text stringlengths 181 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 3 values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 138k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jodi Arias’ fate is hanging in the balance as jurors deliberate whether she is guilty of murdering her ex-boyfriend Travis Alexander, but her trial may not end with the verdict.
The jurors resumed deliberating at noon Monday. On Friday evening, the jury deliberated for about an hour, before going home for the weekend.
Read more: Alexander as you've never seen him before
There may be a lot left for the jurors to decide even after they declare their verdict.
If Arias is found guilty of first-degree murder, the jury will also have to decide whether she should die via lethal injection.
Depending on the jurors' decision, here are some other scenarios Arias could face.
If the jury decides the prosecution didn't prove its case, and they return with a not guilty verdict, Arias will be a free woman. She could then resume her dreams of becoming a professional photographer and starting a family.
Read more: Did Alexander abuse other women?
There’s also a possibility the jury will not be able to reach a unanimous decision, in which case there would be what is called a hung jury. If the judge declares a mistrial because of a hung jury, Arias could face a retrial.
However, if jurors think Arias is guilty, they will have more decisions to make.
The jurors have two paths they can take to reach a first-degree murder conviction.
They can unanimously decide Arias is guilty of premeditating Alexander's murder. Arizona defines first-degree murder as when someone plans or premeditates killing another person and carries out their plan.
The jury can also convict Arias of first-degree murder with the legal theory called felony murder. If they find Arias caused Alexander's death during the course of committing a dangerous felony such as burglary, they can also convict her of first-degree murder.
In order to find Arias guilty of first-degree murder, the jury must unanimously agree that the prosecution has proven first-degree murder, but they all don't have to agree on which first-degree murder legal theory was proven -- classic premeditated first-degree murder or felony murder. Therefore, the jurors have two paths to first-degree murder.
If Arias is convicted of first-degree murder, the case then moves to the aggravation phase, which will be like a miniature trial.
The prosecution will have a chance to present additional evidence in an attempt to prove Alexander’s death was caused in a cruel manner. Arizona law defines cruel manner as when the victim suffers physical pain or mental anguish and the defendant knew or should have known that the victim would suffer.
The jury would then deliberate for a second time to determine if the aggravating factor of cruelty is proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
If the jury does not find her guilty of cruelty, the case ends and the judge sets a sentencing date within 30 to 60 days. At the sentencing, the judge decides whether to sentence Arias to life in prison without parole or life with parole eligibility after 25 years.
Read more: Did Arias abuse her mother?
But if the jury decides cruelty is proven beyond a reasonable doubt, the case moves to the sentencing phase.
This is the defense’s opportunity to ask the jury for leniency and present evidence to support why Arias should be spared the death penalty. Witnesses may include Arias’ friends and family. Arias could also make a statement to the jury pleading for her life to be spared.
The jury then deliberates for a third time to determine whether Arias should be sentenced to life or death. Their decision must be unanimous. In the case of a deadlock, a mistrial would be granted and a new jury would be chosen for this phase only.
If the jury votes for the death penalty, Arias would be sentenced immediately, and she is likely to be sent to death row within hours.
If the jury chooses a life sentence instead, the judge will set a sentencing date within 30 to 60 days. At that time, the judge will sentence Arias to life in prison without parole or life with eligibility for parole after 25 years.
If the jury rejects first-degree murder, but finds her guilty of the lesser charge of second-degree murder, the judge will sentence Arias to no less than 10 years and no more than 22 years in prison.
Read more: Who is the real Arias?
Arizona law defines second-degree murder in two different ways that apply to this case.
Second-degree murder is when a person intentionally or knowingly causes the death of another person without premeditation.
In the alternative, second-degree murder is also defined as when the defendant shows extreme indifference to human life, and recklessly engages in conduct that creates a grave risk of death, and causes the death of another person.
If the jury rejects first-degree murder and second-degree murder, but finds Arias guilty of the lesser charge of manslaughter, the judge will sentence her to no less than seven years and no more than 21 years in prison.
Arizona law allows the jury to reach a manslaughter verdict in multiple ways. Here's what applies to Arias' case:
In Arizona, if someone intentionally or knowingly kills a person without premeditation, the defendant could be charged with the crime of second-degree murder. However, if the jury believes the victim attacked the defendant, and if it was enough to incite the defendant's actions, then the intentional killing would fall under the lesser crime of manslaughter.
Don't confuse manslaughter with self-defense. If the jury believes Arias' self-defense claim, and her actions were reasonable under the circumstances, then they could acquit her.
If Arias is sentenced to jail time, she will receive credit for the four-and-a-half years she has been incarcerated awaiting trial. | <urn:uuid:c7861df0-5f58-4452-8e27-35d15e9e136b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hlntv.com/slideshow/2013/04/01/jodi-arias-trial-jury-deliberations-possible-outcomes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00281-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95504 | 1,205 | 1.523438 | 2 |
The Waiting Room is a series of short films that celebrate the extraordinary work of the NHS. The series began as an initiative organized by Dr Sukh Dubb, a trainee facial surgeon who currently works for the NHS, and has himself experienced the hardships of homelessness and grew up in poverty as a young child.
Celebrities and public figures including renowned photographer and director, Rankin, are set to appear in the series by Dr Sukh who each share intimate stories with a focus surrounding the NHS and their personal healthcare journeys.
• Looking for the best 4K camera for video? (opens in new tab)
Dr Sukh's aim in creation of The Waiting Room is to inspire and comfort others, encouraging them not to feel alone by speaking up and through sharing their own personal journeys and stories as told through interviews with public figures and celebrities throughout this collection of short emotive films.
The films that comprise The Waiting Room (opens in new tab) will be made available to view gradually and uploaded on a new site launched today that celebrates the NHS, the staff, and their individual stories, reflecting on times of hardship as well as the global pandemic.
British photographer Rankin has shared not only the origin of his photography passions, but also the impacts and sacrifices his profession demanded. His experiences of the NHS working as a porter, as well as his NHS portraits project are discussed in the series whilst Rankin also explores his own mental health journey, and the benefits he found of seeking counseling.(opens in new tab)
Joining Rankin in The Waiting Room series is BBC Broadcaster Victoria Derbyshire, OBE, actor & comedian Sanjeev Bhaskar, author of Brick Lane & Love Marriage: Monica Ali, Professor Laura Serrant OBE, Amazon best-seller Dale Vincent, the father of Malala Yousafzai, Ziauddin Yousafzai, as well as BBC presenters Monika Plaha and Louise Stewart, to name just a few celebrity and figure participants.
Dr Sukhpreet Singh Dubb has previously spoken about his own experiences, and how he champions national widening participation programmes for other underprivileged children, and was invited to the White House, United Nations and House of Commons.
Interviews with several acclaimed surgeons, social workers, a life coach, a pioneer in IVF treatment and a few of the top 50 most influential UK GP's feature in this series.
Intense subject matter and topics are discussed in an honest manner, including but not limited to mental health, domestic abuse, breast cancer, eating disorders, stroke activism, drug use, counselling, career journeys, racism, humanitarian crises, bullying, childhood trauma, sexual abuse and gender discrimination.
Members of the public also involved with the emotive series include Waleed Khan, whom is a survivor of multiple shootings that occured in a Taliban school attack. Khan was saved and rehabilitated by the NHS, and is now an anti-radicalisation activist.
Rebecca Langley is one of many inspiring success stories also to feature in The Waiting Room, she became a Triathlon athlete after having recovered from bowel cancer, as well as multiple cardiac arrests, when also in intensive care.
A quote from Rankin taken during the series states that: “As an NHS porter I would sometimes do the night-shift and hold the crash bleep, running for crash calls, seeing people being let go who were not for resuscitation and understanding why that was.”
Interesting quotes from Professor Laura Serrant (OBE), who is included in the powerlist of the 100 most influential Britons of African/African Caribbean descent, share her powerful story as an NHS nurse. “I don’t want you to touch me, your hands are black, they are never clean.." she recalls someone saying to her on her first day as a student nurse. “In no other place have I seen the inhumanity of person to person as in AIDS care in the 80’s and 90’s” she also states.
This series featuring Rankin and in celebration of our wonderful NHS is available to view online at its official website (opens in new tab) from today.
• Read more:
Best professional cameras (opens in new tab)
Best infrared thermometers (opens in new tab)
Best pulse oximeter (opens in new tab)
Best otoscope (opens in new tab)
Fujifilm donates instax cameras to NHS workers to help aid coronavirus effort (opens in new tab) | <urn:uuid:3a6dd02a-269a-49f0-88cd-558b93b18bab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/au/news/rankin-tells-all-in-tvs-the-waiting-room-celeb-photographers-nhs-confessions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.972062 | 932 | 1.507813 | 2 |
The Eiffel Tower was for the Paris World’s Fair in 1889, celebrating the centennial of the French Revolution. At 984 feet high, the Eiffel Tower was the world's tallest building until New York's Chrysler Building was erected in 1930. Faced with this record-breaking height, elevator engineers installed parachutes as emergency brakes. Cautious visitors could always just take the stairs instead, provided they didn't mind climbing 1,665 of them. Three levels of observation decks allow visitors to have Paris truly at their feet. Despite its relatively hollow appearance, the tower also holds a weather station, a restaurant, and a surprisingly cozy apartment used by Monsieur Eiffel himself. Nearly 180 million visitors so far have come to pay homage to this unforgettable landmark. | <urn:uuid:409e3fc1-7dbf-48df-a003-331c423d1fab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://landmark-creations.com/tour-eiffel-au-crespuscule-glass-ornament | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.964626 | 159 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Some of you may know that this has happened to become a bit of yearly feature – me commenting on the latest climate policy debacle happening as clockwork this time of year. Earlier posts are here and here. Sources for getting to know about the outcome of this year's COP are here, here, here, here, here, here (last three international, more below).
To summarise, the outcome of COP-15 in Copenhagen in 2009 was nothing except that everyone agreed to keep meeting and that having a climate change policy deal capable of stopping the increase of the global mean temperature at 2°C is an important target. In Cancún last year (COP-16), not even that happened, since Bolivia declined to sign on to continued talks. What did happen, though, was a sort of thing that ended up as the main product of this year's talks, namely agreement not on any policy, but on the practical structure of continued talks. In the COP-16 deal, this agreement was restricted to the way of handling the most difficult questions of all, namely the distribution of the costs of climate change policy (emission reductions as well as adaption to inevitable natural changes); which is planned to be dealt with through a special fund.
This year, nothing more about this fund was said (such as how it is going to become filled with money), but a similar empty institutional form has been set up for the entirety of the continued process, planned to lead to an agreement on emission reductions in 3 years. In short, instead of yearly meetings at the highest levels, there will be a committee that will work for almost 3 years to tailor an agreement and a new COP-meeting in 2015 where, hopefully, the committee can present a substantial deal about climate policy rather than meeting policy that all countries are willing to sign on to. This is the "roadmap" that is presented as the success of COP-17 in Durban.
As, usual, if the expert commentators are to be believed, this agreement, is full of ambiguities, grey areas and explicit holes, but that goes with the territory of international agreements. However, what it effectively does is to reduce the number of opportunities for the global community to actually agree on something with any chance of reaching the goal of no more than 2°C increase of the global mean temperature from three to one. After 2015, experts advise us that we will have to start calculating with more drastic average global temperature increases even if very effective policies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are eventually put into motion. Now, the 2° target, it must be understood, is not in any way magical or set in stone. In fact, some claims it to be a much too allowing goal. Moreover, the target is rather a range than an exact temperature, since the climate models necessarily embody rather drastic uncertainties. But the 2°C is of importance for two reasons. First, it is one of the very few substantial things about climate policy that the global community has been able to agree on. Second, it approximates the limit of our empirical knowledge from the past and, thus, our basis for prediction, preparation and adaption in face of the various changes that increases of the global mean temperature bring. A bit simplified, beyond 2°C, what we have is basically mathematics and fantasy – something that is amply illustrated by the predictive models in climate change research. Our ability to prepare for whatever will be coming – and thus to be capable of reversing the process without considerable higher cost to human life and well-being – becomes drastically weakened. So, seen in this light, the bare bones of COP-17 is that such a prospect has become 66% more likely by agreeing on one attempt to agree rather than three.
Now, if any politically minded person reads this, he or she will probably protest. The reasoning above ignores that the model of yearly meetings at the highest level has a solid record of failure, and that the Durban roadmap means that a committee will be working for three years before the next meeting. This is a big different to the situation where initiatives were left to individual countries or leagues of such. They will say: the basic problems – the unwillingness of high emission countries to commit to the needed reductions and the unwillingness of rich countries to face the fact that if they do not pay for the needed measures, no one will – necessitates that whatever proposal is presented at the next meeting is well worked out in the eyes of all sides and parties. I accept this logic of the pragmatics of politics, but I am skeptical about the conclusion. In fact, when not having the spotlights of the world stage on them, isn't it even more likely that high emission countries will continue to press even more heavily the rest for more concessions and rich countries do the same to less rich ones? Then, when the result is on the table, all that will remain is the window-dressing that makes it look OK in the eyes of the public, while under the shiny surface mostly expressing short-term and, in this context, petty national interests. In short, committee, fine – but let's speed up and have one working while keeping on having at least one high-level meeting every year to ensure public and critical scrutiny the whole way!
Looking at things from that angle, however, implies a standpoint that fit most politicians pretty bad. It means, for example, acknowledging that this year's COP meeting, just as the former ones, was a massive failure. Not, as this commentary from UK Energy Secretary Chris Huhne tries to spin, a series of successes. Why is this so repugnant to a politician? Well, basically, because of two things. First, in the current situation, where the unholy CO2 emission alliance of Brazil, China, India, South Africa and the USA, are allowed to keep bullying the rest of the world, everything that is an avoidance of total disaster is possible to hold out as success. This is what the statements of Secretary Huhne and a whole band of European politicians are illustrating today. The presence of the climate policy boogeyman (i.e. above mentioned countries) is used to make oneself appear as a hero when, in fact, what has occurred is that one has let oneself be pressed one more notch in the shortsighted game of chicken played by these countries. In this game, apparently, Europe and the rest of the Kyoto-protocol signing countries are allowing themselves to become what game theorists know as money pumps – someone who is applying a strategy that makes one systematically vulnerable to making deals that sum up to a loosing position, while one's counterpart is systematically winning, although each singular deal may look like a winner. Giving in to blackmail (which is, effectively, what Europe is doing in the climate policy negotiation game) is a prime example.
On a larger scale, what is achieved by the Eurpean (plus Canada and Japan) strategy is the following: Brazil, China, India, South Africa and the USA can go hone from Durban, as they could from Copenhagen and Cancún, telling their people that all is well and that they needn't worry. They don't have to tell them that they need to change their expectations to future material growth, the price of energy or anything like that. Why not? Because they have ample evidence that they can press other countries to pay all those bills the day when they arrive. In effect, we may expect no, repeat no, preparation on the political home-fronts of these countries for a climate deal in 2015 which implies making actual concessions and taking on actual commitments. This, I claim, is the main result of the strategy of the EU and the rest of the world in Durban. So ask yourself, how likely does a substantial climate policy deal in 2015 look in that light?
Good work, Europe! | <urn:uuid:1557046b-cf1e-4cd9-9009-d645b2f71ac9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://philosophicalcomment.blogspot.com/2011_12_11_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00468-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967607 | 1,598 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Learn fast and easily with the language course Bosnian by "50 languages"
Bosnian is a South Slavic language.
It is primarily spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Groups of speakers can also be found in Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Montenegro.
Bosnian is the native language of approximately 2.5 million people.
It is very similar to Croatian and Serbian.
The vocabulary, orthography, and grammar of the 3 languages only differ slightly.
A person who speaks Bosnian can also understand Serbian and Croatian very easily.
Therefore, the status of the Bosnian language is discussed often.
Some linguists doubt that Bosnian is a language at all.
They claim that it is just a dialect of the Serbo-Croatian language.
The many foreign influences in Bosnian are interesting.
Earlier the region belonged to the Orient and to the Occident on a rotating basis.
Because of this, there are many Arabic, Turkish, and Persian terms in the vocabulary.
That is actually very rare in Slavic languages.
It makes Bosnian very unique though.
Learn Bosnian for beginners with book2 by "50 languages"
Learn Bosnian for beginners is one of over 50 language courses that we offer.
book2 is an effective way to learn Bosnian.
All our materials are available both online and as iPhone and Android apps.
You can successfully learn Bosnian on your own using this course!
The lessons are clearly structured and will help you achieve your goals.
Learn the new language fast using the 100 topics in the lessons.
The MP3 files in the lessons are spoken by native speakers.
They make it easier to learn pronunciation.
Even beginners can learn Bosnian efficiently with the practical sentences in book2.
First you will learn the basics of the language.
Sample dialogues will help you speak the foreign language.
Prior knowledge is not needed.
Even advanced learners can refresh and reinforce their knowledge.
You will learn frequently used sentences and can use them immediately.
You will be able to communicate in multiple situations.
Use your break or commute to learn Bosnian for a few minutes.
You can learn when traveling and at home.
You are on the go and can learn Bosnian anywhere.
Learn Bosnian with the Android and iPhone app "50 languages"
The "50 languages" Android or iPhone app is ideal for all those who want to learn offline.
The app is available for Android phones and tablets as well as iPhones and iPads.
The apps include 30 free lessons from the book2 Bosnian curriculum.
All tests and games are included in the app.
The MP3 audio files by book2 are a part of our Bosnian language course.
Download all audios for free as MP3 files.
Text book - Bosnian for beginners
If you prefer to learn Bosnian using printed materials,
you can buy the book "Bosnian for beginners" by book2.
You can buy it in any bookstore or online at Amazon.
Learn Bosnian - fast and free with book2 by "50 languages" | <urn:uuid:a1abae0e-a219-4ddf-b687-dff520ef7d8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.goethe-verlag.com/study-bosnian-online.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.944513 | 650 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Project Management Dashboard Excel Template aids a project manager by visualizing the critical success factors for a project. It can also be used to report status to senior level management who do not have the time to read a detailed project status report.
|Project Dashboard Excel Template|
Advantages and Features of the Project Dashboard Excel Template
- The excel dashboard gives a birds eye view of the key parameters of the project and their statues using graphs and timelines making the job of project management easy.The senior management always want to have a quick overview rather than detailed analysis.
- Has a project commentary section which allows the project manager to enter free form project update. This should be short and crisp and should give a clear message to the management. the dashboard has an overall project status indicator which can be used by the project manager to set overall project status in the dashboard.
- Displays the schedule as a timeline which makes it easy to visualize the project schedule. It is easier to understand the timeline as it is like a Gantt chart. The schedule should be used to display only the high level project phases.
- Also displayed are the task details. The details include tasks on track, delayed and not started. This information will help the management in understanding how many tasks are pending.
- Dashboard also tracks budget on a month by month basis which makes it easy to access if the budget is still on track. Displaying the project budget in a monthly fashion allows easy interpretation of the the budget is tracking. Budget is one the key parameters for senior management.
- Display the total count for risks and issues which again allows the management to focus on the areas where there are problems. For both risks and issues the total number of High, Medium and Low
- The dashboard also displays decisions, actions and change requests pending. This information helps the management in understanding what items are pending in the project.
- Easy to configure and use as it is excel based. As it is in excel it can easily be email or shared with someone. And it is absolutely FREE. Feel free to edit the template to create your own excel template.
Disadvantages of the Project Dashboard Excel Template
- As it is a separate document the dashboard is not linked to the project plan and will need manual data entry. In a busy management schedule this task can be an overhead.
- The schedule timeline can be difficult to change if you want to add additional tasks. Recommendation is to limit the number of tasks in the timeline. Limit to displaying only high level timeline tasks. It is easy to delete the tasks.
How to Use the Project Dashboard Excel Template
|Data Entry Tab|
- The excel spreadsheet has two tabs - dashboard and data.
- Dashboard sheet has the actual status with timeline and graphs. Data has all the fields to be entered so that the graphs work on the dashboard.
- The data sheet has a Schedule section which task name, start , end and duration. The duration is auto calculated. The schedule should be high level rather than details.
- The Task Information has the number of tasks On track, Delayed and Not started. You should be able to get this information from your project plan.
- Budget Information - Should contain the budget on monthly basis. There are two columns planned and actual.
- Risks and Issues contain a count for High, Medium and Low risks and issues.
- Decisions, Actions and Change requests have information about pending decisions, action and change requests.
- Project Status can be used to configure the project statues you want to see on the project dashboard. | <urn:uuid:9979d54e-5670-4173-95d1-b3d8b4aea8f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.techno-pm.com/2015/08/project-dashboard-excel-template-free-download.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00349-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888406 | 734 | 1.664063 | 2 |
HAVE YOU EVER heard the anonymous saying, "If you don't stand for something, you'll fall for anything?" William Lipscomb Jr. is credited with saying, "If your position is everywhere, your momentum is zero." In other words, if you're here, there, and everywhere, you will never accomplish anything.
Sometimes people get knocked out of their position because of circumstances. Unfortunately, some never fully recover to where they could have been if they had stayed where they were supposed to be.
Others refuse to let anything knock them out of their positions. They make continual progress even when they encounter tremendous opposition.
One of the secrets to success is learning how to stay put when circumstances come against us. We can learn a lesson on how to stand by looking at the life of Moses. He was a great leader but he had to learn to stay in position.
EXODUS 14:13–14 (NKJV)
13 And Moses said to the people, "Do not be afraid. Stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which He will accomplish for you today. For the Egyptians whom you see today, you shall see again no more forever.
14 The Lord will fight for you, and you shall hold your peace."
After the Israelites fled Egypt, they found themselves in a hard place. The Egyptian army was behind them. The Red Sea was in front of them and mountains surrounded them. They faced obstacles on every side.
It looked as though they had no way of escape. Moses told them to "stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord." We can only imagine the outcome if they had tried to run or if they had tried to climb the mountains or swim across the sea.
It may not have made sense, but "standing still" put the Israelites in position to move when God told them to go.
In the Center of God's Will
In our lives, we want to be in God's perfect will. Getting out of position can cost us. We see in the Bible where God called people to certain places. If they hadn't stayed where they were supposed to, they wouldn't have been blessed.
God called Abraham to a certain land and that's where he was blessed. Moses was called to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. If Moses had stayed in Midian, we wouldn't have heard of him today.
Jesus told His disciples to stay in the upper room until the Holy Spirt came. The command to stay in Jerusalem, however, went out to more people than the just the disciples. On the Day of Pentecost only those who were in the upper room received the Holy Spirit. They were in the right place to receive.
God wants all of us to be successful and live victoriously in Him. Being in the right place and maintaining that position is vital for our success in the Kingdom of God.
First Corinthians 15:58 (NIV) says, "Therefore, my dear brothers and sisters, stand firm. Let nothing move you. Always give yourselves fully to the work of the Lord, because you know that your labor in the Lord is not in vain."
Whatever position in life God has for us is important. He needs us working in it. We need to learn to stand in it, take some initiative, and be engaged in that position. In the same way a minister prays for the anointing to get up and speak, pray for the anointing to do your job.
In our lives, we want to be in God's perfect will. Getting out of position can cost us. We see in the Bible where God called people to certain places. If they hadn't stayed where they were supposed to, they wouldn't have been blessed.Kenneth W. Hagin
Out Front vs. Behind the Scenes
Some people have visible positions that appear to be more important than others. On a football team, there are quarterbacks, running backs, and wide receivers. The people in these positions seem to get all the glory.
But it's the people who are in positions that aren't visible that make the visible positions successful. The quarterback can't complete a pass if the offensive line doesn't block for him. Likewise, the running back won't gain any yardage if someone doesn't keep him from being tackled.
It's the same way in the Kingdom of God. Every position on God's team is important.
In church, the pastor has the most visible position. But he can't do it all. It's the people behind the scenes that make the church function as it should.
All churches are more than the pastor. The pastor leads the church, but the church's success is a team effort. When everyone on the team stands in their position and does what they're called to do, everything works well.
Never, Never Quit
When we're in our position and adversity comes, we have to be determined to stay in our place. Ephesians 6:10 (NKJV) encourages us to "be strong in the Lord and in the power of His might." Verse 11 goes on to say that we can stand against the attacks of the devil when we put on the whole armor of God.
This is how we stand strong in the Lord, resting in His power, and doing what we're supposed to do.
So when undesirable circumstances come, resist the idea to cut and run. No one likes pressure, but success never comes when we run away. Instead, we must decide to depend on God to help us stand. When it seems like everything is coming against us, standing in the power of His might comes when we know who we are in Christ.
Successful military campaigns require a supply line of ammunition. Any military unit that has ammunition and the necessary resources, can push back the enemy.
The same is true with us. When we're standing on the promises of God in His perfect will, we have a supply line. All of the resources we need are found in the Word of God. Speaking the Word is our ammunition to defeat the enemy. It will give us strength on the inside to stand our ground.
Let's be determined not to allow anything to move us from our God-ordained positions. We must stay where we are until we accomplish everything God wants us to do. Being in the right position is when we will experience our best blessings. Let's do all we can for the Kingdom of God as we stand in our position for success!
DID YOU ENJOY THIS ARTICLE?
Go to: bit.do/standyourground to watch Kenneth W. Hagin teach on how to "Stand Your Ground" at Rhema Bible Church.
Kenneth W. Hagin
Share this Post | <urn:uuid:7dee4af7-6c43-4da0-8e87-8d941f9c1853> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://events.rhema.org/dont-move/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.977386 | 1,388 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Scientists are now able to make things invisible … sort of … thanks to the use of “metamaterials,” namely materials that exhibit properties not found in nature.
According to a recent Reuters report, researchers in the U.S. and Asia are able to use glass to bend light waves, at least in the visible spectrum, as the accompanying photograph shows.
While the U.S. side of the research is funded by the military in hopes of use there, the report pointed to other possible uses, such as an invisible airplane cockpit — à la “Wonder Woman” — which would allow pilots to see the ground, or an invisible car top that could eliminate drivers’ blind spots.
The report also quoted Vanderbilt University scientist Jason Valentine as pointing to possible architectural applications. “You could use this technology to hide supporting columns from sight, making a space feel completely open,” he said, no doubt chuckling to himself at the idea of hapless office workers bumping into invisible support beams.
But the possibilities of metamaterials go far beyond the creation of Harry-Potter style special effects. Other waves can be altered, allowing for buildings that can be made earthquake-proof by bending seismic waves around them, or tsunami-proof, by bending water waves, the report says.
And as an investment idea? Well, it seems that two metamaterials companies spun off from patent firm Intellectual Ventures – namely Kymeta Corp and Evolv Technologies – both of which, according to other news sources, have backing from none other than Microsoft /quotes/zigman/20493/delayed /quotes/nls/msft MSFT founder Bill Gates.
See the Reuters report here.
— Michael Kitchen | <urn:uuid:7eaad856-e1a1-45d8-b33a-1851628adbeb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blogs.marketwatch.com/themargin/2013/12/27/scientists-can-now-make-stuff-invisible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934601 | 360 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Australian Government Invests $3.6 Million in PEPPOL e-invoicing.
The Australian Government will make a significant investment over the next two years to move towards an automated e-invoicing model called PEPPOL (Pan European Public Procurement Online) for all Commonwealth, State and Local Government Agencies.
As part of this investment, the Federal Government is mandating the use of PEPPOL e-invoicing for all Government Agencies as of 1 July 2022 aiming for over 80% of invoices to be received electronically via PEPPOL.
“$3.6 million towards mandating the adoption of electronic invoicing by 1 July 2022 for all Commonwealth Government agencies to encourage greater adoption amongst businesses supplying to Government and within their supply chains, and to consult on options for mandatory adoption of e-invoicing by businesses” (source)
The Government has also committed to processing supplier payments in 7 days rather than the previous minimum of 30 days (excluding unforeseen disruptions). Electronic exchange of documents will also ensure that there are no unexpected errors caused by manual data entry and will ultimately allow for a more efficient and smooth-running invoicing and payment system.
What is PEPPOL?
PEPPOL e-invoicing is a standard of electronic invoicing that ensures all supplier invoices are submitted to the Australian Government Agencies (Federal, State and Local) in a uniformed format, making processing significantly faster.
PEPPOL was first developed in 2008 by a consortium of European countries as a way to simplify and standardise procurement in an act to significantly reduce margins for error and procurement time-frames.
Since then, PEPPOL has massively expanded into 37 countries now utilising it at some level, including Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Canada, the United States, and much of Europe.
The use and development of PEPPOL is poised to inject considerable funds directly back into the economy. Benefits such as 90% improvement in the time currently taken for revenue to arrive into a supplier's bank account will encourage increased sales turnover and is a welcome initiative in contributing to economic recovery following the effects of COVID-19.
How does PEPPOL work?
PEPPOL is a framework and set of standards used for communication between two Access Points as shown below.
PEPPOL allows for the communication of data and documents, not by transferring the data, but rather by ensuring it is sent in a mutually intelligible format.
The task of exchanging data is left up to PEPPOL Access Points. Pacific Commerce is one of Australia's first accredited Access Points.
What is a PEPPOL Access Point?
A PEPPOL Access Point is an organisation that is certified by PEPPOL's standards and is accredited to provide PEPPOL Services. This organisation is the solution provider that sits between trading partners and facilitates the data format translations and transfer.
All data transfer via PEPPOL relies on certified Access Points and any Access Point is freely able to transmit data to another. The entire system is effectively decentralised, with no all-encompassing system required to send and receive data.
As a PEPPOL Access Point, Pacific Commerce firstly translates your documents from whatever format you use (such as the native document format of your ERP system) to the PEPPOL standard. Pacific Commerce will then send the document in the PEPPOL standard, to your target PEPPOL Access Point who will then translate the document before sending it on to its final destination, such as a Commonwealth Government Agency.
Each PEPPOL Access Point can choose how they handle the translation of documents as well as any other services they wish to provide, such as integrations with ERP packages. Pacific Commerce is currently implementing a PEPPOL client for our Odoo ERP business management solution, enabling customer invoices to be sent with a single click.
What does this mean for me?
If you supply products or services to any level of Australian Government, you will be soon required to supply invoices to them via a PEPPOL Access Point.
The Government is making this commitment in an effort to simplify the procurement process and significantly reduce the procure-to-pay cycle which will, in turn, re-inject money back into the economy faster.
Pacific Commerce has been nominated as one of the few Panel PEPPOL Access Points accredited to supply PEPPOL e-invoicing services to all levels of the Australian Government and all suppliers. Pacific Commerce is here to assist businesses across Australia with a seamless PEPPOL implementation. | <urn:uuid:ba6ec37f-3f60-4981-a563-ea33f16442d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pacificcommerce.com.au/blog/blogs-1/post/the-australian-government-invests-3-6-million-in-peppol-e-invoicing-12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.944116 | 943 | 1.640625 | 2 |
On this date in 1947 the transistor was first demonstrated at Bell Laboratories. The invention of the transistor is one of the great milestones in electronics, completely revolutionizing the field from radios to calculators and computers. The transistor not only miniaturized electronic circuits but also saved power and dramatically reduced the production of heat.
The forerunner of the transistor was the thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907 which enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode. However, Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices nor did his patents cite any specific examples of a working prototype. Because the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld’s solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s, even if such a device had been built.
From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T’s Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. Shockley had proposed that Bell Labs’ first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Lilienfeld’s patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley’s proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a “grid” was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. In acknowledgement of this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”.
In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of “interference” in 1947. By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947. Realizing that Bell Labs’ scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its “transistron” into production for use in France’s telephone network.
The first high-frequency transistor was the surface-barrier germanium transistor developed by Philco in 1953, capable of operating up to 60 MHz. These were made by etching depressions into an N-type germanium base from both sides with jets of Indium(III) sulfate until it was a few ten-thousandths of an inch thick. Indium electroplated into the depressions formed the collector and emitter.
The first “prototype” pocket transistor radio was shown by INTERMETALL (a company founded by Herbert Mataré in 1952) at the Internationale Funkausstellung Düsseldorf between August 29 and September 9, 1953. I discovered transistor radios in around 1964 when they started becoming popular with teenagers in South Australia but I did not get one until 1965 after I had moved to England. Back then pop music was not played on the BBC but there were pirate stations such as Radio Caroline and Radio London that I listened to when I could get a signal, along with the ever popular Radio Luxembourg in the evenings.
For a seasonal treat here’s Alan Sherman’s 12 Days of Christmas parody that mocks Japanese transistor radios:
Radio cooking shows were very popular of course, and famous chefs on television often got their start on radio. Here’s a well known Christmas radio recipe (HINT: the bottle of Irish whiskey in the ingredient list is very important).
Today is the birthday (1874) of Arnold Schoenberg (or Schönberg), an Austrian composer, music theorist, and painter. He was associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and a leader in what is known as the Second Viennese School. By 1938, with the rise of the Nazi Party, Schoenberg’s works were labeled degenerate music, because he was Jewish. He moved to the United States in 1934. Schoenberg’s approach, both in terms of harmony and development, has been one of the most influential in 20th-century music. Many composers from at least three generations have consciously extended his thinking, whereas others have passionately reacted against it. I’m pretty much in the latter camp, not because I am opposed to the ideas in general – I like them – but there’s too much angst in his work for my tastes.
Schoenberg was born into a lower middle-class Jewish family in the Leopoldstadt district (once a Jewish ghetto) of Vienna. His father Samuel, a native of Bratislava, was a shopkeeper, and his mother Pauline was native of Prague. Schoenberg was largely self-taught musically, but he did take counterpoint lessons with the composer and conductor Alexander Zemlinsky (whose sister he later married). In his twenties, Schoenberg earned a living by orchestrating operettas, while composing his own works, such as the string sextet Verklärte Nacht (“Transfigured Night”) (1899). He later made an orchestral version of this, which became one of his most popular pieces.
Both Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler recognized Schoenberg’s significance as a composer and nurtured him. When Strauss turned to a more conservative idiom in his own work after 1909 he dismissed Schoenberg, but Mahler adopted him as a protégé and continued to support him, even after Schoenberg’s style reached a point Mahler could no longer relate to. Schoenberg, who had initially despised and mocked Mahler’s music, was converted by the “thunderbolt” of Mahler’s Third Symphony, which he considered a work of genius. Afterward he called Mahler “a saint.”
In 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the Lutheran church. This may have been more of a defense against rising anti-Semitism in Europe than a genuine conversion. In 1933 he returned to Judaism, partly because he felt that his cultural roots were inescapable, and partly to take an unmistakable stance in opposition Nazism.
In October 1901, Schoenberg married Mathilde Zemlinsky and they had two children, Gertrud (1902–1947) and Georg (1906–1974). During the summer of 1908, Mathilde left him for several months for a young Austrian painter, Richard Gerstl. This period marked a distinct change in Schoenberg’s work. It was during the absence of his wife that he composed “You lean against a silver-willow” (German: Du lehnest wider eine Silberweide), the 13th song in the cycle Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten, Op. 15, based on the collection of the same name by the German mystical poet Stefan George. This was the first composition without any reference at all to a key. Also in this year, he completed one of his most revolutionary compositions, the String Quartet No. 2, whose first two movements, though chromatic in color, use traditional key signatures, yet whose final two movements, also settings of George, weaken the links with traditional tonality. Both movements end on tonic chords, and the work is not fully outside tonality. During the summer of 1910, Schoenberg wrote his Harmonielehre (Theory of Harmony), which remains one of the most influential analyses of music theory.
World War I brought a crisis in Schoenberg’s musical development. Military service disrupted his life when at the age of 42 he was forced into the army. He was never able to work uninterrupted or over an extended period of time, and as a result he left many unfinished works and undeveloped “beginnings”. On one occasion, a superior officer demanded to know if he was “this notorious Schoenberg, then?” Schoenberg replied: “Beg to report, sir, yes. Nobody wanted to be, someone had to be, so I let it be me.” This is apparently an oblique reference to Schoenberg’s supposed “destiny” as the “Emancipator of Dissonance”.
In the early 1920s, he worked at evolving a radical departure from classical tonality that would, nonetheless, have an underlying order that would make his musical texture simple and clear. This resulted in the “method of composing with twelve tones which are related only with one another.” In this method, sometimes called twelve-tone music, sometimes serialism, the twelve pitches of the octave are regarded as equal, and no individual note or tonality is given the emphasis it occupied in classical harmony. He regarded it as the equivalent in music of Albert Einstein’s discoveries in physics – a kind of musical relativity. Schoenberg announced it characteristically, during a walk with his friend Josef Rufer, when he said, “I have made a discovery which will ensure the supremacy of German music for the next hundred years.” This period included the Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 (1928); Piano Pieces, Opp. 33a & b (1931), and the Piano Concerto, Op. 42 (1942). Contrary to his reputation for strictness, Schoenberg’s use of the technique varied widely according to the demands of each individual composition.
Here’s his piano concerto, op 42:
You might well agree with the often repeated sentiment, “Schoenberg’s music is better than it sounds.” The point is well taken. Classic tonality, when done well, is easy to love. You can whistle Mozart or Beethoven while you walk. Schoenberg requires intense listening and concentration. I’m not saying that classical tonality doesn’t, but a surface appreciation is possible; whereas with Schoenberg it is not. I find his work to be an acquired taste, and the pieces that are not laden with angst and depression engage me from time to time. Dissonance and lack of tonality do not have to be morbid.
Schoenberg’s serial technique of composition with twelve notes became one of the most important and polemical issues among U.S. and European musicians during the mid- to late-20th century. Beginning in the 1940s and continuing to the present day, composers such as Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luigi Nono and Milton Babbitt have extended Schoenberg’s legacy in increasingly radical directions. Major cities in the United States have had historically significant performances of Schoenberg’s music, with advocates such as Babbitt in New York and the Franco-American conductor-pianist Jacques-Louis Monod. Schoenberg’s students have been influential teachers at major U.S. universities: Leonard Stein at USC, UCLA and CalArts; Richard Hoffmann at Oberlin; Patricia Carpenter at Columbia; and Leon Kirchner and Earl Kim at Harvard, and musicians associated with Schoenberg have had a profound influence upon contemporary music performance practice in the U.S.
On the other hand, in the 1920s, Ernst Krenek criticized a certain unnamed brand of contemporary music (presumably Schoenberg and his disciples) as “the self-gratification of an individual who sits in his studio and invents rules according to which he then writes down his notes.” I’m not sure I see what’s wrong with that. Surely the test is in the results not the method. Allen Shawn remarks that Schoenberg’s work is usually defended rather than listened to, and that it is difficult to experience it apart from the ideology that surrounds it. Richard Taruskin asserts that Schoenberg committed what he terms a “poietic fallacy”, the conviction that what matters most (or all that matters) in a work of art is the making of it, the maker’s input, and that the listener’s pleasure must not be the composer’s primary objective. Taruskin also criticizes the ideas of measuring Schoenberg’s value as a composer in terms of his influence on other artists, the overrating of technical innovation, and the restriction of criticism to matters of structure and craft while derogating other approaches as vulgarian. Personally I feel that listening to the critics, whether they are right or wrong, is an idle hobby when you could be listening to music.
Schoenberg was a painter of considerable ability, whose pictures were considered good enough to exhibit alongside those of Franz Marc and Wassily Kandinsky (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 142) as fellow members of the expressionist Blue Rider group. Here’s a little gallery:
Schoenberg had what pedants call by the Greek triskaidekaphobia (the fear of the number 13), which possibly began in 1908 with the composition of the thirteenth song of the song cycle Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten Op. 15, (but may also reflect the fact that he was born on the 13th). Moses und Aron was originally spelled Moses und Aaron, but when he realized that this contained 13 letters, he changed it. According to friend Katia Mann, he feared he would die during a year that was a multiple of 13. He dreaded his 65th birthday (5 x 13) in 1939 so much that a friend asked the composer and astrologer Dane Rudhyar to prepare Schoenberg’s horoscope. Rudhyar did this and told Schoenberg that the year was dangerous, but not fatal.
However, in 1950, on his 76th birthday, an astrologer wrote Schoenberg a note warning him that the year was a critical one: 7 + 6 = 13. This stunned and depressed him because up to that point he had only been wary of multiples of 13 and never considered adding the digits of his age. He died on Friday, 13 July 1951, shortly before midnight.
In honor of Arnold Schoenberg’s 134th birthday on September 13th, my Schoenburger is a sweet and delectable “birthday burger.” My recipe follows:
Bun- sponge cake, frosted with maple brown sugar icing, topped with Rice Krispies in place of sesame seeds
Burger patty- chocolate cake coated with Oreo crumbs
Lettuce- green gummy worms
Cheese- a slab of the sponge cake, slathered with yellow sprinkles
Ketchup- strawberry sauce
Mustard- yellow apricot sauce
Seems all right, although I’m not going to make it. The creator had this to say:
So, why use the ingredients I chose? Here are some of my reasons:
Gummy worms are hard to chew, which reminds me of Schoenberg’s Fantasy for Violin and Piano- it has unusual chords and fingering in the violin part
Rice Krispies are my favorite cereal, and I eat them most every day- just like I “digest” Schoenberg’s music on a daily basis
Chocolate cake is a favorite “food” of Americans, similar to Schoenberg’s “Weihnachtmusik” is a traditional Christmas song
Kiwi skins are tough on the outside, like a first impression of Schoenberg. But once you get past that and learn about his past, you will find his reasoning for his style of composure, and really start to enjoy his music- just like you enjoy the sweet meat of the kiwi after you get past the skin
The dark Oreo crumbs represent a badly cooked patty, which aligns with one of Schoenberg’s famous quotes: “My music is not modern, it is merely badly played.”
Finally, my burger was overcooked for exactly 13 minutes- representing Schoenberg’s triskaidekaphobia, or fear of the number 13, which may have been the root of his death.
Contestants were required to justify their ingredient choices in this manner. An honorable mention was given to this entry:
When you have finished creating your Schoenburger, don’t be disappointed if it tastes disgusting. This is absolutely normal. There are two ways to deal with that problem:
First, you can try the burger again and again. Perhaps one day you might like it. Perhaps you aren’t mature enough for it yet.
Second, you can just tell other people you like it very much. Probably they will admire your intelligent and progressive taste. | <urn:uuid:333a3c92-5fe1-4ad6-ad6a-ff425e66cd5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bookofdaystales.com/tag/parody/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.968929 | 3,771 | 4.375 | 4 |
We are searching data for your request:
Upon completion, a link will appear to access the found materials.
In February 1915 fifteen hundred women delegates representing Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Britain, Hungary, Italy, Holland, Norway, Sweden and the United States met in Amsterdam to discuss the First World War.
At the meeting the women discussed ways of ending the war . Delegates also spoke about the need to introduce measures that would prevent wars in the future such as international arbitration and the state nationalization of munitions. As a result of the conference an International Women's Peace Party was formed.
Mary Sheepshanks was the leading anti-war figure in Britain. On 14th October, 1914, she wrote in Ius Suffragii: "Each nation is convinced that it is fighting in self-defence, and each in self-defence hastens to self-destruction. The military authorities declare that the defender must be the aggressor, so armies rush to invade neighbouring countries in pure defence of their own hearth and home, and, as each Government assures the world, with no ambition to aggrandise itself. Thousands of men are slaughtered or crippled... art, industry, social reform, are thrown back and destroyed; and what gain will anyone have in the end? In all this orgy of blood, what is left of the internationalism which met in congresses, socialist, feminist, pacifist, and boasted of the coming era of peace and amity. The men are fighting; what are the women doing? They are, as is the lot of women, binding up the wounds that men have made."
At a Council meeting of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies held in February 1915, Millicent Fawcett attacked the peace efforts of people like Mary Sheepshanks. Fawcett argued that until the German armies had been driven out of France and Belgium: "I believe it is akin to treason to talk of peace." After a stormy executive meeting in Buxton all the officers of the NUWSS (except the Treasurer) and ten members of the National Executive resigned. This included Chrystal Macmillan, Kathleen Courtney, Catherine Marshall, Eleanor Rathbone and Maude Royden, the editor of the The Common Cause.
In the autumn of 1915 women in Britain who attended the meeting in Amsterdam, including Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and Chrystal Macmillan, formed the Women's International League of Great Britain. Other women who joined this group included Sylvia Pankhurst, Mary Sheepshanks, Charlotte Despard, Helen Crawfurd, Mary Barbour, Agnes Dollan, Ethel Snowden, Henry Harben, Ellen Wilkinson, Margery Corbett-Ashby, Selina Cooper, Helena Swanwick and Olive Schreiner.
We, the women of the world, view with apprehension and dismay the present situation in Europe, which threatens to involve one continent, if not the whole world, in the disasters and horrors of war ... Powerless though we are politically, we call upon the governments and powers of our several countries to avert the threatened unparalleled disaster ... Whatever its result the conflict will leave mankind the poorer, will set back civilization, and will be a powerful check to the gradual amelioration in the condition of the masses of the people, on which so much of the real welfare of nations depends. We women of twenty-six countries ... appeal to you to leave untried no method of conciliation or arbitration for arranging international differences which may help to avert deluging half the civilized world in blood.
I am strongly opposed to the above proposal, mainly for the reason that women are as subject as men are to national prepossessions and susceptibilities and it would hardly be possible to bring together the women of the belligerent countries without violent outbursts of anger and mutual recriminations. We should then run the risk of the scandal of a Peace Congress disturbed and perhaps broken up by violent quarrels and fierce denunciations. It is true this often takes place at Socialist and other international meetings: but it is of less importance there: no one expects the general run of men to be anything but fighters. But a Peace Congress of Women dissolved by violent quarrels would be the laughing stock of the world...
When Miss Sheepshanks was in Holland Aletta Jacobs told her she had heard recently from Elsa Luders who had complacently remarked how much for the welfare of the world the victory of Germany would prove because it would enable Germany to impose her culture upon all the other nations of the world, Aletta Jacobs was furious: here you have an example of the sort of thing that might happen during every day and hour of the proposed international congress...
feel so strongly against the proposed convention that I would decline to attend it, and if necessary would resign my office in the Women's International League if it were judged incumbent on me in that capacity to take part in the convention.
The League aims at uniting women in all countries who are opposed to every kind of war, exploitation and oppression, and who work for the solution of conflicts not by force of domination but by the recognition of human solidarity, by world co-operation, and by the establishment of social, political and economic justice for all, without distinction of sex, race, class or creed.
Women's International Thought: A New History
This book has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
- Publisher: Cambridge University Press
- Online publication date: January 2021
- Print publication year: 2021
- Online ISBN: 9781108859684
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108859684
- Subjects: History, Politics and International Relations, International Relations and International Organisations, History of Ideas and Intellectual History
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation's collection.
Women's International Thought: A New History is the first cross-disciplinary history of women's international thought. Bringing together some of the foremost historians and scholars of international relations working today, this book recovers and analyses the path-breaking work of eighteen leading thinkers of international politics from the early to mid-twentieth century. Recovering and analyzing this important work, the essays offer revisionist accounts of IR's intellectual and disciplinary history and expand the locations, genres, and practices of international thinking. Systematically structured, and focusing in particular on Black diasporic, Anglo-American, and European historical women, it does more than 'add women' to the existing intellectual and disciplinary histories from which they were erased. Instead, it raises fundamental questions about which kinds of subjects and what kind of thinking constitutes international thought, opening new vistas to scholars and students of international history and theory, intellectual history and women's and gender studies.
'A breath-taking eye-opener of a book and required reading for everyone studying international relations and the history of political thought. With cutting-edge scholarship … it reveals new horizons of internationalism, socialism, and solidarity. It unveils fierce critiques of the nation-state and imperialism, centres race and gender as topics within international thought, and reveals the ways in which the politics of race and gender have shaped the field. This book reshapes the field beautifully.'
Hannah Dawson - King’s College London
'This defies all conventions, categories, and canons to bring new, nuanced histories of women, intellectualism, and internationalism into view. With essays on socialist internationalist theory, war and empire, and global black liberation, these authors show that no study of internationalism - institutional or otherwise - can be complete without rigorous examination of women theorists.'
Ashley D. Farmer - University of Texas, Austin
'This points the way to a renovation of our canon in a field first named by a woman in 1929. Portending a new historiography, the results so far correct, encourage, and reprimand all those who have tried to write the history of antiracism, human rights, and peace, among so many other international causes and frameworks.'
Samuel Moyn - Yale University
'By recovering the international thought and practice of a diverse group of brilliant and dedicated women scholars and activists, this essential volume rewrites the history of the field. Often working under duress and at the edges of the academy, these thinkers nonetheless shaped understandings of – and galvanized engagement with – the pressing global problems of their times. We have much to learn from their work, and from their example.'
Susan Pedersen - Columbia University
'This remarkable collection upends the unspoken consensus of virtually all of those who write about the foundational thinkers and ideas about international relations: that women never mattered.'
The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom turns 100 with a public party
The group formed at The Hague a century ago celebrates, reminisces and looks to the future.
Since 1915, when it was founded in the Hague, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom has had a long history of opposing fascism and fomenting peace, from influencing Woodrow Wilson’s policies to its long-term close ties with the United Nations, through its economic and social council, and now working for the safety and security of women, particularly in war-torn zones.
So, on Tuesday, League members are gathering at the Cultural Center of Cape Cod to celebrate the group's 100th year. The event, organizers say, will be anything but didactic, with on-screen exhibits, food, wine and story-telling. Slam–poet Kristin Knowles will give the League's history from 1915 to now. ꃞnya Levine and others will play music. The gathering is free and open to the public.
Remarkably, five of the League's United States section past presidents are Cape residents. (Four full-time, one part-time.) They are Betty Burkes, Laura Roskos, Nancy Munger, Chris Morin and Mary Zepernick, all of whom will tell League stories, as will a handful of other League participants.
Laura Roskos has been involved with the League since 1992 when it helped poor women in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (her home state,) who were being denied aid by what she calls 𠇌ruel bureaucratic maneuvers” resulting in suffering, “including children’s deaths.” The League helped pass an ordinance – in accordance with the U.N.'s Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). This 𠇊mazing experience,” led her on a journey to 𠇏lip” her understanding of women’s equality.
“I had to come to terms with and understand the radicalism of women’s equality as a cornerstone of sustainable peace.” She says, “The old view is that once we have peace, we will give you equality, but it needs to be turned around.”
Now living in Eastham, Roskos has taught gender studies and human rights, most recently as senior lecturer at Suffolk University in Boston. She was the U.S. Section president of Women's International League for Peace and Justice, elected to two three-year terms (spanning 2008-2014), the first of which she was co-president with Nancy Munger. Roskos says the U.S. chapter has worked on many critical issues nationally and internationally such as establishing the importance of women’s unpaid labor – including care-giving –ਊnd economic equality for women. She says the League has given her a broader world. Whether traveling to their international social forum in Caracas, or working on issues in India or Sweden, “I met women who saw and cared in the same way.”
ਏor the next 100, Roskos says, “WILPF has never been in a stronger position of influence and execution, whether with intervention teams in conflict areas which help women rebuild peace and their lives right away, or with its involvement in disarmament through a new nuclear abolition treaty (I-CAN) to replace the old one of nuclear non-proliferation. It’s sweet to find an organization which started in 1915 dedicated to eradicating the root causes of war, still valid 100 years later, still in the vanguard of political analysis and action.”
Mary Zepernick who, with civil rights activist Margaret Moseley, regenerated the flagging Cape branch of the League in the 1990s, says her own biggest contribution as membership coordinator, and then US section president, was “to travel within the country teaching branches needed process skills, such as conflict resolution, which are the bedrock of organizing.” She also traveled abroad, to the Soviet Union, twice to Cuba, once to Bolivia, the latter with Elenita Muniz (now Barnstable Human Rights Commission coordinator), for the first ucus on Lesbian women, ever.”
Zepernick said the Cape branch has been involved in racial and gender justice, in Israel-Palestine issues through its West Asia group, and has three members on the Human Rights Commission. Cape members of the League have supported and helped sponsor or organize around many other activist issues over time, whether ending war, pursuing peace, economic fairness or environmental decisions.
“This is a different world, a more technological world then when I joined. But the important thing is to know our ‘herstory’ and draw on it to activate, collaborate and strengthen to spread the word in this era of what is necessary for security and peace.”
To that end, goals going forward should be working with other groups and creating “relationships within WILPF in order to better organize ourselves and reach out to and welcome others.” (Including men.) In this way, Zepernick suggests, the League can tackle issues to create a “Peaceable Queendom” in the world, and “to make a better Cape community,” locally.
Proud too, of the League's 𠇌heekiness,” Zepernick tells a story: One of first organizations to reach out to Soviet women to break barriers and create understanding, they set up meetings here and abroad. I Director J. Edgar Hoover had a spider web on his wall at the center was WILPF as ‘subversive.’ So we were red-baited by the Washington Post,” Zepernick says. But League members found a photo of the first meeting, in which Post publisher Katherine Graham’s own mother appeared –ਊnd Graham retracted the editorial.
ਊ tale Zepernick also likes is about Jane Addams, and is a quintessential one. Addams, who helped found Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, went to many heads of state with initiatives to end war. “You may think it silly that women are talking about this,” Addams said to one of them, with female reticence common to those times. “Madame, these are the most sensible words I’ve heard in years,” the statesman replied.
vent organizer Jan Hively, who will speak about her league involvement, partly came to the Cape in 2010 – returning to home turf –use the Cape was home to Zepernick , with whom she had connected while living in Minnesota. There entrepreneur Hively was involved in the League's struggle for water rights, commemoration of Hirsohima-Nagasaki, and Women Creating Art, who make issue-based exhibits, also allying with "Women in Black."
“WILPF is my tribe,” Hively says. “I really want to honor these women. It’s a big deal to be a president of a national organization, and it’s amazing that five of them are here on the Cape.”–
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. U.S. Section
Author, editor, journalist and lecturer advocate of internationalist pacifism influential member of the Socialist Party in the 1930s genealogist recorder of Rhode Island history and lore named Harold Devere Allen.
Art for World Friendship Records
Art for World Friendship originated in 1946 as a project undertaken by the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. It was the first organization to exchange child art on an international level and was entirely run by volunteers.
Emily Greene Balch Papers
Katherine Devereux Blake Collected Papers
Katherine Devereux Blake was a suffragist and peace activist through the first half of the twentieth century. She was a member of the Ford Peace Expedition in 1915-1916, served on the national board of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and its international executive board, and was the chief speaker for the Disarmament Caravan, which toured 9,000 miles in 1931.
Genevieve Riccoboni is the Programme Associate for WILPF's Women, Peace and Security Programme, where she coordinates communications and delegations and supports other aspects of programme work including monitoring the UN Security Council, research, and publications. She graduated with distinction with an MPhil in World History from the University of Cambridge, where she was active in the student research group for the Cambridge Centre for Governance and Human Rights, and holds a BA with Joint Honours in History and Political Science from McGill University. Genevieve has experience in communications, programming, and marketing for a variety of organizations that focus on youth civic participation and social justice, and also previously worked in the private sector in marketing. She is active in politics and community organizing in New York, and recently served as a senior policy advisor to a progressive Congressional campaign. She is fluent in German and proficient in Spanish.
The Women, Peace and Security Programme (PeaceWomen) is a programme of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), an international organisation established in 1915 to work for peace and freedom through demilitarisation, disarmament and women’s full and equal rights.
WILPF has global offices in New York and Geneva and over 100 local branches in 33 countries, many in conflict and post conflict countries. WILPF also works with many other local, national, and international affiliated organisations.
WILPF has programmes on Human Rights, Disarmament (Reaching Critical Will) and Women, Peace and Security (PeaceWomen), as well as our projects in key crisis areas. Together with WILPF members and our network of women peace advocates, WILPF programmes support the organisation in achieving our organisational aims.
WILPF envisions a world free from violence and armed conflict with justice and equality for all.
WILPF’s mission is to achieve feminist peace for equality, justice, and demilitarised security.
Feminist peace is based on equality, justice, demilitarised security and nonviolent inclusive social transformation it enables the development of systems where social and political equality and economic justice for all can be attained to ensure real and lasting peace and freedom.
WILPF’s Theory of Change is that by addressing the root causes of violence with a feminist lens and by mobilising for nonviolent action, WILPF can advance feminist peace for equality, justice, and demilitarised security.
WILPF’s Overall Aims and Principles
- Bring together women of different political beliefs and philosophies who are united in their determination to study, make known and help abolish the causes and legitimisation of war
- Work toward world peace, universal disarmament, the ending of violence and coercion in the settlement of conflict and its replacement in every case by negotiation and conciliation
- Strengthen multilateralism and support the civil society to democratise the United Nations system
- Support the continuous development and implementation of international human rights and humanitarian law, promote political and social equality and economic equity, contribute towards co-operation among all people, and enhance environmentally sustainable development.
Fellowships and Internships
Meet our current fellows and interns, and learn more about the application process for PeaceWomen fellowships and internships.
Mission and Strategy
Learn more about PeaceWomen's mission and strategic objectives.
By donating to us, you help us ensure the continuation of our work.
It is easy to get involved with us. The more we work together, the bigger our collective impact.
Citations should indicate: Archived in the Library of Congress Web Archives at www.loc.gov. When citing a particular website include the archived website's Citation ID (e.g., /item/lcwa00010240). Researchers are advised to follow standard citation guidelines for websites, pages, and articles. Researchers are reminded that many of the materials in this web archive are copyrighted and that citations must credit the authors/creators and publishers of the works. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources.
Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate.
Women's International League - History
In 2015 Durham was honoured with a WILPF Centenary PeaceWomen Award.
Fryer Library, The University of Queensland
- Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Queensland Branch Records, 1960 - , UQFL251 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Australia (1919 - ), Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Queensland Branch Fryer Library, The University of Queensland. Details
Mitchell and Dixson Libraries Manuscripts Collection, State Library of New South Wales
- Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. N.S.W. Branch - Records, 1960-1990, 1960 - 1990, MLMSS 5395/Boxes 1-3 MLMSS 5395/Item 4X Mitchell and Dixson Libraries Manuscripts Collection, State Library of New South Wales. Details
National Library of Australia, Manuscript Collection
- Papers of Meredith Stokes, circa 1970-1997 [manuscript], c. 1970 - 1997, MS 9486 Stokes, Meredith National Library of Australia, Manuscript Collection. Details
- Papers of Vivienne Abraham 1938-1989 [manuscript], 1938 - 1989, MS 9152 Abraham, Vivienne (1920 - 2003) National Library of Australia, Manuscript Collection. Details
- Records of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Australian Section, 1943-2014 [manuscript], 1943 - 2014, MS 7755 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Australia (1919 - ) National Library of Australia, Manuscript Collection. Details
State Library of New South Wales
- Irina Dunn papers, ca. 1980-1984, with papers collected relating to early feminists, 1873-1983, 1873 - 1984, MLMSS 5324 Dunn, Patricia Irene State Library of New South Wales. Details
- Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. N.S.W. Branch - further records, 1960-1992, together with the records of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Australian Section, 1963-1992, 1960 - 1992, MLMSS 7028 MLMSS 7028 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Australia (1919 - ) State Library of New South Wales. Details
State Library of South Australia
- International Women's Day Committee Research Project : Summary Record [sound recording] Interviewers: Celia Frank and Kirstin Marks, May 1993 - February 1994, OH 210 J. D. Somerville Oral History Collection State Library of South Australia. Details
State Library of Victoria
- Papers of Anna Vroland, 1947-1973. [manuscript]., 1947 - 1973, Accession no: MS 10301 Vroland, Anna Fellowes (1902 - 1978) State Library of Victoria. Details
- Records of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1973. [manuscript]., 1915 - 1973, Accession no: MS 9377 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Australia (1919 - ) State Library of Victoria. Details
- Records, 1952-1982. [manuscript]., 1952 - 1982, Accession no: MS 13187 Australia-China Society. Victorian Branch. State Library of Victoria. Details
State Library of Western Australia, J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History
- [Collection of information relating to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, WA Branch], c. 1970, PR11959 State Library of Western Australia, J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History. Details
- Records 1941-1984 [manuscript], 1941 - 1984, MN 1742 ACC 5272A Peace Education Project (W.A.) State Library of Western Australia, J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History. Details
- Records, 1942-1996 [manuscript], 1942 - 1996, MN 1408 ACC 4435A ACC 4857A Women's International League for Peace and Freedom - Western Australian Branch (1933 - ) State Library of Western Australia, J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History. Details
The University of Melbourne Archives
- Pethybridge, Eva, 1943 - 1963, 1987.0172 The University of Melbourne Archives. Details
- Records of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1939 - 1950, 1987.0184 The University of Melbourne Archives. Details
- 'Peace and Freedom', Journal of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Australian Section, 1962-. Details
- 'Peace and Freedom', Journal of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Australian Section, 1962-. Details
- W.I.L.P.F. bulletin / Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, N.S.W. Branch, 1966-1996. Details
- Caine, Barbara, 'Greenwood, Irene', in Caine, Barbara (ed.), Australian feminism : a companion, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1998, pp. 429-430. Details
- Caine, Barbara, Gatens, Moira et al. (ed.), Australian Feminism: A Companion, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1998, 607 pp. Details
- Fabian, Suzane and Loh, Morag, Left-wing Ladies : The Union of Australian women in Victoria 1950-1998, Hyland House, Flemington, VIC, 2000, 196 pp. Details
- Fryer Library with research by Yorick Smaal, Worth Fighting For!, University of Queensland, 2005, https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050708180233/http://www.library.uq.edu.au/fryer/worth_fighting/. Details
- Moore, Eleanor M. (Eleanor May), The quest for peace as I have known it in Australia, s.n., [Melbourne], , 208 pp. Details
Jane Carey and Clare Land
Created: 23 November 2001, Last modified: 7 April 2019
Site-wide information and acknowledgements
© Copyright in The Australian Women's Register is owned by the Australian Women's Archives Program
and vested in each of the authors in respect of their contributions from 2000
The Australian Women's Register is published quarterly by the Australian Women's Archives Program
What We Do
For more than a century, The Junior League has been on the forefront of social reform, identifying problems&mdashpollution, illiteracy, domestic violence, foster children without a safety net&mdashand finding solutions.
&ldquoWe have the responsibility to act, and we have the opportunity to conscientiously act to affect the environment about us.&rdquo That was how Mary Harriman described the mission of The Junior League more than 100 years ago. 19/01, our editorial platform, aspires to capture how the organization and its members breathe life into Mary&rsquos sentiment today.
Find out more
The Paris Peace Conference
Women's organizations lobbied to be included in the meetings of the Paris Peace Conference after the end of the First World War. Even after they were granted access to the 12th meeting of the League of Nations Committee, the women were limited to matters which the committee felt had a direct bearing upon women. Nevertheless, the gro up of women presented "The Wome n's Charter," in which they requested that a woman's nationality be declared independent of her husband, that the League ban the trafficking of women and girls, and that women be afforded the same labour rights as men. Many of the women present at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference would later become involved with the work of the League of Nations, either directly or through women's organizations.
Rebecca Adami is Associate Professor at the Department of Education, Stockholm University and Research Associate at the Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy, SOAS University of London (School of Oriental and African Studies). She specializes in critical human rights theory through counternarratives, and studies on intersectionality, cosmopolitanism and childism. Author of the book Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . In 2018 a UN photo exhibit "Women Who Shaped the Universal Declaration" based on the book was exhibited at the United Nations in New York by Secretary General António Guterres and first Latin American female President of the General Assembly María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés, now available online.
Dan Plesch is Professor of Diplomacy and Strategy at SOAS University of London. His books include, The Beauty Queen's Guide to World Peace, Human Rights After Hitler and America, Hitler and the UN. His research focuses on strategies for preventing global war and emphasises a restorative archeology of knowledge of the effective peacemaking work in the 1940s. | <urn:uuid:c16631d5-dd32-425c-8f26-edb00ff38956> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ng.vwfuncup.be/9458-womens-international-league.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.928612 | 6,208 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Read and Download Snatam Kaur book Original Light in PDF, EPub, Mobi, Kindle online. Free book TOriginal Light. This book was released on 2016 with total page 292 pages. Book excerpt: The Kundalini Yoga tradition speaks of a call to the Divine that awakens the Original Light of the soul. In gatherings across the globe, Snatam Kaur and her fellow musicians have shared that radiance through sacred chants. With "Original Light," this beloved devotional singer guides us into the heart of the path, with the Aquarian Sadhana as a foundation to understand the tradition's daily principals, morning practices, and sacred chanting experiences. Kundalini, the universal life force, has for centuries been shrouded in misconception and lore. But in fact, Snatam Kaur assures us that, through Kundalini Yoga, the capacity to experience it is within all of us a natural and limitless source of physical health, stillness, joy, energetic strength, and loving connection with others and all of creation."Original Light" was written for those seeking a compassionate and supportive guide to creating a vibrant and sustainable daily spiritual practice. Here, Snatam shares with honesty and gentle humor her own stories, challenges, aha moments, and many practical pointers gained from her lifelong journey. Readers first explore the philosophy and foundational principles of Kundalini Yoga as taught by Yogi Bhajan, and then learn the five morning practices of the Aquarian Sadhana, including: "The Wake-Up Routine" establishing a sacred space, bathing and purification, healthy diet and elimination guidelines, and more "Jap J""i" from 15th-century sage and founder of the Sikh tradition, Guru Nanak, this sacred recitation is both a map and a direct expression of our union with the Divine "Kundalini Yoga Kriyas" nine energizing posture and movement sets for creating a somatic space for your spirit "Aquarian S""a""dhan""a"" Mantras" seven devotional chants as the sun rises to open the doors of liberation and experience bliss and ecstasy through sacred sound "Gateway to Divinity" the closing transition stage that integrates your own spiritual tradition and helps you to focus your energies and set your intentions for the day ahead For those of all faiths, "Original Light "provides an ideal introduction and resource to improve our health, find greater freedom and stillness within, and illuminate each moment of the day."Includes two CDs of guided chants and practices with Snatam Kaur."" | <urn:uuid:5f88e1b4-81b0-467c-b38d-47019c40d853> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mastersweep.net/pdf/japuji-a-gate-way-to-liberation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.928064 | 522 | 1.523438 | 2 |
The Federal Trade Commission announced it is amending its Franchise Rule to adjust the monetary thresholds used to determine when the sale of a franchise business is exempt from the Rule, which requires franchise sellers to disclose certain information to help prospective buyers weigh risks and benefits before they invest.
The 2007 amendments to the Rule, which took effect July 1, 2008, provide three exemptions based on a monetary threshold. The Rule requires the FTC to adjust the thresholds every four years based on the Consumer Price Index. The inflation adjustments, which will take effect July 1, 2012, will exempt:
- Sales where the buyer's initial payment is less that $540 (currently $500).
- Sales where the initial investment is at least $1,084,900 (now $1 million), excluding the cost of unimproved land and any franchisor (or affiliate) financing; and
- Sales to large entities, such as airports, hospitals, and universities that have been in business for at least five years and have a net worth of at least $5,424,500 (now $5 million).
The Commission vote approving the Federal Register Notice was 5-0. The Notice is available on the FTC's website and as a link to this press release and will be published in the Federal Register soon. (FTC File No. P094400; the staff contact is Craig Tregillus, Bureau of Consumer Protection, 202-326-2970)
The Federal Trade Commission works for consumers to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices and to provide information to help spot, stop, and avoid them. To file a complaint in English or Spanish, visit the FTC's online Complaint Assistant or call
1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357). The FTC enters complaints into Consumer Sentinel, a secure, online database available to more than 2,000 civil and criminal law enforcement agencies in the U.S. and abroad. The FTC’s website provides free information on a variety of consumer topics. Like the FTC on Facebook, follow us on Twitter, and subscribe to press releases for the latest FTC news and resources.
(FTC File No. P094400)
- MEDIA CONTACT:
- Office of Public Affairs | <urn:uuid:fcb76e73-dc35-4694-921d-75d39b2c88a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/06/ftc-amends-franchise-rule-revise-monetary-thresholds-three | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00167-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928393 | 465 | 1.601563 | 2 |
BERLIN (AP) — Two of Germany’s biggest Internet service providers say they will encrypt customers’ emails by default following reports that the U.S. National Security Agency monitors international electronic communications.
Deutsche Telekom AG and United Internet AG say emails sent by their customers will be automatically encrypted starting Friday.
Initially the encryption will only be secure between customers of Deutsche Telekom’s T-Online service and United Internet’s GMX and WEB.DE services.
The companies claim these three providers account for two-thirds of primary email addresses in Germany.
Deutsche Telekom CEO Rene Obermann says the initiative came because “Germans are deeply unsettled by the latest reports on the potential interception of communication data” revealed by NSA leaker Edward Snowden.
It wasn’t immediately clear if German security services would have a key to decrypt the emails. | <urn:uuid:b611f4aa-ca61-40a6-bf72-903f548ac1ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ksnt.com/2013/08/09/german-companies-to-automatically-encrypt-emails/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00140-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906077 | 189 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Don’t suffer in silence with food allergies and intolerances Food allergies and intolerances can be debilitating, causing painful and often embarrassing symptoms such as bloating, wind, diarrhea, constipation, mouth ulcers, headaches, hives and even rashes. Many people with food allergies or intolerances suffer in silence but an Accredited Practising Dietitian can help. NAPHL Health Hub Accredited Practicing Dietitian in Cairns, Alyce Rees (pictured) has a special interest in food allergies and intolerances. She said that a food intolerance can severely impact a person’s quality of life and she urged people to seek help early. “Working with people who have a food intolerance is like being a detective, using my knowledge of the body, diet habits and food components, and matching this to the person’s symptoms,” Ms Rees said. “Many people with food intolerances can believe what they are experiencing – such as pain, bloating and diarrhoea – is normal. However, it is not." Ms Rees is now taking on new clients. To book an appointment call 4722 8750. “When food intolerance begins disrupting your life, causing adverse consequences and limiting your social life this is when most people seek help.” RELATED: Back to school lunchbox ideas Ditch the yo-yo dieting for good and do this instead. Find out more about the NAPHL Health Hub Ms Rees works at the NAPHL Health Hub at 19 Aplin Street, Cairns, which is a centre of university-qualified health professionals dedicated to improving whole health and wellbeing. “When discussing food intolerance with clients at the NAPHL Health Hub they are often shocked that even healthy foods such as certain fruits and vegetables can be causing symptoms,” she said. “You might also be shocked to find out that your symptoms of intolerance can be delayed by hours, days or even weeks after consuming the food." “It is satisfying being able to help someone identify and manage their symptoms so that they can live a full life without the worry of reacting to certain foods.” Ms Rees recommends people do not “go it alone” when investigating whether they have a food intolerance. “Excluding foods from your diet can increase your risk of nutritional deficiencies and excluding the wrong food can cause symptoms or delay the time which you are experiencing food intolerances." “Dietitians are able to identify suspect foods, work methodically to remove and challenge foods and determine your level of tolerance to the food – all while ensuring there is no detrimental impact on your nutrition." “We can then help identify triggers and manage food intolerance to minimise adverse symptoms, increase your eating confidence and ensure your diet is nutritionally nourishing.” Ms Rees said it is important to get to the bottom of a food reaction to ensure it is not an allergy, which can have more severe symptoms and a greater impact on your health and nutrition. “Allergies can occur in all ages and while it’s common for children to outgrow a food allergy, if an adult develops a food allergy it usually doesn’t go away with time." “In Australia, 90 per cent of food allergies are caused by wheat, soy, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, peanuts, sesame, cow’s milk and dairy." “Symptoms can include hives, swelling of the face, lips, eyes, tongue, throat, breathing difficulties, abdominal pain, vomiting, eczema and anaphylaxis." “Food allergy should be diagnosed by reliable testing, such as by a doctor." “Once a diagnosis is reached, a dietitian can help you avoid the allergic food through education, label reading, recipe and tips for eating-out safely so that you can feel confident that your diet is nutritionally balanced and adequate.” To book an appointment call 4722 8750 or CLICK HERE to find out more about our NAPHL Health Hubs in Townsville and Cairns. | <urn:uuid:1ae33759-c603-451d-b16c-1f4a3907d87c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.naphl.com.au/News/dont-suffer-in-silence-with-food-allergies-and-intolerances | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.950953 | 842 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Screening of award-winning documentary "DamNation" on May 7th at the Camden Opera House!
|Arts & Entertainment|
|Camden Opera House|
|29 Elm Street, Camden, ME 04843|
|May 07, 2014|
|7:00 PM - 9:00 PM|
There will be a very special screening of Travis Rummel and Ben Knight’s award-winning documentary DamNation at the Camden Opera House on May 7th at 7 pm. The evening is a collaboration with CIFF, Patagonia, the Natural Resources Council of Maine, the Penobscot River Restoration Project, Maine Sport Outfitters, the Camden Conference and the Camden Opera House.
The film is a powerful odyssey across America, exploring the sea change in our national attitude from pride in big dams as engineering wonders to the growing awareness that our own future is bound to the life and health of our rivers. Dam removal has moved beyond the fictional Monkey Wrench Gang to go mainstream. Where obsolete dams come down, rivers bound back to life, giving salmon and other wild fish the right of return to primeval spawning grounds, after decades without access.
DamNation’s majestic cinematography and unexpected discoveries move through rivers and landscapes altered by dams, but also through a metamorphosis in values, from conquest of the natural world to knowing ourselves as part of nature. Part of the film was shot right here along the Penobscot River in Maine during the Veazie Dam Removal Project.
Filmmakers Travis Rummel and Ben Knight, along with Conversation Biologist Matt Stoecker, will be in attendance for a Q&A directly following the screening moderated by Laura Rose Day, Executive Director of the Penobscot River Restoration Project.
Tickets are $10 and can be purchased day of show at the Camden Opera House Box Office, starting at 6 pm or at the Camden Town Office (29 Elm Street) from 9 am to 3 pm Monday through Friday. Tickets may also be purchased online through the Camden Opera House website. http://www.camdenoperahouse.com/ | <urn:uuid:b93c7edd-5fc4-4e35-b895-ed2b4454fd51> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://waldo.villagesoup.com/p/screening-of-award-winning-documentary-damnation-on-may-7th-at-the-camden-opera-house/1172350/182965 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00209-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91279 | 438 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Rebecca Richards-Kortum has been elected a fellow of the Optical Society (OSA) — the leading professional society for scientists, engineers, students and business leaders who fuel discoveries, shape real-world applications and accelerate achievements in the science of light. She is one of 71 new OSA fellows.
OSA fellows are nominated by current fellows and selected for their overall impact on optics as gauged through specific scientific, engineering and technological contributions, a record of significant publications or patents related to optics, technical leadership in the field and service to OSA and the global optics community.
Richards-Kortum is Rice’s Stanley C. Moore Professor and chair of the Department of Bioengineering and a professor of electrical and computer engineering. She is director of both Beyond Traditional Borders and Rice 360°: Institute for Global Health Technology and oversees the Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging Laboratory.
For two decades, Richards-Kortum has focused on translating research that integrates advances in nanotechnology and molecular imaging with microfabrication technologies to develop portable optical imaging systems that are inexpensive and provide point-of-care diagnosis. This basic and translational research is highly collaborative and has led to new technologies to improve the early detection of cancers and other diseases, especially in impoverished countries. | <urn:uuid:fc37d4a5-ee05-46af-9b8e-089b2b018bd8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.rice.edu/2013/12/16/richards-kortum-elected-fellow-of-optical-society/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00436-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936938 | 260 | 1.992188 | 2 |
The following was written around 1985 by Anthony Longworth Dillard, the only son of Nicholas Longworth Dillard:
Nicholas Longworth Dillard was born 7 March 1906 in what is now Eden, North Carolina. He graduated from Washington High School in Reidsville attended Bennett College in Greensboro for two years, and transferred to Baptist-sponsored Shaw University in Raleigh where he obtained his undergraduate degree in 1928. While at Shaw University, Dillard was a leading member of the Tau Sigma Roh debating society and a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.
For a brief period after college, Dillard sold insurance in Fayetteville. He then returned to his parents' home in Greensboro and was employed "pressing pants." After his mother carefully explained to him that she and her husband did not scrimp to put him through college so that he could "press pants", Dillard made the career move that would prove pivotal for the Caswell County African American community. In 1930, at the age of 24, Dillard accepted a teaching position at the Yanceyville School, a Rosenwald School for African American children that had been built in 1925. This new four-room building replaced the old and inadequate nearby school for black children in the former home of Senator John W. Stephens, which had been used since 1907. In 1932, Dillard became the school's principal. Whether young Dillard realized the struggles ahead is unknown, but he remained principal for thirty-seven years and is considered the most important figure in the development of educational opportunities for the Caswell County African American community.
In 1930, the Yanceyville School covered grades one through seven, employed four teachers (including Dillard), and enrolled eighty pupils. No high school for black students was available in Caswell County. The County School Board denied Dillard's request to establish a high school for black children. Undaunted, he did an end run around the School Board by adding school years to the curriculum. By 1933, the Yanceyville School had pupils ready to enter their final year, or twelfth grade. With support from associates at the State Department of Education in Raleigh, Dillard was now prepared to present to the Caswell County School Board Superintendant an accomplished fact, which he did. Thus, in 1933 the Board officially recognized the first high school for black students in the county and authorized hiring of the necessary teachers. In 1935 the school was deemed a fully accredited high school and the name was changed to Caswell County Training School (CCTS).
From 1937 until finally realizing the goal in 1951, Dillard fought for a proper building to house the CCTS. While additional rooms had been added to the old 1925 Rosenwald building, the facility was not adequate in 1937, but continued to be used for another 14 years. Classes began in the new building on March 2, 1951. At the time, the school was the largest building in Caswell County. Enrollment was 913 students, with a teaching staff of 26. In 1942, during this long struggle, Dillard managed to obtain a Master's Degree from the University of Michigan School of Education. In 1954, Dillard supervised preparations for an accreditation visit by the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges. Those preparations proved successful, and the CCTS became fully accredited, while the county high schools attended by white students were not.
The 1960's brought change. The CCTS was renamed Caswell County High School and the county schools were integrated. Dillard helped with the planning in 1968 and 1969 that led to complete integration of the county's public schools.
Dillard was always known as a great listener, a superior speaker, a professional educator, and a friend to all. He knew every student by name and recognized them long after graduation. His students loved and respected him. For many, he was the most important person in their educational experience. He believed that education was a privilege, and could be stern with a student who was wasting his ability.
Nicholas Longworth Dillard married Gladys Motley, also a teacher at CCTS, and they had two children (twins Annette and Anthony, born in 1936). He died in February 1969, leaving these words to the class that graduated four months after his death:
Someone has said that there is nothing permanent in the world but change. For instance, just a few years ago there was no high school for Negroes in Caswell County, not to mention such things as buses or an ideal classroom. Nevertheless time has a way of changing things, so in May of 1934 C.C.H.S. had its first graduating class of seven. Since that time classes have grown larger and larger. Now I am put in the sad position of not only saying farewell to the class of 1969 but to C.C.H.S.
As your principal, it is my sincere hope that you will always remember that old C.C.H.S. may not ever graduate another Senior Class but it will live on. The 35 classes, including yours, which have graduated from C.C.H.S. will never allow this to happen. For in years to come they and you will be making their contributions to this country, state and nation. Brick, mortar, even steel decay, but the spirit of good character, honesty, love, faith has a staying power that outlives steel and stone. So face life with courage and a determination to succeed. Write your names on the pages of time. It really doesn't matter from whence you came, but it matters where you are going. Old C.C.H.S. has just really started to live and make its contribution to history.
School integration and consolidation did put an end to the Caswell County High School. The educational use of the old high school building was reconfigured, and the new facility was named the N. L. Dillard Junior High School. Continuing the tradition, the county's new middle school was named the N. L. Dillard Middle School.
Source: The Heritage of Caswell County, North Carolina, Jeannine D. Whitlow, Editor (1985) at 179 (Article #170, "Nicholas Longworth Dillard" by Anthony L. Dillard).
Nicholas Longworth Dillard was born March 7, 1906 in Leaksville, now Eden, N.C. He was one of the eight children born to James Willia and Katie Carson Dilliard. His father was the son of a former slave who was transported from Maryland to North Carolina and served as errand boy to his mistress, who taught him to read and write.
When N. L. Dillard was 13, the family moved to Reidsville, N.C. where his father continued the barbering trade. Five years later the family moved to Greensboro, N.C. where his father's twin brother operated a barbershop.
After graduation from high school, he matriculated for two years at Bennett College in Greensboro prior to it becoming an all woman's college. He graduated from Shaw University in 1928 with a B.A. in Science and in 1942 received a Master's Degree from the University of Michigan. One of his great teachers at Shaw University was the late Dr. Benjamin Brawley.
Prior to entering the teaching profession, he sold insurance. In 1930, he took a teaching position in Yanceyville and in 1932 was named principal of Caswell County Training School. He married the former Gladys Motley of Danville, Va., an elementary school teacher. Born to this marriage were twins, Annette and Anthony in 1936.
Longworth, as he was called by his family, loved all of his relatives and made sure that his children got to know them. He delighted in piling his family in his 1941 Chevrolet and taking off on a Sunday afternoon after church to visit his parents or other relatives and friends in Eden, Oxford, Reidsville and Greensboro.
He had a fervent belief in God and while retaining his membership in the St. Matthews United Methodist Church in Greensboro, he was active in the Pearson Chapel AME Church and the Allen Masonic Lodge. He was one of the founders of the local credit union and was active in several community organizations.
His total commitment was to the advancement of his school. He loved children and people in general. He was blessed with foresight and one of his achievements in which he took pride was the erection and completion in 1951 of the new black elementary and high school in Caswell County. He requested as part of this strategy that they build the auditorium first as he knew that a gymnasium could be added later.
Despite the shortcomings of his students, he encouraged them to excel. He often told them that it is not the log cabin you came from but where you are going that counts. Convinced that it takes generations to build culture, it was in the Friday school assemblies where his true personality blossomed. He sought to counsel and motivate his students to prepare themselves for the kind of world they would face when they graduated. He challenged them to use their farming background with its virtues of hard work to better themselves and their community. One of his favorite quotations was by George Washington -- "Let us raise a standard to which the wise and the just can repair, the events are in the hands of God." | <urn:uuid:31786637-e65b-4efd-a73c-4daa9598a711> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ncccha/biographies/dillard.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00196-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988131 | 1,914 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A piece of writing, where the writer focuses on compelling the readers to understand and agree to the compiled thoughts is what makes a persuasive essay. Also, in order to make the readers get compelled to agree to the argued point, the writers use various techniques. This is one of the most commonly seen essays. If you have noticed all the type of content used to sell or promote any services or products, you may call them persuasive essay examples. To understand writing a persuasive essay, take a quick look at the sample persuasive essay we have provided below to give you idea about writing your own.
Persuasive Essay example
As a good topic is what's needed to be the first thing to put an impressive persuasive essay together, pick a topic as per your interest and chosen field. This is necessary to help you get a better strength with the topic, because in order to compel the readers you need to be personally convinced about what you are writing.
Here, we have given a persuasive essay example to help you understand how one writes a sample persuasive essay along with persuasive essay outline template.
Keeping Saint Bernard dogs: A great choice for homes with children
It's accepted universally that the pets are a great addition to the households. They not just provide warmth through their presence around, but also perform multiple functions, like being a companion, providing security to the members and property, etc. Those who are looking forward to welcoming a pet dog in the household, but due to presence of young children at home are skeptic about the breed of dog may consider a Saint Bernard.
A Saint Bernard is great to stay with young kids as this breed is considered to be friendly. Being heavy in physique, this dog helps the parents by accompanying their kids around, as the kids won't worry being bullied in presence of this bulky pet.
Not just the physical presence is heavy, but this pet is easy to be maintained. It doesn't demand too much of space inside the house as it isn't very active to break things off around. Being slightly on a slower-side, it succeeds to keep the intruders away but a Saint Bernard could stay in one room for a very long time, requiring less space needs.
Adding further benefits of having a Saint Bernard to the above mentioned example persuasive essay, you may compel the readers to get a Saint Bernard home. If you check out some persuasive essay samples from various sources, you would find that the persuasive essay outline template ideally consists of introduction, main body and conclusion, as in case of most of the other essays. The difference is created by the compelling nature of the content. One thing to keep in mind is that the introduction should have some persuasive essay prompts to hook the readers till the end. | <urn:uuid:fdaba0b4-7baf-4b00-a0bb-ce5e28e11895> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://essaywritingservicereviews.org/sample-persuasive-essay-gives-an-insight-to-college-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.958112 | 549 | 2.53125 | 3 |
|The Fourier Map generator and Viewer in WinGX is one of the main Killer Applications of this software suite in allowing powerful routine aid in structure solution and quality checking of the structure. (It should be noted that software such as Sir97, CRYSTALS, EXPO, GSAS and Platon also generate Fourier Contour Maps, but WinGX (and Platon?) is potentially the most accessible and convenient for non-Shelx generated structures to use) While optimised for working with Shelx, any application that can generate a Shelx *.ins structure file and a *.fcf (H K L Fobs, Fcalc) file can make use of this Fourier Viewing feature. The trick here is to use an OMIT command on the atom of internet combined with a LIST 3 command. Shelx generates an FCF file when using the LIST 3 command. WinGX generates the entire MAP file (which takes longer) but then allows people to quickly browse through the map, and also use its ANIMATE function to automatically scroll through the slices.|
|The following example is based on Cs Ti Silicate where one of the oxygens (O13) has a very large thermal and a warning in Ton Speks platon as well as visual inspection warranted closer inspection.|
In WinGX, edit the Shelx INS file, set the L.S. (least squares)
to 0 cycles; OMIT the atom(s) of interest (so they show up in
the difference map); and make sure there is
a LIST 3 command to generate the FCF file which allows a Fourier Map
to be derived calculated.
L.S. 0 LIST 3 OMIT O13
For the following inorganic (polymeric) structure. If the atom of interest is not well placed to get the desired 3 atom slant plane, you can use the graphical viewing in such programs as Cameron combined with the WinGX Model, Operations, Assemble Residues to get the atom of interest centred. We will generate a slant plane using O12, O13 and O10 to define the plane.
Now run Shelx under the Refine menu option.
After running Shelx, go into the Maps, Fourier Map,
browse and select the 3 atoms (O12, O13 and O10)
that make up the slant plane.
Set the Zmin and Zmax to -2 and +2 so you can get a decent slice
through Z. You can set the range of the map to anything you like.
Now select OK to generate the Map. This make take a few minutes
depending on the size of the map
Select Dismiss to exit the Fourier Map generator.
Now select Maps, Contour to view the Fourier Map. And go into
Options, Label Atoms and select the (O12, O13 and O10) atoms.
Then you can select the start movie option until you find the
view of interest. In the following case, you can see the slight
Peanut shape of the Oxygen implying a split atom problem for this
|Other Options exist for viewing Fourier maps in WinGX such as using mapview for various 2D and 3D display options.| | <urn:uuid:0082709b-aabe-4fdc-a1e9-99b91d24ef88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mill2.chem.ucl.ac.uk/tutorial/wingx/fourier/slant2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.862143 | 715 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Already one of the best free educational resources on the internet for music producers, Ableton’s Learning Synths platform just got better.
Launched in 2019 as a partner for Ableton’s Free Web Guide to Making Music (opens in a new tab), Learning Synths is an interactive tool built around a browser-based 2-oscillator synthesizer. It starts with the basics, discussing amplitude and pitch, before explaining concepts and features like envelopes, modulation, oscillators, LFOs, and filters.
There’s also a handy Playground section that dispenses with “learning” and just gives access to the synth.
Two of the best new features allow you to integrate your Learning Synths creations into your DAW so they can be used in a music-making context. The Export option turns your work into a Max for Live synth contained in a Live Set – this will work in both Live 11 Lite and Live 9.7-10 Suite – and you can now capture up to 60 seconds of audio from synth (recordings are instantly downloaded as WAV files).
There’s also a new configurable XY pad for Playground, so you can adjust multiple settings at once, and you’ll now find “Open in Playground” buttons on course pages. Click on one of them and you can further edit the sound you are tinkering with.
Finally, there is now dark mode support (based on your system preferences) and Turkish, Finnish and Portuguese versions have been added.
You can start learning now about the Ableton Learning Synths (opens in a new tab) website. | <urn:uuid:69d9160b-5f87-41e4-9796-26615fdcfa3e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://learningcomputation.com/abletons-free-learning-synths-website-is-now-much-more-compatible-with-daws/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.916444 | 339 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Management of Dredged Material Placement Operationsby Timothy D. Stark, (M.ASCE), Univ of Illinois, Urbana, United States,
Iván Contreras, (M.ASCE), Univ of Illinois, Urbana, United States,
Jack Fowler, (M.ASCE), Univ of Illinois, Urbana, United States,
Abstract: Non-linear finite strain consolidation theory is used to predict the settlement of fine-grained dredged material due to self-weight and surcharge-induced consolidation. Finite strain consolidation theory accounts for the effects of (a) self-weight consolidation, (b) changes in permeability with consolidation, (c) a non-linear void ratio-effective stress relationship, and (d) large strains. An empirical desiccation model is used to describe the removal of water from confined dredged material by surface drying. The combined model has been coded into the microcomputer program PCDDF89 (Primary Consolidation, and Desiccation of Dredged Fill), which is also described. The Craney Island Dredged Material Management Area near Norfolk, Virginia is used to illustrate the use and accuracy of the model. The use of vertical strip drains to increase storage capacity of disposal facilities is also described.
Subject Headings: Dredged materials | Strain | Granular materials | Nonlinear analysis | Computer software | Stress analysis | Construction materials | Computer models | North America | Virginia | United States | Norfolk (Virginia)
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
Return to search | <urn:uuid:7e55ecac-ff83-4e9f-b39b-e1931f6203e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0088941 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00534-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889593 | 322 | 2.03125 | 2 |
this downtown street was once a very rich and lush alley. It is named in honor of Mr. François Vachon de Belmont former Sulpician.
This small street just 400 metters long is unknown to Montrealers because it gives behind the Central Station and look like a backstreet.
1843 : Opening year of this street or name change
Boroughs / districts where theses pictures where taken : Downtown
CODEIMTL 4004 : Last update of this page 2009-11-02 | 6247 hits on this page since 2010/12/31
Reference book: Les Rues de Montréal, répertoire Historique see | <urn:uuid:1d9cba45-de8c-467c-8028-c4af260eeaaa> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.imtl.org/montreal/rue_montreal.php?rue=Belmont | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00137-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.834885 | 137 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Challenge to EPA’s Climate Authority Heads to Supreme Court
Looking into the horizon of 2022, it’s not super droughts or unexpected snowstorms that have U.S. environmental activists terrified, it’s a Supreme Court case that’s scheduled for oral arguments at the end of February.
At the heart of West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency is a challenge over the extent to which Congress can delegate regulatory power to the executive agencies. The great fear is that the new super conservative majority on the court is open to taking radical action that will undo nearly a century of common practice.
“There is a possibility that the court can write an opinion,” says Michael Burger, executive director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, “that really reflects a core challenge to the fundamental basis of the regulatory state — for the ways in which our federal bureaucracy or federal agencies have evolved and operate.”
In other words, if the Supreme Court applies the most conservative interpretation of the constitutional challenge, it could entirely knock out the system by which we protect air and water in the U.S. — not to mention scores of other federal laws.
The roots of this case go back to the now abandoned efforts by the Obama administration to regulate the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide through the Clean Power plan – which assigned each state a goal for reducing carbon emissions. The EPA said it had the authority to do that through the Clean Air Act of 1970, which allows regulators to determine the “best system of emissions reductions” for power plants.
Several plaintiffs, including West Virginia, sued (four cases were consolidated into the one coming before the court). There are essentially two lines of attack. One argument is that the EPA overreached – i.e. it was entitled to regulate emissions from power plants, but instead tried to regulate the entire energy and grid system. The second, more profound, challenge is that it would be unconstitutional for Congress to give the EPA such an open-ended grant of authority under a doctrine known as nondelegation.
The Clean Air Act, now more than 50 years old, is considered by most people to be one of the most successful pieces of legislation in U.S. history. Several studies have credited the law not only with greatly reducing smog and saving countless lives, but also with being a good economic investment by reducing sickness and increasing productivity. One only has look to the brown skies above New Delhi to realize how gritty America might be without it.
But like many federal laws, it contains a certain amount of deliberate vagueness. Lawmakers wanted clean air but left the federal regulatory agency in charge of environmental pollution, the EPA, to decide what kinds of pollutants should be regulated and by how much. The law basically requires that the agency use the best available science in making that determination. The EPA employs a phalanx of biologists, chemists and air pollution experts to do just that.
But a conservative theory of jurisprudence argues that Congress does not actually have the constitutional right to hand so much regulatory authority over to the executive branch. Regulation, according to such a theory, is a surreptitious form of law making, a power reserved for the legislative branch.
This nondelegation doctrine, which was used by a very conservative Supreme Court against the New Deal in the 1930s, has been dormant for a century. In the meantime, enormous state and federal bureaucracies have developed around this system of law. Nevertheless the new conservative majority of the Supreme Court, most notably Justice Neil Gorsuch, have expressed sympathy for it publicly.
An added concern is Gorsuch’s tangled history with the EPA. Gorsuch’s mother, Anne, was EPA agency administrator under President Ronald Reagan. Her tenure included cutting the agency’s budget and vastly decreasing enforcement actions against polluters. Eventually, she resigned under pressure after being held in contempt of Congress for failing to turn over subpoenaed records related to misadministration of superfund sites.
Since the lawsuits no longer are about an active law or regulation, court watchers see a particularly wide range of possible outcomes. The best for the Clean Air Act would be simply for the court to say in essence that it made a mistake in taking the case since the regulation is no longer live and therefore not an issue. But this court has showed itself willing to upend major precedent.
“I would say the environmental advocates are certainly keeping their eyes closely trained on what the Supreme Court does here,” said Burger.
Leslie Kaufman writes the Climate Report newsletter about the impact of global warming.
©2022 Bloomberg L.P. | <urn:uuid:ce5c6825-182b-4470-ad75-a8bcd2e9113f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bqprime.com/onweb/challenge-to-epas-climate-authority-heads-to-supreme-court | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.950009 | 957 | 2.46875 | 2 |
The Minelab Explorer SE comes with a stock Double D coil. For users coming with concentric coils, the transition to the Double D can be a little challenging.
It’s important to state the transition is only weird based off of the design of the Double D. Once you know how to work the coil, it’s extremely accurate.
A concentric coil has the hottest part of the coil in the center, so it’s extremely easy working your way to the center. The Double D is like having two coils together, merging at the center strip. By doing this, the whole strip or bar is the hottest area of the coil during pinpoint.
Initially, when I was first learning the ins and outs of the Minelab, I was extremely concerned with the pinpointing. I felt like I was all over the place and could be off several inches. This was definitely not good. All of these tests were with surface targets (since it was the middle of winter when I purchased the SE), so after getting some real world field time, I began to understand what the detector was telling me.
The particular technique that I apply is as follows. After getting a signal isolated, I jump to pinpoint. I swing left to right slowly getting the center point of the horizontal plane. I stop at the loudest point of that and begin to push forward or back on the vertical line till I get the hottest sound.
Now, the behavior changes with surface targets vs. buried targets. Surface targets seem to hold same strength on the vertical line. If you push the coil till it drops off, at that point (minus an inch) is where the target is located. Buried targets tend to behave with varying signal string on the vertical line. I find it very similar to concentric coils.
Pinpointing is easy and extremely accurate once you get the hang of it. Practice, practice and more practice will get you dialed in. Another suggestion is to purchase a smaller coil. There are many after market coils that work great and the smaller coils are much easier to pinpoint. | <urn:uuid:8535a8b9-a458-4e16-be5b-b992b67f568d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://minelabtips.com/pinpointing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00332-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964931 | 427 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Matching Deck Stain Colors
Learning how to match stain colors can be difficult for several reasons. You can find out why and avoid the same mistakes many people make when they try.
It Should Be Easy, Right? All we have to do is match the colors and even a child can do that. I feel like it can’t be that easy. It never is.
The process for matching stain colors is complicated. You have to take into account the stain’s transparency as well as the age and style of the wood. Stains can be transparent, semi-transparent, or semi-solid.
A stain can look different from one species of wood to the next because they hold stains differently. Then the age of the wood affects how a stain will look too. The fibers on new wood are still tight and it has a higher moisture content than the old.
Say you stain a fence using a medium brown stain. A few years pass and you want to freshen up the stain so you reuse that same medium brown stain, but it turns out darker than the original stain job. One or two shades darker, too.
The first step to matching stain colors is to get a finisher’s color wheel. Use it to find a stain color close to your stain. Buy stain samples so you can mix and test them. Clean the wood and apply the stain to the same wood as your project, let it dry, and see if it matches.
A finisher’s color wheel has common stain colors on it. When you line them up you can see how they mix. If several look similar choose a lighter stain because it’s easier to make a stain look darker than to lighten it.
Color samples take time to dry out especially for penetrating stains. The best practice is to apply the stain in a well-lit area and let it dry. The color then is the true color of the stain. This could take a day in the hot weather or up to a few weeks in the cold.
With a re-stain, it’s best to apply the color sample onto the surface being re-stained. If you apply the sample onto a new board the color will be different from the wood being re-stained.
Go a shade darker on re-stains or go from transparent to semi-transparent. Going darker or thicker gives a more uniform look and helps hide areas exposed to the elements or that have been washed out by sprinkler heads.
Call (630) 523-3045 or schedule a free estimate online and restore the look of your deck today. | <urn:uuid:70687c8f-aa61-43c9-90d9-8596ac1f060f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://northcraft-deck-staining-services.com/Restoration-Articles-Tips/Can_Deck_Stain_Be_Color_Matched/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.93657 | 539 | 1.773438 | 2 |
So gorgeous! So depressing! The cherry blossoms in Kyoto, Japan hit their peak bloom last week — the earliest date recorded in official records and, some say, the earliest date of bloom for the trees in more than 1,200 years. And climate change definitely has a hand in the trees’ early beauty show.
The Japan Meteorological Agency has kept official records of blooming trees across the country, which it measures by tracking the blooms on a number of “benchmark” trees, since 1953. This year’s date of peak bloom in Kyoto — March 26 — is the earliest date in their record-keeping, and is 10 days ahead of the 30-year average.
But data on the trees in the form of historical documents, diaries, poems, and other imperial records stretches all the way back to the early 800s (yes, that’s a three-digit date). Yasuyuki Aono, an environmental scientist at Osaka Prefecture University, has been combing through these records, and released them online as a dataset. The blooming of the cherry trees is a culturally significant time of year in Japan — there have historically been viewing parties and festivals on the arrival of the blossoms — making consistently tracking their peak season possible in historical documents.
Photographer and filmmaker Ian Shive is known for documenting remote locations, and it doesn’t get much more remote than the Aleutian Islands. The chain of 2,500 islands jut off the coast of mainland Alaska and form a 1,931 kilometre arc in the Bering Sea. They are one of the most...Read more
Aono’s records aren’t totally complete — he said he’s missing a few years, which is understandable given the amount of time he had to cover. But according to these historical records, the previous early record was set way back in 1409 — the blossoms hit peak on March 27 of that year.
It’s not a freak accident that the Kyoto cherry trees bloomed so early this year, or that historical data suggests the blooms are gradually getting earlier and earlier. The average temperature in the city for March last year hit 51.1 degrees Fahrenheit (10.6 degrees Celsius), a big increase from the 47.5 Fahrenheit (8.6 Celsius) average in 1953. Cherry blossoms are especially sensitive to changing temperatures — the trees only bloom for about two weeks each year — which means they provide a valuable barometer for how even minuscule shifts in climate can affect them.
This year’s extremely early bloom isn’t just confined Kyoto. All over Japan, cherry trees have been blooming earlier and earlier. Of the 58 “benchmark” trees the Japan Meteorological Agency keeps track of each year, all but 18 have already hit peak bloom — and 14 of those trees hit their peak in record time.
“We can say it’s most likely because of the impact of the global warming,” Shunji Anbe, an official at the observations division at the Japan Meteorological Agency, told the AP.
The cherry trees’s cousins in Washington, DC — planted in March of 1912 after Japan sent over more than 3,000 trees as a gesture of friendship towards the U.S. — are also in full bloom right now. And these trees are also trending towards earlier blooms as temperatures get warmer in the city. A 2011 paper predicted that the sensitive trees could bloom an average of 5 days earlier than the historic average by 2050 and 10 days by 2080 under a midrange emissions scenario — and as much as 13 days earlier and 28 days earlier under the highest range emissions scenario.
Sorry to ruin anyone’s blossom-viewing parties this weekend. Go, uh, enjoy the scenery! | <urn:uuid:3c87e7f8-a4d8-46d6-8299-8a4201e00a4d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2021/04/japan-hasnt-seen-cherry-blossoms-this-early-in-1200-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.941299 | 786 | 3.03125 | 3 |
“Oloiborr! Good to see you again, my friend,” said Symon Masiaine, the Kenya Giraffe Program coordinator and chief researcher for our new collaborative giraffe conservation program in northern Kenya. Symon said this while squeezed into the slightly too small driver’s seat of our Land Rover, as we descended the track in northern Kenya. He said this as if it was a coincidence that we met up with Oloiborr, but I reckon he planned it.
Symon, from the Laikipian Maasai tribe, is an experienced and talented conservation researcher who has been with us since we kicked off the giraffe program in May 2016 (for more on Symon, check out this interview). Oloiborr (the maa word for white) was the very first giraffe we had identified and photographed. Oloiborr is a dignified older male giraffe, and he is very recognizable, as his face is very white.
I was back in Kenya a few weeks ago, working on some other conservation initiatives for San Diego Zoo Global, and I was glad to be able to briefly spend time with the giraffe team. Catching up two months after we started was fantastic.
This collaborative work was launched at two sites—Loisaba and Namunyak in northern Kenya—and it focuses on conservation of reticulated giraffes. Already at Loisaba, Symon has identified 50 different individual giraffes, gathering vital full profile photos of each giraffe. That allows us to use pattern recognition software on their coat patterns to identify individuals, just like fingerprints. Symon has also been tracking those individuals using geo-located photos and images from our 50 camera traps across the site. In addition, Symon has been leading the regional work, and meeting with the Mzee (elders) of the surrounding communities, to learn from them about giraffes and understand their challenges.
The team in Namunyak—which currently includes Daniel Lenaipa Johnston Lekushan and Jonathan Lenyakopiro has been equally successful. The entire Namunyak team is from Namunyak, and they are Samburu. The setting in Namunyak is more challenging, as we haven’t yet raised enough for a vehicle. So, they are monitoring giraffes and building the photo ID catalog for the giraffes on foot, often patrolling with the rangers and camping out in the bush (and they have already been chased by numerous elephants). The vegetation there is much more dense, and the terrain is more challenging. Despite this, under Symon’s guidance and training, the team has gathered numerous giraffe IDs, placed 50 camera traps, and conducted the pilot human dimensions questionnaire surveys with communities in Namunyak.
Our work on giraffe conservation took on even more importance about two weeks ago, with the incredible announcement by our collaborators at the Giraffe Conservation Foundation that their groundbreaking study on giraffe genetics showed that there are in fact not one, but four totally separate giraffe species! Each is as different from the others as “polar bears are from brown bears.” To me, the fact that we are just finding out there are four species of giraffe—in 2016—is mind-blowing, especially as giraffe are iconic and so well known around the world. It also underscores one of the big challenges we face in giraffe conservation—that, compared to other famous mammals, we know very, very little about them—and this is a big problem when trying to protect them.
Giraffes are in trouble. Collectively for all four giraffe species, it’s estimated that they’ve declined by about 40 percent in just the past few decades. They are already extinct in seven African countries. If it becomes widely accepted that there are four species of giraffe, one of the new species will be the reticulated giraffe, which is the species of giraffe we are focused on in northern Kenya. This species (formerly considered a subspecies) has declined a by staggering 70 percent or so, with only 8,000 to 10,000 estimated to remain in the wild. As such reticulated giraffe is now one of the most imperiled large mammals on the planet.
The biggest threats we believe exist for the reticulated giraffe are habitat loss and fragmentation, land degradation (due to overgrazing), and heavy poaching. In response to this, along with our collaborators, Symon and team are monitoring giraffes every day, learning more about basic things such as how many are there, where they are going, and how far they range—as well as learning from people where they see giraffe, where they see poaching, and whether or not they consume giraffe. In addition, the giraffe team is providing extra eyes in the field to report poachers, and they are actively identifying and removing snares.
I don’t have the vocabulary to properly express how important this work is, how incredible the giraffe team members in Kenya are, and how much they are doing in challenging circumstances. Not only are they helping us learn more about giraffes, they are also actively protecting them—as well as engaging with and working with communities who live with giraffes every day.
My colleague at San Diego Zoo Global, research coordinator Kirstie Ruppert, will head back out to Kenya in October to catch up with Symon and the team, launch a second phase of the project, and collect the data and photographs amassed to date. The camera traps are incredible: we had over 250,000 images from our pilot this spring, and that was just from 30 cameras. We have 100 going now, gathering the key data on giraffes, as well as all other wildlife. Kirstie will also be assisting in hiring and training two more local people to join the team! We’re expanding, and that is good—not only for giraffes, but also for communities that are directly benefiting from giraffes. They’re giving them jobs!
“You knew Oloiborr would be here didn’t you?” I asked Symon. “I had a feeling,” Symon answered.
It was far more than a feeling; it was a result of countless hours of hard work, coupled with deep conservation knowledge. We, and giraffes, are extremely lucky to be working alongside this incredibly talented team, securing a safe and sustainable future for this newly identified species.
The Giraffe Conservation Project Collaborative includes Giraffe Conservation Foundation, giraffeconservation.org; The Northern Rangelands Trust, nrt-kenya.org; Namunyak Conservancy, nrt-kenya.org/namunyak; Loisaba Conservancy, loisaba.com; Lewa Conservancy, lewa.org; The Nature Conservancy, nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/africa/; Sarara Camp, sarara.co; Global Conservation Force, globalconservationforce.org; and San Diego Zoo Global sandiegozooglobal.org.
David O’Connor is a research coordinator at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research. Read his previous blog, Defending the Towers. | <urn:uuid:e1fd4e9e-6afc-4fc4-a281-b53e581171b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stories.sandiegozoo.org/2016/09/24/defending-the-towers-giraffe-conservation-update/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.960346 | 1,520 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Many arguments prove the existence of such a natural law…
XIII. Second, by the consent of nations, among whom (even the most savage) some law of the primitive nations obtains, from which even without a teacher they have learned that God should be worshipped, parents honored, a virtuous life be led and from which as a fountain have flowed so many laws concerning equity and virtue enacted by heathen legislators drawn from nature itself….
XV. …it is even most absurd that the rational creature as rational should not be subject to him [God] in the genus of morals and not be governed by him suitably to his nature (i.e., by moral means) by the establishment of a law. Hence it follows either that man ought to have been created independent by God (which is absurd) or that he has a natural law impressed upon him, in accordance with which he may be ruled by him.
XVII. Sixth, the testimonies of the most illustrious heathen philosophers, who bravely opposed themselves to that impious opinion [that there is no natural law] (such as Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics). Cicero…demonstrates by various weighty arguments “that we are born to justice, and that right is not established by opinion, but by nature. … Socrates…used to complain that this error was the source of all human vices, since if this were true all justice and piety would be swept away from the world. “For if nature does not ratify law,” says he, “then all the virtues may lose their sway. For what becomes of generosity, patriotism, or friendship? Where will the desire of benefitting our neighbors, or the gratitude that acknowledges kindness, be able to exist at all? … “True law, says he, “is right reason comformable to nature, universal, unchangeable, eternal, whose commands urge us to duty, and whose prohibitions restrain us from evil.” … “It is not one thing at Rome, and another at Athens; one thing today, and another tomorrow; but in all times and nations this universal law must forever reign, eternal and imperishable. It is the sovereign master and emperor of all beings. God himself is its author, its promulgator, its enforcer. And he who does not obey it flies from himself, and does violence to the very nature of man.” | <urn:uuid:6e029919-78b3-4d35-ab13-1605855990d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://presbyterianblues.wordpress.com/2013/01/01/turretin-fan-of-natural-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00442-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973761 | 496 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- Alleged Nazi war criminal Johann Breyer, 89, died overnight Tuesday
- Hours later, a federal judge granted a United States' request for his extradition
- Breyer, an accused guard at a Nazi death camp, faced 158 counts of contributing to murder
A suspected Nazi war criminal died in Philadelphia overnight Tuesday, just hours before a U.S. court ruling cleared the way for him to be extradited to Germany to face trial.
Johann Breyer, 89, died at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital of unknown causes, according to James Burke of the U.S. Marshals Service.
On Wednesday, U.S. Magistrate Judge Timothy Rice granted the U.S. government's request for an extradition certification "based on Breyer's role as a Nazi 'Death's Head Guard,' in the murder of 216,000 European Jews at the Auschwitz II-Birkenau death camp" and one other location from 1943 to 1945.
"As outlined by Germany, a death camp guard such as Breyer could not have served at Auschwitz during the peak of the Nazi reign of terror in 1944 without knowing that hundreds of thousands of human beings were being brutally slaughtered in gas chambers and then burned on site," Judge Rice said in court documents released Wednesday.
He was facing 158 counts of contributing to murder, one charge for each trainload of European Jews who were forcibly deported to Auschwitz, in southern Poland, between May and October 1944, according to court documents.
Breyer's attorney was not immediately available for comment Wednesday. An exact extradition date had not been set.
Breyer was arrested in Philadelphia last month and held without bail. He was awaiting the extradition hearing when his health deteriorated and he was transferred to the hospital on Saturday.
He had lived in the United States since the 1950s, most recently with his family in a red brick row house in northeast Philadelphia.
The U.S. case against Breyer dates to the 1990s, when federal authorities sought to strip him of his U.S. citizenship, arguing that Nazis were not eligible.
Breyer maintained his citizenship, however, after he was able to establish that his mother was born in Pennsylvania and returned to Germany before World War I. After World War II, Breyer migrated to the United States in 1952 and claimed citizenship as a displaced person.
Authorities alleged that he admitted to serving as a guard but deliberately made false statements to minimize his role in the Holocaust. | <urn:uuid:7da69743-72d2-49f6-a5bf-fd36c9346fd6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/23/justice/nazi-charge-philadelphia-man/index.html?hpt=ju_c2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983197 | 501 | 2.25 | 2 |
This article was part of a series of articles about Extensible Markup Language published in 2000 that explored XML's origins, some early potential uses in applications, and its relationship to HTML, the current markup language for documents published on the Web. Those articles are at Sun.com. This article has been lightly edited from the original version (Copyright © 2000, Sun Microsystems, Inc.).
The attention paid to XML (Extensible Markup Language), whose 1.0 standard was published February 10, 1998, is impressive. XML has been heralded as the next important internet technology, the next step following HTML, and the natural and worthy companion to the Java programming language itself. Enterprises of all stripes have rapturously embraced XML. An important role for XML is in managing not only documents but also the information components on which documents are based.
Document Management: Organizing Files
Document management as a technology and a discipline has traditionally augmented the capabilities of a computer's file system. By enabling users to characterize their documents, which are usually stored in files, document management systems enable users to store, retrieve, and use their documents more easily and powerfully than they can do within the file system itself.
Long before anyone thought of XML, document management systems were originally developed to help law offices maintain better control over and access to the many documents that legal professionals generate. The basic mechanisms of the first document management systems performed, among others, these simple but powerful tasks:
In essence, document management systems created libraries of documents in a computer system or a network. The document library contained a "card catalog" where the user-supplied information was stored and through which users could find out about the documents and access them. The card catalog was a database that captured information about a document, such as these:
Armed with a database of such information about documents, users could find information in more sensible and intuitive ways than scanning different directories' lists of contents, hoping that a file's name might reveal what the file contained. Many people consider document management systems' first achievement to have created "a file system within the file system."
Soon, document management systems began to provide additional and valuable functionality. By enriching the databases of information about the documents (the metadata), these systems provided these capabilities:
These critical capabilities (among others) of document management systems have proven enormously successful, fueling a multi-billion dollar business.
XML: Managing Document Components
XML and its parent technology, SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), provide the foundation for managing not only documents but also the information components of which the documents are composed. This is due to some notable characteristics of XML data.
Documents vs. Files
In XML, documents can be seen independently of files. One document can comprise many files, or one file can contain many documents. This is the distinction between the physical and logical structure of information. XML data is primarily described by its logical structure. In a logical structure, principal interest is placed on what the pieces of information are and how they relate to each other, and secondary interest is placed on the physical items that constitute the information.
Rather than relying on file headers and other system-specific characteristics of a file as the primary means for understanding and managing information, XML relies on the markup in the data itself. A chapter in a document is not a chapter because it resides in a file called chapter1.doc but because the chapter's content is contained in the <chapter> and </chapter> element tags.
Because elements in XML can have attributes, the components of a document can be extensively self-descriptive. For example, in XML you can learn a lot about the chapter without actually reading it if the chapter's markup is rich in attributes, as in <chapter language="English" subject="colonial economics" revision_date="19980623" author="Joan X. Pringle" thesis_advisor="Ramona Winkelhoff">. When the elements carry self-describing metadata with them, systems that understand XML syntax can operate on those elements in useful ways, just like a traditional document management system can. But there is a major difference.
Information vs. Documents
XML markup provides metadata for all components of a document, not merely the object that contains the document itself. This makes the pieces of information that constitute a document just as manageable as the fields of a record in a database. Because XML data follows syntactic rules for well-formedness and proper containment of elements, document management systems that can correctly read and parse XML data can apply the functions of document management system, such as those mentioned above, to any and all information components inside the document.
The focus on information rather than documents from XML offers some important capabilities:
While standard document management systems do offer some measure of information reuse through file sharing, information management systems based on XML or SGML enable people to share pieces of common information without storing the piece of information in multiple places.
By enabling people to focus on information components that make up documents rather than on the documents themselves, these systems can identify and capture useful information components that have ongoing value "buried" inside documents whose value as documents is limited. That is, a particular document may be useful only for a short time, but chunks of information inside that document may be reusable and valuable for a longer period.
Because the information components in XML documents are identifiable, manipulatable, and manageable, XML information management technology can support real economies in applications such as translation of technical manuals.
Evaluating Product Offerings
While the general world of document management and information management is moving toward adoption of structured information and use of XML and SGML, some product offerings distinguish themselves by using underlying database management products with native support for object-oriented data. Object-oriented data matches the structure of XML data quite well and database systems that comprehend object-oriented data adapt well to the tasks of managing XML information.
By contrast, other information management products that comprehend XML or SGML data use relational database systems and provide their own object-oriented extensions to those database systems in order to comprehend object-oriented data such as XML or SGML data, and relying on such implementations have also garnered success and respect in the document management marketplace.
About the Author
Todd Freter is Program Manager, Advanced Development and Industry Initiatives, Java Web Services, Sun Microsystems, Inc. He has over 23 years experience in the software business. His role in XML evangelism began with his work at Novell where he worked on the team that used XML's predecessor, SGML, to deliver one of the first wide-distribution online documentation disks in the software industry, a documentation CD for NetWare 4. At Sun, Freter has managed programs using SGML and XML to publish large amounts of technology information and documentation on the Internet, and from there he moved into wider XML evangelism and standardization efforts, including the use of XML for B2B transports (ebXML) in a variety of vertical industries. Freter was an early online publisher of information about XML starting in 1998, discussing many of its possible applications, many of which have been fully realized today.
Freter, T., "XML: Document and Information Management", DSSResources.COM, 09/03/2004.
Sun Microsystems, Inc. has provided permission to archive and feature this article, including some minor revisions to the original approved by the author, at DSSResources.COM on September 3, 2004. This article was posted at DSSResources.COM on September 3, 2004. | <urn:uuid:f66cf7f5-a390-4494-ba8c-1244ee0946cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dssresources.com/papers/features/freter/freter09032004.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00274-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91974 | 1,545 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Applets are programs based on the java language that are designed to run on your computer using the Java Run Time environment.
The following is an excerpt of the afore mentioned book. This java applet does friction head loss calculations for any Newtonian fluid for which the viscosity is known in the turbulent flow regime only which is most cases. The applet provides data on pipe roughness the source of which can be obtained in a pdf file at the bottom of this page.
PIPE FRICTION HEAD DIFFERENCE FOR NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
The Friction Head is the friction due to the movement of fluid in a piping system and is proportional to flow rate, pipe diameter and viscosity. Tables of values for Friction Head are available in references 1 & 8.
The Friction Head, as defined here, is made up of the friction loss due to the fluid movement and the friction loss due to the effect of pipe fittings (for example, 90° elbows, 45° bends, tees, etc.):
the subscript FP refers to pipe friction loss and the subscript FF to fittings friction loss.
Newtonian fluids are a large class of fluids, whose essential property VISCOSITY, was first defined by Newton (see Appendix A for a list of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids). Viscosity is the relationship between the velocity of a given layer of fluid and the force required to maintain that velocity. Newton theorized that for most pure fluids, there is a direct relationship between force required to move a layer and its velocity. Therefore, to move a layer at twice the velocity, required twice the force. His hypothesis could not be tested at the time, but later the French researcher, Poiseuille, demonstrated its validity. This resulted in a very practical definition for viscosity.
The Darcy-Weisbach formula expresses the resistance to movement of any fluid in a pipe:
where f is a non dimensional friction factor. Often, the tables give values for friction loss in terms of ft of fluid per 100 ft of pipe. When the appropriate units are used (Imperial system), the Darcy-Weisbach equation becomes:
and in the metric system
The friction factor is proportional to the Reynolds number which is defined as:
The Reynolds number is proportional to the kinematic viscosity, the average velocity, and the pipe inside diameter. It is a non dimensional number. The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the absolute viscosity to the fluid specific gravity SG.
Viscosity data of common liquids can also be found int the Goulds pump catalogue.
Laminar flow - RE < 2000
Distinct flow regimes can be observed as the Reynolds number is varied. In the range of 0 to 2000, the flow is uniform and is said to be laminar. The term laminar refers to successive layers of fluid immediately adjacent to one another, or laminated. Looking at a longitudinal section of the pipe, the velocity of individual fluid particles is zero close to the wall and increases to a maximum value at the center of the pipe with every particle moving parallel to its neighbor. If we inject dye into the stream, we would notice that the dye particles maintain their cohesion for long distances from the injection point.
Figure 3-16 Laminar and turbulent flow velocity profiles.
The friction loss is generated within the fluid itself. Figure 3-16 shows that each layer (in this case each ring) of fluid is moving progressively faster as we get closer to the center. The difference in velocity between each fluid layer causes the friction loss.
The friction factor f is given by:
For viscous fluids (i.e.: n > 50 SSU), the combination of velocity and viscosity usually produces a low Reynolds number and therefore laminar flow. Pumping viscous fluids at a faster rate may cause the fluid to become turbulent resulting in high friction losses. The tables for viscous fluid friction loss given in references 1 & 8 are based on the equation for laminar flow, equation [3-18]. This equation can be theoretically derived and is found in most fluid dynamic volumes (see reference 11). An interesting aspect of laminar flow is that pipe roughness is not a factor in determining friction loss.
Unstable flow - 2000 <RE <4000
The flow is pulsing and unstable and appears to possess characteristics of both laminar and turbulent flow.
Turbulent flow - RE > 4000
At Reynolds number larger than 4000, it is very difficult to predict the behavior of the fluid particles, as they are moving in many directions at once. If dye is injected into the stream, the dye particles are rapidly dispersed, demonstrating the complex nature of this type of flow. Reynolds, who originally did this experiment, used it to demonstrate the usefulness of a non-dimensional number (the Reynolds number) related to velocity and viscosity. Most industrial applications involve fluids in turbulent flow. The geometry of the wall (pipe roughness) becomes an important factor in predicting the friction loss.
Many empirical formulas for turbulent flow have been developed. Colebrook's equation is the one most widely accepted:
where is the average height of protuberances (absolute roughness) of the pipe wall surface (for example, 0.00015 ft for smooth steel pipe). The term /D is called the pipe roughness parameter or the relative roughness. Since it is not possible to derive an explicit solution for f, L.F. Moody (see Figure 3-18) developed a graphical solution. The diagram shows the linear relationship of the friction factor (f) with the Reynolds number (Re) for the laminar flow regime. For Reynolds numbers in the medium range (4,000 to 1,000,000, turbulent flow), the friction factor is dependent on the Reynolds number and the pipe roughness parameter, which is known as the transition zone. For high Reynolds numbers (1,000,000 and higher, fully turbulent), the friction factor is independent of the Reynolds number and is proportional only to the pipe roughness parameter. This is the zone of complete turbulence.
Some typical values for the absolute roughness :
|PIPE MATERIAL Absolute roughness|
|Steel or wrought iron||0.00015 ft|
|Asphalt-dipped cast iron||0.0004 ft|
|Galvanized iron||0.0005 ft|
Another equation developed by Swamee and Jain, gives an explicit result for f and agrees with the Colebrook equation within 1%, this is the equation used for this applet.
The pressure head loss per 100 feet of pipe is obtained using equation [3-16]. You can get the total head loss by multiplying by the length of the pipe and dividing by 100. Then to convert to pressure loss, use equation [3-21].
How to use the applet
Data for the system (see next figure) is entered in the area marked general data. When you select the type of pipe to be used, standard values for nom. diameter, and inside diamater are inserted into the pipe data table in columns 1 and 2. The pipe diameter values used in this applet are available here. Installation cost for the pipe is also inserted into the pipe data table in column 3, these are typical values only and you need to replace them with values applicable to your area. The pipe data table is editable by double-clicking on any item in the 3rd column. Once this is done you can press the Calculate button and the results will appear at the bottom. The first line of the results give the diameter selected that is closest to a standard diameter based on the flow rate and target velocity. The second line provides information on what the power cost and installation cost would be if you had selected the next biggest diameter. These costs can then be compared to the costs for the smaller diameter providing the cost savings for one year which in turn determines how many years are required to pay back the pipe installation cost or the ROI period. The next largest diameter is then selected and the same calculation is done based on the smallest diameter.
The intent of this applet is to help make a reasonned decision on pipe size that is more involved than selecting a pipe diameter on the basis of a target velocity. If a system has a low static head, the cost of power for such a system over a year may well justify installing a larger pipe than would normally be called for based on matching a target velocity. To do this, the cost of the pipe, hangers, supports, flanges, etc., must be known per foot of pipe. The power consumption is calculated based on the fluid properties, the length of pipe and the flow rate. The pump efficiency must be known and if the pump has not been purchased then a reasonable estimate can be provided using this curve. The cost of a kiloWatt-hour must also be known as well as the motor efficiency and then the annual savings that can be achieved by installing a bigger pipe can be calculated.
The power consumed is calculated with the standard formula:
The pipe roughness is selectable and based on the values in this table. You can also specify any pipe roughness by clicking on the specify text of the pipe roughness selection box. This will make another textfield appear where the pipe roughness can be entered.
The pipe diameter used is the inside diameter. This diameter varies depending on the construction of the pipe. Various standards such as carbon steel schedule pipe are used and are selectable. These values are then displayed in a grid on the applet. The values in the grid can be changed at any time.
The annual operating cost of power is calculated based on the number of operating hours in a year, the motor efficiency and the cost per kW-h. This is done based on a pipe size that closely matches the target velocity. These calculations are done for the next biggest pipe sizes and are compared with the installation cost of these pipes.
The ROI (Return On Investment) period is the ratio of the pipe cost (includes purchase and installation ) difference between the initial selection and the next available diameter and the power cost difference of the the initial selection and the next available diameter. In the graphic above the ROI period
6.5 years = ($10,500 -$7500)/($1196-$1658).
A small period, for example less than 2 years means that it will take 2 years for the power savings to pay back the increased cost of the larger pipe size. Remember that it is difficult to change pipe size after the fact, the cost of dismantling and production time loss is usuallly very high.
The friction calculation in this program uses the Swamee-Jain equation. There is no head loss calculation for fittings friction. Therefore the real friction will be higher which means that the power consumption will be slightly higher. However this is not expected to impact the ROI period since fittings friction loss is normally a small portion of the total head.
The static head of the system must be known and this is added to the calculated friction head. If the discharge or suction end of the system is pressurized then this should be included in the static head. If there are any other process equipment such as control valves, heat exchangers, etc., the sum of their total head loss can be entered in the equipment head loss textbox.
The pipe construction types provided are carbon steel schedule pipe and ID pipe in Imperial units. The poly ethylene, PVC-M and UPVC pipe size original data is metric and the sizes have been converted to Imperial units.
The applet offers you two choices of pipe sizes that are larger than the initial selection based on a target velocity and you can decide which of these is appropriate based on the ROI period. | <urn:uuid:d72e7ea5-0122-46ae-adfe-8490587bdb58> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pumpfundamentals.com/help17.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00548-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918766 | 2,436 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Your business is set up and you’re ready to bring in customers. However, your potential customers are walking away (or abandoning their carts) without finalizing their purchase. One of the reasons they may have stopped shopping is the price of your item or service. They may want to buy from you, but the cost is simply too much at the time. How can you retain these interested customers?
Many business owners are turning to finance options to help secure these visitors and convert them into customers. Offering your customers financing options is a tried and true way to increase revenue and establish strong foundations for coveted repeat customer business. Which consumer financing option is best for you? Here, we’ll review what customer financing is, how it works, and the pros and cons of establishing a customer financing program.
What is customer financing, and how does it work?
Customer financing lets customers enroll in a payment plan to purchase goods or services. Like a credit card, instead of fronting the full cost of the purchase upfront, customers can pay out the total cost – typically with interest and/or fees – over a predetermined period. Your customer will receive the item right away as if the item or service was paid for in full upfront.
To explore the customer financing option, your customer will apply for financing at checkout. This typically involves a credit check to confirm the creditworthiness of your customer. If approved, your customer will make monthly payments to the financing company, and you will receive the total cost of the item at the time of their purchase.
What are the costs involved with customer financing?
Generally, customers pay an interest fee and/or other management fees to obtain customer financing. This percentage can vary depending on the company, the financing terms, and the creditworthiness of the customer, among other factors.
The costs a business pays to access financing varies as well. There are two main models available: you can manage the entire process yourself from A to Z, or you can outsource credit checks and payment collection services to a third party that manages the process on your behalf. If your customer financing options are run in-house, you’ll have to pay the costs related to conducting credit checks and collecting payments, including staffing and software. If you opt for a third party, you’ll pay a small fee to the financing company for each transaction or a flat monthly fee to access the service.
Pros of customer financing for business owners
- Increased sales: A lack of payment options can cause your customer to abandon their cart. Offering customer financing allows them an additional option for checking out on their terms.
- Capture customers on the spot: New customers are only 5 to 20 percent likely to make a purchase, making that first purchase a crucial one to land. Once you acquire a customer, there is a 60 to 70 percent chance that the customer will return to make another purchase. Offering customer financing is yet another way to increase the possibility that a customer will complete the checkout process and take home your product.
- Upfront payments: You won’t have to wait to collect your money. The finance company of your choice pays you right away, while they are responsible for handling payment collection from your customer.
- Better prices for the customer: Visitors to your website may hesitate to check out if your price is higher than what they are willing to spend. By splitting up a large payment into several smaller ones, they can get the goods or services they want without impressing any difficult financial demand on themselves.
Cons of customer financing for business owners
- You might have to pay a fee for the service. Most customer financing options aren’t available for free, especially options that handle the process for you. Some providers charge a flat monthly fee to use their service, while others charge a percentage on each successful transaction. You’ll have to decide which model is best for your business, and more importantly, what your business can afford.
- You might have to meet minimums to use the service. Some providers require that you meet a certain transaction threshold to use them, or be charged a fee. Ask your potential customer financing partner to clarify if this is a condition to use their service.
- It could raise your customer acquisition cost. While customer financing options are good for securing new customers, the amount you pay to attract that new customer may not be worth it. It’s best to assess the tool of your choice after using it for a few months so you can properly assess the data and see if your costs went up.
- It could possibly create bad debt. Even with a credit check, you can’t predict if a customer may default on payments. It’s certainly possible, even with stellar credentials, that a customer doesn’t make their payments. Even if you do collect your payment upfront, there’s a chance that a provider may drop your business if you attract too many customers who renege on the terms of their agreement.
Is customer financing right for your business?
Bringing in new customers is one of the most challenging aspects of running a business. Offering customer financing options is one way to help attract and retain newcomers while giving customers the tools they need to access the products they want. However, offering customer financing is an individualized decision that comes down to understanding your business’s main goals and the tools you need to meet those goals.
If you decide to move forward with customer financing options, there’s no right or wrong way to establish the program at your company. You may prefer to hire your own staff and build out a customer financing department in-house. You may choose to pay a fee to a third-party service to handle the process for you. Whichever route you take, offering your customers the opportunity to finance their purchase can make the difference between closing a sale and losing a potential new, long-term customer. | <urn:uuid:140aa398-1367-455b-b1bc-4198f4b8f754> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://resources.smartbizloans.com/blog/business-finances/customer-financing-advantages-and-disadvantages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.948611 | 1,207 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Technology swamps our lives. Instead of marathon Monopoly sessions with the neighbourhood gang, our children played computer games. Instead of soberly reading Plato by the fireside of an evening, we find ourselves trawling iTunes for a good film, and there never is one. Yet there can be jolly aspects to all of this gadgetry, one being selecting a ditty for the phone. Ours is a rousing tune. When we are trudging from one archival facility to another, often via the Métro, the word most aptly applied to us might be biddy, or perhaps frump, but if our phone rings, the tune brings a surprised smile to those around us at first and then, when it is recognized, a frown, it being the Overture of 1812 and celebrating the Corsican's defeat at the gates of Moscow. (By way of compensation, we give above a ditty celebrating French victory, albeit of a different sort.)
Had he won, Napoleon would have extended the boundaries of France to a degree that would have disconcerted mapmakers for generations. As it is, the boundaries of France, particularly on the north and the east, have shifted with the speed and contortions of a sidewinder on scorching sand. For those tracing their ancestors who lived near the northern or eastern borders, it can be very tricky indeed, for it is difficult to know just when a certain region was part of France or not and so, whether to search in French records or perhaps Belgian or Italian archives.
To those of us who have never had the benefit of an education covering the entirety of French history comes a spot of relief from La Maison de l'histoire de France with two dandy animated maps. One shows the changing northern border of France through the past five hundred years; the other shows the changes along the border formed by the Alps. Technology the way it should be. Really simple. Really clear. Really useful.
©2012 Anne Morddel | <urn:uuid:45364a63-a05d-4c75-9934-b5b885071208> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://french-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/2012/02/how-france-has-changed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00411-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956706 | 404 | 2.203125 | 2 |
A BBC sports presenter claims to have seen a UFO near Stansted Airport early this morning, the BBC reports.
Radio 5 presenter Mike Sewell says he was driving early this morning about 15 miles from Stansted Airport in Hertfordshire, England, when a bright light descended towards the road before banking to the left and then circling over a field. It was disc shaped with several lights flashing around the edge. During the interview, UFO expert Timothy Good said he “knew for a fact” that experimental spacecraft have been developed with the help of aliens, and that this might be one of them.
Sewell doesn’t mention taking any photographs with his mobile phone, and of course Good doesn’t give any hard evidence to back up his claim. So could this be a hoax? I doubt Sewell would stick his professional neck out by lying to reporters from his own news agency. Perhaps he hallucinated? Perhaps it was some strange electrical phenomenon?
The proximity to Stansted raises the possibility that it was indeed some sort of experimental aircraft, but we don’t have to go so far as Good does and spin tales about aliens. I met a reporter who once saw what he was convinced was a UFO flying over the New Mexico desert. He described it as a black triangle unlike any aircraft he had ever seen. He became a UFO believer until the first photos of the Stealth bomber were released, and then he knew what he had seen.
Have you ever had a strange encounter near an airport? Tell us what you saw in the comments section!
[Photo of “unusual atmospheric occurrence observed over Sri Lanka” courtesy UK Ministry of Defence. This is not the object Sewell claims to have seen.] | <urn:uuid:8bfc1231-0798-4c81-afe3-c22967a5ecaf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gadling.com/2011/08/03/bbc-presenter-spots-ufo-near-stansted-airport/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.984393 | 353 | 1.5625 | 2 |
So, what causes STPD?
Like any form of mental illness, STPD has a variety of factors, including genetics, but what makes STPD slightly different is that it also has social and environmental primary causes as well. Childhood abuse and neglect are first and foremost on that list. Trauma and familial dysfunction increase the risk of developing STPD. One of the signs of an adult with STPD is something called "asociality." You lack motivation to engage in social activities--like maintaining a love-relationship, having children, or doing anything that removes you from familiar people or places. You "deal" with the people you were born to, but you never actually do anything social--like take nieces and nephews fishing or to the movies. Everything you do is centered on the familiar, or avoiding interacting with people outside of your family circle. When you do make an outside social connection, if things get complicated, a person with STPD will withdraw--go back to the familiar. Especially if it is the people who are familiar that are creating the complications.
People with STPD are extremely susceptible to manipulation from others. Their heightened sense of paranoia doesn't help. It's easy for people who know you to play on that anxiety and fear. To play on your superstitious thinking. This is meant to isolate you from people who can help you. Believe it or not, if you have STPD caused by abuse, neglect and familial trauma/dysfunction, your family is sick, too. They actually made you this way and so can never help you get well. It's very hard for a person with STPD to break away from a toxic environment without the help of an outside social contact. Because, something called "avolition" is also a side-effect.
Avolition is a decrease in motivation to complete routine activities--like brushing your teeth, cooking, cleaning. Maybe it's disconnecting from hobbies, neglecting work, avoiding school environments...basically, anything that would make socializing with others possible. Technology can actually create artificial social situations that are "short-cuts" for a person with STPD to skip over the period of time people need to get to know each other in the "real" world; it can create a false sense of intimacy, too. Even if there is follow-through in the real world, because of things like paranoia and avolition, maintaining a healthy relationship with someone who has STPD is difficult, at best.
By the way, though STPD is considered part of the schizophrenia spectrum, it is not schizophrenia. STPD mimics some of the same symptoms, but that's where the similarities end. Particularly for people who suffer from STPD because of childhood neglect, abuse, and trauma. Those afflicted with STPD simply can't maintain close relationships. Part of why is because STPD patients have a higher comorbidity rate with things like severe anxiety, depression, paranoia, and other personality disorders like avoidant personality disorder (AvPD).
Avoidant personality disorder is where a child who is more sensitive to the physical and emotional world around them has been abused, neglected and exposed to a dysfunctional environment. These children tend to be highly empathic, but as they grow into adults, are unable to feel safe in any social relationship. Sadly, that only becomes apparent after a person with AvPD has adult love-relationships. Which is why AvPD is often not detected until a person is in their early twenties. But if that individual marries early (or before symptoms can be discerned), AvPD is more difficult to detect and treat because it's likely your partner chose you because of your vulnerability. That means the next love-relationship you have during or after your marriage is the sad beneficiary of the most prevalent symptoms that affect you--so, even if it is a healthy relationship with the potential for long-term success, it's unlikely to succeed.
AvPD sufferers feel inferior, inadequate and fear social criticism/judgment therefore avoid any social interaction where they may be rejected--yet, their desire for intimacy is off-the-charts, creating innate conflict within the individual. You may wonder, for example, if you are with the right person despite knowing the person you are with is "the best thing to ever happen to you." When someone with AvPD finds the intimacy they crave, they will only back off when family members or friends scrutinize their choice, making them withdraw completely. The only relationships a person with AvPD can maintain are the relationships where they know they will not be rejected. People with this disorder tend to fantasize about affectionate relationships--both real and imagined--as a way to escape from the pain of rejection. AvPD includes narcissistic traits, as the individual cannot stop focusing on themselves and how "evil" or "ugly" or "unworthy" they are, socially isolating themselves from anyone who might change that for them.
Sound familiar? It should.
Just remember, even if you have STPD and/or AvPD, you're still responsible for your behavior. You may reject others in anticipation of their rejection of you--which is entirely erratic behavior and part of your inability to maintain secure social bonds. You may lie to create intimacy then cut and run to avoid what you imagine will be inevitable rejection when your lies are discovered--again, this is part of your illness; it enables social-failure, not success. And, because you can't stop focusing on yourself, you will lose perspective on how your behavior a/effects others, pushing the responsibility of your decisions onto anyone but you. Though you desperately want to avoid rejection, when you hurt people who love you, you are self-sabotaging--because even people who love you will not reward your negative behavior. You will then see that as a rejection instead of recognizing that you yourself created a negative vacuum in order to maintain your fears and justify your beliefs. All of this shows a lack of mental stability. The only hope at living a normal life is to seek professional help while simultaneously removing yourself from the influence of toxic people and environments. A combination of regular talk therapy and medication can help you stick to your treatment plan so you can start to live your best life rather than fantasize about something that your actions via your illness have now made impossible, despite mutual feelings of love.
You can read everything and anything on this blog if it helps you get better. But nothing will help you truly heal if you don't also ACT. Go to your local Urgent Care Center or County Health Office. Ask for a referral to psychologists who work in talk therapy; most operate on a sliding scale and only charge what a patient can afford if you have no insurance. Poverty is connected to mental illness. So is avoiding the education needed to help you work smarter not harder. Your life can change. But only if you take control and get the help you need.
I grew up around mentally-ill adults. It affects the kind of adult you become. You are more sensitive to others, more observant, but also, more vulnerable. You want and need love and affection but either end up trusting the wrong people or wanting it from people who are ineffective. When you do find a person who can give you the love you want, need and deserve, you tend to sabotage the relationship. Growing up with mental illness is lonely. It isolates you, Makes you afraid of people. You can't trust easily. Believe me, I understand how it feels. You always have to go above and beyond to get people to like you, love you, hire you...but it's never somehow enough. Because, we choose people and situations who will hurt us. Even when we find a healthy person and/or situation, if we have not separated from the mental illness, those affected by it will pull us back. Again and again and again. The only way it stops is for us to stop being dependent on people who want to hurt us.
Prevent further damage to yourself and others by getting treatment. When you silence the negative voice in your head, you can get a clear perspective on who you are. Be patient with yourself, but don't allow self-sabotage through complacency or excuses or fear of rejection.
Sending positive energy, prayers and healing.... | <urn:uuid:551dc0ef-7732-4d29-a9e3-66a4175e698f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rebeccahousel.com/blog/archives/07-2014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.95759 | 1,696 | 2.640625 | 3 |
On my College-provided device
On my personal device
A cloud-based, free version is available here.
Students have two other options:
- Purchase a personal copy of SketchUp Studio from Creation Engine here.
- Download SketchUp Make 2017, which is the last free, desktop based version of SketchUP.
Note that SketchUp is not backwards compatible, so models created in a newer version will not be able to be opened in the 2017 version
Tutorials for both the Free web-based version and the desktop versions can be found in Linked in Learning. | <urn:uuid:c13350fe-a30d-4a3b-addf-545ddc1dfa06> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://help.lafayette.edu/sketchup/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.876628 | 119 | 1.679688 | 2 |
A Deep dive into what makes them beautiful.
The year was 2012. We were living while we were young, with the remnants of summer in the air and newly purchased Union Jack shirts to show off at school. It is hard to imagine the early 2010s without a certain United Kingdom-based boy band influencing our music and fashion choices. The One Direction infection, as it was commonly called, made many individuals’ early teen years, as fans were doing anything and everything to support their favorite band. However, One Direction was not only about the fanfare: the band had huge influence over an entire generation, inspiring young teens to adults.
The band still has a loyal following made up of active fans and reminiscent past “directioners,” a term for their fanbase, years after their official hiatus announcement was made in 2015. This goes to show the intensity of their influence over pop culture and the lasting effects such a monumental band can make.
One Direction got their start on the United Kingdom “The X Factor” in 2010, where each member — Harry Styles, Niall Horan, Liam Payne, Zayn Malik, and Louis Tomlinson — auditioned individually, but were grouped together after not passing the boot camp episodes.
The group did not win the X Factor, placing third, but quickly boomed to worldwide success after their hit single “What Makes You Beautiful” released in 2011. No one could turn on the radio or walk into a store without hearing the fun and flirty summer single. This was the first time music felt a boyband boom since the late 90s to early 2000s, and it left an impact on the industry, less successful groups rising out of nowhere only to fail in competing with the five boys from across the pond.
One Direction led a successful five-year career, with heights like winning Billboard’s New Artist of the Year award in 2013 and a total of seven Brit Awards — the British equivalent to the Grammys. According to Forbes, the band earned an estimated 75 million dollars in 2013, becoming the second highest earning celebrities under thirty.
Their career ended after a worldwide stadium tour, continuing after the departure of Malik in March of 2015, and the release of their last album “Made in the A.M.” featuring the quartet. However, fans still look back at the many years of music fondly and even support the members’ solo careers.
Most notably, Styles has had a successful solo career in terms of acting, music, and continuing to influence the fashion industry with his risk-taking looks. Styles recently won a Grammy for Best Pop Solo Performance with two other nominations.
Despite the popularity of their solo careers, fans still yearn for a reunion. Tomlinson told “The One Show”, “I think it’ll happen at some point: we’d be stupid not to. I think we’re kind of exploring and enjoying ourselves individually.”
Fans continue to stay hopeful of a reunion, but whether this happens or not, the icon that is this boyband will live on. One Direction served as a source of light and happiness to a whole generation: banding together individuals from all over the world. | <urn:uuid:9c82485e-e4cd-4873-99cd-80720b43557a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://outhreadmag.com/one-direction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.972821 | 664 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Книгу можно купить в интернет-магазинах:
· OZON.ru 14044р. [Проверить наличие]
ISBN: 013113406XИздательство: Prentice Hall
Год издания: 2004
Book Description Comprehensive and unique in its perspective, this reliable, easy-to-read book covers all areas of the Construction Management industry—with a balanced focus on both theory and practicality. It helps users gain a working knowledge of the whole Building Industry, as well as the technical skills required to manage a construction project from conception through occupancy. It emphasizes current industry practices, making it a useful reference for the construction professional. All topic areas are clearly marked for easy reference; these include: construction project management, contracts and delivery methods, detailed estimating, scheduling, network construction, project control, and project updating. For construction professionals, including engineers, technicians, schedulers, and planners. | <urn:uuid:1997f373-821a-41e9-b8dd-2f2da1df4c95> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.libring.ru/books/146497 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00087-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.783646 | 259 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Jury chair Amanda Foreman said nationality had nothing to do with the choice.
“It did not weigh on the jury that Paul was American,” said Foreman, who herself is American and based in New York.
“It shows that there is a global reach to this prize,” she added.
The Sellout is Beatty’s fourth novel and earlier this year won the National Book Critics Circle Award in the US.
It is narrated by Bonbon, an African-American resident of the run-down town of Dickens in Los Angeles county, which has been removed from the map to save California from embarrassment.
Bonbon is on trial for attempting to reinstitute slavery and segregation in the local high school as a means of bringing about civic order.
The judges said that “the framework of institutional racism and the unjust shooting of Bonbon’s father at the hands of police are particularly topical”.
Five other authors were nominated for the prize in a shortlist celebrated for taking risks and tackling tough subjects.
Foreman said the judges were “excited by the willingness of so many authors to take risks with language and form”.
“The final six reflect the centrality of the novel in modern culture – in its ability to champion the unconventional, to explore the unfamiliar, and to tackle difficult subjects.”
The favourite had been Canadian Madeleine Thien with her third novel, Do Not Say We Have Nothing, a weighty 480-page book that portrays a young woman recounting her family’s past in revolutionary China.
British author Graeme Macrae Burnet’s His Bloody Project had also been tipped by bookmakers. His second novel is set in 19th
rural Scotland and tells the story of a young and poor tenant farmer who murders the village administrator and his family.
The book’s Glasgow-based publisher is run by just two people and is struggling to meet demand.
Other novels shortlisted include Hot Milk by South African-born British author Deborah Levy, who depicts a torturous relationship between mother and daughter in a Spanish village.
Canadian-British author David Szalay’s All That Man Is traverses different countries to follow the lives of nine men in a tale about contemporary Europe.
Judges called it “a post-Brexit novel for our time”.
The final shortlisted book Eileen, the debut novel by American Ottessa Moshfegh, follows a disturbed young woman who cares for her alcoholic father and works in a youth prison.
Paul Beatty is the first US author to win the Man Booker Prize, the world’s most lauded English-language literary award. | <urn:uuid:7e0fc357-52a5-401a-8fe0-3c30af98035b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pressreader.com/myanmar/the-myanmar-times/20161027/281921657590612 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00355-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969129 | 563 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Based on Gaussian process (GP), a new parameters’ correlation analysis method for injection molding is proposed. Referred to the design idea of canonical correlation analysis (CCA), GP is used to extract accurate canonical correlation variables simultaneously from two data sets. And then the canonical correlation variables are used to analyze the correlation between parameters and design objectives. The cross member under windshield of a van is taken for a case. For the weld lines defects produced in injection process, the correlation of process parameters is analyzed to identify which parameters are more related to weld lines. The validity of this method is proved by the optimal result. And this provides strong theory and feasible algorithm for adaptive intelligent optimization and controlling of the parameters in injection process. | <urn:uuid:9b68b88b-043e-46c7-b5f5-1b0d1d73a0a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.scientific.net/AMR.154-155.130 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00401-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880896 | 144 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Experts have thrown cold water over the findings of a recent meta-analysis that concluded the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection was a “major new indication” for vitamin D supplementation.
Writing in an editorial in The BMJ Associate Professor Mark Bolland from the University of Auckland and Alison Avenell from the University of Aberdeen in the UK were commenting on an analysis of 25 trials that reported a 12% reduction in the odds of a respiratory tract infection (RTI) in people who were taking supplements.
However, according to the Professors, the findings must be treated with caution and should not change clinical practice.
They note that in absolute terms the primary result of a reduction in RTIs seen in the analysis was from 42% to 40% in patients who experienced at least one acute RTI.
“It seems unlikely that the general population would consider a 2% absolute risk reduction sufficient justification to take supplements,” they wrote.
“The results are heterogenous and not sufficiently applicable to the general population.”
Instead, the findings should be treated as hypothesis generating only, and need to be confirmed is well designed adequately powered randomised controlled trials, they added. | <urn:uuid:d921973f-5777-439e-81d6-b87a8e80a38e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thelimbic.com/respiratory/apply-caution-to-latest-vitamin-d-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.965205 | 241 | 2.25 | 2 |
If you suffer with bipolar disorder you must disclose this on your travel insurance application to be sure that if you need to claim for medical treatment when you are abroad your bipolar will be covered.
In addition should you fall ill before departure and be unable to travel, you would need to claim the lost holiday costs so you could book again when you recover. This will only be possible with full disclosure of your bipolar disorder at application.
This link might help if you are looking for travel insurance with bipolar disorder
What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder which was known in the past as manic depression, is a condition that affects your moods, which can swing from one extreme to another. If you have bipolar disorder, you will have periods or "episodes" of:
• depression – where you feel very low and lethargic
• mania – where you feel very high and overactive (less severe mania is known as hypomania)
The symptoms of bipolar disorder depend on which mood you are experiencing. Unlike simple mood swings, each extreme episode of bipolar disorder can last for several weeks or longer, and some people may not experience a "normal" mood very often.
The depression phase of bipolar disorder is often diagnosed first. You may initially be diagnosed with clinical depression before having a manic episode later (sometimes years later), after which you may be diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
The high and low phases of bipolar disorder are often so extreme that they interfere with everyday life. However, there are several options for treating bipolar disorder that can make a difference. They aim to control the effects of an episode and help someone with bipolar disorder to live life as normally as possible.
It is thought that using a combination of treatments is the best way to control bipolar disorder. Treatment can include:
• medication to prevent episodes of mania, hypomania (less severe mania) and depression – these are known as mood stabilisers and are taken every day, on a long-term basis
• medication to treat the main symptoms of depression and mania when they occur
• learning to recognise the triggers and signs of an episode of depression or mania
• psychological treatment such as talking therapy to help deal with depression and to give you advice about how to improve your relationships
• lifestyle advice such as doing regular exercise, planning activities that you enjoy and that give you a sense of achievement, and advice on improving your diet and getting more sleep.
This link might help if you would like to compare travel insurance with bipolar disorder
Setting up travel insurance if you have bipolar disorder will be cheaper if you go to a specialist website that provide a range of underwriters and options for cover. Be wary of your bank, especially if they offer so called “free cover” as they are unlikely to be specialists and the small print will probably exclude pre-existing medical conditions.
Travel agents are also unlikely to offer a wide selection of specialist travel insurance companies to cover bipolar disorder as they usually only provide quotes from a single company to make their lives easier when training their staff. | <urn:uuid:27fc3810-2a9a-4fe2-8ac0-0f0e7fc2d104> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://travelinsurancebipolar.co.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.964748 | 627 | 1.976563 | 2 |
AlphaFold: Why DeepMind’s protein-folding AI is transformationalJuly 29, 2022
Understanding proteins and their complex 3D shapes is key to understanding life, and especially for developing drugs
29 July 2022
AlphaFold, DeepMind’s artificial intelligence that predicts the structure of proteins, is a gift to biologists.
To understand life, we need to understand proteins. Living things are molecular machines, and most of the key components are made of proteins. You are reading this article, for instance, with proteins in your retina that can detect light, various proteins that make your muscles move and so on.
In one way, proteins are simple. They are made of chains that can contain … | <urn:uuid:a5943844-682e-452b-93f6-a475209ea3f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stoners-euphoria.com/alphafold-why-deepminds-protein-folding-ai-is-transformational/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.942723 | 152 | 2.71875 | 3 |
How to make your kidneys Healthier A, what habit
Release date：2020-07-06 Source：
1. Persistent exertion
Whether physically or mentally, mentally or physically, too much emotional excitement can damage the kidneys, even too much joy. For people, moderate emotions are the healthiest.
2. Improper diet
Drinking large amounts of coffee and alcohol, smoking heavily, and eating big fish and meat all cause kidney damage. Too salty diet will damage the blood, damage the kidney, too greasy diet will inhibit the kidney Yang, and guzzling alcohol will consume the kidney Yin.
3. Recurring colds
"Every disease is caused by the cold", the cold is also the only disease in the world that can not really cure the root. Cold is often the most direct cause of kidney damage. If you don't wear enough clothes in winter, you are ruining your body.
In addition, a long period of illness, night in the pub, jumping around, surfing the Internet all night, and taking unhealthy medicines can all take a toll on the kidneys.
Two, strong kidney healthy kidney tips
1, stimulate the foot
Rub the heart of the right foot with the left hand and the heart of the left foot with the right hand, once in the morning and once in the evening, each time rubbing for 300 times. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the foot heart of yongquan point is the place where turbiditis gas drops. Often massage Yongquan point, can benefit essence and kidney. In the meantime, massage foot heart can produce benign stimulation to cerebral cortex, regulate central nervous excitement and inhibition process, also have good effect to neurasthenia.
2. Massage your waist
Rub the palms together until the palms are hot, then put them to the waist, rub the palms to the skin, massage the waist up and down until you feel hot. One in the morning and one in the evening, each time about 200 times. Such massage, you can be healthy, invigorate the kidney and gas.
3. Shrinkage of the anal canal
Lie supine or upright, relax your body and breathe naturally. When expiratory, do the action of receding anus when defecate, when inspiratory loosen, undertake about 30 times repeatedly. Either morning or evening. This method can promote the blood circulation around the pelvic cavity, help the recovery of sexual organs, and has a good effect on the prevention and treatment of low sexual desire in women caused by kidney qi deficiency | <urn:uuid:efc77015-55ab-4f6b-8e3a-67a33eaa1df6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://nmnm.cn/en/articledetail-I77.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.903549 | 539 | 2.34375 | 2 |
There are many ways of making a DIY closet, starting from using a simple rod and fabric curtain to a huge built-in system of shelving and cabinet closets.
If you took up a decision to build DIY closet shelves you may use reclaimed wood or order online wooden planks to use them for your project. When you are not ready yet to work with a challenging and time-taking DIY closet system, you should better start from the cheapest and easiest variant – a hanging rod. Fix two brackets to the wall to hold the rod with the clothing on hangers. If you already have a closet system, you may add some more shelves and storages to the existing ones. Some additional rods won’t be extra as well. If you start working at a new closet system you should have a certain plan of your project. Do not forget to check if you have all necessary tools for building a new furniture system.
Buy additional stuff for your DIY closet organizer – varnish, paint, brushes, markers, some decor. The size of the closet which you do yourself is determined by the room size where you want to install it and your personal preferences. Smart DIY closet organization helps tremendously. You will get rid of your home disorder – each clothing unit has its own place. Even if you do not have enough money for ordering a closet which is pre-made or building it from fine wood, you can do it yourself from baskets, cubes and boxes. There you will store your headware, footware and whatnot. | <urn:uuid:84506d4d-65e4-419f-8538-ff7822818b66> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gnuarch.org/working-at-diy-closet-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00372-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940989 | 310 | 1.578125 | 2 |
For a full whitepaper on this topic, check out https://www.informed.io/resources/hybrid-cloud-considerations
The new way of looking at the Cost of Cloud
There is a lot of hype around hybrid cloud and the IT/business community is divided on the cost benefit. Some organisations claim to be saving significantly on the cost of running and operating their IT and business service delivery, other organisations… not so much. There are also many reports in trade publications of organisations experiencing significant bill shock.
If the solution is architected correctly organisations can receive significant cost savings. However, the typical approach in cost analysis is to attempt an “apples to apples” comparison of on premises infrastructure vs moving it all into the cloud. The failure in this approach is that it doesn’t work. It assumes that an on premises solution and a hybrid cloud solution are the same. But they’re not. Think of it this way, comparing private, on premises compute to a hybrid cloud is like comparing a car to a train. Sure, they are both transport mediums and will both get you places. But you don’t use a car like a train and vice versa. They both have different cost structures and very different use cases.
The fact is that where a hybrid cloud leverages public cloud services, the per unit cost of capacity will almost always be higher than running the same capacity on premises. However, the failure in this comparison that most make is in identifying all of the component costs and cost drivers that are associated with implementing and maintaining on premises infrastructure and service delivery.
These costs are very hard to quantify but where the real savings (or costs) can be found is largely in the services required to build and maintain the complex internal IT support structures. Whilst public cloud costs appear higher, they have a lot of this built in. Once these factors (cost drivers) are included, it is clear to see that whilst both public cloud and on premises contain many hidden costs, the massive scale of public cloud allows cloud providers to spread these costs amongst thousands of customers. With on premises infrastructure – you are the only customer and you pay it all yourself.
On the On-Premise side of the equation: Larger upfront costs with lower, fixed ongoing costs
Traditional IT models demand massive infrastructure investments with complex architectures, large teams of support staff.
On the Public Cloud side of the equation: Smaller upfront costs but higher, variable ongoing costs
The “pay for what you consume” models can be daunting and if misunderstood, left unchecked, or improperly planned for, can lead to a rapid increase in cost.
Adopting a hybrid cloud model means that your organisation no longer needs to build and maintain all of your infrastructure. If done correctly, this enables cost efficiencies, reducing many of the overheads/sunk costs and by reducing the size and complexity of the IT function. A hybrid cloud model also allows for business agility – where the organisation (and the IT that enables it) can flex or retract in line with organisational demand. So, it may not be the CIO that saves money directly, but the business (as a whole) will – through efficient access to services, increased innovation and business agility.
The additional complexity with hybrid cloud cost model comparisons is that the savings are ongoing and can be much higher in areas that are not traditionally quantified or included in standard on premises focused cost models. These cost models typically focus on the software, hardware and project costs and skip over the business side of the equation (e.g. business resource productivity, the effects of organisational stagnation, market share/profit loss), etc.
Unfortunately, most IT shops within an organisation aren’t aware of these costs and aren’t able to construct a cost model that calculates this side of the equation. But I would argue that these cost components are the most important ones, far more important than the cost of the boxes with the flashing lights or the resources of the people that make the magic happen.
Basically, traditional IT tends to look at the world through their own lens focussing on “the services that “We” can deliver… or These are “My” costs…
If these were the only variables it would be simple, but that is no longer (and probably never has been) the case. Businesses don’t exist to create and keep a team of IT professionals gainfully employed – like it or hate it, businesses are here to make money. If as a department you are not supporting this goal and enabling or facilitating that process you are going to find yourself increasingly marginalised.
So, skip over the business side of the IT cost and cloud cost comparison model at your detriment. Look at the hybrid cloud cost model with a business lens not an infrastructure lens – in fact, just assume that the infrastructure component costs between the two models will be similar, forget about them and focus more on all the other costs.
You will find that it is the little things that make all the difference.
For a more in depth discussion on the topic, check out https://www.informed.io/resources/hybrid-cloud-considerations | <urn:uuid:67af45fa-b781-40e2-8315-fe536aebe292> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://informed.io/hybrid-cloud-cost-models/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.944705 | 1,065 | 1.5 | 2 |
Learn more about the types of pests Orkin services and how you can help prevent an invasion in your home.
More than 12,500 species of ants have been identified, but another 10,000 are thought to exist. But regardless of the species, ants are expert hunters. They live in colonies and work together to squeeze beneath door frames, between window seals, or within the cracks in your walls or foundation to enter your home. Once inside, they seek out the most available source of food and water. So to keep ants at bay, keep your home clean and dry. Professional pest control is the only guaranteed solution.
Beetles are found all over the world. They range from quite small to well over a few inches long and come in a variety of colors and widths, and can have different types of external ornamentation. Beetles have a hard exoskeleton and forewings. There are many species of beetle that can be considered pests to humans; some carry pathogens while others undermine structures.
Bed bugs were almost eradicated from the U.S. at one point but have made a significant comeback in the last 20 years. Actual bed bug sightings are rare; the clues they leave behind – unexplained itchy welts, blood smears on sheets, and droppings and/or eggs on bedding and furniture – are the usual signs of an infestation. So it stands to reason that bed bug extermination is a more complicated process than extermination of other pests. Most cases require several treatments, but with persistence, they can be eliminated.
Cockroaches can live in a wide range of environments and can eat a wide range of food. That’s why getting rid of them can be so hard. Effective pest management is key to cockroach elimination. Both professional treatment and home maintenance efforts on the part of the homeowner will create a holistic control plan for these aggressive pests.
Earwigs got their name thanks to an untrue myth that they burrow into people’s ears while they sleep. While they’re not that invasive the pests do make their nests under patios, porches, and even within homes when necessary. There are over 20 species in the United States, all of which are difficult to eradicate without professional treatment. Earwigs can be found throughout the U.S. as well as in Asia and Europe. Though they’re found in every state they’re most common in the Southeastern states and the Southwest.
Pet owners may best understand the problems associated with fleas. These parasites feed mostly on cats and dogs, but will quickly spread to other areas of your home seeking out new hosts. Flea control takes patience. In addition to treating your pets, you’ll also need to treat your pet’s bedding, plus your carpets, drapes and other household fabrics where they could hide. Frequent vacuuming is a great preventative method. But if fleas do become a problem, a professional flea control expert can eliminate an infestation rather quickly.
Rodents are a class all their own. They live off discarded human food and are often found hiding (and breeding) in attics, basement and behind walls. These pests are particularly dangerous due to the number and types of disease-carrying bacteria they spread. Professional rodent control is the safest extermination method.
Exterminating any kind of stinging pest is dangerous. But removing some species is especially complex because they’re protected in many states so nests must be relocated, which only a professional should handle. Controlling nuisance stinging pests is also best left to the pros.
Termites can live and feed within the walls of your home for years before you realize it. This leads to thousands of dollars in damage, and the headache of clean-up and repair. This is why termite prevention is as important as termite treatment. Termite control experts are trained to treat your home and property in the precise spots where termites are likely to forage. This provides a highly concentrated – and highly effective – treatment, and reduces your family’s exposure to control solutions.
And more …
Earwigs got their name from an (unsubstantiated) rumor that they burrow into people’s ears while they sleep. They can be scary thanks to an ominous-looking set of pincers behind their abdomens but in fact, they use them only for defense against other aggressive earwigs. There are over 20 Read More
Moths Aren’t Harmless There are hundreds of species of moths and many are very beautiful! The bugs come in a multitude of colors and sizes and for the most part they live their lives without any direct impact on humans. But not all moths are harmless. Plenty of species are actually blood-feeding, and others have Read More | <urn:uuid:8a0b0a05-7c5a-4a5c-aa8b-f2ce8b6fbaf0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.exterminator.co/pest-resource-center/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.958104 | 988 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Govinda Menon, J.
1. At the very outset of his arguments the learned Advocate-General raised the objection that this Court has no power to issue a writ of certiorari claimed by the petitioners, and he rested his argument on an interpretation of Articles 225 and 226 of the Constitution of India. The decision of their Lordships of the Judicial Committee in Ryots of Garbandho v. Zamindar of Parlakimidi which lays down that the High Court at Madras has no power to issue a writ of certiorari on an officer or official body beyond the limits of the Presidency town of Madras except in a limited manner as regards British subjects and that the Madras Supreme Court Charter (1800), Clause 8 did not confer such a power has been relied upon by the learned Advocate General. This decision must be deemed to have overruled the earlier decisions of this Court such as In re Nataraja Iyer, 36 Mad. 72 : (16 I. 0. 755) and the cases which followed the same, to the effect that the High Court has jurisdiction to issue a writ of certiorari on an officer beyond the limits of its Ordinary Original Jurisdiction. It has been understood both by the Bench and the Bar in this Court prior to the decision in Parlakimidi's case that this Court has inherited all the powers of its predecessor, viz., the Supreme Court of Madras, in the matter of issuing all the prerogative writs which the Court of King's Bench in England had and which were conferred upon the Supreme Court by its Charter of 1800. There had been a number of instances where writs of certiorari had been issued to tribunals authorities and officers functioning outside the City of Madras and even a writ of prohibition had been issued by this Court on a Deputy Registrar of Co-operative Societies functioning outside the City as in Krishna Iyer v. The Secyt Urban Bank Ltd., Calicut, 65 M. L. J. 367 : (A. I. R. 1933 Mad. 6b2). But the authoritative pronouncement of Viscount Simon in the case Royts of Garbandho v. Zamindar of Parlakimidi referred to above has reversed the current of decisions, prior to it and if the Constitution of India did not confer aright on this Court to issue a writ within the limits of its appellate jurisdiction, then we have to hold that our power is limited to issuing writs within the limits of the Presidency town of Madras.
2. The learned Advocate-General invited our attention to Article 32, Clauses (2) and (3), especially to Clause (3) which says that Parliament may by law empower any Court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under Clause (2). Clause (2) empowered the Supreme Court to issue the prerogative writs such as hbeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari and other directions or orders for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part in on the citizen. Article 139 enacts that the Parliament may, by law, confer on the Supreme Court power to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, for purposes other than those mentioned in Clause (2) of Article 32. It is therefore clear that the Supreme Court, as a Court of Original Jurisdiction, has not been empowered to issue writs in the first instance for any purposes other than the enforcement of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution. In other words, it is not open to any party to approach the Supreme Court, and pray for the issue of a writ or order on any tribunal, authority or officer, doing judicial or quasi judicial functions, if such authority, tribunal, or officer was acting in excess of his jurisdiction or refusing to act in the proper exercise of his jurisdiction except for the enforcement of fundamental rights. The question for consideration is whether Article 226 has conferred that power on the High Court with regard to the enforcement of rights conferred by Part III. But the learned Advocate-General invites our attention to Article 225 of the Constitution whereby the jurisdiction of, and the law administered in, any existing High Court, and the respective powers of the Judges thereof in relation to the administration of justice in the Court, are laid down as the same as immediately before the commencement of the Constitution. There is a proviso added to it which has obliterated the invidious distinction that existed prior to the commencement of the Constitution whereby the High Court was negatived the jurisdiction in matters concerning revenue though the Subordinate Courts did have that power. Now, the learned Advocate-General emphasises the fact that since Article 225 sustains and maintains the power and authority which this Court had on 25-1-1950, and' since according to the decisionof the Privy Council this Court had no power to issue a prerogative writ outside its Ordinary Original Jurisdiction, unless by express conferment Article 226 gives the power to issue a writ outside the Ordinary Original Jurisdiction, this Court has no authority to act in the manner prayed for by the petitioners. For this contention he places reliance on the decision of the majority of a Full Bench of three Judges of the Madhya Bharat High Court reported in Anant Bhaskar v. State A.I.R. (37) 1950 M. B. 60: (51 C. L. J. 1852 F.B.).
3. According to the learned Advocate-General the appropriate Legislature, by virtue of the powers conferred on it, has not invested this Court with the power to issue writs outsideits Ordinary Original Jurisdiction after the commencement of the Constitution and therefore we have no power to entertain the present applications. The distinction between the words 'power' and 'jurisdiction' in Article 226 is practically the mainstay of the contention on the side of the State. It is urged that Article 226 conferred upon the High Court certain powers which they may use for giving relief in the exercise of their jurisdiction. The extent of the jurisdiction of the High Court and the cases in which it can be exercised and the procedure by which it can be invoked are matters outside the purview of Article 226. Therefore what is urged is that unless this Court is specifically empowered under Clause (3) of Article 32, we will not be justified in invoking Article 226 for the issuing of such writs in the exercise of our existing jurisdiction. We prefer to follow the reasoning and the conclusions contained in the dissenting judgment of Mehta J. of the Madhya Bharat High Court as in our opinion Mehta J.'s judgment appears to us to be the correct one. The learned Judge was of opinion that Article 32, Clause (3) does not refer to existing High Courts constituted in the State because notwithstanding anything contained in Article 32, every High Court shall have power, throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises its jurisdiction to issue directions, orders or writs as mentioned in Article 226 for the enforcement of the fundamental rights and for any other purpose. What cl, (3) contemplates is that the Parliament may, by law, provide for conferring jurisdiction on other Courts than the High Courts. In the judgment of the majority of the Full Bench in the aforesaid case, a distinction is sought to be made between the two alleged concepts of 'power' and 'jurisdiction.' The learned Chief Justice says that 'jurisdiction' is an authority conferred upon a tribunal to determine a matter. 'Powers' are the means by which effect is given by Courts to theirdetermination. The question as regards the meaning of the phrase 'for any other purpose' does not arise in this case for what the petitioners contend is that their fundamental rights are infringed by the demand of security. We do not think it necessary to embark upon discussion about the meaning of term 'for any other purpose' and as to whether it is ejusdem generis with the previous expressions. In substance, the learned Advocate-General contends that though under Article 226 this Court may have power to issue the various writs, the exercise of such powers can arise only when the Parliament confers jurisdiction. We do not think that any such interpretation can be put upon the plain meaning of the statute. In our opinion the strained meaning that is sought to be inferred from the plain words of Article 226 cannot be justified. It seems to us, therefore, that this Court has both the power and jurisdiction to issue the writs specified in Article 226.
4. Both my learned brethren, Panchapagesa Sastry and Basheer Ahmed Sayeed JJ. have discussed the merits of the applications in great detail and I do not wish to say anything more except a few words of my own. Ever since the days of Charles I's reign in England when John Milton wrote his well known treatise 'Areopagetica', where he pleaded for the freedom of the press and for the abolition of pre-censorship, the question regarding the liberty of the press has been considered to be a foremost right in all freedom loving countries and I agree with my learned brother Panchapageaa Sastri J. that the term 'freedom of speech and expression' would include the liberty to propagate not only one's own views but also the right to print matters which are not one's own but have either been borrowed from someone else or are printed under the direction of that person.
5. I also agree with my learned brethren that in view of the decision of the Supreme Court in Romesh Thappar v. The State of Madras, : 1950CriLJ1514 and Erij Bhushan v. The State of Delhi, : 1950CriLJ1525 , Section 4(1)(d), Press (Emergency Powers) Act has to be held ultra vires the fundamental rights conferred under Article 19(1) of the Constitution. I need not recapitulate the reasons given by my learned brethren on that point as I agree in the main with reasoning on which the conclusion is arrived at by both of them.
6. With regard to the application to quash the orders of security demanded from the Avanti Press, the question as to how far the impugned passages come within the exceptionprovided in Clause (2) of Article 19 has to be considered. We have already held that the offending articles contravene the provisions of Section 4 (1) (a) and, therefore, the only question that remains is whether that section is ultra vires. My learned brother Panchapagesa Sastri J, seems to think that even if the' newspaper, book, or document, contains words which incite, or encourage, or tend to incite or encourage the commission of an offence of murder, or of any cognizable offence involving violence, and even if such incitement and encouragement might undermine the security of the State or tend to overthrow the same, still Section 4 (1) (a) would be ultra vires because as the section now stands incitements which do not undermine the security of the State or tend to overthrow the same, come within its ambit and since it is impossible to separate the two different categories of the incitements the entire section should be held to be invalid and ultra vires. On the merits I have come to the conclusion' that the incitements referred to in the offending; articles have a tendency to undermine the security of the State or to overthrow it because what is asked of the Andhras is to fight tills every man sheds his blood and there can therefore be no doubt that the incitement in question is intended to overthrow by force the State and undermine its security. I do not think that in such a case Section 4 (1) (a) can be held to be ultra vires. Even the incitement or encouragement to a single case of murder, or a single cognizable offence involving violence, might have a tendency to overthrow the State; as for example, if the incitement or encouragement is to commit a cognizable offence or to murder a very high functionary of the State whose disappearance itself might tend to or undermine the security of the State, it cannot be held that such an incitement cannot come within Clause (2) of Art, 19. It is very difficult to postulate with any definiteness that the classes of offences mentioned in Section 4 (1) (a) will not undermine the security of the State or may not tend to overthrow it. I, therefore, agree with my learned brother Basheer Ahmed Sayeed J. that the application by the Avanti Press has to be dismissed.
Panchapageaa Sastri, J.
7. These two petitions are filed under Article 226 of the Constitution and pray that appropriate writs may be issued for quashing the orders of the State Government passed under the Indian Press (Emergency Powers) Act, xxin of 1931, (hereinafter called the Press Act or the Act).. The first of these is by the keeper of a printing press known as Avanti Press at Bajamahendrawaram in East Godavari district. On 1-3-1950he was served with an order under Section 3 (3) of the Act dated 24-2-1950 calling upon him to deposit Rs. 2000 with the District Magistrate of Bast Godavari on or before 10-4-1950. A Telugu Book called 'Vajrayutham' was printed in the Avanti Press aforesaid. It is a book of poems. When it was published, the State Government found that it contained passages which, in its opinion, came under Section 4(1)(a) of the Act. The demand for security was made because of this. The second petition is by the publisher of a newspaper entitled 'Aruna' a Kannada Weekly of Mangalore, published at Mangalore. In the opinion of the State Government the paper contained in its issue of 26-2-1950 matter which came under Section 4 (1) (d) of the Press Act, In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 7 (3) of the Act, the publisher was called upon to deposit with the District Magistrate of South Kanara, security to the extent of Es. 1000. These petitioners had also filed O. P. Nos. 194 and 214 of 1950, under Section 23, Press Act, praying that the orders demanding security might be set aside. The present Bench was constituted as a special Bench under s. 24 of the Act, to dispose of those petitions. By judgments delivered by us today those petitions were dismissed, as we were clearly of opinion that the matter complained of did fall within the scope of Sections 4 (1) (a) and 4 (1) (d) of the Act. In the first petition we found that some poems 'incited commission of offence of murder and encouraged commission of cognizable offences involving violence.' In the second petition we found that the articles brought into hatred and contempt the Government established by law and excited disaffection towards he said Government. As our jurisdiction as a Special Bench is limited to a consideration of that question only: see Mrs. Annie Beasant v. Govt. of Madras, 39 Mad. 1086: (A. I. R. 1918 Mad. 1210: 18 Cr. L. J. 157 S.B.); Mrs. Annie Beasant Y. Emperor, 39 Mad. 1164: (A. I. R. 1918 Mad. 1266: 18 C. L. J. 239 .) and Annie Beasant v Advocate-General, Madras, 43 Mad. 146 : (A. I. R. 1919 P. C. 31 : 20 C. L. J. 693) the present petitions have been filed to have the orders quashed on the ground of the unconstitutionality of the relevant sections of the Press Act.
8. Mr. M. K. Nambiar appearing for the keeper of the printing press in the first petition, and Mr. Kamachandran appearing for the publisher of the newspaper in the second, contended (i) that 'freedom of the press' is included in the phrase 'freedom of speech and expression in Article 19 Clause (1) Sub-clause (a), and it is a right which is guaranteed to the petitioners: (ii) that the sections of the Press Act, Sections 4 (1)(a) and 4 (1) (d), were an infringement of the citizen's right to freedom of expression and became void under Article 13(1) of the Constitution, and (iii) that the demand for security under Sections 3 (3) and 7 (3) on the ground that the press was used for 'printing objectionable matter coming under s. 4 (1) (a) and that the newspaper published offending matter coming under Section 4 (1) (d) of the Act, operated by way of previous restraint upon the citizen's freedom of publication and was analogous to precensorship and was void and unconstitutional. The Public Prosecutor, Mr, V. T. Eangaswami Aiyangar, appearing for the State in the first of the petitions submitted that the liberty of the press was not expressly mentioned in Article 19(1) of the Constitution and contended firstly that the impugned Section 4 (1) (a) did not infringe the freedom of expression of the keeper of the press but was only a permissible restraint which the Constitution allowed under Article 19, Sub-clauses (s) and (6) in relation to the exercise of the fundamental rights under Article 19, Sub-clauses (f) and (g) of acquiring, holding and disposing of property and of practising any profession, or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, and secondly that, in any event, as the printing and publication were prior to 26-1-1950, the order of the Government was not invalid. The learned Advocate-General appearing for the State in the second of these petitions contended firstly that the impugned Section 4 (1) (d) did not offend against Article 19(1)(a) or Article 19)(2) of the Constitution and secondly that this High Court had no jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution to issue a writ beyond the limits of its original jurisdiction, and that Article 226 while conferring powers on the High Court did not extend its jurisdiction beyond what ife had already under Article 225 of the Constitution. These broad contentions were developed during arguments in greater detail. It is desirable to deal with these topics separately.
9. Is 'freedom of the press' a guaranteed right under Article 19(1) The State Prosecutor pointed out that the well known expression 'freedom of the press' or 'the liberty of the press' was not used in this Constitution. Constitutions of several countries make specific mention of the liberty of the press. The State Prosecutor recognised, however, that the decisions of the Supreme Court in what is known as the Crossroads case, Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras, : 1950CriLJ1514 and in Brij Bhushan v. State of Delhi, : 1950CriLJ1525 are against this contention and are binding on this Court. In the latter case it is stated:
'There can be little doubt that the imposition of precensorsbip on a journal is a restriction on the liberty of the press which is an essential part of the right to freedom of speech and expression declared by Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India.'
Even apart from these decisions it is clear that the freedom of the press is a guaranteed right, under Article 19(1)(a), of a citizen who keeps a printing press, or is an editor, or a publisher. No right of a non-citizen such aa a resident alien is involved in these petitions. The non-reference to 'the liberty of the press' was merely because it was unnecessary.
10. The Public Prosecutor contended that the guaranteed right covered only matter of which the citizen was the author and did not extend to matters of which others were authors. There is no justification, in my view, for this unwarranted limitation of the meaning of the phrase in Article 19(1)(a). What is guaranteed is much wider than that. There is no question of copyright involved with which we are now concerned. That is a different matter. The question at issue relates merely to the right of speech and expression. A limited construction would rule out the citizen's rights to recite the Vedas or the holy texts from the Quoran or to read out in public the sermon on the Mount. Coming to secular matters, a recital of the songs of Bharati or the poems of Sarojini Naidu or of Dr. Tagore could all be controlled. Coming even to consideration of political literature, a public reading of the Pledge of Independence (now happily not needed any longer) would be non-guaranteed. I see no justification for placing such a restriction on the wide meaning of the phrase as used in Article 19. Neither the context nor the subject-matter nor the language requires a limitation such as is suggested.
11 Does the word 'expression' include mere printing without publication The State Prosecutor suggested that it did not. I do not agree. Freedom of expression is wider than freedom of communication. Publication is nota necessary ingredient of the concept. Many authors who have prepared their manuscripts have directed posthumous publication only. It cannot be said that they have not expressed themselves before publication. The language is wide. As it is a fundamental right which is being guaranteed, I see no reason to limit it in the way contended for. Freedom of thought cannot be controlled. Why should there be a restraint on the same, when it is printed though not published Indeed the very demand for security in these cases is not because of printing matter neither intended to be published nor never (ever ) published but because objectionable matter printed had, in fact, been published. The phrases 'freedom of speech and expression','liberty of the press' are great historic phrases to secure which there had been great constitutional agitation and fight. The full moaning and content of these terms cannot and should not be controlled by a narrow interpretation. These are cherished freedoms now guaranteed as fundamental rights. The Dictionary method of approach for defining the scope of these terms would be unimaginative and somewhat fantastic.
12. The more important argument of the Public Prosecutor was that the impugned Section 4 (1) (a) was really a reasonable restriction in public interests by way of regulating a trade or profession and by way of a restriction on the use of property. This argument is of course confined to the keeper of the printing press and not to the publisher. The scope of the restriction on the keeper of the printing press is merely to control the use of the press and not to abridge his right of freedom of expression, as he is still left free to express himself by speech or otherwise or by printing or publishing in other presses. Such was the argument. Mr Nambiar contended that the Press Act legislation was not one in relation to control of a business or trade or use of articles of ownership. The question, therefore, to be decided is, what is the subject-matter of this legislation and its object I am of opinion that the Press Act in question is legislation directly dealing with printing presses and publication of matter. The history of the press laws in India is well known. It is unnecessary to go to earlier legislation; but it is sufficient to say that the Press Act of 1908 gave rise to an agitation in this country that the press laws were unduly oppressive and the same was ultimately repealed on the recommendation of a committee. Consequent on the starting of the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931 as part of the struggle for the attainment of Swaraj, the Governor General passed an Ordinance in the first instance which was ultimately replaced by this Indian Press (Emergency Powers) Act, 1931. Its provisions were amplified by further legislation by the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1932. What originally started as a temporary measure to meet an emergency, was in 1935 made permanent, and according to some, continued to disfigure the statute book of this country since then. When the Act was first promulgated in 1931 it waa described as an Act to provide against publication of matter inciting to or encouraging murder or violence. The statement of objects and reasons indicated the same. It was stated therein :
'Experience has shown that propaganda in furtherance of subversive movements and of crimes of violenceis carried on by newspapers, leaflets, pamphlets, bulletins and the like.'
In 1932 the heading was amended by the Criminal Law Amendment Act to read as follows: 'An act to provide for the better control of the press'. The preamble was amended as follows : 'Whereas it is expedient to provide for the better control of the press'. Several new sub-clauses were added in Section 4 (1) setting out what was considered to be objectionable matter and considerably enlarging the scope of the same. Section 3 (3) provides for demand of security in certain cases where the press had been used for printing objectionable matter of the type mentioned in Section 4 (1); Section 4 provides for forfeiting the security where the press is used again for printing or publishing similar matter. Even the press can be forfeited where security had not been deposited. The publication also may be forfeited. Section 5 provides for a deposit of further security where there is a forfeiture of the deposit previously made. Section 6 provides for the forfeiture of the further security and other publications, if the press is again used for printing and publishing objectionable matter. Section 7 provides for demand of security on a publisher of a newspaper where the Provincial Government considers that the newspaper published objectionable matter as aforesaid. If later issues again'contained objectionable matter, Section 8 provides for the forfeiture of the security deposited and for the annulment of the declaration made by the publisher under Section 5, Press and Eegistration of Books Act, 1867, where security has not been deposited, and copies of the newspapers also may be forfeited. Section 9 provides for the demand of further security, while Section 10 provides for the forfeiture of the further security and the newspapers. Section 11 makes it an offence to keep a press without making the deposit demanded by the Government under Section 3 or Section 5. The keeper is on conviction liable to a penalty of fane not exceeding Es. 2000 or simple imprisonment for a term not exceeding sis months or both. Section 12 precludes the use of the press where a deposit has not been made for the printing and publishing of any newspaper, book or other document after the expiry of the time allowed to make the deposit, until the deposit has been made. Where a printing press is used in contravention of Section l the Government may declare the press itself to be forfeited. The Act also contains provisions for the issue of a search warrant.
13. It is fairly clear from the above summary of the main provisions that this Act must be taken to be legislation directly dealing with the control of the press, i. e., printingand the publication of books, newspapers, leaflets, etc. It is impossible to regard this even in so far as the keeper of the printing press. is concerned, as legislation having for its subject-matter the regulation of the printing press either as a trade or as a business, or for the use of the press as an item of property by its owner. The object of the Act is to be gathered from its necessary effect and not from some purpose or motive which the Legislature may be supposed to have had. The whole! scope and purpose of the Press Act is not to regulate the trade or business of a printing press as such. It is, as it professes to be for the control of the press. I cannot agree with the contention of the Public Prosecutor that Section 3 (3) read along with Section 4 (1) (a) merely operates to create a restraint on the use of the press as an article of ownership, and that it is in no sense a restraint on freedom of expression. It is, in my opinion, no answer to say that it is still open to the keeper of the press to express himself by printing and publishing anything which he wants in other presses either of his own or of strangers. He is, by the very terms of Section 12 of the Act, precluded from making use of this press with respect to which a demand for security has been made, for printing or publishing of any newspaper, book or other document until he makes the deposit and if he does so, without making the deposit, the press itself can be forfeited. H.e is also liable to conviction under Section 11 which,, be it noted, may come into operation long before the validity of the demand is tested by the filing of the petition in the High Court under Section 23 and its disposal. In a prosecution for an offence under Section 11, there seems to be no room for defence that the demand for security was illegal on the ground that the offending article would not come under the relevant clauses of Section 4 (1) (a). The American Courts have held that exclusion of matter from the main destroys circulation and makes free speech to that extent impossible, and it is no answer to say that the telegraph can be used instead. I am clearly of opinion that even as regards the keeper of the press the combined operation of Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a) is to abridge; his freedom of speech and expression.
14. It is next argued that even if it is in one sense an abridgement of the right to freedom of expression, still it may be valid as a reasonable restriction on the right to engage in business or commercial activity. It is true that normally the keeping of a printing press is a business and produces an economic return to the owner. At the same time the press is the chief means of publication and the most popularand effective means. The object of printing is generally publication. Printing press is used as the main instrument for the same. Printing gets over the difficulties' of time and spaee, which speech has to encounter. The spoken voice, apart from modern inventions of very recent times, does not extend for and vanishes after the speech is uttered, whereas printing perpetuates the expressions an'd printed matter can be sent to very distant places. It is obvious that the running of a printing press is a thing quite different and distinctive from other kinds of trade. It is really a part and parcel and indeed the primary part of publication machinery. A control over the printing press even as regrads the owner thereof will, generally, operate to restrict or abridge his freedom ofexpression. At the same time the business aspect of the organisation cannot be totally ignored. The printing press is a business which cannot claim immunity from regulations affecting its business side such, for instance, the applicability of factory laws or the Shop Assistants Act with reference to its employees. Having regard to the dual aspect of the printing press being a business aa well as its functioning as a means of propagating ideas and thoughts, restrictions may partake of the character of both, i.e., legislative regulations may from one aspect be regarded as restrictions on the use of the press, and from another aspect, as restrictions on its function. Restrictions of one kind may be justifiable under the Constitution, whereas the same restrictions viewed in the other aspect may be unjustifiable. In this very case, regarded as an infringement of the freedom of expression, Article 19(2) will apply. If the restriction is regarded as a restriction of fundamental rights under Article 19(1)(f) and (g), Clauses (5) and (6) will apply. The scope of the exceptions in each case is different. A conflict may well arise in such circumstances, where a particular restriction is constitutionally justified under Clauses (5) and (6) and is constitutionally bad as not coming under Sub-clause (b) of Article 19(1). The test to be applied in such cases cannot be formulated easily. I shall deal with it presently; but before I consider the matter I think it is better to clear up a subsidiary consideration.
15. Mr. Nambiar for the petitioner specifically admitted before the Court in answer to my question that he did not contend that the provisions of Sections 4 (1) (a) and 3 (3) of the Act would amount to an unreasonable restriction within the meaning of Clauses (5) and (6) of Article 19, if the fundamental rights affected are those set out in Article 19(1), Sub-Clauses (f) and (g). The State prosecutor therefore did not argue thismatter. Nevertheless, I am not satisfied about this point. The demand for security if not complied with, makes the keeper of the press liable for a prosecution and may subject him to imprisonment and fine. It precludes him before satisfying the demand from making use of the press for printing and publishing even legitimate matter of an unobjectionable kind, as for instance, a wedding invitation. These disabilities are not imposed as punishments for an offence proved in the ordinary way but are consequent upon a determination by the executive Government that the press has been used for printing objectionable matter. The Act does not provide for notice beforehand to the keeper of the press to show cause why an order should not be passed under Section 3 (3). It is true that the matter can be taken up by him to the High Court; but these disabilities come into existence even before the determination by the High Court on the merits of the dispute. These are somewhat exceptional provisions of a drastic character contrary to the well established procedure under the Criminal P. C. and other rules. I have, therefore, some doubts as regards the reasonableness of the restrictions. I quite realise that the restriction must be shown to be unreasonable, i.e., no rational being can say that it is reasonable, and that a Court is not to substitute its own judgment of reasonableness in place of the judgment of the Legislature. Very probably, these restrictions may in the light of the decisions bearing on the point be constitutionally upheld, notwithstanding what is stated above. I mention this merely for the purpose of reserving my opinion on this point when it is fairly and squarely raised. It is as well that I make it clear that I do not understand Mr. Nambiar's concession to govern anything other than a demand for deposit under Section 3 (3). Possibly he made this concession, as in this case we are only at the stage of the demand and the making of the deposit. No question of forfeiture has arisen in this case. The question may take a different complexion altogether with relation to the sections which provide for forfeiture. I shall leave the matter there with these observations.
16. Turning to the question postulated earlier I may state that I do not regard the right to freedom of speech and expression as having any preferred place in relation to the other kinds of freedom guaranteed under Article 19, except in so far as the Constitution itself provides differently in relation to the scope of the exceptions permitted under Clause (2) on the one hand and the other clauses following, in relation to the other matters. No doubt it is thefirst of the series in Article 19, even as it stands first in the first amendment of the U. S. A. Constitution. Some of the American decisions have no doubt recognised it as having a preferred position. Even apart from its occupying the first place, it is fairly clear that the sanctity of that particular fundamental right cannot be permitted to be taken away by dubious intrusions, and
'it Is the character of that right, not of the limitation, which determines what standard governs the choice between the individual's freedom and the State's power of control.'
The difference in the importance of these various fundamental rights is, however, expressed by the Constitution by the difference in the character of the restrictions permitted by the subsequent clauses of Article 19. It will be noted that Clause (2) allows a narrower field for legislative interference than what Clause (3) to (6) allow. It is unnecessary, therefore, to build any argument upon the superiority of the one kind of freedom over the rest, except to the extent especially recognised and regulated by the Constitution itself. The rights of free speech and expression and a free press are not of course confined to freedom of thought and conscience or to religious activity of persons or institutions. Nor are they confined to political matters alone. All secular causes, great and small, come under its sway. The safeguards, therefore, are not inapplicable to business or to economic activity. Even with reference to an organisation engaged in business activities and with reference to individuals who make a profit out of it, the safeguards of freedom of thought and expression are available and are not to be taken away. In reconciling individual freedom with social control, the Court has to perform a peculiarly delicate task. The Constitution lays down the guaranteed rights and the legislative encroachments which are permitted. Any particular restriction which is impugned as unconstitutional will have to be judged by its effects on individual freedom and compared with the effect which its absence will produce on social order and general welfare. Considered as a ' business' a reasonable restriction may be necessary and is permissible in public interests. In a pharmacy where poisonous drugs are sold, the owner may be compelled to separate the poisonous and the non-poisonous drugs and to keep the former in a separate place under lock and key. Razors and other instruments kept for use in a hair cutting saloon may be subject to a regulation for keeping them antiseptic. In the Interests of hygiene and sanitation, regulations may be made in relation to edible things exposed for sale in restaurants and boardinghouses. These may be justified as reasonable restrictions in public interests. Where, however a keeper of the printing press is called upon to make a deposit, because the press has been previously used for printing objectionable matter it is difficult to see how the deposit of security would merely regulate the carrying on of the business as such. The very object of the demand for security is to act as a deterrent from printing or publishing objectionable matter in future The object is more to control future printing or publication. Its direct effect is to act by way of control over the press in the matter of its functioning. This is not analogous to a regulation which regulates the press in the matter of securing a minimum wage for its employees or of ensuring a maximum number of working hours. A deposit is not required in every case where a printing press is started. The demand for deposit in this case is not a demand in the nature of a licence fee applicable to all owners of printing presses as such. It is a previous restraint on freedom of expression in spite of the devise of requiring the deposit as a condition for continuing the use of the press for printing or publication. I cannot agree that the true scope of Sections. 3 (3) and 4 1. of the Act is merely to provide a reasonable restraint in the exercise of a calling or vocation or business. I must hold that it operates to abridge the right of freedom of expression.
17. The question would still remain whether it is constitutional by virtue of the saving clause, Article 19(2), the relevant portion of which is as follows :
' Nothing in Sub-clause (a) of Clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to .... libel, slander, defamation, contempt of Court or any matter which offends against decency or morality or which undermines the security of, or tends to overthrow, the State.'
I have already set out Section 4 (1) (a), the relevant words being 'inciting to or encouraging commission of an offence of murder or any cognizable offence involving violence.' It is argued that. Section 4 (1) (a) of the Act relates to a matter which undermines the security of or tends to overthrow the State. The other matters mentioned in Article 19(2) do not apply. It is apparent that the language of Section 4 (1) (a) is much wider than what is described in Article 19(2) as 'matter which undermines the security of or tends to overthrow the State.' Publications which incite murder of some individuals or commission of cognisable offences involving violence are not always such as may be described to undermine the security of or tend to overthrow the State. The word 'State' is no doubt denned in Article 12 as including 'the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government o India. Bub even with thia expanded definition in view the scope of s. 4 (1) (a) is very much wider than the language used in Article 19, Clause (2). It may be that in some aases publication which falls under Section 4 (1) (a) may amount to publication of matter undermining the security of or tending to overthrow ihe State; but the two expressions are not, aowever, identical. As Section 4 (1) (a) stands at present, it cannot be regarded as constitutionally valid, as it conflicts with Article 19(1)(a). To the , extent of such inconsistency it has become void under Article 13(1). The question whether it is possible to separate a part of it as still good even though the whole of it cannot be sustained is more difficult to answer. I shall deal with that matter separately in a later portion of this judgment
18. The Public Prosecutor further contended that the printing and the publication of the book ''Vajrayutham', portions of which contained the offending article, was long prior to 26-1-1950. According to him an offence had been committed earlier and notwithstanding the coming into existence of the Constitution, the Press Emergency Act section would justify the making of the order by the Government in respect of prior publication. This argument is, in my opinion, untenable. The Government order in question was made in February 1950 and was served on 1st March on the keeper of the press. This is after the coming into force o! the Constitution. No proceedings have been initiated prior thereto. There is nothing to indicate that the Government applied its mind and decided upon passing an order calling for security prior to 26th January. There is nothing to show even that the publication had come to the notice of the Government prior to that date. Even if they had applied their mind, the effective order in this case was passed at a time when the Constitution had come into force and if the State had no right then the fact that the offending article had been published earlier would not validate the order.
19. The learned Advocate-General while conceding that 'liberty of the press' would come under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution contended that Section 4 (1) (d), Press Act, was not inconsistent with that right. He presented a twofold argument. First he stated the American law on the subject of freedom of the press as laid down by the decisions of the United States Supreme Court and contended that it was not absolute freedom which was guaranteed but it was subject to well-defined exceptions, one of which was that it could not be exercised where 'there was a clear and present danger of the spoken or written word disturbing public tranquillity,' In such cases whore it has such effect the police power so far as State legislation is concerned and the inherent limitations on the. concept of freedom of speech as regards legislation by the Congress operated to justify an abridgement of the freedom of speech and expression. He submitted that the Courts in this: country should declare the law in similar terms. His second argument was that oven otherwise Article 19(2) which permitted legislation on defined matters set put therein would justify the continuing in force of Sectopm 4 (1) (d).
20. I shall deal with the second argument first. Section 4 (d) (d) is as follows :
'To bring into hatred or contempt the Government established by law in British India, or the administration of justice, or any class or section of the citizens of India, or to excite disaffection towards the said Government,'
He Contended that this would be legislation with reference to libel, one of the matters coming under Article 19(2). Exciting hatred and contempt against the Government established by law or exciting disaffection towards Government are parts of what is known as the offence of sedition in the Penal Code. When the Constitution was being considered, the question of sedition came also for discussion. As pointed out in the judgment of the Supreme Court in the Crossroads case, Romesh Thappar v. The State of Madras, : 1950CriLJ1514 , aforesaid, the Constitution in its finally amended form omitted the word 'sedition' which was found in the draft. Now it merely contains the words 'matter which undermines the security of or tends to overthrow the State.' The Supreme Court decided in the case aforesaid that legislation relating to maintenance of public order was different from legislation which undermined the security of or tended to overthrow the State. While recognising that the distinction was one of degree rather than of kind, their Lordships, though by a majority, held that the Constitution permitted a law restricting freedom of speech and expression only where it is directed solely against undermining the security of the State or the overthrow of it and that a law cannot otherwise fall within the reservation of Clause (2), although the restriction which it seeks to impose may have been conceived generally in the interests of public order. Their Lordships further observed that the imposition of restriction for the wider purpose of securing public safety or the maintenance of public order fell outside the scope of the authorised restrictions under Clause (2) and was void and unconstitutional. The learnedAdvocate-General recognised that this decision which has got to be followed by us and which is binding on us, as laid down in the Constitution itself, stands in his way. All that he couldsuggest, when pressed with this difficulty, was that their Lordships did not consider the scope of the term 'libel' in Article 19(2). He took us elaborately into the history of what is known as 'seditious libol' in English Criminal law and pointed out that exciting hatred and contempt against the Government established by law was, under English law, seditious libel. He suggested that it was open to us to consider the matter afresh and hold if we agree with him that Section 4 (1) (d) could well be recognised as validand constitutional, if it could be treated as legislation in relation to libel or what he calls, seditious libel. It is not permissible for us in the first instance to try to get over a direct decision of the Supreme Court in this indirect manner. We cannot assume that their Lordships wore unaware of the meaning of the term 'libel' also in Article 19, Clause (2). Their Lordships make a specific point that the wide concept of the expression 'sedition' as reiterated in the latest decision of the Judicial Committee, differing from the view of the Federal Court in India, was specifically under the consideration of the Constituent Assembly and that in its ultimate shape the Constitution used very much narrower words with the deliberate object, as their Lordships infer, of excluding incitements creating hatred and contempt and exciting disaffection against Government from the scope of sedition. Their Lordships say that freedom of speech and expression cannot be curtailed except in the manner recognised under Article 19(2). The question is, therefore, not open to us in this Court. This is sufficient to dispose of this contention. I have mentioned it in passing so that the State may have liberty to raise it, if so advised in the highest Court.
21. Turning to the first argument as to the effect of the American decisions and the suggestion that we should declare the law in the sameterms, it is not quite clear to me on what basis the learned Advocate-General wanted to rest his argument. If the right to freedom of expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) is capable of restriction only under the terms of Article 19(2) and not otherwise, it is difficult to see how in the face of the judgments of the Supreme Court already referred to, we can add or invent other grounds of exemption. Apparently though he did not state it so categorically the Advocate-General meant to say that on a true and proper interpretation of the phrase 'freedom of expression' in Article 19(1)(a) there are inherent limitations on the concept of the freedom soguaranteed. Freedom is of course differentfrom license or anarchy. Freedom of one individual citizen,has got necessarily to be circumscribed by the like freedom of other citizens in any organised society. To that extent, therefore, in a society under an organised Government the preservation of order is an implied condition for the exercise of the fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizens. At the same time, it is not open to us to read limitations other than what are exclusively mentioned in Article 19(2) itself. The American Constitution on which reliance was placed and the American decisions interpreting it have not enumerated any exceptions in general terms. The way in which the American law has been developed with regard to this question is noteworthy. The expression 'abridging the freedom of speech' or 'of the press' occurs in the first amendment. The American Courts proceeded on the basis that the Constitution used those words in the sense in which it was accepted and used by the English Common law at that time and the freedom so recognised as not to he curtailed had its amplitude subject to the exceptions recognised by the Common law itself. At the same time the Courts recognised that the Bepublican form of Government necessarily carried with it a larger meaning of the term than what the English Common law would allow. Though the heads of exceptions to the existing freedom of right were the same as in English Common law, the precise ambit of those exceptions was not the same in both the countries, particularly with reference to the law of sedition and seditious libel and the law relating to contempt of Court. Moreover, the American decisions gave full scope for the doctrine of 'necessary and proper powers' recognised under Clause (18) of Article VIII of the U. S. A. Constitution. The power to regulate foreign and inter-State Commerce and the power to establish post offices and post roads,also empowered the Congress to curtail freedom of speech and of the press in the exercise of what may be regarded as a power analogous to the police power of the States. Freedom of speech was not, therefore, an absolute freedom which stood unregulated. Even giving the largest scope for those terms the Courts had recognised the right to curtail the freedom in certain cases and had laid down a test as follows :
'The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that the Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question ot proximity and degree.'
No doubt this test was not regarded as a formula but was only a ' working principleNonetheless, the decisions of the Supreme Court reveal a startling divergence of views, amongst eminent Judges of that Court, in applying the principle aforesaid to concretecases. In many such cases the Court was not unanimous but divided in its opinion, often times by a five to four majority. It is withthis knowledge of the uncertain application ofthe test in various circumstances that the Indian Constitution adopted a different method. Our Constitution is a detailed one and has been framed to suit Indian conditions and the genius of the country and its requirements in the light of its past history and its future growth. The Constituent Assembly had before it various Constitutions of different States and had carefully made detailed provisions with reference to these restrictions on the exercise of fundamental rights. Such restrictions which public interests required in order to reconcile social interest with individual freedom for which the American Courts had to indent on the police powir and the inherent restrictions on the concept of freedom of speech and of the press have here been tabulated, categorised and formulated in defined exceptions. It is not permissible therefore, in my opinion, for the Court hero to resort to an undefined police power or a power analogous to it so as to extend the scope of the permitted field of legislation. The guaranteed freedoms can be regulated only by legislation to the extent permitted under Article 19, Clauses (2) to (6). The phrase 'freedom of speech and expression' is not term of art. In the face of the decisions of the Supreme Court the contention of the Advocate-General that even apart from the reference to the law of libel under Article 19(1)(b) there can be a restriction on the guaranteed right to freedom of expression is not one which this Court can entertain.
22. Mr. Nambiar contended that the Press Act itself was wholly unconstitutional as it operated to create a previous restraint on publication and was, therefore, an abridgment of the freedom of the press. His main argument was that the demand for security was not an abridgment for a proved offence or crime but was merely as a preventive action to control the nature of the future publications. He submittedthat in truth this was a previous restraint in the nature of a pre-censor ship on publication. He relied on the well-known passage in Blackstone's Commentaries;
'The liberty of the press consists in laying no previous restraint upon publication, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published.'
In this connection he referred to the history of the doctrine in chap. VI of Dicey's well known book on the Law of Constitution. It is true that 1951 Madras/11the demand for security is really by way of previous restraint on future publications and the sole object of the same is to control future publications. In this sense this is a restraint prior to publication which, like the requirement of a licence for printing or like pre-censorship, is one of the fundamental obstacles standing in the way of the freedom of the press. I cannot, however, agree with the contention of Mr. Nambiar that the citizen has got a right to absolute freedom prior to publication as contradistinguished with a regulated right with reference to publications already made. The Constitution does not draw the line between pre-publication and post-publication as such. The exceptions provided for in Article 19(2) relate to matters with reference to which the Legislature may enact laws applicable to the stage before publication as well as after publication. No doubt any restraint by way of precensorship or similar restraint of a like character are not likely to be enacted by Legislatures of modern times in a democratic State. War-time and emergency legislation stands, however, on a different footing; but even in normal and peace time such legislation is not precluded by the Constitution as unconstitutional. The necessity for and the wisdom of the measure, if any, will be one for the concerned Legislature. Such measures are not open to judicial review except in so far as the legislation whether it concerns pre-publication or post-publication is outside the field of legislative activity permitted under Article 19(2). In Brij Bhushan v. The State of Delhi, : 1950CriLJ1525 the Act which was impugned permitted a pre-censorship order. An order of that kind was called in question. The Supreme Court held that the imposition of pre-censorship on a journal was undoubtedly a restriction on the liberty of the press and then postulated the question as follows :
'The only question, therefore, is whether Section 7 (1) (e) (oE the East Punjab Public Safety Acb V of 1949) which authorises the imposition of such a restriction falls within the reservation of Clause (2) of Article 19.'
It is clear that the latter question would have been unnecessary if the fact of pre-censorship by itself was conclusive of the matter. In the face of this decision it is not possible to accept Mr. Nambiar's contention that the Press Act either wholly or in part is unconstitutional on the mere ground that it operates to create restraints previous to publication.
23. The result of the foregoing discussion would amount to this that as regards the first petition, unless Section 4 (1) (a) can be said to be constitutionally valid and operative to a part at least, i.e., in so far as it takes in words whichhave a tendency to undermine the security of or tend to overthrow the State, the petition will have to be allowed. The second petition also will have to be allowed provided we have jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution to act by way of issuing writ beyond the limits of the Original Jurisdiction of this Court. Those two important questions, therefore, remain to bo considered before we can finally dispose of the applications.
24. I have already held that the language of Section 4 (1) (a), Press Act, is very much wider than what is permitted under Article 19(2). It is argued, however, that oven so any existing law inconsistent with the fundamental right is void only to the extent of the inconsistency and no more and that in so far as the language of 8. 4 (1) (a), Press Act, will take in eases where the offending matter undermines the security of the States or tends to overthrow the same, the legislation is saved by Article 19(2). This aspect of the matter was not fully argued at the Bar, though no doubt a brief reference to it was made. 'Where certain words are found in a legislative enactment which if interpreted in its literal sense, may fall outside the powers of the Legislature but if confined to a narrower meaning will fall within its powers, the Court as a rule of construction will hold the legislation valid by attributing the latter meaning to the words in question. For instance, the word 'property' in the Hindu Women's Eight to Property Act, 1939, had been interpreted by the Federal Court as meaning only non-agricultural property in view of the fact that the Central Legislature which made the enactment had no power to legislate on the subject of agricultural land. Tho present case cannot fall under that principle. Hero words are used which take in a wider class of acts and events than what is permitted to the Legislature. In effect, we have got to substitute for the words in Section 4 (1) (a) different words limiting the scope thereof to cases where the offending matter undermines the security of the State or tends to overthrow it. This is rewriting the section, although it is by way of not introducing a new and different subject-matter but by abridging in the full scope of the enacted words as they would stand and limiting their operation to a narrower field. Ifc is true that a legislative Act may be entirely valid as to some classes of cases and clearly void as to others. Also, a portion of it may be good and a portion bad. A law may be unconstitutional as regards citizens but not unconstitutional as regards aliens. It may be unconstitutional in so far as it has been given retroactive operation, though it may be valid as regards its future operation. The AmericanCourts have held that a State enactment, invalid aa regards inter-State commerce may be good as regards intra-State commerce. The question of the severability of the good and the bad portions may arise for decision in different ways. Indeed, in some cases an enactment as 'interpreted and applied' to the particular individual has been declared to be unconstitutional with reference to the particular matter in controversy. Those different aspects of this question of sevorability have to be kept in view before we can come to a conclusion in the present instance.
25. The precise question that calls for decision now is whether it is open to this Court to hold that the application of Sections 4(1) (a) and 3 (3) of the Act as a result of which the keeper of the printing preas has been called upon to make a deposit consequent on the printing and publication of the particular offending matter complained of can be sustained on the ground that the offending matter aforesaid is such as to undermine the security of the State or rend to overthrow the State; in other words, whether the application of . the sections in each particular case has got to he scrutinised with & view to see that the offending article can be brought not within the wide language of Section 4 (1) (a) as such but within that part of it which may satisfy 8. 4 (1) (a), as it stands, and at the same time also amount to undermining the security of or tending to overthrow the State. On this aspect of the matter the judgment of the Supreme Court in tbe Cross-roads case Romesh Thapper v. The State of Madras : 1950CriLJ1514 has to be borne in mind. Their Lordships say :
'Where a law purports to authorise the imposition of restrictions on a fundamental right in language wide enough to cover restrictions both within and without the limits of constitutionally permissible legislative action affecting such right, it is not possible to upheld it even so far as it may be applied within the constitutional limits as it is not severable. So long as. the possibility of its being applied to purposes not sanctioned by the Constitution cannot be ruled out it must be held bo be wholly unconstitutional and void. In other words, Clause (2) of Article 19 having allowed the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression only in oases where danger to public security is involved an enactment which is capable of being applied to cases where no such danger could arise, cannot be hold to be constitutional and valid to any extent.'
This clear pronouncement of the highest Court is, in my opinion, decisive of the question. It is not open to us to uphold the constitutionality of Section 4 (1) (a) even to a limited extent as contended for. Ifc is true thafc in the Crossroads case, Romesh Thapper v. The State of Madras : 1950CriLJ1514 the matter in question wasa ban on the circulation of the journal. In Brij Bushan v. State of Delhi, : 1950CriLJ1525 itwas a pre-censorship order which was alsoquashed by the Supreme Court. The entireorder was quashed, and their Lordships do not uphold it even to any limited extent. The test, however, is the same. It follows, in my opinion,that both Sections 4 (1) (a) and 4 (1) (d) fall outside the scope of permitted legislation and would be unconstitutional as operating to abridge the freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a). Moreover, there is nothing to show thatthe State Government, before asking for deposit, had applied its mind to the question whether the offending matter was such as to undermine the State or tend to its overthrow, and not merely whether the matter comes under Section 4 (1)(a) of the Press Act as it stands now.
26. The last question relates to the jurisdiction of this Court to issue the writs under Article 226 of the Constitution. 1 agree with theconclusion of my learned brother, Govinda Menon J. that this Court has jurisdiction. Thequestion is fully examined by him. I shallcontent myself with observing that while it is true that there is a distinction between jurisdiction and power, jurisdiction may also be implied in certain cases from the conferring of powers. Article 226 confers the power on the High Court throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. In my judgment, these words would imply that this High Court hag power to issue writs not only within the limits of its original jurisdiction but 'throughout the territories of the Madras State. The scheme of the Constitution is to provide a i-emody for the enforcement of the fundamental rights by enabling the subject to move the Supreme Court under Article 32(2) and to move the High Court under Article 226(1). The Constitution contemplates the extension of this remedy by parliamentary legislation empowering other ?ourts also such as Subordinate Courts (see Clause (3) of Article 32). In this sub-continent of great distances the necessity for speedy resort to a Court of justice easily accessible was visualised by the Constitution and provided for by Article 226 by giving jurisdiction to the High Courts and leaving it to parliamentary legislation to confer this jurisdiction on Subordinate Courts, whon necessary.
27. In the result I would allow both the petitions and direct the issue of necessary writs to quash the orders of the Government demanding security from the petitioners. Sections 4 (1) (a) and 4 (1) (d), Press (Emergency Powers) Act, 1931, are in conflict with Article 19(1)(a) oftho Constitution and are, therefore, void under) Article 13.
Basheer Ahmed Sayeed, J.
28. These are two petitions filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying this Court to quash the orders passed by the Government of Madras under Press (Emergency Powers) Act XXIII of 1931 (hereinafter called the Press Act) by issuing appropriate writs or orders, on the ground that these orders of the State Government contravene Articles 19(1) and 19(2) of the Constitution. The first petition is by the keeper of the 'Avanti' press at Rajahmendrawaram, Bast Godavari district, within the State of Madras. The petitioner was served with an order dated 24-2-1950 under 3.3(3), Press Act, by which he was called upon to deposit a sum of Rs. 2000 with the District Magistrate of East Godavari on or before 10-4-1950 for having printed a Telugu book called 'Vajrayutham' in his press. Tho book 'Vajrayutham' contains numerous poems under different headings and when it was published by the publisher with whom we are not concerned in this petition, it was found by the State Government that the book contained passages which offended against a provision of the Press Act, viz., Section 4 (1) (a). The offending passages are found in Ex. B filed along with the original petition, 0. P. No. 194 of 1950. It appears to bo the view of the Government that the passages extracted in the said Ex. B from out of the book printed by the keeper of the 'Avanti1' press come within Section 4(1) (a), Press Act, and therefore they fall within the mischief of s. 3 (3) of the said Press Act entitling the Government to call upon the 'keeper of the Press' to deposit security with the Magistrate. So action was taken under Section 3 (3) of the Act.
29. The second petition is by the 'publisher' of a newspaper called 'Aruna' published in Mangalore, South Kanara.;, district, within the State of Madras. It is a Kannada weekly of Mangalore and its issue dated 2G-2-1950 is said to contain matter of the nature described in Section 4 (1) (d), Press Act, justifying the Government to call upon the petitioner, who is the editor and publisher of the said newspaper to deposit with the District Magistrate of South Kanara, a sum of Rs. 1000 by way of security. This ordor is dated 8-6-1950 and issuod in exercise of the powers vested in the State Government under Section 7 (3), Press Act. A translation of the offending article entitled ''22 persons were inhumanly murdered in Salem jail etc.,' which appeared in the petitioner's newspaper 'Aruna' dated 26-2-1950 has been filed along with the original petition (0. P. No. 214 of 1950).
30. These two petitioners had originally filed O. P. Nos. 194 of 1960 and 214 of 1950 respectively under Section 23, Press (Emergency Powers) Act, praying that the orders of the State Government demanding security from the 'keeper'' of the Press and the editor and publisher, respectively of the 'Avanti' press and the 'Aruna' newspaper might fee set aside on the grounds set out in their petitions. For the disposal of these two petitions, the present Bench was constituted as required under s. 24, Press Act. By two judgments delivered by this Bench today, both the petitions referred to above have been dismissed, as, in our opinion, the matter complained of by the State Government in each of the cases did fall within the scope of Sections 4 (1) (a) and 4 (i) (d), Press Act, respectively and the State Government was justified in calling upon both the petitioners in the said two petitions to deposit the securities required in the orders issued by the State Government. In the first of the petitions, this Eench was of the opinion that some of the poems-extracted in Ex. B contained words, which incited the commission of the offence of murder and other cognisable offences involving violence. The contention of the learned counsel for the petitioner that the matter complained of did not come within the mischief of Section 4 (I) (a), Press Act, was not tenable. Even so, in the second petition, namely, C. P. No. 214 of 1950, this Bench was of the opinion that the article complained of did come within the scope of Section 4 (1) (d), Press Act, in that the words used brought into hatred and contempt the Government established by law and excited disaffection towards the said Government and that the petition was devoid of merits. But, since it was realised by the learned counsel for the petitioners, during the course of the hearing of these two petitions, that the jurisdiction of this Bench constituted under s. 24, Press Act, was confined only to a determination as to whether the book, or the newspaper, in respect of which the order was made ly the State Government, did or did not contain any words, signs or visible representations of the nature described in s. 4 (1) (a), Press Act, or Section 4 (1) (d) thereof, it was felt necessary by the learned counsel to file the present civil miscellaneous petitions under Article 226 of the Constitution praying for the issue of appropriate writs or orders to quash the orders of the Government on the ground of unconstitutionality of Sections 4 (1) (a) and 4 (1) (d) of the said Press Act. It is with these petitions that we are now concerned.
31. The points raised by Mr. M. K. Nambiar the learned counsel appearing for the 'keeper' of the printing press in the first petition are:1. that Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a), Press Act are ultra vires of the Constitution of India, in that they abridge the right of the petitioner to freedom of speech and expression, a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution under Art, 19(1)(a); (2) that the said sections of the Press Act are not saved by Article 19(2) of the Constitution, which permits legislation by the State affecting the fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution in certain- specified matters; (3) that the demand for security under Section 3 (s), Press Act, on the ground that the press was used for printing objectional matter coming under Section 4 (1) (a), Press Act, operated by way of previous restraint upon the petitioner's right to freedom of speech and expression and was in the nature of precensorship and, therefore, it was void and unconstitutional and (4) that Section Section (3), Press Act, enabling the Government to demand such security was inconsistent with the provisions of Part III of the Constitution as laid down by Article 13 of the Constitution. Mr. Eamachandran, the learned counsel appearing for the editor and publisher in the second petition, also contends on the same lines as Mr. Nambiar in respect of the order served on his client under Section 3 (3), Press Act, and urges that Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (d), Press Aot, are inconsistent with the Constitution and offend against Articles 13 and 19(1)(a) thereof.
32. The Public Prosecutor, Mr. V. T. Eangaswami Aiyangar, who appears for the State in the first petition, submitted various points in support of his contention that the order issued against the 'keeper of the printing press' was sustainable and that Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a), Press Act, did not offend against Article 13 or 19(1)(a) or 19(2) of the Constitution. In the first place, he argues that 'freedom of the press' has not been specifically mentioned in Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution and what is mentioned there is only 'freedom of speech and expression', while in the Constitutions of America and other countries having a written constitution 'freedom of the press' or 'liberty of the press' has been specifically mentioned among the guaranteed rights and that since Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution has omitted to include the 'freedom of the press' or 'the liberty of the press' it would not be proper to give any wider meaning than what is warranted by the express language of Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. His point seems to be that what has been guaranteed by the Constitution is only 'freedom of speech and expression' and though the term 'expression' may relate to utterances in writing or in print, or manifestation or representation of feelings, intentions orthoughts in writing the word 'expression' cannot be equated with the words 'liberty of the press' in the sense in which the phrase is used in the other Constitutions.
33. As against this contention, Mr. Nambiar invited our attention to the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly, when the Constitution was on the anvil and especially to the debates relating to the framing of Article 19 of the Constitution of India. A reference to the debates of the Constituent Assembly as published in vol. 7, No. 17, pp. 712 to 716 and No, 18 of the same volume, p. 77 and following reveals that, when the question was raised by some of the framers of the Constitution that the phrase 'freedom of the press'' should also be included in addition to the words 'freedom of speech and expression' in Article 19, it was made clear in reply by the members of the drafting committee that 'freedom of speech and expression' means 'freedom of the press' as well, and that there was no specific necessity to include the words 'freedom or liberty of the press' as such. Dr. Ambedkar who piloted the draft in the Constituent Assembly is reported to have said that no special mention of the 'liberty of the press' was necessary in view of the fact that in so far as citizens were concerned, 'freedom of speech and expression' meant and included 'freedom of the press' as well. Though the manner in which the need for the addition of the words 'freedom of the press' has been dealt with does not seem to be quite satisfactory and while we feel that it would have been eminently desirable to have included in Article 19(1)(a) the phrase 'freedom or liberty of the press' as well, still we feel it difficult to exclude the concept of the 'liberty of the press' from the actual terminology used in Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. The term 'press' according to A. Y. Dicey, the author of the Law of the Constitution, means periodical literature in general and particularly the newspapers, and 'freedom of the press', according to him, is a person's right to make any statement he likes in books or newspapers. Freedom of expression, as found in Article 19(1)(a) of our Constitution, cannot be said to exclude a person's right to make any statement he likes in books or newspapers, and it will be no violence to the meaning of the word 'expression' if we so include within its connotation this right. Besides the debates of the Constituent Assembly at the time of the framing of the Constitution referred to above, the learned counsel for the petitioner in the first petition has also invited our attention to two decisions of the Supreme Court, namely, Romesh Thappar Y. The State of Madras, : 1950CriLJ1514 and BrijBhusan v. The State of Delhi, : 1950CriLJ1525 where the learned Judges of the Supreme Court have taken it for granted that the term 'freedom of speech and expression' include 'freedom of the press' as well. In the first of the two decisions referred to above, Patanjali Sastri J. delivering the majority judgment in the Supreme Court has observed that,
'There can be no doubt that freedom of speech and expression includes freedom of propagation of ideas and that freedom is ensured by the freedom of circulation.'
The learned Judge further quotes in the course of his judgment the following :
'Liberty of circulation is as essential to that freedom as the liberty of publication. Indeed, without circulation the publication would bo of little value'--ex parts Jackson, 96 U. S. 727.''
In the second of the above decisions also, Patanjali Sastri J. again delivering the judgment of the Supreme Court for the majority has observed,
'there can be little doubt that the imposition of precensorship on a journal is a restriction on the liberty of the press which is an essential part of the right to freedom of speech and expression declared by Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India.'
He further quotes a passage from Blackstone's Commentaries, vol. IV pp. 151, 152 which runs as follows :
'The liberty of the press consists in laying no previous restraint upon publications, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published. Every free man has an undoubted right to lay what sentiments he pleases before the public; to forbid this is to destroy the freedom of the press.'
34. These two decisions no doubt are concerned mainly with the right of 'publication of matter in journals' which had been interdicted by the State Governments under special legislation enacted by the States' Legislatures and the person concerned and affected in each of these cases was a printer, publisher and the editor of the journals in English called 'Cross roads' in the one case, and 'Organiser' in the other case. It should also be noted that in these two cases, the question whether the 'keeping of a printing press' could be included within the scope of Article 19(1)(a) did not arise and was not the subject-matter of the decision. However, the fact remains that, in the light of the two decisions referred to above and the well-known rule of construction that the terms used in a statute should be given the meaning which they were intended to be given at the time of the adoption of the statute, it could not be inconsistent, nor could it amount to any violation of the true meaning and intent of the language, to hold that the phrase 'freedom of speech and expression' occurring in Article 19(1)(a) does include the 'freedom or liberty of the press' as well. In this view, the contention of the learned Public Prosecutor that Article 19(1)(a) docs not include liberty of the press cannot be accepted.
35. The next point argued by the learned Public Prosecutor is that though the various sections of Press (Emergency Powers) Act deal not merely with the 'keeper of the printing press' but also with the ''publisher and editor of any newspaper' or journal or magazine, still in the present case, the person who is sought to be dealt with by Section 3 (3), Press Act, is only the keeper of the printing press and that Section 3(3) in BO far as it related to the keeper of the printing press seeks only to regulate the use of the printing press by its keeper and not to restrict the liberty of the individual to make any statement he likes in books, or newspapers, or magazines. Therefore, he contends that in so far as the 'use' of the printing press by its keeper is concerned, there cannot be any violation of the right of freedom of speech and expression, if the 'use' of such a printing press is controlled; and the proper article under which such control can be legitimately exercised by the State is not by virtue of the reservations contained in Article 19(2), but that the use of a printing press by its keeper is permitted to bo regulated by any existing laws, or by such laws as may be enacted by the State under the reservations contained in Articles 19(5) and 19(6). In effect, his argument is that, while Article 19(1)(a) would not apply to the 'use of the printing press by its keeper,' Articles 19(f) and 19(g) would apply, and according to Articles 19(5) and 19(6), any existing law may operate or legislation is permissible, which may impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights in the interests of the general public. According to the learned Public Prosecutor, the petitioner in the first of the petitions before us cannot be said to be exercising any right of 'freedom of speech and expression' in having undertaken to merely print matter for another individual, either for remuneration or free of any remuneration. The 'keeper of the printing .press,' by no means, can be said to be making any statement he likes in books or newspapers and thereby exercising his right to 'freedom of speech and expression,' when he prints matter for another individual who may either publish or not publish the same. The position would not be any different, if he prints well-known works either of a secular or religious nature. Of course, the question of his reading or reciting or circulating such matter by publication would be otherwise. In that case, he would certainly be exercising his right of freedom of speech and expression. On the other hand, by printing the book in question, 'Yajrayutham,' he has simplyused his press in the exercise of his right to the property, namely, the printing press, which he owns for the purpose of practising a profession or occupation, or trade or business of printing and has not exercised any personal right of the liberty of the press or freedom of speech and expression. Therefore, when the keeper of the press, the petitioner before us, has actually used his press for printing matter for another person, which incites to or encourages, or tends to incite or to encourage, the commission of any offences of murder, or any cognizable offence involving violence, the State will be onfcitled to regulate the use of such a printing press by its keeper in the interests of the general public by imposing reasonable restrictions such as are found in Section 3 (3), Press Act.
36. We think there is considerable force in this contention of the learned Public Prosecutor. A reading of the Press Act and an analysis of the various sections thereof discloses that the Press Act is intended not merely to control 'publication' .of newspapers, journals, magazines etc., but also to control and regulate 'the use of the press' as a profession or business. The preamble, no doubt, is in very general terms when it says that it is enacted to provide for the better control of the press, It must be remembered that the words 'better control' are used in comparison with the provisions of the already existing law in what is known as the Press and Eegistration of Books Act (xxv 25. of 1867). That is why frequent references are also made in the Press Act to this earlier Act which, apparently, was found to be inadequate to meet the requirements of the changed situation. But the scheme of the Press Act seems to be to control the press in both its aspects, namely, 'publication' of periodical literature in general such as newspapers, news sheets and magazines, etc., and also the 'use' of the press, or the press or the printing press, as both a property and as a profession, occupation, trade or business. A scrutiny of the various sections of the Press Act abundantly supports that the scheme of the said Press Act is twofold as set out above. Section 2, Press Act, and Sub-Clauses (1), (5), (6), (9) and (1) thereof define the various items which go to constitute periodical literature, newspapers, magazines, etc., whereas Sub-clauses (7) and (3) define what a press and a printing press is That is to say, Sub-Clauses (7) and (3) deal with the press in its narrower aspect, namely, aa property used for the purpose of carrying on a trade or business, viz., printing, while the other sub-clauses referred to above deal with the press in the wider aspect in which it is understood, viz., as the exercise of a liberty to make anystatement or utterances, or express any opinion in books, newspapers or magazines, etc. Section 3, Press Act, refers to deposit of security by keepers of printing presses as the marginal note indicates. A close reading of the said section itself would show that whereas Sub-Clauses (1) and (2) deal only with the keeper of a printing press and the deposit of security by him, Sub-clause (3) deals with the security that may be required from a 'keeper of a press' which has been used for the purpose of printing or publishing any newspaper, book, or other document containing any words, signs, or visible representations of the nature described in Section 4 (1) of the Act. This sub-clause clearly envisages two aspects, namely, the business of printing and also the publication of the matter printed. No doubt, sometimes, one and the same person may be the printer as well as the publisher and editor, but in the present case, it must bo remembered that it is only the printer, i.e., the keeper of the press who is dealt with for having used his printing press for printing objectionable matter. Section 4, Press Act, similarly deals with the power of the State Government to declare either security or press forfeited in cases where action has been taken under Section 3 (8), Press Act, and where either printing or publication has taken place in violation thereof. Section 5 deals only with the 'keeper of the press' in so far as the deposit of further security is concerned, after action has been taken against the keeper of the press under Section 4 or s. 6. Section 6 similarly deals with the power of the Government to declare further security made by the keeper of the printing press and the publications that were published forfeited to the Government.
37. Bat when we come to Section 7, Press Act, the person dealt with under that section is the 'publisher' of the newspaper and not the 'keeper' of the press. Under Sub-section (1) of this Section 7, the publisher of a newspaper may be required to deposit security for reasons to be recorded in writing. Sub-section (2) says that, where security has been deposited and where no order is made by the State Government under Section 8 in respect of such newspaper--i.e., where there is no order as to forfeiture of the security--the security shall, on application by the 'publisher, be refunded. Sub-sections (3) and (4) of the same section enable the State Government to take action against the publisher, if the publisher publishes any objectionable matter that may come within the scope of Section 4 (1), Press Act. It is to be noted that no mention of the keeper of the press, is made in this section. Section 8 again deals with the newspaper in respect of which a security hasbeen ordered and it enables the State Government to forfeit that security, if objectionable matter which might fall under s. 4 (1) of the said Press Act is published. Section 9 deals with the deposit of further security by the publisher of a newspaper. Section 10 deals with the power of the State Government to declare further security deposited by the publisher of the newspaper and the newspaper itself being forfeited, if matter of the nature described in s. 4 (1) is published in the newspaper. These three sections also do not even as much as refer to the keeper of the printing press. Section 11 deals with penalty for keeping a press or publishing any newspaper without making deposit. Here again, we see that the two distinct aspects of the press are dealt with, namely, the keeping of a press and the publishing of a newspaper. Section 12 deals with the consequences of failure to deposit security as required, by the keeper of the printing press as also failure on the part of a publisher of a newspaper when either or both of them have been called upon to furnish security under the relevant sections referred to above. Section 13 again refers to the return of security deposited in certain cases by the person who is the keeper of the press, or by the person who is the publisher of the newspaper. That is to say, when the keeper of the press ceases to keep the press, or when the publisher ceases to publish the newspaper, he is given the right to apply to the Magistrate for return of the deposit. It is unnecessary for us to consider the further sections which follow Section 13, Press Act. However, when we come to Section 23, it relates to the application to the High Court to set aside orders of the State Government under Sections 3 (3) or 7 (3) in respect of the keeper of a printing press, or the publisher of a newspaper as the case may be. Here again, the keeper of the press is dealt with distinctly and separately from the publisher of the newspaper. Section 23 (2) refers specifically only to the keeper of the printing press in respect of which an order for forfeiture has been made under Sub-section (2) of s. 12. Section 25 again deals with both the keeper of the press and the publisher of a newspaper and what orders have to be passed in either case, when the High Court comes to a decision on the applications filed. It would be evident, therefore, from a perusal'of the sections that the Press Act, as already stated, deals both with regulating the trade or profession of printing as such and also controls the publication of dissemination of facts and opinions by means of newspapers, news sheets, books or other documents e.tc. That seems to be the comprehensive scheme underlying the Press Act.
38. If such be the aim and object of the Press Act, the question then arises as to whether, if the keeper of a printing press in the exercise of his profession, occupation, trade or business of printing, uses his press which is his property, for the printing of matter which incites to or encourages or tends to incite to or to encourage, the commission of any offence of murder or any cognizable offence involving violence, as has been already found by us in the present ease, such trade, occupation or business of printing could be regulated or not in the interests of the general public ; or whether the keeper of a printing press has absolute and unfettered rights to use his press in any manner he likes. Another question that arises is as to whether the provisions of the existing law, namely, Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a), Press Act, which seek to regulate the profession of printing by a keeper of the press by preventing or restraining the printing of matter which incites to or encourages or tends to incite to or to encourage, the commission of any offence of murder or any cognizable offence involving violence, are conceived in the interests of the general public or not. The further question which arises is as to whether the provisions of the existing law, namely, Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a), Press Act, are saved by the reservations contained in Articles 19(5) and 19(6) of the Constitution. In our opinion, if the Press Act also aims at the regulation of the trade, or profession or occupation of printing in addition to the control of the publication of newspapers, news-sheets, magazines, etc., as we hold it does, any provision contained therein which imposes a reasonable restriction upon the exercise of such a profession with a view to prevent the printing of matter, which incites to or encourages, or tends to incite to or to encourage, the commission of any offence of murder or any cognizable offence involving violence, must be held to be a legitimate restraint, which is permissible in the interests of the general public, under Sub-clauses (5) and (6) of Article 19 of the Constitution. Nothing could be considered to be more necessary and legitimate in the interests of the general public and the well being of the society, than to see and provide that any citizen, in the exercise of his profession, or in the use of his property, does not use his property, or exercise his profession in a manner that may possibly create public disorder or disturbance to the peace, and there by prove detrimental to the interests of the general public, or affect the personal liberty, rights and safety of the other members of the society in the State. Therefore, it follows that any provision of law to regulate or control any profession, or the use of any property by anycitizen in a manner not to affect the interests and rights of the members of the general public in the State, cannot by any means, be said to be a violation of his right to exercise his profession or the trade and much less a violation of his right of 'freedom of speech and expression'. In this view, we have no hesitation in holding that Section 3 (3) and Section 4 (1) (a), Press Act, are not inconsistent with Art. 13 of the Constitution or Articles 19(f) and 19(g) of the Constitution, for we hold that the limitations and restrictions imposed by the said sections of the Press Act are in full accord with and are saved by the reservations contained in Articles 19(5) and 19(6) of the Constitution, which permit the existing law to operate or a fresh law being enacted to regulate any trade or profession or the use of property in the interests of the general public.
39. In fact, Mr. Nambiar appearing for the petitioner in the first of the petitions did not choose to argue contrary to the contention that Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a), Press Act, may amount to an abridgment of the right of the petitioner guaranteed to him under Articles 19(f) and 19(g), and that such abridgment is saved by Articles 19(5) and 19(6). In fact, he conceded the position that, if the right of the petitioner to carry on the profession or trade or business of printing alone is considered to be affected by the Government order requiring the petitioner to deposit security, then an'abridgment of this right, under Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a), Press Act, should be valid and protected by the reservations contained in Articles 19(5) and 19(6). But what he strenuously contended was that it was not mere use of the printing press that had been sought to be affected by Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a), Press Act, but the right of the petitioner to print any matter he likes in his press, and that a restriction imposed upon his right to print any matter he likes would be an abridgment of his right to 'freedom of speech and expression' including the 'liberty of the press'. His point; is that the right to print matter in the printing press is itself a right that has been guaranteed by the Constitution to the petitioner, irrespective of whether such matter is published or not, either by him or by somebody else, and irrespective also of the fact, whether the matter thus printed ia in his own, or of aomebody else. That is to say, the petitioner, according to him, has an absolute right to print anything he likes, that under Article 19(1)(a), such a right is guaranteed to him, and that it cannot be abridged except when the restrictions partake of the nature provided for in Article 19(2). At the same time, Mr. Nambiar also emphasises that every matter that is printed is intended onlyfor publication and there is no purpose of printing any matter, if it is not intended for publication. Printing of matter is only for publication and the right of 'freedom of speech' comprehends, according to him, everything that ia ancillary and subsidiary to such publication. Printing of any matter through a printing press is, therefore, according to him, part of the exercise of the 'freedom of speech and expression', that printing is an ancillary process of the means of expression and that the dominant idea underlying the scheme of the Press (Emergency Powers) Act, according to him, is bo regulate or control the means of publication and thereby to control the 'freedom of speech and expression'. He urges that the Press (Emergency Powers) Act ia a law directly dealing with the right of 'freedom of speech and expression' and that it is not a law directly dealing with the trade or profession of printing, or the running of a printing press. It is the functioning of the press and not the property in the press that is aimed at by the Press (Emergency Powers) Act. This is what Mr. Nambiar urges in his elaborate argument,
40. The further point stressed by Mr. Nambiar is that an enactment like the Press (Emergency Powers) Act and particularly Sections 8 (8) and 4 (1) (a) could be held to be valid only if they could be brought under the saving clause of Article 19, namely, Sub-clause (2) which lays down that the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to any matter which undermines the security of, or tends to overthrow, the State, shall not be affected by anytbing stated in Sub-clause (a) of Article 19, Elaborating this point, it is the contention of Mr. Nambiar that Section 4 (1)( a), Press Acb, which lays down that the printing or publishing after printing in a press, any book, or document containing any words, signs, or visible representations which incite to or encourage, or tend to incite to or to encourage, the commission of any offence of murder or any cognizable offence involving violence, cannot be brought under the scope of the terms used in Sub-clause (2) of Article 19 and cannot beheld to be a matter which undermines the security of or tends to overthrow the State. That is to say, any matter that is printed and/or published, which is objectionable and comes within the scope of s. 4 (1) (a), Press Act, cannot be construed to undermine the security of the State or to overthrow the State. Consequently, unless and until the matter is such as to undermine the security of or tends to overthrow the State, the absolute 'liberty of the Press' and the 'freedom of speech and expression' guaranteed under Article 19(1) of the Constitution cannot be affected. In spite of the able argu 1951 Madras/12 & 13merits advanced by Mr. Nambiar, we must confess, we cannot agree with him on the several points raised by him.
41. In this connection, Mr. Nambiar invites our attention to the first, the fifth and the fourteenth amendments of the American Constitution in order to reinforce his argument that, while the American Constitution does not confer any positive right, it only restricts the curtailment or abridgment of the existing rights viz., 'freedom of speech and of the press, life, liberty and property' and these rights cannot be affected or taken away except under due process of law; that in our Constitution, the position is otherwise, namely, that Article 19(1) confers certain positive rights on the citizens. It is true that the trend of the decisions of the Supreme Court in the United States of America and the various authorities on Constitutional Law have held that the first amendment of the American Constitution and the fourteenth amendment have the same scope, namely, that the Congress or the States shall make no law unreasonably of abridging the 'freedom of speech and of the press.' It is also laid down by those decissiona, even as has been the case in the United Kingdom, that there shall be no legal censorship against the press viz., what is understood to be the expression of opinion in periodical literature or in the form of books or newspapers etc. But nowhere has any decision of the Supreme Court of the United States of America, or any author of books on Constitutional Law in the United States, ever laid down that the Federal or the State Government had no power at all to legislate upon the subject of 'freedom of speech and of the press.' On the other hand, it has been uniformly held that the rights of freedom of speech and of the press are not absolute rights, but that both the States and the Federal Government in the United States have the power to restrict the freedom of speech and of the press within the limits imposed by the Constitutional guarantee on Governmental power to enact legislation in that regard.
42. The question then arises as to what exactly is the scope of the Constitutional limitation against the control of personal liberty, such as the 'freedom of speech and of the press,' by the Government of the State or of the Union. That the fundamental right of the 'freedom of speech and expression' guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a) of our Constitution can also be legislated upon by the States or the Union Government, oannot be denied, for Article 19(2) itself specifically lays down the limits or reservations within which such legislation upon the said right guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a) of theConstitution can be enacted. The question then is what exaetly is the interpretation that has to be put upon the scope and implications of the reservations contained in Article 19(2) of the Constitution so far as tbe fundamental right of 'freedom of speech and expression' is concerned. It is a well-known fact that, even in the United States of America, notwithstanding the passage of the first amendment to the Constitution, the Alien and Seditions Acts of 1798 and the Espionage Act of 1917 were enacted by the Congress and the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States held these Acts to be valid, though these were wartime legislations. In times of peace, however, the same Court has held that any legislation which controls the 'freedom of speech and of the press'' will amount to due process of law, when it was a proper exercise of the police power of the State; and tbe proper exercise of the police power it has been held, would be whenever the Supreme Court of the United States finds a paramount social interest involved. In the case of seditious libel, i.e., libel on Government as distinguished from libel on private individuals, in the early stages, the Supreme Court of the United States thought that, when words directly urge or cause unlawful acts, a paramount social interest was involved and any legislation by the State controlling the expression of such words would be legal. However, at a later stage, the same Court thought that when the words might have an indirect or remote tendency to cause unlawful acts, social control of freedom of speech and of the press would be in the proper exercise of the police power vested in the State, by reason of the due process of law clause in the fourteenth amendment. Still later, the same Supreme Court of the United States has held that, when there is a clear and present danger that words will cause unlawful acts, the exercise of police power under the due process of law clause is allowed and the control of freedom of speech and of the press is sustainable as legal and legitimate. Though this seems to be the latest position so far as the Supreme Court of the United States is concerned, still according to H.E. Willis, the well-known author of the Constitutional Law of the United States, the position of the law, so fair as the 'clear and present danger' test is concerned, has been left in some obscurity by some of the later decisions. But this much seems to be clear, so far as the American Constitution is concerned, that the test of the remote and indirect tendency to cause unlawful acts cannot be the test of the Constitutionality of the social control of the right of 'freedom of speech end of the press'. But in the ulti-mate analysis, the sum and substance of the series of decisions of the United States of America on the Constitution, the meaning of the guarantee of 'freedom of speech and of the press' seems to be that personal liberty is protected against social control, either by previous restraint or by subsequent liability, unless the Supreme Court passing both the utterance and the statute thinks such social control reasonable (See 'Willis on Constitutional Law, 1986 Edn. page 499).
43. If such, in brief, be the state of law of the American Constitution, what we have to ascertain is what would exactly be the meaning of the guarantee of 'freedom of speech and expression' in our Constitution in relation to the impugned sections of the Press (Emergency Powers) Act. In this connection, it must be remembered that the Constitutional guarantee of the 'freedom of speech and expression' incur Constitution is intended only to secure the unrestricted discussion of public affairs, especially by the minorities which require protection against the majorities, which may be in power and in charge of the administration of the State. As already observed, this right is not absolute and cannot prevent laws which may forbid the abuse of this guarantee by imposing previous restraint upon publication or subsequent punishment for such publication which may be deemed to he contrary to the public welfare. If we examine in this light, the contents of Section 4 (1) (a), Press (Emergency Powers) Act, it will be found that, what is sought to be prevented or restricted is the incitement or encouragement to commit the offence of murder, or the incitement and encouragement to commit any cognizable offence involving violence, by the 'keeper of a printing press'. No reasonable person could hold that, to make criminal the counselling of murder or the commission of offences involving violence would be an unconstitutional restriction of the right of 'freedom of speech and expression', nor could any one deny that the privilege of the liberty of the press and of speech, as a right to freely discuss public affairs, can be exercised only as long as the privilege was not used for the pupose of stirring up violence or breach of the law, or so long as it does not amount to a direct incitement to disorder and commission of offences involving violence. By no means could it be claimed that the 'freedom of speech and expression' guaranteed by Article 19(1) of our Constitution intends to give immunity for every possible use of the language even to use language so as to incite or encourage murders, or any other offences involving violence. Section 4 (1) (a), Press Act, refers plainlyto incitement to illegal acts which may amount to breach of the law and also create disorder and disturbance of public tranquillity. The Press Act, therefore, interdicts both the printing of such words as are calculated to cause breaches of the law, create public disorder and disturb public tranquillity, as are found in the book 'Vajrayutham' referred to earlier, by imposing a restraint by way of deposit of security and also by way of forfeiture of such a security when deposited, if the 'keeper of the press' still persists in the commission of such unlawful acts as are contemplated in Section 4 (1) (a), Press Act.
44. It is now for us to consider whether the unlawful acts which are sought to be prevented by exercise of the powers vested in the State Government under Section 3 (3), Press Act, could be so prevented and whether it is a proper exercise of the police power that is vested in the State to do so. The further question that arises is whether these sections, namely, 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a) do not relate to a matter which undermines the security of the State, and whether these provisions are not saved by Article 19(2) of the Constitution. In our opinion, the incitement to or encouragement to offences of murder and the incitement to and encouragement to the commission of cognizable offences involving violence is certainly of a serious nature which will undermine the security of the State. The security of the State, in our opinion, constitutes public welfare, public peace and public safety, and the unlawful acts sought to be prevented by the impugned sections of the Presa Act would certainly endanger the security of the State, if left unchecked. If the security of the State does not involve these items which are essential for an orderly government of the State, it is difficult to conceive what else could be meant by the security of the State. It is true the term security of the State hag not been defined in the Constitution but in our view internal peace, internal safety and internal order to make up the security in times of peace as well as in times of war and any acts calculated to upset these essential factors must be considered to undermine the security of the State. Therefore, even applying the clear and present danger test, followed by the Supreme Court of the United States of America, we are inclined to hold that Sections 3 (3) and 4 (1) (a), Press Act are fully saved by the reservations contained in Article 19(2) of the Constitution and they fall within the ambit of permissible legislation.
45. It is well known that in the American Constitution, the postal power for regulation of mails and the power to regulate inter-statecommerce have also been exercised by the Congress of the United States of America to exclude from the mails, among other things, writings calculated to produce sedition or to incite murder or arson. Congress, it is stated, has also enacted a number of laws, the principal purpose of which is to protect the public from fraud, immorality or something else deemed inimical to public welfare. The theory upon which such legislation is based seems to be that the postal power may properly be used to remedy the evil spread or perpetuated by the use of the mails. It is, however, stated that the Congress, in the exercise of its Federal power, namely, to maintain postal services, may determine what is to circulate in the mails and eliminate whatever in its judgment is deceptive, fraudulent, or otherwise detrimental to the public welfare. That is to say, a law can be made by the State which may prescribe what it deems injurious to the public peace and welfare, notwithstanding the fact that such law will infringe the right of 'freedom of speech and of the press.'
'It is on this basia again that postal authorities have the delegated power from the Congress la the United States to exclude obscene literature, objectionable advertisements, writings calculated to incite to crime and matters advocating or urging treason, insurrection, or forcible resistance to any law of the United States of America.'
If such be the case with regard to the exercise of postal power to regulate mails, there can be little doubt that the. State can exercise similar power to inhibit matter being printed, or published by the keeper of a printing press which incites to crime, such as murder or other cognizable offences which amount to not merely a breach of the laws but also injurious to the public peace and welfare which in turn cannot but undermine the security of the State. If incitement to crime such as the commission of murder and other offences involving violence will nob undermine the security of the State, it is not possible to say what else will be the effect of such incitements on the State. (One may usefully refer to the book entitled 'the American System of Government, Federal, State and Local' by Ferguesson and Me. Henry, pp. 394 FP, 1947, Edn. in this connection.)
46. Mr. Nambiar, no doubt, argues that, when such matter is printed or published, it can be made the subject of a prosecution and the offender may be punished and that there can be no justification for imposing a restraint in the nature of a pre-censorship. It may, however, be noted that the demand for security in the present case is made only after the objectionable matter has been printed by the keeper of the press and published by someother person. But it is well known that in a majority of cases, criminal prosecution may not be the effective remedy. Instead of it, the more effective remedy usually adopted happens to be to impose a ban by an administrative order issued under the law, thereby preventing the keeper of the printing press or the publisher from indulging in such unlawful acts, which involve danger to the security of the State. Therefore, it ia that censorship is resorted to in order to suppress facts or opinions that might undermine the existing order, or the authorities, or the State as such. It is unnecessary to recall to mind in this connection the very wide and comprehensive definition of the term 'The State' contained in Article 12 of the Constitution. It may be that the unlawful acts envisaged by the impugned Section 4 (1) (a), Press Act, do not constitute an 'overthrowing of the State,' but certainly they do constitute an undermining of the security of the State. In this view it is not possible for us to accept the contention that the impugned sections are wider in scope than what is permitted under Article 19(2) of the Constitution. In our opinion, there is certainly an undermining of the security of the State by reason of a direct incitement to murders and other cognizable offences though not an overthrowing of the State, as we have already found in the printed matter in question. Consequently, it is unnecessary for us to consider in this connection, the question of separability or not of the impugned provisions of the Press Act as that question does not arise in the present context, and in the view we have taken of the matter. We are, therefore, of the opinion that Section 8 (3) and 4 (1) (a), Press (Emergency Powers) Act, are not. repugnant or inconsistent with the Constitution, but are saved by the reservations contained in Article 19(2) of the Constitution, assuming at the same time that, by reason of the exercise of the powers vested in the State Government under Section 8 (3), the right of 'freedom of speech and expression' guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a) is sought to be curtailed or abridged.
47. The learned Public Prosecutor contended that the notice demanding security in the first of the petitions could not be affected by the Constitution which came into operation after January 1950, especially in view of the fact that the publication had taken place prior to the Constitution itself coming into force. However the action taken is after January 1950, though the publication is long prior thereto. The fact remains that actually, the Government Order was passed in February 1960 and was served on the party early in the month of March 1950. This makes it clear that the order demandingsecurity was issued after the Constitution came into effect. It would have made, in our opinion, a difference if proceedings had been initiated against the 'keeper of the printing press' for the impugned matter prior to the coming into effect of the Constitution. We agree with our learned brother, Panchapagesa Sastri J. that there is nothing in the Government Order to indicate that the Government applied its mind and decided upon passing an order calling for the security prior to 26-1-1950. In so far aa the Order seems to have taken effect in this case after the Constitution came into effect and if the State Government had no right to pass such an order after the Constitution had come into effect, it will make no difference virtually as to whether the publication took place earlief or later. But in view of the fact that we have held that the State Government is justified in imposing the ban on 'the keeper of the press' for the reason that the impugned sections of the Press Act are not inconsistent with or repugnant to the Constitution, this question does not seem to be of any material importance. We do nob think, therefore, it is necessary for us to dilate further on this argument of the learned Public Prosecutor.
48. In regard to the second petition, the main point argued by Mr. Ramaehandran appearing for the petitioner is that the matter complained of does not come under Section 4 (1) (d), Press (Emergency Powers) Act. In this connection, he has invited our attention to the two decisions of the Supreme Court, namely, Romesh Thappar v. The State of Madras, : 1950CriLJ1514 and Brij Bhushan v. The State of Delhi, : 1950CriLJ1525 , where it has been held that unless a law restricting freedom of speech and expression is directed solely against the undermining of the security of the State, or the overthrow of it such law cannot fall within the reservations contained in Article 19(2) of the Constitution although the restrictions which it seeks to impose may have been conceived generally in the interests of public order. His further point is that though Article 19(2) of the Constitution permits legislation on the subject of libel with a view to restrict the freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution still the subject of sedition is not one of the subjects on which legislation can be taken to have been permitted under the reservations contained in Article 19(2) of the Constitution. The matter that is now the subject of the Government order against the publisher of the 'Aruna' is essentially seditious and sedition in so far as it has been excluded from the scopeof Article 19(2), the Government order under s. 4 (1) (d) is an infringement of the right of freedom of speech and expression, by reason of the fact that Section 4 (1) (d) is itself ultra vires of the Constitution and is repugnant to it. Therefore, Article 18 of the Constitution makes it unconstitutional. The learned Advocate-General, however, raised two points against the contentions of the learned counsel for the petitioner in the second petition. The first point that the learned Advocate-General raised was that the petitioner had no right to come before this Court for the issue of a writ in a matter like the present one. The proper remedy open to the petitioner, according to the learned Advocate General, is that he should have gone before the Supreme Court and applied to that Court under Article 82 of the Constitution. According bo him, Article 226 of the Constitution does not confer power on the High Court to issue writs as regards the rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution. It can only issue writs in matters arising within its original jurisdiction. On this point, our learned brother, Govinda Menon J. has delivered judgment and since we fully concur with him, there seems to be no need for us to further elaborate this objection of the learned Advocate-General.
49. The second point raised by the learned Advooate-General for the petitioner in the second petition is that the order of the Government under Sections 8 (3) and 4 (1) (d), Press Act does not offend Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution and that the two sections are saved by the first part of Article 19(2). He, therefore, contends that the impugned sections of the Press Act should not be considered to be void, because of the fact that Article 19(2) of the Constitution gives ample scope to any State to legislate on libel and libel must be construed in a general and comprehensive sense so as to include what is known as 'seditious libel' or 'libel on Government.' He, of course, concedes that the term 'freedom of speech and expression' may include the 'liberty of the press' as well. But a reference to the history of the Constitution so far as it related to the framing of Article 19(2) would show that the makers of the Constitution deliberately omitted the word 'sedition' from the ecope of Article 19(2) of the Constitution and the cases cited by the learned counsel for the petitioner namely Romesh Thappar v. The State of Madras, : 1950CriLJ1514 and Brij Bhushan v. The State of Delhi, : 1950CriLJ1525 seem to warrant the position taken up by the learned counsel for the petitioner to the effect that the matter complained of against thepetitioner in this petition does not fall within the scope of permissive legislation contemplated by Article 19(2) of the Constitution. In view of what e have already stated in the foregoing parts of this judgment and also in view of what our learned brother, Panchapagesa Sastri J. has observed in his elaborate judgment on this point we do not think it is necessary for us to traverse the same ground. Suffice it for us to say that an examination of the scope of s. 4 (1) (d) leaves us with no other impression than that it will be straining too much to bring it within the scope of Article 19(2) of the Constitution. The omission to include 'sedition' in Clause (2) of Article 19 may perhaps be due to the fact that the Constitution has envisaged a republican form of Government and also has provided for an amendability of the Constitution itself. Numerous cases of the Supreme Court of the United States of America have also been cited to us which have dealt with this point under the American Constitution. We have already examined in general terms the trend of the decisions on seditious libel in so far as they related to the American Constitution and it is not necessary for us to recapitulate the effect of those decisions over again. In our opinion, Section 4 (1) (d), Press Act, cannot be claimed to be consistent with the Constitution, nor could we say that Section 4 (1) (d), Press Act, is saved by the reservations relating to permissive legislation contained in Art 19(2) of the Constitution. In our view, even applying the clear and present danger test of the Supreme Court of America, s. 4 (1) (d) as it stands amounts to a restriction on the 'freedom of speech and expression' guaranteed to the citizen under Article 19(1)(a) and must be held to be an unconstitutional limitation not warranted by Article 19(2) of the Constitution. Therefore, while we have to dismiss the first petition for the reasons above stated, we think the second petition has to be allowed, and we do so accordingly.
50. By Consent--C. M. P. No. 8581 of 1950 is dismissed. Leave to appeal to the Supremo Court under Article 182 is granted. C. M. P. No. 5647 of 1950 is allowed and the Order of the State Government is quashed. Leave to appeal under Article 132 is granted. | <urn:uuid:f5a01204-07c9-4a80-9aeb-73d6a2c349cc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.legalcrystal.com/case/774315/w-n-srinivasa-bhat-vs-state-madras | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00363-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96154 | 25,396 | 1.921875 | 2 |
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said that about 1,000 people had been killed in a crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrators in Syria and called on Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to halt the violence.
“This cruelty must end and the legitimate aspirations of the Syrian people must be honored,” Clinton said during a news conference with her British counterpart, William Hague.
“Foreign Secretary Hague and I are both absolutely consistent with our message to the Assad government,” she added.
“Stop the killings, the beatings, the arrests, release all political prisoners and detainees. Begin to respond to the demands that are upon you for a process of credible and -inclusive -democratic change,” she said, speaking shortly before US President Barack Obama begins a state visit to Britain.
The EU earlier imposed sanctions on Assad and other senior officials, raising pressure on his government to end weeks of violence against protesters.
It followed the US which last week extended sanctions to Assad and six senior officials.
“President Assad faces a choice. He can lead the transition to democracy ... or he can, as President Obama said on Thursday, get out of the way,” Clinton said. “But there is no doubt that if he does not begin to lead that process, his regime will face continuing and increasing pressure and isolation.”
Clinton said the US was “dismayed” at Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh’s refusal to sign a transition agreement that would see him cede power.
“President Saleh has agreed on multiple occasions to sign it. Once again, he is failing to live up to those promises,” she said.
“We urge President Saleh to immediately follow through on his repeated commitments to peacefully transfer power,” Clinton added. “This is critical for the peace and security that the Yemeni people are seeking.”
Clinton said an attack on a Pakistani naval air force base was “another reminder of the terrible price the Pakistani people have borne in their own struggle against violent extremism.”
Troops recaptured the base on Monday after a 16-hour battle with Taliban gunmen who had launched the attack to avenge the killing of al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.
“Pakistan has hard choices to make ... It needs international support to deal with political and economic problems and the threats it faces from internal violence,” Clinton said.
Damascus remains relatively untouched by the pro-democracy protests roiling Syria, but even supporters of the regime in the capital are becoming edgy about the mounting death toll and wondering where the country is headed.
While on the surface all appears normal in the city, with shops open, traffic jams and crowded sidewalks, it is clear that the unrest is on everyone’s mind and that with each new demonstration, casualty and sanction the tension rises a notch.
Many hunker down in their homes at night instead of socializing, while some evening events are being canceled or moved up so that residents can rush home early.
“Two weeks ago, we still believed the government’s assertion that everything was under control and that the crisis was over,” said one local resident, traditionally a supporter of Assad.
“But the future suddenly looks dark and I wonder down what path the regime is taking us,” added the woman, who like others mentioned in this article refused to be named. | <urn:uuid:df5f17db-9fa2-4a04-96f4-fa22a9cae01a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2011/05/25/2003504126 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00529-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968196 | 705 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Supplementary Components[Supplemental Materials Index] jexpmed_jem. redecorating. We explain that both the mitochondrial mass and oxygen consumption were higher in the BSM from asthmatic subjects than Rabbit polyclonal to ISLR in that from both COPD and settings. This feature, which is definitely specific to asthma, was related to an enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis through up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)C1, nuclear respiratory element-1, and mitochondrial transcription element A. The priming event of such activation was an alteration in BSM calcium homeostasis. BSM cell apoptosis was not different in the three groups of subjects. Asthmatic BSM was, however, characterized by improved cell growth and proliferation. Both characteristics were abrogated in mitochondria-deficient asthmatic BSM cells completely. Conversely, in both COPD and control BSM cells, induction of mitochondrial biogenesis reproduced these features. Hence, BSM in asthmatic sufferers is seen as a an altered calcium mineral homeostasis that boosts mitochondrial biogenesis, which, subsequently, enhances cell proliferation, resulting in airway redecorating. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pazopanib biological activity (COPD) are inflammatory airway illnesses that are seen as a different patterns of airway redecorating (1). Even so, the reduction in lung function that characterizes both illnesses is connected with an elevated mass of bronchial even muscles (BSM) (2, 3), which may very well be the main abnormality in charge of the airway narrowing seen in response to bronchoconstricting stimuli (4). The mechanisms underlying such remodeling of smooth muscles stay unidentified generally. On the main one hands, in even muscles from asthmatic sufferers, extreme in vitro proliferation of BSM cells continues to be demonstrated (5C7). Furthermore, reduced apoptosis of BSM cells continues to be showed also, although this is within a rat style of experimental asthma (7). Alternatively, in COPD, even muscle remodeling shows up limited by airways distal towards the 4th era (3, 8). Although a rise in TGF-1 creation by BSM cells has been proposed, such localization and Pazopanib biological activity the complete mechanism remain unexplained (9). Whatever its cause, BSM redesigning is definitely poorly sensitive to current therapeutics in both asthma and COPD. Mitochondria play a major part in both cell proliferation and apoptosis (10, 11). In malignancy, for instance, focusing on of mitochondrial function and mitochondrial antiapoptotic protein bcl-2 continues to be utilized to either suppress the proliferation of tumor cells (10) or induce cell apoptosis in solid tumors (12). Mitochondria get excited about various other illnesses also, such as for example neuron-degenerative illnesses (11). However, their role in COPD or asthma remains to become investigated. We hypothesized that mitochondrial activation in BSM from COPD or asthmatic sufferers could donate to even muscles remodeling. To research this hypothesis, we’ve likened mitochondrial mass, activity, and biogenesis in BSM extracted from asthmatics, COPD sufferers, and normal handles. We explain that both mitochondrial mass and air consumption had been higher in the BSM from asthmatic topics than for the reason that from both COPD and handles. This feature, which is normally particular to asthma, relates to a sophisticated mitochondrial biogenesis as a consequence of an increase in extracellular calcium influx upon activation of asthmatic BSM cells. We also demonstrate a specific mitochondria-dependent pathway for asthmatic BSM cell proliferation. Focusing on such a pathway may therefore represent a new approach for the treatment of airway redesigning in asthma. RESULTS Clinical populations The medical characteristics of all subjects are demonstrated in Table I. All the 14 severe persistent asthmatics were lifelong nonsmokers and received stable treatments, including oral or inhaled corticosteroids and 2 agonists. 10 of them were atopic. The 17 moderate to severe COPD individuals were either current or former smokers, and 9 of them received stable treatments, including oral or inhaled corticosteroids and/or 2 agonists. None of the asthmatic or COPD patients experienced a recent ( 3 mo) exacerbation of the disease. The mean duration of the disease in asthmatic and COPD patients was Pazopanib biological activity 26 4.6 and 18 2.8 yr, respectively. Of the 19 control subjects who received no treatment, 8 of them were lifelong nonsmokers, whereas 11 were former smokers. Table I. Clinical and functional characteristics of subjects tests). These inhibitors decreased the mitochondrial respiration of asthmatics, COPD, and controls by 18.6, 21.2, and 24.7%, respectively, whereas cyanide completely inhibited oxygen consumption of all BSM cells. The increased mitochondrial respiration in asthma thus appears to result from the increased organelle content and subsequent enhancement in the overall oxidative capacity in BSM. Open in a separate window Figure 1. BSM remodeling in both asthma and COPD. Representative optic microscopic images from bronchial sections stained with HES were obtained from an asthmatic (A), a COPD (B), or a control subject (C) and observed at 200 magnification. Smooth.
- Background Atherosclerosis constitutes the leading contributor to morbidity and mortality in
- Introduction Berberine (BBR) is a plant-derived benzylisoquinoline alkaloid and continues to | <urn:uuid:a33ac406-f30d-452e-9b48-c099c4588528> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://igf-protein.com/supplementary-componentssupplemental-materials-index-jexpmed_jem-redecorating-we-explain-that-both-the/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.936949 | 1,166 | 1.570313 | 2 |
3 ECTS credits
The course covers and examines the concept sustainable computing, environmental perspectives on IT use, and standards and certificates related to sustainable IT products. In addition, the course treats methods and tools for measuring energy use and approaches to improving energy efficiency for IT use, especially in relation to data centres. The course content is treated in lectures, seminars, course literature with reading assignments, and additional materials. Students also complete hand-in assignments. Laboratory supervision is normally offered only for scheduled laboratory sessions and only for the duration of the course.
Progressive specialisation: G1F (has less than 60 credits in first‐cycle course/s as entry requirements)
Education level: Undergraduate level
Admission requirements: 22.5 ECTS credits completed in Computer Science
Selection is usually based on your grade point average from upper secondary school or the number of credit points from previous university studies, or both. | <urn:uuid:5720ac47-f023-42c8-8e6d-ff7b223f7119> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kau.se/en/education/programmes-and-courses/courses/DVGB16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.914657 | 195 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Using 3rd Grade Reading Comprehension Worksheets is a great way to get kids thinking and writing about what they read. The same is true for pre-reading teachers.
For decades, teachers have been doing their part to help students learn to read but progress has come a long way. But some things just never change and some things take more effort than others.
One of the most important things a teacher can do for his or her students in a classroom setting is to provide reading comp. This gives the children a chance to think about and write about the subject matter as they go through the lesson. This can help build self-esteem for students who may have had difficulty with it in the past.
Instead of simply providing a simple answer to a question, a teacher can help students use the questions and get them to think about and write about how they came up with the answers. What’s great about this approach is that it can be used both before the lesson and after it.
Here are a few ideas for using multiple choice PDF worksheets to help build vocabulary and comprehension skills in a child’s reading level. Keep in mind that worksheets should not be made to be seen.
Kids will have trouble with this if the teacher insists on giving them a printed version of the worksheet. There are easier ways to provide these worksheets for students.
For one thing, the multiple choice PDF worksheets that are provided in the worksheets section of an interactive lesson book can be shared with the entire class. This means that there are no duplicates. It also means that there is a full worksheet for each student.
With that said, it’s also important that the student get to see the multiple choice PDF worksheets before they begin the lesson. If the teacher gives a student a worksheet and the student only gets to look at the answer choices, they are more likely to get frustrated and give up on the whole exercise. That’s why it’s crucial that the student see their worksheet before the beginning of the lesson. | <urn:uuid:c79cad77-6390-4612-b0de-a290318a13d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.semesprit.com/107902/3rd-grade-reading-comprehension-worksheets-multiple-choice-pdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.964721 | 429 | 4.1875 | 4 |
This discussion paper, published by WWF in association with Oxfam, aims to contribute to the evolving debate on the links between resource scarcity and international development. It focuses on the issues of equity and ‘fair shares’ for poor people and poor countries in the context of limits to resources such as land, water, food, oil and carbon space. The need to advocate for ‘fair shares’ of these resources will become increasingly central to international development.
Mapping out this new development agenda will involve unpacking some highly political questions. What definition of ‘fairness’ is most appropriate? Is it enough to ensure people’s basic needs are met, or is a more egalitarian approach needed that tries to reduce inequality in access to resources? Does it make sense to think about equity of access to a particular resource (carbon permits, for example) or is it more helpful to think about overall wealth or income distribution and the entitlement to resources of all kinds that this carries with it?
Key recommendations from the report:
Some tentative recommendations for what aid donors, campaigning organizations and think tanks can do to take forward a new development agenda include:
- Invest in improving the data: current systems to survey resource scarcity have major gaps and are poorly integrated across both issues and levels of governance.
- Recognize that resource scarcity will become central to advisers in the areas of governance, economics, social development and conflict – and should be incorporated into training and professional development.
- Understand how scarcity shapes politics in poor countries: donors and NGOs need to understand how scarcity impacts on the wider political economy context and relates to urban–rural tensions, political parties, spending decisions, civil society dynamics, the politics of ethnic groups, and so on.
- Start developing policy options now: as impacts of scarcity and climate change increase in frequency and severity, political space will open up – often after shocks – for a limited time. Having ideas ‘on the shelf’ means that policy options can be deployed rapidly when opportunities arise. | <urn:uuid:3fda12dd-c285-4f84-bfe1-6410edf585a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.oxfam.org/en/eu/policy/resource-scarcity-fair-shares-and-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00502-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944917 | 409 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The ever-growing question of “Christmas” vs. “Holiday” has made its way into Jordan Public Schools.
At Monday’s school board meeting, Jordan Elementary School Music Teacher Marie Palmquist presented a proposal to change how kindergarten through second grade concerts are performed, but got heated objection from some board members who took issue with the idea of moving away from holiday-based programming.
Palmquist asked to hold an “informance,” in which smaller groups of students perform in a classroom setting. The idea is to include more of the processes that get students to the finished product. Palmquist also said she wants to “move away from the Christian-dominated topics of Christmas and perhaps transform a future December program into an educational balance of traditions, celebrations, and cultures.”
According to Palmquist, public schools in Belle Plaine, Shakopee, Waconia, and Easter Carver County Schools have adopted some form of informance program.
Several board members disagreed, including Joe Benko, who said the district cannot change everything because a few don’t believe in Christmas.
Principal Stacy DeCorsey told Palmquist the school will continue to offer Christmas concerts. | <urn:uuid:ea578dac-e482-4de2-b0df-1572fd4ecc0e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kchkradio.net/2011/10/12/holiday-vs-christmas-debate-reaches-jordan-elementary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00235-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970564 | 251 | 1.554688 | 2 |
First real-world SCADA attack in US
hmurray at megapathdsl.net
Mon Nov 21 16:21:21 CST 2011
> On an Illinois water utility:
That URL says:
> The Nov. 8 incident was described in a one-page report from the Illinois
> Statewide Terrorism and Intelligence Center, according to Joe Weiss, a
> prominent expert on protecting infrastructure from cyber attacks.
Joe Weiss gave a good talk at Stanford last Oct 12.
My quick summary: The whole SCADA industry isn't tuned into network security
issues. It's not part of their culture.
Several years ago, Idaho National Labs ran an experiment. They blew up a
diesel generator by remote control. Aurora is the buzzword.
The abstract page for his talk has a link to a CNN video. It only has a few
seconds of the generator. Here is a longer version on YouTube:
These are my opinions, not necessarily my employer's. I hate spam.
More information about the NANOG | <urn:uuid:7eb18516-603c-43b0-99f0-81246b1ee9e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2011-November/042208.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00457-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896435 | 217 | 1.539063 | 2 |
The extraordinary artifacts created by African artists have fascinated the world over for centuries. Probably the most notable objects are the masks and figurative sculptures, with their distinctive carvings, evocative features and uniquely expressive meanings.
Many of the objects, which are handmade of ivory, wood, brass, fibers and textiles, were used specifically for religious ceremonies, spiritual rituals and cultural celebrations within various African societies. While the description and significance of numerous objects have been uncovered and recorded by art historians and anthropologists, as well as collectors, the meanings for others remain unidentified.
It is amazing that the art made by people who were repressed for centuries, for purposes such as to mark graves and to honor important figures within their culture, have become treasured objects of continuous study.
Within many societies, art is often conceived to reflect its creators? perceptions and interpretations. So it seems only natural for African artists to produce art to reflect their wide range of attitudes in regards to the dramatic changes in their cultural relationships.
The groundbreaking exhibit ?Through African Eyes: The European in African Art, 1500 to Present? showcases just that: African art objects that comment on and depict the interactions between Africans and Europeans and Westerners, from the earliest trade interactions to European settlement on the continent, from colonization to post-independence. With more than 20 African countries represented, including Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, and nearly 100 figurative sculptures and items such as staffs, drums and thrones on display, the exhibit is impressive.
?African attitudes, ideas and perceptions toward Europeans were never static, but they rather changed with every new experience,? says Nii Quarcoopome, Ph.D., curator of African Art and head of the Africa, Oceania and Indigenous Americas Department at the Detroit Institute of Arts, where the exhibit will run until Aug. 8, 2010. Unlike many of the much-admired and embraced traditional African art, which Africans produced for occasions that ranged from everyday use to royal ceremonies, many of the objects in this exhibit were made for European consumption. Some were never used in Africa. Europeans, in fact, commissioned several of the works from African artists.
?Some of the objects were made with an emphasis on the technology that Europeans introduced to African culture, such as airplanes and firearms. And those objects are a way to acknowledge those technologies as a manifestation of perceived mystical powers,? the curator adds.?
?Through African Eyes? is the first art exhibition to present a combination of figures and utilitarian objects that paint a complete picture of how Africans have documented and interpreted their relationships with Europeans. Quarcoopome, a native of Ghana who received his doctorate in African art history from the University of California at Los Angeles and previously was a curator at the Newark Museum, had worked on the exhibit for 10 years. With a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, he began conducting research and laying groundwork for the show.
With this exhibit, Quarcoopome says, they set out to draw attention to the complexity of the objects and their meanings and the significance associated with them. For example, there was Africans? fascination with eyeglasses ? something so simple yet so involved upon interpretation. ?First, there is this indication of second sight, or clairvoyance? he says. ?Second, eyeglasses, since they were worn by the Europeans who visited Africa, were also associated with intelligence. Wearing them made the person believe they looked knowledgeable. At least that was the notion. Third, Akan chiefs wore them believing it a display of cosmopolitan taste. And when chiefs cast eyeglasses of sold gold, it was a display of wealth of the court.??
Another instance of complex interpretation focuses on headgear. The show includes several items, as well as photographs of chiefs wearing various styles of hats and helmets. Donning a hat, such as a top hat or a bowler, was considered more than a mere fashion statement. It signified orders of power, indicating economic, political and religious rankings. The show also features a number of toy vehicles made by South African children of scrap metal and wire. Though they are toys, the miniature trucks and cars are said to be representative of the armored vehicles that intimidated townships during apartheid.? ?The works collected here represent the broad spectrum of African reaction to European presence, be it love, respect, reverence, mockery, and in
some instances, outright hatred,? says Quarcoopome.
?Through African Eyes? travels to The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City after its Detroit debut.???? | <urn:uuid:ed8e9828-351a-420b-9295-de8b8e87d619> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tnj.com/through-african-eyes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.972911 | 955 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Biological and chemical weapons have generally been associated with each
other in the public mind, and the extensive use of poison gas in World War I
(resulting in over a million casualties and over 100,000 deaths) led to the
Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibiting the use of both poison gas and
bacteriological methods in warfare. At the 1932 - 1937 Disarmament
Conference, unsuccessful attempts were made to work out an agreement that
would prohibit the production and stockpiling of biological and chemical
weapons. During World War II, new and more toxic nerve gases were developed,
and research and development was begun on biological weapons. Neither side
used such weapons. President Roosevelt, in a statement warning the Axis
powers against the use of chemical weapons, declared:
Use of such weapons has been outlawed by the general opinion of civilized
mankind. This country has not used them, and I hope we never will be
compelled to use them. I state categorically that we shall under no
circumstances resort to the use of such weapons unless they are first used
by our enemies.
In the postwar negotiations on general disarmament, biological and chemical
weapons were usually considered together with nuclear and conventional
weapons. Both the United States and Soviet Union, in the 1962 sessions of
the Eighteen-Nation Disarmament Committee (ENDC), offered plans for general
and complete disarmament that included provisions for eliminating chemical
and biological weapons.
An issue that long hindered progress was whether chemical and biological
weapons should continue to be linked. A British draft convention submitted
to the ENDC on July 10, 1969, concentrated on the elimination of biological
weapons only. A draft convention proposed in the General Assembly by the
Soviet Union and its allies on September 19 dealt with both chemical and
biological weapons. The Soviet representative argued that they had been
treated together in the Geneva Protocol and in the General Assembly
resolutions and report, and should continue to be dealt with in the same
instrument. A separate biological weapons convention, he warned, might serve
to intensify the chemical arms race.
The United States supported the British position and stressed the
difference between the two kinds of weapons. Unlike biological weapons,
chemical weapons had actually been used in modern warfare. Many states
maintained chemical weapons in their arsenals to deter the use of this type
of weapon against them, and to provide a retaliatory capability if
deterrence failed. Many of these nations, the United States pointed out,
would be reluctant to give up this capability without reliable assurance
that other nations were not developing, producing, and stockpiling chemical
While the United States did not consider prohibition of one of these
classes of weapons less urgent or important than the other, it held that
biological weapons presented less intractable problems, and an agreement on
banning them should not be delayed until agreement on a reliable prohibition
of chemical weapons could be reached.
Shortly after President Nixon took office, he ordered a review of U.S.
policy and programs regarding biological and chemical warfare. On November
25, 1969, the President declared that the United States unilaterally
renounced first use of lethal or incapacitating chemical agents and weapons
and unconditionally renounced all methods of biological warfare. Henceforth
the U.S. biological program would be confined to research on strictly
defined measures of defense, such as immunization. The Department of Defense
was ordered to draw up a plan for the disposal of existing stocks of
biological agents and weapons. On February 14, 1970, the White House
announced extension of the ban to cover toxins (substances falling between
biologicals and chemicals in that they act like chemicals but are ordinarily
produced by biological or microbic processes).
The U.S. action was widely welcomed internationally, and the example was
followed by others. Canada, Sweden, and the United Kingdom stated that they
had no biological weapons and did not intend to produce any. It was
generally recognized, however, that unilateral actions could not take the
place of a binding international commitment. A number of nations, including
the Soviet Union and its allies, continued to favor a comprehensive
agreement covering both chemical and biological weapons.
Discussion throughout 1970 in the General Assembly and the Conference of
the Committee on Disarmament (CCD) -- as the ENDC was named after its
enlargement to 26 members in August 1969 -- produced no agreement. A
breakthrough came on March 30, 1971, however, when the Soviet Union and its
allies changed their position and introduced a revised draft convention
limited to biological weapons and toxins. It then became possible for the
co-chairmen of the CCD -- the U.S. and Soviet representatives -- to work out
an agreed draft, as they had done with the Non- Proliferation and the Seabed
Treaties. On August 5, the United States and the Soviet Union submitted
separate but identical texts.
On December 16, the General Assembly approved a resolution, adopted by a
vote of 110 to 0, commending the convention and expressing hope for the
widest possible adherence.
The French representative abstained, explaining that the convention, though
a step forward, might weaken the Geneva Protocol ban on the use of chemical
weapons, and he did not consider that adequate international controls were
provided. He announced, however, that France would enact domestic
legislation prohibiting biological weapons, and this was done in June of the
The Peoples Republic of China did not participate in the negotiations on
the convention and did not sign it. At the 1972 General Assembly its
representative attacked the convention as a "sham," and criticized it for
not prohibiting chemical weapons.
The convention was opened for signature at Washington, London, and Moscow
on April 10, 1972. President Nixon submitted it to the Senate on August 10,
calling it "the first international agreement since World War II to provide
for the actual elimination of an entire class of weapons from the arsenals
of nations." The Senate Foreign Relations Committee delayed action on the
convention, however, holding it for consideration after resolution of the
herbicide and riot-control issues involved in the Geneva Protocol (see
section on the Geneva Protocol).
In the latter part of 1974 the Ford Administration undertook a new
initiative to obtain Senate consent to ratification of both the Geneva
Protocol and the Biological Weapons Convention, and ACDA Director Fred Ikle
testified with respect to both instruments before the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee on December 10. Soon thereafter the Committee voted
unanimously to send the two measures to the Senate floor, and on December 16
the Senate voted its approval, also unanimously.
President Ford signed instruments of ratification for the two measures on
January 22, 1975.
Under the terms of the convention, the parties undertake not to develop,
produce, stockpile, or acquire biological agents or toxins "of types and in
quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective, and
other peaceful purposes," as well as weapons and means of delivery. All such
material is to be destroyed within nine months of the conventions entry into
force. In January 1976, all heads of Federal departments and agencies
certified to the President that as of December 26, 1975, their respective
departments and agencies were in full compliance with the convention.
The parties are to consult and cooperate in solving any problems that
arise. Complaints of a breach of obligations may be lodged with the Security
Council, and parties undertake to cooperate with any investigation the
Council initiates. If the Security Council finds that a state has been
endangered by a violation, the parties are to provide any assistance
Nothing in the convention is to be interpreted as lessening the obligations
imposed by the Geneva Protocol, and the parties undertake to pursue
negotiations for a ban on chemical weapons.
In addition, articles provide for exchange of information on peaceful uses,
amendment and review, and accession and withdrawal. The convention is of
At the second Review Conference in September 1986, the parties agreed to
implement data exchange measures to enhance confidence and to promote
cooperation in areas of permitted biological activities. In accordance with
the Final Declaration of that Review Conference, an ad hoc meeting of
scientific and technical experts was held March 31 - April 15, 1987, to
develop procedures for implementing annual data exchanges.
At the third Review Conference in September 1991 it was agreed to reaffirm
and extend confidence building measures agreed at the second Review
Conference and to create an Ad Hoc Group of Governmental Experts open to all
parties to identify, examine, and evaluate from a scientific and technical
standpoint potential verification measures with respect to the prohibitions
of the convention. The Ad Hoc Group met four times in 1992 and 1993,
completing its work and submitting a consensus report circulated to all
States Parties. As provided in the mandate, a majority of States Parties
called for a Special Conference to discuss the final report and consider
further actions. The Special Conference, held in September 1994, agreed to
establish an Ad Hoc Group, open to all States Parties, to consider
appropriate measures, and draft proposals to strengthen the Convention in a
legally binding instrument. The Ad Hoc Group convened two substantive
sessions in 1995, with additional meetings scheduled for 1996. The Ad Hoc
Group will prepare a report, to be considered at the Fourth Review
Conference of the BWC in the Fall of 1996.
CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION
AND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ON
Signed at Washington, London, and Moscow April 10,1972
Ratification advised by U.S. Senate December 16, 1974
Ratified by U.S. President January 22, 1975
U.S. ratification deposited at Washington, London, and Moscow March 26, 1975
Proclaimed by U.S. President March 26, 1975
Entered into force March 26, 1975
The States Parties to this Convention,
Determined to act with a view to achieving effective progress towards
general and complete disarmament, including the prohibition and elimination
of all types of weapons of mass destruction, and convinced that the
prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of chemical and
bacteriological (biological) weapons and their elimination, through
effective measures, will facilitate the achievement of general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control,
Recognizing the important significance of the Protocol for the Prohibition
of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of
Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, signed at Geneva on June 17, 1925, and
conscious also of the contribution which the said Protocol has already made,
and continues to make, to mitigating the horrors of war,
Reaffirming their adherence to the principles and objectives of that
Protocol and calling upon all States to comply strictly with them,
Recalling that the General Assembly of the United Nations has repeatedly
condemned all actions contrary to the principles and objectives of the
Geneva Protocol of June 17, 1925,
Desiring to contribute to the strengthening of confidence between peoples
and the general improvement of the international atmosphere,
Desiring also to contribute to the realization of the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations,
Convinced of the importance and urgency of eliminating from the arsenals of
States, through effective measures, such dangerous weapons of mass
destruction as those using chemical or bacteriological (biological) agents,
Recognizing that an agreement on the prohibition of bacteriological
(biological) and toxin weapons represents a first possible step towards the
achievement of agreement on effective measures also for the prohibition of
the development, production and stockpiling of chemical weapons, and
determined to continue negotiations to that end,
Determined, for the sake of all mankind, to exclude completely the
possibility of bacteriological (biological) agents and toxins being used as
Convinced that such use would be repugnant to the conscience of mankind and
that no effort should be spared to minimize this risk,
Have agreed as follows:
Each State Party to this Convention undertakes never in any circumstances to
develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain:
(1) Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin
or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no
justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes;
(2) Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or
toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.
Each State Party to this Convention undertakes to destroy, or to divert to
peaceful purposes, as soon as possible but not later than nine months after
the entry into force of the Convention, all agents, toxins, weapons,
equipment and means of delivery specified in article I of the Convention,
which are in its possession or under its jurisdiction or control. In
implementing the provisions of this article all necessary safety precautions
shall be observed to protect populations and the environment.
Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to transfer to any
recipient whatsoever, directly or indirectly, and not in any way to assist,
encourage, or induce any State, group of States or international
organizations to manufacture or otherwise acquire any of the agents, toxins,
weapons, equipment or means of delivery specified in article I of the
Each State Party to this Convention shall, in accordance with its
constitutional processes, take any necessary measures to prohibit and
prevent the development, production, stockpiling, acquisition, or retention
of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment and means of delivery specified in
article I of the Convention, within the territory of such State, under its
jurisdiction or under its control anywhere.
The States Parties to this Convention undertake to consult one another and
to cooperate in solving any problems which may arise in relation to the
objective of, or in the application of the provisions of, the Convention.
Consultation and cooperation pursuant to this article may also be undertaken
through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the
United Nations and in accordance with its Charter.
(1) Any State Party to this Convention which finds that any other State
Party is acting in breach of obligations deriving from the provisions of the
Convention may lodge a complaint with the Security Council of the United
Nations. Such a complaint should include all possible evidence confirming
its validity, as well as a request for its consideration by the Security
(2) Each State Party to this Convention undertakes to cooperate in carrying
out any investigation which the Security Council may initiate, in accordance
with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, on the basis of
the complaint received by the Council. The Security Council shall inform the
States Parties to the Convention of the results of the investigation.
Each State Party to this Convention undertakes to provide or support
assistance, in accordance with the United Nations Charter, to any Party to
the Convention which so requests, if the Security Council decides that such
Party has been exposed to danger as a result of violation of the Convention.
Nothing in this Convention shall be interpreted as in any way limiting or
detracting from the obligations assumed by any State under the Protocol for
the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases,
and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, signed at Geneva on June 17,
Each State Party to this Convention affirms the recognized objective of
effective prohibition of chemical weapons and, to this end, undertakes to
continue negotiations in good faith with a view to reaching early agreement
on effective measures for the prohibition of their development, production
and stockpiling and for their destruction, and on appropriate measures
concerning equipment and means of delivery specifically designed for the
production or use of chemical agents for weapons purposes.
(1) The States Parties to this Convention undertake to facilitate, and have
the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment,
materials and scientific and technological information for the use of
bacteriological (biological) agents and toxins for peaceful purposes.
Parties to the Convention in a position to do so shall also cooperate in
contributing individually or together with other States or international
organizations to the further development and application of scientific
discoveries in the field of bacteriology (biology) for prevention of
disease, or for other peaceful purposes.
(2) This Convention shall be implemented in a manner designed to avoid
hampering the economic or technological development of States Parties to the
Convention or international cooperation in the field of peaceful
bacteriological (biological) activities, including the international
exchange of bacteriological (biological) agents and toxins and equipment for
the processing, use or production of bacteriological (biological) agents and
toxins for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of the
Any State Party may propose amendments to this Convention. Amendments shall
enter into force for each State Party accepting the amendments upon their
acceptance by a majority of the States Parties to the Convention and
thereafter for each remaining State Party on the date of acceptance by it.
Five years after the entry into force of this Convention, or earlier if it
is requested by a majority of Parties to the Convention by submitting a
proposal to this effect to the Depositary Governments, a conference of
States Parties to the Convention shall be held at Geneva, Switzerland, to
review the operation of the Convention, with a view to assuring that the
purposes of the preamble and the provisions of the Convention, including the
provisions concerning negotiations on chemical weapons, are being realized.
Such review shall take into account any new scientific and technological
developments relevant to the Convention.
(1) This Convention shall be of unlimited duration.
(2) Each State Party to this Convention shall in exercising its national
sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Convention if it decides
that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of the Convention,
have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice
of such withdrawal to all other States Parties to the Convention and to the
United Nations Security Council three months in advance. Such notice shall
include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having
jeopardized its supreme interests.
(1) This Convention shall be open to all States for signature. Any State
which does not sign the Convention before its entry into force in accordance
with paragraph (3) of this Article may accede to it at any time.
(2) This Convention shall be subject to ratification by signatory States.
Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited
with the Governments of the United States of America, the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.
(3) This Convention shall enter into force after the deposit of instruments
of ratification by twenty-two Governments, including the Governments
designated as Depositaries of the Convention.
(4) For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited
subsequent to the entry into force of this Convention, it shall enter into
force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or
(5) The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and
acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each
instrument of ratification or of accession and the date of the entry into
force of this Convention, and of the receipt of other notices.
(6) This Convention shall be registered by the Depositary Governments
pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
This Convention, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of
which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the
Depositary Governments. Duly certified copies of the Convention shall be
transmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of the
signatory and acceding states.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized, have signed this
DONE in triplicate, at the cities of Washington, London and Moscow, this
tenth day of April, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-two.
PARTIES AND SIGNATORIES OF THE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION
Republic of (3)
People's Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Yugoslav Republic of
Papua New Guinea
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Vincent and the
Sao Tome and Principe
(1) With reservation
(2) Based on general declarations concerning Treaty obligations applicable
prior to independence.
(3) Effective January 1, 1979, the United States recognized the government
of the People's Republic of China as the sole government of China. The
authorities on Taiwan state they will continue to abide by the provisions of
the Convention, and the United States regards them as bound by its
(4) Formerly part of the Soviet Union who signed and ratified the Convention
on behalf of Kyrgyzstan. Date of accession is unknown but Confidence
Building Measures Data Declaration submitted to the UN in 1993.
(5) Applicable to Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.
(6) The United Arab Emirates which did not ratify the Convention is listed
as one country.
(7) Extended to territories under the territorial sovereignty of the United
Kingdom. Also extended to New Hebrides; continued application to Vanuatu not | <urn:uuid:94e65489-c400-4b4e-994f-68d19d839d77> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nukewatch.org/importantdocs/resources/bwc.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.921708 | 5,326 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Clinical Endocrinology is the field of Internal Medicine studying the diseases that
cause abnormalities in hormonal function. Most of these diseases are caused by abnormal
function of endocrine glands such as the thyroid and parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals
or pituitary. In addition, there are several cancers known as neuroendocrine tumors
that cause hormonal abnormalities. Endocrine diseases such as diabetes mellitus and
hypothyroidism are among the most prevalent diseases in humans and affect more than
10% of the American population.
At TTUHSC we specialize in the treatment plans for all types of endocrine diseases.
The treatment options can include lifestyle changes and medication.
We also use the Diabetes Education Center.
To Make An Appointment:
This specialty requires a referral from your primary care physician.
- TTUHSC accepts all major insurances
- All major credit cards
- Medicare and Medicaid
- Financial screening is available for those needing assistance | <urn:uuid:6176ec00-50ca-49a4-a39d-701c0d16989e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.ttuhsc.edu/som/internalmedicine/endocrino/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719908.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00158-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925927 | 201 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Videos/Wanna Work Together/transcript
When you share your creativity, you're enabling people everywhere to use it, learn from it, and be inspired by it. Take the teacher who shapes young minds with work and wisdom from around the globe. And the artist, who builds beauty out of bits and pieces she finds online. And the writer, whose stories use ideas and images crafted by people he's never even met. These people know that when you share your creative wealth, you can accomplish great things. They and millions of other people all around the planet are working together to build a richer, better, more vibrant culture, using Creative Commons.
To understand Creative Commons, you need to know a little bit about how copyright works. Did you know that when you create something, anything, from a photograph, to a song, to a drawing, to a film, to a story, you automatically own an "All rights reserved" copyright to that creativity. It's true! Copyright protects your creativity against uses you don't consent to.
*except fair use.
Sometimes full copyright is too restrictive. What about when you want all those millions and millions of people out there to use your work, without the hassle of coming to you for permission? What if you want your work to be freely shared, reused, and built upon for the rest of the world? Luckily there's an answer: Creative Commons.
We provide free copyright licenses you can use to tell people exactly which parts of your copyright you're happy to give to the public. It's easy, it only takes a minute, and it's totally free. Just come to our website and answer a few questions like, "Will you allow commercial uses of your work?" and "Will you allow your work to be modified?" Based on your answers, we'll give you a license that clearly communicates what people can and can't do with your creativity. You don't give up your copyright, you refine it, so it works better for you.
Refine the Rules of Copyright
Welcome to a new world where collaboration rules. It didn't even exist just a few years ago. But now there are millions and millions of songs, pictures, videos, and written works, available to share, reuse, and remix, all for free. Wanna work together? Then join the commons. Creative Commons. | <urn:uuid:ef502b5c-6ed5-41d6-844c-c9acc5f9aaa6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wiki.creativecommons.org/index.php?title=Videos/Wanna_Work_Together/transcript&oldid=24149 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.953514 | 478 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Term Paper:
Thomas Hardy's Poem "The Voice"
The title of Thomas Hardy's poem "The Voice" reveals a lot about its mode of delivery. The audible whispers of the woman calling, calling are conveyed to the reader through literary devices such as rhyme and rhythm. The voice of the woman is translated into the voice of the poet. "The voice" of the woman becomes a symbol of the narrator's memory, which is tainted by illusion and attachment to the past. The poem does not reek of sadness, however. The mood of the poem remains lighthearted and jovial, evident in the imagery, rhythm, and rhyme scheme. Hardy cleverly paces his lines and stanzas so that the central theme and imagery of "The Voice" become integrated with the language, structure, and tone of the poem. The sentiment of missing someone, of longing for a lost lover through the contented lens of the present, is delivered through rhythmic stanzas that uplift the spirits. The narrator is not dwelling on the past or regretting any action that might have ended the relationship. Rather, he hears "the voice" of his old lover in the loveliness of nature. This proves his positive association of his ex-lover with the beauty of nature. This sentiment is aptly conveyed through skillful implementation of poetic devices. Although the subject of the poem is the literal and figurative voice of the woman, a presumed lover, the underlying meaning points more to an emotional response and sentimentality. When read aloud, "The Voice" comes to life, as does the voice of the female subject of the poem. Whereas the narrator initially associates the language of the breeze to be a psychic impression of his lost lover, he accepts concrete reality by the end of the verses. "The Voice" is a multi-sensory poem, embodying its romantic sentiment through dramatic pacing, musical rhyme schemes, and deliberate syllabic structure.
In his natural surroundings, the narrator envisions and hears his lost lover. She is "much missed." This fundamental fact is made clear in the first stanza of "The Voice," underlining the importance of the relationship. The narrator is estranged from the woman whose voice he hears. She was "the one who was all to me," the narrator's soul mate. However, there is no indication of the nature of the breakup. She could be dead or with another man; she could simply be away traveling. Regardless of the actual situation, the narrator longs for times past, "when our day was fair." The present moment is not bleak, but the past offers rich memories. Before the remainder of the poem is read, it would seem as if the narrator is simply hanging on to a hopeless romance. Clearly, this is not the case. Although he becomes aware that he is "faltering forward" by the end of the poem, the narrator does not seem lost or emotionally distraught. Rather, he appears briefly distracted by "the voice." The voice is probably "only the breeze, in its listlessness / traveling across the wet mead to me here." Although the narrator hopes to hold his woman in his arms, as she was "at first, when our day was fair," he eventually realizes that the "woman calling" is just a figment of his imagination. It is easy to assume that he longs for happier times in the past because the opening stanza clarifies his feeling: the woman is "much missed," and she calls to him, calls to him. The sounds of nature inspire him and remind him of the past. His ideal romance was somehow thwarted, and his natural surroundings evoke the loveliness of his lost lover.
The Voice" is a decidedly aural poem. Surprisingly, there is little visual imagery within its lines. "The original air-blue gown" is one of the only visual images contained within Hardy's stanzas. Remarkably, this omission of visual imagery adds to the sensory impact of the poem in general. The reader is able to form unique pictures of the surroundings of the poem, including the "leaves...falling." Obviously outdoors, the narrator is fixated more on the sounds of his environment than its colors and shapes. This ironically imparts extra shape to the poem itself. Each stanza of "The Voice" is four lines long. In total, the poem contains four stanzas, making it a square, even, and symmetrical poem on the outset. However rhythmic and calculated Hardy's poem is, however, it is not entirely symmetrical. The first three stanzas each begin with lines of twelve, ten, and twelve syllables each. However, the first and third stanzas end with eight syllables, while the second stanza ends with an eleven-syllable line. Furthermore, the final fourth stanza stands out from the rest, containing lines with seven, six, ten and six syllables each. The differentiation of the last stanza from the rest of the poem must reveal something about its significance to the whole.
The fourth and final stanza, which contains fewer syllables per line than the other three stanzas, resolves the poet's feelings about "the voice" he hears. The fourth stanza begins with the word "Thus," indicating conclusion. The poet, "faltering forward," finally realizes that the voices he hears are mere figments. The sound he hopes is the woman's voice is merely the sounds of nature around him. The meandering lines of previous stanzas describe the hopeful nature of the poet's longing. Moreover, the fourth stanza is not as structured as the previous three. Although all four stanzas in "The Voice" are written in rhyming couplets, the last stanza contains irregular syllables. The pacing of the poem thus culminates with a terse resolution of sentiment and sound. Yet the final phrase of "The Voice" is "And the woman calling," uniting it with the first line of the poem. Thomas Hardy creates a circular, geometric poem that proceeds organically.
The life contained within Hardy's lines is particularly evident in the third stanza: "Or is it only the breeze, in its listlessness / Traveling across the wet mead to me here, / You being ever dissolved to wan wistlessness, / Heard no more again far or near?" First, the word "wistlessness" is a neologism, an artificial word created by Hardy for lack of any existing appropriate word. This indicates the poet's ability and willingness to participate in the organic creation and evolution of the English language, his vehicle for expression. Hardy's choice of words, his diction, becomes an extension of his love and his longing. "Wistlessness" might be a play on the word "wistful," which means longing or yearning. The poem "The Voice" is essentially a poem about longing and yearning, expressed and vocalized in extraordinarily audible poetic terms. That Hardy chose to create and implement a new word is no accident. Furthermore, the word "wistlessness" fits perfectly within the rhyme and rhythm scheme of the third stanza. "Or is it only the breeze, in its listlessness" rhymes with "You being ever dissolved to wan wistlessness," and each of those lines contains twelve syllables each.
The third stanza is full of life also because of its imagery and content. Like the bulk of "The Voice," the third stanza is a multi-sensory passage. "The breeze, in its listlessness" evokes the palpable feeling of a breeze, but with the added dimension of listlessness. A listless breeze is an apathetic one, a breeze without motivation. Here, reality begins to dawn on the poet. Whereas he once hoped that the voice belonged to the actual woman, he senses in the listless breeze that the voice is unreal. It is a memory only, her being "dissolved." Again, the sensation is tangible, as much felt as it is heard. The visual imagery in this passage moves swiftly: Hardy is not describing a stationary image, item, or thing. Rather, the poet portrays movement: a "breeze...traveling across the wet mead...dissolved." The wetness of the mead is yet…[continue]
"Poetry Thomas Hardy" (2003, February 25) Retrieved October 22, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/poetry-thomas-hardy-143639
"Poetry Thomas Hardy" 25 February 2003. Web.22 October. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/poetry-thomas-hardy-143639>
"Poetry Thomas Hardy", 25 February 2003, Accessed.22 October. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/poetry-thomas-hardy-143639
Thomas Hardy / Elizabeth Barrett Browning Considered purely as a poet, Thomas Hardy has earned the status of a Modernist, or at the very least an honorary Modernist. Claire Tomalin's recent biography of Hardy would have us believe that, in essence, Hardy had a full career as a late Victorian novelist, then retired, then was suddenly reborn as a craggy and philosophical Modernist poet, a latter-day Robert Browning for the age
Thomas Hardy's Writing Style Thomas Hardy was a successful writer of novels, short stories and poetry. While each of these areas could be used to analyze his writing style, the area of choice is his poetry. This is based on two reasons. Firstly, poetry is an area of writing that comes closest to representing the writer's style because of its personal nature. Secondly, it is known that Hardy had to revise
The Heath is described as "Ancient, unchanging, untamable, sombre and tremendous..." (ibid) www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6200808 Grimsditch also sees a relationship of the Heath to the characters, particularly the character of Eustacia. "It is in accord with moods of loneliness, melancholy and even tragedy, and these moods predominate in the nature of its adopted child, Eustacia... " (ibid) In essence the Heath represents the dominant mood and symbol of the book. It is against
Jude the Obscure, by Thomas Hardy and "Lost Illusions," by Honore de Balzac. Specifically, it will compare the theme of illusions in these two texts, citing textual evidence. The two protagonists, Jude and Lucien, are spurned into action because of their illusions; however, along their journeys of becoming a poet and a scholar, Lucien loses his illusions, whereas Jude does not. THE ILLUSIONS OF LUCIEN AND JUDE Poor Jude, he is
Dead Body in War Poetry Analysis of Poets War Poetry War is a brutal reality on the face of history. Thousands of lives have been wasted in the name of battles and millions of people were affected by it. Poet is a rather sensitive part of our society and feels the brutality of war more than a normal individual. During World War I, the world went through havoc during which millions of
Graves, R.N. (1995). Hardy's "The Convergence of the Twain." The Explicator, 53 (2): 96-99. In this essay, the eventual unity of the iceberg and the Titanic is described as a kind of love relationship. Ironically, the supposedly unsinkable ship and the iceberg were 'born for one another' to create a historical, real life metaphor of the folly of humanity. The word 'consummation' at the end of the poem is given great
Illiad Argue whether the poetry/text presents the author as pilgrim or as tourist on a wartime journey The distinction between the tourist and the pilgrim is one that invariably arises when analyzing texts that address war. While it is common for the hero (or author) to discuss war as a theme, a distinction must be made with regard to the way in which the author relates to the war and to the | <urn:uuid:685d1f6b-ee41-42e0-b4ab-12e100811997> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.paperdue.com/essay/poetry-thomas-hardy-143639 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00035-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964458 | 2,534 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Christopher was six weeks ere he could come and go as he was wont; but it was but a few days ere he was well enough to tell his tale to Jack of the Tofts and his seven bold sons; and they cherished him and made much of him, and so especially did David, the youngest son, to his board-fellow and troth-brother.
On a day when he was well-nigh whole, as he sat under an oak-tree nigh the house, in the cool of the evening, Jack of the Tofts came to him and sat beside him, and made him tell his tale to him once more, and when he was done he said to him: “Foster-son, for so I would have thee deem of thyself, what is the thing that thou rememberest earliest in thy days?”
Said Christopher: “A cot without the Castle walls at the Uttermost Marches, and a kind woman therein, big, sandy-haired, and freckled, and a lad that was white-haired and sturdy, somewhat bigger than I. And I mind me standing up against the door-post of the cot and seeing men-at-arms riding by in white armour, and one of them throwing an apple to me, and I raised my arm to throw it back at him, but my nurse (for somehow I knew she was not my mother) caught my hand and drew me back indoors, and I heard the men laughing behind me. And then a little after my nurse took me into the Castle court, and there was again the man who had thrown me the apple, sitting on a bench therein, clad in a scarlet gown furred with brown fur; and she led me up to him, and he stooped down and chucked me under the chin and put his hand on my head, and looked at my nurse and said: ‘Yea, he is a big lad, and groweth apace, whereas he is but of six winters.’ ‘Nay, Lord,’ said my nurse, ‘he is but scantly five.’ He knit his brows and said: ‘Nay, I tell thee he is six.’ She shook her head, but said nought, and the great man scowled on her and said: ‘Mistress, wilt thou set thy word against mine? Know now that this child is of six years. Now then, how old is he?’ She said faintly: ‘Six years.’ Said he: ‘Look to it that thy head and thy mouth forget it not, else shall we make thy back remember it.’ Then he put his hand on my head again, and said: ‘Well, I say thou art a big lad for six years;’ and therewith he gave me a silver penny; and even as he spake, came up a grey-clad squire to him and looked on me curiously. Then I went away with my nurse, and wondered why she was grown so pale, whereas she was mostly red-cheeked and jolly. But when she had brought me into the cot again, she kissed me and clipped me, weeping sorely the while; wherefore I wept, though I knew not why. Sithence, I soon came to know that the man was the lord and governor of the Castle, as ye may well wot; but to this hour I know not what he meant by threatening my nurse.”
Said Jack: “And how old art thou now, Christopher mine?”
Said the youngling, laughing: “By my lord the Castellan’s reckoning I am twenty and two years; but if thou wilt trow my good and kind nurse, that yet liveth a kind dame, thou must take twelve months off the tale.”
Jack sat silent a little; then he laughed and said: “Well, thou art a mickle babe, Christopher, and it may be that one day many a man shall know it. But now tell me again; thou hadst said to me before that thou hast known neither father nor mother, brother nor sisters: is it so, verily?”
Said Christopher: “Never a kinsman of blood have I, though many well-wishers.”
Said Jack: “Well, now hast thou father and mother, brethren and sisters, though they be of the sort of man-slayers and strong-thieves and outlaws; yet they love thee, lad, and thou mayst one day find out how far thou mayst trust them.”
Christopher nodded and smiled at him merrily; then he fell silent awhile, and the outlaw sat looking on him; at last he said suddenly: “Foster-father, tell me what I am, and of what kindred, I pray thee; for, methinks, thou knowest thereof; and what wonder, wise man as thou art.”
“Forsooth, son Christopher, I have a deeming thereof, or somewhat more, and when it is waxen greater yet, I will tell it thee one day, but not now. But hearken! for I have other tidings for thee. Thou art now whole and strong, and in a few days thou mayst wend the wild-wood as stoutly as e’er a one of us. Now, therefore, how sayest thou, if I bid thee fare a two days’ journey with David and Gilbert thy brethren, and thy sister Joanna, till they bring thee to a fair little stead which I call mine own, to dwell there awhile? For, meseemeth, lad, that the air of the Tofts here may not be overwholesome unto thee.”
Christopher reddened, and he half rose up, and said: “What is this, foster-father? Is it that there shall be battle at the Tofts, and that thou wouldst have me away thence? Am I then such a weakling?”
Said Jack, laughing: “Be still now, thou sticked one. The Tofts go down to battle at some whiles; but seldom comet battle to the Tofts; and no battle do I look for now. But do my bidding, sweet fosterling, and it will be better for me and better for thee, and may, perchance, put off battle for awhile; which to me as now were not unhandy. If thou wilt but abide at Littledale for somewhile, there shall be going and coming betwixt us, and thou shalt drink thy Yule at the Tofts, and go back afterwards, and ever shalt thou have thy sweet fellows with thee; so be wise, since thou goest not perforce.”
“Yea, yea,” said Christopher, laughing; “thou puttest force on no man, is it not so, foster-father? Wherefore I will go, and uncompelled.”
Therewith came up to them, from out of the wild-wood, David, and with him Joanna, who was the wife of Gilbert, and one of those fair maidens from the Wailful Castle, though not the fairest of them; they had been a-hunting, for ever those three would willingly go together, Gilbert, David, and Joanna; and now Gilbert had abided behind, to dight the quarry for fetching home. Christopher looked on the two joyfully, as a man getting whole after sickness smiles on goodly things; and Joanna was fair to see in her hunter’s attire, with brogues tied to her naked feet, and the shapeliness of her legs bare to the knee beneath the trussing up of her green skirts.
They greeted Christopher kindly, and Joanna sat down by him to talk, but Jack of the Tofts took his son by the arm, and went toward the house with him in earnest speech.
Last updated Sunday, March 27, 2016 at 11:58 | <urn:uuid:432689d2-66dd-4ffa-80dd-622628aec345> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/m/morris/william/m87cc/chapter10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00492-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979617 | 1,709 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Mission and Vision:
The Health and Human Services Academy will expose students to real world experiences to prepare them for future careers in education, medicine and law. Students will learn the importance of creating healthy communities. Through inquiry and investigative skills students will propose solutions to social issues in our communities and become better decision makers for themselves, their families and communities.
Health and Human Services Academy students are successful because we are punctual, prepared, respectful, responsible and engaged in our learning. We believe that these traits will help us develop into the future leaders of education, law and medical fields. | <urn:uuid:65b506ce-a659-4d8c-9f14-96b358ec384a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ca02000960.schoolwires.net/site/Default.aspx?PageID=65 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.94928 | 122 | 1.859375 | 2 |
At the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg Luther nailed his 95 theses that changed the world.
"A mighty fortress is our God" - This line of text taken from the famous hymn, inscribed in large letters encircles the bell tower of this impressive church. The author of the song, the reformer Martin Luther, was to make this church, which was built on the foundation of a former castle, known around the world.
On 31st October 1517 he nailed his 95 theses on to the main door. Today, inside the church, the grave of Martin Luther and the final resting place of the reformer Philipp Melanchthon can be visited. The chapel is listed as an UNESCO World Heritage site.
Opening times Chastle Church,
1st November 2016 - 14th April 2017 (Good Friday)
Mon - Sat l 10.00 am - 4.00 pm
Sun l 11.30 am - 4.00 pm (10.00 am worship)
Guided tours in the Castle Church
(duration ca. 45 minutes)
Mon - Fri l 10.30 am and 1.30 pm
Sat l 10.30 am and 1.30 pm
Sun l 11.30 am and 1.30 pm
Changes in opening times and guided tours are always possible during the construction activities and other events. We ask for your understanding.
Price: guided tours
4 € per person
2 € per person reduced | <urn:uuid:9500c10e-b718-4e8d-bf67-1c48a23ffe62> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lutherstadt-wittenberg.de/kultur/unesco-weltkulturerbe/schlosskirche/?L=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00565-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951256 | 301 | 2.0625 | 2 |
If you log in, you can comment on buildings, submit new photos or update photos that you've already submitted.
Description: Church of St Calixtus
Date Listed: 9 March 1970
English Heritage Building ID: 254294
OS Grid Reference: SO7085896237
OS Grid Coordinates: 370858, 296237
Latitude/Longitude: 52.5632, -2.4313
823/15/1 CHURCH OF ST CALIXTUS
C12 church with chancel rebuilt in 1633. Restoration and addition of porch and turret by J.T. Wing 1856-58, with further restoration in 1859 by A.W. Blomfield.
MATERIALS: Ashlar sandstone blocks and buff limestone dressings to C19 work, and earlier fabric of squared sandstone blocks laid in regular courses. C19 tile roofs, with crested ridge tiles to porch.
PLAN: Nave with slightly lower chancel of equal width, south porch and west bell turret.
EXTERIOR: The exterior, despite being of the C17 and C19, is in the Decorated style of the early C14. Windows and doorways have hood moulds with head or foliage stops. Roofs are behind coped gables on moulded kneelers. The chancel is an important Gothic-survival work, with a bordered stone over the east window inscribed 'AN:DO 1633'. It has a continuous sill band and an impost band in the east wall. There are large stepped buttresses at the junction of nave and chancel, and diagonal east buttresses. The chancel south and north walls have a single 2-light Y-tracery window. On the south side there is also a round-headed priests' doorway, with plain moulded imposts and weathered head stops. The studded door is probably also of 1633. The 3-light east window has intersecting tracery. The ashlar nave south wall has a 2-light window to the right of the porch and 3-light windows at the outer ends, all under segmental heads. The west wall has diagonal buttresses and a bell turret of 1858 which is supported from ground level by an arched buttress that frames the small west window, which incorporates a pointed trefoil tracery light. The bell turret is in 2 stages. The lower has 2 bells in cusped openings with linked hood mould; the narrower upper stage is square with a single bell in a cusped opening, surmounted by a broach spirelet with weathervane. The north side of the nave is different to the south, of 3 buttressed bays. The outer bays have small round-headed Norman windows, and the central bay is blank (the former doorway is only visible inside). The south porch has diagonal buttresses and pointed entrance, which has a continuous moulding carried over the buttresses to the side walls, where it is a sill band to small ogee-headed windows. In the gable is a blind quatrefoil. Inside the porch are benches and pointed boarded door with strap hinges.
INTERIOR: The interior is unusually broad and, because nave and chancel are of equal width, there is no chancel arch. Walls are plastered and painted, except for the west wall, which is ashlar below the turret. A sill band is on the nave north wall, where there is a round-headed blocked Norman doorway. The chancel retains its 2-bay hammer-beam roof of 1633, incorporating primitive terms beneath the hammerbeams. The roof rests on big stone corbels, carved with mythical figures including a unicorn, Pegasus, eagle and lion. The panelled dado in the east wall, continued above the choir stalls on the north and south sides, is also probably of 1633. The chancel has a C19 tiled floor, with richer decorative tiles, including encaustic tiles, in the sanctuary. The nave has a 3-bay hammerbeam roof on moulded corbels, with 2 tiers of windbraces. It has a panelled dado that is earlier than the present pews. At the west end is a boarded and half-glazed partition for the added vestry.
PRINCIPAL FIXTURES: The plain tub-shaped lead-lined font on a broad pedestal with roll moulding and square base is late Norman. The Jacobean style pulpit is probably of 1633 like the chancel. It is octagonal on a round stone base, and has 2 tiers of arches enriched with foliage. Plain stone steps have a wooden handrail and balusters. The wooden communion rails have turned balusters with cusped arches supporting the rail. C19 pews have simple square-headed panelled ends. The choir stalls are richer, with shaped ends and panelled fronts. A benefaction board on the west wall of the nave is dated 1815. A painted Victorian Royal arms is above the west window. There are several wall tablets. On the south wall of the chancel is a memorial to Francis Billingsley, killed defending Astley Abbots in the Civil War, in the form of a rectangular tablet with inset slate inscription panel and painted armorial badges around it. In the north wall are 2 tablets to the Jones family of Stanley Hall, both of white marble on grey backgrounds, erected in 1829 and 1832. Also in the north wall is a plain tablet to Captain Hugh Tyrwhitt (d 1907). A simpler but more stylish tablet to Major Stephen Thompson (d 1955) has red lettering. In the nave north wall is a marble 1914-18 war memorial tablet. Only 2 windows have stained glass. In the east window is a re-set medieval figure of c1300. The C19 west window shows Christ as Salvator Mundi. On the north side of the nave is a rare surviving maiden's garland, dated 1707, made up of wooden hoops with ribbons and two pairs of gloves.
HISTORY: The church is first mentioned in 1138 as a chapel of Morville, and remained a simple nave and chancel throughout the Middle Ages. The chancel was rebuilt in 1633 (date in east gable), and retains dado and pulpit of that time. In 1856 J.T. Wing, brother of the incumbent, began restoring the church by rebuilding the south wall, and then added the porch and a west turret with spirelet in 1858. Further restoration was by A.W. Blomfield in 1859.
J Newman and N Pevsner, The Buildings of England: Shropshire, 2006, pp 119-20.
REASONS FOR DESIGNATION:
The church of St Callixtus, Astley Abbots, is listed Grade II* for the following principal reasons:
* An outstanding dated and well-preserved example of C17 Gothic survival.
* Fixtures of special interest including pulpit, chancel dado and medieval glass.
This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence. | <urn:uuid:466812c2-54c7-4e59-a7f4-ecac72298a9a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-254294-church-of-st-calixtus-astley-abbotts- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00152-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947889 | 1,548 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Impact of acute health shocks on cigarette consumption
Antoine Marsaudon et Lise Rochaix
In 2014, smoking was the first cause of “avoidable” mortality in France, responsible for 90% of lung cancers and 73,000 premature deaths every year (1). Anti-smoking campaigns, along with successive increases in the price of a packet of cigarettes, reduced general consumption, but certain population groups had difficulty reducing their consumption to any significant extent (2). In other words, information about the risks, taxation and medical monitoring are not always enough to induce people to stop smoking or even to reduce their consumption. This being so, it is important to understand better how individuals react to and interpret the information that they are given.
In this article, Marsaudon and Rochaix study the impact of a “health shock” - an acute problem that requires a course of medical treatment - on the weekly consumption of tobacco, using the Gazel cohort, which monitors health changes among 20,000 participants from the EDF-GDF (electricity and gas corporation) over a long period (3). The hypothesis is that health shocks act like a new source of information, leading individuals to modify their perception of risks to their own health. The authors compare individuals who have experienced a health shock with a control group of those who have not experienced a health shock but who present – one year before the shock – the same observable characteristics. Thus, the revelation of a possible difference between these two groups in the average number of cigarettes consumed could reasonably be attributed to the health shock. Those who had experienced a shock and the control group were exposed in the same ways to an anti-smoking campaign and to relative cigarette prices. Since these two factors influence the demand for tobacco, it is important to take them both into account. The results show a significant and sustainable decrease in cigarette consumption. One year after the health shock, smokers had reduced their weekly consumption by one cigarette and this reduction grew over time. Over the whole period, i.e., eight years after the shock, those who had experienced the shock smoked on average two fewer cigarettes per week than the control group for each year. Thus, over the period studied, those in the group being treated had, on average, reduced their consumption by 16 cigarettes. Furthermore, this decrease was different depending on how heavily someone smoked; the heaviest smokers (of at least 20 cigarettes per day) reduced their consumption more. They smoked on average three cigarettes fewer per week, in each year of the period studied.
The study thus documents the temporal instability of individual preferences, the health shock having led them to adopt permanently less risky behaviour. Personalised prevention information seems to have greater impact on individual behaviour to the extent that she is directly affected. Future social science laboratory experiments could be conducted, mimicking a health shock, using augmented reality or virtual reality techniques. (4). This would allow more detailed observation of tobacco-consuming behaviours and estimation of the efficacy of new anti-smoking campaigns based on active and personalised awareness of the individuals concerned.
(1) INPES website, “Tabac”: http://inpes.santepubliquefrance.fr/10000/themes/tabac/index.asp
(2) OFDT, INPES – Levels of drug use in in France in 2014 (mars 2015) : https://www.ofdt.fr/BDD/publications/docs/eftxfbv3.pdf
(3) See the GAZEL site, Inserm: http://www.gazel.inserm.fr/fr/
(4) Already used to stimulate the phenomena of ageing
Original title of the article : Impact of acute health shocks on cigarette consumption
Published in: PSE Working Papers n°2017-47
Available at : https://hal-pse.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01626024/document
© sakura - Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:0889bd60-c65b-4471-9abf-961c77f42f31> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/en/economics-for-everybody/for-a-wider-audience/5-papers-in-5-minutes/november-2017/impact-of-acute-health-shocks-on-cigarette-consumption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.92312 | 826 | 2.46875 | 2 |
[Edmund Burke] fought, as you know, against the ideas of the French Revolution, and his most effective weapon was his analysis of that irrational power which we call 'tradition'. I mention Burke because I think he has never been properly answered by rationalists. Instead rationalists tended to ignore his criticism and to persevere in their anti-traditionalists attitude without taking up the challenge. Undoubtedly there is a traditional hostility between rationalism and traditionalism. Rationalists are inclined to adopt the attitude: 'I am not interested in tradition. I want to judge everything on its merits and demerits, and I want to do this quite independently of any tradition. I want to judge it with my own brain, and not with the brains of other people who lived long ago.'I see confusion here. The right attitude is to judge ideas on their merits and demerits, but to do so with the aid of both reason and traditional knowledge. This is perhaps clearer to see if one renames "traditional knowledge" to "existing knowledge". Existing knowledge is good, and shouldn't be disregarded even by people with a very high opinion of reason and individual judgment.
That the matter is not quite so simple as this attitude assumes emerges from the fact that the rationalist who says such things is himself very much bound by a rationalist tradition which traditionally says them. This shows the weakness of certain traditional attitudes towawrds the problem of tradition.
Existing knowledge should be used whenever doing so seems unproblematic, and improved when it seems problematic. It should be respected as something valuable, but not something beyond criticism. I think this attitude harnesses the good points of both the rationalists and traditionalists and also demonstrates they are not fundamentally in conflict. | <urn:uuid:f282bda4-4977-49d1-aab2-eb4e0a4e4930> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mail.curi.us/1476-popper-on-burke-and-tradition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.98224 | 358 | 2.21875 | 2 |
ENCINITAS– The surfing Madonna appeared just before Easter weekend and has been stirring a soulful debate in this Southern California beach town ever since.
The striking mosaic of the Virgin of Guadalupe riding a wave was affixed to a wall under a train bridge by artists disguised as construction workers in April. It technically is graffiti that should be removed under the law.
But the surfing Madonna’s beauty is drawing a mass following, and even city officials who say she must go acknowledge they too have been taken by her. They have spent thousands to hire an art conservation agency to find the best way to remove her without causing damage.
The 10-by-10-foot rock and glass mosaic poses an interesting dilemma over whether a city should spend lots of money to get rid of artwork that is illegal but well done and actually beautifies a place.
Deciding what is graffiti is a growing debate worldwide with guerrilla artists gaining respect in established art circles. A number of museums have brought the street art indoors for prestigious exhibits in recent years, while pieces of illegal art snatched up by dealers have been fetching hefty sums.
A Los Angeles show billed as the first major museum exhibit of street art at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Little Tokyo sparked a similar debate last month when unauthorized etchings started showing up on buildings in the neighborhood. The exhibit included Chaz Bojorquez’s stark, black-and-white “Senor Suerte” drawings, once a fixture on the concrete-lined waterways of Los Angeles, and the colorful “Howard the Duck” murals that Lee Quinones covered New York City with in the 1970s.
Support for the wave-riding Virgin has only flourished amid the controversy. She is now on Twitter and Facebook, pleading for help: “I’m the Surfing Madonna. Cherished public mosaic. Hangin’ in Encinitas. Hoping to become famous enough to be saved.”
Jack Quick, a local art dealer, saw the men in hard hats put up the mosaic in daylight just days before Easter. He estimates it cost $1,000 in materials and more than 100 hours to build it. The city does not know which artist or artists did the work. No one has stepped forward.
Inside a piercing blue wave, Our Lady of Guadalupe balances on a white surf board decorated with the angelic face of Juan Diego, the indigenous boy who is said to have seen the Virgin on a Mexican hillside in 1531. Her vibrant green robe curls up around her as if blowing in the sea breeze as she surfs with her iconic serene face. Down one side are the words: “Save the Ocean.”
Thousands of people have come to see the artwork. Some have brought flowers and lit votive candles on the sidewalk under her.
Cincinnati, Ohio, artist Jules Itzkoff was among those who have visited the mosaic. He said he was captivated by the “piece of glassy vandalism.”
“It’s just interesting when a piece of vandalism pops up that’s so beautiful and so different that it doesn’t resemble what we normally think of as graffiti,” Itzkoff said. “It should be an important landmark for graffiti artists: Somebody in their community has created something that the city actually likes! Surfing Madonna speaks for the future of graffiti art in America. The goal could be to create work that society wants to keep.”
But he admits: “That’s a bit idealistic.”
It’s also unrealistic, says Encinitas Mayor James Bond, and would put city officials in the position of deciding the taste of Encinitas, which has about 63,000 residents. He added the mosaic’s religious connotations also have drawn complaints.
Some say the artwork blurs the line between church and state; others consider it sacrilegious to have Mexico’s patron saint pictured surfing.
“We can’t just go around saying, ‘Well, when someone slaps up something nice, we like it and it can stay.’ Or, ‘Oh, we don’t like it, so we’ve got to take it down,'” Bond said. “We can’t do that with art because people always love and hate the same piece of art. So it’s a slippery slope.”
It also could quickly get out of control in a town like Encinitas that is full of artists, he said.
The city is covered with public artwork, including an infamous bronze statue depicting a surfer boy on a wave that has come to be known as the Cardiff “Kook.” The statue got the name from people in the local surf community from nearby Cardiff by the Sea who started poking fun at the artwork because they thought the boy’s delicate hands pointed upward seemed effeminate. People have been dressing up the statue for years to reflect the day’s news or holiday season — it recently donned a curly wig and dress for Oprah’s departing show — sending crews out regularly to clean it up, Bond said.
Bond says the city does not want to be a “Gestapo” and go after the light-hearted pranksters whose stunts are easily removed, but the surfing Madonna sets a dangerous precedent.
The Los Angeles-based art conservation agency, Sculpture Conservation Studio, on Tuesday began testing ways to safely remove the mosaic. Its workers told reporters standing nearby that they saw a name under the colorful glass but didn’t know if it belonged to the artist.
The agency concluded in an earlier report that there is no better spot for the Surfing Madonna than under the overpass, protected from the sun and rain. The artwork is stuck to the concrete wall with a strong epoxy glue.
“Its lifespan here may be longer than if put elsewhere,” the agency said in its report to the city.
Bond expects moving the mosaic will be costly, but local businesses are raising funds to cover the city’s expenses. And several people have offered to buy the artwork.
Although it’s graffiti, the City Council wants the mosaic to be relocated to a place where the public can continue to view it.
City workers, meanwhile, have been busy cleaning up other unauthorized art — including a painting of a monster’s face that turned up under train tracks in a separate part of town shortly after the Surfing Madonna. That painting was whitewashed in 24 hours with not a word of protest.
“That was really easy to accomplish,” said Dody Crawford, executive director of the Downtown Encinitas Mainstreet Association. “It didn’t have the beauty that the Surfing Madonna has. It’s just so darn beautiful.” | <urn:uuid:ea52a6cc-4ec4-430f-a6a4-a8a5d119c4c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2011/06/07/surfing-madonna-mosaic-in-southern-california-draws-mass-following/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00188-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956666 | 1,440 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Friday, August 7, 2009
What's the real deal about sugar?
Ok all you sugar experts out there, I have some questions. I've been doing some research and I'm confused about cutting out sugar. I see that people cut out white, refined sugar and HFCS, but then say that they use maple syrup, honey, molasses, and other things as substitutes. But the thing is that, all of those are sugar too... so what gives? What's the logic? I read on Wikipedia that black strap molasses is full of nutrients, technically it goes through the same processing as the sugar that's extracted so what's the difference? So many questions... I'd love some insight! | <urn:uuid:ecd84d8a-91f8-499f-ac19-2a352311d07d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.alifeofsugarandspice.com/2009/08/whats-real-deal-about-sugar.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00091-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971137 | 144 | 1.75 | 2 |
About this Event
The University of Arkansas Department of Equal Opportunity, Compliance, & Title IX is proud to announce a new training opportunity, in observation of Military Appreciation Month. The new offering is entitled “Closing the Gap between the Military-affiliated and Hiring Managers.” The speaker for the offering is Judith Tavano, M.A., SHRM-SCP. This training will be offered in-person and via Zoom webinar on May 5, 2022, in HLTH: North Classroom 1118 at 9:00 AM. For more information, including speaker bio & to register, please visit https://oeoc.uark.edu/Veteransevent.php. Please register by May 2nd.
According to a 2020 SHRM Foundation report, 90% of U.S. military veterans report obstacles in attaining employment. In 2020, the SHRM Foundation and Walmart.org published a report noting that only 55% of organizations have a program related to the employment of veterans. And, as recently as September 22, 2021, Forbes reports that U.S. talent shortages are at a 10-year high. There’s something wrong with this math. Who better equipped than hiring managers to take on the dual challenge of helping veterans position themselves to start their civilian careers and at the same time create organizational strategies to better recruit, hire, engage, and retain veterans? This program will explain how to build a program to effectively recruit, hire, and retain veterans at our organization. It has been said that the defense of this nation depends upon those willing to serve…and upon those who support that service. Hiring managers are uniquely positioned to support that service by bridging the gap between the veteran talent pool and open positions.
0 people are interested in this event | <urn:uuid:37d2b61c-c085-4c09-9ca2-5ec12d16a9e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://calendars.uark.edu/event/closing_the_gap_between_the_military-affiliated_and_hiring_managers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.945914 | 366 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Why you should listen
David Hanson is the founder and CEO of Hanson Robotics -- a company that aims to create robots as socially adept as any human being. Through his organization, he has seen the success of robotic facial hardware that establishes eye contact, recognizes faces and carries out natural spoken conversation. Hanson hopes these robotic faces prove useful to cognitive science and psychology, and to the entertainment industry.
A former Walt Disney Imagineer, this young entrepreneur and roboticist has been labelled a "genius" by both PC Magazine and WIRED, and has earned awards from NASA, NSF and Cooper Hewitt Design. If Hanson succeeds, he will create a socially intelligent robot that may even one day have a place in the human family.
What others say
“This moment is the Kitty Hawk of androids. We're seeing the arrival of conversational robots that can walk in our world. It's a golden age of invention.” — David Hanson, in TIME | <urn:uuid:519905c5-1fc1-4bbf-aa2e-d904c78b27fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ted.com/speakers/david_hanson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00182-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94958 | 196 | 1.8125 | 2 |
“What worries me about this is it completely ignores the way our financial system actually works. No bank is an island in today’s world, regardless of its size. Midsize banks sell their loans upstream. They form syndicates that take on bigger risks. They provide critical lines of credit to big local industries that are big employers, so they’re connected to the larger economy in dozens of ways we may not even see until the dominoes start to fall.”
Read the full article here. | <urn:uuid:c3955f87-67f0-4c2f-9854-25712dbc3369> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://dianabhenriques.com/on-npr-dodd-frank-rollback-completely-ignores-how-financial-system-works/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.954469 | 107 | 1.570313 | 2 |
|dc.description.abstract||The purpose of the study is to develop a framework for the implementation of integrated computerised management systems that addresses the needs and problems unique to the South African construction industry.
The literature study critically analyses international studies about system implementation in the construction industry. Thereafter, the unique needs of the South African construction industry are analysed. The social-cultural, organisational and management aspects of system implementation also come under the spotlight.
Various implementing models and attributes of successful, problematic and failed system implementations are analysed.
From the analysis of 312 orders that were placed for construction management systems and sixty-four interviews and questionnaires that were completed by South African construction companies, the following have been determined:
• The expectations regarding software for the construction industry have been identified.
• The main indicators for implementation success and failure have been identified.
• The profile for a construction company where a successful implementation is likely has been identified.
The framework for the implementation of management systems for the South African construction industry consists of the following elements and phases:
• Pre-project phase: client orientation, introduction and contracting
• Analysing phase: Determine outcomes, diagnose current state of affairs, project scope declaration, priorities, work allocation, risk analysis, organisational analysis.
• Formalising phase: Appointment of the team leader and team members, planning, assign responsibilities, implementation plan.
• Implementation phase: Control process; install the programs, training, adjustments, data migration, project status, feedback, unforeseen happenings and the creation of a learning organisation.
• Evaluation of: implementation, client, service provider and software
The framework was implemented on a trial basis. It has been determined that the framework can be implemented in practice and that it delivers positive implementation results. However, it has been found that in practice the formalising and analysing phases are so close that it should form one phase in the framework.|| | <urn:uuid:35108473-6c8a-46ba-b173-cf98c4c2e904> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/1804?show=full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00389-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916738 | 393 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Omicron has swept through the UK with infections at record levels for the past three weeks and hospital admissions are now on the rise.
One in ten NHS staff are also off work, with many isolating, placing additional strain on the health service – though it is no worse than at this time last year.
But Boris Johnson is confident the country can ride out the current wave without further restrictions.
So is there reason for optimism?
Hospitals in England have had fewer beds occupied this winter than they did pre-Covid, latest figures show. An average of 89,097 general and acute beds were open each day in the week to December 26, of which 77,901 were occupied.
But the NHS was looking after more hospital patients in the week to December 26, 2019. Data from NHS England show there were an average of 95,917 beds open and 86,078 occupied that week, giving an occupancy rate of 89.7 per cent.
This is higher than the 87.4 per cent in the most recent data, suggesting there is room for further admissions.
The number of beds unavailable because of Norovirus outbreaks has almost halved, which makes it easier to move patients around, allowing for further admissions.
Where’s the flu?
Despite bleak warnings of a ‘double peak’ of flu and Covid crippling the NHS, seasonal influenza has yet to take off – reducing normal winter pressures on hospitals.
Flu cases are currently 95 per cent below levels of 2019-20, the last winter before the pandemic.
During the last bad flu season, in 2017-2018 there were 22,000 flu deaths in England and Wales – but latest ONS data shows that over the past month there have been just 1,640 deaths due to flu.
Spare intensive care capacity
The NHS has more spare capacity in intensive care now than it did pre-pandemic and could open even more beds if it needed to.
The number of Covid patients in critical care in England is half the level of previous peaks. There were an average of 4,079 adult critical care beds open each day in the week to December 26, but only 75 per cent of them – 3,058 – were occupied.
Compare that to an occupancy rate of 79.6 per cent in the week to December 26, 2019, when there was an average of 3,647 adult critical care beds open and 2,903 occupied.
On January 24 last year there were 3,736 Covid patients in intensive care in England – the highest of the pandemic – with 6,270 critical beds open for any illness.
Covid infections in England have soared to record levels, but the number of patients in intensive care has remained flat since Omicron emerged in the UK.
Just five per cent of patients in hospital with Covid are on mechanical ventilators, compared with 11 per cent at the peak of the pandemic last January. The number of Covid patients in England’s hospitals has doubled in the past fortnight and there are currently 15,659 patients receiving treatment.
But only 769 are on ventilators – fewer than two months ago when cases were significantly lower. At the peak last January, there were 34,336 Covid patients in England’s hospitals, including 3,736 in intensive care.
And the proportion of patients with Covid in hospital who then end up in intensive care has plummeted compared with the numbers in April.
Fewer A&E admissions
Fewer people are attending A&E and being admitted to hospital as an emergency with any illness than before the pandemic.
There were 2,040,323 A&E attendances in England in November, down from 2,143,505 in the same month in 2019.
The number being admitted to hospital as an emergency has also fallen, from 559,556 to 506,238.
However, patients are being made to wait longer in A&E, with just 74 per cent admitted, transferred and discharged within four hours in November 2021.
The fall in attendances and admissions comes despite doctors now having to treat patients with coronavirus, indicating reduced demand from other conditions.
But the number of patients made to wait more than 12 hours for a hospital bed after doctors decided to admit them has rocketed from 1,111 to 10,646.
Omicron is good news
Multiple studies now show Omicron is less dangerous than previous variants, raising hopes it may be possible finally to learn to live with the virus.
South Africa was able to lift its night-time curfew for the first time in 21 months in December after the Omicron wave peaked without overwhelming hospitals.
A study on hospital admissions in the country, where cases first accelerated, revealed it may be ten-times less deadly than previous variants.
The UK Health Security Agency said data shows people are half as likely to have to attend A&E or be admitted to hospital with Omicron as they are with Delta. And they say the risk of hospital admission alone for Omicron – which now accounts for nine in ten infections – is around a third of that for Delta.
Booster drive is key
The UK has given a booster to a higher proportion of its population than any EU country. Those boosted are eight times less likely to end up in hospital than those who are unvaccinated, UK Health Security Agency data shows.
Around 34.5million people in the UK have received a third dose of the vaccine, which helps protect them and reduces the chances of the NHS becoming overwhelmed with Covid patients.
People no longer have any protection against symptomatic infection from the variant 20 weeks after a second dose of AstraZeneca.
And vaccine effectiveness also wanes over the same period of time in Pfizer and Moderna jabs, down to just 10 per cent.
But the vaccine is 88 per cent effective at protecting against hospital admission two weeks after a booster shot, highlighting its importance.
Up to 90 per cent of patients in intensive care with Covid have not had their booster and over 60 per cent have not had any vaccine at all.
Source: Thanks msn.com | <urn:uuid:9de38de5-0319-4d0b-9663-78868b0f0c8f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aufinancenews.com/2022/01/06/more-patients-were-in-hospital-two-years-ago-than-during-current-wave/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.969337 | 1,283 | 1.90625 | 2 |
For the first time, an exploration well is being drilled in the North Sea where the objective is not to find oil or gas.
The well is being drilled south of the Troll field in the North Sea, and the objective is to investigate whether the reservoir in the deep Johansen Formation is suitable for storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂).
The Northern Lights project, consisting of Equinor, Shell and Total, is drilling wildcat well 31/5-7 Eos. The West Hercules rig is responsible for the operation.
This will be the first well to be drilled in exploitation license 001, and the objective of the well is to prove sandstone and the storage potential for CO₂ in the Cook and Johansen geological formations. The companies also want to examine the sealing properties of the overlying Dunlin shale.
May be suited for CO₂ storage facility. If the well indicates good reservoir properties, and a decision is subsequently made to use the formations for CO₂ storage, the first CO₂ injector will be drilled as a sidetrack from the wildcat well.
“If the well proves sandstone with good flow properties, this part of the Johansen Formation may be well-suited as a storage facility for CO₂”, says Assistant director exploration Wenche Tjelta Johansen. | <urn:uuid:6902fabe-eb2e-4c24-ae68-74eaf5b6d63d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.energyfacts.eu/equinor-drilling-for-potential-co%E2%82%82-storage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.941844 | 281 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (OPAH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in soils with soil properties: A global data set
Wilcke, Wolfgang et al. (2022), Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (OPAH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in soils with soil properties: A global data set, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sbcc2fr6h
The hazardous oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) originate from combustion (primary sources) or post-emission conversion of PAHs (secondary sources). We evaluated the global distribution of up to 15 OPAHs in 195 mineral topsoils from 33 study sites (covering 52°N-47°S, 71°W-118°E), to identify indications of primary or secondary sources of OPAHs. The sums of the (frequently measured 7 and 15) OPAH concentrations correlated with those of the S16EPA-PAHs. The relationship of the S16EPA-PAHs concentrations with the S7OPAHs/S16EPA-PAHs concentration ratio (a measure of the variable OPAH sources) could be described by a power function with a negative exponent <1, leveling off at a S16EPA-PAHs concentration of ca. 400 ng g-1. We suggest that below this value, secondary sources contributed more to the OPAHs burden in soil than above, where primary sources dominated the OPAHs mixture. This was supported by a negative correlation of the S16EPA-PAHs concentrations with the contribution of the more readily biologically produced highly polar OPAHs (octanol-water partition coefficient, log KOW <3) to the S7OPAHs concentrations. We identified mean annual precipitation (Spearman-r = 0.33, p <0.001, n = 143) and clay concentrations (r = 0.55, p <0.001, n = 33) as important drivers of the S7OPAHs/S16EPA-PAHs concentration ratios. Our results indicate that at low PAH contamination levels, secondary sources contribute considerably and to a variable extent to total OPAH concentrations, while at S16EPA-PAHs contamination levels >400 ng g-1, there was a nearly constant ratio of S7OPAHs/S16EPA-PAHs (0.08±standard error 0.005, n = 80) determined by their combustion sources.
The concentrations of 16 EPA-PAHs and up to 15 OPAHs were taken from the literature as listed in Table 1 or specifically analyzed for this study using the method briefly described below. In the various cited studies, from which the data originated and in our new sampling in Germany and Switzerland, topsoils were sampled in a way representative for the A horizon (Argentina, China, Slovakia), at 0-0.05 m depth (Switzerland [two sites], Thailand), at 0-0.1 m depth (Brazil, Germany, Uzbekistan, Switzerland [one site]), or 0-0.15 m depth (Switzerland [one site]). The soil samples were frozen in field-fresh state or air/freeze-dried, sieved <2 mm, and stored at ‑20°C before analysis. pH was measured with a glass electrode in H2O, 0.01 M CaCl2, or 1 M KCl at a soil:solution ratio of 1:2.5. Clay concentrations were determined with the pipet method after removal of carbonates with HCl, organic matter with H2O2, and Fe oxides with dithionite-citrate-hydrogencarbonate, and wet sieving <50 μm. An aliquot of each soil sample was milled and the total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were determined with an elemental analyzer (vario EL cube, Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Langenselbold, Germany). The inorganic C (IC) concentration of each sample was also determined from an aliquot of soil after combusting soil organic carbon (Corg) in a muffle oven (550°C, 2 h). The Corg concentration was quantified as the difference between the TC and IC concentrations. All available soil properties are summarized in Table S2. Although our data set did not cover all continents, we consider it as global because it covers a wide range of latitudes and longitudes (Fig. S1).
At all study sites, at least the concentrations of the 16 EPA-PAHs, which we used here, and of up to 15 OPAHs (see Table S1) in topsoils, European Reference Material (ERM-CC013a), and procedural blanks (inert sorbent, Isolute HM-N, Biotage, Sweden or diatomaceous earth, Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) were determined using previously published methods (Bandowe & Wilcke, 2010; Bandowe et al., 2010; Lundstedt et al., 2014). In brief, soils (10-20 g) were mixed with Isolute HM-N or diatomaceous earth and transferred into 33-mL accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) cells. Each sample was spiked with a mixture of deuterated PAHs (six to 11 compounds) and two deuterated OPAHs. Each sample was extracted twice by pressurized liquid extraction with an ASE (ASE 200, Dionex, Sunnvale, CA, USA). Dichloromethane was used for the first extraction followed by acetone:dichloromethane:trifluoroacetic acid (1%) [250:125:1 v:v:v] for the second extraction. An acidified solvent mixture was used in the second step to improv the extraction of hydroxyl-PAHs and carboxyl-PAHs which were part of the target compound list in some of the previous studies (Bandowe & Wilcke, 2010; Bandowe et al., 2010; Bandowe et al., 2011), but were not considered here. The instrumental conditions for the ASE were the same as in Bandowe & Wilcke (2010), were more details of the used method are explained
Extracts from each sample were combined, passed through Na2SO4, spiked with hexane and rotary evaporated until <1 mL remained. Extracts were transferred to 3 g silica gel (10% deactivated) in an 8-mL glass column. Each sample was eluted with (a) hexane:dichloromethane (5:1 v:v) and (b) dichloromethane followed by acetone. Fractions a and b, which contained PAHs and OPAHs, respectively, were collected in separate flasks. Each flask was spiked with drops of toluene, and then rotary evaporated to <1 mL before being transferred to 2-mL vials to determine the concentrations of target PACs. PAHs and OPAHs were determined in two different runs with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (Agilent 7890 A GC coupled to Agilent 5975 C mass spectrometer, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, U.S.A.). The GC-MS was operated in the electron ionization mode with selected ion monitoring of target PACs. As a check of the accuracy of our analytical procedure, we simultaneously analyzed aliquots of the European Reference Material ERM-CCO13a (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil) from the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany. Procedural blanks (inert bulk sorbent: Isolute HM-N or diatomaceous earth) were also extracted and analyzed with the same methods as the samples and reference materials. Concentrations of target compounds were determined by the internal standard procedure. The average mass of target compounds in blanks was deducted from that in the samples before calculating the final concentrations per dry mass of extracted soil. Further details of quality control procedures are specified in previous papers (Bandowe & Wilcke, 2010; Bandowe et al., 2010; 2019; Lundstedt et al., 2014). Table S1 lists the names and abbreviations of all analyzed compounds. Results of our quality control procedures are reported in the Supporting Information and Table S2 reports the OPAH and PAH concentrations in all considered individual soil samples along with important soil properties.
The sum of the concentrations of 16 PAHs defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as priority pollutants is Ʃ16EPA-PAHs and the sums of the concentrations of the seven OPAHs (i.e., 1-indanone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1-naphthaldehyde, 2-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde, 9-fluorenone, 1,2-acenaphthenequinone, and 9,10-anthracenedione), which have been determined in all samples, and 15 OPAHs (Table S1) are ∑7OPAHs and ∑15OPAHs, respectively. To roughly convert all pH values measured in H2O or 0.01 M CaCl2 to the pH in 1 M KCl, we lowered the pH (H2O) by 1 unit and the pH (0.01 M CaCl2) by 0.5 units accounting for the different ionic strength of the various commonly used equilibrium solutions. Because the data were usually not normally distributed and could not be brought to normal distribution by square root or ln(x+1) transformations, we used the nonparametric Spearman correlation analysis in the software package STATISTICA (Statsoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, U.S.A.). Octanol water partition coefficients (KOW) for OPAHs (Table S1) were estimated according to the US EPA KOWWINTM module of Estimation Programs Interface Suite™ for Microsoft® Windows, v 4.11. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA. https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/epi-suitetm-estimation-program-interface, verified on 04/03/2019.
If cells are empty, data is not available.
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Award: SNF200021_131938/1
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Award: DFG Wi1601/2-1
National Natural Science Foundation of China, Award: NSFC 41625015
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Award: SNF 200021E_131195/1
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Award: DFG Wi1601/2-2
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Award: DFG Wi1601/2-3 | <urn:uuid:f950714a-24cd-4c21-a382-b20693729d41> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://datadryad.org:443/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.sbcc2fr6h | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.889316 | 2,398 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Most of the men may experience sexual dysfunction at some or the other phase in life at least once. And it can disturb self confidence and shatter self esteem levels.
Also Read: Effects Of Not Drinking Enough Water
The main aspects of men's failure are premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. Even lifestyle habits could also cause stress and rob a man's energy reserves and make him weak in bed.
Well, before using medication, it is better to try other alternatives that don't pose any side effects. Acupressure method and reflexology can work well and prove to be safer.
Also Read: Reasons Why You Are Tired During Workouts
Causes of erectile issues could be low testosterone or many other reasons like smoking, drinking stress or guilt. If you are suffering erectile issues or libido issues, here are some acupressure tips.
Try to stimulate the points or areas given here regularly in order to balance the energy around your reproductive organs.
Caution: Don't try this without consulting your doctor. Also, it is better to try acupressure only under the supervision of a certified therapist.
This point exists in the middle of your sole. Stimulating the center of your feet using your thumb for a minute helps cure many issues like constipation, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, neck pain, headache and hot flashes apart from erectile dysfunction. Don't forget to breathe deeply while you apply pressure on this point on both your feet.
Just below your knee lies this point. When pressure is applied and stimulated, it strengthens your reproductive system and whole body. Apart from that, stimulating this point can also cure depression, knee pain, cough, asthma, insomnia, constipation, digestive issues and gastric pain.
This is a vital point which must be stimulated to cure impotence. It is located nearly 4 inches below your belly button. Applying pressure can cure urinary issues, impotence, diarrhea, weakness, fatigue, back pain and even menstrual issues in women. Breathe deeply and apply consistent pressure gently using two fingers.
Hold the two points for two minutes and apply gentle pressure. Breathe deeply and relax. This will treat issues like painful urination and erectile dysfunction too.
See the figure to identify the points on your feet. Applying pressure over those points can heal male reproductive disorders, poor libido, fatigue and tension. Press the above points for a minute applying gentle pressure. This point also works well in healing toothaches, diabetes, insomnia, cough, headache etc.
This point exists almost right below the belly button. Applying steady pressure on this point for 2 minutes can treat reproductive issues and hernia in men and in women it can cure fatigue, digestive issues, menstrual issues and so on.
This point exists in the point where your body and legs join together. Apply pressure over those areas for a minute while breathing deeply. This can cure infertility and pain in the thighs. | <urn:uuid:e8830fca-04cb-439d-9651-e91f867ed91f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.boldsky.com/health/wellness/2016/acupressure-points-to-treat-impotence-104847.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00339-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893819 | 602 | 1.554688 | 2 |
The USB Battleship is a new 5-port USB hub by design duogiffin'termeer. Not just a pretty hub, the device was designed to visually anchor the cable chaos surrounding most of our workspaces, with a toy-like, miniature ship. The piece was introduced during ICFF, and is now available for purchase from Kikkerland.
According to giffin'termeer, the symbol of the boat is especially significant to computer-based deskspaces. Below, they explain the parallel:
Boats are interesting because for the most part, the bottom half is simple and sleek. The top half, however, is usually covered with radar equipments, guns, lifeboats, and other necessary structures—in other words, chaos, and like the physical area around our workspaces, chaos. The thought was that maybe a boat shape could be an "organizing image" to visually manage the tangle that emanates from my notebook.
Above, an image of all their significant mock-ups tells the story of the battleship's development, as narrated by Jim Termeer.
1. First idea was to actually make it an old steamship, with the cords acting as the smoke. Problem is, cords do not look like steam. Not. even. close.
2. However, a warship has a defined profile, but looking beyond that, there seems to be little unity in form. Can the silhouette hold a clue?
3. Replacing the topside with USB bits and pieces seems to hold that true (look at the reflection of the model. Kinda looks like a warship.
4. From there, easy move into 3D and the making of the first printed model. Looks too much like a canoe. Warships are surprisingly fat in the middle. Kinda like an overfed cat.
5. Final 3D printout with cast iron paint, which seems to work better than navy blues and grays. (We tried them all.) Silhouette was the key. Usually this takes our studio 30-60 models to get it right.
See more of giffin'termeer here, and get the Battleship at Kikkerland. We just got one ourselves—though not very heavy, its long footprint does a fantastic job balancing the weight of all the cables without toppling over | <urn:uuid:3c6587cf-de6e-454c-95bd-141703e0cf2a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://conceptualtoolstechniques.blogspot.com/2010/11/you-sunk-my-battle-ship.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.966786 | 481 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Elf's Compendium of Notes 7- Two Cedars
by, 12th June 2009 at 01:41 PM (3949 Views)
Himalayan Cedar- A Worthy Substitute for Atlas Cedar?
Lately, more attention is being paid to those trees and plants that are succumbing to over-harvesting, climate change, and land use change. Aloeswood and white sandalwood are pre-eminent on this list of endangered trees, but a number of the frankincense-bearing trees (Boswellia) are now on the list, and Atlas Cedar (Cedrus atlantica) may soon join them. Atlas Cedar, a staple of fine perfumery and made so famous by Serge Lutens and Christopher Sheldrake, grows mainly in the Atlas Mountains. In the last thirty years, 40% of Moroccoís forests have disappeared because of desertification, overuse, and land degradation. C. atlantica is being investigated for inclusion on the Red List of endangered species.
Himalayan cedar, Cedrus deodara, has been touted recently as a useful substitute for atlas cedar absolute or eo. The deodar tree is the national tree of Pakistan and is considered a divine tree by Hindus. The tree is huge, the wood is sturdy and fragrant, and as it has religious significance, it is typically used for construction in temples and palaces. It is also used for mundane things like railway sleepers. Itís also grown as an ornamental in the UK, having been introduced there during the 1800s.
In terms of odor, the two are very close indeed, though the deodara has a sharper, less rounded smell. Itís a little greener and tangier, and has less of the sweet honeyed aspect of the atlas. When used in small quantities in a perfume, Himalayan and Atlas cedars are basically interchangeable, though if atlas cedar is the centrepiece of a perfume, their differences would become more obvious if you substituted the Himalayan.
Total Trackbacks 0 | <urn:uuid:65a71e8a-3eec-4275-9c14-c3ff67966b43> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.basenotes.net/entries/469-Elf-s-Compendium-of-Notes-7-Two-Cedars?bt=1290 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943543 | 431 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Amanda - posted on 02/10/2015 ( no moms have responded yet )
My middle child is aged 12((girl) and she has started developing an interest in boys. She talks on the phone with a particular male friend, and she has came to me asking if she wanted to date, would I be okay with it. I told her that I would have to see how responsible she is first. My 16 year old has a boyfriend, and my 12 year old feels as though it isn't fair that her sister gets to date. But I explained to her that a 16 year old mind and a 12 year old mind is very different.
My interests at 12 were hanging out with my friends, going on outings, going to amusement parks. I was still figuring out what I liked. But at 16 I was focused on prom, dances, cute boys, getting my first job, getting my license, doing teenage things. There is a BIG difference in those ages. Your maturity at 12 is not the same as 16. Your thinking is expanded. Your views on certain things have changed, but she somehow thinks that I am being unreasonable when I say that. I didn't allow my daughter to seriously date until she was 15, because she was mature and capable enough. I think every parent has different regulations with their children. Which is fine. But my rules for dating is you have to be mature enough, responsible, do good in school, and be dependable and trustworthy. If not, 15 or older is the youngest I will permit for dating. But I don't want to tell her she can't talk to boys, because that is unlikely. I want to break it down to her in a way she'll understand. Does anyone understand what I'm saying? | <urn:uuid:bd101858-2abd-4023-8122-634a6690742b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.circleofmoms.com/welcome-circle-moms/my-12-year-old-wants-to-date-what-should-i-do-893289 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00516-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992263 | 357 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Tuesday, August 28, 2018
Divine knowledge is always rooted in the details of ordinary life. The aim of all knowledge or visionary ecstasy is to increase the power of hesed [steadfast love] and compassionate action. . . . It is alive with the awareness of the holiness of Creation and the boundlessness of God’s mercy, and is utterly honest about the necessity of living such awareness in loving service to all beings. . . . With great knowledge and love [come] great responsibility to try to represent the Divine in all things and activities, and to stand up for justice and the dispossessed in a brutal society. —Rabbi Rami Shapiro
Israel’s history unfolds and reveals the divine incarnation (God’s practical involvement in this world). In other words, the Hebrew Scriptures recognize patterns and connect the dots so that hundreds of years later we, too, can trust the same patterns continuing in our lifespan. Planted in fertile soil, the love and presence of God always comes to fullness. By gradually accepting the daring initiative of intimacy with God, the Hebrew people became a true community of faith. It was not so much that God loved Israel more than all the other peoples of the earth, but, somehow, they learned how to hear and trust God’s initiatives and could pass the message to the rest of the world. Election is only for the sake of passing the same experience on!
In the Hebrew Scriptures, we read about people who found God in the seemingly secular and mundane. By including ordinary life, the Hebrew Scriptures include what most of us would call the problem—the negative, the accidental, the sinful—as the precise arena for divine revelation. There are no perfectly moral people in ancient Scriptures; even Abraham drove Hagar, his second wife, into the desert with their son Ishmael (Genesis 21:14), which was not ethical even by the standards of his time. The Jewish people, contrary to what might be expected, chose to present their arrogant and evil kings as part of their Holy Scriptures. They included stories and prophecies that do not tell people how wonderful they are but, rather, how complex and human they are!
The ability to think critically about ourselves is the first necessary step out of the dualistic mind toward full consciousness. It teaches us rational honesty and patience with ambiguity and mystery. The Abrahamic religions have the power to correct themselves from the inside and move beyond mere superstition because of their sacred and self-critical texts.
The biblical account shows that Israel did not distance itself from its own contradictions or the contradictions of life, from the horrors and suffering of human history. These hard realities are presented in the story of Job, the experience of both Exodus and Exile, and the constant invasion and occupation by foreign powers. The Jews may have often felt like saying to God what Teresa of Ávila is supposed to have said: “If this is the way you treat your friends, no wonder you have so few!” If it is any consolation in our current political scene in the United States, much of the Divine Revelation within the Bible happened under bad kings and leaders! Rather than inhibit faith, these challenges deepened it.
Self-criticism is quite rare in the history of religion, yet it is necessary to keep religion from its natural tendency toward arrogant self-assurance—usually called idolatry, which is the central and grounding “sin” of the Old Testament.
Rami Shapiro, Hasidic Tales: Annotated and Explained (Jewish Lights Publishing: 2004, 2013), xiii-xiv.
Adapted from Richard Rohr and Joseph Martos, Great Themes of Scripture: Old Testament (Franciscan Media: 1988), 2; and
Richard Rohr, Things Hidden: Scripture as Spirituality (Franciscan Media: 2008), 18-20. | <urn:uuid:40d9093e-5c2b-499a-8cbb-256d347c702e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cac.org/daily-meditations/prophetic-honesty-2018-08-28/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.946023 | 813 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Every angler dreams of putting their name in the record books with the catch of a lifetime, but catching a world record fish will remain a dream for most anglers because it is such a rare occurrence. But there are easier ways to catch a world record fish.
Beyond the all-tackle world record category, there are other categories of world record fish, such as line-class world record, fly rod world record and catch-and-release world record, which open the door to many possibilities for those seeking a place in the record books.
The International Game Fish Association maintains world record catches for all-tackle and line-class world records for nearly every species of fish. The all-tackle record is the largest fish caught with any rod or reel. A line-class world record is the largest fish caught on a specific size of line. So there is a record for the largest northern pike caught on 2-pound test line, 4-pound test line and so on.
Some of the line-class records are as difficult to break as the all-tackle records, but there are plenty that could be broken, relatively easily, with a little effort.
One the best ways to catch a line-class world record is to focus on species that are less popular, so there are fewer people trying to break the record. Good examples are bullheads, redhorse, drum, or an American eel.
One of the important elements of catching a line-class world record is making sure your line breaks at the correct weight. For example, if you are trying for a 2-pound test line record, but your line breaks at 6 pounds, it will be classified as 6-pound test line. Catching a line-class record requires you to test a variety of lines to find one that breaks at the weight at which it is advertised to break.
In IGFA provides all the rules for submitting a line-class world record on its website.
Catch and Release
The Freshwater Fishing Hall of Fame keeps records on big fish that are caught and released. Again, this opens the opportunity to an easier way to enter the record books, because most people who land a record fish are likely to keep their fish.
Just as with line-class world records, your best odds of catching a catch-and-release world record is to focus on lesser-known species, such as a quillback or burbot. You could also try a catch-and-release record for one of the many sunfish species.
In order to qualify a catch-and-release record, you must provide photos, measurements and other proof, which are listed at the FFHF website.
In addition to catch-and-release records, the FFHF keeps records on big fish caught with a fly rod or by ice fishing, or by cane pole with no reel.
These records open up many possibilities for anglers looking for a place in the record books.
The key to landing a record fish in any of these categories is to thoroughly understand the rules before you go out in search of a record. Following the rules and doing everything precisely will greatly improve your odds of earning am elite place among the other world record holders. | <urn:uuid:66671800-4c6f-47d9-9374-51f810d63d5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.liveoutdoors.com/fishing/237769-easiest-way-catch-a-world-record-fish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00386-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947697 | 656 | 1.867188 | 2 |
ASEAN KEY DESTINATIONS
Production at Indonesia’s Cepu oil block may be delayed
Oil production at the Cepu block, Indonesia’s biggest oil find in a decade, may start later than scheduled December this year, due to some delays in parts of the project, said Reuters on Monday.
According to an official at the state oil firm Pertamina, the launch of the oil production may delay till February or March next year, said Reuters.
Indonesia had previously said that production at Cepu’s Banyu Urip field, which is being jointly developed by US oil major Exxon Mobil and Pertamina, would start in December this year.
The giant onshore Cepu block, located between Central and East Java provinces, contains several other fields including Alas Dara/Kemuning, Jambaran and Cendana, which have not yet started production.
Meanwhile, Maman Budiman, senior vice-president at Exxon Mobil Indonesia, said that the company was still trying to meet the December target. “It (Cepu) is still in process, there are routine problems but there is no (big) issue. It is an ongoing process,” he said.
Cepu ranks among the major’s top 10 projects worldwide, and Indonesia is hoping that it will provide a big boost for the country’s domestic oil and gas output.
Pertamina said it estimates oil reserves in the main Banyu Urip field in the Cepu block at 350 million barrels, above Exxon’s initial assessment of 250 million barrels.
The cost of developing the Banyu Urip oilfield is also expected to rise from initial estimates of $1.2 billion, due to higher drilling costs and land clearing.
Exxon Mobil had said previously that the total cost of developing the whole Cepu block was about $2.6 billion, although the cost for Banyu Urip alone would be revised up from its initial estimate of $1.2 billion.
Indonesia, Asia-Pacific’s only OPEC producer and the only member which is a net importer of oil, has struggled to maintain output as it has failed to tap new oilfields fast enough to compensate for older ones as they become less productive.
The Indonesian government hopes that a quick development of Cepu will help reverse the country’s shrinking oil output.
Indonesia produced 857,900 bpd in July, slightly down from June’s 859,000 bpd. | <urn:uuid:e4c6e4b5-9cc9-4073-b420-c818e88a8fdd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.aseanaffairs.com/page/production_at_indonesia_s_cepu_oil_block_may_be_delayed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00172-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969096 | 534 | 1.601563 | 2 |
The Body of the Brooch. Take a piece of #6 copper, 5-1/4" long. Polish it, then bend into a circle with …
Falcon-headed cloak pin - GemStone IV Wiki The cloak pin was donated by members of the Beacon Hall Archives." Loresong Once sung to by a bard, it became apparent that the nick was not the result of time, but bore witness to a fortuitous event in the original bearer's life, and death. Frijthof pressed Oliga, a bardess who was in town at the time to sing to it and the following are the Cloak Brooches - How do Medieval Cloaks Close? - Raven Fox Mar 19, 2019 Cloak Clasp Cloak Pin Shawl Pin Scarf Pin Sweater Clip Brooch for Women Cardigan, ZeroGoo Medieval Penannular Vintage Celtic Viking Scottish Jewelry 4.5 out of 5 stars 49 $10.99 $ 10 . 99 Did you scroll all this way to get facts about cloak pin? Well you're in luck, because here they come. There are 1986 cloak pin for sale on Etsy, and they cost $44.02 on average. The most common cloak pin material is metal. The most popular color? You guessed it: silver.
Jan 28, 2018
Small Brass Cloak Pin SKU: HW-700676 $ 4.50 Buy Now. Load More Our medieval brooches and cloak pins are perfect for keeping your cloak closed, and they can also be used on kilts or to pin down sashes to garments. We carry very traditional styles of … Cloak pins | Etsy
Find great deals on eBay for cloak pin and viking cloak pin. Shop with confidence.
Medieval Cloak Pin – NowsparkleUK Bring history to life with a piece of this Medieval Cloak Pin that can turn any blanket into a traditional Viking style cloak. Not only do you get to feel the prestige of a nice cloak, but it's also surprisingly useful for keeping warm inside and out. Instead of being made from thick cast iron that would ruin a blanke Death's Cloak Pin | Terry Pratchett's Discworld | Jewellery This cloak pin has a long brooch fastening, and should be considered a replica to use for dressing, rather than for supporting very heavy cloak fabric. If the brooch is used for cosplay, we recommend that a supporting fastening such as a kilt pin is used underneath the omega cloak pin. | <urn:uuid:9dcadf87-406c-4103-8af5-ce8ac66e316d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pasvpnbbazu.web.app/hommer28323vo/cloak-pin-rygo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.912485 | 504 | 1.632813 | 2 |
India invited to G7 because their agenda is 'deep and diverse': US
US National Security Council coordinator John Kirby on Friday (local time) said that India had been invited to G7 because the agenda is "deep and diverse" and "it is not about trying to splinter them off" from Russia.
"It is not about trying to splinter them off or coax them away from any other association or partnership that they might have with another country. That's not the goal here. The goal is to unify around a set of common principles and initiatives," Kirby said adding that, "g7 wants to advance in terms of climate change, energy and food security."
The NSC coordinator made these remarks at a press briefing on Friday while replying to a question on the motto behind inviting developing nations like India, Indonesia and South Africa to the G7 Summit. Earlier, amid reports of a spike in Indian energy import from Russia, Kirby said that India is a very key strategic partner in the Indo-Pacific region and the US lets Indian leaders speak about their economic policies.
In a press briefing on Tuesday, Kirby said the US value this bilateral relationship with India but Washington wants international pressure on Russia amid the Ukraine conflict.
"India is also a very key strategic partner in the Indo-Pacific region. And there are many ways that partnership represents itself both in defence and security, economic as well. I think we'll let Indian leaders speak about their economic policies," he had said."What I can just tell you is we value this bilateral relationship with India and we continue to want obviously every country has to make those decisions for themselves. These are sovereign decisions but we want as much pressure put internationally on Russia as possible," he had added.
India in recent weeks has spiked energy imports from Russian despite global sanctions on Moscow. US officials conveyed the message to India there is no ban on energy imports from Russia but they do not want to see a rapid acceleration.
A number of institutionalized mechanisms have been set up for the development of economic cooperation between the India-Russia. But the Ukraine war and subsequent sanctions placed by the Western countries have proved to be a hurdle in trade.
External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar earlier this month hit back at the unfair criticism of Indian oil purchase from Russia amid the Ukraine war that has created a knock-off effect on the world economy.While defending India's oil imports from Russia, Jaishankar stressed that it is important to understand how the Ukraine conflict is impacting the developing countries. He also questioned why only India was being questioned while Europe continues to import gas from Russia amid the Ukraine war.Responding to a question on whether India's oil import from Russia is not funding the ongoing Ukraine war, Jaishankar said, "Look I don't want to sound argumentative. If India funding Russia oil is funding the war... Tell me then buying Russian gas is not funding the war? It's only Indian money and Russian oil coming to India funding the war and not Russia's gas coming to Europe not funding? Let's be a little even-handed."At the GLOBSEC 2022 Bratislava Forum in Slovakia, Jaishankar said, the packages of sanctions imposed by the European Union are imposed keeping in mind the interest of certain European nations."...if you can be considerate to yourself, you can be considerate to other people. If a Europe says, if we have to manage it in a way impact on the economy is not traumatic, that freedom should exist for other people as well," he said.
Read More at https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/india-invited-to-g7-because-their-agenda-is-deep-and-diverse-us-122062400085_1.html | <urn:uuid:dcc07616-8089-4b1d-aa62-a7e2f0e825da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.induqin.com/post/india-invited-to-g7-because-their-agenda-is-deep-and-diverse-us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.961676 | 780 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Bats in the bell-cote – St Andrew’s, Winterborne Tomson
Steve White looks at the recent restoration of St Andrew’s Church, Winterborne Tomson – a favourite church of Thomas Hardy and a Dorset gem
Published in June ’13
St Andrew’s church sits lightly in the hamlet of Winterborne Tomson, next to farm buildings and close to a beautiful manor house. The charming single-cell Norman church has an apsidal east end – the end wall curves, as does the roof; it is the only one of its type in Dorset and one of only four in England.
It has essentially remained unaltered in plan since the early 12th century, suggesting that the local population has always been a small one. It does not look like an ecclesiastical building in the conventional sense – it is only the tiny, weather-boarded bell-cote that gives any clue to its purpose. This bell-cote houses one bell, dated 1668, which is thought to have been cast by Anthony Bartlet of Whitechapel.
Thanks to its small congregation (even in the 19th century not many people lived nearby… and there was another small church just across the fields in Anderson), St Andrew’s was not considered worthy of the Victorian ‘restoration’, unlike many other Dorset churches.
The church’s history is a fascinating one; William Wake, 1657-1737, was born locally and had close associations with the church – his father had bought the Winterborne Tomson estate from the Hussey family in the late 1600s. Wake was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1716 until his death and it is said that he would sometimes turn up unexpectedly to conduct services at St Andrews, much to the consternation of the regular incumbent. Archbishop Wake paid for the complete refitting of the internal furniture of the church – box pews, pulpit, screen etc – all made in oak. Bleached by use and by time, they have a wonderful patina and still survive to this day.
That the internal furniture has survived is something of a miracle when one becomes aware of the condition of the church in the early 1900s. Sir Frederick Treves wrote in Highways and Byways in Dorset in 1906: ‘The poor little sanctuary has long been deserted; the windows are broken, and birds roost on the pews or under the cove roof…while everywhere is the taint of mould and the dank odour of decay.’
Other sources from the time tell of farm animals using the church for shelter and the church and the churchyard being, in effect an extension of the farm.
By the 1920s the building was close to dereliction, the softwood floors of the pews had all but rotted away and the window glass had gone. Clearly, if something hadn’t been done, and as a matter of urgency, then the building would have been lost forever.
AR Powys was one of the famous Powys brothers, but was, and still is, largely overshadowed by Theodore, John Cowper and Llewelyn, his famous literary siblings. An accomplished architect, Powys was secretary of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) for 25 years and, in 1929, SPAB decided to repair St Andrew’s church and return it to religious use.
Powys was clearly a very progressive individual from an architectural perspective; rather than simply rip out the old timbers and replace with new, new timbers were laid alongside old. Whilst new clear glass was made for the church, it was fitted into the original iron saddle bars. Furthermore, repairs were carried out to fragile parts of the fabric, such as roof bosses, which were carefully and meticulously restored rather than replaced.
Thomas Hardy had been very fond of this church and had been a member of SPAB for 47 years; the society had access to a collection of his architectural manuscripts which, with the permission of the author’s wife, were sold for £1000 to raise the money required for the conservation work to be carried out. More than half of this sum went towards repairs to St Andrew’s. In recognition of this, one of the replacement oak laths fitted by Powys is marked ‘THOMAS HARDY 1930’. The project was budgeted at £250 but cost three times this estimate, the remainder was provided by Lionel Brett Lord Esher (who became the 4th Viscount Esher upon the death of his father in 1963), himself an architect and town planner of some note, as well as a long-term chairman of SPAB.
In 1936, Alfred was the second of the eleven Powys siblings to die, at the age of 55. He is buried in the churchyard of St Andrew’s, alongside his wife. When asked why he had chosen to be buried in this particular place, his grandson, Stephen Powys-Marks replied that the fate of the church at Winterborne Tomson ‘was so closely dependent on what he did’, that he almost certainly found some kind of affinity with the place. There is a marker – a simple stone – to commemorate Powys, by George Churchill. A more elaborate memorial was carved by Reynolds Stone at the request of Powys’s widow, Faith, in 1962. Stone, a famous carver in various materials, spent many years living in the Old Rectory, Litton Cheney in Dorset and it was he who was commissioned to carve Winston Churchill’s memorial in Westminster Abbey.
Rededicated on 8 May 1932 by Dr G B Allen, Bishop of Sherborne, the church has been used for services regularly since, although these now tend to be restricted to Advent, Whitsun and Harvest Thanksgiving.
St Andrew’s has been in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust (CCT) since March 1974 and, in that time, the trust has overseen a number of conservation schemes on the structure. In the last 10 years, just prior to the most recent work, a project was undertaken on some of the internal woodwork, especially the bosses decorating the roof beams. Deathwatch beetle had been responsible for a good deal of damage, which needed careful repair. The most recent work, however, has been the most important since the Powys restoration and was begun in October 2011 and completed in May 2012. The need to do something had become imperative as roof tiles were beginning to deteriorate and letting in water, leading to the risk that the timber roof structure was in danger of collapse.
The project was carried out under the instruction of the Churches Conservation Trust; Philip Hughes associates were the architects and Magenta Conservation the contractor. It involved almost completely covering the building in scaffolding and polythene sheeting, to keep the worst of the weather out. Work could not take place in the dryer months of the year owing to the resident bat colony in the bell-cote.
The job required that each roof tile be carefully removed (they were put back as they had been found), and damaged woodwork repaired or replaced. The bell-cote weather-boarding was also renewed. A bituminous membrane found under the tiles was responsible, in part, for the deathwatch beetle problem, as the beetles like the damp conditions it unintentionally provided; a newly fitted vapour permeable membrane should prevent damp being a problem in future.
Some clay pipes from the 1920s (probably those discarded by the Powys team) were discovered in the roof space, as was a dated acknowledgement of the work done by AR Powys. The roof beams fitted by Powys, including the beam inscribed to Thomas Hardy, were found to be in excellent condition and hopefully will now remain so.
The total cost of the conservation work was £71,350 which was funded by the CCT, apart from a donation of £2000 from SPAB’s ‘Hardy Fund’; this fund still exists and so it is fitting that Thomas Hardy’s legacy remains and he is still financing repairs to the church of which he was so fond. SPAB go to great pains to emphasise that they do not sanction ‘renovations’, but are keen to use their funds to support the ‘repair’ of old buildings, as has happened with St Andrew’s.
The result of this conservation work is a church that will be open to the public 365 days of the year for decades to come. A visit would be worthwhile from a financial perspective to the CCT; they are desperately in need of donations for this type of work and, as well as putting money in the wall-safe, buying a membership of either the CCT or SPAB would be very welcome.
A journey to Winterborne Tomson will be rewarding to the visitor too. This is a church worth visiting – Hardy and Powys loved the building with good reason, so why not go and take a look for yourself? The building doesn’t appear any different after this conservation project, than it did before; Wake, Hardy, Powys and indeed all of Dorset should find this very reassuring.
• Visit www.spab.org.uk or www.visitchurches.org.uk for details of the vital work of the organisations mentioned in this feature. | <urn:uuid:917ec63c-4db7-4ffd-8d1d-aad01eff8900> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2013/06/bats-in-the-bell-cote-st-andrews-winterborne-tomson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982668 | 1,936 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Friday, June 24, 2005
In 2001 Court TV filed a lawsuit against Robert Morgenthau, then DA of New York County and against the State of New York to test whether section 52 of the Civil Rights Law banning cameras in the courtroom was constitutional. In July of 2003 the lower court issued a ruling finding that "the Court declines to establish a constitutional rule in New York granting the media a right to televise court proceedings. The record in consistent with the traditional approach of New York courts to public access questions...The record also is consistent with New York's statutory scheme which guarantees public trials, but gives primacy to fair trial rights. Moreover, to the extent any chamges to the statutory scheme have been put into experimental use, these were intitiated and reviewed by the Legislature."
Court TV argued to the New York State Court of Appeals that the First Amendment gives the press and the public "a right of access to trial proceedings" and that cameras are a commonplace extension of this right. The appellate court rejected this argument, as it also rejected the network's constitutional argument based on the New York state constitution. In both cases, the appellate court found that the press's right to attend trials is no greater than that of the general public. Should the legislature choose to extend coverage of trials via cameras, said the court, it certainly has that power.
Read a News Media Update piece here.
Read the decision of the court here. | <urn:uuid:57f76441-5855-4a6f-af48-fd86cf62ed45> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/media_law_prof_blog/2005/06/court_declines_.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00027-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947238 | 291 | 1.773438 | 2 |
We're feeding our babies....what????
Some babies get this at every meal:
Potassium hydroxide; also used topically to prevent the growth of horns in calves
"You are what you eat."
Calcium carbonate; the common name is chalk
Calcium hydroxide; the common name is lye
Calcium chloride; the hardware store sells this under the label "Moisture Magnet"
If you are within the 40% of mothers who give their babies formula, he or she is getting some or all of these ingredients!! Check your own infant formula can for the ingredient list. We didn't include all the formulas and their variations (powder, ready to use, concentrate) so just because the one you are using isn't on our list does not mean that ingredient isn't in it. Quotes are from the "Consumer's Dictionary of Food Additives", also from "Food Additives, A Shopper's Guide" and "Hard to Swallow, The Truth about Food Additives". Also Earl Mindells books, "Safe Eating" and "Vitamin Bible".
My daughter had an interesting observation as I was writing this article--she pointed out the ingredient definitions that included "death" as a side effect, and said that perhaps that was why formula-fed babies have a higher risk of "crib death". (The risk is 3.7 to 5 times greater, according to scientific studies.)Also see other articles on formula contents throughout the catalogue--for example, the affect of free glutamic acid (MSG) and free aspartic acid, which are neurotoxins.Potassium Hydroxide:
The Dictionary of Food Additives says: "Occasionally used to prevent the growth of horns in calves. It may cause irritation of the skin in cuticle removers. Extremely corrosive, and ingestion may cause violent pain, bleeding, collapse, and death. When applied to the skin of mice, moderate dosages cause tumors. May cause skin rash and burning. Concentrations above 5% can destroy fingernails as well. The FDA banned household products containing more than 10% potassium hydroxide."
The booklet Food Additives says: "May cause mouth ulcers, gastrointestinal upset."
The book Hard to Swallow says: "When taken internally it has been known to produce severe pain in the throat, hemorrhaging and collapse, possibly leading to stricture of the esophagus. The FDA has restricted the amount of potassium hydroxide to less than 10% in household products while at the same time deeming it GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) for use in food. In spite of the dangers, the Canadian government has given the food industry complete discretion over the levels of potassium hydroxide it puts in food as most of the above-mentioned products are governed by the Good Manufacturing Practice regulation, most notably infant formula. This is irresponsible and unconsionable--particularly where infant formula is concerned."According to the label, potassium hydroxide is the 13th ingredient on the list for SMA powder infant formula. There are 37 ingredients, and it is standard procedure for the largest quantities to be listed first. Most of the liquid formulas, both ready to use and concentrate, state "May contain potassium hydroxide" on the label." Similac Advance, Similac LF, Enfalac, ProSobee, and Isomil all have that statement.
"Accidental ingestion can cause burns of the throat and esophagus; also death from shock and asphyxia due to swelling of the glottis and infection. Can also cause burns of the skin and eyes."
Common names include "Lye" or "slaked lime". Used to dehair hides, for cream depilatories (hair removers used for underarm or leg hair), mortar, plaster, cement, pesticides, and fireproofing. Mmmm, sounds like it would be good to put into baby formula....? The 14th ingredient on the label list for Nutramigen "Hypoallergenic" infant formula is calcium hydroxide! Nutramigen is an expensive formula used for babies who are having trouble digesting other formulas. The 17th ingredient on the label list for SMA powdered baby formula is calcium hydroxide. (It also contains potassium hydroxide--see above!)
Our local hardware store sells this powder under the brand "Moisture Magnet" which is used to absorb dampness out of basements. The label has a warning: "Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Do not breathe in dust."
It is employed industrially in the manufacture of antifreeze, glue, cements, in fire extinguishers. Also used to preserve wood.May cause heart problems (irregular heart beats), upset stomachs, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Listed on the label of the following baby formulas: SMA powdered formula (8th ingredient on the list), SMA liquid, Enfalac (they list it under "minerals"!).
Check your cheese label too!
(may also be called calcium carrageenan, sodium carrageenan, potassium carrageenan, ammonium carrageenan) This is used as a thickener and emulsifier. Listed on the label of nearly all liquid infant formulas, including Enfalac, ProSobee, Similac Advance, Similac LF, Isomil, Alsoy, SMA, and others.
"Due to the fact that carrageenan has no nutritional value and studies have shown it may pose serious health hazards, it should not be used in food, especially infant formulas. Infant formula in Britain does not include carrageenan.
"In 1969, experiments showed that it caused tiny ulcers in the large intestine, similar to those found in humans with ulcerative colitis. Other adverse effects were blood and mucus in the feces and stunted growth. Scientists feel that the public is possibly being subjected to a danger of unknown dimension."
"May cause ulcerative colitis; suspected carcinogen."
"Carrageenan stimulated the formation of fibrous tissue when subcutaneously injected into the guinea pig. When a single dose of it dissolved in saline was injected under the skin of the rat, it caused sarcomas after approximately 2 years. Its cancer-causing ability may be that of a foreign-body irritant because upon administration to rats and mice at high levels in their diet, it did not appear to induce tumors, although survival of the animals for this period was not good."
The book "Safe Eating" by Earl Mindell, says "carrageenan can interfere with the body's immunological warning system and should be avoided, particularly during illness." This book, like the other 3 reference books used here, also says that a symptom caused by carrageenan is "inflamed or ulcerated colon."
Found in limestone, marble and coral and is more commonly known as chalk. When consumed, may cause constipation. (It is used in anti-diarrheal medicine because of this effect.) Used to adjust acidity.
Contained in: Similac Advance liquid (9th on the ingredient list), Similac LF liquid, ProSobee powdered formula.
Modified food starch acts as a thickener in baby food, and in some infant formula. Research shows that it cannot be properly digested by baby and is linked to digestive ailments such as diarrhea, malabsorption, and changes in gastrointestinal flora. It may be implicated in Crohn's disease. There is also a concern that the chemicals used to modify the starch are cancer-causing and cause gene mutations. Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society #149 (1997
Contained in: Nutramigen (3rd main ingredient), Similac LF (10th ingredient), may be in others not included in our sample.
The result of the reaction of sulfuric acid with zinc. Used medicinally as an emetic (to induce vomiting). Irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. May cause an allergic reaction. Injection under the skin of 2.5 milligrams per kg. of body weight caused tumors in rabbits.
Added to most infant formulas as a "mineral": Enfalac, Isomil, SMA liquid and powder, Similac Advance and LF, ProSobee, Alsoy, Carnation Follow-up, Nutramigen, Bonamil.
Used as an agricultural fungicide, herbicide, in the preparation of azo dyes, in hair dyes as a coloring. Irritating if ingested. Contained as a "mineral" in : Enfalac, Isomil, SMA powder and liquid, ProSobee liquid and powder, Alsoy, Follow-up, Nutramigen, Bonamil.
Womens Green Bay Packers '47 Brand Green Primetime Hooded Long Sleeve T-Shirt,Women's Cleveland Browns Brown Direct Snap V-Neck Long Sleeve T-Shirt,Men's Washington Redskins Junk Food Burgundy Kick-Off T-Shirt.Men's Houston Texans For Bare Feet Argyle Zoom Socks,Men's Philadelphia Eagles New Era Black On-Field Balaclava,Mens Pittsburgh Steelers Joe Greene Mitchell & Ness Black Authentic Throwback Jersey.Men's San Francisco 49ers Nike Gray Stadium Classic Club Crew Sweatshirt,Youth Pittsburgh Steelers Mascot Slippers Oakland Raider Jerseys Sale
.cheap nfl jerseys from china sale for factory,cheap nfl clothing promotion,cheap nfl keychains heart,Women's Indianapolis Colts Majestic Royal Lead Play Raglan Long Sleeve T-Shirt Oakland Raiders Jerseys Cheap
.Mens Kansas City Chiefs Majestic Red Game Lead Ultra-Lightweight Long Sleeve Fleece,Men's New England Patriots Majestic Navy Conquest Double Face Slub Long Sleeve Thermal T-Shirt,Mens Chicago Bears Jared Allen Nike Navy Blue Game Jersey Oakland Raiders Jerseys for Sale
.Denver Broncos 2'' x 19'' Color Letters Die Cut Decal,Women's Green Bay Packers Green Game Tradition V T-Shirt,Nike Dallas Cowboys Youth Dez Bryant Game Team Color Jersey.Girls Toddler Seattle Seahawks College Navy Cheerleader Dreams T-Shirt,Women's New York Giants Klew Royal Big Logo Ugly Sweater Dress Future Of The Oakland Raiders
.Men's San Diego Chargers Navy Critical Victory VIII T-shirt,Philadelphia Eagles Zubaz Pants - Midnight Green/White,Dallas Cowboys 27" x 37" Throwback Helmet Vertical Banner
"Small intestinal ulcers may occur with oral administration. Large doses ingested can cause gastrointestinal irritation, purging, weakness, and circulatory collapse." Dictionary of Food Additives
"When taken orally it may irritate the gastrointestinal tract (vomiting, diarrhea, and ulcer formation) and cause weakness and shock." From the book "Hard to Swallow"
Contained in: ProSobee powder and liquid, Isomil, SMA liquid and powder, Alsoy (9th on the ingredient list), Follow-up, Nutramigen.
Ingestion of large amounts of phosphates can cause kidney damage and may adversely affect the absorption of other minerals; can cause osteoporosis.
Although the body needs phosphoric acid, too much is not a good thing. It can disturb the absorption of minerals such as calcium from the gastrointestinal tract. Phosphate is a component of a great many food additives and so the body can easily be overloaded with phosphates.
Experiments performed in Germany in 1957 by Dr. G. J. von Esch and his colleages revealed that rats that were fed a 5% phosphate diet exhibited arrested development, diminished fertility, and decreased lifespan.
Calcium phosphate is described as a "skin and eye irritant".
Phosphates are used as emulsifiers and as preservatives that prevent physical or chemical changes affecting color, flavor, texture, and appearance of a product. For example, calcium phosphate tribasic is used to prevent caking in milk powder. One or more types of phosphates are listed on the labels of the following formulas (sometimes listed as a "mineral": Enfalac, ProSobee liquid and powder, Similac LF and Advance, Isomil, SMA liquid and powder, Follow-up, Nutramigen.
Mono- and Diglycerides:
"when used as food additives, they are usually synthetically prepared with the use of many different compounds. Studies on animals have shown that different members of the glyceride family cause poor growth, high mortality, decreased ability to absorb essential fatty acids, enlarged kidneys and livers, significantly smaller testes and dicolouration of the uterus. The FDA has diglyceride on its list of additives to be studied for mutagenic, teratogenic, subacute and reproductive effects." (definition of Teratogenic: causing birth defects) Listed on the label of: Enfalac liquid, ProSobee liquid, Similac Advance and LF liquid, Isomil liquid.
"Inorganic iron (ferrous sulfate) destroys Vitamin E, so the two should not be taken together. If you're using a supplement containing any ferrous sulfate, E should be taken at least eight hours before or after."
Vitamin E can be found on formula ingredient lists as "tocopherol", along with ferrous sulfate (inorganic iron). Vitamin E is an essential anti-oxidant needed by the human body. Iron is also essential for the production of red blood corpuscles and certain enzymes, and the body needs it in order to use B vitamins, so it infant formula makers have likely included it in their ingredients for that reason.
But according to the "Vitamin Bible" the type of iron that is used in formula destroys the Vitamin E which the baby also gets in the formula. The following formulas list the inorganic type of iron (ferrous sulfate) on their ingredient list: Enfalac, Nutramigen, SMA, Similac LF and Advance, Isomil, Prosobee, Alsoy.
You'll find baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) on the ingredient lists of some baby formulas! (Our Food Additives reference book says that it is used as a neutralizer in milk).
Magnesium oxide which the "Dictionary of Food Additives" says "Has caused tumors in hamsters." is also on some formula ingredient lists.
We do NOT recommend baby formula AT ALL, but if you have no other choice, "Bonamil" powder had the least harmful ingredients. As you can see, it rarely appeared on any of the above lists. However, we haven't studied its composition compared to human milk, and of course it would not have the antibodies, fatty acids, and enzymes found in human milk. And it is cow's milk based. (Soy-based formulas have their own problems...see separate article.) | <urn:uuid:112db0a4-6033-4d2a-a45c-03d303d81be2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.babyloveproducts.com/babyformula.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00225-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910954 | 3,117 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Lafayette: The Lost Hero
- Rated NR
- Genre: Special Interest-Documentary
- Release Date: 9/15/2010
With Lafayette's triumphant "return tour" of the United States in the 1820s he became one of the most important and admired figures in post-Revolutionary America. This documentary chronicles Lafayette's dramatic life story his enduring ideals and influence on both countries during the Revolutionary War as explored by filmmaker Oren Jacoby.
|Run Time:||60 minutes| | <urn:uuid:3a38ad84-8aa6-4187-931d-dfdbad645ab3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ccvideo.com/lafayette-the-lost-hero/841887012546 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00119-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91084 | 105 | 1.914063 | 2 |
The final part of The History of The Lord of the Rings, an enthralling account of the writing of the Book of the Century which contains many additional scenes and includes the unpublished Epilogue in its entirety.
In the first section of Sauron Defeated Christopher Tolkien completes his fascinating study of The Lord of the Rings. Beginning with Sam’s rescue of Frodo from the Tower of Cirith Ungol, and giving a very different account of the Scouring of the Shire, this section ends with versions of the hitherto unpublished Epilogue, in which, years after the departure of Bilbo and Frodo from the Grey Havens, Sam attempts to answer his children’s questions. The second section is an edition of The Notion Club Papers. These mysterious papers, discovered in the early years of the twenty-first century, report the discussions of an Oxford club in the years 1986-7, in which after a number of topics, the centre of interest turns to the legend of Atlantis, the strange communications recevied by other members of the club from the past, and the violent irruption of the legend into the North-west of Europe.
Details updated August 19, 2021
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on 1892 in Bloemfontein, South Africa. After serving in the First World War, he embarked upon academic career and was recognized as one of the finest philologists in the world. He was a professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford, a fellow of Pembroke College, and a fellow of Merton College until his retirement in 1959.
Tolkien is the creator of Middle-earth and author of the great modern classic, his epic masterpiece, The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien died in 1973 at the age of 81.
The History of Middle-earth :: Series
Series contains 12 primary works and has 12 total works.
Related series The History of Middle-earth (omnibus editions) | <urn:uuid:ccd96f0b-0623-4800-b40f-cadac63acb8f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.risingshadow.net/library/book/1051-sauron-defeated | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.959621 | 402 | 2.890625 | 3 |
(From the publisher):
The TARDIS has drifted far into the future and comes to rest hovering over Frontios, refuge of one group of survivors from Earth who have escaped the disintegration of their home planet.
The Doctor is reluctant to land on Frontios, as he does not wish to intervene in a moment of historical crisis — the colonists are still struggling to establish themselves and their continued existence hangs in the balance.
But the TARDIS is forced down by what appears to be a meteorite storm, and crash-lands, leaving the Doctor and his companions marooned on the hope-forsaken planet...
Novelization of the Doctor Who TV series; four episode story "Frontios" (1983), script by Christopher H. Bidmead.
Original title: Doctor Who: Frontios
Genre: Fiction→ Science Fiction→ Shared Worlds | <urn:uuid:eaf04461-a8e5-4557-a3bf-f09d8977ef86> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.iblist.com/book35057.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00229-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935825 | 176 | 1.664063 | 2 |
March 17th, 2003, 08:30 PM
Modem Cable Help Please
I am trying to modify a Standard Modem cable to fit a connexant modem.
Anyone got any idea of what wire goes where
Any help welcome.
March 17th, 2003, 08:37 PM
Are you talking about taking a standard phone cable and making it a ethernet cable? Because I dont think that is possible since CAT 5 cable is 4 pair of wires and the phone cable is 2 pair....
N00b> STFU i r teh 1337 (english: You must be mistaken, good sir or madam. I believe myself to be quite a good player. On an unrelated matter, I also apparently enjoy math.)
March 17th, 2003, 08:41 PM
March 17th, 2003, 08:43 PM
I have removed your duplicate post and am moving this into General Chit Chat.
March 17th, 2003, 08:48 PM
I hope this helps .
Its an internal modem (Conexant)
I don't have the cable from modem to telephone plug.
I have the cable from a us robotics sportster which I have in my hand and have butchered.
There are 4 cables inside.
I need to know which cables to pair off together to make the robotics modem cable suit the conexant modem. I take it it has some twist.
March 18th, 2003, 11:59 AM
March 18th, 2003, 02:46 PM
It should not be necessary to modify that cable to fit that modem.
All internal modems, I believe, take a standard telephone cable.
Get a new cable (they're very cheap), and plug it in.
I came in to the world with nothing. I still have most of it. | <urn:uuid:019a3e8d-86c8-4aac-ad61-63d5fd6cb32a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.antionline.com/showthread.php?239771-Modem-Cable-Help-Please | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719646.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00128-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912326 | 378 | 1.53125 | 2 |
The Peters Township School District is gauging student support for dance classes as a way to avoid “twerking” and other risque moves at school dances.
The issue was first broached last week by school board member William Merrell, who chaperoned a Feb. 8 dance at the high school dance where three students were cited for underage drinking and hundreds more left early after being admonished for “twerking” on the dance floor.
The Oxford Dictionary recently added an entry for twerking, defining it as "dance to popular music in a sexually provocative manner involving thrusting hip movements and a low, squatting stance."
But, no matter how it’s defined, Mr. Merrell sees it as degrading to girls.
“I was shocked to see what was going on,” said Mr. Merrell, who attended a prom two years ago where twerking was occurring, but on a much smaller scale.
Twerking, grinding, freak-dancing and other forms of so-called “dirty dancing” have been banned by school districts across the country in recent years, including in the aftermath of the August 2013 MTV Music Video Awards performance of Miley Cyrus, perhaps the world’s most famous twerker.
One of those districts was Mt. Lebanon School District, which banished sexually suggestive dance moves in October 2012 after trying other solutions, including warning students, hiring police to supervise dances and sponsoring assemblies detailing the district’s drug and alcohol policy.
The agreement between students and the district calls for the possible use of a breath analyzer at district functions, no sexually suggestive dancing, and no drugs, alcohol, weapons or other contraband. Violations of the policy — including twerking — could result in the student being removed from the dance floor and banned from future dances without warning.
“If any of the outlined expectations are not met, then a student could be asked to leave a dance,” district spokeswoman Cissy Bowman said.
The agreement drafted by high school principal Brian McFeeley has worked, Ms. Bowman said.
“We’ve had multiple dances since then, and we’ve had positive results,” said Ms. Bowman, who does not believe any students have been disciplined as a result of the agreement.
Mr. Merrell is hoping Peters won’t have to develop a similar policy and that students will get the message he’s trying to get across.
“I’m trying to provide an outlet for these kids to learn how to dance,” said Mr. Merrell, who told his colleagues on the school board last week about conversations he has had with the owner of the local Arthur Murray Dance Studio about providing dance lessons to students. Students told Mr. Merrell they didn't know how to dance and learned their moves from MTV.
The dance studio, which has been located in the township for 25 years, offers youth lessons and plenty of experience with beginners.
“It doesn’t the matter the age of the dancer,” said studio manager Kristen Page. “People come in all the time and say ‘I just don’t know what to do when the music comes on.’ I think that knowledge is huge in gaining confidence and knowing how to dance.”
Owner David Geidel said he can easily develop a dance curriculum that could serve as an elective course or as part of physical education requirements. He has done a similar class for credit at Allegheny College.
“It really just is up to the school district,” said Mr. Geidel, who operates several other Arthur Murray locations in the Pittsburgh area. “We can teach them the fundamentals of partner dancing.”
And, the dance lessons don’t have to focus on ballroom-style dancing, he said.
“People get to see a lot of [dancing] these days; it’s not your grandma’s ballroom dancing,” Mr. Geidel said. “There are very progressive dances like the salsa or club-style with modern dance. It’s very versatile and it’s a great skill to learn.”
Students learn more than just dance techniques from the lessons, Ms. Page said.
“It really teaches you how to be comfortable on the dance floor but also in social situations, like how to ask someone to dance,” she said.
The school board did not discuss during its meeting how the lessons would be paid for, though Mr. Merrell said after talking with dance studio management, he envisions five-week classes with a student contribution of about $25. The price could be lower if more students sign up, and if that’s the case, students could receive refunds through discounted prom tickets. He is hoping to have the classes wrap up by early May, before the prom.
Mr. Merrell said he has had largely positive feedback about the idea in the past week from both parents and teens.
He said many parents agree with his primary objection — that twerking places girls in an awkward, humiliating situation.
“How we value our daughters is my concern,” he said.
Janice Crompton: firstname.lastname@example.org or 412-263-1159. | <urn:uuid:7413b155-2690-4187-b76e-5854b1d6cbe3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.post-gazette.com/local/south/2014/02/27/Peters-school-board-continues-to-consider-dance-lessons-for-students/stories/201402250160 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00485-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968649 | 1,119 | 1.578125 | 2 |
In algebra, finding the missing number in an equation is known as "solving for x." Because we don't know what the missing number is, we represent it using the letter "x." The letter "x" is also known as a variable. Equations can have one or more missing variables, depending how complex they are. Finding out a missing number in a simple equation is not too difficult, though it may seem confusing at first.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Write out the equation and represent the unknown number with the letter "x." For instance: x+3=5.
Isolate the "x" to one side of the equation. To do that, you must get rid of the 3. Since you can't just wipe it out, you will have to move it to the other side of the equation, which means the other side of the equal sign. When you move a number from one side of the equation to the other, you must change its sign. In the example, the 3 is positive on the left side of the equation. When you move it to the other side of the equation, it becomes negative, and the equation will look like this: x=5-3. Were this a subtraction problem (x-3=5), you would change the negative 3 to a positive when moving it the other side of the equation and the result would be: x=5+3.
Carry out the final step; in the original equation, that would mean subtracting 3 from 5. The result would give you x=2. You have solved the equation for x and found the unknown number.
Equations Involving Addition and Subtraction
Solve the equation 2x=6 by first isolating the x to the left side of the equation. Since division is the opposite of multiplication, you will need to divide 6 by 2. The new equation will look like this: x=6/2. You now know that x=3.
Isolate the "x" in a division problem by multiplying it by the number on the other side of the equation. Remember, division is the opposite of multiplication. Therefore, the equation x/2=6 would be rewritten as x=6(2).
Carry out the final step; multiply 6 by 2 and you have solved the equation for x. The result is x=12. You have found the unknown number in an equation.
Equations Involving Multiplication and Division
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:d8d06d7c-aabe-43e7-a182-6a1037fa0aa4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_5862885_missing-number-equation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00202-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942075 | 547 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Begin with acceptance; then follow your heart.
Acceptance is a beginning, a point of departure, as well as the culmination of Heartfulness.
Imagine that you are a refugee fleeing your homeland with no more than what you can carry with you. What will give you the strength to carry on? There is nowhere else to begin than with acceptance of where we are right now. We begin by seeing ourselves and our circumstances accurately, seeing things as they actually are in the present. With conscious consent to what is at this moment we can know that this is the center of true beginning where infinite divine Mercy meets our finite self.
If we see that we have been running through a maze of distractions and desires and have not been content at all, then this is still where we begin. Contentment, acceptance, is possible from the moment we wake up from that maze of manufactured desires and distractions; in that moment we may find that contentment begins with consent to our own being in this moment. Because what we truly are is sourced in an Infinite Source, sustained and embraced by the Source of Life, we can sense at least the possibility of desirelessness, contentment, consent to the moment.
57: (20) KNOW that the life of this world is but a play and a passing delight, and a beautiful show, and [the cause of] your boastful vying with one another, and [of your] greed for more and more riches and children. Its parable is that of [life-giving] rain: the herbage which it causes to grow delights the tillers of the soil; but then it withers, and you can see it turn yellow; and in the end it crumbles into dust…
89: (27) [But unto the righteous God will say,] “O you human being that hast attained to inner peace! (28) Return unto your Sustainer, well-pleased [and] pleasing [to Him]: (29) enter, then, together with My servants – (30) yes, enter My paradise!”
We should ask ourselves, then: Have we given the world and its attractions undue importance? And if our desires lead us into injustice, corruption, dishonesty, and cruelty there will be an accounting. This ayat continues:
…But [the abiding truth of man’s condition will become fully apparent] in the life to come: a great chastisement, and God’s forgiveness, and His goodly acceptance: for the life of this world is nothing but an enjoyment of self-delusion.
And for those who give consent in this life and reach contentment:
98: (8) Their reward is with God: gardens of perpetual bliss, through which running waters flow, therein to abide beyond the count of time; well-pleased is God with them, and well-pleased are they with Him: all this awaits the one who stands in awe of his Sustainer!
This divine love is longing to be known, to be experienced, to be recognized. This is the whole purpose of life on earth, that the human being will rise to the purpose for which it was created, that the divine beauty and generosity will be apprehended, that we will recognize that we are being guided, nurtured, supported, and loved.
Whether amidst the harshest realities of this life, or amidst the surfeit of abundance that distracts us from our own being, rida, consent, opens us to the same state of heart-full presence. | <urn:uuid:5d9a4b4b-1484-449a-8ff1-ca995f734416> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://sufism.org/library/articles/acceptance-rida | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00340-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948588 | 727 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The Academic Misconduct Policy at the University of Saskatchewan recognizes that as instructors, we often are in a great position to judge the severity of an act of dishonesty and to situate that act in the context of our course. The informal procedures available through the U of S academic misconduct policy set clear parameters—to apply a grade penalty on the assignment or test that is of concern, it must be dealt with using the “informal procedures”. Whereas, the formal procedures may be invoked when the grade penalty you see as deserved extends beyond the assignment or test to the overall grade for the course.
However, each of us likely has a different threshold for when a concern for academic dishonesty warrants a penalty and what the severity should be. Depending on the situation, some of us will be more apt to ask a student found to have plagiarized to, after a stern warning, submit a re-write addressing the errors or omissions for re-grading. And, some of us will be instead inclined to advance the matter to the formal procedures and participate in a hearing, seeing the plagiarism as a far more serious a matter.
So, why does this variation matter?
Students come to know that different instructors handle the same kinds of academic dishonesty differently. When students see their teachers as less diligent or less vigilant about such matters, the problematic short cut (the majority of academic dishonesty takes this form) may seem a lower risk than in another class. In this situation, students committed to academic integrity can lose faith and question whether the assessment playing field is that even, after all. That is, are the rules really the rules? And, to use this year’s Academic Integrity Awareness Week catch phrase without its intended twist, previously honest students may wonder to themselves “Why not Cheat?”
What can be done?
Today, my colleague from the ULC, Elana Geller and I, will facilitate a discussion at the College of Kinesiology at their request about developing a common approach to enacting the academic misconduct policy, especially when to use the informal procedures. We will talk about the policy as it exists, acknowledge the complexities of discovering and confirming academic dishonesty, and assist in identifying common principles the faculty and instructors in the College want to use going forward.
If other academic units are interested in our assistance facilitating something similar, feel free to contact us (or check in with your friends in Kinesiology to see how it turned out). | <urn:uuid:cd7e5bd6-6d4a-4f09-b6aa-a1937c849f51> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://words.usask.ca/gmcte/2014/10/08/defining-shared-thresholds-for-dealing-with-academic-dishonesty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.946396 | 511 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Above Image: One of three video screens, part of the Opening Ceremony for the 150th Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Battle of Gettysburg 150th Anniversary
July 1-3, 2013 - In many ways it's hard to describe, both just how important the Battle of Gettysburg and its Union victory were to the nation to those less initiated with its history, and how remarkable the events to commemorate the battle have been to not only sustain the history and commemorate, but to build bridges to the generations to come.
- Then and Now
- Great Moments from the 150th
As we walked across, sometimes at a double quick, the fields of Pickett's Charge, with over 10,000 men, women, and their children, some carried as infants, the remarkable scene brought out various emotions. A sadness to the realization that the men in 1863 were greeted with a hail of bullets that would take many a life and not the cheers of crowds that were commemorating them; the thought that the faces in the crowd were representative of a cross-section of the best of all generations that make up the nation they saved, and the joy and thrill of participating in such a memorable occasion. There was a bit of guilt in the latter, I must admit. The hope is, and I'm sure it will be, that those in the younger generations that had participated 150 years after the battle itself and now understood, in some small measure, what it meant and would rise to protect it in the future. There would be no United States of America in the way we think of it if the Union had not won this battle, even if they'd eventually have won the war without it. You might be using your passport to gain access to Virginia or it might have moved forward in a more cobbled fashion, not able to rise to the greatness that would mark the moments of history thereafter and hopefully going forward. And as far as the celebrations themselves, we'll go back to the word we used to first describe them, ... Wow!!
How Many Participated
July 1-3, 2013 - The Park Service did not have a great idea of how many people would cross the fields of Pickett's Charge prior to the charge itself, but when 15,000 people signed up for a brigade from the southern perspective, more than the 12,500 who actually crossed in 1863, it exceeded expectations. To greet them at the High Water Mark and Union lines, 20,000 to 25,000 additional spectators and re-enactors.
Little Round Top - The defensive position (photo below) of the rocky precipace forever, but not at the time, known as Little Round Top would not have looked like this during the battle of Chamberlain and Vincent, (they were placed there during the night) although many boulders would have been there to shield them from the southern attackers. The heros of this end of the 2nd day battle line were Warren, Vincent, Chamberlain, and many men whose names are lesser known, both Union and Confederate, but no less important.
Little Round Top - Monuments sit on the position of Little Round Top today, paying tribute to the regiments who held the position.
Meade's Headquarters - The Leister House, just east and below the ridge of the High Water Mark, served as headquarters for General Meade and union staff during the battle of Gettysburg, escept for the time of Pickett's Charge. During the Confederate bombardment two hours prior to the charge, the shells missed their target and went long, hitting the area of the headquarters. General Meade rode to the safety of Power's Hill for the remainder of the charge.
Train Station, Downtown, and Shuttle Service - During the 150th anniversary, shuttle service to various locations around the field was added, but the Trolley Service to downtown and other sites will remain after the anniversary events are over. This year the inclusion of the Gold Line that runs from the Visitor Center to the Pennsylvania Monument to the High Water Mark and the Cemetery was added, allowing visitors to ride for free to these historic locations. Great idea for those that would like to park their car and let someone else drive.
Seminary Ridge Museum - On the first day field of fighting north of town sits the newly opened Seminary Ridge Museum, held on the campus of the Lutheran Theological Seminary. Buford's cavalry used the cupola in the picture above as a lookout point during July 1, sighting the approaching Confederate troops streaming down Chambersburg Pike.
Photo above: Reeanctors of Union Soldiers as they led the Iron Brigade Battle Walk during the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.
- 1. Opening Commemoration Ceremonies. A light and sound show of commemoration and creativity spanned three stages erected for just this moment on the hillside next to Meade's Headquarters off Taneytown Road. Begun by period music and followed by the national anthem sung by Trace Adkins, the event reflected a reverence to the actions of 1863 and the memories that had not been forgotten. With Charles Gibson presiding, the event included a speech by Gettysburg National Military Park superintendant Bob Kirby, who should be commended for his part in organizing the week's events, and the keynote by Doris Kearns Goodwin. A thirty minute music, image, and multiple actor play of the actions during the battle, a 21 gun salute ringing across the battlefield in darkness, and a candlelight illumination of the crowd, which processed to the cemetery, was a rare treat for the spectators there and on television.
2. The Battle Walks. Organized at three levels of interest and difficulty, these walks ranged from the hightlights of various important areas of the field on each day of the battle at 30 minutes duration to Overview Hikes in the central areas of the day and the most detailed, Battlefield Experiences, some of which may never be duplicated, that lasted two hours (Iron Brigade walk of July 1 led by reenactors who kept the public in line, see below) and sometimes under the cover of darkness (Meade's Council of War on July 2).
3. Evening Voices Programs. Each night after the night of the opening ceremony at 7:30 pm for 45 minutes, living history actors and actresses portraying soldiers and citizens led a dramatization of the day's events in the words of the people who lived it. Held on the lawn between the High Water Mark and Meade's headquarters and with the Pennsylvania monument in the background, this event was a fitting tribute and culmination of the day's activities for the people who trudged the field all day. It provided a nice coda and place to relax and learn more about the experiences of the individuals who withstood the rigors of the conflict.
4. Pickett's Charge - The ultimate battle walk for most of the reenactors and participants, including many who had never been to the battlefield before. Each brigade that had crossed the field wss represented and led by custumed living history men and women representing their brigade, two park rangers, and thousands of citizens. The brigades of Pickett's Division (Kemper, Garnett, and Armistead); Heth's Division (Archer, Pettigrew, Davis, and Brockenbrough); and Pender's Division (Lane and Scales) were met after the one mile charge by the Union troops of Hays, Gibbon, and Doubleday, plus their reenactors and participants.
Watch What Happened
June 30 - July 3, 2013 - Check out the composite videos from the National Park Service about the anniversary events of each day. | <urn:uuid:d5fa9b0c-148a-45ae-bd80-9f7bfc2799ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://americasbesthistory.com/abh-gettysburg150.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00127-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968784 | 1,566 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Annual concentration, flux, and yield for total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chloride for 18 tributaries to Lake Champlain were estimated for 1990 through 2011 using a weighted regression method based on time, tributary streamflows (discharges), and seasonal factors. The weighted regression method generated two series of daily estimates of flux and concentration during the period of record: one based on observed discharges and a second based on a flow-normalization procedure that removes random variation due to year-to-year climate-driven effects. The flownormalized estimate for a given date is similar to an average estimate of concentration or flux that would be made if all of the observed discharges for that date were equally likely to have occurred. The flux bias statistic showed that 68 of the 72 flux regression models were minimally biased. Temporal trends in the concentrations and fluxes were determined by calculating percent changes in flow-normalized annual fluxes for the full period of analysis (1990 through 2010) and for the decades 1990–2000 and 2000–2010. Basinwide, flow-normalized total phosphorus flux decreased by 42 metric tons per year (t/yr) between 1990 and 2010. This net result reflects a basinwide decrease in flux of 21 metric tons (t) between 1990 and 2000, followed by a decrease of 20 t between 2000 and 2010; both results were largely influenced by flux patterns in the large tributaries on the eastern side of the basin. A comparison of results for total phosphorus for the two separate decades of analysis found that more tributaries had decreasing concentrations and flux rates in the second decade than the first. An overall reduction in dissolved phosphorus flux of 0.7 t/yr was seen in the Lake Champlain Basin during the full period of analysis. That very small net change in flux reflects substantial reductions between 1990 and 2000 from eastern tributaries, especially in Otter Creek and the LaPlatte and Winooski Rivers that largely were offset by increases in the Missisquoi and Saranac Rivers in the second decade (between 2000 and 2010). The number of tributaries that had increases in dissolved phosphorus concentrations stayed constant at 13 or 14 during the period of analysis. Total nitrogen concentration and flux for most of the monitored tributaries in the Lake Champlain Basin have decreased since 1990. Between 1990 and 2010, flow-normalized total nitrogen flux decreased by 386 t/yr, which reflects an increase of 440 t/yr between 1990 and 2000 and a decrease of 826 t/yr between 2000 and 2010. All individual tributaries except the Winooski River had decreases in total nitrogen concentration and flux between 2000 and 2010. The decrease in total nitrogen flux over the period of record could be related to the decrease in nitrogen from atmospheric deposition observed in Vermont or to concurrent benefits realized from the implementation of agricultural best-management practices in the Lake Champlain Basin that were designed primarily to reduce phosphorus runoff. For chloride, large increases in flow-normalized concentrations and flux between 1990 and 2000 for 17 of the 18 tributaries diminished to small increases or decreases between 2000 and 2010. Between 1990 and 2010, flow-normalized flux increased by 32,225 t/yr, 78 percent of which (25,163 t) was realized during the first decade, from 1990 through 2000. The five tributaries that had decreasing concentration and flux of chloride between 2000 and 2010 were all on the eastern side of Lake Champlain, possibly related to reductions since 1999 in winter road salt application in Vermont. Positive correlations of phosphorus flux and changes in phosphorus concentration and flux in tributaries with phosphorus inputs to basins from point sources, suggest that point sources have an effect on stream phosphorus chemistry. Several measures of changes in agricultural statistics, such as agricultural land use, acres of land in farms, acres of cropland, and acres of corn for grain or seed, are positively correlated with changes in phosphorus concentration or flux in the tributaries. Negative correlations of the amount of money spent on agricultural best-management practices with changes in phosphorus concentration or flux in the tributaries, suggest that best-management practices may be an effective tool, along with point-source reductions, in making progress towards management goals for phosphorus reductions in Lake Champlain.
Additional publication details
USGS Numbered Series
Concentration, flux, and the analysis of trends of total and dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chloride in 18 tributaries to Lake Champlain, Vermont and New York, 1990–2011 | <urn:uuid:6943763f-da88-4ec8-aa5e-5f36a31b1ce6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20135021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00533-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952525 | 917 | 2.859375 | 3 |
I’m going to try to not rehash any of the points that have already been made ad nauseum in the tech press elsewhere, instead I’ll try to lift out some things that so far stood out for me that I think have not had any attention at all. Both of these have to do with the only piece of numerical data that we have about this whole thing.
The first centers around the ‘gameability’ of Bing and the success rate that Google claims to have had with their purposeful injections of gamed pages in to the Bing index.
If a team of Google engineers with all their knowledge of how search engines work are not able to achieve more than a 9% injection rate on search terms for which there is absolutely no competition whatsoever then I think that Microsofts’ engineers should pride themselves on having the best spam rejection system that is currently in play.
Think about the odds of that being a coincidence: 91% of the bogus pages that Google tried to inject into Bing’s index did not make it. (see further below for an alternative explanation of this percentage).
That’s a false positive rate that is still annoying but we’re not talking about your average SEO tactics here, Google tried to exploit a loophole in the Microsoft toolbar as their injection vector (a thing that Microsoft for sure didn’t see coming) and still their success rate was miserable. So low a rate of return for the amount of effort invested (20 of the best search engine engineers in the world for an extended period) actually that garden variety SEO types would have given up crying long ago. If Bing really thought that much of Google as a signal then the percentage would be 100, not 9.
The next thing that I’ve noticed that strikes me as odd in this whole saga of 900 # gorillas slugging it out by throwing binary bananas at each other is that nobody seems to have clued in to one pretty important aspect here: Google does not always link to the search results. It used to be that way, but it hasn’t been that way for quite a while now. Presumably to make it easier for google to track what the users click on themselves (precisely what they accuse Bing of doing, only on their site), and analytics gives them this kind of data for the rest of the web.
For example: If I search for Egypt one of the links on the first page points to: http://www.google.com/url?url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2045882,00.html&rct=j&sa=X&ei=9a9KTe35DMjR4gbPz-ToCw&ved=0CGIQ-AsoADAF&q=egypt&usg=AFQjCNFVM8yOQvDnZcH-2M_o78ryZ4LjKg
Which samples the click by having me go to google first, then doing a redirect to the target site.
After you’ve clicked that link you end up on:
So to ‘copy’ the Google result you’d have to decode that URL or wait for the user to click and and catch the redirect, both of those would require Google specific code.
There is a lottery system here that determines whether or not you get to see the real link or the one that does the redirect, sometimes you get only google links, sometimes only direct links to the target websites, sometimes a mix of both.
Of course it is possible for bing to decode that url but that’s not the same as picking up what the user clicked on. What they clicked on is a URL that points to Google. So if the explanation that Microsoft has given to date is accurate then some of those links in Bing should point to Google, not to some other site. This in my opinion is proof positive that Microsoft really does have some Google specific trickery in the toolbar more than anything that I’ve read so far. It is also possible that the 91% that didn’t ‘make it’ was actually because they were pointing to google rather than to the target. Of course Bing does not like to link to its competitor and filtering out www.google.com/url can’t be that hard.
These two items need more scrutiny I think. Is Bing really harder to game than Google? Does Bing ‘copy’ the result when the user clicks on it but only when the link is not to google? If it is as Google claims that Bing ‘copies results’ (which has been successfully used as the term under which this was pushed in to the media) then you’d expect a much higher rate of success and as long as Google can’t claim even 10% success rate I think Bing is for now off the hook. After all if it were a ruthless copying then Bing would have 100% of those pages, not a meager 9%. If those result pages contained ‘sampling’ links that would be a pretty good explanation of why they aren’t in the Bing index and that would be even more damning for Bing.
If that was the case then Google should bring it up.
If the URLs that Google uses are being decoded in the Bing toolbar or on Bings servers then that’s proof positive that Bing really does copy Google’s results to some extent or at a minimum that they ‘cleanse’ URLs found by the toolbar to spot redirects. If the evidence is in the toolbars then some clever hacker of the Daeken variety should be able to dig it up, if it was done on Bings servers then maybe some Microsoftie can do an upload to wikileaks with the offending source file. The final alternative, that it’s a non-Google specific translation of 301 style redirects to the actual link would be enough to get them off the hook on that particular aspect.
I have no dog in this fight (I root for the UnderDuck) but I don’t remember being so interested in a fight between two of the giants. The tone of voice of this battle and the speed with which it develops is something that you don’t get to see often in the technology world.
Finally, I think that the largest copyright violation institution in the world accusing another party of copying a bunch of clicks is absolutely hilarious. Google Images, Google Books, Google News, YouTube, the google cache, the list is literally endless and the amount of data is simply staggering. Google images takes this to a new low by showing the original page framed on the google.com domain.
Google claims permission but hiding behind ‘you had no robots.txt file’ does not cut it for me. Google takes content left, right and center, and then passes that content off as its own by aggregating it in its own services and serving that content up from the Google.com domains.
We’re not talking about orphaned content here, we’re talking about content that lots of people and companies have created at considerably cost and hope to make a living of and that Google services have crawled and scraped from all over the web.
For Google to get upset about all of 9 crummy pages that made it after a lot of effort in to Bings index seems a serious case of the pot calling the kettle black. Before someone brands me a Microsoft fanboy, I do not use ‘Bing’, have a Microsoft free environment here and I believe that companies should compete without snooping in each others kitchen. But I also believe strongly that those who have no sins should be the ones to cast the stones and Google is certainly not without them. The web is built up out of links and if there is info available to the Bing toolbar about links that can improve Bings search results then Microsoft would be crazy to ignore that data, if Microsoft/Bing and Google want to make a gentlemens agreement to never scrape each others indices directly or indirectly then I’m all for it, but currently such an agreement is not in place and to suggest that Microsoft has done something dishonorable is simply ignoring that they do what they’ve always done, fight the fight with all means at their disposal. That’s why they are still around after all this time. If Google has a case here they should sue instead of this ‘trial by media’.
I’m wondering if the timing of Schmidt stepping down has anything to do with this, according to the time line as presented by Google you could make the case that Schmidt decided that he did not want to be at the helm when this particular tactic was brought to bear.
Whatever the real story is about all this I am quite convinced that there is a lot more here than meets the eye, and the truth is hidden somewhere in that 9:91 ratio.
If you got this far you should follow me on twitter: http://twitter.com/jmattheij ;) | <urn:uuid:d064275a-7f50-47d6-98eb-cd3fec5e0ef6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jacquesmattheij.com/microsofts-bing-versus-google-some-observations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.957585 | 1,895 | 1.585938 | 2 |
DETERMINING THE GAZE OF FACES IN IMAGES
Andrew Gee and Roberto Cipolla
A person's gaze is a potentially powerful input device for human-computer interaction. Current approaches to gaze tracking tend to be highly intrusive: the subject must either remain perfectly still, or wear cumbersome headgear to maintain a constant separation between the sensor and the eye. This paper describes a more flexible vision-based approach, which can estimate the direction of gaze from a single, monocular view of a face. The technique makes minimal assumptions about the structure of the face, requires very few image measurements, and produces an accurate estimate of the facial orientation, which is relatively insensitive to noise in the image and errors in the underlying assumptions. The computational requirements are insignificant, so with automatic tracking of a few facial features it is possible to produce gaze estimates at video rate.
Keywords: Gaze tracking, human-computer interaction, weak perspective, symmetry, real-time feature tracking.
[2.2 MBytes compressed PostScript, 21 pages]
If you have difficulty viewing files that end
which are gzip compressed, then you may be able to find
tools to uncompress them at the gzip
If you have difficulty viewing files that are in PostScript, (ending
'.ps.gz'), then you may be able to
find tools to view them at
We have attempted to provide automatically generated PDF copies of documents for which only PostScript versions have previously been available. These are clearly marked in the database - due to the nature of the automatic conversion process, they are likely to be badly aliased when viewed at default resolution on screen by acroread. | <urn:uuid:6ec3e069-1517-49b7-b7d4-8b43ea32ea16> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/reports/abstracts/gee_tr174.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00085-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90791 | 340 | 2.5 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.