonomy and his longings for freedom from a public powers (good old negative freedom) for more of a human autonomy at the heart of a hostile silent nature. He is alone with his terrors gripped by feelings of desperation and living at the limits.
So are those who inhabit the political world in Canberra. They are alone with the rollercoaster of emotion even though they are still part of the workings of political machine. So I can connect to Bataille's subjective processes of excess that threaten to overwhelm my ego and identity. I experience the terrors and feelings of desperation daily.
The terrors, being gripped by feelings of desperation and living at the limits are part of the every day political experience: the destructive chaotic impluses that threaten to overwhelm you are something that you just have to live with. You are living with death and wondering, is there life after politics?
So what does Bataille actually say before we turn to the diary proper?
This what he says-- and I'm going to give the space to say his bit since this text is not online:
"...while I can't get along without acting or questioning, on the other hand I am able to live---to act or question---without knowing. Perhaps the desire to know has just one meaning---as a motivation for the desire to question. Naturally, knowing is necessary for human autonomy procured through action by which the world is transformed. But beyond any conditions for doing or making, knowledge finally appears as a deception in relation to the questioning that impels it. When questioning fails, we laugh. Ecstatic raptures and ardors of love are so many questions---to which nature and our nature are subjected. If I had the ability to respond to moral questions like the ones I've indicated, to be honest, I'd be putting the summit at a distance from myself. By leaving open such questions in me like a wound, I keep my chance, I keep luck, and I maintain a possible access to these questions."
What kind of bullshit is that.
You only survive in the political machine through embodied political knowledge. That allows you to read the political power plays that can wipe you out. Many cannot read the body language as they---wearing the mask of the lobbyists wander through the building, going from appointment to appointment to persuading this person or that. The invisible play of power is circulating all around them but they never really see it. They are too caught up with up their own concerns. Though their (theoretical) knowledge of how Canberra works is deceptive, the tacit embodied knowledge of the play of power is what keeps you alive.
That kind of thinking works from the pre-choate and the quizzical gap; from the nagging tension and the razor sharpness of contradictary forces. The knowledge from this embodied thinking often takes place within empty places, and the voids that suddenly appear between the powerful conceptual schemes at work in the knowledge/power machinery. This kind of knowledge arises from the breakdown in the relationships between the individual concepts when things go bellyup.
So we live in a postmodern political world of fractured bundles of concepts (eg., ladder of opportunity) which become isolated in their shining splendour (eg., Medicare Gold) like so many galactic systems, and which drift apart (aspirational suburbanites) in the empty space of the political world.
Bataille writes: 'When questioning fails, we laugh.'
The questioning is a survival tool to negotiate the political sea full of icebergs. Questioning involves deciphering the appearances of the play of poweras refrated in the glittering surfaces of the media. It is not a question of the questioning failing, and then breaking out in laughter. The questioning and deciphering continue, as it is a part of living in a political life. Turn the questioning off and you die. And the laughter? That is thrown at you by the mocking victors, whilst the losers laugh their bitter death.
And the ecstatic raptures? That excess comes from victory, just as the terror comes from defeat. These, and the awful laughter, are built into the political life. It does not implode it.
As you can see I am not much impressed with G. Bataille, who wears the romantic mask of the artist/writer in On Nietzsche. He does not understand that the destructive process of the summit and decline (the informe?) which confuses the world of meaning and form with its clear-cut differences is the core of the political machine. It is how the political machine works.
So you can see why I find Bataille boring. It is all too close to the confessional.
In his article Heidegger's Challenge and the Future of Critical Theory Nikolas Kompridis highlights how Heidegger turned away from the Hegelian moment in his ethics. As we have seen that moment understood freedom for self-determination (authenticity in Heidegger's vocabulary) to be both dependent upon, and facilitated, by our relationships with others.
"Unfortunately, Heidegger stranded this important insight in the first division of Being and Time and thereby undermined the development of his conception of authenticity in terms of the notion of resoluteness. When Heidegger lays out the meaning of resoluteness in the second division, it appears to belong to a dialogical structure of "call" and "response." Yet the relationship between "the one who calls"and "the one to whom the appeal is made" is not developed on the model of the relationship between self and other, but exclusively on the model of one's relationship to oneself. Heidegger clarifies the meaning of resoluteness as an openness or receptivity to the "call of conscience" independently of our obligations to others. The call of conscience is the call of care, and it comes from Dasein itself. Heidegger deliberately formalizes the existential-ontological meaning of this "call" so that all obligations "which are related to our concernful being with others will drop out" (BT 328/283). The whole construction of resoluteness suffers from this regressive step: each individual Dasein must get into the proper relation to itself before it can clear the way for others, before it can become the "conscience" of others. Consequently, Heidegger cannot win back that ethical dimension of self/other relations constitutive of freedom as self-determination."
Resoluteness means holding onto anxiety (the breakdown of the world) rather than fleeing it, and then getting back to the public world. Resoluteness needs to be understood in terms of Heidegger's anti-mentalist, anti-subjectivist conception of human existence and practice. Human understanding and practice are essentially situational and context-dependent. (The latter Heidegger replaces "resoluteness" with the idea of releasement or Gelassenheit.)
In his article Heidegger's Challenge and the Future of Critical Theory Nikolas Kompridis makes a very interesting observation about Heidegger's ethics in relation to Hegel. Referring to a couple of passages in Being and Time (BT 158-159/122,) he says:
"This passage, with its resonances of the dialectic of slavery and domination from Hegel's Phenomenology, represents one of those altogether rare occasions where Heidegger actually contributes insightfully to enlarging our understanding of how our freedom for self-determination -- authenticity, in Heidegger's vocabulary -- is both dependent upon and facilitated by others. Our relation to others can be based on (implicit or explicit) domination or it can be based on a cooperative realization of authentic freedom. Heidegger -- at least in such passages as this -- understands correctly that freedom that is not simply negative freedom requires more than respect for the autonomy of persons, and more than mere recognition of the other's claim to self-determination; it requires the recognition that the realization of the other's freedom is as much my responsibility as hers."
Nicolas then highlights the significance of Hegelian moment. He says:
"For once in Being and Time, the other is not simply an ontologically ineliminable feature of intersubjective structures of intelligibility, of a world which becomes accessible in the first place only in so far as it is a shared world; rather, the other is she through whom I learn to realize my freedom, and to whom I am accountable. I can clear the way for the realization of the other's freedom or I can get in the way; we can learn from each other or we can fail to learn -- in which case we will fail to realize our freedom. But we can only learn from each other when we recognize the ineliminable role of intersubjective accountability and recognition in the constitution of authentic, self-determining freedom."
Kierkegaard gives a very individualist account as a reaction to his understanding of Hegel: he read Hegel as overemphasising world spirit at the expense of the individual and the world of their own. Heidegger recoils from the overemphasis on individual subjectivity and recovers a shared public world.
Hi Gary and Trevor,
I've been occasionally checking the blog, but am very busy at the moment trying to finish off a chapter... there have been a number of things coming up in discussion, though, to which I know I should respond (need to respond), for the benefit of my own research. It's funny that Klossowski keeps coming up because I'm trying to keep away from all that at the moment and concentrate on other things (was it me it began the discussion on Klossowski, or Gary? Perhaps I'm experiencing a return of the repressed here). Anyway, I digress...
It is highly likely that I am over-estimating the influence of psychoanalysis on Klossowski's work. What Trevor said the other day about Klossowski's concern being "to overcome individuality" through the eternal return is perfectly correct. I suppose that what interests me is the relation that Klossowski draws between the eternal return, the dissolution of identity, and what he calls Nietzsche's "valetudinary states." His argument is not that Nietzsche's sickness (acute bouts of migraine, dispepsia, vomitting) gave rise to his philosophy, but rather that a certain attitude toward his sickness—i.e. taking his sick body as an object of study—gave rise to a particular perspective on the formation of the individual, and perhaps a program within Nietzsche's philosophy of destabilizing such individuality.
At different points of the text (perhaps more towards the end, from memory, but there are scattered references before chapter five), Klossowski talks about impulses, phantasms, simulacra, and the code of everyday signs, each of which bears a different relation to the body/ipseity/idiosyncracy, at one end of the scale, and language/community/cohesion at the other. This is where I would impose the unconscious/ conscious schema, but we would need here to be careful not to import too many assumptions from psychoanalysis. I would think more along the lines of Nietzsche's use of these terms (I think this is fairly safe, given that the text deals with Nietzsche's work). For Nietzsche, the conscious lays down the foundations upon which language is built. He writes in The Gay Science:
Consciousness is really only a net of communication between human beings; it is only as such that it had to develop; a solitary human being who lived like a beast of prey would not have needed it. That our actions, thoughts, feelings, and movements enter our own conscousness—at least a part of them—that is the result of a "must" that for a terribly long time lorded it over man. As the most endangered animal, he needed to "know" himself what distressed him, he needed to "know" how he felt, he needed to "know" what he thought. For, to say it once more: Man, like every living being, thinks continually without knowing it; the thinking that rises to consciousness is only the smallest part of all this—the most superficial and worst part—for only this conscious thinking takes the form of words, which is to say signs of communication and this fact uncovers the origin of consciousness (§354, pp. 298 - 9. Emphasis in original)
Consciousness is therefore a mean (i.e. average) way of thinking: of summarising unconscious thoughts into signs, so that they can be understood by any other person, and there is much lost in this process. The problem, as I see it, for both Klossowski and Nietzsche, is how to write in such a way as to provide an access to unconscious thought, or the thinking-body. The eternal return provides that access, according to Klossowski, because it is what he calls a phantasm, which is "produced at the limit-point where [the] impulse [i.e. the most unconscious aspect of the body] is turned into a thought (of this impulse as a repulsion against the adulterous coherence" (Vicious Circle, 260). This is fairly enigmatic, but my understanding is that the phantasm is an impulse once it attempts to objectivate itself, but which resists being appropriated to species being, or common language. The eternal return is a phantasm because it is a near obsessional image that Nietzsche produces in his writing, but which is never quite dealt with, i.e. it never exhausts itself, but conceals, as much as reveals, its meaning. The eternal return thus transmits its meaning only unconsciously, to those in whom it can produce a similar intensity of feeling, or mood, as Nietzsche did in creating it. This intensity is the feeling of dissolution, or the transgression of individuality.
I haven't thought about all this much in terms of Lacanian psychoanalysis. There is someone who attempts to do this, Louis Armand... this is something that I suppose I should think about.
To change the subject rather abruptly, the philosophy postgraduates at La Trobe University (my home) have been anchoring a philosophy radio program this year. We've just hung up the microphone for 2004, but will resume early next year. However, previous programs are now accessible, in mp3 format, via our website. There are a few programs there that might interest you chaps.
A quote from this text which I am still reading. This paragraph of Nikolas Kompridis sums up my understanding of the basic flaw of Habermas's critique of Heidegger.
"In my view, Habermas has wasted much of his critical energy driving Heidegger's undertaking forcefully but inaccurately into the aporiai of the philosophy of consciousness: the aporiai of Heidegger's thought are not the aporiai of the philosophy of consciousness. A much more valuable and fruitful encounter between Habermas and Heidegger would have explored the advantages and disadvantages of their respective paradigms of intersubjectivity, paradigms whose respective disadvantages could be corrected through mutual enlargement. If he had treated Heidegger as a proponent of an alternative paradigm of intersubjectivity Habermas's attempt to probe the shortcomings of Heidegger's early and late philosophy would have yielded more persuasive critical results. He could have argued more effectively in support of his claims concerning the moral and political shortcomings of Heidegger's philosophy if he had identified the most glaring weakness of Heidegger's approach not as the lack of a properly intersubjective starting point but as the lack of a sufficiently developed account of intersubjective accountability and recognition."
Why? Because the strong Habermas interpretation is actually a misreading of Being and Time, as it is based on a subjectivistic/monological reading of that text. That text can be persuasively interpreted as an attempt to break out of the subject-centred paradigm of modern philosophy and to move away from subject-centredness towards intersubjectivity.
Hi Gary and Jo,
Here I am again after some time. I haven't been writing but I have been reading your correspondence everyday and keeping up with what is going on.
I mentioned when I last communicated that I was beginning to read Nietzsche & the Vicious Circle with a couple of other people. We are part of the way through chapter 5 at present. I read the book by myself once before and have read some parts more than once. I'm still trying to get a hold of it.
I am also reading Lacan with the people who are looking at Klossowski's book. If I could compare them as a place to start, I'd say that language is much more central to Lacan's thought, or better perhaps, that the instincts have less of a role. Lacan is concerned with the unconscious as a locus of scientific investigation. To the point we have read the book, it is not a major concern for Klossowski. There is some early focus in Klossowski's book on Nietzsche's bodily states, but this is preliminary to the main concern with thinking as fluctuations of intensity. Nietzsche's effort is to overcome individuality through this route, to continue as multiple identities - this is the sense Klossowski gives to the eternal return. As one of Karen Blixen's characters put it, 'I'm never going to be one person again!' See Lars Von Trier's The Idiots for the same idea.
How does this sound, you guys? There's obviously more to the book than I've said here but I can't remember everything at once. These are the ideas from the book that are occupying me at present. Nietzsche isn't unleashing a dialogue between the conscious and the unconscious; he is aiming beyond dialogue, beyond the self to direct sensuous existence.
Anyway, what do you guys think?
I want to continue to explore this article by Nikolas Kompridis entitled, 'Heidegger's Challenge and the Future of Critical Theory.' In the previous post I outlined the way that though Habermas had renewed critical theory this had been done at the expense of a very negative reading of the German philosophical tradition from Nietzsche to Adorno.
In this post I will continue the philosophical conversation between critical theory, Habermas and Heidegger through Heidegger's category of world disclosure, or the disclosure of being through human understanding and concern.
Kompridis provides a useful account. He says that Heidegger's various analyses of the phenomenon of world disclosure (of In-der-Welt-Sein, Lichtung, Gestell, and Ereignis) represent his central contribution to 20th century philosophy. He then spells this out:
"Through these analyses Heidegger developed an original critique of, and an original alternative to, the representationalist epistemology and the naturalistic ontologies of modern philosophy. He marshalled important new arguments (both transcendental and hermeneutic) against mentalistic accounts of intentionality, against views of agency as disembodied and disengaged, and against "deworlded" conceptions of objectivity and truth. In Being and Time and in The Basic Problems of Phenomenology, Heidegger argued that prior to confronting the world as though it were first and foremost a physical object, or as though it were identical with nature, prior to establishing explicit epistemic relations to the world "out there," we always already operate with a pre-reflective, holistically structured, and grammatically regulated understanding of the world."
In Being and Time Heidegger argues that the world is pre-reflectively disclosed to us; yet, in another, the world is disclosed through us: it is we who make its disclosure possible. Disclosure, therefore, involves both receptivity and activity; both openness to, and engagement with, what is disclosed. In the subsequent changes that develop into his later philosophy, Heidegger's account of world disclosure takes a "linguistic turn". Kompridis says:
" Breaking with the conception of language in Being and Time, where language (Rede) opens up or uncovers in a different light something which has already been disclosed independently of language (through concerned involvement with what we encounter in the world), the later Heidegger attributes to language a "primordial" (ürsprunglich) world-disclosing function. It is language which first discloses the horizons of meaning in terms of which we make sense of ourselves and the world. .... Heidegger not only lingustifies disclosure, he historicizes it as well, making possible accounts of the formation and transformation of historical epochs by tracking changes in ontologies (changes in the 'understanding of being')."
Habermas argues that appeal to world disclosure, in order to describe and explain processes of semantic and cultural change involves, a devaluing of reason, everyday practice, and philosophy. What is more world disclosure, says Habermas , provides the skeptical critics of modern reason with a fatalistic or ecstatic "refuge in something wholly Other".
Behind Bataille sits Heidegger!
I find this article by Nikolas Kompridis quite interesting, as it brings Habermas into a philosophical conversation with Heidegger.
"One can't really understand the nature and purpose of Jürgen Habermas's philosophical project if one fails to see how much the entire undertaking is motivated by the question of how we can self-critically renew our traditions. This question is at work in Habermas's life-long attempt to bring about "a new beginning" in Germany's political culture by realigning elements of German cultural traditions with the liberal-democratic traditions of the West; in his engagement with the less-local problem of "completing" the project of modernity; and in the paradigm change from the "philosophy of the subject" to the model of linguistic intersubjectivity."
However, there are many elements within the German tradition which strongly resist, if not altogether preclude, reformulation in radically democratic terms -- for example, much of what is considered original in Nietzsche and Heidegger. Habermas interprets their ideas, attitudes, and presuppositions as the most influential representatives of counter-Enlightenment positions within the German tradition. Hence a "critical, indeed, distrustful appropriation" must always, govern our relation to their work.
I've always found this reading of Nietzsche and Heidegger to be suspect because of the starkness of the duality involved. It is very close to the gatekeeping reading of American liberals such as Richard Rorty and Richard Wolin.
So what does Kompridis say? He provides a more balanced reading.
Well he gives credit where credit is due. Habermas is able to shift the limits of critical theory with respect to ethics and so renew it this tradition. Kompridis says:
"Unquestionably, the paradigm change to linguistic intersubjectivity made up a rather glaring normative deficit in earlier critical theory. By providing a normative foundation in the potential for reason latent in action oriented to achieving mutual understanding in language, Habermas's quite strenuous theoretical efforts have made it clear that further attempts to develop the Enlightenment ideals of freedom, reason, and autonomy are not fatally compromised from the start. Although the work of Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Adorno, and Foucault made shockingly clear how much these ideals were ensnared in the net of the objectifying and self-objectifying practices responsible for the disfigurement of modernity, the perspective opened up by Habermas's model of linguistic intersubjectivity made compellingly clear that these ideals were not inescapably ensnared in these practices."
However there are limits to Habermas renewal:
"Yet for all of its considerable theoretical and practical promise, Habermas's paradigm is beset by intractable problems of its own. Habermas is not unaware of these problems, but no matter how much theoretical ingenuity he brings to the task of reconciling them within the terms of his theory, it seems that it is all in vain: so long as the basic concepts of the theory of communicative action remain unchanged, these problems turn into corrosive agents undermining his paradigm from within. The problems are not only theoretical; they are existential. For they are intertwined with the identity of critical theory, and with the meaning and value of the German philosophical tradition."
What then are the limits? They, by and large, articulate my own reservations.
*Habermas' reduction of the German philosophical tradition from Nietzsche to Heidegger and Adorno reduces it to "negative metaphysics," "aestheticism," and "irrationalism";
*Habermas' shift to linguistic intersubjectivity changes critical theory's identity and remodels critical theory in the image of liberal theories of justice, and severely weakened the Marxist identity of critical theory;
*By turning critical theory into a form of normative theory and in bringing it into the philosophical mainstream of the normal, international "business of science" critical theory's openness to historical experience is displaced and its relation to modernity's time consciousness abandoned;
*by assimilating the liberal position of neutrality towards the good, Habermas's reformulated model of critical theory has to refrain from critically evaluating and normatively ranking totalities, such as forms or ways of life and cultures, life-contexts and epochs as a whole;
*the shift to the paradigm of linguistic intersubjectivity leaves unaddressed (if not unacknowledged) the problems of normative and cultural change central to the German tradition from Hegel to Heidegger and Adorno;
*communicative rationality produces its own "other" of reason because it denies a transformative role for reason, a role it can't help but deny so long as it is narrowly framed by a procedural conception of rationality.
Kompridis says that each of the above problems coalesce into the Heideggerian problematic of world disclosure and this problematic to represent the most important challenge to Habermas's paradigm.
"The Greatest Burden. What if a demon crept after thee into thy loneliest loneliness some day or night, and said to thee: "This life, as thou livest it at present, and hast lived it, thou must live it once more, and also innumerable times; and there will be nothing new in it, but every pain and every joy and every thought and every sigh, and all the unspeakably small and great in thy life must come to thee again, and all in the same series and sequence-and similarly this spider and this moonlight among the trees, and similarly this moment, and I myself. The eternal sand-glass of existence will ever be turned once more, and thou with it, thou speck of dust!"-
Wouldst thou not throw thyself down and gnash thy teeth, and curse the demon that so spake? Or hast thou once experienced a tremendous moment in which thou wouldst answer him: "Thou art a God, and never did I hear anything so divine! "If that thought acquired power over thee as thou art, it would transform thee, and perhaps crush thee; the question with regard to all and everything: "Dost thou want this once more, and also for innumerable times?" would lie as the heaviest burden upon thy activity! Or, how wouldst thou have to become favorably inclined to thyself and to life, so as to long for nothing more ardently than for this last eternal sanctioning and sealing?" (Bk. 4 para 341, pp. 271-2)
That this passage of Nietzsche's Sils-Maria experience is essentially expressed as a hallucination. Nietzsche then seeks to grasp this hallucination at the level of conscious willing?
Why a hallucination? Why not a bit of literary imagination, a religious experience or a philosophical what if? It is reasonable to read the passage as a 'what if' that links back to Descartes demon.
Why does Klossowski adopt the kind of personal experience as a bordering on madness and ego disintegration?
I do not have the answers to, why this kind of reading that reduces everything to what is happening within a world of mirrors inside Nietzsche's subjectivity?
We still had the key texts of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, and On the Genealogy of Morals, to be written. Can these texts be read as signs of an incipient madness or disintegration? Why need the philosopher in terms of repressed desires and his deep antipathy toward Christianity and conventional morality that is fueled by Nietzsche's lifelong struggles with desire and the flesh.
Or is it just the Sils-Maria experience that is to be read as leading to an agonizing illness which left Nietzsche all but severed from everyone around him, and from the world itself.
A quick note. You wrote in an earlier post here that:
"The unconscious/ conscious distinction is one way of approaching Klossowski's schema. Or, alternatively, it can be divided into the body and language—which more or less align to unconscious/conscious for both Klossowski and Nietzsche anyway. The code of everyday signs [le code des signes quotidiens] is language, and so average, exchangable between every member of one's cultural group."
What I find refreshing about Klossowsski is that thsi understanding of our subjectivities undermines the therapeutic pretensions of ego psychology, which conceive of the ego as the origin and basis of psychic stability.
The problem I have with Klossowski is the unconscious, body, non-language side of the duality.
Well, if unconscious desires, are revealed through free associations and dreams, then our unconscious desires emerge through words and images.If so then why cannot the unconscious be a form of social being? Why cannot the unconscious be structured like a language?
The duality claim needs to be qualified. For Klossowski the fluctuating intensities of desire do have an image, or a phantasme. I presume that the father against whom one rebels is such an a phantasme; and this shapes our intense emotions and the various simulacra we use to express our desires. These various phantasme's form a vocabulary of the unconscious. | <urn:uuid:79107d3a-6eb1-4031-83a3-cbb4aae624a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sauer-thompson.com/conversations/archives/2004_12.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00484-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959777 | 20,014 | 1.734375 | 2 |
New Waldorf Salad
Chopped apples and celery with walnuts defined the 19th-century original. Grapes (roasted in this version) were a 20th-century add-on. To lighten things up, fresh greens are tossed in, and a lemon vinaigrette replaces the mayonnaise dressing.
- Total Time:
- Servings: 4
Photography: Raymond Hom
Source: Martha Stewart Living, May 2011
For the roasted grapes
- 1 1/2 pounds red seedless grapes
- 1 tablespoon confectioners' sugar
- 1 tablespoon extra-virgin olive oil
For the dressing
- 1 tablespoon minced shallot
- 1 tablespoon white-wine vinegar
- 1/2 teaspoon finely grated lemon zest, plus 2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice
- 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin
- 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil
- Coarse salt and freshly ground pepper
For the salad
- 2 celery stalks, thinly sliced crosswise, plus 1/2 cup leaves
- 1 head frisee, trimmed
- 1 Honeycrisp apple, thinly sliced
- 1/2 cup walnuts, toasted
Roast the grapes: Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Toss grapes with sugar and oil. Roast on a rimmed baking sheet until just starting to wrinkle and burst, 25 to 30 minutes. Let cool.
Meanwhile, make the dressing: Combine shallot, vinegar, lemon zest and juice, and cumin in a bowl. Gradually whisk in oil. Season with salt and pepper.
Make the salad: toss grapes (without pan juices) with sliced celery and leaves, frisee, apple, and walnuts. Drizzle salad with dressing, and toss to coat. | <urn:uuid:8549576a-178d-456b-86dc-f367e04fa420> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.marthastewart.com/349006/new-waldorf-salad?center=276964&gallery=275215&slide=340116 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00179-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.845548 | 375 | 1.507813 | 2 |
The Herald Scotland reports:
His mission has been to watch over the Jewish community in Scotland’s largest city, reach out to wayward members and steer them back towards the faith.
Chaim Jacobs, 70, is Scotland’s longest-serving rabbi, having served the Jews of Glasgow for nearly five decades, and is proud to say he is still going strong.
However, Glasgow’s Jewish population, mostly confined to the south side of the city, has been in decline and now numbers about 4,000.
Many of them will have taken part in programmes and classes run by Rabbi Jacobs and his wife Sora, or eaten at L’Chaim’s, the Kosher restaurant they established.
Rabbi Jacobs said: “A number of synagogues have closed because the community has contracted. You have a married couple and they have two or three children who go off to university or college and they don’t come back to Glasgow after that.
“Either because they find a better Jewish social life down south or overseas, or they find better job opportunities. They don’t settle in Glasgow, so now a family of two adults and two or three children is just down to the two adults.
“And then very often, when they come to retirement age, they are moving to where their children are.”
Rabbi Jacobs is part of the Lubavitch movement – the world’s largest Jewish educational outreach organisation, headquartered in New York and with branches in 90 countries.
Not tied to any one synagogue, his role is at the heart of the community, inspiring and encouraging Jews to learn about their faith.
He came to Scotland in 1969 and despite the many changes he has witnessed during the intervening years, is still working as hard as ever. “The main function of the organisation is to try and inspire and encourage Jews to come back to their faith”, said Rabbi Jacobs.
“The Lubavitch came into the community primarily to reach out to the community. We are not tied down to these functions on a day-to-day basis.
“When we came to Scotland we were a breath of fresh air for the Jewish community.”
Mrs Jacobs, 65, added: “We started off with a lot of youth work when we first came. We did day camps for 150 children every year, we took them out on day trips on buses and did children’s clubs, cooking and baking and handicrafts.
“We had a nursery school for more than 30 years in the Giffnock synagogue and in Clarkston Synagogue. At one point, we had more than 60 children of a morning.
“Then we did adult education programmes, kosher food exhibitions, cooking demonstrations. We have dealt with the children and now they are becoming parents themselves and we are dealing with their children. It’s lovely, wonderful.”
Having raised a family of six together – one of their sons, Mendel, is also a rabbi – the couple could be excused for thinking about retirement.
But Rabbi Jacobs said that there are no plans to sit back any time soon.
He added: “As long as we are here, as long as there are Jews here that we can preach to or reach to or connect with, we have our work cut out.” | <urn:uuid:eb179254-3aa9-48d8-818b-ae2ba11aae79> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://collive.com/longest-serving-rabbi-in-scotland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.979246 | 701 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Make no mistake; the Greek crisis is a euro crisis that threatens the solvency of the ECB itself, and therefore confidence in the currency.
Before going into why, a few comments on Greece will set the scene.
Last weekend it became clear that Greece is heading for both a default on its government debt and also a failure of its banking system. With the benefit of hindsight it appears that the Greek government was unwilling to pretend that it was solvent and extend its financial support as if it was. The other Eurozone finance ministers and the troika were not prepared to accept this reality.
There is no immediate benefit from debating why. What matters now are the economic and financial consequences, which are basically two: the Eurozone’s banking system is very fragile and cannot absorb any sovereign default shocks easily, and the ECB itself now needs refinancing. Let’s concentrate on the ECB first.
The losses the ECB face from Greece alone are about twice its equity capital and reserves. The emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) owed by Greece to the ECB totals some €89bn, and the TARGET2 balance owed by the Bank of Greece to the other Eurozone central banks is a further €100.3bn, which at the end of the day is the ECB’s liability. The total from these two liabilities on their own is roughly twice the ECB’s equity and reserves, which total only €98.5bn. Given the likely collapse of the Greek banking system and the government’s default on its debt, we can assume any collateral held against these loans, as well as any Greek bonds held by the ECB outright are more or less worthless.
The ECB has two courses of action: either it continues to support Greece to avoid crystallising its own losses or it recapitalises itself with a call upon its shareholders. The former appears to have been ruled out by last weekend’s events. For the latter a rights issue looks challenging to say the least, because not all the EU national central banks are in a position to contribute. Instead it is likely that some sort of qualifying perpetual bond will be issued for which there should be ready subscribers.
How this is handled is crucial, because there is considerable danger to the ECB from the instability of the whole Eurozone banking system, which is highly geared and extremely vulnerable to any reassessment of sovereign credit risk. If you believe that the Greek crisis has no implications for Italy, Spain, Portugal and even France, you will rest easy. This surely is how the ECB would like to represent the situation. If on the other hand you suspect that the collapse of the Greek banking system, plus their sovereign default, together with a knock-on effect in derivative markets, have important implications for euro-denominated bond markets, you will probably run for the hills. The latter being the case, highly geared Eurozone banks are likely to face difficulties, and they will affect the ECB’s own holdings of all bonds, both owned outright and held as collateral against loans to rickety banks.
In short, the ECB’s balance sheet, which is heavily dependent on Eurozone bond prices not collapsing, is itself extremely vulnerable to the knock-on effects from Greece. As the situation at the ECB becomes clear to financial markets, the euro’s legitimacy as a currency may be questioned, given it is no more than an artificial construct in circulation for only thirteen years.
In conclusion, the upsetting of the Greek applecart risks destabilising the euro itself, and a sub-par rate to the US dollar beckons.
End note on gold
This week should see the dollar strong against the euro and the euro price of gold can be expected to rise. The extent to which these happen may depend on whether or not central banks intervene. For what it’s worth last time this happened (over Cyprus February 2013) Europeans were reported to be requesting physical delivery against their unallocated gold accounts. The following April a co-ordinated bear raid of unprecedented size pushed the gold price down from $1580 to a low of $1183. The purpose of the raid was to disabuse investors of the safe-haven trade, in which it succeeded.
There is little such appetite for gold bullion today so a similar move is probably viewed by central banks as unnecessary; but if the gold price was to move significantly higher attempts to defuse the rise are less likely to succeed because there are very few sellers in western markets and the short positions on Comex in the Managed Money category start at record levels.
Courtesy: Alasdair Macleod
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For More details on Trade & High Accuracy Trading Tips and ideas - Subscribe to our Trade Advisory Plans. : Moneyline | <urn:uuid:1fa94c9b-2442-4ccc-bb17-b473b81814ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.commoditytrademantra.com/eurozone/the-euro-crisis-solvency-of-the-ecb-is-at-stake/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00391-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96132 | 983 | 2.0625 | 2 |
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Content edited by the website, if you know relevant products, please contact WhatsApp:(+86-15505929090) senior marble manager, and give you the latest quotation of the market as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:4eac255a-0778-4a98-bf15-692e5dd24e2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jinhanstone.com/product/oriental-black-marble/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.913942 | 184 | 2 | 2 |
Do you know about Probiotics like the ones found in seed synbiotic? Live bacteria found in foods help support our immune system and digestive health. In fact, it’s estimated that the human body contains 100 trillion different kinds of bacteria. Here are a few interesting facts about probiotics. Read on to learn more! They may even prevent cancer! So, what are Probiotics? What are their benefits? How can they help your immune system? And, what can you eat to get them?
Probiotics are Live Bacteria
Intestinal health is closely linked with overall health, so it’s no surprise that probiotics can help improve your overall health. Research shows that probiotics help reduce the symptoms of diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome, and may even prevent relapse of ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Recent studies also indicate that certain strains of probiotic bacteria may influence the brain and its response to stress, which is called the gut-brain axis.
While different probiotic supplements contain different strains of bacteria, many are beneficial for the digestive system. Certain strains are effective in treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea, travelers’ diarrhea, and the digestive symptoms of IBS. The most commonly studied species are Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces boulardii. In addition to strains, probiotics can help relieve symptoms of IBS, clostridium difficile, and ulcerative colitis.
Various studies have shown that probiotics can prevent diarrhea associated with clotridum difficle infection, although this is still unclear. Currently, neither the Food and Drug Administration nor the Centre For Disease Control recommends probiotics for C.Diff infection. These organizations have stated that more research is needed to determine the health benefits of the bacterial strain Saccharomyces boulardii.
The term probiotics come from the Latin word “pro” and the Greek word, “biotic.” These microbes replace harmful microbes in the digestive tract. Metchnikoff proposed the concept of gut flora modification in 1907, and the resulting altered flora is believed to contribute to aging. The World Health Organization defines probiotics as live microorganisms that promote healthy digestion and immune system function.
While probiotics are beneficial for gut health, limited research suggests that they do little for other health issues. The good news is that probiotics are available in natural supplements and increasingly in many healthy foods. And science shows that your gut’s health is closely tied to the health of your entire body, including your brain. It’s time to trust your gut because your digestive tract is a mirror of your entire body. This is true for all parts of your body, including your skin.
The main source of probiotics is yogurt. However, some yogurt has been pasteurized, destroying beneficial bacteria. Even if the remaining cultures are present, the acidity in your stomach is too high for them to survive. To prevent this from happening, consider taking acid-resistant probiotic capsules. These capsules allow the beneficial bacteria to pass through the stomach acid and enter your digestive system, where they can colonize.
They’re Found in Food
What is a probiotic? Probiotics are bacteria that live in our digestive tracts. They can be found in many foods, including yogurt and dietary supplements. Their main function is to support the growth of friendly bacteria, which can help our immune systems fight infection and improve intestinal health. These organisms are also known as “friendly bacteria” because they are similar to the bacteria in our bodies. These good bacteria are found in many foods and may be found in some cosmetic products.
The fermentation process in cheese makes it easier for lactose-sensitive people to digest the milk. Cheeses containing probiotics include cheddar, Gouda, and cottage cheese, which are naturally fermented and have not been heated. Probiotic-containing foods can also be made from soy. Fermented soybeans are used to make tempeh, which is often used in vegetarian cuisine as a meat substitute.
Many probiotic-rich foods can be consumed, but yogurt is perhaps the most commonly known. Aside from the yogurt itself, the main probiotic food is greek yogurt. Yogurt is a natural source of probiotics. Yogurt can be made with goats, sheep’s, or cow’s milk, and is best purchased in organic or grass-fed varieties. Fermented vegetables are also a great source of probiotics.
Sour pickles are another food that contains prebiotics. However, they are incredibly low in probiotic content because they are prepared with vinegar, which kills live bacteria. However, if you are looking for a tasty way to add probiotics to your diet, try fermented cabbage. Despite the fact that raw pickles have very little nutritional value, you can add about two ounces of this food to your meals.
Kimchi is a popular Korean dish made from cabbage that is fermented with probiotic bacteria. It is an excellent source of probiotics, and you can use it on sandwiches, wraps, and stir-fried dishes. Another source of probiotics is kombucha, which is fermented soybeans. Whether you are looking for an alternative to meat, it is sure to have a beneficial effect on your overall health.
They Help Build a Strong Immune System
A strong immune system starts from within, and one of the best ways to achieve this is to supplement your diet with probiotics. These friendly bacteria can help strengthen your immune system and improve your overall health. Many health professionals are educating themselves on the relationship between the gut microbiome and immune health. According to Dr. James Dekker, a senior research scientist at Fonterra, probiotics are essential to the immune system. Our gut contains about 70 percent of the immune cells in our body. In addition to enhancing the immune system, probiotics can help us digest essential nutrients and absorb vital nutrients.
Studies of human gut bacteria have shown that probiotics can modulate tight junction protein expression and reinforce the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In one study, enteroinvasive E. coli was inhibited in HT29 and Caco-2 cells by S. thermophilus and L. acidophilus. Both strains increased cytoskeletal protein phosphorylation and tight junction protein expression. These effects were found to activate the ERK and p38 signaling pathways.
Probiotics have anti-cancer effects. They reduce harmful bacteria and change the gut flora. In addition, they inhibit the production of certain enzymes in the colon. Probiotics also boost the immune system by regulating the immune system. They also protect against Salmonella typhimurium infection and protect against antibiotic-associated diarrhea. These positive effects of probiotics may be explained by the fact that they affect cellular activity in the colon and the mucosa.
It is also believed that probiotics can improve host health and fight various illnesses. These include diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and cancer. Other beneficial effects of probiotics include their ability to regulate abnormalities and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. They may even inhibit the recurrence of C. difficile diarrhea in humans. So, probiotics are an excellent option for healthy people looking to maintain a strong immune system.
Although probiotics do not directly affect immune responses, their effects on inflammation are mediated through a network of signals among immune cells. For example, some strains of probiotics stimulate the production of cytokines and increase macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1). The interactions with probiotics are minimal, with only a modest increase in mononuclear cell infiltration.
They May Prevent Cancer
There is mounting evidence that certain strains of probiotic bacteria may reduce the risk of cancer. Bifidobacteria, such as L. acidophilus, have been shown to inhibit colon carcinogenesis. In a study involving 223 patients, probiotics were found to improve immune responses to cancer cells and reduce tumor formation. Other strains, such as L. acidophilus, have also shown promise in cancer prevention.
One recent meta-analysis of clinical trials found that probiotics alone eliminated H. pylori in 14% of patients, indicating their direct antibacterial action. Researchers have found that gastric cancer is associated with changes in the gastric microbiome, including enriched levels of other species of bacteria. Specifically, patients with gastric cancer had higher amounts of Lactococcus, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, and other species.
The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in cancer. But the mechanisms of this involvement remain unclear. However, probiotics are believed to change the microbiome and prevent the growth of tumors. According to Dr. James Versalovic, professor of pathology and immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, probiotics may prevent cancer. This is important for cancer prevention. So, how do we find out if probiotics are a worthwhile supplement? Read on to find out more.
A recent study suggests that probiotics may help lower the risk of some cancers. Live microorganisms called probiotics play a critical role in the digestive system. In addition to preventing disease, probiotics can strengthen the immune system and help speed tissue repair. Some strains have even been found to reduce the size of some cancerous tumors. These probiotics are not only beneficial for our health but also may enhance anti-cancer treatments and estrogenic compounds.
The effects of probiotics on cancer treatment have been studied in several meta-analyses. In addition to counteracting unpleasant side effects from anti-cancer drugs, probiotics also improve markers of the gut’s barrier integrity. These findings are encouraging as further research is needed to confirm the benefits of probiotics on cancer prevention. The future of treatment depends on the findings of this study. If this is the case, probiotics may play a key role in pancreatic cancer prevention. | <urn:uuid:150666b2-6cc1-41fe-a8c0-dd1faa747498> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.martinboroughwinecentre.co.nz/interesting-facts-about-probiotics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.945786 | 2,034 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What does it mean to dedicate a song to someone?
To dedicate is to assign, to commit or to give over. If you dedicate a song you’ve written to a friend, it means the song belongs to them. If you dedicate yourself to a project, it means you give yourself to it.
How do you acknowledge a dead person?
What to say when someone dies
- Acknowledge the person’s death. When you are searching for what to say when someone dies, don’t be afraid to state what a terrible thing it is to have happened.
- Be empathetic.
- Be specific.
- Talk about the person who died.
- Express your own sadness.
- Accept anger.
- Keep in touch.
- Break your fear of upsetting someone.
Who traditionally does the eulogy?
Family members, friends, clergy, and/or funeral conductors often give eulogies. At very religious funerals it is common for only clergy to deliver eulogies. However, even at many religious funerals it is common for others to deliver eulogies as well.
Is dedicated to meaning?
1 : to decide that (something) will be used for (a special purpose) : to use (time, money, energy, attention, etc.) for (something) She dedicates 10 percent of each paycheck to her savings. He dedicated his life/time to helping the poor. After graduating from college, he dedicated himself to his career.
What can I say instead of in memory of?
What is another word for in memory of?
|for||as a memorial to|
|in commemoration of||in memoriam|
|in remembrance of|
What do you say in a grandma’s eulogy?
Sample Eulogy for a Grandmother
- What special memories did you share together?
- Did you have any fun traditions?
- What was your grandmother known for?
- How did others perceive her?
- Did she have a sense of humor?
- What things will remind you of her?
- What was your favorite quote of hers?
- How was your life most touched by hers?
How do you write something in someone’s memory?
Short Memorial Messages
- “Forever in our thoughts.”
- “Gone but never forgotten. “
- “Thinking of you always.”
- “You will be sorely missed.”
- “You were the light of our lives.”
- “With love and fond memories.”
- “In loving memory.”
- “Always in my heart.”
What should you not say in a eulogy?
Among the things to avoid in a eulogy is expressing too much emotion. Uncontrollable emotions can get the best of us. The loss of a person in our lives is perhaps one of the deepest and most sensitive times we will experience. It can be difficult to process emotions and work through the stages of grief.
How do you write a dedication for someone who has died?
To start off your dedication, choose something that fits to whom or what it is. For example, you could start out with “In memory of” if you are making a dedication to a deceased individual. You could also use “To,” “For,” or “In honor of.”
What is mean dedicate?
verb (used with object), ded·i·cat·ed, ded·i·cat·ing. to set apart and consecrate to a deity or to a sacred purpose: The ancient Greeks dedicated many shrines to Aphrodite. to devote wholly and earnestly, as to some person or purpose: He dedicated his life to fighting corruption.
What is a good sentence for dedicated?
1 The ancient Greeks dedicated many shrines to Aphrodite. 2 Back on the island, he dedicated himself to politics. 3 This book is dedicated to my parents. 4 She dedicated her life to helping the poor.
What do you say to remember a loved one?
This makes them ideal for an inscription or epitaph.
- Always in our hearts.
- Always on my mind, forever in my heart.
- You’ll be with me forever.
- Gone yet not forgotten.
- May the winds of heaven blow softly and whisper in your ear.
- You may be gone from my sight but you are never gone from my heart. | <urn:uuid:71367d47-c365-4184-9bff-ec748169fcbe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.digglicious.com/types-of-essays/what-does-it-mean-to-dedicate-a-song-to-someone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.957576 | 961 | 2.859375 | 3 |
We Grandmothers Know Plenty: Breastfeeding, Complementary Feeding and the Multifaceted Role of Grandmothers in Malawi
Social Science and Medicine
URL with Digital Object Identifier
This paper has two purposes: first of all, we examine grandmothers' role and views of child feeding practices in northern Malawi, and their influence on younger women's practices. Secondly, we consider the implications of these findings for health promotion activities and models of health education. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews, focus groups and a participatory workshop. Findings demonstrate that, to address child feeding practices which have an effect on nutrition, attention must be paid to the broader context that influences child nutrition, including extended family relations. Paternal grandmothers have a powerful and multifaceted role within the extended family in northern Malawi, both in terms of childcare and in other arenas such as agricultural practices and marital relations. Grandmothers often differ in their ideas about early child feeding from conventional Western medicine. Some practices have existed in the area at least since colonial times, and have strong cultural significance. Despite the important integrated role, older women have within households and communities in this part of Malawi, hospital personnel often have disparaging and paternalistic attitudes towards ‘grannies’ and their knowledge. Health education rarely involves grandmothers, and even if they are involved, their perspectives are not taken into consideration. Hospital staff often reject grandmother knowledge as part of a broader modernization paradigm which views ‘traditional knowledge’ as backward. Grandmothers view current child health conditions within a broader context of changing livelihood conditions and a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The paper concludes by discussing the challenges of involving grandmothers in health education, and the difficulties of incorporating local knowledge into a medical system that largely rejects it. | <urn:uuid:46452bc1-3080-4676-9b97-ffc73aebb88d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/16/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00377-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950307 | 368 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Breeding-season habitat associations of the declining Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra – a potential indicator of the overall bunting richness
The aim of the present study was to assess factors affecting Corn Bunting occurrence and abundance, and to evaluate its potential to indicate the diversity and abundance of other buntings. The study was conducted in Lombardy, N Italy, at 40 sites in a low-intensity agricultural landscape. Corn Bunting occurrence depended on the availability of arable land and, secondarily, of rocky areas. Its abundance was affected by the extent of arable land and length of continuous hedgerows. The number of species and territories of other buntings was higher at sites where Corn Buntings were more abundant. Measures aiming at species' conservation should primarily promote the maintenance of arable lands and hedgerows in low-intensity agricultural areas. These landscape features are threatened in the Mediterranean region by both agricultural intensification and land abandonment. Conservation measures for Corn Buntings may also benefit the other bunting species.
Author(s): Brambilla, M; Guidali, F; Negri, I
Journal: Ornis Fennica | <urn:uuid:02cbecb8-b873-4318-870d-ccef92b0bf6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hedgelink.org.uk/resource/breeding-season-habitat-associations-of-the-declining-corn-bunting-emberiza-calandra-a-potential-indicator-of-the-overall-bunting-richness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.935186 | 248 | 3.078125 | 3 |
". . . Frenken's mystics each attempted to achieve their desired transcendent knowledge,
albeit through perverse methods resulting from their horrid childhoods
-- they were merely attempting to create psychic homeostasis."
"The production of pain, bleeding, religious symbol scarification, self-flagellation
and wearing body-injuring garments all served the mystics' purpose of achieving
unity with the divine as a substitute for childhood psychic abuse,
of merging with an idealized Mother and as a defense
against normal sexual emotions."
"Whatever ecstasy they may have achieved was shortlived because it
never addressed a resolution of childhood trauma."
-- Jerrold Atlas, Ph.D.
In dealing with the latest Ralph Frenken gift of clear psychohistorical research on the lives of medieval mystics, I am more struck by the possibilities of integrating Frenken's research into understanding the medieval gestalt as well as the latest in psychohistorical research [Editor's Note: See The Evolution of Childhood, Personality Structure and Superego in Germany (1200 - 1700) ]. I also want to expand Frenken's analyses of these mystics into a more global recognition (by us and by earlier humans) of purpose and vision and self.
In a previous response to Frenken's research,1 I wrote:
What horror fills the diaries, journals, biographies and autobiographies we have found throughout history. The medieval world, in particular, inherited many of the worst features of previous civilizations that were only exacerbated by this persistently dysfunctional period.
Would that we could simply declare that early childhood abandonment (e.g., to relatives, craftsmen, church, colleagues as well as foster care) established psychic defense patterns in children conditioning the willingness of adult societies to harm others. That projection onto others of one's own unresolved abandoning-parent issues allowed these societies to viciously
attack/destroy/forcibly deport [= abandonment reenactment]/annihilate [= seeking revenge through a "safe" substitute parricide/fratricide] those whom they had declared as their "enemies". That (and here I project forward in history) very same abandonment reenactment has encouraged modern-day mass deportations of hated resident aliens or, worse yet, ethnic annihilation.
Of course, this is all true but it is definitely not simple.
A marvelously courageous series of researchers have plowed this field for evidence of childrearing abuse patterns.2 Autobiographies and diaries opened to their scrutiny has yielded masses of often-reversed tales giving proof to endless childhood atrocities and miseries. Their contributions to this field of study are legendary because of the extreme difficulties of the work as well as the extreme displeasure they provoked among other scholars far too resistant to admit the preponderance of the evidence: childhood was an awful experience. Consider these aspects:
". . . the entire patriarchal structure of the West could not have existed without the foundation provided by the regular sexual abuse of little girls";3
I would emphasize here that we may also need to view all of Frenken's illustrative mystic lives as the medieval representation of something much larger and more fundamental -- we are each "the Indras of our own life" 8 What Joseph Campbell was referring to was that marvelous myth of the arrogant Indra (Lord Ruler of the World of Time, the reality in which
humans find themselves) who began construction of the largest palace ever known. Suddenly, a blue-black handsome child appears who laughs at Indra's actions, calling them larger than anything done by all the previous Indras he has known. This awareness fixes the attention of Indra who then discovers that he is merely one of ever so many created worlds (from the opening and closing of the Brahman's eye) led by endless Indras that he is minute in the eternity of endless Indras and that he must absorb this lesson in humility in order to do the job for which he was created to the best of his ability.
Thus, each of us has a function to perform within the cosmic reality and mythological foundations for our culture and community. We work, achieve, love, create and encourage our families, support and contribute to our communities as well as try to never lose sight of our significant insignificance within.
Each of Frenken's mystics was trapped within their own history of abuse and psychological disturbance. Each functioned in their lives to the best of their ability -- they were, through their perverse behaviors, self-medicating. Each, because of their unique behaviors became sanctified by their contemporaries who saw their perversities as privileged expressions of divinity. Each, for their contemporaries and posterity, became the same as artists/shamans/priests throughout human history who kept the human mythology alive so that all could have a central unifying vision. Thus, we study their perverse lives for clues to the hidden cosmic messages behind myth as well as for the hidden psychological/psychoanalytical/ psychohistorical clues explaining human thoughts/actions.
The borderline frequently tests reality, flares between depression and rage, can be aggressive and destructive, experiences a wide variety of distressing neuroses and anxieties, may be sadistic (including to one's self), is often hateful of previously idealized objects and can engage in unremembered sexual perversion. All of these may reflect significant ego-weakness resulting from childhood abuse. Borderline mystics frequently engaged in flagellation/scarification/self-mutilation ---these are usually seen as self-destructive but I would suggest that they are examples of self-medication in search of divine experience. Margery Kempe's public falling to her knees and prolonged crying distinguished her sacredness, as did her visions of Jesus' toes -- they served to assure her "specialness" as she escaped from her husband and family through arduous spiritual journeys. The production of pain, bleeding, religious symbol scarification, self-flagellation and wearing body-injuring garments all served the mystics' purpose of achieving unity with the divine as a substitute for childhood psychic abuse, of merging with an idealized Mother and as a defense against normal sexual emotions.
There is a highly sexualized content to this self medication -- self-destruction of one's body allows a redirecting of sexual feelings into a more preferred divine experience. Thus, Catherine of Siena's bleeding/puss-drinking/ecstasy-with-Jesus or Christina of Retters' vaginal burning are also sexualized self-medication.
Narcissistic grandiosity allows overt displays of envy and contempt, destruction of previous idealized attachments, restlessness and boredom, inability to bond with anyone for long periods, frequent insulting of others (especially women, thereby hinting at significant traumatic maternal memories) and an overwhelming desire to somehow mend the traumatic childhood relationship with parent(s). All of the narcissists' actions are clearly self-medication to eliminate unresolved childhood anxieties. Butzbach's hatred of witches, self-righteousness and literary efforts allowed him to fill his contemporary society's "higher morality" role-self-medication was the result. Similarly, the actions of Platter/Ryff/von Weinsberg served self-medication needs allowing each to achieve temporary homeostasis -- a triumph over unresolved childhood trauma.
Each of Frenken's mystics achieved some degree of "being one with the transcendent", a unity with the divine. However, we should recognize that this wasn't successful self-medication so that they never quite achieved an understanding of what Campbell termed ''the mask of eternity'' (based on James Joyce's sense of epiphany as the understanding within oneself of the
essence of divine energy). Indeed, the wonder humans have felt in all of the manifestations of the energy of divinity appears largely absent from their experiences. Whatever ecstasy they may have achieved was shortlived because it never addressed a resolution of childhood trauma. They were never at one with their own divinity -- they never even achieved any prolonged oneness with Jesus. Mystics' lives, self-torture and suffering were their chosen methods to minimize their childhood trauma by achieving some sense of divine unity.
I previously indicated that:
". . . the sexual abuse of prepubescent boys and girls was common";4
". . . the incest barrier, like other aspects of good parenting, is a very late acquisition of mankind";5
Clearly, there was a universality of child abuse, usually inflicted by immature parents, built into the social fabric. It was molded into each society's fundamental essence, supported by accepted moral values and overlooked or embraced as "normal" by literature and religion. Thus, inserted into society's fabric in childrearing (the pun is intended), abandoning and intrusive and always abusive childhood encouraged group fantasies allowing war, depressions, social injustice and mass delusions -- to "stay 'sane' by being able to participate in group craziness rather than having to experience idiosyncratic craziness".6
One particular researcher, Ralph Frenken, has made the arduous yeoman's journey through minefields of German autobiographies. His focus has been
on the parent-child relationship and resultant adult personalities as well as on single case reconstructions of childhoods (appearing elsewhere in this issue).7 Ostensibly designed to test and suggest possible refinements of deMause's psychogenic theory of childhood, Frenken's mass of material offers us more than explanatory outcomes. In them, Frenken has added to the growing body of evidence conclusively proving that childhood was bleak at best, normatively abysmal, horrifying in reality and its repetition served to make the human condition awful. While it is a tribute to the wonder of humanity that all of mankind's accomplishments loom so large, Frenken never forgets to add praise for whatever small success his subjects achieved in spite of their miserable childhoods. Few choose to venture into the morass of childhood for it is fraught with personal discomfort, collegial rebuke and frequent challenges to scholarly dispassion. Frenken's scholarly discipline surely served him well in cloaking him from the repeated pain evident in his sources.
To be clear about the terminology we will be using, we understand that psychological problems result from repression or denial or forgetting feelings and events from traumatic and undigested experiences as well as "from ambivalent relations and complex emotional ties to important persons of one's own childhood".9 Lloyd deMause has identified six major childrearing modes (psychogenic theory): infanticidal; abandoning; ambivalent; intrusive; socializing; helping. The ambivalent mode appears in the later medieval period with parents injecting their children with strong erotic and aggressive projections, yet killing or abandoning them less than previously. Ambivalent parents used enemas, early beatings, swaddling and treated the child as a sexual object in order to control the child. The intrusive mode appears by the seventeenth century, its focus is on controlling the child who can only be loved if parents have established their complete control. Intrusive parents used early toilet training and repression of the child's sexuality as their primary devices for control, thereby frequently abandoning swaddling and wet-nursing, so that they allowed themselves to feel empathy for their children. "Adults delegate their unconscious wishes to the child and use guilt, mental discipline and humiliation to force the child to reach the adults' goals."10 In deMause's view, childhood evolution "is a series of closer involvements between adults and children, each advance tending to heal splitting, reduce projections and reversal, and increase empathy".11 Within this frame of reference we may proceed.
If we assume from mythic imagination that the whole earth was once a sacred place, then we are the keepers of this sacredness. For psychohistorians, it means that we can explore the fundamental imprinting of our thoughts and actions during our childhood. Thus, we can also explore human thoughts/actions through analyses of their childhood.
Continuing with this approach for a bit longer, Campbell urged us to understand that we have constructed our world view and explanatory myths for our own purpose(s), that these have become systematized by organized religions manipulating all to replicate their interpretations of these teachings forever. Thus, new ages produce new needs and concretized religions often resist the requisite change(s) necessary for the newer generations. As psychohistorians, we need to understand each period's understanding of itself as well as the underlying experiences creating these understandings -- childhood This should help us recognize that all people had a visible plane (the world and all of its energy) supporting the invisible plane (the transcendent we often term divinity) -- in other words, what we don't know supports what we do know.
Earliest and modern tales attempt to explain the separation between human and animal worlds -- a central element in earliest human societies because humans were separating from the hunter society belief that the animals were divine messengers requiring some appeasement for their life- sacrifice to humans. This supports the idea that life transcends physical existence and that these animals were also god-spirits greater than all of us. One should easily recognize that Christ-crucified is our modern representation of this same theory-Jesus is the "fruit of the tree", the "knowledge" proffered to humans to achieve some oneness with divinity (he died in his flesh to be born into his spirit, the body is merely the vehicle for the divinity within). Death is life (being is becoming and ending is being) is also clearly a hunter-gather mythology -- thus, one should lack fear and have the courage of life. We are viewing the originating myth here -- the myth of creation is a transcendent concept (unknowable, needing our appeasement and thanks) essential for humans to comfortably establish our raison d'etre and allows us to turn life into a mythological experience. Even the Jesus story includes the Gethsemane celebration of the passage to eternal life by having Jesus lead his disciples in dance before his arrest and crucifixion -- death is life.
Surely we all recognize that the ancient hunt was a ritual killing of divine messengers and human guilt-doing so needed one to be expunged through the use of rituals. Similarly, when we surpass our parents (psychologically killing them) we have also subsumed their feared powers and, - yet, we deny knowledge that we will be killed in turn by our progeny. The surpassing is our psychohistorical "fear of success" ("growth panic") which so frightens us that we engage in suicidal behaviors to destroy ourselves -- "splitting" or simply disengaging from what you know will happen (death is known but we usually deny it) allows us to do this.
How our ego process works is an important part of this analysis. Who we address as "thou" or "it" is a profound choice because the latter ("it") allows us to perform unconscionable acts against animals, environment, other genders and other humans. This ego selection is as profound as the burst of mytho-imagination found in early cave art (a topic frequently discussed at International Psychohistorical Association Conventions by colleague Robert-Louis Liris) -- psychohistorians recognize that these caves were womb-chambers allowing regression where one may celebrate existence, transcend everything and all known reality so that one may merge with what was termed "God" (the psychohistorical "Killer Mommy" concept). The form (the cave-wombs) is secondary, the primary message is the experiencing of transcendent/divine/creative powers within the dark womb (the psychohistorical "fusion confusion" or "merger with Mommy").
Both shamans-in-trance and us-in-sleep descend into mystical caves to experience the transcendent knowledge (that which we often cannot speak because we haven't words/feelings/ideas to do so). Hopefully, this discussion thread will enable us all to recognize that Frenken's mystics each attempted to achieve their desired transcendent knowledge, albeit through perverse methods resulting from their horrid childhoods -- they were merely attempting to create psychic homeostasis.
Frenken's reference to his mystics' hearing of inner voices is of such consequence because we want to know where these voices come from and what they represent. Using deMause's recent brain-biology writings (the mystics were incapable of realizing that these were their abusive parents' voices), the electrical firing in their early -- memory right brains couldn't reach or be absorbed/understood by the later -- developed left brain processing centers. These "chats" were both tortuous, replicating experiences for the mystics and exhilarating, sexually arousing moments of bliss. Is it any wonder that Frenken's descriptions fascinate us and arouse us (as much as these mystics)? In a Christian/Hindu sense, they were identifying with the Christ/Shiva within them -- metaphorical images are what move each person's experiencing of myth.
For most religions, knowledge of God is also ultimate death -- religiously aware individuals strive for the divine embrace knowing that this joy is also a precursor to blissful death.
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
I previously offered a larger vision of the medieval world against which readers could assess the tales of Frenken's mystics:
Violent social conflicts accompanied the cycle of dislocations and disasters. Famine, plague, war and royal tax increases made the most miserable part of the population recognize that their lives had become intolerable. A lower birth rate combined with a higher death rate, widespread malnutrition increased as life worsened and the plagues carved a wide swath of death. Endemic plagues produced a mentality of:
Hopefully, this will allow Frenken's mystics' experiences to have a place within our psychohistorical thinking-as he states it: "historically changing parental treatment of children therefore causes the change of object images and self-images. This means that personality structure changes historically." Seuse, Mechthild of Hackeborn, Christina of Retters, von Soest,
Butzbach and others were so tormented by the inability to resolve their childhood abuse trauma that they split the trauma into embraced divine passion, treated themselves with self-abuse and hopefully achieved the momentary unity with a loving divinity they so desired. The neurotic mystics -- Platter, Ryff, von Weinsberg -- suffered from superego torture as a byproduct of childhood abandonment or excessive demands for achievement or the absence of parental love. Each was a product of historically changing patterns of childhood.
These social conflicts exacerbated underlying pathologies and heightened popular irrationalities so that negative behaviors became dominant and helped tear society apart. We should view this sundering as an impetus to construct something better, "restoring unity and social order to a fragmented and conflict-ridden society."12
- desertion of family and community;
- incomprehensibility about the source or meaning of the horror;
- the fantasy of poisoning;
- a search for and labeling of scapegoats (Christian hysteria centered on pogroms against Jews);
- the decimation of monastic communities (severely restricting their positive contributions to society's stability); and
- eruptions of bizarre religious behavior (such as the extraordinarily ascetic Flagellants).
That Christian piety had become central to views about the conditions of the masses can be seen in the language of the peasants and underclass complaints throughout post-plague Europe, for they appear to have been busy creating a "community of the faithful."13 They voiced the view that there was a higher purpose to society -- the care of the many. Clearly, natural disasters combined with man-made to proclaim a widespread failure of leadership on the part of the kings, church and nobles. Ironically, the labor shortage resulting from the massive deaths produced better work and life conditions, improved pay and conditions of serf obligations, a shift to a money economy and a decline in essential food prices.
Interestingly, there was also a significant transition taking place about the role(s) women were seeking to have in society. While most remained in assigned roles assuring them of salvation, inheritance and survival, others began to seek greater and enriched involvement in religion, business, power and sexuality. Mysticism, heightened sexuality, exorcisms and popular preaching opened doors for expanded women's roles. Women frequently became the majority by the mid-thirteenth century, controlled more wealth and sought education. Quite a number of women seeking non-marital independence and careers took up residence in begiuinages, particularly in northern Europe. That this and the other aspects of increasing women's rights did not last into the fifteenth century is the result of other conditions restricting economic and social power in society-it is also a result of men's discomfort with women's advances.
THE NATURE OF THE SACRED
Based on the understanding that nothing sacred can exist without group acceptance, psychohistorians recognize the necessity of also understanding the social fabric of the surrounding society -- we do this in the discussion below:
We can easily understand that we give expression to our dreams, to our myths, to our religion and to our lives. What we choose is a reflection of our direction, evolution, incorporation of childhood experiences and/or trauma. We give birth to the material of our existence -- it is a hide-and-seek within which we may sometimes go the "wrong" way. We see what we seek. We shape our view of reality and what it is that we are really about. We create our greater self also. Thus, thinking in terms of the sacred, we create all of its elements by the way we give expression to sacredness and sacred places. We establish our image -- but we may also only be uncovering what exists. Of course, it may all exist independent of us but we still give it our expression-the human dream is the root of the sacred. It is becoming increasingly apparent that all groups develop sacred space(s) to restage their shared birth fantasies -- rebirth space allows people to "cleanse themselves of fantasies of having been polluted by their mothers, usually through sacrifice."14 This may also be viewed in examining the medieval period.
All of this is by way of understanding that all societies construct their own sacred space, reinforced by a geographic locus (nation, city, church or central square), whose principal purpose is "expressing 'group cohesion' through 'public events'."15 Such was also the function of religions, cults and relics: "to consolidate and integrate commonly held norms and values."16 Similarly, we should understand sacred cloth and bones as the skin and bones of the sacred mother, to which we children cling.17 This is clearly a celebration of our mothers. Ceremonial rituals such as the Catholic Mass played upon the congregation's "psychological uncertainty about the status of the bread and wine" (a ritual dyadic opposition between the material and spiritual realities) to establish a sacred community of the faithful.18
The very elements of the Mass ritual have a hypnotic design allowing the individuality of the congregants to be transformed into a group oneness. "In the 'spiritual psychology" of the middle ages, communities of faith grew into sacred communities, later developing into 'civic consciousness'."19
Even the nature of local politics becomes a factor in understanding the construction of sacred space. This international trade enriched the manufacturing towns, the toll-collecting noble road builders, the robbers of the highways and the great nobles and kings who enforced trade orderliness in order to maximize their own revenues. This orderliness allowed the creation of more sacred space and we measure these successes or failures within the sacred spaces they constructed to glorify themselves. Sacred wealth was more unevenly distributed and this impacted in different ways on the power of developing nations. Those nations who were more successful frequently committed psychological suicide (through internal and external warfare) and that also served to destroy their sacred space -- the nation -- and delay the construction of even more sacred spaces -- the cathedrals.
Dedicated to God's majesty, cathedrals centered learning and art in a composite purpose: constructing a sacred space of perfection and order that could hopefully be repeated in contemporary life. These constructions were cooperative community actions reflecting the medieval modus operand; there was a coherent harmony underlying all of life and nature. This was a spiritual and social unity--it was the purity of sacred space. In this context, the medieval world allowed for the possibility of sacred oneness in everything -- art, politics, economics and daily life:
What all of this should reveal is that sacredness is a social construct. For ordinary medieval Christians, certain saints, mystics and religious leaders best mirrored their system of acceptable values (see discussion below). These intercessors could, by virtue of their uniqueness (thus, being "special" in the group entitled one to also be representative of the group's value fantasies), accomplish the asked-for material benefits or solace. The saintly were used in the service of the group -- the same group that may have mocked them or feared them because of their peculiar lifestyles. Again, groups construct their own sacredness. Medieval Europe was busy reinventing itself through the massive construction of sacred spaces -- cathedrals, urban centers, castles and holy sites -- that were the "stars" in a "spiritual walkabout" designed to stimulate the economy as well as individual/group reverence for the divine unity in which they believed that they lived.
"'The pursuit of holiness was a search for forms of religious expression that were.. deeply bound up with piety'.20 Piety was 'the many manifestations of religious feeling and behavior that . . . revolve around two impulses. The first of these is the need for purity, for a feeling of spiritual perfection, which comes from separating oneself from material and carnal thoughts and acts.. The second component . . . is the feeling of reverence, the emotions of love, awe and fear that believers direct toward divinity and its attributes".21
Christians expected a quid pro quo for their piety -- prayers and church records are filled with expectations of material benefit. When the church or any of the many saints (deemed saintly because they appeared to have "transcended the sinfulness of ordinary existence"22) were called upon to act as intercessors, they were called to do so by the impulses of the faithful. Hence, the group constructs its expectations from the sacred.
These spaces concretized then current religious and esthetic concepts so we may explore them and interpret them within the social fabric. Building campaign records reveal the successes and failures of annual efforts to raise funds and this is reflected in materials used, quality of workmanship and the pace of construction. These huge spaces allowed the majesty of God to be enshrined, the pursuit of civic pride to be assured and the desired pathway to
heaven to be opened. They also engaged the church community with law courts, schools, individualized. chapels, libraries and record-keeping spaces all reflecting twelfth-thirteenth century tendencies toward domestic order, privary and comfort. Yet, the concretization was frequently amended by constant alterations -- sometimes the result of frequent fires (wood and fabric burn so easily when exposed to countless unattended burning devotional candles) but more often a by-product of rapidly changing social customs and a desire by each new psychoclass to redefine themselves in their sacred spaces.
Simple people had no real understanding of the intellectual distinctions made by theorists -- for them, piety was spontaneous. It embraced their understanding of what was sacred. It meant some degree of spiritual perfection that they hoped they could call into their own lives.
THE NATURE OF CHILDHOOD
While Frenken focuses on discovering the mystics' childhood, we ought to be able to place their childhood within their contemporary context:
From the thirteenth century onward, greater focus in the miracle records was placed on the childhood of saints as well as on infancy and childhood for all. This has erroneously misdirected many into believing that childhood had improved:
These analyses should make one want to revise all of those allegations of happy medieval childhood, caring families and concern for the welfare of children made by many recent historians. This recent historical "scholarship" has focused on establishing a myth of childhood and family during the middle ages, despite the huge store of evidence deMause and others have offered to the contrary.
The uncertain conditions prevalent in the fourteenth century appear to have enhanced concern for the safety of children in the face of the dangers lurking in the natural world, the perils of war, the high mortality rate of the plague years (particularly among minors), and the disrepair of Europe's physical substructure.. The sharp drop in population further heightened the desire to insure the survival of endangered infants and children.23
The failure to have one surviving child assuring family and inheritance continuity was met by anger toward wives -- a grand gesture of displacement. A fetal mortality was rivaled by infant mortality--postnatal diseases and loss of appetite were listed as the highest causes. Superstition, magic and herbal remedies were popularly combined to assist in the relief of infant problems while some herbal remedies worked, most herbal and all of the other remedies did not. Saints noted for their child assistance efforts were routinely invoked -- again, with a variety of success attributed to the saints that, most probably, belonged to natural causes. Infant and child mortality had a more serious side within the scope of religion, for it denied access to Christ in heaven to the unbaptized child's soul; it also had a more serious practical side for it eliminated support for parents in their old age and seriously complicated inheritance issues (see discussion below).
Miraculous child revivals or rescue strengthened the unity of the medieval communities. Their huge number also reveals the significant life threat to children (especially rural) from drowning and falls. The majority of miracle record child accidents deal with near-drowning (boys twice more prone to this than girls) in "wells, ponds, lakes, ditches, marshes, streams, pits, cesspools, dams, springs, vats of wine, beer and water, threshing pits, canals, sewers, baths and floods" -- in short, in any body of water.27 Burning occurred in "ovens, boiling oil or porridge, hearths, fires and lightning storms."28
Children frequently fell from "overturned boats, towers, benches, steps, ladders, bridges and open windows" and (as if this wasn't enough) children were injured by "falling trees, knives, falling bricks, collapsing walls, spindles, runaway carriages and mill machinery;" there were also "poisonous roots, dog bites, marauding wolves, snakes, spiders and horses."29 Children were frequently injured, killed, sexually abused and taken for ransom in the increasingly fourteenth century war habit of victimizing civilians.
This stands in paradoxical contravention of the above noted heightened care and concern for the welfare of children -- it would be better understood as the defense processes of splitting or ambivalence. "Angry, abusive parents may produce angry, abusive children not just by the example they set but by the injuries they inflict;"30 therefore our paradoxical contravention may more accurately reflect the reality of medieval childrearing. Assumptions that children were more dear because there were so few of them are not supportcd by reliable evidence.31 Pretending that concern for children had risen to the level of public policy contradicts statistical realities and the evidence noted above. Children, then as now, remain the convenient target for abuse.
1250-1360 witnessed a significant drop in children per family (from 3 5 to 1.9),24 as well as a life expectancy decline which combined to maintain a reduced population rate until the sixteenth century:
Anxiety over the vulnerability of children, coupled with a belief in their innocence and purity, led to their prominent placement in religious processions, a growing number of visions of the Infant Jesus and of visions credited to children, and the celebration of the Feast of the Innocents.25
Canonization cases, miracle records and saints' lives are filled with tales of children helped, for, it would seem, "concern for the welfare of children had become public policy."26
This alleged growing concern for the survival of infants is claimed to have resulted from:
- the new mendicant orders' belief that childhood innocence offered the best chance for acceptance of Christian teaching;
- the growing urban charities' special focus on the care of orphans and poor children;
- the severity of plague death among the child population making so few children available to each community (this idea would appear to be based on the notion that absence makes the heart grow fonder);
- a decline in lifestyle, death and hygiene which particularly impacted children's survival expectations.
"We were not allowed to refuse [to eat] . . .Whoever refused. . .did not get anything to eat. Our parents said: 'you do not have any appetite today'. These principles were for our own good and they had a good influence on our lives. We learned to accept and to bear everything.. Effeminacy and spoiling were not the results of this education."32
"These reproaches could easily become a tyranny full of projective reactions: children should feel the same privations as their parents had felt in their childhood. The child was full of projected unfulfilled oral wishes of its parents, so its own oral wishes had to be strictly controlled by the parents."33
"Clothing was a big field for projective reactions: many parents either clothed their children too warmly or too scantily (for hardening). . . clothing and hairstyle was prescribed by adults. . . Movement . . . in the upper middie classes and elite . . . [dealt with] the restriction of the child's freedom of movement."34
Suffocation in bed led the list of home injuries and was particularly connected to prevalent parental drunkenness (and the unconscious turning over onto the small child lying next to the drunken parent). Of further hazard to the child's life was working at an early age as well as neglect and abandonment as the frequent outlook for children, especially of the lower classes. Higher class children didn't have it much better, however, and had the problems of strangulation or drowning while in the care of their nurse, inadequate or nonexistent rescue efforts /because of fear of legal penalties for touching their bodies before the coroner's arrival), misjudged physical ability (being expected to do more than they were really capable of doing) and simple parental neglect. Most accidents occurred while children were able to move about
unsupervised (1 - to 7 years), from late March to early October (because of the frequency of child labor and outdoor activities) and after 3 o'clock.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is easily diagnosed in many medieval autobiographies, diaries and elsewhere. So much so that we should better understand this as a fundamental factor influencing medieval lives:
"The existence of persecutory alters, organized parts of the personality that are hostile to and punish the host personality, are quite common in medieval literature. What is not often appreciated is that these persecutory alters are not simple introjections of perpetrators of abuse. Rather, they more often begin their existence after traumatic events in early childhood as protectors and only later on turn into persecutors. . .
After the traumatic event has occurred, the child sets up a part of his or her personality as a protector that prevents the child from ever having to experience the trauma again. The alter sees to it that every action of the child is monitored so that the situation that led to the trauma isn't repeated -- the child being convinced that he or she is responsible for whatever is done to him or her. In severe traumas, this means, in essence, that the child has to be careful not to grow, explore, need or desire too much, lest they bring on the dreaded traumatic event or rejection. The protector starts using persecutory behavior toward the host personality when the child starts getting more freedom and opportunity to grow, individuate and get satisfaction. Usually this is in puberty, when the persecutor fears that sexual behavior will mean loss of control over the host and a repetition of the traumatic situation. From puberty on, the protector turns into an active persecutor."35
"Violence among children and legal public violence have a close relationship".36 Certainly, the frequency of medieval public violence could not be lost upon its traumatized children -- public executions, burnings, hangings, beatings, flagellation were seared into the child's mind along with the fear of demons, witches and assorted frightening creatures. Add to this the frequency of public abuse of animals and the lessons of violence and abuse become concretized in a dysfunctional society.37
Since Frenken's research on mystics also occurs within the framework of a period of profoundly attractive popularity of religion within all aspects of daily life, I previously described this popular religion:
One aspect of the medieval world not to be overlooked is the concept of community, a spirit of collective identity that overarched all activities in the thousands of new towns springing up all over Europe. Their focus was in their marketplaces, their commercial activities, their competitive struggle to gain significant portions of the wildly expanding wealth in the tenth-thirteenth centuries. Add to this the fact that they were pioneers, blazing their own paths through the medieval anti-commercial morass and we better understand their "fierce independence, internal wars and externals wars".38
. . . It was also an age for an explosion of religious revival. The few dedicated souls willing to live isolated, ascetic, ritualized existences drew the admiration of many. Cults of saints and their relics surprised the monks by the increasing generosity of the lay audiences and this new wealth endowed the religious communities. They quickly became dependent upon this popular interest and centered their activities -- religious and construction of more or improved sacred space -- on attracting more popular support. Thus, the age of popular religion was born. Although St. Francis and St. Dominic surely must be cited for their thirteenth century genius in combining the contemplative life with a pastoral missionary zeal, this was already in place long before. The practical earlier monastic, functioning daily among the people, laboring in the streets, fields and homes with their contemporaries, was already engaged in popular religion.
I would be remiss if I didn't emphasize the fact that much of the move toward popular religion.
was a result of the rampant child abuse of the period. All too frequently, unwanted children were abandoned to the monasteries as oblates. Although many historians have erroneously written about the marvelous generosity of these medieval parents in demonstrating their love of God's majesty by donating their children, psychohistorians know better. Clearly unwanted, these children were simply abandoned to the cast of fate within the walls of monasteries where they were sodomized, raped, abused and victimized throughout their early lives.
All of this allows us to examine the place of mystics and saints within the group's mentality because we have recognized that these unique individuals are also functioning in the group's service.
The fortunate economic improvement of the twelfth-fourteenth centuries reduced the number of abandonments to the monasteries and saw the rise of a corresponding growth of voluntary religious life (religion-as-vocation). Mid-eleventh century papal-led religious reform (Leo IX) grew into twelfth century papal-led popular religion (Gregory VII). It was a social revolution that also served to expand the papal authority over secular rulers -- thus, the source of the conflict for power also serves as a signpost for psychohistorical research. Since we know that no historical change occurs without preceding childrearing changes, we better understand the reduction in abandonments. Let me also note herein that this should not be taken as a marvelous improvement in the lives of children. Indeed, they were still subjected to lives of incredible abuse, torture and assorted evils but now increasingly done under the umbrella of an intrusive manner (with the psychological control of the child's mind and spirit).
Somewhat paradoxically, this popular religion combined the bourgeois competitive spirit with anti-clerical rage and personal devotion. This new psychoclass vigorously opposed the guardian of the old ways, the local bishop, as well as all others opposing their newer vision of an interactive church (by the way, this included the Pope who was also a medieval-style local noble enforcing antiquated restrictive laws). Popular religion was also ready to do battle, to prove one's worth to God through daily struggles. Into this arena came the crusading spirit. Although discussed extensively elsewhere,39 the notion of a "holy war" was merely a signpost indicating that, for this new psychoclass, there was a willingness to test one's mettle in God's service -- if the enemy was declared "evil", then we must be declared "just" and "good".
Preaching grew increasingly popular from the mid-eleventh century onward and fed the popular religious frenzy. Indeed, heaven became an increasingly crowded locale thenceforth with all the newly emancipated souls gaining entrance. Popular religion made God more loving, caring and (should we say it?) more human. No longer did most take the express train to hell, purgatory had been popularized and became a convenient way-station on the road to eventual heavenly entrance. Purgatory purged one of one's frailties, allowing the church and popular preachers to exploit the human desire to atone for one's relatives by offering "rescue" for a fee. Indeed, religious life was complex and varied by socio-economic factors, geographic distance from the Mediterranean and individual stages of childhood and subsequent development.
Twelfth century Waldo of Lyon (1179 appearance before the Third Lateran Council in Rome) evangelized to the poor, rejected efforts to reconstruct his mission within church teachings and, ultimately, began the earliest Protestant WaIdensians -- certainly, this is one aspect of popular religion. The medieval construction of sacred space, previously described, "disguise the hidden world of the heretic, the blasphemer, the dropout and the pagan."40 They also served to advance the pecuniary interests of the bourgeoisie who delighted in the increased business for their hotels, stores, souvenirs and food. No one was allowed to interfere in this pursuit of wealth: errant preachers advocating renunciation of worldliness and worldly goods might be bemusedly tolerated but those advocating destruction of the "unholy" commerce surrounding sacred places (or the sacred places themselves, such as the ideas of early twelfth century Peter of Bruis in Toulouse) were often publicly murdered. Popular preachers were often dissenters with a gift for words that moved audiences. The twelfth-fifteenth centuries encouraged a variety of lifestyles, intellectual opinions and disputation (especially about the accepted order of life and religion). Preachers were frequently well-educated contrarians, either rejecting religious orthodoxy because it was orthodox or because of conflicting theory:
"Judgment and penance and the fear of hell were dominant in the 10th and 11th centuries; in the 12th and 13th a new spirit takes over, the preaching of the good Christian life and of practical morality to lay men and women whose destiny is by no means so gloomy as before."41
Blasphemy then should be better seen as 'shock therapy", clearly confrontational and an artful debate tactic. That it aroused the adoration and action of large numbers made it so dangerous in an age of increasing transition.
Popular religion appealed to the intellectual non-believer desiring reconvincing and conversion -it was a plea for someone to "show me the way". Unfortunately, the church response was, frequently, increasing intolerant authority. This could not satisfy popular confusion over religious doctrines -- Cathar dualism wherein only the spiritual mattered (thereby denying church teachings about the role of Jesus) appealed to many as did their lives of poverty and simplicity, the sacraments confused many, purgatory was understood as a new and confusing idea (indeed, to the Cathar, hell was in this life) while church worldliness and possessions seemed to violate oaths of poverty (and, anyway, when did ordinary people ever really understand the mysteries of religion?). Even a doctrine as simple as baptism produced varieties of techniques for doing it -- touching, annointing, spraying, dunking and near-drowning -- and varied explanations for what it cleansed one of. Given the huge infant mortality of the time, previously discussed, baptism was done earlier and earlier in a very public manner -- possibly as a popular church effort to afford soul-protection to those about to die and to their grieving parents. "The dead played a very active part in the religious sentiment of the late Middle Ages."42
If we recognize the central Christian focus as the Bible, then absence of reading skills poses the question of how ordinary people could know its words. Priests and preachers filled this gap with their sermons and lessons, popular prayer chants recited biblical passages and the semi-learned discussed biblical lore with their fellows. Vernacular translations were often condemned by the church for their inaccuracies as well as feared for their success in arousing the masses. Sacred spaces served a didactic purpose in that the sacred stones were covered with sacred art illustrating biblical tales -- man constructs the sacred to house the sacred lore he chooses to know. Hosts of interpreters guided the visitors through the complexities of sophisticated art representation just as was done in the miracle and mystery plays of the time. That the Bible-as-story aroused popular interest is well known; joined with medieval narrative art and didactic translation, the Bible focus increasingly centered on literal meaning and could we not see this as a foundation for later Reformation urges?
. . . The apparent violence of nature may reflect medieval Europe's declining infrastructure. What twelfth-fourteenth century scholastics had conceptualized as a rational universe created for people's benefit "led to the consequent desacralization of nature and permitted its exploitation in order to serve human needs."43 Fourteenth. century natural catastrophes redirected this view into punishment for people's excessive pride. The 1303 and 1306/7 freezing of the Baltic combined with tornadoes, droughts and floods to heighten awareness of the power of natural destruction long before the plagues arrived. Brutal life returned (as the historical records endlessly confirm) as people suffered recurrent famine and minimal governmental efforts to assist those suffering.44
Mythic fear of nature transformed all of nature's places into danger zones filled with horrid creatures and Satan's minions, into battlegrounds between those animals symbolizing good and evil. Yet, "despite the despair and hopelessness with which many were gripped, faith in the restorative power of God remained."45 Depopulation accelerated a decline in food production, created food shortages in the cities, increased mortality, decreased care of the roads and bridges necessary for what transport remained and profoundly altered psychic outlook. "Macabre themes in art, the obsession with Death, and the sense of solitude, 'orphanization', abandonment and melancholy . . . suggest a traumatic change in consciousness."46 Indeed, saintly miracles increasingly display the domination of saints over the perils of nature and inanimate objects.47
There was also the flood of preachers throughout Europe frightening everyone with images of the evil awaiting them at nature's gates -- this added to the popular belief that only salvation could shield them from danger. Anxieties (fundamental unconscious fears) flooded what little rational thinking there was and stirred a renewed popular piety (see previous discussion):
The human spirit cannot sustain such imaginative torments without any relief, and beside the accumulated horror of the great dooms there flourished two modes of escape. First of all, the inexorable judge was also the Jesus of mercy, and numerous human aids to remission existed or were devised.48
Indulgences and remissions reveal the need of the tormented for some escape from the horror lying before them -- even the church architecture and art conspired to bring them daily reminders of the Last Judgment. Even the purgatory invention of the eleventh-twelfth centuries offered everyone the possibility of penance after death rather than a direct ride to hell. Purgatory implied God's understanding of human imperfection so that it became a place to absolve those ultimately deemed able to enter heaven -- a sacred redemption space whose transitory nature allowed popular religion the opportunity to latch on to the chance it offered them to relieve their relatives' guilt as well as their own guilt.49
Somehow, we must differentiate between the fantasy and the reality for the world of sainthood but the issue is complex -- which is which? Was reaching out for spiritual perfection reality or a search for the ideal, the fantasized perfection of dreams? Were those reaching out for the advantage that proximity to these saints might bring reality (either corrupt, in the negative sense, or truly devotional, in the positive) or another search for the ideal, the fantasized perfection of dreams? These saintly figures lived their lives in the hope of transcending the material for the spiritual:
SAINTS AND SOCIETY
"The saint is one who takes literally the invitation to follow Christ and to seek perfection. Saints were dutiful sons and daughters of Mother Church, at times even her saviors, but their spiritual hunger could not be satiated by the everyday nourishment offered by the sacraments, the routine of the monastery, or the ministrations of the priests. Saintly piety was personal, direct, unworldly and extraordinary."50
Expanding on this, I stated that:
Society embraced these saints as ego-ideals and their relics were elevated to magnificent spiritual power for truly deserving supplicants. How else can we explain the frenzied attacking of saints' bodies at funerals with the hope of carrying away a piece of that holy person? How else do we explain the ornamenting of these pieces within expensive, elaborate reliquaries sanctified in special sacred places and worshipped by hundreds of thousands forever after? How do we explain the paradox of these material-denying individuals becoming the nexus of materially rewarding cult worship? The saintly had rejected worldliness and now served as the dispensers of worldly rewards. In it all, implicit for us to observe, was the increased distancing between god and man that now required the intercession of someone who had achieved incredible personal piety:
". . . the cult was a collective enterprise in which the community joined in supplication and celebration of a holy person who consented to share hard-won spiritual graces with ordinary sinners. Thus cultic piety was collective, vicarious, material and pragmatic. . . .The saint partook of both the humanity of the many and the perfection of the One and thus satisfied the diadic logic of the medieval mind."51
At the same moment as cult followers embraced their saints to reward their human desires, we should not forget that the saintly also served to imbue weaker human beings with elements of their goodness. While a quid pro quo was an essential element in this cultic system, saintly individualism, self-denial and material rejection were lessons not easily lost. Of course, this same individual strength of life was now perversely twisted into collective community thinking and glorified the material.
To see the larger vista, we are reminded that medieval parents (some of whom were beginning to consider the larger implications and rewards from family life and saw children as guardians of the parents' old age) were frequently unkind to saintly beginnings within their own children. Perversely, they didn't want a saint when they could have a worker, profit-producer and marriage-eligible caretaker for their dotage. That young girls of seven chose to reject sexuality and the negatively seen married life should serve to remind us of the absence of improved childhood. Stated theories about "a time when parental goals and childhood aspirations were generally in harmony",52 "that medieval people recognized childhood as a stage of life, that parents loved their children as children",53 or that "they failed to comprehend that children had special attributes and needs",54 fly in the face of Ende's, Scheck's, deMause's and Frenken's incontrovertible primary evidence to the contrary.
Consider this puzzling catalog of the alleged medieval parent-child relationship:
"Beginning in the late twelfth century, however, childhood religious aspirations more often came into conflict with parental wishes. The very intensity of such conflicts showed not only that a great deal of domestic emotion was involved but also that there was much at stake. . . .The thirteenth century initiated a period in which the family was especially likely to be the theater both of spiritual growth and of conflict. The expansion of worldly options attractive to parents and of religious alternatives appealing to children multiplied occasions for tension and disagreement. . . . In threatening to repudiate their parents, saints held the weapon to which their fathers and mothers ultimately yielded."55
Clearly missing from this catalog is the more accurate analysis that years of psychohistorical research has uncovered: childhood was a terrible time, fraught with danger and abuse and death; for example:
". . . I ran with great velocity against the lock of the door that I almost hung there with my forehead. . .56
". . . that I as a little child slept with her in the absence of her husband".57
We shouldn't hold any thought that escape into the arms of an idealized Mother Church didn't appear far more preferable than ordinary home life. Children have always been in conflict with parental wishes, frequently correctly so because their inner resolve called for them to pursue what they felt chosen to do. Indeed, the catalog of domestic emotions described above reveals more of the disharmonious family than that of one where children were recognized for their uniqueness. Finally, what kind of harmonious family appears from the idea that repudiation would bring parents to yield to their children's wishes?
APPLICATIONS FOR HISTORY
How can we use this medieval childhood information to expand our awareness of historical motivations? The first step is to recognize the reality of childhood trauma and its effect on adult lives (both individually and collectively as a group) in order to assess its impact on adult behaviors, thoughts and actions.
History has been playing in deMause's "sandbox" of trauma repetition. Individuals/groups wallowed in their repeated traumas and practiced collective craziness in order to achieve some homeostasis in their lives. The medieval flagellant, ascetic, public penitent and probably many witches and saints shared an element of individual idiosyncracy that should have branded them as outcast or led to their public punishment. However, their idiosyncratic behaviors were acceptable to their collectively crazy contemporaries -- indeed, their behaviors were seen as uniquely spiritual and were judged to be sacred.
This same collective craziness allowed the targeting of jews as "enemies" during the Crusades (after all, they were definitely more convenient than the faraway Muslims and they had been Christianity's designated "murderers of Jesus" for over a thousand years) and widespread pogroms spontaneously erupted all over Europe -- Speyer's synagogue and mikvah [ritual bath] serve today as eloquent reminders of these atrocities. The righteous Crusaders practiced collective insanity when they broke into Jerusalem's barricaded Church of the Holy Sepulchre and massacred the masses of Jews, Christians and other friendly people who had sought safety from the Muslims within its walls (again, alternate enemies serve the collective craziness when the enemy has disappeared). Random murder of Jews, Gypsies and other delegated "deviants" abound during the medieval period as collective craziness erupted in dysfunctional behaviors. Nationalism's growth during the later Middle Ages/Renaissance/ Reformation eras allowed further enormous collective insanity through economic competition and wars to destroy one's designated enemy (e.g., The Hundred Years' War, War of the Roses, War of the Austrian Succession, Thirty Years' War).
Naked hatred of those seen as "others" aroused the dysfunctional twentieth century fascists to polarize popular support by annihilating Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, deviants and the mentally challenged. It is only in the incredible numbers of those slaughtered in the Holocaust that we can see a consequential difference from William of Tyre's amazing description of the crusader psychological violence upon the walled-in Antioch defenders when they launched hundreds of Turkish severed heads over the walls or from Timur the Turkoman's violence-filled mountain of 10,000 severed heads.
These were not accidental imbalances in the human spirit. They were the simple result of so much unresolved childhood trauma. Where no healthy resolution is offered or encouraged by society, abandoning parents create a repetition compulsion to project one's sense of inadequacy onto others. Deporting millions, segregating the outcasts into collection points (e.g., ghetto or concentration camp), reeducating the collective group to see these chosen many as the designated "enemy", denouncing the fundamental humanity of those chosen enemies and then torturing or murdering them --these are the predictable results.
It is no surprise that childhood studies arouse the outrage of many scholars and laymen. The unresolved traumas of many scholars simply refuse to recognize the importance of child abuse. They overlook such clear evidence as:
Once again, I offer Frenken prolonged applause for his yeoman efforts at proving the historicity of the influence of childhood.
"It was considered the duty of relatives, not the public, to take care of children. But the children were nevertheless abandoned.. The orphanages themselves were workhouses. Children had to do piece work, and tortures awaited those who were not able to do their piece. Nearly all children survived with scabies, their hands and feet became crippled, or they did not survive at all."58
. . . children were sold as servants, and four-year-olds were forced to sweep narrow chimneys, forced into it by needle pricks, by punishment with burning straw, or by beating. Those who did not have to work. . were in the streets begging. In 1832, in the district of Leipzig. . .2181 beggars were counted, of which 1,040 were children.. [Infant mortality] in Prussia (1861-1870) it was 21.1 percent, and in Bavaria (1867-1869) 57.8 percent. . . while in France [17.8], Sweden, England [14.9] and Wales [14.9] infant mortality radically decreased."59
"Well", they say dismissively, "everyone was abused so that can't signify anything". Or, "we've all had childhoods so that can't be too important". Or, "why bother with that ugly stuff?" Or, as if this is the final dismissal, "You're being reductionistic". For so many scholars, there's safety in avoiding this human tragedy -- that's why they bury themselves in minutiae and endless statistical analyses without overarching consequence.
Jerrold Atlas PhD is Vice President of the International University of Altdorf, past president of the International Psychohistorical Association, Director of the Center for Psychohistorical Studies, Editor of TAPESTRY: The Journal of Historical Motivations and the Social Fabric, Contributing Editor of The Journal of Psychohistory, Associate Director of the Institute for Psychohistory, Chair of the Historical Motivations Congresses in Europe, author of Was in Deutschland Passieren Wird. . .das Unbewusste der Deutschen [What Will Happen in Germany: The Unconscious of the Germans] (1992: ECON, Dusseldorf) and a hypnotherapist in private practice.
1. Atlas (2000). "The Terrible 'Rewards' of Medieval Childhood: Abandonment, Abuse, Torture and Death or Traumatized Lives, Denial, Projection onto Others,
Dysfunction and Violence." The Journal of psychohistory 27/1, 276-301.
2. Ende (1980); Frenken (1997 & 2000); Raphael Scheck (1987). "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings, 1740-1820", The Journal of Psychohistory, 15/1, 391-422;
Lloyd deMause (1987). "Schreber and the History of Childhood", The Journal of
Psychohistory, 15/1, 423-430; Brett Kahr (1999). "The History of Sexuality: From
Ancient Polymorphous Perversity to Modern Genital Love", The Journal of
Psychohistory, 26/4, 764-778; Ralph Frenken (1999). "Child Witches in Renaissance Germany", The Journal of Psychohistory, 26/4, 864-867.
3. deMause (1987), 424.
4. Ibid., 425.
6. Ibid., 428.
7. Frenken (1997), 1.
8. Joseph Campbell (1988). The Power of Myth. New York: Doubleday.
9. Scheck (1997), 393.
10. Ibid., 397 and citing Lloyd deMause (1982). Foundations of psychohistory (Creative Roots, NY), 62 & 134.
11. deMause(1982), 136.
12 Michael Goodich (1995). Violence and Miracle in the Fourteenth Century (U. of Chicago, Chicago), 22.
13. Ibid, 150.
14. Nancy Jay (1992). Throughout Your Generations Forever: Sacrifice, Religion and Paternity (U. Of Chicago, Chicago), xiii, 26-27 and 114-115; deMause, personal correspondence.
15. Ibid, 150.
16. Ibid, 23.
17. Annette B. Weiner (1992). Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-While-Giving (U. of California, Berkeley), 59.
18. G. Ronald Murphy (1979). "A Ceremonial Ritual: The Mass" in Eugene G. D'Aquili et al, The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis (Columbia U., NY), 319.
19. Goodich (1995), 151-154.
20. Donald Weinstein and Rudolph M. Bell (1982). Saints and Society: The Two Worlds of Western Chnstendom, 1000-1700 (U. of Chicago Press, Chicago), 4.
21. Ibid., 4-5.
23. Goodich (1995), 86; see also Goodich (1988). "Miracles and Disbelief in the Late
Middle Ages", Medlaevistik, 23-38; ------(1982). Vita perfecta: The Ideal of sainthood
in the Thirteenth Century Monographien zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 25 (Stuttgart); -----(1989). From Birth to Old Age: The Life Cycle in Medieval European Thought, 1250- 1350 (Latham, MD).
24. Ibid., citing A. Higounet-Nadal (1982). "Les Facteurs de Croissance de Ia Ville Perigueux", Annales de Demographie Historique, 19; T. H. Hollingsworth (1969).
Historical Demography (London), 375-388; John Hatchet (1977). Plague, Population, and the Economy: 1348-1530 (London), 26-29.
25. Ibid. citing Goodich (1992). "II Fanciulo come Fuicro di Miracoli e Potere Spirituale (XIII e XIV secolo)", in A. Paravicini-Bagliani & A. Vauchez (Eds.), Potere Carismatici e Informale (Palermo), 38-57; William Christian (1981). Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaisssance Spain (Princeton), 216-219 on children as visionaries.
27. Ibid. 92.
30. Carol Tavis (1989). Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion, 3rd ed. (Touchstone, NY), 75.
31. Frenken (1999).
32. Scheck (1987), 402.
34. Ibid., 403.
35. Frenken (1997), 395.
36. Scheck (1987), 414.
37. Deborah Tanzer, private correspondence.
38. Rosalind & Christopher Brooke (1984/1996). Popular Religion in the Middle Ages:
Western Forope 1000-1300 (Barnes & Noble, NY), 48.
39. See Jerrold Atlas (1990) "A Psychohistorical View of Crusade Origins." The Journal of Psychohistory, 17/4, 412-416.
40.Brooke (1984/1996), 63.
41. Ibid., 124.
42. Ibid., 110.
43. Goodich (1995), 103 and citing John Passmore (1974). Man's Responsibilily for Nature (London); Ian G. Barbour (1980). Technology, Environment, and Human Values (NY); Keith Thomas (1983). Man and the Natural World (Hammondsworth), 22ff; Jacques Le Goff (1988) [Arthur Goldhammer, Tr.]. The Medieval Imagination (Chicago), 47-59 on wilderness.
44. Ibid., citing Jean Delumeau (1978). La Peur en Occident (XIVe-XVIIIe siecles): Une Cite Assiegee (Paris) on fear of natural catastrophe in the later middle ages.
45. Ibid, x.
46. Ibid., 106 citing Millard Meiss (1951). Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death (Princeton).
47. Ibid., citing Conrad of Jungingen (minister-general of the Teutonic Knights) account noting that Dorothy of Montau had rescued him many times in his battles with the Lithuanians near Vilna (ancient Polotsk) in 1394.
48. Brooke (1984/1996), 153.
49. Ibid., 147.
50. Weinstein & Bell (1982), 239.
51. Ibid., 240.
52. Ibid., 242.
53. Ibid., 241.
54. Ibid., 242.
55. Ibid., 242-243.
56. Frenken (1997), 399-310 describes late-seventeenth century music theorist and writer, Johann Beer, whose life typified erratic abandonment practices (abandoned
to grandmother/aunt at four or five because he was blamed tor his younger brothers' poisoning, father's later angry argument with sister led to return to parents' house; thus, he was emotionally far from his parents, was witness to/victim of many accidents and consoled only by God).
57. Frenken (2000), 228-271, describes the late-fifteenth century itinerant scholar/ monk/poet/mystic Butzbach's extreme aggression toward women derived from childhood sexual fantasies.
58. Ibid., 251-252 describing eighteenth-nineteenth century German child abandonment.
59. Ibid., 252.
The paper originally appeared in the The Journal of Psychohistory: Fall 2003, 31,2: 145-169. | <urn:uuid:09699deb-e54f-42f4-bb55-d268522eea7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.primal-page.com/atlas.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.953106 | 14,021 | 1.9375 | 2 |
This article is a collaboration between MedPage Today® and:
HONOLULU -- When a child has an ischemic stroke the entire family often pays the price, researchers found.
In a small study, the median out-of-pocket cost for the families in the first year following a pediatric stroke was $4,354, according to Patricia Plumb, RN, MSN, of Children's Medical Center in Dallas.
The costs -- including lost wages because of the need to take off of work to care for the child, nonreimbursed medical expenses, and transportation to healthcare visits -- represented a median of 6.8% of the families' annual income, she reported at the International Stroke Conference here.
"It was a whopper of an eye-opener for me to see how much the indirect costs were," Plumb said, noting that during the study period the median U.S. household had only $3,860 in cash savings.
The potential for a significant burden on families means that they should be connected to financial planning services within the first few months following the child's stroke, she said.
She said most patients also have access to case managers, who can identify signs of financial hardship -- like struggling to pay for medications or missing appointments -- and connect the families to the necessary support services.
Families might not be aware that such support is available, and clinicians can help make the appropriate connections, according to Larry Goldstein, MD, director of the Duke Stroke Center and a spokesperson for the American Stroke Association.
"From a clinical standpoint," he said, "I think we need to be aware of these indirect costs and the impact of these disease states on patients and their families."
Although there is plenty of research into the direct hospital costs of treating both pediatric and adult stroke, less is known about the indirect costs to families, especially for pediatric strokes.
To explore the issue, Plumb and her colleagues interviewed the parents of 22 children with ischemic stroke (median age 9.4). The patients came from four centers in the U.S. and Canada that were participating in a larger study aiming to validate the Pediatric NIH Stroke Scale.
Every 3 months, the parents completed surveys detailing out-of-pocket expenses related to their child's stroke in the first year of recovery. Expenses included lost wages, medical expenses not covered by insurance, home care, transportation costs, and hotel rooms when needed for faraway healthcare visits. They also reported their annual income.
The total median out-of-pocket cost for the year ranged from $0 to $28,666. The highest value came from a family in which the primary wage earner lost his job -- and insurance coverage -- in the fourth month of the child's recovery.
The costs were highest in the first 3 months after the stroke, and tapered off for the rest of the year. Lost wages accounted for the largest proportion of the out-of-pocket costs.
A limitation of the study noted by the researchers was the small sample size, which resulted in wide variability in the cost estimate.
Plumb said she would like to get funding to expand the study to include more children from different socioeconomic backgrounds, but said the findings from the current study likely are generalizable to pediatric patients with stroke in the U.S.
The results probably do not apply to countries with socialized medicine, she said, noting that the majority of the children in the current study came from the U.S. centers.
The Pediatric NIHSS Study was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Plumb and one of her co-authors are supported by the Perot Center for Brain and Nerve Injury at Children's Medical Center and by First American Real Estate Information Services.
Plumb reported that she had no conflicts of interest. Some of her co-authors reported receiving funding from the NIH.
- Reviewed by Zalman S. Agus, MD Emeritus Professor, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Dorothy Caputo, MA, BSN, RN, Nurse Planner
International Stroke ConferenceSource Reference: Plumb P, et al "Out-of-pocket costs for pediatric stroke care" ISC 2013; Abstract P406. | <urn:uuid:a869bc8a-1071-463f-a22e-87de322399cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/ISC/37238?trw=yes&hr=kmd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00178-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965058 | 883 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Games as a tool for learning
Where teachers better understand how games can address different learning styles and engage disaffected learners, motivation increases exponentially and learners certainly don't ask "Do we really have to play Super Mario Brothers?"
Your choice of gaming example also raises the question of which software packages work. There are a number of off-the-shelf games being used by teachers that have shown they can help engage and motivate children and can also contribute positively to raising levels of pupil attainment.
The overriding message that comes from research conducted so far, however, is moderation. Used well, games are another tool to extend children's learning. As with all technology, they should be used where they make a difference and where they make the learning easier and more effective. Only the teacher can judge that.
Director of Mobile Learning | <urn:uuid:a4cea744-47f3-4d7e-b6e7-f12271e8d54b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/games-a-tool-learning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00427-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954225 | 165 | 3.75 | 4 |
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The number 1 question we get from people selling a rental property is how much am I going to have to pay in taxes when I sell it? And the answer could range from zero to some money.
So normally, if you’ve lived in the home for 2 of the last 5 years, you may not have to pay any taxes when you sell the home as a married couple, you can be exempt from $500,000 of profit on a rental property. And as a single person, you could be exempt from $250,000 of profit on a rental property. But if you have not lived in it in the last 3 years or more, you might have to pay taxes on the gain. So this is how it works.
Let’s say you purchased a home for $200,000 5 years ago and now you’re selling it for $350,000 okay, and during those 5 years, you wrote off $10,000 a year in depreciation, the IRS considers that you now your basis of what you paid for the home is really more like $150,000 you sell it for $350,000 minus commission and expenses of approximately 10% which are made of of commission, tax, title & repairs. You would end up with a “capital gain” on the sale and would have to pay taxes on the gain of $175,000 either at the 15% tax rate or the 20% tax rate.
That means out of the $175,000 net profit, you would have to set aside to pay the IRS between $25,000 and $35,000 for the following year’s tax return. The math seems simple, but definitely, there are some exceptions to the rule. Some of the exceptions include if you’re military and you’ve got transferred out of the area, you may not have to pay taxes on the gain or if you were being transferred for a job or for health reasons or you have to move because your family status has changed. All of those are exceptions to the rule, so I definitely would advise you to consult your tax provider before you make this sale.
There’s also another way to defer paying any taxes on the gain and roll that profit over into your next investment property. That’s called the 1031 exchange. It costs a little bit of extra money at closing, less than a thousand dollars but just a way to avoid taxes. Now, in that case, you can’t take any of the net proceeds when you sell. It all has to go into the next property and there’s one more little tax gotcha. And that is if you do not live in the state and you’re not a resident, the title company will charge you a 2% of the sales price fee to hold back taxes because next year when you file your taxes, the state of Colorado wants to get their cut.
If you’re investing in the state, but you’re not a Colorado resident, but you really want to work with a great real estate agent in order to figure out what to do, what not to do to get your home ready for sale, and how much you’re going to net in a pocket when your home sales.
And if you’re interested in finding that out, please call our office. And if you’d like to receive your free report on how to avoid the 6 costly mistakes to avoid when you’re selling your rental property. To Receive a FREE Report on How to Sell Your Home Fast and for Top Dollar, you can call Barb Schlinker directly at 719-301-1802 or you can visit http://www.SellYourHomeMistakeFree.com http://www.BarbHasTheBuyers.com and for insider access to homes you cannot find elsewhere online visit http://www.BarbHasTheHomes.com | <urn:uuid:a587b1ae-22a3-4bc4-b9e4-b88bbe70d0e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yourhomesoldguaranteedrealty-barbhasthebuyers.com/how-much-will-i-pay-in-taxes-when-i-sell-my-rental-property/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.965047 | 838 | 1.609375 | 2 |
How to Play Soccer-The basics, Fundamentals and Essentials
The objective of this article is to outline the basics and fundamentals of the game of soccer. The article will attempt to teach you a little bit on how to play the game of soccer. From fundamentals like passing and shooting, to how many players are on the pitch at one time this article will outline some of the basics. You will find videos, links to other resources for more in depth information.
Who is the "How to play Soccer" resource meant for?
This resource is great for all those that want to increase their knowledge of the basics of the game. If you don't know anything about soccer this is a good place to start. If you are a parent and have kids playing soccer and would like to understand the game a little better this is a good place to start. If you want to refresh your knowledge so that you can help friends, family, kids or anyone understand soccer better this is a good place to start.
The beginning of this article starts with the absolute basics of the game and rules. Later in the article I address soccer formations and other skills like how to kick a soccer ball and pass a soccer ball. If you know the absolute basics like the object of the game keep reading.
With that small introduction let's get this party started and learn "How to Play Soccer."
What is the object of the game?
The object of the game of soccer is to outscore your opponent. You outscore opponents by kicking the round ball into the opponents net. ( You won't get more basic than this. Keep reading! I promise it gets more technical than this.)
Who can touch the ball with their hands?
The only player that can touch the ball with his/her hands is the Goalie unless you are throwing the ball in. (At this point you are questioning if it really gets more technical than this. I promise it does.)
How many players can be on the field from each team?
11 players on the field ( I promise!)
What positions are on a soccer team and what is their role?
Goalie-The goalie is the final stop against the other team scoring. They also distribute the ball to all team members from the back. The goalie will usually distribute the ball to the team in one of a few ways: throwing the ball to defenders, kicking the ball deep to around the midfield location, and from the goal kick position, to name a few.
Defenders -There are usually 3-4 to a side. There job is to stop the attack and help prevent scoring. They also will help with getting the ball to the midfield. Good defenders are critical in that they will make the goalie's job a lot easier. Good defenders can make a goalie look good.
Midfield-There are usually 3-5 midfielders on the field at any one time. They will run the length of field. They will mark other midfield players and distribute ball to forwards. They play defense and offense.
Forwards. 1-3 forwards. Their job is to score goals and depending on the philosophy of the coach, provide pressure against the opposing teams defenders with the ball.
What is the size of the soccer pitch?
Here are the rules on the dimensions of the soccer field based on FIFA regulations. The field of play must be rectangular. The length of the touch line must
be greater than the length of the goal line.
Length: The minimum length of the soccer field is 100 Yards and maximum is 130 yards
Width: The minimum width of the soccer field is 50 yards and maximum is 100 yards.
Length: The minimum length of the soccer field is 110 yds and maximum is 120 yds.
Width: The minimum width of the soccer field is 70 yds and maximum is 80 yds
What is the duration of a match?
Each match consists of two halves. Each half is 45 minutes in length. The half time cannot exceed 15 minutes in length. The referee can add time to the 45 minutes in each half for: Substitutions, assessment of injury to players, wasting time, removal of injured players from the field of play. The allowance for time lost is at the discretion of the referee.
The game can end in a tie unless otherwise noted. Notable times when a game will not end in a tie are during many championships games where a winner must be declared. For example, the world cup final will not end in a tie. When a winner must be declared to move to the next level of a tournament there will often be overtime if at the end of regulation there is a tie.
What is a Yellow Card?
The best way I can describe a yellow card is that it applies to players or coaches that acts in a way that is unsporting, shows dissent, delays the restart of a game, persistently breaks the laws of the game, commits a semi serious foul etc. The referee will show the yellow card by lifting it up over his or her head. Two yellow cards in a game result in a red card and eventual sending off.
What is a Red Card?
A red card is shown if the player gets two yellow cards in a single match. A player can also be shown a straight red card if he/she is guilty of a serious foul, violence, spits on opponents, using a hand ball deliberately to stop a scoring opportunity (unless you are the goalie). A red card results in sending off.
How is the game best played?
This is up for debate but let me give you my opinion, which I think most coaches and unselfish players will agree with. The game is best played as a team. When one player ventures off on his/her own this diminishes the power of the team. Let me give you an example. The tendency of the 'ball hog" becomes ball hoarding with every team mate. Ball Hogging, just like unselfish play can become infectious. Players like to touch the ball and shoot the ball etc. If every time a player passes the ball to the ball hog and know they won't get it back this will affect the flow of the game. A ball passed to a ball hog could be like passing to the black hole-the ball will not come out. The unselfish player knows they are not going to get the ball back, so will that unselfish player make the run up the side to get open? NO!
The game needs to be played with passing, give and goes, overlapping runs etc. The only way all of this works is for players to pass the ball and feel like they will get it back when they are open.
My recommendation is to win first. The sum of the parts if greater than one part itself.
1+1+1+1=4 but 1+0=1. Pass the ball dang it. We don't like playing with ball hogs.
What equipment is needed for soccer?
Matching uniforms for each team
Cleats-Assuming the game is on grass you will need a pair of soccer cleats. If the field is artificial turf a good turf shoe will do.
Shin guards- Shin guards are meant to protect the shin in case of potential harming kicks. Usually large socks are pulled over the shin guards.
Soccer Ball-Round and of a circumference of not more than 70cm and not less than 68 cm.
Help me understand the basic Soccer formations
Permission to use below information given by Wikipedia via the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to read the permission. For the Copyright notice and description of permission for readers of this website to use the information from Wikipedia please Click here.
4-4-2 Soccer Formation
The 4-4-2 is the most common is soccer today. It is so well known that they even named a magazine after it. In this formation the midfielders must work hard to support both the attack and the defense. One of the central midfielders is expected to go up field as often as possible to support the forward pair, while the other will play a "holding role". The two midfielders on the outside must move up and down the flanks in the attack and defense. This formation is popular in Britain. (Figure above Copyright http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_%28football%29#4-4-2 )
4-3-3 Soccer Formation
4-3-3 formation was played by the Brazilian National team in the
1962 world cup. This formation consists of 4 defenders- Two
center backs, two full backs; 3 midfielders; 1 forward and two
wingers. (Figure above Copyright
4-5-1 Soccer Formation
The 4-5-1 is another defensive scheme. But if the wingers attack more the formation could be more like the 4-3-3. This formation can be used to grind out ties or if you have a lead maintain it. The extra midfield players makes it difficult for opposing teams to build-up play. Because there is only one striker in the 4-5-1 the center of the midfield should push forward as well. Figure above Copyright, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_%28football%29#4-4-2 )
3-5-2 Soccer Formation
this formation the two wing players are more focused on the attack.
This keeps the central midfielder further back in case of counter
attacks. Because of how the 3-5-2 is used the midfield will
form a W formation. (Figure above Copyright
5-3-2 Soccer Formation
This formation has three central defenders (possibly with one acting
as a sweeper.) This system is heavily reliant on the wing-backs
providing width for the team. The two wide full-backs act as
wing-backs. It is their job to work their flank along the full
length of the pitch, supporting both the defense and the attack.
(Figure to the right, Copyright
3-4-3 Soccer Formation
In the 3-4-3 the midfield players should be in both the attack and defense. Because this formation only has 3 defenders if the opposition gets through the midfield they could have a greater chance to score. This formation is for offensive-oriented teams. (Figure to the right Copyright http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_%28football%29#4-4-2 )
How to play the Basic Soccer Fundamentals
How to pass a soccer ball?
Because body positioning is an important part of passing, as you are doing the above passes off the wall, carefully analyze how you are facing in relation to where you are placing the ball. With an inside face or instep pass, the plant foot should be facing the direction you want the pass to go. The passing foot needs to strike the ball solidly. The ankle should be locked and the knee pulled up after the strike. The leg should follow thorough facing the direction you want the pass to go. When using the outside face, the body is turned slightly away from the pass, the ankle is flexible and "snaps" as the pass is made.
How to receive a soccer ball?
order to receive a ball well, you should be light on your toes and
gently bouncing on your feet. This enables you to shift directions
quickly and move your body to receive the ball easily. When doing
the above drills practice this technique. Another good activity to
help train you to be light on your feet is jump roping. Do as many
quick, light single jumps as possible. Time yourself for a minute
and see how many you can get. Try to do more every time. When you
get really good you can increase the time.
The element of body position can affect your ability to receive balls. You need to practice getting your whole body behind the ball and direct your first touch out of pressure. Even if you have a poor first touch, at least the ball will go into an area where you can play it.
How to kick a soccer ball?
To learn how to kick a soccer ball go to Youth Soccer Skills
How to shoot a soccer ball?
Learn how to shoot a soccer ball by going to youth soccer skills.
What does it mean to move without the ball and how does it help the game?
Earlier I talked about how ball hogs are bad for the game. Ball hogs might create more ball hogs or create a diminished desire for other team mates to want to make the runs necessary because when they pass it they know they wont get it back, so why make a run or move off the ball.
Moving off the ball simply means putting yourself into positions on the field so that you can be in position to make the best play possible. In the sense I want to talk about here is specifically players that are in position to receive the ball. Look below how each soccer player is covered. At its most basic level a simple movement off the ball by the top player in this triangle will create a passing lane that will allow the ball to continue moving.
Moving off the ball will create not only passing lanes, but scoring opportunities. If the top player made a quick move towards the goal and the bottom right player with the ball can deliver a quality pass, this could result in a scoring opportunity. (created with CoachFx software)
How to throw in the ball?
First of all, you cannot score a goal by throwing the ball directly into the net. But you can throw the ball to a team mate who will score the goal. You must throw the ball in with two hands. A one handed throw is illegal. The ball must be delivered from behind and over the head. The throw in must come over the head with two hands.
The next important aspect to keep in mind is the feet. Part of of each foot must either be on the the touch line or on the ground outside the touch line.
Finally, the thrower cannot touch the ball again until it has touched another player.
Goal Keeper Fundamentals?
The Goal Keeper's job is to keep the ball from going into the net. Being a great goal keeper requires cat like reflexes with a mix of good decision making and other critical goal keeping fundamentals. Here are some of the goal keeper fundamentals:
Ability to distribute the ball correctly out of the back. This means choosing when to kick it deep or throw the ball to a defender. It means having good punting skills so that your kicks go on targets.
Ability to catch the soccer ball correctly. This also means making the correct decision as to when to catch the ball or simply punch the ball out of the box.
Decision making is important to goalkeeping. As was mentioned above you must decide to punt or throw the ball out of the back. You must also decide to catch the ball or punch the ball away. Here are 5 tips to help goalkeepers make better decisions.
Reaction ability-See the play and react.
Diving ability-You have to stop the ball don't you. This will be needed.
Speed/agility/acceleration- You might be called upon to make a 5-20 yard run to get to the ball before you opponent. This run could be diagonal or straight forward or to the side.
There is obviously a wealth more information about how to play soccer. But I think this will get you started with some of basic stuff. Search the rest of the site for more information. | <urn:uuid:961004bf-3c07-4725-b40e-b5b0b9955e64> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.elitesoccerconditioning.com/howtoplaysoccer.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00558-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956123 | 3,194 | 2.484375 | 2 |
The Avro Lancaster is the most famous and successful RAF heavy bomber of WW2. The first production Lancaster flew on October 31, 1941, with No. 44 Squadron at Waddington being the first RAF unit to receive the new aircraft for operations on Christmas Eve. A total of 7,377 Lancasters were built between 1941 and 1946 but, short of the reverence of the aircraft today, most were scrapped after the war.
Capable of carrying a maximum bomb load of 22,000lb at speeds of up to 275mph at 15,000 feet, the performance of the Lancaster was simply outstanding. Its performance, combined with its ruggedness, reliability and its sheer charisma, endeared it to both its crews and spectators of today. | <urn:uuid:7f8e8402-2edf-4d08-8dc3-ad20d60a2c81> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.airtattoo.com/airshow/aircraft/lookingback/looking-back-at-2019/aircraft-in-the-spotlight/raf-lancaster | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.98029 | 148 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Protests continue in Tasmania’s Tarkine region, as environmentalists campaign to stop the development of new mines.
The Tarkine National Coalition and Groundswell Tasmania conducted a protest over the weekend against Venture Minerals plans for a new mine at Mount Lindsay.
The Advocate reported protestors entered the site and unfurled a banner which read: “Stop the MisadVenture – No new mines in the Tarkine!”
"We are sending a message to Venture Minerals that they can take no comfort to be had in Minister Burke’s failures to protect the Tarkine”, Tarkine National Coalition’s campaign coordinator Scott Jordan said.
“We are putting Venture’s investors and financiers on notice that we will be here at every step to ensure that this mine does not go ahead.”
Venture Minerals’ are waiting on the green light for a $200 million tin mine in the region, creating 1000 jobs.
Braddon Liberal MP Adam Brooks lashed out at the protestors, claiming they could potentially damage the state’s economy.
"These groups are shameless and will not be happy until the state’s economy has been damaged beyond repair,'' he said.
Meanwhile, Shree Minerals Limited seems unaffected by a Federal Court case lodged against their plans to develop a new iron ore mine.
The Tarkine National Coalition lodged the case in the Federal Court last week, seeking a review on Federal Environment Minister Tony Burke’s decision approving the mine.
Campaign co-ordinator Scott Jordan said Burke approved the mine without knowing the impacts it could have on the endangered Tasmanian devil.
"We will argue that Minister Burke has not acted in accordance with the provisions of the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, and as such the approvals granted are invalid," Jordan said.
"This mine should not have received approval, and we are asking the court to rule against it. “
However, Tasmanian Minerals Council CEO Terry Long said: "Investors are rational people,” stating that he did not expect the company’s share prices to drop on the back of the legal threat.
"You would not expect their investment decisions to be moved by the actions of a fringe group, when mainstream society through due process has sanctioned the project."
Debate erupted over the application for mining developments in the region last year, with Federal Environment Minister Tony Burke rejecting a National Heritage listing for the area.
Debate continues to rages between environmental groups who want mining developments halted and companies and potential employees who say opening up the Tarkine region to mining is crucial in the future economic prosperity of Tasmania.
Earlier this year, Tasmania’s Premier Lara Giddings said three new mining projects were expected in the region following Burke’s rejection of the National Heritage listing. | <urn:uuid:9639048c-39dd-417b-93ac-00974f5d2460> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/protestors-fight-to-halt-mining-in-tarkine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.952333 | 593 | 1.59375 | 2 |
With higher education becoming more important in order to succeed, and more options becoming available, it is easier than ever to obtain the degree of your dreams. There are a number of accredited educational programs listed on EducationPETAP.org for you to explore.
You can find top accredited traditional campus based colleges and universities on EducationPETAP.org with ease due to all programs listed on our site being fully accredited. With the opportunity to enroll in a number of graduate or undergraduate degree programs and certifications, you are bound to find the career that best fits your educational goals and needs.
Certificate programs may be ideal for students who are just starting their postsecondary education. A certificate can help prepare you for a career, but some students decide to start by enrolling in an undergraduate degree program, which consists of an Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree. Certificates are also available for individuals who already hold a degree but would like to obtain an education in specific areas that may or may not necessarily be related to their field of study.
UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE OPTIONS
An Associate of Arts (AA) or an Associate of Science (AS) can take around two years to obtain, and are usually regarded as the first step of a college education. An associate’s degree can be acquired in order to finish vocational training, or to complete the first two years of a Bachelor’s degree program. Make sure that the associate degree program you choose to attend is relevant to the overall degree you would like to obtain.
Enrollment in a bachelor’s degree program depends on the completion of an associate’s degree. With an additional two years of education you can earn a Bachelor of Arts (BA), or a Bachelor of Science (BS) in a number of specific professions, including education, health care, social services, and more. A bachelor’s degree will provide you with the prerequisites necessary fro entering a graduate degree program.
AVAILABLE GRADUATE DEGREES
Graduate degrees are offered at many schools, as well as colleges and universities, and include Master’s and Doctorate’s degrees. Undergraduates that would like to perform scholarly research or pursue a career in the educational or medical field, usually choose to obtain a graduate degree.
There are a variety of master’s degrees available to those who wish to obtain a higher education, including a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), and Master of Business Administration (MBA). Most master’s degrees consist of an additional two to three years of education beyond a bachelor’s degree, and will qualify you for a career in Behavioral Sciences, Information Technology, and more.
A Doctorate’s is the highest possible degree and allows the degree holder to exercise the title of “Doctor”. A doctor’s degree may take up to an additional three to five years to complete, depending on the students experience and preparation in their desired career field. There are a number of careers that offer the opportunity to obtain a doctorate’s degree including Anthropology, Business, and Engineering, and many more.
LOCATE TRADITIONAL CAMPUS BASED SCHOOLS
A college education can provide you with the means necessary to ensure that your career and future will be highly regarded by future employers. If a higher education is what you are looking for then please explore the accredited educational opportunities available on EducationPETAP.org today.
To view all available campus, online, degree and certificate programs visit our A-Z Degree & Certificate Programs Directory.
REGARDING ACCREDITATION: In order to confirm a quality education, valid accreditation is necessary. To the best of our knowledge EducationPETAP.org lists schools, colleges, universities and online schools that carry full accreditation by one or more accrediting agency, unless otherwise noted. Be sure to confirm accreditation status by visiting
The U.S. Department of Education (USDE)
or The Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA)
, or both. | <urn:uuid:c9bbd7c9-a568-46f0-ba1a-5ef5d4fd21e6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.educationpetap.org/traditional-colleges-universities-directory.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00468-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944935 | 843 | 2.171875 | 2 |
SSNs & Education
In an effort to combat identity theft, the Social Security Administration (SSA) is initiating a public information program to encourage educational institutions to avoid using a student’s Social Security Number (SSN) as the student identifier. Identity theft is one of the fastest growing crimes in American society. The routine and often indiscriminate use of SSNs as identifiers creates several opportunities for individuals to inappropriately obtain personal information about a student and/or member of faculty.
SSNs are repetitively used and disclosed in a variety of documents such as applications for admissions, transcripts, registration forms, class rosters, computer log on, admission postcards, and grade postings. Sometimes the SSN is posted to the student identification card. The use of the SSN in the above fashion multiplies the susceptibility of students to potential identity theft.
Through misuse of SSNs, employees, faculty, and staff of educational institutions are subject to the danger of identity theft and its repercussions. Access to an individual’s SSN can enable a thief to obtain information that can result in significant financial difficulties for the victim. While this can be disruptive for students and staff it can also lead to civil liability for an educational institution and its individual employees if someone is harmed by information that has been made available to others.
We have prepared this site for educational institutions to encourage the use of alternative identifiers, share best practices and practices to avoid, and provide resources to prevent identity theft. We are certain if we work together, we will help to combat identity theft and ensure the Social Security Numbers are better protected. | <urn:uuid:4e600de8-15f5-4074-8f35-498094df032c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.ssa.gov/kc/id_ssn_ed.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00180-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933443 | 320 | 2.625 | 3 |
If you’re following the headlines, you may notice that there are health problems from every angle; ticks that spread Lyme Disease are in half of US counties, and still spreading. Mosquitoes are spreading some pretty serious viruses, two of them are already in the US: Chik-V and Dengue Fever, and both are pretty painful. Health alerts about increased stroke risk, increased diabetes risk, and more are going out. There’s been a lot of food recalls this winter, and a lot of related illnesses. And antibiotic resistance isn’t just a mounting problem, it’s very much here.
Some things are within your control (avoiding areas with infected mosquitoes, exercising and seeing a doctor regularly, paying attention to what you eat…) and some things aren’t (the spread of ticks and mosquitoes, eating things before a recall is made, other people who go out when sick…). One thing you can do is support yourself.
When you’re younger, you might be more physically fit. But you also take more risk—more all nighters, more ignoring sniffles, more indulging in eating whatever you want. As people age, things get toned down—a good night’s sleep becomes priority, and you pay more attention to what you eat, and that balances out an aging, weakening immune system.
But with all these diseases, health problems, and other concerns closing in, people of all ages need an extra boost (like colloidal silver!), and more attention paid to health basics (nutrition, sleep, exercise). Immune support is a good starting point, because it’s broad support, and comes with following essential recommendations, like getting more exercise, before chasing down and worrying over each thing that may or may not be coming your way!
And once you have that first layer of support, you can start supporting yourself in other ways—trimming back tall grass in your yard where ticks may hang out, places where mosquitoes may breed (be sure to check out nooks and crannies—they’re a favorite of the breed that is a vector for the worst diseases). Watching the news to know what has made it to your city (LA is being watched closely for Zika, other major cities for that, and more, including tuberculosis, antibiotic resistant strains, etc.).
Lists are a great way to tackle a problem. So here’s how to start yours:
-Follow your doctor’s recommendations for nutrition and exercise (but maybe question antibiotic prescriptions)
–Sleep as much as your body demands, at least 7 hours.
-Tack on some extra immune support, like colloidal silver
-Figure out what your biggest local risks are (On a coast? Ticks. Somewhere tropical? Mosquitoes. Etc.), then take standard steps for prevention—it really does go a long way!
-Reevaluate your travel plans.
What headlines worry you? Let’s talk it out in the comments: | <urn:uuid:08a1eb40-41d9-4716-8a8c-cbfc3d7f89b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.colloidsforlife.com/colloidal-minerals/colloidal-silver/when-it-comes-from-all-sides/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.947552 | 621 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Watch Out! The Biggest Cyber Threats of 2016 Coming
Since the era of cyber has started, the fear of new insecurity forms has risen. Do you feel secure enough?
Back in 2014 more than one billion personal records were accessed by the hackers and there was no sign of let-up in 2015. Following that, cyber security, telecommunications and IT consulting experts interviewed by an American television channel CNBC recognize and share the major cyber threats to be aware of in these years.
Believe us, there will be no significant relief yet more anxiety and diligent lookup for advanced protection measures. The smartest prepare in advance, and so we do, right?
#1 Cloud Computing
Lead by major discussions and controversial opinions on doubtful cloud security levels, authoritative experts have finally reached a consensus – cloud computing will be the biggest and most attractive target for cyber space intruders.
Having in mind cloud flexibility and reasoned affordability there’s no surprise why there’s such a huge transition to this platform. Vast opportunities of global business growth and reduced spending on technology infrastructure encourage both – individuals and businesses to optimize the performance by moving the most sensitive data, applications and software to the next target of biggest cyber-attacks.
Since data stored on the cloud does not use any physical space it makes it easier for the hackers to carry out spiteful attacks without one major obstacle of overcoming your physical security measures.
Security tips: be serious about your passwords, avoid storing sensitive data and if you still do, be sure it is encrypted with such software as SSL certificate. Also, you may use an already encrypted cloud service, such as Spideroak or Wuala.
Compared to usual information breaches, infrastructure attacks should be taken much more seriously.
The next cyber threat to watch out this year is targeted to utilities, telecommunication and logistic infrastructure owners.
The scale of these cyber-attack consequences is enormous. Imagine a nuclear power infrastructure being hacked and exploded – it would affect not our finances first, but our health and the overall quality of living.
Security tips: there’s not much you may do, but the infrastructure owner should first implement latest sensors inside the facility, better control processes and pay much more sensitivity to any abnormalities.
#3 Mobile Devices
Even though company owners take their business security seriously, their employees frequently don’t. Do you practice BYOD as well?
BYOD refers to bring your own device policy that is commonly practiced in the business world. If you are permitting your employees to bring their own mobile devices to access company information or you are the one that is performing it – make sure your security measures are fully implemented.
The survey shows that around 95% of employees use their devices at work which causes a great risk and constructs an easy target to company data breaches.
Security tips: data encryption through SSL certificate or other encryption software, remote access restriction to sensitive company data by device-specific identifiers such as MAC address, identity access management (IAM) solution implementation to empower two-factor authentification.
#4 Automobile Hacking
Imagine driving through the highway and suddenly losing your car brakes or looking through your window and seeing your car getting away with no one actually driving. What have just happened?
It seems that automobile hacking is becoming a trend and a huge danger for car owners. If specialist predictions will come true, there may be much more hard-solving thefts and much worse – car crashes, leading to serious injuries.
The only question is – how much are you still willing to connect your car to the Internet to use, for example, GPS?
Because in this hacking scenario, precisely this connection lets the perpetrator connect to your car through a cellular network and get a control of its main functions. Don’t let that happen!
Security tips: ask about wireless automobile systems and their operation details, ask about remote shutdown in case your car gets stolen, don’t leave car system passwords inside your automobile, be cautious about after-market devices.
#5 EMV Chip Cards
EMV (Europay, MasterCard and Visa compliant) chip cards are becoming a considerable trend on a global scale. First crafted to reduce certain types of fraud, the cards now seem to be at a great risk of cyber-attacks.
Already seen tendency on hacking EMV chip card data is a fraudulent usage of so called card-not-present (CNP) technology. As CNP allows payment transactions without a physically presented card, merchants face issues on verifying its actual cardholder. As a result a major route for credit card fraud is being generated.
Security tips: don’t forget EMV add-ons and consider upgrades as following – encryption, tokenization, contactless payments.
#6 Phishing Attacks
Already widespread, yet implemented through the new forms and practices, phishing attacks will remain to be on a cybercrime top list.
The latest statistics of Google’s Safe Browsing service shows that between 2014 and 2015, phishing sites have increased from 24,865 to 33,571. As the tendency is clear, 2016 will not let us down unfortunately.
So be picky on what you open and believe. If someone asks to verify your personal details through an email – make sure you know who is behind the sender’s name.
Security tips: guard against spam by installing such software as SpamExperts, don’t click on links or download files from unknown senders, never email your financial/personal information, protect your computer with a firewall, anti-virus and anti-spyware software.
It might seem there’s no need to talk about malware anymore as it’s been discussed and analyzed for a while already. However, it is actually still a hot topic, because new highly creative and never imagined ways to attack you are being invented.
Specialists send a reasoned warning message of being aware that malware growth is not going to stop. So arm yourself with great patience and equip your data with the most advanced anti-virus software solutions.
Security tips: install anti-virus software and always keep it updated, run regular data scans, keep your OS updated, secure your network by using WPA or WPA2 encryption, backup and encrypt your files.
Using your computer smoothly for years and suddenly losing the access to it is a simplest explanation of CryptoWall ransomware concept.
The thing is our creative cybercriminals are now up to benefit not from your data, but straight from your pocket.
When your computer is infected with a CryptoWall ransomware, your access to it may be completely blocked. What the hacker will do next is to claim for a ransom in order to give you back the access as an exchange.
Security tips: don’t want to spend additionally? We thought so! First, think of moving your data to Dropbox or Flickr to have the access to your files at all times or install software as SpyHunter now.
#9 Medical Devices
Unfortunately, it seems there’s no safe space around anymore – even the hospitals and their medical devices are vulnerable to hackers.
Back in August it was revealed that Hospira’s Symbiq infusion pump that administers medication for a patient, is surprisingly vulnerable to cyber-attacks. For a clearer view, the hacker may get an administrative privilege to control and perform unanticipated medical operations without your knowledge.
Security tips: there’s much more your hospital may do than you, make sure the medical devices the hospital is using are tested and encrypted – simply ask your health consultant.
#10 State-Sponsored Hacking
Not only individuals or business are at a great cyber target – we have already had clear examples of intruding the cyber security on a national level as well. Worse luck is that the state-sponsored hacking is yet to grow.
Now go and open any American news source – you should probably find at least one story related to China conducting cyber exploitations, usually targeted to United States. Starting from intellectual property hacking and ending to major citizen personal information breaches, state-sponsored attacks cause huge government spending on issue resolution and American people cyber safety.
Security tips: your state will make sure that other government entities don’t hack you, however, the better is you also protect yourself – encrypt your data, install advanced anti-virus and anti-spyware software, keep your OS updated at all time.
It’s understandable that all of these risks may seem irrelevant. However, this attitude lasts until it affects you or your closest ones. So the greatest you might do now is to be aware and prepared in advance.
Cyber security is a shared responsibility, and it boils down to this – the more systems we secure, the more secure we all are. Make sure that your vehicles, devices and data are secured thoughtfully, because you surely don’t want to become the next victim, do you?
Have you ever been attacked? What did you do? Which security measures you recommend? Share your experience in the comments below!
Found this article valuable? Click to share. Thanks! | <urn:uuid:483d7e35-e404-4325-9737-d13f54f432ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.host1plus.com/blog/articles/watch-out-biggest-cyberthreats-of-2016-coming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00219-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942109 | 1,865 | 1.867188 | 2 |
"Reflection of Atlantis"
Standing on the hill, beneath the stars
Pensively observing the city below
Its lights glinting as a reflection
Of the luminescence of the night sky
On a pool of silver glass.
Forsaking the simplicity of his thinking
And drawing back the veil
Reveals a glimpse of Atlantis,
Resurfaced from the black depths,
Existing, as before in unsuspecting quietude.
Those that dwell within—
Unaware of the fateful wave
Rising before them like a colossus,
Standing, a testament to their presence
Once all traces have been lost to the deep
--In pursuing their aspirations, are blinded
By their persistency, and yet,
Something stirs in the darkest corners
Of their consciousness:
The faintest shadow of memory,
Elusive as the remembrance of a dream
In the first rays of morning.
Thus they are taken,
By a single wave.
How long were they drowning?
How long were their hearts flooded,
Immersed in waves of desire
Before that terrible night
When the city was banished to the sea?
At once the veil returns
Leaving one standing on a hill
Lost in his own reflections
Musing about the city below
Whose lights flicker complacently
Against the backdrop of midnight—
A reflection of Atlantis
--And considering the waves approaching the shore.
December 3, 2005
Author's Note: I wrote this as an experiment in free verse poetry, or maybe its blank verse. In any case, I really liked the idea of this. I realize that this is really poetic and sort of dramatic, but please bear with me. Reviews are very much appreciated. | <urn:uuid:5c824ae0-137c-40f5-b14b-75dbada2c113> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.fictionpress.com/s/2062462/1/Reflection-of-Atlantis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00117-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94863 | 361 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Mystery of JFKs Second Brain
By Gary L. Aguilar
"Back and to the left, back and to the left."
Possibly, the most haunting scene from Oliver Stone's movie "JFK" was the repeated description by prosecutor Jim Garrison of President Kennedy's head jerking "back and to the left" as the fatal bullet struck on Nov. 22, 1963.
For millions of Americans, that image from the Zapruder film raised logical doubts about the Warren Commission's finding that Kennedy had been killed by "lone-gunman" Lee Harvey Oswald firing from the rear.
Common sense led many to believe that the impact of a bullet from a high-powered rifle would drive the victim's head away from the point of impact, rather than have the head snap back toward the bullet's path.
In other words, many Americans couldnt understand why a shot from the rear had not forced Kennedys head forward. What they saw was the head going back and to the left.
This layman's sense of physics supported a theory that the fatal shot -- by official count the third shot -- had come from the famous Grassy Knoll or another location in front of the president's car and, thus, suggested the presence of another assassin.
Numerous eyewitnesses also claimed that they heard one or more shots from in front of the limousine.
The doctors who treated Kennedy at Parkland Hospital in Dallas added more support to the theory of a frontal shot. They believed the hole in Kennedys throat was an entrance wound and that damage to the back of Kennedys skull marked an obvious exit wound.
But federal authorities prevented a state autopsy by seizing Kennedy's body after he was pronounced dead. The body was rushed to Air Force One and returned to Washington. There, a chaotic nighttime autopsy was performed at Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Experts would later bemoan the sloppiness of the crowded examination. Where bungled autopsies are concerned, President Kennedys is an exemplar, commented New York coroner Michael Baden when he reviewed the work for the House Select Committee on Assassinations in the 1970s.
Nevertheless, the official autopsy proved pivotal, since the Bethesda doctors contradicted the observations of the Parkland doctors.
The autopsy concluded that the hole in the throat was an exit wound from a non-fatal shot -- not an entrance wound -- and that the fatal bullet entered the bottom of Kennedys head from behind and blasted off part of his skull as it exited from the right front.
The conclusion supported the case against Oswald who was located in the Texas School Book Depository, behind the president's limousine.
But the autopsy itself might have been influenced by the investigative certainty already hardening around the initial reports on the case.
Three shots were heard and the president fell forward, the autopsy report stated, drawing from the initial crime-scene accounts. The doctors seemed unaware that Kennedys head actually had snapped backward.
The autopsy findings had their own ripple effect, forcing other judgments that were needed to make the facts conform to a "lone gunman" shooting from behind Kennedys limousine.
There were bizarre tests with experts firing bullets from Oswalds gun into gelatin-filled skulls to see if they might jump toward the gun. Instead, they flew away from the gun.
One physicist fired bullets from a hunting rifle into melons and detected a slight reverse jet effect; that is, movement toward the rifle. But when another scientist used bullets and a rifle matching Oswalds, the reaction disappeared.
The most notorious corollary to the autopsy findings was the magic bullet propounded by Warren Commission staff investigator Arlen Specter, now a U.S. senator.
Given the slow reloading time of Oswald's bolt-action rifle, Specter postulated a seemingly implausible path of the second shot, which inflicted the first wound piercing Kennedy's neck. The bullet then supposedly tore through Texas Gov. John Connally's body, smashing a rib, fracturing a wrist and penetrating his thigh.
There were always doubts about the "magic bullet," however. The Zapruder film showed a perplexing lag between Kennedy clutching his throat and Connally's reaction to having his wrist shattered.
Connally and his wife both rejected Specters strained theory and insisted that Connally was hit by a different bullet than the one that pierced Kennedys throat -- indicating a second gunman. (The first shot is believed to have missed the motorcade altogether, ricocheting off the street and slightly wounding a bystander.)
So, given the strange path of the "magic bullet" and the troubling backward head snap, the forensic judgment about the location of the head wound was crucial to support the "lone-gunman" solution to the case. The head wound was the hard evidence.
But with little press attention, that official verdict has come under serious new doubt following the release of documents by the Assassinations Records Review Board. The review ended on Sept. 30 after compiling some 4.5 million pages of government records.
Yet, perhaps, the most startling discovery became public only on Nov. 9. Douglas Horne, the board's chief analyst for military records, reached a shocking conclusion: that a brain other than Kennedy's had been substituted in the autopsy photos.
In a 32-page report, Horne contended that a second brain was apparently used in one set of the photos to bolster the case for a shot from behind.
"I am 90 to 95 percent certain that the photographs in the [National] Archives are not of President Kennedy's brain," Horne told The Washington Post when asked about his report. "If they aren't, that can mean only one thing -- that there has been a cover-up of the medical evidence." [WP, Nov. 10, 1998]
According to Hornes findings, the second brain -- which showed an exit wound in the front -- allegedly replaced Kennedy's real brain -- which revealed much greater damage to the rear, consistent with an exit wound and thus evidence of a shot from the front.
Horne, a former Navy officer who also worked as a civilian employee at the Department of the Navy, noted that the second brain in the autopsy photos also revealed far less damage than Kennedy's brain would have sustained.
Hornes report cited the 1997 testimony of former FBI agent Francis X. O'Neill Jr., who was present for the Bethesda autopsy.
O'Neill recalled, "there was not too much of the brain left" and that "more than half of the brain was missing" when it was removed from Kennedy's skull and placed in a white jar.
O'Neill expressed surprise when shown the official autopsy photos depicting a brain with much less damage. "This looks almost like a complete brain," O'Neill stated in amazement.
ONeill and funeral home employee Tom Robinson also told the review board that a large amount of tissue was missing from the posterior portion of the brain removed at the autopsy. That again would support the initial opinion of the Parkland doctors who saw evidence of a frontal shot.
The review board uncovered other evidence pointing to a later brain substitution. A 1965 document written by forensics pathologist, Pierre Finck, stated that the brain he saw at the autopsy looked different from the brain he saw at a later supplementary exam.
But the review board could not conduct a new examination of Kennedy's brain because it disappeared sometime after the autopsy, one of the assassination's strangest mysteries.
According to some accounts, the brain was turned over to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy for burial with the dead president at Arlington National Cemetery.
But other witnesses testified that pathologists retained it for further examination in late November or early December 1963 -- and that it disappeared later. Horne dated the brains disappearance as sometime between April 26, 1965, and Oct. 31, 1966.
The records review board discovered other weaknesses in the autopsy record about Kennedy's wounds. As the review progressed, seven witnesses reported that autopsy photographs -- presumably including those of the real brain -- were missing.
John Stringer, the photographer of record at the autopsy and at a supplementary brain exam, was among those who disavowed the brain photographs that have survived in the official record.
Forensic pathologist Finck declared, too, that key photographs that he took of the internal and external aspects of Kennedy skull wound never made it into the official inventory.
Finck had argued the same point in 1978 when he appeared before the House Select Committee on Assassinations which was re-assessing the Kennedy evidence.
The damage to Kennedy's skull was a central feature of the House investigation as well.
The House panel listened to a phalanx of Parkland Hospital emergency physicians who reported that Kennedy's skull had suffered serious damage in the lower right rear -- technically known as the "occipital" region which is the part of the head that would rest on a pillow during sleep.
One account came from neurosurgeon Kemp Clark who examined Kennedy's skull wound before pronouncing him dead. At the time of the exam, Clark noted in writing that the wound was "in the occipital region of the skull. ... There was a large wound in the right occipito-parietal region from which profuse bleeding was occurring.
More than 20 other Parkland witnesses, many of them physicians, corroborated Clark's notations about severe damage to the right rear of Kennedy's skull.
The location of the most severe head wound was important to determine where a likely killer was positioned. If the major damage was to the rear of Kennedy's skull -- as the Dallas doctors said -- that would support a finding that the bullet entered from the front and exited through the rear, with the exit wound causing more severe damage than the entrance wound.
It is also possible that the bullet struck the side of Kennedy's head and blasted off a back section of the skull. In that case, there might not be an identifiable entry bullet hole. The photos which might have settled that dispute were among those missing.
In 1978, after re-hearing the conflicting evidence about the head wounds, the House assassinations panel sided with the Bethesda autopsy results -- and with the Warren Commission.
The existing skull photographs played a big role in the House decision, with House investigators reporting that all the Bethesda doctors had endorsed the primary head wound as being located in front of Kennedy's right ear.
"It appears more probable that the observations of the Parkland doctors are incorrect," the House panel stated.
The House committee's conclusion, therefore, supported the notion that Oswald could have shot Kennedy from behind. That finding was a boost to Warren Commission defenders.
But the proof behind the House conclusion -- the interviews with witnesses to the Bethesda autopsy -- was kept sealed and thus unavailable for independent evaluation. That changed with the records review in the 1990s.
According to the newly released documents, the House committee misstated the opinions of autopsy witnesses. It is now clear that some Bethesda witnesses never ratified the photos showing the more severe wound in front of the right ear.
Indeed, some witnesses drew diagrams and made statements that supported the recollections of the Parkland doctors who said the more severe damage to Kennedy's skull was in the back.
In suppressed testimony, attending radiologist John Ebersole said the back of the head was missing. FBI agent ONeill asserted, there was a massive wound in the right rear of the head.
Philip C. Wehle, commanding officer of the military district in Washington, said, the head wound was in the back of the head.
During the 1978 review, the full story about the conflicting autopsy testimony was not only kept from the public but from the House committees forensic consultants. They were not given the actual testimony of Bethesda witnesses who described the severity of the rear head wound.
So, shielded from suspicions about the photos and denied direct testimony of autopsy witnesses, the House forensic panel reconfirmed the Warren Commissions key finding: that the autopsy fit with Oswald firing the fatal shot.
That conclusion seems far shakier today, with the disclosure about the "second brain" and the disappearance of many crucial autopsy photos.
It also remains unclear why the Bethesda autopsy doctors reached a conclusion about a shot from the rear if they, like the Parkland doctors, observed a more severe wound to the back of the head.
One possible answer is that the doctors were influenced by the early official information that the assassin was situated behind Kennedy. The autopsy might have been just the first step in making the facts fit with the fast-emerging lone-gunman theory.
To support that theory, the Bethesda doctors even drew a diagram which showed Kennedy hunched over in an exaggerated chin-downward position at the moment of the fatal shot. The position conformed with a shot fired from behind, entering the base of the skull and exiting the top right.
The problem with the diagram, however, was that it did not match Kennedys actual posture. Based on Kennedys real position, a shot from the book store depository could not have entered the base of his skull and exited the top of his head.
Though accepting the Warren Commission's shot-from-the-rear argument, the House committee still concluded that the president's death most likely resulted from a conspiracy involving more than one gunman.
For that judgment, the panel relied on other evidence, including a police dictabelt of noise during the chaotic assassination events.
Robert Blakey, chief of the House investigation, stated that he originally had accepted the Warren Commissions findings, but that he had seen too much evidence pointing to a conspiracy to remain a supporter.
"The final line" on the Kennedy assassination "is conspiracy," Blakey wrote. "On the issue of conspiracy, we have, I believe, drastically altered the verdict of history."
In the 1980s, however, President Reagans Justice Department refused to reopen an official investigation of the Kennedy assassination. Some authors mounted well-received attempts to rebuild consensus for the lone-gunman conclusion, but public skepticism grew.
Then, in 1991, director Oliver Stone brought the issue to a head with his movie, "JFK." The fictionalized account featured the suspicions of a broad government conspiracy propounded by New Orleans prosecutor Jim Garrison, who was played by Kevin Costner.
The movie provoked howls of protests from the Washington news media, even as a huge national audience flocked to see it. Despite the attacks, the movie gave new impetus to demands that classified documents from the case be opened to the public.
In response, Congress created the review board that began disgorging millions of pages of new material into the public record. The board, however, was not assigned to re-investigate the murder or to draw specific conclusions about the evidence.
Still, when the board shut down in September, the national news media was quick to point out that the new documents contained no clear evidence of a second gunmen or a conspiracy to kill the president -- only revelations of bungling, hasty judgments and a cover-up of tangential secrets.
Then came release of the "second brain" analysis. Not only was the president's brain missing, but a government analyst had concluded that a second brain apparently had been substituted for it to falsify the autopsy records.
The disclosure had the potential to reshape the understanding of one of the century's most dramatic historical moments. But the major media's reaction to this breath-taking disclosure again was ho-hum.
The story of the "second brain" was assigned mostly to the inside pages, as in The Washington Post of Nov. 10. There was no serious assessment of what the analysis could mean to the official version of events and no strong demands for a follow-up.
But the alleged "second brain" cover-up adds to the suspicion that Kennedy's assassin might have escaped and that elements within the government obstructed the investigation.
Whatever the motives for a cover-up -- whether bureaucratic or more sinister reasons -- the key decisions seemed to have come from high levels of the U.S. military, the FBI and, later, the Warren Commission.
If the review board's work is followed up, one question should be: who might have introduced a second brain into the autopsy process -- and why?
Dr. Gary L. Aguilar was assisted in this article by Dr. Cyril Wecht, Pittsburgh medical examiner.
Back To Front Page. | <urn:uuid:761a0350-0ae2-484b-9e8a-2a412500c4a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.consortiumnews.com/1999/c010699b.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00330-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966749 | 3,371 | 2.421875 | 2 |
What is Goals Against Average?
It is intended to give a measure of how many goals the goalie allows per unit of regulation game time.
It is considered one statics among a number of other ones, including win/loss ratio and save percentage that are used to measure a goalie’s capability.
Goals Against Average = (goals against x game length) / minutes played.
32 goals against times 60 minute game length is 1,920.
1,920 divided by 637 minutes played is 3.01
Therefore, the goalie’s Goals Against Average (GAA) is is 3.01
What counts as a “Goal Against”?
Generally, if the goalie is not on the field of play at the time when the goals happens, a goal against the team does not cont against the goalie’s GAA.
In hockey, if the goalie is pulled from the net for an offensive player, and they are not on the ice at the time, a goal against the team would not count against that goalie’s GAA.
In soccer (football), if a goalie was acting as an offensive player but still on the field, a goal against the team would count against the goalie’s GAA.
Specific rules of when the goalie is “active” and “not active” depend on each sport and individual league and how statistics are recorded.
What counts as a “Minute Played”?
What is “Game Length”?
In Hockey, and NHL (National Hockey League) and IIHF (International Ice Hockey Federation) both operate 60 minute regulation time games. Junior league games often run a shorter amount of time (30, 36, and 45 minute games are not uncommon).
In Soccer (Football), regulation time at the international level is 90 minutes.
Field Hockey games are typically 70 minutes.
In Lacrosse, professional level games are 60 minutes of regulation time, although junior level leagues may run 48 minute regulation time games.
Water polo at the international level is 32 minutes of regulation time, junior leagues are often 24 or 28 minutes. | <urn:uuid:97c65ff4-b138-4720-a245-e0a23acd4e49> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://captaincalculator.com/sports/goals-against-average-calculator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00088-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958559 | 443 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Sometimes we tend to forget it but even though there are disapointments we are indeed living in the future. Although I can now work from anywhere (anywhere with an internet connection that is) and communicate instantly with people around the world, although in my pocket is a music player with 100 000 times more capacity than the first floppy disk drive my dad bought 20-25 years ago, I still forget it’s the future. Most times it’s techno details like the ones above that remind me but once in a while architecture can do the same thing.
Case in point, The Water Cube National Swimming Center in Beijing. It looks like a gigantic square bubble and some of its construction concept are based on the observation of actual bubbles. That’s the type of thing we’re used to seeing in sci-fi novels, this will be in real life. Wow. You can also look at Santiago Calatrava’s work which is very organic, a lot of his projects look like seashell structures or plants growing and could have been used as sets for Minority Report.
Originality consists of returning to the origin. Thus, originality means returning, through one’s resources, to the simplicity of the early solutions.
I just realized that I was saying it looks like the future but ended up talking about the buildings being inspired by nature and quoting an architect from the turn of the previous century. Interesting.
(Water Cube via hippopocampe) | <urn:uuid:7951dfcc-5c3e-436c-90a7-6cf741e8a8c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://i.never.nu/we-live-in-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.964915 | 306 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Sunday, September 30, 2007
sylvia brown on star sights: She's got nuthin'. Try asking Phil.
The Replacement Theory/ Christian: Replace "God" with "Flying Spaghetti Monster." Silliness does not significantly increase.
brass pendulam for astrology: Dowsing for Mercury in retrograde?
king id has taken over the planet: And that's why we have to form a rough-and-tumble team of evolutionists to save the world.
measurements of the earth is flat movie: I hope it's not very long. It'd probably involve a lot of repetition.
how many atoms are in bronze?: How big a chunk you got?
how scientists from their theories now: Dude, wait, whut?
One eternally irritating thing woos often like to tell me is that I have no wonder in my life or that skepticism somehow sucks it all out. But just what is wonder?
I think wonder is a positive, optimistic feeling: When I see something weird and unexplained in a telescope, microscope, or whatever tool we're using to closely examine something, or even when I think about something I didn't bother with before, generally there are two thoughts that combine into what I know as wonder: "That's cool!" and "How does it do that?"
The latter is where woos typically fall short: First, there's the very strong probability that we already know how it's done. What's so special about that? If they want to claim it's something unknown, they have to prove it's not done through known means. That's why magicians typically strive to do their tricks faster and under new constraints: If the box he's stuffed in is well above the stage floor, we can't simply say 'it's a trap door.' If you want to prove someone's psychic, force them to work under very tight conditions so that we can't claim it's a well-known trick. Showing us a magic trick when we already know how it's done isn't wondrous. It's boring.
Second, whether or not we know the answer, woos typically provide answers that don't lead anywhere. When science answers a question, we typically get more questions. If I'm recalling this correctly, the question of how galaxies stick together was answered with "dark matter," which brings up follow-up questions like, "What are the properties of dark matter particles?" "Does dark matter have any interactions other than gravitational?" and probably lots more detailed ones than my level of understanding currently allows. Woo "research" negates curiosity: Once they say "psychic power!" or "magic!" or "the designer did it!", there's nowhere to go. The woo universe ends there. Everything that can be known is known.
Third, woo answers typically aren't useful. You can't do much with them. There's no reliability. No specific predictions, and those who claim otherwise are typically much, much worse at it than their public relations department and fan clubs claim. What makes learning wonderful is that new ideas have the potential to change the world for the better. Woo often ends up maintaining the status quo, despite claiming to be able to cure all sorts of ills. Science marches on. It may not do so at the speed we'd like, but it's better than languishing in vacuity.
Saturday, September 29, 2007
1. Characters: Still need a fair supply of them. Would like each PC to have some useful specialty in the typical Mario-ish platformer weapons. Bombs (covered), fireballs (covered privately), hammers, stomping, kicked projectiles, and anything else I might think of. Would also like one or two "off" characters, like one with limited or no jumping ability, for new twists.
2. Setting: There's going to be some world hopping, so some suggestions for themes would be appreciated, along with various races. Suggestions for subversions of world and race tropes would be nice. Would also like to come up with some different method of world-travel.
3. Plot line: I'm going to be including multiple paths, so it'll be more like a plot flowchart.
4. Game creation engine capable of handling this stuff or a sufficiently devoted programmer. The underlying system I have in mind involves an inventory for various one-use items, and equipment: Clothing, Accessory, and weapon expansions. Each character will have the ability to attach certain expansion items to their signature weapons to enhance them in various ways. Example: Bomb + Fire Spirit = Napalm. Different configurations can be assigned to different buttons. Most of the action will be a diverse platformer with the occasional town scene with conversation. Would like to be able to do a lot of the zany tricks with the text that Paper Mario loves to do.
5. Music and sound: I can probably find a lot of public domain sound effects, though it'll probably involve me doing a lot of digging through countless .wav files. Music might not be so easy. Unlike Ryan, I have no musical ability whatsoever, so I can't compose. Suggestions and contributions would be greatly appreciated.
6. Animation: I think I've got a style in mind I can do in Adobe Illustrator for individual frames. Just need to convert those into a format the engine can handle once I have them.
7. A name: A working title would be nice.
Friday, September 28, 2007
Open thread as usual, except telling them about what the lightbulbs in fridges REALLY do when they close the door is FORBIDDEN!
The last entry relevant to this largely dealt with woos using appeals to consequences of normal actions. These alleged consequences typically had no evidence supporting their existence. This entry is largely about woos appealing to the consequences of belief.
The most famous of the appeals to consequences of belief is probably Pascal's Wager, paraphrased as: "If you believe in God and God exists, you'll get infinite reward. If you don't believe in God, and God exists, you'll get infinite punishment. If God doesn't exist, you don't get anything either way." Of course, the problems are myriad: It presumes that God acts on belief, rather than some other criteria. It presumes there's only one kind of God to believe or disbelieve. It presumes God cares. Yadda, yadda, yadda. Most of all, though, it's putting fear and selfishness ahead of curiosity. Follow the link above for more details.
Shouldn't we just study the evidence before reaching conclusions, rather than forming a selfish conclusion and making an appeal to that selfishness? That's what a lot of religious appeals to consequences of belief boil down to: Do this, because we say it's in your best interest, even though we defined the belief in terms of non-evidence-based self-interest.
What separates woo-based arguments like this from the scientific method is the emphasis: Woos highly stress the importance of believing in the conclusion, regardless of how it was arrived at, often exploding if someone dares question how they arrived. Science, unlike woo, emphasizes that method: How we know what we know? Science is willing to overturn its earlier conclusions when better evidence contradicts it. Woo, on the other hand, will generally never do such a thing. Conclusions are sacrosanct, and methods are only good if they agree with the conclusion.
Science, of course, tends toward the philosophy that sacred cow makes the best hamburger. Dissecting the 'holy' bovine will get more accurate answers than fear and egomania.
Tuesday, September 25, 2007
Anyway, I'd like a little help in brainstorming. The general appearance is going to on the cartoony side, though I'll dip into some more serious stuff in the plot. For those who haven't visited the TV Tropes website that's been circulating my area of the blogosphere, stop by and make some suggestions of tropes you like and those you hate. I don't want to force you to play The Wesley. It's going to take place across multiple worlds, so there'll be some level of mash up.
1. Starting character: Popped into my head, nearly fully formed after a nap: Droopy-eared cartoon rabbit from a world of eternal night. Neither he nor his world are evil, goth, emo, or anything. Just dark with a limited color selection. Not going to stop people from non-dark worlds making it a running gag. ("Who's Mr. Misery-Bun over there?") Platforming specialty: Jumping and bombs. Little bit of stealth. As the game goes on, he'll get new jump techniques and different bomb types. Personality-wise, I was thinking of having him as a genre-savvy (making a good excuse for in-game hints if you're stuck) reluctant hero.
2. Call for more characters. For some reason, I was thinking of doing something where each is especially vulnerable to some kind of status effect and nearly immune to another. My bomb bunny, for example, would be vulnerable to being blinded, being unused to bright light. Anyway, in addition to that, they'd each have different platforming abilities, possibly forcing the player to think differently for different runs through the stages. What are you going to do for the guy who can't jump, but has some other redeeming feature?
3. Not going to have a save-the-world(s) plot. Any suggestions for stakes in a multiple world-spanning game? Anything involving multiple possible endings is welcome.
4. Consider this an open create-a-critter call for worlds and the more hostile inhabitants of those worlds. I'm thinking of something along the lines of six to eight worlds. I'd like to hear some concepts for bosses that involve creative strategy to defeat.
5. Any platforming/RPG conventions you absolutely love or hate? Paper Mario players: Anything you would have done differently? Should combat be like the first to Paper Mario games, with separate battles, or should platform jumping and combat be one, like in Super Paper Mario? Or a different system entirely?
6. Any thoughts on customization? I'd like to include a variety of equipment, though I'm not sure what to let it change. Don't want anything to be absolutely superior to another, just more or less suited to different play styles.
Anyway, for the sake of avoiding spoilers if I really like a plot idea, I might end up asking you to move your part to email. My address is:
Monday, September 24, 2007
So, I'm thinking of trying to capture that feeling with some critters in one of the few Underdarky areas of my setting: They live in underground caves flooded with negative energy, and aren't normally hostile or evil. Think xenobiology, not life-sucking undead.
Background of positive and negative energy in my setting: There's no association between souls and energy polarity. Positive energy is just something your typical biological life form eats up like crazy for generally beneficial ends. Negative energy is the opposite, inhibiting biological functions of us 'normal' critters. The critters in question, though, have adapted in the opposite manner than most, able to utilize negative energy at the cost of being vulnerable to positive energy.
Bonus: Environmental hazard: Help me think of some detrimental effects that'd be appropriate for normal characters traveling through one of these negatively charged regions for too long. Don't want it to be something as quick as 1d6 damage per round or negative levels (though those would be options if they get too close to whatever MacGuffin generates the bad stuff). I'd like it to be something that applies over hours, and takes a long time or exotic methods to fully recover from.
I find some of these quotes truly silly, like this one:
There are even people advocating that God's name be changed to Allah to appease Islam.Like who? I know there are a lot of people who'll bend over backwards to appease the terroristic part of the Islamic population, but somehow, I don't think there are many people willing to go that far. If you find someone who advocates that, please either laugh derisively or give him a serious 'or the terrorists win' speech. Or both, if you think they won't detract from one another.
Do you not think that God sees everything you do and hears everything you say? Do you think you can turn away and pretend that he does not know? Don't you think that God might get mad at the suggestion of changing his name to appease a faith that denies He and His Son's existence?Apologies for any suddenly coffee-covered monitors and keyboards out there.
1. No, I don't think a magic man sees and hears everything I do.
2. Therefore, I do think I can turn away and be confident that he doesn't know. (Shouldn't this guy be capitalizing his pronouns, by the way?)
3. God seems to get mad about anything and everything. Only thing separating him from being a whiny little emo is the fact that he's allegedly a omnipotent bully, if those centuries-old books are any indication.
4. Islam doesn't deny the existence of God or Jesus. They just slap a different label on the same bloodthirsty deity, and claim that Jesus was merely a prophet, rather than a supernatural haploid. They swapped out a D&D template for some more cleric levels.
Have you no fear of God's anger and wrath, when you put nonbelievers before him? You are putting God second to people who do not believe in Him and His Son for your own personal gain.Omnipotent bully. Told you. Sounds like he values some label more than people whose lives could possibly be lost. Personally, I have no fear of God's wrath, since I haven't run into any of this stuff, suggesting he's either a monumental procrastinator or nonexistent. Frankly, I'd rather fight both fundie evils so that neither one can kill over frivolous issues over how Aerith's name is spelled. Anyway, I don't see what the problem is: Christianity was very keen on absorbing stuff from non-Christian sources in the past.
Where are the "belters" when you need them? No sale of beer and wine to stop, no illegals to ship out, no gays to bash, no politics to win, no material gain here, why bother? In this world there is only one God, His son Jesus, and the Holy Spirit to guide us. Can you not stand up for the one who gave us this wonderful country to live in — a gift from God — not an achievement of man. Can you not stand up for the one that gave his life for us?Riiiiight. It's lot like Texas is engaging in a massive campaign to insert unethical, immoral, and unconstitutional endorsements of religion that I had to protest. (Followed the next day by Muslims denouncing terrorism, though I didn't pay a lot of attention to that. Glad to know they do indeed exist and speak up.)
And, of course, this person has to deny the efforts our founding fathers had to go through so that we could have a secular nation. Because the Constitution fell out of the sky and the redcoats were driven out by musket-wielding angels, not people who fought and died for our sake.
Christ taught us that if we are ashamed of him before the people, he will be ashamed of us before the father. The "belters" nation-wide have let the nonbelievers take prayer out of schools, try to take in "God we trust" off money and other government documents, so why aren't you storming the Capitol enraged at this blasphemy? Are you embarrassed to proclaim your faith in the Holy Trinity, are you ashamed of them?He also taught us about where to pray, and hint: It's not in school. Of course, thought, this lying liar has to lie about what the measures against school prayer really did: They took away the "right" of government employees to coerce prayer. Kids can pray on their own time, so long as they don't disrupt class.
As for the rest of the stuff: Why do you think our efforts meet with so much resistance? It's because unpatriots like him have control over pretty much all the government offices.
Sunday, September 23, 2007
I'm working on a campaign setting that's got a lot of spirits that kind of resemble a cross between some fey and various Japanese spirits/demons/whatever. They usually hang out in these dimensional pockets that form in the center of large areas of one biome type. Mortals can create different kinds of wards against them, usually designed to prevent them from entering an area, or from affecting people in the protected area.
Anyway, now that I've gotten that little bit of background down, I'm trying to think of some kind of critter with some kind of signature curse. The thing that keeps it from just spreading it around easily for its own benefit or amusement is that it only affects the target if it performs a specific action, which varies from cursing critter to cursing critter. If players go up against one of them wandering a city, part of the fun will be figuring out what triggers the curse.
So, here's some questions I'd like your help in brainstorming:
1. What does the curse do? (Maybe even a case of cursed with awesome)
2. What sort of interesting triggers could there be for the curse?
3. The players have figured it all out and track down the bugger. How does it defend itself?
So, anyone want to share some emails they've sent to Strong Bad? Here are some of mine:
Dear Strong Bad,
I've sent you a shrink ray via snail mail. Every cartoon needs an Incredible Shrinking Whatever episode, so here's your chance!
Dear Strong Bad,
If you ever want to see your dear little brother ever again, you'll come to the back of Bubs's Concession Stand with a case of Cold Ones.
Dear Strong Bad,
If you ever want to see your dear little The Cheat ever again, you'll come to the back of Bubs's Concession Stand with a case of Cold Ones.
Dear Strong Bad,
If you ever want to see your dear little case of Cold Ones ever again... Well, nevermind. I got what I want.
Dear Strong Bad,
So anyway, on with yours.
I'm guessing all my skeptical friends have noticed it at some point or another: Woos make all sorts of promises about how their favorite woo will cause a world-changing, possibly world-saving revolution. They never seem to deliver.
We've had nuts studying psychic powers for a long, long time, and yet have yet to do anything that would pass a test worthy of any attention. And somehow, a lot of them expect to develop practical applications for stuff like remote viewing and telekinesis. Still others claim that the ancients had practical applications, like pyramid building. As if it were impossible with standard human ingenuity (Our primitive ancestors were just as smart as we are. They just didn't have the enormous knowledge base we have today) and a lot of elbow grease.
We've had all sorts of people claiming to have perpetual motion machines, free energy devices, and so on. They can't ever seem to keep them running, or can't ever seem to complete them, but often promise that they'll get the bugs worked out if they get just a little more money.
Another thing that annoys me are these basement inventors who never get their magical machines out and working under controlled conditions. They're an insult to the real basement inventors like all the computer geeks we now have to thank for your ability to read my blog.
Thought its sloppiness and unwillingness to engage people, woo is probably one of the biggest forces for maintaining the status quo. Imagine if all the PR funding for woo was instead spent on genuine research.
Friday, September 21, 2007
Aside from a little schauchenfraud (however you spell that) for a conspiracy nut
Thursday, September 20, 2007
It would be nice, to say the least, if the anti-Uppity Atheists advanced a positive position, rather than ceaselessly declaiming their unhappiness with the Uppity Atheists. Otherwise, how can they hope to succeed? You can't have a world-view which is entirely negative, after all.-Blake Stacey on Pharyngula
The point should be obvious to my regulars, but it seems to escape so many woos, fundies, and squishy pseudomoderates: Arguing with passion is not equivalent to advocating or performing violence. It is possible to be very opinionated without wanting to use violence to force anyone to agree with you.
Just because an author slashes at the pages with his pen doesn't mean he's bringing a sword anywhere. Just because I press my keyboard a little harder or start using more bold tags doesn't mean I'm advocating violence, much less performing violence. It is entirely possible for someone to be passionate, loud, and persistent without entertaining any thoughts of violence.
Unlike a lot of fundies, my friends and I know very well the difference between a metaphorical debate table and a literal gladiator arena. My chosen weapons are text sent over the internet, my votes, the occasional cartoon or video, and, hopefully soon, letters sent to my region's elected officials. About the only violence I can really do with those weapons is give a senator a paper cut.
This is the inverse of the fallacy of 'argument by volume' a lot of trolls are fond of employing: Just because they're loud doesn't mean that they're right. Just because I'm loud doesn't mean I'm wrong. Judge my arguments' merits by their merits, not their implied volume. If I'm not advocating something, don't use my apparent decibel level to imply that I am.
Wednesday, September 19, 2007
The big item in this is a website Nodwick introduced me to a while back: The Independent Gaming Source. It covers a lot of games made by individuals and small companies. The really great thing is that a lot of them are free. The favorite thing I've seen there: A big list of 50 indie games.
I like Cave Story, Warning Forever, and Samorost. Be sure and tell me if you find a favorite or two on the list.
Anyway, here's some YouTube stuff: The guy who does "I'm a Marvel, and I'm a DC"
And since it's Speak Like a Pirate day, I should post something about that, since pirates are having a hard time making it in our modern office world:
In other news, I'm hankering for something steam punk:
Tuesday, September 18, 2007
(Updated with more possible deities)
You live on an island ruled by three deities who will answer yes/no questions for the inhabitants. They're overly obsessed with never appearing in the same form twice, so you never know which one is which when you show up at the temple. Truth always tells the truth. Liar always lies.
Since you're tired of chronically playing games of Knights and Knaves every time you've got a trivia question you want answered, you decide to thin down the numbers: The ancient scrolls or some such say that if a deity is unable to produce a yes/no answer due to a paradox, his head will explode.
So, what questions can you ask to identify each deity (fairly easy, no points), kill a specific deity which will not harm the other two (2 points), or a question that'll kill two deities without harming another (5 points). Minus infinity points for a question that'll kill all three, since that'll arouse the attention of the Hounds of Tindalos, who'll rip you to shreds, or whatever they're supposed to do. All I know is that I like their plush.
Alternate deities to replace Random/Whimsy, to possibly expand the challenge:
Chaos: Switches randomly between honesty and lying.
Alternator: Switches between telling the truth and lying with each question. First answer is random.
Yes-Man: If Truth and Liar give the same answer, he will give the same answer as well. If Truth and Liar give different answers, he will lie.
Ragnarok: If Truth's and Liar's heads explode, he will answer to cause his head to explode. If that option isn't available, he tells the truth.
Saturday, September 15, 2007
Got to try out a cane sugar Dr. Pepper that, unlike the previous one, didn't spend too much time in the sun. Wasn't all that different, aside from an aftertaste.
Thursday, September 13, 2007
How did the world stay in one piece before you and your caped friends came along?
When I think of it, just about everything is an appeal to consequences. If you get into a car accident while not wearing your seatbelt, you're more likely to get injured. Therefore, you should wear your seatbelt. Unfortunately, woos like to use fallacious appeals to consequences.
Exaggerated example: If you don't wear a tinfoil hat, the government will read your mind. Therefore, you should wear a tinfoil hat. Where the fallacies come in, of course, is the first part of that statement: What evidence do they have that the government can read your mind, and furthermore, what evidence do they have that tinfoil can prevent it?
Alties are particularly fond of this, since they can try to use it to discourage people from seeking real medicine, generate fear about what'll happen if people choose not to use their product, just doing a normal, health-neutral action, and so forth. Such efforts involve a lot of other doggerel and mistaken "common knowledge."
Conspiracy theorists love this one because they can portray critical thinking and honest questioning of their crankery as complacency in the face of the MIB black helicopter invasion that's due at 4 o' clock tomorrow.
I could go on (and I will, in the next Doggerel entry, "Better Safe Than Sorry!"). They key problem is that they have to show good evidence of that, not just chant the mantra. If we question the premise, they have to defend the premise.
So, I think I should pretty much review my intentions over here:
1) Support First Amendment rights: I make a stand for separation of church and state, freedom of speech, and all that good stuff. The two are vital for the advancement of science, and our ability to improve ourselves. That was one of my reasons for going to the rally: To oppose some of the nasty laws passed in Texas, intended to tear down the wall, while masquerading as protection. Of course, that 'protection' is born of double-standards and such. Open-mindedness (the real stuff, not the fake woo kind) demands that we be able to speak about anything without government coercion intended to enforce conformity in children.
2) Atheist/Skeptic Representation: A lot of people out there lie about atheists and skeptics all the time. Expressing our actual opinions all over the internet is supposed to make it harder for them to get away with it. We've already got pithy responses for everything they say we don't. Additionally, I can do my part to show atheism and critical thinking in a positive light, and show evil in an appropriately bad light.
3) Vent: Sometimes, I just have to blow up at woos in comments. It's a luxury I can't afford here in meatspace most of the time. There are problems in the world, and it irritates the generic fiendish plane(s) out of me that there are people who so devote their lives to obstructionism, apathy, intellectual isolationism, and cynicism.
4) Have fun: Sometimes it's very easy, and other times it's very hard. Where there's gross absurdities in life, there's humor to be had if you can get in the right mindset.
Stuff I should probably do: Write to relevant politicians, take the fight to woo places more often, etcetera.
Saturday, September 08, 2007
Anyway, my brother and I are planning on going to Opal Divine's for dinner. On the off chance one of you is in the area, you'll see me wearing a black T-shirt declaring who my master is. And no, it's not PZ or Dawkins, or any of the others trolls like to bring up. You'll figure it out.
Thursday, September 06, 2007
Anyway, I'm trying to flesh out an archipelago culture (Not entirely for player benefit. Sometimes I just like the world building process), and I'm trying to find some information on island ecology, economics in isolation, and that sort of thing. Would like the place to be potentially valuable once the players kick out the baddies. So, know any links I could use, rather than directories?
Anyway, here's the quote I'm going to be talking about briefly... unless I go off on another rant:
Rhetorical question I feel I must ask: Since when is combat ability a determiner of fitness?
survival of the fittest
i wonder if, since you are a proponent of darwinism and its creed of "survival of the fittest", you would accept my challenge to a fight, at a place of your choosing, using just our God-given or, in your case, randomly evolved, hands and feet (i.e., no weapons of any kind, as in a duel).
it would be interesting to see finally who really is fitter: an Evolutionist believer in Darwin or a Creationist believer in God.
our exhibition could render a real service to the community and help resolve this vexing issue.
for your information, i am 5' 6", 120 lbs, and have no military experience or training in martial arts or any other form of self-defense or combat.
it will be a very fair battle i think.
please respond soon.
PZ's fitness and success as an organism isn't determined by his ability to beat up some crazy little Creationist on demand. Life is not a Mortal Kombat tourney. In terms of evolution, a pacifist who raises a small family in the suburbs is more successful than some virgin who defines his life in terms of how much combat he can handle. Humans are adapted for life as social creatures. Senseless violence tends to decrease a human's fitness when other humans band together to lock violent people up in a concrete building where their gametes will never meet up with those of the opposite sex.
Biological fitness is not measured by combat. I suppose fitness could be described as problem-solving ability. "Kill it!" might be the favored solution for the typical D&D dungeon crawl, but that hardly applies to the real world. There are plenty of other methods for competion (including cooperation). The typical Creationist's ignorance of this suggests that they honestly believe violence is the best solution to any given problem.
On top of that enormous level of stupidity is another, of course: Since when is the truth of evolution dependent on the fitness or combat ability of its louder proponents? It's positively medieval: Trial by combat. Are Michael Korn and his ilk going to insist on bringing back that barbaric tradition? It's the logic of bullies. Might makes right.
Science is done by performing experiments and seeing the results: The experiment is analogous to a question we ask of nature, and the measurement of the end result is nature's answer. What a novel idea!: Asking reality what reality is! Much more intelligent to test reality about evolution than asking irrelevant questions like "Can PZ beat up some 5'6", 120 lb. guy?"
Of course, though, my baser instincts think that irrelevancy would make for an amusing, if not informative, experiment.
Wednesday, September 05, 2007
The trick is that I'm not sure how to do it easily. I'd like to duplicate the posts at whatever new place without going through the sheer number of individual posts, keep this place up, at least for a while, and maybe even find some way to get people redirected from the posts here to the new counterpart, to give people time to update bookmarks, links, etcetera.
So, any general recommendations from those more experienced at the matter?
Tuesday, September 04, 2007
Can you imagine an actual government writing laws to guarantee that everyone will wind up guilty, and then making pardons conditional on loyalty to the leaders? Such a government sounds horrific, yet that is exactly the program that has been a major strand of Christian theology since Paul.
Anyway, sometimes it gets creepy with Jesus, and reminds me of stuff I've seen about cults:
Here's a collection of passages talking about the family conflicts he came to cause, including a bit about requiring his followers to hate pretty much everyone associated with them as well as themselves. I'm not an expert on cult recruitment tactics, but one familiar theme that comes with cults is that new members are given reason to separate from their family and friends, the people who'd be most interested in talking them out of it. As for self-hate, it pretty much goes along with one of the typical cult lines of "let go of yourself/your ego/etcetera."
Extending the internal house conflicts to their natural extension, Jesus wants the world to burn. Lot of obligatory doom talk.
The self-mutilation bit is a bit creepy even if you take it "metaphorically." Glad I haven't met anyone who takes it literally, yet. Suspect they'd have a hard time typing, though.
Everyone knows cult leaders like to have the followers share all their money. Hence the later bit about "Accept Communism or Die."
There's the whole "Hell" thing, generally used as a threat against those who would dare to question the faith.
There's a fair bit of love mentioned there, like other cults, but actions don't seem to match up to words.
There's also something else I noticed: It seems like the whole thing was set up as a resistance movement against then-mainstream Judaism, depicting themselves as persecuted throughout history or something. Always need to generate the impression of being persecuted in order to attract contrary thinkers, it seems.
Of course, I realize that there's not much separating "cult" from "religion" except popularity. But anyway, anyone else get the impression I do: That Jesus was just a leader of a typical doom cult that got popular?
Welcome back to "Doggerel," where I ramble on about words and phrases that are misused, abused, or just plain meaningless.
Contrary to what you see in movies and outside Archimedes's favorite bathhouse, science doesn't really come from startling revelations made by a single person. At least not very often, anymore.
Science is usually a team sport that requires a lot of hard work. In the early days, before we had a large understanding of the human-scale world, bright individuals could discover quite a lot. A lot of the knowledge we now take for granted wasn't around back then. The problems science deals with these days are growing more subtle and more expansive.
In medicine, you can't just give a pill to a guy and expect his results to be typical. You have to give it to an experimental group and compare them to a control group and pay attention to how it affects different people in different demographics. That's a lot of work. You may suddenly have an inspiration that leads you to think Chemical X would have beneficial effects, but don't presume that your intuition about the complexities of the human body is as straightforward as Archimedes's realization about displacement volume.
In physics, scientists have to deal with tiny particles, velocities, and so forth that don't follow our everyday Newtonian expectations. A physicist may have some potentially ground-breaking idea to untangle some knots in a superstring, but he still has to show how the math and/or experiments work to support it.
In biology, critters can come up with all sorts of unexpected defenses against our efforts to control them or whatever. With the vast time scales involved in evolution, you might get blindsided by some of the shorter-term thinking of your squishy brain. That's why you have to refer to the large body of evidence that's been collected.
I'm sure more examples could be dropped in the comments. The point is that science doesn't end with sudden realization, thought experiments: You have to test your ideas in the real world. Many of the woos out there just don't get that. "It's just an idea! Why do you have to criticize it?" is one of their common complaints. They don't realize that new ideas demand to be explored. | <urn:uuid:8c3d3781-562f-4d12-9da0-35ceef0d47fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://rockstarramblings.blogspot.com/2007_09_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00374-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965875 | 7,722 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Plain and Fancy
"Cookie cutter" cookie dough
Confectioners' sugar icing
Oval cookie cutter
Mini chocolate chips
1. Roll out dough between two sheets of waxed
2. Peel off top sheet.
3. Cut out ovals of dough with a cookie cutter
- use a round biscuit cutter that you flattened into an oval as a cutter..
4. Chill ovals of dough in the refrigerator
for ten minutes.
5. Place a cooled oval on a working surface
and cut out hedgehog's face with a small cutter. I used the top of a honey jar for a
large hedgehog and the top of a spice jar for a smaller oval.
6. Bake the little critters 8
to 10 minutes at 350 degrees!
7. When they are soft from the oven, press a
sliced almond into the cookie for the ear and make the eye with a toothpick.
8. When almost cool add a mini chocolate chip
to the snout.
9. To make a fancy hedgehog --it's
crunchy!--ice with your favorite frosting and press chopped pecans into the icing before | <urn:uuid:b64f3bc2-be10-43bc-940b-79546595b313> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://janbrett.com/bake_hedgehog_cookies.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00395-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.83282 | 246 | 1.835938 | 2 |
ISLAMIC law has been officially adopted in Britain, with sharia courts given powers to rule on Muslim civil cases.The inability to pass judgment on value systems has led to this.
The government has quietly sanctioned the powers for sharia judges to rule on cases ranging from divorce and financial disputes to those involving domestic violence.
Rulings issued by a network of five sharia courts are enforceable with the full power of the judicial system, through the county courts or High Court.
Siddiqi said that in a recent inheritance dispute handled by the court in Nuneaton, the estate of a Midlands man was divided between three daughters and two sons.It turns out that for the last 100 years, the British have allowed similar Jewish courts to operate. Since it would be evidence of bias to not allow the Islamic courts the same authority, they now have partial Sharia in Britain.
The judges on the panel gave the sons twice as much as the daughters, in accordance with sharia. Had the family gone to a normal British court, the daughters would have got equal amounts.
One of the basic tenets of modern liberalism is that no value system is better than any other. You cannot pass judgment on a culture. You may disagree with them, but they have a right to live their lives the way they want. Who are you to say what is right and what is wrong?
That's above your pay grade. | <urn:uuid:d993b1d3-7d72-41a1-b60f-e025a28215ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ktcatspost.blogspot.com/2008/09/separate-but-equal.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.977658 | 289 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Upon request, I post a picture of the handlebar map holder I made for my touring bicycle.
It’s a thin piece of plywood (or whatever you have, other wood, plastic, metal) cut out to fit standard AAA road maps. It’s attached to a mountain bike handlebar with a quill stem. I drilled some holes and used two [white, see picture for positioning] zip ties to attach it to the stem. I made a cut out at the top to make room for the bolts where the handlebar attaches to the stem so the map holder rests flat against the handlebar with very little flex.
The map is held to the wood with the four rubber bands.
Obviously it doesn’t work in the rain but it will be easy to fashion a plastic cover for that eventuality.If it rains, just put the map in a ziploc bag.
If this seems like too much work (it really wasn’t… two cuts with a saw, four holes, and some sandpaper) you can buy a similar map holder at REI for $20. This one only costs a few cents to make.
PS: If you want to subscribe to the blog, click on the RSS feed and your software will probably take it from there. If not, google for an “RSS reader”, install it, and you’ll be on your way.
Originally posted 2011-05-22 17:42:32. | <urn:uuid:def43316-7001-420a-a31e-9050fb15a528> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://earlyretirementextreme.com/a-map-holder-for-my-bicycle.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00144-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939482 | 308 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Ayutla Mixe documentation data
|Depositor||Rodrigo Romero Méndez|
|Affiliation||Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México|
|Collection Status||Collection online|
|Landing Page Handle||http://hdl.handle.net/2196/301312fd-7915-418c-8525-4221d36af800|
Summary of the collection
English: This collection consists of audio and video recordings of speakers of Ayutla Mixe, a previously underscribed language spoken in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Español: Este depósito consiste en grabaciones de audio y video de hablantes de Ayutla Mixe, un idioma sin descripción previa que se habla en el estado de Oaxaca, México.
Culture: Mixe; Community: San Pedro y San Pablo Ayutla Mixe (Ayutla).
The county (municipio) of San Pedro y San Pablo Ayutla (hereafter referred just as Ayutla) is located in the southern state of Oaxaca in Mexico. According to the Mexican Institute of Statistics, the population of the county is 5,500 inhabitants, from which 96% of the population over age of 5 speaks Mixe.
Ayutla Mixe is a small community that speaks a previously undescribed language that is on the decline. It is different from other languages of the Mixe branch that have been partially described or documented, and certainly it is marked distinct from the only comprehensively described language of the family, Olutec.
There is no institution or spokesperson that represents the Ayutla Mixe community specifically on linguistic or cultural issues.
Ayutla Mixe – also known as Ayuuhk – belongs to South Highland Mixe, a language part of the Mixean branch of the Mixe-Zoque family. Tlahuitoltepec, Tamazulapan, Tepuxtepec and Tepantlali Mixe have been proposed to be other dialects of South Highland Mixe. Oto-Manguean languages are spoken in the same state, and more specifically, Zapotecan languages are spoken in the proximities of Ayutla. Ayutla Mixe speakers are aware of the dialectal differences with their neighbors. Nevertheless, they acknowledge that all the Mixean communities belong to the same people and form a single unit.
The Mixe language Olutec has been comprehensively documented. Several other Mixe languages have been documented to some extent.
Mixe is acquired by children in the family, but an increasing number of families in the main village of the county do not teach Mixe, but Spanish, to their children. Mixe is used to address persons from the surrounding communities, both Mixe and Spanish in conversations with speakers from distant communities and Spanish to Zapotec speakers.
Current social roles and status:
Since Ayutla is the first community one encounters on the road from Oaxaca City to the Mixean area, it has been subject to the impact of western culture more than other communities. In addition, school education as well as migration to Mexico City are accelerating the loss of the language in two ways: in its majority, teenagers speak Spanish with each other even if they are fluent speakers of Mixe, and very frequently migrants do not speak Mixe when they return to the community and certainly they do not teach Mixe to their children. In the market, both Mixe and Spanish are spoken, but there is an increasing use of Spanish for commercial purposes.
Almost all the education is in Spanish although there are a few bilingual primary schools in the county (some of them having just two instructors). The teacher may, however, speak another dialect, and, according to local educational authorities, bilingual school has less prestige than monolingual Spanish school. During community meetings, just Mixe is spoken. Finally, Ayutla is, in its majority, catholic, and the religious services are in Spanish.
A practical orthography for Mixe has been proposed, however it has never been used in the community. The state’s government has published some textbooks, but they are in another dialect and Ayutla Mixe speakers are almost unable to read them, due to the lack of use of the orthography as well as dialectal differences. There are no printed materials in Ayutla Mixe.
It contains stories of which there are no previous recordings.
English: The collection comprises over 150 audio and video files, as well as transcriptions of texts. Recordings belong to three types: recordings of texts, folk definition and elicitation.
There are two genres of text: legends/folk tales and local histories. The folk definitions involved two speakers in a variant of the ‘taboo’ game, in which one participant provides a description and the other has to guess the target word. The elicitation recordings focus mainly on temporal and spatial relations.
Español: El depósito consta de más de 150 archivos de audio y video, además de transcripciones de textos. Las grabaciones son de tres tipos: grabaciones de textos, definición folklórica y elicitación.
Hay dos géneros de texto: leyendas/cuentos folklóricos e historias locales. En las definiciones folklóricas participaron dos hablantes en una variante del juego ‘tabú’, en el que un participante provee una descripción y el otro tiene que adivinar la palabra destino. Las grabaciones de la elicitación se centran principalmente en relaciones temporales y espaciales.
Acknowledgement and citation
English: To refer to any data from the collection, please cite as follows:
Romero Méndez, Rodrigo. 2005. Ayutla Mixe documentation data. Endangered Languages Archive. Handle: http://hdl.handle.net/2196/00-0000-0000-0000-E34C-D. Accessed on [insert date here].
Anyone who uses the deposited materials must acknowledge Rodrigo Romero (the depositor), but also the consultant, interviewer, and transcriber(s) (in transcriptions). In stories, the storyteller should be acknowledged as the author.
Note that the convention given for names is the following: Given.Name (+ 2nd.Given.Name) + 1st.Family.Name + 2nd.Family.Name.
So, in the case of the depositor, Rodrigo Romero Méndez, “Rodrigo” is the given name and “Romero Méndez” are the two family names. For practical terms, the last two names are the family names, although the 2nd.Family.Name is optional when acknowledging.
Español: Cualquiera que utilice los materiales depositados tiene que reconocer a Rodrigo Romero (el depositante), pero también al consultor, al entrevistador, y al/a los transcriptor(es) (en transcripciones). En historias, el narrador debe reconocerse como autor.
Note que la convención utilizada para nombres es la siguiente: Nombre.de.pila (+ 2º.Nombre.de.pila) + 1er.Apellido + 2º.Apellido.
Así que, en el caso del depositante, Rodrigo Romero Méndez, “Rodrigo” es el nombre de pila y “Romero Méndez” son los dos apellidos. En términos prácticos, los dos nombres finales son los apellidos, aunque el 2º.Apellido es opcional para el reconocimiento. | <urn:uuid:243423fd-9f24-4b5b-be65-f846cd589951> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.elararchive.org/dk0005 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.752241 | 1,786 | 2.375 | 2 |
El Dorado has a population of 21,530 and is located in Union county.
For Arkansas residents, the average tuition for all El Dorado teaching schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $1,632.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for El Dorado teaching schools was $3,336.00.
The average cost of books and supplies for teaching schools in El Dorado is $1,906.00. There is one teaching college in El Dorado for students to choose from. In the 2008 - 2009 school year, reportedly 5 students completed teaching programs in El Dorado.
|Profession||Average Salary||Number Employed in City|
|Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education||$38,650.00||330|
|Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education||$40,200.00||1,620|
|Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education||$41,820.00||830|
|Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School||$45,330.00||80|
|Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education||$42,780.00||1,490|
|Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School||$45,430.00||220| | <urn:uuid:b1d186b8-866c-47e8-bfbe-db7d64295df3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.unixl.com/dir/teaching/arkansas/el-dorado/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720026.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00456-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890984 | 273 | 1.679688 | 2 |
“Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it.” – Helen Keller
The Torah makes a straightforward connection between doing good and receiving God’s reward and blessing, and doing bad and receiving divine punishment and suffering. Only a few thousand years later do we see rabbinic literature deal with more theologically challenging concepts of sinners who receive reward and righteous who are punished.
Ibn Ezra jumps into this discussion with yet another possibility in the divine ledger-keeping and that is reward as compensation for suffering.
Amongst the strangest rituals described in the Bible is that of the Sotah. It is the process whereby a woman suspected of adultery, who denies any wrongdoing, is publicly degraded and forced to drink a unique concoction called the “bitter waters”. During the times of the Sanctuary and the Temple these bitter waters apparently had the power to determine a woman’s infidelity. If the woman had been untrue, the waters would cause her to die a gruesome death including the rapid swelling of her stomach and the falling off of body parts. However, if she was innocent, the result would be the birth of a healthy baby boy.
Ibn Ezra on Numbers 5:28 suggests that the resultant birth of a child is a gift, a reward from God to the mother for the blameless suffering she was subjected to. Her being accused by her husband of adultery and the subsequent public degradation despite her repeated, vehement and true affirmations of innocence need to be compensated.
This is when God steps in and rewards the mother with one of the most precious gifts possible: a healthy child.
May all our sufferings lead to sweet rewards.
To Rabbi Menachem Burstein (originally from Uruguay) and Machon Puah who helps so many families achieve the special gift of a child.
And Mazal Tov to my colleagues in Montevideo, Rabbi Eliyahu and Natalie Galil on the birth of their fourth child! | <urn:uuid:390370ef-9d24-4ccb-b299-8664476c459f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/naso-sufferings-reward/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00283-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960076 | 408 | 2.4375 | 2 |
|PHYSICIANS AND OTHER HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS MUST BECOME
FAMILIAR WITH THE IMPORTANT WARNINGS.
Actiq is indicated only for the management of breakthrough
cancer pain in patients with malignancies who are already receiving
and who are tolerant to opioid therapy for their underlying persistent
cancer pain. Patients considered opioid tolerant are those
who are taking at least 60 mg morphine/day, 50 mcg transdermal fentanyl/hour,
or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid for a week or longer.
Because life-threatening hypoventilation could occur at any dose
in patients not taking chronic opiates, Actiq is contraindicated
in the management of acute or postoperative pain. This product must
not be used in opioid non-tolerant patients.
Actiq is intended to be used only in the care of cancer
patients and only by oncologists and pain specialists who are knowledgeable
of and skilled in the use of Schedule II opioids to treat cancer
Patients and their caregivers must be instructed that Actiq
contains a medicine in an amount which can be fatal to a child.
Patients and their caregivers must be instructed to keep all units
out of the reach of children and to discard open units properly.
(See Information for Patients and Their Caregivers for disposal
WARNING: May be habit forming.
Actiq (oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate) is a solid formulation
of fentanyl citrate, a potent opioid analgesic, intended for oral transmucosal
administration. Actiq is formulated as a white to off-white solid
drug matrix on a handle that is radiopaque and is fracture resistant ABS
plastic under normal conditions when used as directed.
Actiq is designed to be dissolved slowly in the mouth in a manner
to facilitate transmucosal absorption. The handle allows the Actiq
unit to be removed from the mouth if signs of excessive opioid effects
appear during administration.
Active Ingredient: Fentanyl citrate, USP is N-(1-Phenethyl-4-piperidyl)
propionanilide citrate (1:1). Fentanyl is a highly lipophilic compound
[octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7.4 is 816:1) that is freely
soluble in organic solvents and sparingly soluble in water (1:40). The
molecular weight of the free base is 336.5 (the citrate salt is 528.6).
The pKa of the tertiary nitrogens are 7.3 and 8.4.
Actiq is available in six strengths equivalent to 200, 400, 600,
800, 1200, or 1600 mcg fentanyl base that is identified by the text on
the foil pouch, the shelf carton, and the dosage unit handle.
Inactive Ingredients: Sucrose, liquid glucose, artificial raspberry
flavor, and white dispersion G.B. dye. | <urn:uuid:2edbff0e-df3f-45fb-ae18-135e6e9d2f64> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.egeneralmedical.com/rxlist00000649.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00144-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876133 | 634 | 1.695313 | 2 |
"Dame dame dame, que te voy a dar
... una guayabita de mi guayabal."
CFP: "In the Mix: Asian Popular Music"
CALL FOR PAPERS
"In the Mix: Asian Popular Music" Conference, Princeton University, March 25th-26th, 2011.
A conference organized with support from the Department of East Asian Studies, the Department of Music, the Program in American Studies, and the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies at Princeton University.
Special Talk and Performance: DJ Krush
Deadline for Submissions: November 30, 2010
We are pleased to invite abstract submissions for the conference, "In the Mix: Asian Popular Music," which will take place on the campus of Princeton University on March 25–26, 2011.
Interest in Asian popular music—by which we are referencing both popular music in Asia itself and popular genres played by Asians outside of Asia—has grown internationally over the past decade, thanks to the global popularity of anime, video games, and other media, increased travel, and easy accessibility through the Internet, among other factors. In a world where global popular musics are decentralized into local scenes that are less influenced by North American trends than they might have been in the past, the study of Asian popular music invites negotiations among a diversity of theoretical viewpoints, methodologies, and disciplines, including globalization, gender, media and/or literary studies, anthropology, and musicology/ethnomusicology.
Theconference aims to gather together scholars from awide range of perspectives. We are alsoinviting musicians and music industry professionals to contribute their thoughts on their own experiences, thereby adding practical insight into the mix of scholarly discussions. In so doing, we seek to deepen our understanding of artists, musics, and scenes as perceived by fans, promoters, and academics in actual and theoretical contexts.
In addition to paper panels and discussions, the conference will include a special talk by DJ Krush—a pioneer of Japanese hip-hop and internationally known DJ/producer, known for his varied soundscapes of hip-hop beats and Japanese sonic references—followed by a performance by DJ Krush.
We welcome proposals for papers from scholars of all disciplines on any aspect of popular music in Asia or by Asians or Asian-Americans. Some suggested topics include:
-Histories of subcultural music scenes in Asia
-Questions of authenticity, hybridity, and the boundaries between subcultures
-Aesthetics and music
-Reception of Asian or Asian-American popular music, within or outside of the home country
-Relations between theory and ethnography in the study of Asian popular music
-Interactions between digital culture and popular music
Submissions should comprise a paper title, an abstract of up to 250 words, a short bibliography of no more than a page, and a short biography of about 200 words, all in one .rtf or .doc file with the author's lastname_firstname as the title. Submissions should be sent by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org by 30 November 2010 and should include the title of the paper, name, affiliation, email address, and mailing address of the applicant. Please address any questions to the organizing committee at the email address above. | <urn:uuid:bc1de884-950e-4ed2-bcb8-98b2315312ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://laguayabita.blogspot.com/2010/10/cfp-in-mix-asian-popular-music.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00505-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925584 | 681 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Level of Jurisdiction: National
Overview: The Irish Government entered an agreement with private hospitals to make the private hospitals part of the public health system for the duration of the COVID-19 crisis.
The agreement will bring more than 2,000 hospital beds, along with staff and other facilities, into the public health system. The private hospitals will participate on a not-for-profit basis.
Full details here: https://www.thejournal.ie/private-hospitals-ireland-coronavirus-5056334-Mar2020/ | <urn:uuid:ea5cc101-37dd-4e44-84aa-2e9b2154470e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://covid.ingsa.org/covid-19-policy-tracker/europe/ireland/24-march-2020-agreed-for-public-use-of-private-hospitals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.881579 | 116 | 1.75 | 2 |
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the nation's premier civil rights legislation. The Act outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, required equal access to public places and employment, and enforced desegregation of schools and the right to vote. It did not end discrimination, but it did open the door to further progress.
Although the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments outlawed slavery, provided for equal protection under the law, guaranteed citizenship, and protected the right to vote, individual states continued to allow unfair treatment of minorities and passed Jim Crow laws allowing segregation of public facilities. These were upheld by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1895), which found state laws requiring racial segregation that were "separate but equal" to be constitutional. This finding help continue legalized discrimination well into the 20th century.
Following World War II, pressures to recognize, challenge, and change inequalities for minorities grew. One of the most notable challenges to the status quo was the 1954 landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas which questioned the notion of "separate but equal" in public education. The Court found that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and a violation of the 14th Amendment. This decision polarized Americans, fostered debate, and served as a catalyst to encourage federal action to protect civil rights. | <urn:uuid:7a9afd21-6f6b-4639-a9ff-de1d25990a3b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nps.gov/subjects/civilrights/1964-civil-rights-act.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950539 | 284 | 4.78125 | 5 |
Recently, the scientific and technological innovation team of livestock nutrition and regulation of Beijing Institute of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, studied and revealed the molecular mechanism of Xylooligosaccharides to improve the intestinal barrier and immune function of weaned piglets by optimizing intestinal flora, which provided a theoretical basis for improving the disease resistance of weaned piglets and promoting efficient and healthy pig breeding. Relevant research was published in”carbohydrate polymers”.
In the context of”Prohibition of resistance”, the problems of diarrhea and low disease resistance of weaned piglets are prominent, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. The research team combed the application value of Xylooligosaccharides in improving the disease resistance of piglets in the early stage, and found that Xylooligosaccharides can enhance the intestinal health of weaned piglets by improving intestinal barrier and regulating intestinal immunity, but the specific mechanism of action is not clear.
This study further revealed that Xylooligosaccharides can enhance the intestinal barrier function and regulate the specific regulatory mechanism of intestinal immunity in two aspects:first, Xylooligosaccharides can increase beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, reduce potential pathogens, and then enhance the integrity of the intestinal barrier, inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in the weakening of the production process of immunoglobulin A and the antigen cross presentation process; Second, Xylooligosaccharides through notch and Wnt/β- The catenin signaling pathway regulates the proliferation or apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and the differentiation of intestinal goblet cells, and reshapes the energy metabolism pathway.
The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the innovation project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. | <urn:uuid:aac9bbfd-f821-4862-8a3c-0dc05f7188b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.foodmatenet.com/2022/07/the-study-revealed-the-molecular-mechanism-of-xylooligosaccharides-improving-intestinal-function-in-piglets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.87982 | 411 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Год издания: 2005
Количество страниц: 230
В продаже с 18.01.2012
Как только книга The Book of Generations : A Reunion with Memory станет доступна для заказа в одном из интернет-магазинов, Вам на e-mail будет отправлено уведомление.Укажите e-mail для связи:
Book DescriptionAuthor Mansour Ajami was born during World War II in Saghbine, a poverty-stricken Lebanese village that had remained virtually unchanged since the Middle Ages. His autobiography, The Book of Generations: A Reunion with Memory , traces his adaptation to the culture and thought of twenty-first-century America. With a humorous, offbeat perspective, Ajami presents the inevitable culture clashes that shaped his intellectual evolution. He recounts ancient folklore and medieval church practices, the discovery of luscious and accomplished Western women, and the ways of poor fathers and obdurate donkeys. Whether he is beguiling American university students with seemingly preposterous snake stories or dealing with the tragic loss of his first child, Ajami?s humor and emotion translate universally. The Book of Generations ends with a soliloquy on a possible future in which he sees himself alone in the world, musing on the necessity of inventing... | <urn:uuid:fdbeb623-2e0a-42eb-99e5-440fee1ecbb9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.knigapoisk.ru/book/91166/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00189-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.805389 | 407 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Final Notes 2
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. What would you like to do?
What are the monomers of the microtubules? Explain their relation with GTP.
alpha tubulin: GTP bound to this; tight; never comes off; never hydrolyzed
beta tubulin: GTP is loosely bound; can exchange it with cytosolic GTP and can be hydrolyzed
Structure of the microtubule in terms of its direction of monomeric arrangement.
Alpha and beta tubulins put together are __.
- appears helical
- - there's pitch to them
- - not horizontal (have angle to them)
- heterodimers because they are not exactly alike
Explain the positive and negative ends of the microtubule.
+ end: most of the action seen here whether added or removed
- end: less action
They can be added or removed from either end, but the + end is the more active end
Each vertical row in a microtubule is a __.
Molecular weight of a microtubule: __
Sedimentation coefficient: __
How many binding sites for GTP? For Mg++?
- 110-120000 (each tubulin may weigh 55k-60k)
- 2 (one on each molecule of tubulin)
- 2 (one on each molecule of tubulin)
Each dimer binds several different __. > __(numerical value)
- What are alkaloids?
- Where are they mostly produced?
- all organic with N and rings
Biochemistry of microtubules
- major protein: __
--studied from lots of types of cells (common in any kind of __ because they are __)
- similar in __ and __
- remarkable __
--- Example: isolated from sperm and chick brain cells and then sequenced. What was found?
What does this demonstrate? Why?
- euk cell
- the principle structure to move chromosomes in mitosis
- physical and chemical properties
- the first 24 amino acids are exactly the same
- shows that tubulin has been conserved evoluntionarily
- - you can't change it much and expect it to function
When dealing with assembly and disassembly, what is the process called and explain it.
- it is the equilibrium process
- it depends on promoting factors whether formation will occur or not
- If you have a pool of dimer subunits, assembly is favored.
If you isolate the __, they will form __.
What do you see in a cross section of the microtubule? Measurement?
- the cortex: ring of subunits= 1-13 (outside)
--the core: hollow inside
25 nm in diameter
What are all alkaloids? What do they bind? What are they used in?
What is taxol used in? vincristine?
- all are antimitotic
- bind to microtubules
- used in treatment of cancer
ovarian and breast cancer
childhood leukemia, brain tumors, breast cancer, Hodgkins, etc.
What do microtubules have that can bind MT to each other, to other components of the cytoskeleton and can cause cilia and flagella to move?
Kinesins were found in __
Dyneins were found in __
Cytoplasmic dynein was found in __.
cilia and flagella
__ of microtubules by __ occurs. There are separate regions for the binding of the __ to the tubule and to each other.
What are the steps of formation to the elongating microtubule?
- 1) tubulin dimers
- 2) associate to create oligomers
- 3) associate to create protofilaments
- 4) sideways association to create sheets of protofilaments
- 5) fold around to close and form a closing microtubule
- 5) now able to elongate into an elongating microtubule
Microtubules are assembled from subunits composed of one molecule of __ and one molecule of __ bound together tightly as a __, called an __, or simply a __.
- αβ-tubulin dimer
- tubulin dimer
At the start of the __, several __ can aggregate into clusters called __, some of which go on to form linear chains of tubulin dimers called __. The __ can then associate with each other side-by-side to form __.
- nucleation process
- tubulin dimers
Sheets containing __ or more __ can close into a tube, forming a __. __ continues by the addition of __ at one or both ends.
- elongation of the microtubule
- tubulin subunits
The function of the microtubule determines __.
What determines whether formation or disassembly occurs?
What are the three major factors that determine assembly and disassembly?
- the equilibrium process
- concentration of dimers
Microtubule growth in vitro depends on the concentration of aB-tubulin dimers.
The concentration of dimers when polymerization and depolymerization are balanced is called __.
Microtubules grow when dimer concentrations are high and depolymerize when dimer concentrations are low.
the critical concentration
Criticial concentration is lower at the __, meaning dimers are __. What does this explain?
You can't make microtubules unless you have __. It also determines what?
What kind of concentration is needed to get action.
- plus end
- more likely to assemble
- why more association at the plus end occurs
a higher concentration than the critical concentration
Explaiin GTP in terms assembly and disassembly.
GTP binding produces what so what happens?
one molecule of GTP and one Mg bind to each monomer
a conformational change in the tubulin so that dimers are more likely to bind to one another
GTP causes __ for one another. How many are in each molecule of tubulin. What happens to GTP?
- higher affinity
- hydrolyzed to GDP
What do MAPs do?
- shift the equilibrium to favor assembly and can stabilize a microtubule, making it more difficult for the microtubule to depolymerize; can lead to very stable microtubules
- - stability makes it harder for them to fall apart
Once dimers assemble, there may be changes in the microtubules, signlaing what?
MAPs to bind
Ca++ concentration affect on assembly/ disassembly.
True or False:
This is Ca++ primary role.
role unclear; concentrations that are greater than 1 mM cause depolymerizatioin, but increasing Ca++ concentration from 0 to 1 enhances polymerization
Role of calmodulin in assembly/ disassembly
During metaphase, where is it?
- role unclear; it's a Ca++ binding protein, so it regulates Ca++ concentration
- - distribution different in different areas
at the poles
Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)...assembly and disassembly role.
- polymerization of microtubules occurs in association with MTOCs
- the - end of hte microtubule is usually tightly bound to a MTOC. This may prevent depolymerization; they are firmly anchored, which may explain why very little occurs at the - end
Several types of MTOCs exist. Which ones?
1) MTOCs contain microtubules that do not connect to polymerizing microtubules (ex: centrosome)
2) MTOCs contain microtubules that do connect to polymerizing microtubules
3) CTOCs that do not contain microtubules
Temperatures effect on assembly and disassembly.
higher temperatures favor polymerization, lower temperatures favor depolymerization
Pressure's effects on assembly and disassembly
low pressure favors polymerization, high pressure favors depolymerization
All drugs are __.
Colchine may cause __.
Vincristine and vinblastine are very similar and may induce __.
Cortisol is __ and similar to __.
- clumping, causing less availability
What does colchicine do?
binds to free dimers and competes for binding sites that are normally required for dimer interaction during polymerization
Explain colchicine-dimer complexes.
they bind to the + end and block addition to dimers; colchicines alone can't bind to intact microtubules--> inhibit polymerization of microtubules
Where do colchines bind?
bind in a location that other dimers bind
Explain vincristine and vinblastine
link dimers into large, semi-crystalline aggregates, making the dimers unavailable and pushes the equilibrium toward disassembly
causes microtubules to depolymerize; similar to colchicine
binds tightly to microtubules and stabilizes them; pushing the equilibrium toward assembly, preventing depolymerization
What is the reason for the equilibrium shift?
because youhave MTs that can assemble and disassemble
What would you like to do?
Home > Flashcards > Print Preview | <urn:uuid:8daa4645-e8be-402f-b66b-585c1a6224c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=248675 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00013-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878187 | 1,966 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The operating system has to have the capability to start up from a damaged hard drive or corrupted RAM in order for it to be useful.
Problems with the random access memory (RAM) or the hard drive are to fault if your computer only displays the logo of its maker before crashing before installing the operating system.
If your computer has many slots for RAM, finding the offending component could be simpler. If this is the case, you should try starting the computer with each RAM stick removed in turn.
Either the random access memory (RAM) or the hard drive will need to be replaced as a result of this.
Other reasons for your PC crashing while attempting to load the operating system. These include overheating, malware, or memory issues.
If your PC is crashing trying to load the operating system, call us at 1-800-620-5285. Karls Technology is a nationwide computer service company with offices in many major cities. This blog post was brought to you from our staff at the Lakewood Computer Repair Service. If you need computer repair in Lakewood, CO please call or text the local office at (720) 441-6460. | <urn:uuid:a16c9b8b-b908-4bc5-8042-dd344f73b069> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/pc-crash-before-loading-os/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.940974 | 237 | 1.984375 | 2 |
A bidirectional three-band lightwave transport system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for both fiber-to-the-X (FTTX) and radio-over-fiber (RoF) networks. By cascading a phase modulator (PM) and a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) to generate multiple coherent lightwaves, hybrid 1.25 Gbps baseband (BB), 1.25 Gbps/20 GHz microwave (MW), and 1.25 Gbps/40 GHz millimeter-wave (MMW) downstream signals and a 1.25 Gbps BB upstream signal are simultaneously transmitted. Furthermore, with an assistance of an optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) enhancement circuit, sufficient low bit error rate (BER) values are experimentally achieved for both down-link BB/MW/MMW and up-link BB signals. No additional high-frequency local oscillator, mixers and upstream laser diode are required in both transmitter and receiver sites. Under this architecture, both wire-lined and wireless clients can be simultaneously served without using any extra device/equipment to convert the downstream signals among BB, MW and MMW formats.
© 2011 IEEEPDF Article | <urn:uuid:43871277-1d65-44e7-925b-dfdef742b9c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.osapublishing.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-30-3-298 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00335-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865161 | 251 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Twelve feature-length animated films in the Children and Youth Programme
The most interesting titles are definitely the multi award-winning film, dubbed in Croatian, about the (impossible) friendship between a mouse and a bear Ernest and Celestine; the lavish Italian adaptation of the classic about the wooden puppet, Pinocchio by Enzo d’Alò; one of the most popular Japanese films, Wolf Children; and The Painting, the enchanting French animated film, whose thrilling plot takes place in a work of art with unfinished characters as protagonists.
Another cult film not to be missed is the most viewed Norwegian film in history, Pinchcliffe Grand Prix; followed by Kurt Turns Evil, made by one of the most acclaimed Norwegian animation studios; and the French film The Day of the Crows, hand-drawn lavish animated fairy-tale from the World Panorama programme. The selection also includes the Korean biographic tale Approved for Adoption and one of the most popular animated films in Estonian history Lotte and the Moonstone Secret – dubbed in Croatian. The closing film of the Festival will be the Japanese entry From up on Poppy Hill, written by the greatest living manga artist and one of the most important animators in the world, Hayao Miyazaki. His son Goro Miyazaki directed the film.
Novelty – two types of family pass
As always, the Family Pass is one special offer guaranteeing visitors with children entrance to all screenings marked with a hat, meaning that they are children-suitable. This year two types of family passes are available – one for one child and an adult, and the other for two children and an adult. Aided by the partner of the entire Children and Youth Programme – the children’s savings programme Pčelica by Zagrebačka banka – Animafest’s Pčelica centre will be opened on level 2 and active every day of the festival from 10am to 8pm.
Pixilation and stop-motion and optical games workshops
With the aim of familiarising the youth with animation as much as possible during the festival days, workshops for children are organised. From Tuesday, 4 June, to Friday, 7 June (5pm-7pm), and on Saturday, 8 June (10am-12am) pixilation and stop motion will be presented to children aged 7-13. The workshop facilitator will be the successful young animator Petra Zlonoga, who will teach her trainees what is pixilation and what is stop-moton, how to animate inanimate objects and how to draw a child out of a hat. Join us in any of the scheduled slots and register by e-mail: email@example.com, or by phone: 091/3063 055.
Weekend welcomes another workshop, optical games, organised in collaboration with Sedmi kontinent association. Optical games present an interesting journey to the very beginnings of cinema and animation. Kaleidoscope, zoetrope, thaumatrope and flip book are some of the devices the workshop facilitators Snježana Gabelić and Ana Jukić from Sedmi kontinent association will help the participants make. The workshop is intended for children aged 6-9, and you can register via e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org, or by phone: 091/3063 055.
In addition to the unique chance for the children and adults to enjoy some of the finest animated titles and participate in workshops, at Animafest’s Pčelica centre the festival organises an exhibition of interactive video games suitable for children, in which animation is the key element.
Animafest in Your Neighbourhood
Animafest in Your Neighbourhood are traditional Sunday matinees at three of Zagreb’s cultural centres. On 9 June at 11.30am the ones in Dubrava, Travno and Trešnjevka host a free screening of Lotte and the Moonstone Secret, dubbed in Croatian. | <urn:uuid:0e55ae7a-8def-4df8-a3b5-99bec4db5e53> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.animafest.hr/en/2020/news/read/animafest_zagreb_2013_prepared_rich_children_and_youth_programme_inviting_them_to_also_join_two_free_workshops | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.93389 | 846 | 1.648438 | 2 |
With so many security concerns in regards to Bitcoins, more and more people are thinking about using paper wallets in order to contain their precious coins safely. These paper wallets are basically virtual currency wallets that are kept on paper, usually as a HD wallet seed. Since storing bitcoins offline is considered by many people as being the safest thing to do, the paper wallets are becoming more and more popular since they make it hard to access them if you’re not an authorized user.
In the case of a paper wallet, it’s important to know that that the private seed kept on them provide you with the complete authority in regards to spending your bitcoin funds. Because of that, this seed needs to be hidden since anyone accessing it will be able to spend your funds, which can lead to a lot of problems and inconveniences.
In order to prevent such a problem from appearing, you can try to encrypt the private key or, if that is not a solution, you can also split it into different parts and keep the secret, as well as the combination of numbers all to yourself.
With the help of such a public seed you can easily generate dozens or even more addresses when you need to generate bitcoins, and the best thing here is that unless the private seed is loaded, these addressed will be totally inaccessible, a great thing to say the least.
There are a few software solutions that already provide support for paper wallets, with Electrum as well as Armory being the best one. These tools make it easy for you to easily generate the necessary mnemonic codes that are needed for the wallets, and these can easily be printed or written down to your own paper wallet.
Creating a paper wallet isn’t that complicated, but in order to keep the whole process secure, you must make sure that you generate the wallet with the help of a live disk, as this ensures that the seed doesn’t have to deal with any malware. Once that is done, you have to perform a clean boot with the help of a bootable CD, and the computer that you use needs to avoid any internet connection. You will need the desired software, then print the wallet and then shut down your computer. When you use such a software, it’s imperative to make sure that there isn’t any internet connection, because any interference from the outside can bring immense security risks.
Once the process is completed, you need to do whatever it takes in order to make sure that the code is integral, as this way you can find out if any hacker has modified the contents of the paper wallet.
Lastly, use numerous anti-virus and anti-spyware protection tools, as these are essential when it comes to protecting your funds!
As you can see, using paper wallets is a very interesting and useful thing to do, however you do need to make sure that the paper wallets are created in a safe environment, because if anyone gets hold of your seed, you will have a great security risk. If you keep the seed safe, then you won’t have a problem! | <urn:uuid:c690198e-7459-4bee-860f-bdb5ea1b7dfc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://impressivemagazine.com/paper-wallet-for-bitcoin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.96074 | 627 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Resources for Health Professionals
Lehigh Valley Health Network has many resources available for members of the health care community. Whether you are looking for continuing medical education or publications by members of our medical staff, you can find it here. We provide:
Continuing professional education
We understand how important continuing education is for medical professionals. Many of our educational events offer the opportunity to earn CME, CNE and other credits. Find information about upcoming events.
Lehigh Valley Health Network (LVHN)–MedEvac provides air and ground critical care transportation for patients requiring access to tertiary care in northeast Pennsylvania. We provide critically ill and injured patients access to LVHN’s care, which includes the region’s premier Level 1 trauma center, Pennsylvania’s first Comprehensive Stroke Center and the region’s only American Burn Association (ABA)-verified Burn Center.
Medical Staff Services
Medical Staff Services provides support to the Medical Staff Leadership and the various committees and functions of the organized medical staff. In addition, Medical Staff Services provides support to members of the Allied Health staff which includes a subset of Advanced Practice Clinicians consisting of Physician Assistants, Nurse Practitioners, Nurse Anesthetists, Nurse Midwives, Psychologists, Chiropractors and Optometrists.
Scholarly Works was created to collect, share and preserve the scholarly materials produced by Lehigh Valley Health Network. This is part of our mission to heal, comfort and care for the people of our community by providing advanced and compassionate health care of superior quality and value, supported by education and clinical research. Scholarly Works is a service of Lehigh Valley Health Network's Library Services.
Medical Home Project
The Medical Home Project is committed to improving the quality of health care for individuals with disabilities by educating medical personnel about patient-centered care, respectful communication and effective coordination of community-based resources. Find resources and more.
Letters of good standing
Log in to verify the status and credentials of members of our medical staff. The letters of good standing database is a managed by Medical Staff Services of Lehigh Valley Health Network.
Search our medical staff
Use our advanced Find a Doctor tool to search our medical staff database. You can search for any physician or allied health professional, which includes a subset of advanced practice clinicians consisting of physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, psychologists and chiropractors, who are on our medical staff. Search by name, practice or specialty.
Information for referring physicians
It's important we provide the highest quality care to you. That includes being able to make referrals to the specialists of your choice at Lehigh Valley Health Network and ordering imaging tests for your patients.
Valley Preferred’s goal is to promote healthier lifestyles. We achieve this through our performance promise of Care Beyond the Coverage by working directly with doctors, hospitals and contracted health insurance companies to provide an extra dimension of care for Valley Preferred members. Through constant innovation, we continue to redefine our corporate health and wellness programs, clinical integration efforts and community involvement.
Populytics integrates health plan management, advanced analytics, and clinical care delivery – facilitating the movement to value-based care. Claims and clinical data are collected and aggregated via an advanced analytics tool to provide actionable information. This comprehensive solution closes the gap between payers and providers, resulting in higher quality care while bending the cost curve. Additional services include health plan performance consulting, care management, corporate wellness programs, and group health administrative services. | <urn:uuid:f88776c6-b3df-405a-a20e-f8c806b5a1da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lvhn.org/for_health_professionals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.931905 | 738 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Aspirants who chose Niger state polytechnic as their preferred choice of institution are advised to follow carefully the laid down admission requirements as instructed by the institution as this can go a long way in determining whether a candidates will be admitted or not.
This post will be very helpful for the following categories below;
1. Candidates who have selected Niger State Polytechnic as their preferred choice of institution during their UTME registration.
- Direct Entry candidates either from Niger State Polytechnic pre-degree programmes like JUPEB, or any of their diploma programmes or from other institution.
DE candidates from polytechnics and other with ND and HND certificates.
Transfer students from other Polytechnics.
The post will give you an in-depth knowledge of admission requirements as a fresh entry student especially in the following areas:
a) WAEC and NECO (O’Level) requirements for UTME and Direct Entry candidates.
b) Minimum JAMB score any candidate apply for admission into Niger State Polytechnic must obtain in order for him or her to participate in their post UTME screening exercise.
c) Other requirements not listed on the school’s website.
Firstly we will be taking you through on the general entry admission requirements for all courses offered in Niger State Polytechnic as this would further clarify candidates on whether or not to select the course in question plus it would help them ascertain their eligibility status for the polytechnic and the course.
Niger State Polytechnic Admission Requirements For UTME Candidates
- WAEC & NECO (‘O’ Level) Requirements: Candidate must obtain a minimum of Credit pass which must include English Language and Mathematics plus any other 3 subjects as it relates to your choice of course. You might want to ask how you are expected to know the subjects that relate to your preferred choice of course.
- Never mind because that has been taken care of. To find out the subject that relate to your course, all you need to do is to search for the correct subject combination for the course. Here is a link that contains the list of all subjects and their approved subject combinations for admission into Niger State Polytechnic and other tertiary institutions in Nigeria.
Niger State Polytechnic Admission Requirements For DE Candidates (Diploma, ND and HND)
- WAEC & NECO (‘O’ Level) Requirements: DE (Direct Entry) candidates are not so different from UTME, all that is needed is that candidate must obtain a minimum of Credit pass which must include English Language and Mathematics plus any other 3 subjects as it relates to your choice of course just like the UTME requirements or must possess GCE A/L as this would be an added advantage.
- DE Candidate seeking admission into Niger State Polytechnic must have a minimum of Upper Credit in their ND or HND. Lower credit candidates should forget it because they will not be admitted. In addition, candidates with Distinction have better chances than the others.
- Often times DE candidates are also required to participate in the post UTME especially when coming from another institution like the polytechnics or colleges of education.
Are you a DE candidate in need of the right subject combination for your course? You can verify from the link above.
NOTE: Combination of results are allowed by the polytechnic but the year written on both must not be 2 years apart.
The above are Niger State Polytechnic admission requirements for O’Level subjects. We start with O’Level subjects because they are the most important. Without a complete O’Level result, Niger State Polytechnic will never admit you no matter your JAMB score or certificates.
Secondly we will be looking at Niger State Polytechnic admission requirements for UTME scores.
Niger State Polytechnic Minimum Required JAMB Cut Off Marks For Admission
As part of the admission requirements to gain admission into Niger State Polytechnic, aside meeting their O’Level admission requirements, you must score up to their UTME minimum JAMB score which will be revealed below for those who do not know this.
Niger State Polytechnic JAMB Score
As part of Niger State Polytechnic admission requirements for fresh students, any candidate who applied or seeking admission into this institution must score at least 120 and above to be eligible for admission into Niger State Polytechnic. It would be worthy to note that the higher your JAMB score, the higher your chances of gaining admission into this polytechnic so long as you pass Niger State Polytechnic post UTME screening test.
Now having discussed about Niger State Polytechnic’s general entry admission requirements for fresh students seeking admission into the institution via UTME and DE mode, the next will be the admission requirements for all courses offered in Niger State Polytechnic based on the faculty they fall under.
Niger State Polytechnic Subject Combination for All Courses (O’Level & UTME Subjects)
The link below contains the individual courses and their respective subject combinations for courses offered in Niger State Polytechnic. Please note that some of the courses below may not be offered in Niger State Polytechnic however, it would be very beneficial for candidates seeking admission into any higher tertiary institution in Nigeria as this would give you first hand information as regards the correct subject combination which is also requirement in the process of gaining admission into Niger State Polytechnic or any higher institution as approved by JAMB.
For now, this is all we can provide on Niger State Polytechnic admission requirements for all fresh students irrespective of the course registered for.
You can always reach out to us via our comment section below as regards Niger State Polytechnic admission requirement whether as a UTME candidate or DE candidate or applicant, and we shall respond accordingly. | <urn:uuid:6ed43b2e-cc98-45e4-ad99-0dc1487fbae8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://schoolings.org/niger-state-polytechnic-admission-requirements-for-utme-direct-entry-candidates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.935167 | 1,201 | 1.515625 | 2 |
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