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§ Mr. Henry Lytton Bulwer
presented a Petition from Coventry, against the proposed coercive measures for Ireland, which they considered were intended to perpetuate the exaction of tithes.
§ Petition laid upon the Table. The hon. Member moved the Order of the Day for resuming the Adjourned Debate.
§ Mr. Henry Lytton Bulwer
should not have felt it necessary to trouble the House with any observations, were it not that of the very various statements of opinions which he had heard during the debate, not one of them had expressed the sentiments which he entertained with regard to the measure under consideration. Not a Member had addressed the House during 27 the discussion whom he did not differ from. He dissented from a great part of the observations of the hon. and learned members for Tipperary and Leeds; and when he recollected the indefatigable and unremitting exertions of the noble Chancellor of the Exchequer, and of the right hon. Gentleman opposite—during a season of great trouble and difficulty—to carry a measure which they believed to be for the advantage of the country, more especially for the consolidation and extension of its liberties, he felt a desire to express his dissent from the censure,—he might almost say the aspersions—which an hon. and learned Member had cast upon his Majesty's Ministers. To the hon. member for the Tower Hamlets who addressed the House last night, he had listened attentively without being able to understand what the hon. Member really meant—unless, indeed, with a desire to conciliate, the hon. Member wished to throw his speech to one side, as a compensation for the vote which he intended to give to the other. The hon. Member declared, that the present measure was either wrong in principle, and therefore ought not to be agreed to at all, or right in principle, and therefore ought to be carried immediately. Did the hon. Member mean, that the House should be called upon to express an opinion as to whether the measure was founded upon a principle in accordance with the spirit of the Constitution?—whether or not it was a constitutional proceeding to suspend the Trial by Jury, and to abrogate the right of petitioning Parliament? If the hon. Member meant to put that question of abstract principle to the House, there would be little difficulty in coming to a decision upon it. Surely, however, the hon. Member could not mean to contend that extraordinary cases would not sanction extraordinary measures. He could not mean, that the Legislature was to be gagged and bound by the letter of the Constitution, so as never to attend to its end and spirit; or that life, property and liberty were to be sacrificed, in order to preserve the law. It was indispensable on some occasions, that the conduct of Government should be regulated by State necessity; and upon that ground the present question was to be decided. He did not vote for the amendment which was proposed on the Address, because he thought it fair to give Ministers credit for intending to bring forward beneficial measures 28 for Ireland; but he was of opinion that no amendment could be more reasonable than that of his right hon. friend the member for Lambeth. It embraced everything that could be desired. If the House had been called upon to vote, that the first reading of the Bill should be postponed for six months, he would not have consented; for he was not prepared to say whether the disturbances of which they had heard so much, were of such a nature as to render the application of the present Bill indispensable for the protection of life and property. Such being the case he would not wish the House to come to a vote which would make the existing Government, or any other Government, feel that, if additional powers were requisite to preserve the tranquillity of the empire, the House of Commons would refuse to grant them. If there were conspirators in Ireland (a circumstance which had not been proved) he should not wish to encourage them by a vote of this House against intrusting the Government with extraordinary powers. The effect of the amendment proposed by his right hon. friend would be this;—not to defeat the Bill altogether, but, by postponing it for a short time, to afford an opportunity of satisfying the House, by evidence, whether the state of Ireland were really such as to justify the application of a measure of this description. The delay would give time for them to become better acquainted with the state of Ireland, In three weeks they would know the result of the Assizes; in the mean time they would also see the effect of those conciliatory measures they had all along contended would be sufficient for the pacification of the country. He did not mean to say they should see this in two or three weeks, but by suspending it from time to time, if no further necessity occurred for its enactment they would be able to ascertain, while, if that further necessity did occur, they would be then in a situation to pass the Bill. Those who thought the postponement too short, were by no means pledged not to insist upon its longer postponement. Those who would not leave the Government unprepared for any emergency, would also have their object secured. The agitators would know, that the Government held a sword over their heads; the peaceful people would feel that their liberties were safe in the hands of their Representatives. His vote would not be given in any spirit of hostility to the Government, between, 29 which and every other Government that had brought forward such measures he saw no difference. The right hon. Gentleman said, that in order to introduce any permanent tranquillity into Ireland, all abuses must be removed. The right hon. Gentleman acknowledged that all this must be done—but he asked, "till it is done will yon have life and property destroyed; or will you have life and property secure?" There was but one answer to be given to a question thus put to us. No person could feel more deeply than he did the grievances of Ireland; at the same time he did acknowledge, that neither those grievances nor any grievances could justify the commission of crime. What grievances could justify the crimes of robbery, arson, and assassination? Were not those crimes grievances? And was not Ireland to be delivered from such enormities? If the powers demanded were necessary in order to put down such atrocious acts or if these acts were connected with any conspiracy which those powers were called for to put down, he would not hesitate in granting them. He would vote for the present measures, if they were the only ones—but he must first know that they were the only ones, because it was natural to sanction such measures with extreme reluctance. The three objects which the noble Lord and right hon. Gentleman had to prove, were—1. A great increase of crime, and a continued perpetration of outrage. 2. The connection of such crime and outrage with a conspiracy. And, lastly, the most important point of all—that the measures they called upon the House to sanction were necessary for the suppression of such disorders. But it did not so necessarily follow, that the means which they proposed were the best or the only ones, for effecting their object. But as to this conspiracy and design to resist the authority of the Legislature by force of arms—what evidence was there? A friend of the member for Dublin had declared that he was willing, if the Government committed any atrocious act, to take up arms to resist such act, if desired to do so by the great Agitator and Pacificator of Ireland. He must confess, when he read this rhodomontade, that he felt great surprise that it should have occasioned alarm any where out of the hon. Gentleman's own family. If Gentlemen were alarmed at this, the ears of the House were getting very timorous indeed. He remembered an hon. friend of his, during 30 the debates on Reform, declaring, that if that measure were not carried, and the people rose up in arms to carry it, he had a sword at their service. Did any one tremble at his hon. friend's visionary sword? Was it upon vapouring of this kind that men were to consent to resign all the rights and privileges of a free Constitution? Then, after having stated the opinions of the Pacificating Agitator, the right hon. Gentleman had proceeded to pull forth from his bundle of papers on the Table a document which he had supposed to be the solemn opinion of the Judges of Ireland respecting the disturbances of that country, and the impossibility under which they found themselves to perform their duties; but which was a ballad, and which he pronounced to be very bad poetry—very wretched doggrel, indeed, and this certainly nobody could dispute. But when he finished the perusal of this poetry, and when he (Mr. B.) had seen the right hon. Gentleman turn first to one side of him, and then to the other, he did think that he was about to say:—"Now, is it not the opinion of this House, that the learned Lord Advocate of Scotland, and the hon. member for Leeds, shall be sent off immediately with a bountiful provision of quires of paper and bundles of pens, and all the necessary implements which may be found in London and Edinburgh, for the purpose of teaching these doggrel-writing Irish a better style of composition?" He did think, that the right hon. Gentleman might be inclined to use the pop-gun of the critic—but he never for one moment dreamed that he meant to break this poetical butterfly upon the wheel of a Court-martial. But the right hon. Gentleman at last turned to the opinions of a Committee that sat about six months ago, and read from the Report of that Committee, and from the evidence of Mr. Barrington, a statement of the associations which existed, and of the outrages which attended upon those associations in Ireland. And he then turned round convincingly and said: "What will you say to this? Here are no anonymous letters—no testimony which you might be inclined to doubt or to dispute—there is the testimony of Mr. Barrington—of a gentleman whose word no one can dispute—whose evidence must bring conviction to the minds of every person—here is Mr. Barrington, who tells you that associations of 31 the most terrible nature exists." But, on the first page of Mr. Barrington's evidence, it was stated, that those associations which now exist under the name of Whiteboys, were associations which had existed under the name of Peep-o'-day-boys, Thrashers, &c., for the last sixty years. So that Mr. Barrington declared, at the same time that he stated the existence of those troubles, that they only existed now as they had always existed. But then the right hon. Gentleman stopped short, and after stating what Mr. Barrington said respecting these associations, he did not say anything of the course of proceeding which Mr. Barrington proposed for putting them down. Was it fair not to state, that Mr. Barrington, when expressly asked what he would recommend for the purpose of suppressing such associations, declared that he could recommend only the ordinary laws vigorously administered according to the ordinary forms. Then the right hon. Gentleman opened the Report of the Committee before which Mr. Barrington had been called—he read part of the Report from that Committee, and said, that that Report ought to be sufficient to convince the House of the necessity of his measures. The Committee certainly did say, that nocturnal meetings, against which part of the present law was levelled, ought to be provided against—but in what words did they express this desire?—" That they wish that whatever authority shall be given to prevent these meetings should be placed under such regulations as shall effectually prevent the abuse of it, and shall carry it as little as possible beyond the strict principles of the Constitution." But, Sir, did Mr. Barrington, so important an evidence, to whom the right hon. Gentleman had done right to call the attention of the House—did he bear out the right hon. Gentleman's assertions, that there was a conspiracy against the Government of the country?—No. Mr. Barrington stated "that he has never known a single instance of hostility or combination against the Government for the last seventeen years." But Mr. Barrington's evidence went even deeper than that—he was asked to what causes he attributed the outrages he had been describing: and he said "the cause was, that the people of Ireland were not attached to the law, and that the great object was, to make Irishmen attached to the law." Was it then likely to make the people more attached to 32 the law by stripping it of all its just forms and solemn decencies? Was it likely that the people of Ireland would believe justice more fairly administered when those who sat in judgment upon them were swords. Mr. Barrington said, moreover, that those persons who act as Jurors under the Insurrection Act are frequently maltreated, but that he never knew the slightest act of hostility against ordinary Jurors. While the Irish people, then, were not attached to the law, it was evident that it would be the more odious to them the more violent and harsh it was made. They would only be rendered still more furious, and still more ungovernable by these new and more severe measures. And then, said the witness, after stating that the unhappy miscreants were goaded to madness by measures of severity—then, said he—and the words seem to drop unconsciously from his lips—" The Irish peasant is very much attached to any one who treats him kindly." Was not this picture an affecting one? There was exasperation following upon violence, and docility attending upon conciliation. Was not the whole code of policy, past and future, contained in this sentence? And observe! The Ministers brought in these laws to prevent intimidation to Jurors; and it appeared that it was only when such laws existed that intimidation was to be dreaded. Here then was evidence as to the outrages which exist—as to the conspiracy supposed to exist—as to the causes of violence—as to the intimidation of Jurors, and as to the necessity for extraordinary measures—all in direct opposition to the Bill before the House. There was all this evidence against the present measure; he must repeat, against—not the unconstitutionality, but the inefficiency of the present measure; and he would, therefore, re-echo one phrase of the hon. and learned member for Leeds—namely, "that he could imagine nothing worse than the enactment of a measure, which, being unconstitutional, should also be ineffectual; "and now, having again had occasion to take notice of that hon. and learned Member, he would address himself to one or two parts of his speech, and to which he was the more disposed to reply, since the hon. and learned Member brought against a relative of his a charge of inconsistency, which he did not very clearly establish. His hon. relative voted against the Address, on the grounds that it was impossi 33 ble to pass a vote of approval on measues of coercion, without knowing what measures of conciliation were to attend upon it. And now, said the hon. and learned Member, was it not inconsistent, that, having given you measures of conciliation as well as measures of coercion, you still vote against us? His hon. relative might have been anxious to know two things—whether the measures of conciliation would have preceded the measures of coercion, and whether, if they did so, they would have been of that large and ample kind, that would have rendered others of a different description unnecessary. In that case there would have been no "coaxing with the hand and spurring with the heel;" the coaxing might have rendered the spurring unnecessary. But how was it, that the hon. Gentleman was for once, so singularly infelicitous in his allusions? Was there no inconsistency in the enemy to persecution supporting the suppression of petitions, and the eulogist of Hampden arguing against the legality of pacific resistance? The misfortune of distinguished ability was, that the words it made use of had a weight which rendered the impression indelible; and hardly had the hon. Gentleman's words of last night passed his lips, when his (Mr. Bulwer's) memory recurred to other words, which were the usual characteristics of the hon. Gentleman's genius. "The dissenting party increased, and became strong under every kind of discouragement and oppression. They were a sect. The Government persecuted them, and they became an Opposition. The old Constitution of England furnished to them the means of resisting the Sovereign without breaking the laws." Now, he had as much fear and horror at this quiet and legal resistance, where he saw it, as any man could have; because he looked upon it with a shudder, as a possible prelude to more terrible things. He feared it; but where it once had taken root, he feared that it could not be crushed by force; since the law under ordinary circumstances, was so powerful a law, that he knew but few instances of its being successfully resisted in this manner, except where—as the hon. member for Calne once said—it had ceased to be law, by wanting that which was the spirit of all law—the sanction of the people. Did the hon. Gentleman not remember this; and when he spoke of the volunteer body as only wanting responsibility to be a Go- 34 vernment, did it never occur to him, that a Government which wanted popularity wanted everything; and though it might be called a Government, yet it could not possess power? The hon. and learned Gentleman referred to the Jacobin Club; did he forget the contempt with which the term once applied was formerly treated by the noble Lord now at the head of the Government? He wished to say nothing-harsh of the hon. and learned Gentleman, whose great talents no one more admired than himself, but he could not help—as he saw the hon. Gentleman, and as certain recollections, in spite of himself, rose up about him, he could not help thinking of some of those illustrious literary men, known to the times of which he spoke, who, members of the Jacobin Club one year, were on the bench of the melancholy Administration of the Gironde the year following. But these kind of historical allusions, if they were not perfectly wrought out, were worse than useless; and when the hon. Gentleman was speaking of the Jacobin Club, and voting in favour of military law, he should remember, that the power of the Jacobins commenced from the unfortunate charge of the dragoons of the Prince de Lsmbesc. He heard the hon. Gentleman speak; he heard the cheers with which he sat down; and when he contrasted the feeble and half-doubtful cry with which he was attended then, with those reiterated thrice-repeated plaudits he remembered on former occasions, he could not help applying to him the words he had addressed to his hon. friend, the member for Tipperary—" Your eloquence is unquestioned; we must believe that your conviction is strong; and the natural inference to draw is, that your cause is bad." Now there were many Gentlemen in this House, who would never vote for placing the great powers conferred by this Bill in the hands of any but the hon. Gentlemen at present in office; nor would they now consent to pass these measures of coercion if they were not to be accompanied by measures of conciliation. He would not quote what had been perpetually repeated on this subject—namely, that the character of individuals, however exalted and excellent that character might be, ought never to be an argument for confiding extraordinary power in their hands, the propriety of granting which must be decided by the character of men in general. He would not repeat this; 35 for he knew that persons who had thus reasoned respecting others, might not be able to look at the case in the same light when it affected themselves. He knew how susceptible high and generous natures were of reproach or suspicion. He could perfectly understand how likely a noble person was to say: "What, can you think that I, whose hair has grown grey in defending the liberties of my country, would throw dirt into the last dregs of my life, by any attempt to destroy those liberties? What, do you choose to charge me, who am at this moment labouring to appease and conciliate, as if I never brought forward any measures but to irritate and coerce? "That noble person's character was fully before the House. They did ample justice to him and to his intentions; but they had a solemn public duty to perform to their constituents, to their country, and to posterity; and when that noble person spoke of his being in office, and of the measures he meant to carry, they were compelled to ask him: "Was he certain to remain in office? Was he certain that his conciliatory measures would be carried?"
§ Sir George Grey
said, that he trusted the House would indulge him for a few moments while he stated the reasons on which he should give his support to the present measure. It was with the greatest regret that he should give his support to this measure—a regret, not that it had been introduced, nor that it had been so introduced by the present Administration, who had justly acquired the confidence of the country by their attention to its best interests, but a regret occasioned by the paramount necessity for it which had been proved to exist. After he had heard the speech of the noble Lord who introduced the measure, and that of the right hon. Secretary, who had so forcibly and eloquently supported it, he felt that the blood shed in Ireland would rest on their heads, if they re fused to strengthen the hands of the Government, ordelay, even for the fortnight that was now asked, to pass the Bill. He denied, that he should support this Bill, as it was imputed to English Members, because it was a Bill to be applied to Ireland, about which they were reckless, but that they would not venture to support such a Bill for England. He did not regard Ireland as a province, but as an integral part of the Empire, and would deal with it under that feeling; and should the same paramount necessity for such a 36 measure exist in England, he should be ready to vote for a similar measure. If he were not ready to do so, he should deserve the imputation which had been cast, as he believed, most improperly, upon English Members. When he said, that he should, under similar circumstances of paramount necessity, be ready to vote for a similar measure, did he wish it to be supposed possible that this Bill could ever be drawn into a precedent for a bill of the same kind with respect to England? Certainly not. He denied the possibility of such an event. He knew that he should never be called on to vole for such a measure for this country, and he could therefore easily make such a promise without the slightest fear of ever being called on to perform it. He knew that there were causes which produced these outrages in Ireland—that that country had long suffered under grievances of no common kind—no one was more ready than himself to admit this. Feeling convinced of this, and feeling convinced, at the same time, that these causes did not exist in either England or Scotland, and that such causes never would exist, he should say, at once, that no Minister would ever be justified in coming down to that House, and asking for such a measure as this for England or Scotland. If, however, such an event were possible, he should be guilty of gross injustice in voting for this Bill, if he were not ready on a similar occasion to vote for a Bill of the same kind for England. He should support the measure, because he thought that a part of the empire imperiously required it. So disastrous had been the outrages, that he believed them to be the result of a conspiracy; in the language of the preamble—" So deeply rooted against the rights of property and the administration of the law,"—a conspiracy that had made the law a by-word, rendering it a protection to the guilty instead of the innocent, which prevented the Government of the day from bringing the offenders to justice, and who made the offender himself the sole Executive and Legislature of the country, and the administrator of his own law, which he administered with a severity unparalleled in the history of past or present times. The facts which had been stated by the noble Lord, and by the right hon. Gentleman, had not been denied, [Yes they have, from. Mr. O Connell and others.] A general statement had indeed been made, that Ireland was not in such a con- 37 dition as had been described; but the statements of the hon. Members who made that assertion were accompanied with accounts of a most aggravated state of things, which they attributed to what they called the accursed tithe-system. What was said last night by the hon. and learned member for Tipperary, but that all these disturbances were owing to the legislation of the Government, and to the measure introduced by the right hon. Gentleman, and that the state of Ireland was worse now than it had ever been? These statements were in themselves an admission of the truth of the facts disclosed by the speeches of the noble Lord and the right hon. Gentleman; and the question was, how this fearful state of things was to be remedied? He believed that it must be remedied by a measure like the present—that this measure must be adopted till the confidence of the people in that House was restored. That confidence had been destroyed in a great measure by the continued agitation that had been excited in Ireland. Far be it from him to impute motives, but he had a right to speak of tendencies, and he at once declared his belief, that whatever might be the motives of the speaker, the tendency of the speeches was to excite this dangerous agitation. It was not merely political nor predial agitation, but, according to the expression used by some hon. Members, agrarian ruffianism, that now existed. He would not say positively that the speeches he had mentioned had caused this, but he could not but remark that the two things existed together. If agitation was to be the remedy for the evils of Ireland, surely the hon. member for Dublin had had opportunity of applying the remedy to the full; and yet the evils still existed; nay, they were actually increased, and increased to a most alarming extent by its application. He repeated, that he did not wish to impute motives to the speakers, but he had a right to refer to the tendency of the speeches; and if he were inclined to go further, he thought he should be able to find ample justification for doing so. He should find it, not even in the speeches themselves, but in the explanation afterwards given. That explanation which had been drawn reluctantly—most reluctantly—from the hon. and learned member for Dublin, when he was dragged to that Table by the indignant cry of that House, who felt that their privileges were 38 insulted if the report of that hon. and learned Member's speech was correct—that very explanation was a strong argument and confirmation of the inference furnished by the speech itself. What was that explanation? Was it, that the report was false—that it was a misrepresentation of what had been uttered? No such thing. But that what had been written might easily get into the paper—that the reporter was guiltless, and the hon. Member at once accounted for the report. The hon. Member admitted, that the reporter, hearing the words, and writing them as they had been written, occasioned him no surprise; for he knew that what he had said might be easily misunderstood. He admitted, indeed, that what he had then said, was not what he should have said in his cooler moments; but that he spoke under the warmth of feeling, that one thought followed another with great rapidity, and that his meaning might easily be mistaken. But were there no such mistakes made in Ireland? Were there no speeches made there under similar feelings? If so, why were they not, too, contradicted? Because he who uttered them could not at once be arraigned at that Table for their utterance. He had no doubt that if the speeches uttered in Ireland were to be examined, they would be found to tend to anything but the maintenance of the peace of the country, or encouragement to the people to place their confidence in that assembly of their Representatives. He was impelled to entertain this belief of the object and tendency of these speeches, when he recollected the time chosen for their utterance. When was it, that the subject of the Repeal of the Union was brought forward? It was the very time when it was known that the constitution of the House was to be changed. He certainly could not divine the thoughts that passed in the breast of the hon. and learned Member, or state when it was that he first found out, that Repeal was the specific, and the only specific, for the evils of Ireland; but he re-asserted, that the great agitation of the Repeal of the Union was since the Reform Bill had been introduced by the present Government, and that it had been scarcely heard of before. He was satisfied the Government was friendly to the people of Ireland, and that it was their anxious wish to grant a full redress of grievances. He was inclined to think, that people in general were" of that opinion, 39 with particular exceptions, when they had been roused to resistance by agitation and angry speeches. If it were necessary to point out instances, he had only to appeal to statements which had been made at some of the meetings in Kilkenny. The people then were told, that no redress would be given by the Government, and that it was therefore necessary for them to obtain redress by their own means. That agitation had now been going on for three years—it had every day been increasing in violence, and had now arrived at such a pitch that the law in that part of the country was no protection to the peaceable inhabitants. Confidence, he was convinced, still was reposed in a Reformed Government, and some additional measures were absolutely necessary to restrain evil-doers, and protect the peaceably-inclined. He could not conscientiously refuse Ministers some additional power for the putting down of existing outrages, and to allow time for the operation of the remedial measures. When he said, that he would give them some additional power, he did not mean, that he would give them all that was contained in the Bill. His mind revolted from that clause which related to Courts-martial; but nobody, excepting the member for Tipperary, had proposed a substitute, and his substitute was still more objectionable. The hon. and learned Member proposed, that Special Juries should be appointed to try the cases. To such a proposition, he never could agree, because he saw that, on account of the outrages, many of the Gentlemen in the county might be actuated by strong feelings, from the prejudices which they had imbibed. It was argued that officers would not do their duty conscientiously, because they might be tempted to deviate from it by offers of promotion. It was said, too, that they would be influenced in their decisions by Irish gentry, but he was convinced, that neither supposition was true; and every English officer would spurn with disdain any attempt to sway him from the rigid path of justice and of duty by the allurements of promotion, or the claims of friendship. He should with great reluctance see the ordinary course of law dispensed with—he should regret to see the duty of Jurors transferred to a military tribunal—but, on looking at all the circumstances of the case, he saw nothing but such an alternative. If any other efficient and good plan could be proposed, he would 40 readily agree to it. At all events, he was willing the Bill should be read a first time; and he should not resist the third reading in its present shape, if no suggestion could be made, showing, that what was required was needless. Ministers undertook a fearful responsibility; but he believed they were aware of its extent, and were prepared to incur it. Of this he was sure, that they would not abuse their powers, and he hoped, that the effect of the mere passing of the law would be such that it would not be necessary to carry even its mildest provisions into execution. In the newspapers of this very day, he had seen some valuable evidence upon this point, at a meeting of the Magistrates of Waterford, in order to take measures to preserve the peace of the county in order that the Bill, when made law, might not be applied to them. He appealed to the report in the newspapers, and there he saw that the object of the meeting was, that the county of Waterford might be exempted from the operation of the measure. The Magistrates had done their duty, and they had obviously been awakened to a sense of that duty by the introduction of the Bill. On the subject of the application of the Bill, he earnestly hoped that it might not be wanted in the north of Ireland, although it was said that thousands of Irish were in arms there; but had the measure been extended only to the South, the hon. and learned member for Dublin might with some reason have accused Ministers of partiality. He earnestly hoped, and indeed confidently believed, that if it became necessary to act upon the Bill, the law would be fairly and equally administered.
§ Mr. Harvey
considered the admission made by the hon. Baronet who had just addressed the House in such a creditable tone of candour and artless ingenuity, to be well worthy of consideration. He was convinced of the sincerity of the hon. Baronet, who had poured forth the honest impressions of his mind, fearless of the chastisement of practised oratory or of the refutation of subtle reasoning. The hon. Baronet, while admitting that the present Bill, though applying only to Ireland, was an experiment for England, said, that if the same circumstances which justified its adoption in Ireland should occur in this country, he would be as willing to support its application here. Now, this was the very thing that the opponents of the Bill in England apprehended. They dreaded 41 that the experiment having been tried and found to succeed in Ireland, it would not be long till it was also tried here. And what, after all, did the case adduced by the noble Lord in favour of its adoption amount to? He did not mean to imply a doubt of the truth of the noble Lord's case, or of the sincerity of his inferences, but he would confidently maintain, that the noble Lord had quoted no case of atrocity or outrage in Ireland which had not been exceeded in England, not only in quality, but in number. Had they heard of any city in Ireland which had been the scene of such acts of pillage and incendiarism as the city of Bristol? What castle in Ireland had been consumed by the fires of rebellion like those of Nottingham? What scenes of "agrarian ruffianism "in Ireland equalled those in Hampshire, which had been the subject of a Special Commission, and which had called down the severest punishment of the law? Exaggerate the cases of outrage in Ireland as they would, they were far distanced in atrocity and number by those which had not long since occurred in England, and for which no man ventured to propose extraordinary measures of coercion. But it was idle to diguise the fact; the Bill was not aimed at the outrages of Ireland, but at one man, whom Ministers found a thorn in their sides, and whom it was easier to tyrannically oppress than conquerin open argument—a man who had done much for his country, and to the exertion of whose unrivalled talents the very Ministers who were now endeavouring to crush him were eminently indebted for their present position—the hon. and learned member for Dublin. Nothing had struck him so much in the whole course of the debate as the total forget fulness of the enormous debt of gratitude on the part of Ministers to that hon. and learned Member. His speeches might not always be characterised by the soundest wisdom or discretion; but recollecting the course he had so long pursued, the title of the Bill upon the Table ought rather to have been, "A Bill to put down the patriotic efforts of the member for Dublin." This recognition of his importance was due from those who were so deeply indebted to him; for the Roman Catholic claims would not to this day have been conceded but for the exertion of his talents—the Whigs had long been entangled in the difficulties of the subject, and he had at 42 last removed the stumbling-block to their re-admission into office. And yet, in order to prevent this man, to whom they and his country and the empire were so much indebted, from continuing his exertions for the removal of the grievances of Ireland, they were content to prostrate in the dust that Constitution which was the boast of Englishmen, and the subject of the panegyric and eloquent envy of all foreigners. He repeated, the Bill should be entitled, "An Act to prevent Mr. O'Connell from continuing his patriotic efforts for his country," and not a Bill to prevent outrages. It was particularly aimed at crushing of agitation upon the question of a Repeal of the Union. He would maintain that it was not only the right, but the duty of every man in either country, who conscientiously believed that a Repeal of the Union would benefit either England or Ireland, openly to express his opinions, and advocate the Repeal of that law as he would the Repeal of a Turnpike Bill. If the Union could not be maintained upon its merits—if it were not sanctified by its Utility, it ought to be abrogated. Were they afraid to meet the advocates of that measure, that they thus suppressed all discussion of it with the iron hand of the law, and not only suppressed the discussion of it, but proposed to suppress all public meetings whatever in Ireland? Were hon. Members aware of what they were doing? Did they deceive themselves, that while despotism might to-day be perpetrated towards Ireland, it might not to-morrow be extended here? He was confident that, if this Bill passed into a law, before twelve months—if the present Administration remained in office—a similar experiment would be made to put down public meetings in England. If Ministers were true to their own principles, it must be so; for what was their avowed object? To put down agitation and public meetings in Ireland. [No]. He said yes; for the Bill would effectually put down all meetings in Ireland held for the purpose of discussing national grievances, unless previously sanctioned by the Lord Lieutenant. That functionary being, then, vested with the power of suppressing all meetings which he might not happen to approve, it followed that the people would be debarred of all means of petitioning even the Legislature for a redress of their grievances, unless the Lord Lieutenant also considered them grievances. Ministers greatly de- 43 ceived themselves if they supposed, that the people of England would look on, cool approvers of such a despotic proceeding. If the people did not urgently press them, in reference to their past or future measures, they deceived themselves in attributing their silence to apathy or approval. The people were jealously watchful of their proceedings. Could the Ministers think they were upon a bed of roses? He meant as to the expectations of the country. When Reform ended, expectation began, and he believed that the people at this time had strong confidence in the deliberations and decisions of the House of Commons—that it was, in fact, the mirror of the public mind; and he believed it would be difficult at this time to get up a county meeting upon almost any subject, since it would be urged that it was needless to interfere with a House of Commons that could be trusted, or to impede a Ministry that had only in view the general welfare of the empire. If, however, the people found the Ministers hastily sanctioning a measure like the present, fraught with the worst ills of the worst despotism of the worst times of corrupt Parliament—Martial Law—on such silky representations as those of the noble Lord and his colleagues, they would withdraw their confidence, and assume another attitude. They would not permit their Irish fellow-subjects, with whom, in spite of all insidious attempts to excite local prejudices and national antipathies, they felt themselves connected by ties of the strongest sympathy, to be trampled under foot by men who hitherto had been the loudest in shouting for popular liberty. And then mark the consequence: if the English should deem it proper to meet for the purpose of discussing the expediency of a Repeal of the Legislative Union, would Ministers bring in a bill to suppress such meetings? And if not, would they permit in England what they put down in Ireland with the strong arm of the law—law, did he say? No, by means unknown to the British Constitution. Ministers had declared that they would stand or fall by the measure, that on it they staked their character as men, as statesmen, and as Ministers. Their declaration had been regretted by the hon. opener of that night's debate, but, as he thought, most unwarrantably. He conceived it did them honour, and that every Administration was bound to stake its official existence on 44 measures of decided policy like the present. But how would the people feel in reference to the declaration? No doubt Ministers had deserved since their accession to office: they all remembered the sacrifice of individual views and opinions which had been made by reformers in general in order to secure the Ministers in their places. But this could not always continue: a more pernicious doctrine could not be inculcated than that a great and intelligent people only possessed one set of men fitted to preside over its affairs. Ministers very much mistook their position in the country—very much overrated their own merits, if they, for a moment, persuaded themselves, as the cast of their declarations would imply, that if they threw up office, every thing in the empire would be thrown into confusion—that it would be a great political chaos—that Ireland, having severed the cable which bound it to the mother-country, the two islands would henceforth float on the mighty waters, unpitied and unknown! There would be little difficulty in providing a Ministry not inferior in all the requisites of statesmen: half the Political Unions throughout the country could send forth men at least their equals in knowledge and eloquence. The time was when Government was a mystery; now it was generally understood to be a very simple thing—the promoting the happiness of the greatest number at the least expense, and by the simplest means. The people of England made utility the test of laws; and so far as they stood the test, and no further, they yielded them a willing obedience. No institutions could stand ten years in this country, unless recommended by utility. By this all their institutions would be tested—the monarchy itself—their hereditary distinctions, and the appanages with which both were surrounded, would not escape the trial. If they stood the test, they would only be strengthened by the trial; if they fell, it would be only from their own weakness, and, on their ruin would be raised a simpler and a purer system. He, therefore, had little concern as to the men who might succeed to power; indeed, he had no apprehension of even a Tory Administration. If they persisted in measures like the present, they would find that the words of the right hon. member for Westminster might prove too true—that they would find that the only chance they would have of escaping what that 45 right hon. Gentleman called an "uncomfortable position" would be their being released from it by the justly-roused suspicion, if not indignation of the people. They would find, when it might be too late, that a Whig was not much more than a Tory in the eyes of the people, save as their merits—indeed, it was his conscientious belief that one of the happiest events that could happen to this country would be a Tory Government, corrected by, and acting under a due recollection of its former errors. He was not one who questioned the purity of the motives of others, yet he could not help expressing a belief that if the present Ministers were in their old scats on the "opposite-benches," and that the present measure had been proposed by a Tory Government, recommended by a meagre statement in which some thirteen outrages were spread over fourteen months, that the Speaker would be puzzled to distinguish who "first caught his eye" in the file of Whigs that would rise in arms against it. One after one they would ring the changes on the principles on which their progenitors had called the House of Brunswick to the Throne, on the constitutional rights of the subject, and much would be said about their great ancestors, the Russells, the Hampdens, and the Somers's, and the Tories would be denounced as traitors eager to immolate the liberties of the country. If the measure now proposed were, as its supporters alleged, a mere means of protecting the unprotected in Ireland, he would support it; but as it was a concentration of conspiracies against the people of that country, he would oiler it every opposition in his power. No men uncradled in despotism, and not the blindest devotees to despotism, could have proposed such a monstrous measure—a measure, of which one clause alone was a suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act; another, the establishing Courts-martial; a third, made the entire rights and liberties of a whole nation depend on the arbitrary nod of one man; another was a great trumpet proclamation, whose echo would be the blast of death; while, as a finale, another crushed the liberty of the press, and the right of petitioning for redress of grievances—a measure without parallel in the annals of despotism, be it Whig or Tory. Who was the Attorney General that concocted that atrocious measure? Indeed, he was sure no single man could have framed it, and that its sapient author 46 must have sought counsel in the lowest depths of hell to aid him in his infernal purpose. They had heard great authoritiescited in the course of the present debate, with a view to reconcile them to the outrageous suspension of the Constitution. He would quote the words of a man, the latchet of whose shoes his successors were not worthy to unloose—Lord Chatham. The words were quoted with great felicity by Mr. Erskine, in opposition to Mr. Pitt's Seditious Meetings Bill, in 1795:—"If we mean seriously to unite the nation within itself, we must convince them that their complaints are regarded, and that their grievances shall be redressed. On that foundation I would take the lead in recommending peace and harmony to the people. On any other, I would never wish to see them united again. If the breach in the Constitution be effectually repaired, the people will, of themselves, return to a state of tranquillity; if not, may discord prevail for ever! I know to what point this doctrine and this language will appear directed; but I feel the principles of an Englishman, and I utter them without apprehension or reserve. The crisis is indeed alarming, so much the more does it require a prudent relaxation on the part of Government. If the King's servants will not permit a constitutional question to be decided on, according to the forms, and on the principles of the Constitution, it must then be decided in some other manner; and, rather than it should be given up, rather than the nation should surrender their birthright to a despotic minister, I hope, my Lords, old as I am, I shall see the question brought to issue, and fairly tried between the people and the Government." With the sanction of the sentiments of the venerable and illustrious Earl of Chatham, he would maintain that the people of England should defend their rights, if necessary, by the last extremity to which free men could resort. "For my own part," said Mr. Erskine, "I shall never cease to struggle in support of liberty. In no situation will I desert the cause. I was born a free man, and, by God, I will never die a 'slave.'"* This, then, was the Bill, by which the Government endeavoured to conciliate those who gave them suspicious counsel. This was the offering which they*Hansard, (parl, hist.) xxxii. p. 31347 tendered to their enemies, and this the proof of their desertion of the people who were to be told that, in the hereditary council of the nation, they would find their most determined foes. But it was said, that though a vast quantity of eloquent invective had been poured forth against this measure, nobody had ventured to suggest any other means by which Ireland might be tranquillized. He was ready to express his acknowledgment of the calm and temperate manner in which this subject had been introduced to the House by the noble Lord opposite; and he regretted that the noble Lord's example had not been copied by all who followed him on the other side. But he asked the House, were they to be hurried into the adoption of measures of infatuation by mere appeals to their passions, and violent attacks on some political rival, which were entirely unworthy of the great talents so perverted? He apprehended, indeed, that the present measure might be attributed to a species of pride, of which they had had of late no slight exhibition in that House. But, instead of giving way to such a feeling, he thought that those who composed the Irish Government would have acted a more noble part, if they had shown themselves less accessible to popular prejudices. He believed, that if his Majesty had been advised to send to Ireland the Duke of Sussex, bearing in his hand the scroll of a charter, in which Ireland was to participate in common with England, and by which the two countries would be united, not only in name, but in deed; and if, at the same time, the Chancellor of the Exchequer had unfolded his latent benefits for that country, there would not then have been the smallest necessity for the present measure. They were told that it was to be accompanied by measures of amelioration. Of coercion they were certain; but were they so certain of the redress of acknowledged grievances? Why-did not the two measures run together from the other House to this? When Ministers had made up their minds to throw the odium of this Bill on the House of Lords, why did they not try to mitigate it in some degree by allowing their Lordships to be the originators of healing measures? Why was not the Church Reform Bill introduced by some occupant of the holy seat in the other House? That would, indeed, have been a soothing measure, and a sign of "good things to come." 48 That, indeed, would have been a text from which they might have long discoursed, and would have had a better effect on the moral feelings of the community than many sermons. The conciliatory measures, however, had not yet been introduced into the House of Lords, and his Majesty's Ministers might yet have to come down with—" We intended to bring forward most beneficial measures—no Government could have intended it more sincerely; but we were unpopular in the House of Lords, and suspected by the people, and we could not carry our measures. We could not touch the revenues of the Church—in that we were defeated; but we have the satisfaction of thinking that we have secured the property of the Clergy in Ireland, and collaterally in England, for we have so bound up the people in a system of legislative tyranny, that they can neither read, nor write, nor speak, nor do anything hereafter to shake off" the burthen of tithes." It was said elsewhere, by a noble Lord, that they could not expect allegiance, unless they gave protection. That had been so often said, that it had become an aphorism. Let them apply it to Ireland. How did they give protection to the people of that country. Could the House fancy that, even in the most savage country, there existed such a mass of unprotected beings as were now starving on the soil of Ireland? The Irish people had no protection. You give them the right of sepulture—and leave them to mourn over each other's graves—and you dole out your charity to their distressed children; but this was not protection. Every human being who breathed had a right to subsistence from the country which gave him birth, in return for which he must give his labour. The Irish were willing to labour; but where was the fund out of which that starving, but loyal population might claim to be supported? There were many, however, in that House, as well as out of it, who, though they admitted the principle of support being due to all the people, as applicable to this country, were not willing to apply it to Ireland. He knew the language commonly held out of doors on this subject. It was said: "Those Irish really must be treated in a manner different from other people; they have been for 700 years, a wandering, discontented race—ever ready for a fight, and have something so convulsive in their natures, that if you do not keep them down by severe enact- 49 ments, they will be constantly in a state of agitation and disturbance." That was the language applied commonly out of doors to the people of Ireland. As an Englishman, however, he asserted that it was a foul libel on the people of that country. It was language that they dare not apply in the hour of peril, when the people of Ireland were their pride and their safety. Trace them in any situation. In mental exertions did the natives of any other country leave them behind? At the post of danger were they not foremost? There was no labour from which they shrank—there was no danger which they shunned—there was no difficulty which they avoided—there was no allegiance which they denied; and they only resisted when the laws of nature compelled them to do so. What would the people of this country be, if it were not for the 7,000,000l. or 8,000,000l. distributed every year amongst them under the name of Poor-rates? He was not now about to enter into a discussion on the principle of the Poor-laws; but he asserted it as an incontrovertible principle, that every man who held property, held it on the condition that the people should be fed. It was very well for those noble Lords and right hon. Gentlemen who had such mighty incomes, that it put an ordinary man's arithmetic to the test to calculate them—it was very well, he said, for such persons to talk of their estates and their fortunes; but they were only the trustees of the people; and unless the people were able to support themselves by their own industry, they must come, and would be entitled to come, to the properties of these noble Lords and right hon. Gentlemen. If, by any chance, or under any circumstances, the people could not be employed, he only asked were they to starve? He might be asked, after what he had said, whether he would introduce Poor-laws into Ireland? His answer was decidedly, he would. It was a maxim which, in the face of so many lawyers as sat opposite to him, he should not presume to controvert, that the King could command the allegiance of his subjects. The present Bill was an illustration how that rule might be applied. It was said, that every man's house was his castle. They were now about to sanction a Bill which would turn every man's cottage into a gaol. If they drove the poor man into his cottage, why not drive the rich man into his castle? Was 50 it even-handed justice that the rich landed proprietor should be allowed to revel in luxury from the labours of those who, after their toil, were not permitted to quit their wretched abodes to breathe the air of heaven, or enjoy the beauties of nature? As the Irish peasant was not to be permitted to pass the threshold of his cottage, why not compel the wealthy Irish landed proprietor to return to his home? He felt, that he was trespassing too long on the attention of the House; but he could not sit down without quoting the opinion of that great and enlightened statesman, Mr. Fox, upon a measure which did not contain a tithe of the barbarous enactments contained in the Bill now under consideration. Speaking of Mr. Pitt's "Sedition Bill," Mr. Fox said, Nothing was more clear than that the House of Commons ought never to proceed upon any measure that might trespass upon the rights of the people, without evidence that was decisive, even in cases of extreme necessity. He declared, that he would never attend to the detail of a measure, which, in its essence, was so detestable. Good God Almighty (continued Mr. Fox) is it possible that the feelings of the people of this country should be so insulted; is it possible to make the people of this country believe that this plan is not a total annihilation of their liberty? I do hope that this Bill will produce an alarm;—that while we have the power of assembling, the people will assemble; that while they have the power, they will not surrender it; but come forward and state their abhorrence of this proceeding; and those who do not, I pronounce to be traitors to their country. Good God, Sir, what madness, what phrenzy, has overtaken the authors of this measure? A question which he would leave Mr. Fox's successors and political admirers on the Treasury Bench to answer. As for himself, having thus strongly expressed his uncompromising hostility to the principles of this atrocious Bill, he would not descend to take any part in its details. For one, he would enter into no treaty with tyranny.
§ Lord John Russell
said, on the last occasion when he spoke, after the hon. and learned Gentleman, he had complimented him on the candour with which he had avowed his opinions. He had to pay the learned Gentleman a like compliment on the present occasion. Notions and doctrines of a more extravagant nature were never 51 advanced in this House, and if acted upon to their full extent, they would lead to the destruction of all property, to the revolution of all society, and to the annihilation of all order in the community. He confessed, that the measure before the House was alarming and arbitrary in its nature, and that it could not be adopted without pain by any one who had imbibed a reverence for free institutions. He deeply regretted, that it had been imposed on Ministers by a stern necessity; but being convinced of the existence of that necessity, they would not shrink from performing their duty, though it was the most unpleasant which could be imposed on them. He had resolved to address himself to this awful and solemn subject with calmness and temper; but he owned that the hon. and learned Gentleman's speech had almost shaken him from his determination. He could not believe his ears when he heard his right hon. friend's statement, which made so great an impression on the House, not less from the horrible detail which it gave of atrocious crimes, than from the eloquence and ability with which they were described, characterized as a "silky representation." Was it possible that the hon. and learned Gentleman had called the manifold murders and outrages which were unfortunately so frequent in Ireland, only thirteen cases of irregularity in Ireland? What, when men at their toil had been stoned in the fields—when women were cruelly butchered in their houses—when children, even innocent children, were beaten and murdered by ruffians—were they to be told, that such deeds were only "irregularities?" The hon. and learned Member knew how to garble a statement with colours borrowed from that Bill of which he spoke, and had dismissed the long list of outrages with the appropriate title, no doubt, of "thirteen cases of irregularity in Ireland." Before he proceeded further, he would make one or two observations on the Amendment moved by his right hon. friend, the member for Lambeth, to adjourn the first reading of this Bill for a fortnight. In his opinion, it would be more in accordance with the character of legislators, and more consistent with their dignity, to apply themselves boldly to the present measure if it were requisite; or if it were not requisite, at once to put a direct negative on it. His right hon. friend (Mr. Tenny-son) had said, that this was not a question 52 on which the Ministers ought to stake the tenure of their offices. On this point he entirely differed from his right hon. friend. If the Ministers thought, that they could not give protection to property—that the force of Government was insufficient to secure the lives and property of the King's loyal subjects, and called upon Parliament to strengthen their hands by further powers, he could not conceive a more degraded situation than they would stand in, if after making that proposition, and after it should have been rejected by Parliament, they still remained in office. They brought forward measures which they considered necessary to enable them to carry on the Government, and Parliament was to decide between three things—whether they would allow the Government of Ireland to be in the hands of the midnight legislators, the Whitefeet—or in those of an individual, wielding the democracy of Ireland at his command—or whether they would assert and maintain it to be in the Crown, and in the Parliament of a united people? The hon. and learned Gentleman (Mr. Harvey) had prophesied that Ministers would fail in their attempt to carry the present Bill, and that a new Administration must be formed. The hon. and learned Member added, that he thought a Tory Government, corrected of its former errors, would be the best Government. He should not envy them their situation, supported as they would be by Gentlemen, who thought, that the present Administration did not go far enough in the way of Reform. A Tory Government would find it a very difficult matter, in the present temper of the country, to carry on the affairs of the nation, and at the same time give satisfaction to those Gentlemen. He would be ready to give them, as far as he consistently could, his support; and though they might be obliged, as in former times, to propose a coercive measure for Ireland, perhaps the hon. and learned Member (Mr. Harvey) would not be so disposed to find fault with them, if, having a clearer perception of his merits than the present Administration, they should have appointed him to some lucrative post. He thought it extremely probable that such a Government might reckon on the support of the hon. and learned Gentleman, even in a measure of coercion, though the present Government were not fortunate enough to obtain it. He had been diverted from what he had 53 intended to say upon the Bill itself, and he should, therefore, be compelled to trespass longer upon the attention of the House than he had originally contemplated. He should commence by referring to the state of Ireland in the year 1828, for when Gentlemen spoke, as some Gentlemen had spoken in the course of this debate, of the impolicy and injustice of legislating against an individual, it was necessary, for the sake of those who did not bear it in their recollection, to refer to the history of the state of Ireland for the few last years. The question of the Roman Catholic claims was, as everybody knew, for a long series of years, a matter of serious and violent dispute, both in Parliament and in the country. Whilst one side of the House gave to those claims constant support, the Gentlemen who sat on the Ministerial side of it were divided upon the policy to be pursued regarding them; and the personal influence of the Crown was generally employed in creating and maintaining that division of opinion. The effect of the great measure of Catholic relief being so long delayed was, that there came at last a period at which one individual was enabled to appeal, and to appeal with success, to the passions of the people of Ireland. The influence which that individual acquired by that appeal was exercised in a manner which constituted a case the most extraordinary that ever occurred in the history of any country. For many months an association held its sittings in Dublin, which organized branch associations, interfered in trials, directed public opinion, and all but governed the country. What was the consequence? At the end of that time, when Parliament re-assembled for the performance of public business, the Ministers, who brought forward the question of Catholic Emancipation, thought it necessary to bring forward a bill to put down the Catholic Association, and to arm the Lord Lieutenant with power to prohibit such associations in future. But that extraordinary power which had been acquired by one individual, and which had been held by him in consequence of the delay which took place in granting those claims, which ought to have been conceded years before, was not destroyed or done away with by that bill. It was owing, he would say, to the good feeling of the people of Ireland that, out of gratitude to that individual for his ex- 54 ertions, they blindly did all that he recommended, and supported all the measures which he occasionally brought forward. He did not mean to say, whether it were from unwillingness to part with power, or from a desire to gain some greater object, or from the purer motives of patriotism, that that individual continued to recommend to his countrymen agitation for certain purposes; but he did mean to say, that the individual in question, the hon. member for Dublin, had not the same success in his second career of agitation that he had in his first. During the first agitation this extraordinary case happened, that while the people were excited to the utmost, the public peace was preserved; and, as the hon. and learned Gentleman opposite had said, the perpetration of outrages was prevented by the existence of the Catholic Association. But when the second agitation commenced, the result was not similar; on the contrary, wherever agitation was tried, outrages commenced of the most violent and detestable kind—outrages, which for a time the law was able to suppress, but which in the end overcame the law, and prostrated it at the feet of a ruthless and sanguinary rabble. It was in evidence before the Committee on the state of Ireland, that in many places where this agitation prevailed, the Whitefeet were the same persons who attended the tithe meetings. They were ready to accept of agitation for one purpose—namely, to get rid of the tithe system—but they were also prepared to remedy their own grievances, which went beyond the tithe system, and extended in many cases to the ejection of persons from lands which they thought other parlies were better entitled to hold. His right hon. friend near him had stated, on a former night, that of 150 outrages of this kind, not one had been tried. He remembered, that in the month of December last, there had been scarcely one case of outrage committed connected with tithe, but many outrages of a different character. Yesterday he had received a letter, stating that on the night of the 18th of February, six or eight violent outrages had been perpetrated—all for the purpose of compelling persons to surrender land. They were told, however, that this was not political agitation: nevertheless, it had been set on foot by those whom political agitation had first moved—by men who, having been told that the best mode of obtaining a redress of 55 grievances was to make resistance where resistance was legally due, thought right to make resistance in other cases where it was not legal, by the commission of nocturnal outrages, robberies, and murders. Such being the state of the country, and his noble friend, and his right hon. friend near him having entered into many details to illustrate it, the question was, how could they remedy such great evils? Could the House permit such outrages to continue? The hon. and learned member for Tipperary was anxious, on grounds of humanity, that the Courts to be established under this Bill should not have the power of whipping. He gave the hon. and learned Gentleman full credit for his humanity; but was the House to have no humanity for those who were daily and nightly tortured by apprehensions of impending danger? Were they to reserve all their compassion for the authors, and not to retain any for the victims of these organized outrages? He now came to the consideration of the Bill which his Majesty's Government had introduced for the remedy of these disorders. It was unfair to state, that this Bill put down all meetings held in Ireland with the intention of petitioning the Legislature. It did no such thing; it merely gave the Lord Lieutenant the power of stopping such meetings, if he deemed it expedient, in counties or districts which he had proclaimed as disturbed. The clause of the Act which referred to this point referred to the disturbed districts only; and he might say generally, that it was only intended to prevent those meetings which were likely to be dangerous to the peace, and to stop the progress of those evils which had now risen to so unfortunate a height. There were two provisions of the Bill which had met with serious objections. One of them was that clause which referred the trial of those offences to a military court, not establishing Martial Law, but giving the trial of offences at Common Law to a military tribunal. With regard to that clause, the proper point to be considered was this—" In what other hands can you better place this jurisdiction?" He had heard many suggestions in lieu of these military tribunals, and none better than this—that you should place this jurisdiction in the hands of a King's Counsel, and a Special Jury consisting of the gentry of the county. He agreed with his hon. and learned friend, the member for Leeds, in 56 saying, that when it was necessary to deviate from the Constitution, he would rather have a measure totally unlike, than a measure something like the Constitution. He confessed, that to him it appeared to be the most dangerous thing in the world to have the shadow of a free Constitution, and to lose the substance. He would briefly explain what he meant by that assertion. If, in an Unreformed Parliament, it had pleased the House of Commons to say, that thirty or forty individuals should have the right of naming all the Members who were to sit within it, and that that right should be saleable in the market, there would have been no difficulty in showing that such an open mockery of representation was a violation of the Constitution, and must be altered. It was because individuals who only represented themselves came into that House as the Representatives of the people that the abuse became dangerous—that it increased to such a formidable height, and that it lasted so long, in spite of all the opposition which it had to encounter. Now, what was proposed instead of these military tribunals? That the Judge should not be taken from the ordinary Judges of the land, but should be taken from the King's Counsel or Serjeants, who were Judges in expectancy, and that the Jury should not be chosen from the common panel, but from the list of Special Jurors,—that is, you would establish a Judge without independence, and a Jury without impartiality. That would be a shadow without a substance. For his part, he thought it much safer to have a tribunal completely different—and totally separate—from the ordinary civil tribunals of the country; because if the tribunal vested with these arbitrary powers, at the same time had the name of a Judge and of a Jury connected with it,—there might be an inducement to perpetuate the system, and to deprive Ireland of free institutions altogether. He would rather have a coercive measure that was unlike, than a coercive measure that was like the Constitution. He said the same with regard to the Habeas Corpus Act. If those who had first proposed the suspension of it had attempted to fritter away that suspension, by limitations and mitigated modifications of it, we might not now be enjoying its benefits. It was because they suspended it altogether that the Habeas Corpus Act was now subsisting in all its power. It 57 was because they gave the King power to the full extent to dispense with that Act, that we could now boast of its giving us at present not only the name but also the reality of freedom. For that reason he preferred the military tribunal to one nearer the common forms of the Constitution. Deeply should he lament to see the Judges of the land, or those who were likely to fill that high station, employed to try offenders without the assistance of a Jury. Nothing was better calculated to corrupt the minds of men than the accustoming them to have recourse to extraordinary powers. Military men were in the habit of deciding without the intervention of a Jury; but if they placed judicial characters, and those who were almost as much engaged in judicial proceedings as the Judges themselves—he meant members of the Bar—in the situation of military men, who could say, that those learned individuals would not get enamoured of their extraordinary powers and say, that trial without Juries was necessary for the ordinary administration of justice in Ireland? He was afraid that, owing to the provision that no officer should sit upon these Courts-martial who was not of full age, and of two years standing in the army, a false impression had been made upon the public mind respecting these Courts-martial. It appeared to be a general notion that these Courts-martial would be composed of nothing else than young officers, who had just attained their twenty-first year. This was about as erroneous as to suppose, that because there was an Act of Parliament declaring that no man should sit in that House for any borough who was not twenty-one years of age, and in possession of a qualification of 300l. a-year, that House did not contain among its Members a single individual who was more than twenty-one years old, or who possessed more than 300l. a-year. He saw no reason why there should be any limitation as to the number of years during which the officer had served; he thought that if the officer were twenty-one years of age, it was enough, for a civilian at twenty-one was capable of serving upon Juries; and he believed, that the education of a young officer, from his station in life, was likely to be quite as vigilantly looked after, as that of any ordinary Juryman who was called on to decide matters of life and death. Another provision of the Bill, 58 which had raised considerable objection, was that which gave the right of visiting and searching the houses of suspected persons. He felt this objection as strongly as any man, but its force was overcome by the fact that every gentleman who was either a native of Ireland, or connected with Ireland by property, thought that this provision was absolutely necessary. Whilst upon this point, he would ask the House to remember what was the provision contemplated by the Committee which reported last year on the state of Ireland. The hon. and learned member for Tipperary had told the House, that the Committee had not recommended the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act; but he had forgot to tell them, that they recommended the adoption of a measure by which, if a person was found absent from his home more than once, he should be held to bail for his good behaviour, and, in default of bail, should be liable to imprisonment. There was no need of a Jury to have him held to bail, and yet, if he refused to find bail, he must be committed to prison. These were the words of the Report:—" The warrant to be executed always in the presence of a Magistrate, and the persons who may be absent from their houses to be summoned by the Court of Sessions, and if unable to give a satisfactory explanation to the Court of the cause of their being absent, a record to be made of the conviction of their absence; those persons who shall be found absent a second time to give bail for their good behaviour for twelve months, and, in default of doing so, to be committed to the county gaol for one month." He said therefore, most decidedly, that the opinion of the Committee was, that a person should be liable to punishment, without the intervention of a Jury, if he were twice absent by night from his home. The hon. and learned Gentleman had told the House, that the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland had stated, in his charge to the Grand Jury of the Queen's County, that the present law was sufficient for the repression of these outrages; but he had not told the House that the Committee did not agree with the Lord Chief Justice on that point, but were of opinion that other provisions were necessary. Now, an extraordinary case must have been made out before the Committee, or the Members would not have violated the usual practice of Committees by making distinct pro- 59 posals for the suppression of these outrages. The making of such proposals was almost invariably left by Committees to the Executive Government; but when we find a Committee, consisting chiefly of Members elected by popular constituencies, making such proposals at the very time when they were about to appeal again to their constituents, we must admit that the case must have been strong which had led them to so unusual a determination. The hon. and learned member for Tipperary had taunted him with inconsistency because he supported this measure now, after having opposed a similar measure some years ago; and the hon. and learned Gentleman who had just preceded him had said: "If such a law had been proposed by a Tory Administration, the Whigs would have risen in files to oppose it." He hoped that both the hon. Gentlemen would listen to the answer which he was going to give to this charge. In the year 1822, on the 7th of February, the Administration came forward and proposed the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, and the enactment of the Insurrection Act. They did so upon their own statement, and upon their own responsibility; they asked for no inquiry, they reverted to no Committee, but they introduced the Bill as the present Government had introduced this measure, upon the proper feeling, that such a measure should be introduced upon their single and undivided responsibility. There was a discussion on the measure on Thursday, the 7th of February; the Bill was then read a first time; very lew persons divided against it; and he (Lord John Russell), feeling that the measure was necessary, did not come down to oppose it. When the debate was over, the late Lord Londonderry proposed that the second reading should take place that night, in order that the Bill might be committed and read a third time the next night, that it might then be sent in to the Lords on the Saturday, and after passing through all its stages in one night in that House, be sent off without delay to Ireland. It was not read a second and a third time that day; but, within a week, both measures were passed and sent to Ireland. Now, if the Administration of the day had met with the opposition that the hon. and learned Gentleman who last addressed the House had stated it had met, it could not have passed those Bills, for there were two of them, within the short 60 space of a week. His opinion was—and he had always avowed it—his opinion was, that acts of this description rested for their justification on the necessity of the case. He believed, that if the hon. and learned member for Dublin were in full possession of power, he would not be slow in producing a measure to suppress these outrages. The hon. and learned Member had admitted that the greatest sufferers by these outrages were not Protestants but Catholics, and had said, that he was ready to agree to any law which would make it a misdemeanor for a man to be absent from his house at night. If such were the case, what became of this charge of inconsistency and desertion of principle, so confidently made against his right hon. colleagues and himself? The present was a case, in which every man must judge, according to his honest conviction, whether these laws were necessary or not. If they were not necessary, let them not be enacted; but if they were necessary, he called upon Gentlemen not to shrink from the duty which they owed to their country, but to pass them at once. Let them be assured that, whatever measures of concession, conciliation, or improvement might be necessary, that must be a great improvement which rendered life and properly safe. Talk of men not obtaining employment! How could they expect to gain employment when the inland conveyance of goods on canals for the purposes of trade was interrupted in open daylight by bands of armed men traversing the country? From whom could employment come except from men in the possession of capital? And what capitalist would vest his capital in Ireland until he was certain that his property would not be destroyed, and his servants would not be murdered, in performing his business? If employment be wanted in Ireland, pass acts to give it to the people; but do not fancy that you are doing your duty towards Ireland by refusing your consent to a measure without which life and liberty would be left insecure, and made the sport of every miscreant or ruffian who may delight in blood. He was convinced that by subduing insurrection, while they maintained, as they ought, the authority of the laws and the dignity of the Crown, it would be confessed in the end, even by those who were averse to own it now, that they had been the best friends to the peace, the liberty, and the prosperity of Ireland.
§ Mr. Henry Grattan
agreed with the noble Lord who had just sat down, that the Whitefeet ought to be put down, but differed from him in thinking that the Constitution ought not to be put down with them. They must stretch forth every arm to put down the Whitefeet, but they must also exert every nerve to keep tip the Constitution. Of what use was the Constitution, handed down to us from our progenitors, and cemented by the blood of our most illustrious patriots, among whom the noble Lord's ancestors stood proudly preeminent—of what use, he asked, was that Constitution, if it could be destroyed by the agitation of a body of Whitefeet, who confined their ravages to four counties of Ireland? Could the noble Lord show him any case, occurring either in time of foreign invasion or of domestic rebellion, in which a tithe of the arbitrary power which it was now proposed to place in the hands of a single dictator, was ever before intrusted to the Executive Government? Did he suppose that 8,000,000 of Irishmen would calmly submit to have their rights spoliated by these Whitefeet, who might have been put down long since had the Aristocracy done their duty? He asserted, that the gentlemen of the Queen's County had abandoned their duty to their King and to their country. Punish them, if you like, for it; but do not, on account of their misconduct, take from the people of Ireland the right of petition; do not stifle the liberty of the Press, nor strangle the rights and privileges of every man in that kingdom. For his own part he would rather cut off his hand than give his assent to this atrocious and oppressive Bill. The right hon. Secretary had endeavoured to make out a case to justify the passing of this Bill; but in doing so he had been guilty of a dereliction of his duty. The right hon. Secretary had only stated half a case; for, in alluding to the murders of Marum, Potts, and Gregory, he had carefully kept out of sight the provocations which had led to those atrocities. Had the right hon. Gentleman read over the evidence taken before the Committee on the state of Ireland—a Committee from which he had so sedulously absented himself? Had he read the evidence given by Colonel Johnson, by Mr. Stapleton, by the agent of the Marquess of Lansdown, and by the Magistrates of the Queen's County generally? The right hon. Secre- 62 tary could not have read that evidence, for, if he had read it, he would have found it to contain an account of the gross acts of tyranny which had been perpetrated on the peasantry during the last three years, and which had at length goaded them on, unfortunate victims, to the perpetration of these lamentable outrages. These witnesses stated, that Mr. Gregory had got possession of the property of these poor people; that he had not given them the benefit of the equity of redemption for six months, to which they were entitled; but that he had left them with their wives and families to die in the streets, as his hon. friend had stated, "unpitied and unknown." He had not even performed the common acts of justice to them, and Mr. Hovenden said, that he had not even paid them the wages which he owed them for their labour. Was it, then, to be wondered at that these uneducated men—uneducated owing to your own bad laws—should follow the example of injustice and oppression which you had set them? They had heard of the torture to which your aristocracy had subjected their ancestors; was it surprising that in their turn they had practised your inhumanity? One of the English Viceroys had been guilty of the grossest cruelties and injustice in that country, but in his case some justice had been done, for eventually his head rolled on the scaffold. Other governors followed his example of injustice without meeting his reward, and by their tyrannical and oppressive conduct drove the people to desperation. If the remembrance of ancient grievances, or the pressure of present wrong, should drive men to outrage, let those who perpetrated that outrage be punished: whatever might be the cause, he would not defend the outrage; let it be visited with the utmost severity, but let not all Ireland be punished for the acts of a few. In many instances in which Magistrates and others had been murdered, the crime did not proceed from any general disposition, but was almost in every case the result of a sense of individual oppression. Thus, in the evidence before the Committee of last year, it was proved that Mr. Hoskins, the agent to Lord Courtenay's estate, whose son was murdered in the county of Limerick, had been most oppressive in his conduct to the tenantry of that estate. The same account was given of the agent to Lord Stradbroke; and of Mr. Gregory 63 it was said, that there never had been a worse man. In these instances a sense of personal injury would account for the outrages that had been perpetrated; but of all these the right hon. Secretary for Ireland had taken no notice. He went to the outrages committed by some lawless ruffians, and with these he would wish to mix up the great mass of the people of Ireland, who were wholly innocent. But had there not been outrages to as great an extent committed in England? Had not the gaols of the western counties been crowded with thousands accused of most violent outrages? Had not Nottingham and Bristol been the scene of the most lawless devastations? And had the Government resorted to the same coercive measures as the present? No. And why? Because the system of outrage was local and partial? Why, then, not apply the same principle to Ireland? If insurrection existed, he would not object to strengthen the hands of Government to put it down; but let them not have the power of putting the whole country out of the pale of the law, for the outrages of comparatively a few. In all the measures which had been introduced to put down disturbance in Ireland, from the year 1776 down to 1823, no Minister had ever followed a course of proceeding like that now proposed. The Minister of the day had either come down with resolutions declaratory of the state of disturbance, or laid evidence of it on the Table, or referred it to a Committee. At a time when disturbance proceeded to such a height that a battle was fought between the insurgents and the King's troops in Galway, and when thirteen men were killed, it was not deemed necessary to call for such measures as the present. What were the memorable words of the present Lord Brougham, the head and great light of the law? 'Nothing, said he, short of complete redress of their wrongs can ever satisfy the people of Ireland. I will tell the House what will be worse than suffering those wrongs to be unredressed, and caution them against pursuing a course which can only prove an insult to their feelings. I will caution Government and this House to beware of attempting to stifle their complaints by anything in the shape of penal enactment. You may chain them by restrictive laws, they will break them as soon as attempted to be enforced—you may 64 'load them with galling fetters, you will 'only exasperate them—you will not—'you cannot—break their spirit'. Since, then, the condition of Ireland had not been improved. It was vain for the English to talk of their liberty—vain to boast of the glorious examples of their ancestors—of their charters thirty times confirmed—for the breach of which they slew one King upon the scaffold, and drove another from their shores—it was vain to dilate on these things, when, in order to put down a miserable and insignificant body of Whitefeet, they were ready to pass a measure which would enslave the whole of Ireland. If Government took the proper steps, and obliged the Magistrates to do their duty in their respective counties, there would be no necessity for such measures as were now before the House. He thought that the true way to gain tranquillity in Ireland was by forcing the Magistrates to do their duty. He knew, from circumstances which came within his knowledge, that the Magistrates could do their duty if they chose, but that in many instances they refused to do so. He had letters that day from the counties of Meath, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Waterford, and Queen's County, all of which stated those counties to be in a state of complete tranquillity. He would read a passage from one letter, to show the system made use of in order to keep up the appearance of disturbance:—" The Police Reports which are made up for the Castle are highly pictured and exaggerated. They are made up by persons who have an interest in keeping up the disturbances. This county was never more tranquil than it is at present. There were only fifty-eight persons committed for trial at the Assizes (he would remind the House that this was out of a population of 200,000 souls), and one-half of those were out on bail." It was a fact, too, that wherever Special Commissions had been appointed to try parties engaged in outrages, they had on all occasions been found efficient; and the opinions of Judge Foster and Judge Torrens bore him out in the assertion, that Juries could be found to discharge their duties fairly. It was said, it was necessary to put down agitation, but who had caused agitation? He would say, that it had been encouraged, no doubt, in the way of friendly advice, by the noble Lord at the head of the Irish Government, who had used the emphatic words. 65 "agitate," "agitate," "agitate." But the Bill was not to put down agitation or Whiteboyism, so much as to incarcerate the hon. and learned member for the city of Dublin. The right hon. Secretary had brought all his private animosities into that House. He had made the Chapel of St. Stephen's the theatre of angry passions, the arena wherein to fight personal quarrels. Was that what he saw in the years of his infancy? Did Mr. Ponsonby, did Mr. Perceval, did even Lord Castlereagh go so far as that? Mr. Perceval never made the House the scene of such angry feeling. In the worst of times neither he nor Lord Castlereagh attempted to enlist the angry feelings of the House on the side of legislation. Such conduct now could not tend to raise the House in the opinion of the people; and (which was quite as necessary) in their own estimation. The Bill was proposed as an instrument to procure, if possible, the incarceration of the hon. and learned member for Dublin; and that being its object, he predicted that it would signally fail. They had been told, that that hon. and learned Gentleman was the great—the prime agitator. Let every man stand or fall by his own acts. But when the right hon. Secretary talked of agitation, and of the necessity of putting down agitation, let them look for a moment, to the success which had attended attempts to suppress it informer times. Molyneux was denounced and persecuted as an agitator. By the order of the House of Commons his book was burned by the hands of the common hangman, but the day came, when Phœnix like, it rose from its ashes, and obtained a double influence over the minds of men. Talk of agitation! Dean Swift was an agitator, for Draper's letters were prosecuted, Lucas was an agitator—an agitator, of whom the Irish Parliament thought so much, that they banished him from the country. But the day came, when justice asserted herself—when the falsehood and ignorance of the placemen of the day (ignorance quite as great as that which distinguished the Government of the present day) was exhibited in its true colours: the principles of M r. Lucas were established in 1782; he returned from his exile, and was elected, by acclamation, as the Representative, like the hon. and learned member, for the city of Dublin. Did the right hon. Secretary think that mere catchwords—idle ballads picked up among the mountains of Ireland—were to sway the 66 minds of Members of this House? to overcome their reason, and to drive them into a kind of insanity of legislation? Talk of agitators I Why the late Mr. Grattan was an agitator—and if the plan of the Irish Volunteers had not succeeded he would have been arrested for high treason. The Earl of Bristol, Bishop of Derry, would have been arrested for the same cause if the Volunteers had not succeeded. The fact was afterwards stated by Lord Northington, who said, that he had at the time the warrants in his possession to arrest the Bishop and others if the success of the Volunteers had not prevented it. Look then to the past; see what the results of agitation have been; and then ask with what reason they could tell the Irish to agitate no more. From 1776 to the present hour all the good that Ireland had ever acquired had been obtained by agitation. What was its result in 1829. The Dake of Wellington stated, that no concession should be made to the Roman Catholics. Agitation took place; the Duke retracted; he retraced his steps, concession followed. Why, then, should they not agitate? Had they no grievances to complain of?—no relief to seek for? He threw the idle admonition to the winds; and said, that till Ireland were better governed, the Irish must agitate. Was the Government then prepared to call that treason or insurrection which had been suffered to pass with impunity in former cases? The attempt would fail in this case, as it had in the former; and in his conscience he believed that this measure, so far from conciliating or pacifying Ireland, would tend only to its separation from England. It would alienate the affections of the people from the Government of this country. He objected to the Bill in all its parts, but he strongly deprecated the injustice of that clause which was intended to prevent signals by fires or lights of any kind, and which put on the poor peasant the onus of proving, that his fire was not kindled for seditions purposes. The clause he alluded to was this:—
" Be it enacted, that from and after the passing of this Act, no person shall make, or aid, or assist in making, any light, fire, bonfire, flash, blaze, or other signal; or by smoke or firing, fireworks, firing of guns or other fire-arms, or by the blowing of horns, or by the ringing of church, chapel, or other bells; or by any other contrivance or device, give any notice, signal, or inti- 67 mation to any person or persons engaged in illegal combinations or assemblies against the provisions of this Act; and that no person shall make or assist in making any such signals, or any other signals, to call persons to assemble together, or to act in concert together, for any purpose not warranted by law, or which is prohibited by this Act, or to assemble in any unusual numbers to endanger the public peace; and if any person shall, contrary to the Act, make any such signals or notice, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanour and every such offence so committed in any district proclaimed in pursuance of the provisions of the Act, shall be cognizable by Court-martial; and if not committed in any such district, shall be tried and punished according to the course of the common law." The hon. member might laugh—so laughed the persons in 1776 to whom he had before drawn the attention of the House. Such levity added to the bitterness of the insult offered by this disgraceful clause to the feelings of the people of Ireland. The clause was hateful enough to be described in the poet's language'—Weave the warp and weave the woof.The winding-sheet of Edward's race;Give ample room and verge enoughThe characters of hell to trace.Such were the true characteristics of this odious and fearful Act, But such an atrocious measure would fail, as it deserved to fail. Had they not the experience of the failure of former coercive measures to guide them? They had tried the Algerine Act, and it failed—they had tried the Insurrection Act, and it failed—they had tried Lord Clare's Convention Act, and it failed—and now when they had concocted the whole of these into one Act, did they think that they would make it more palatable, or more likely to be successful? The measure as it now stood in the Bill was not coercion, it was slavery, a slavery which the ancestors of the English Members of that House would not tolerate, and which he trusted those descendants of the present day would not sanction. The right hon. Secretary had been lavish of the terms "dictator" and "chief legislator" and other personal epithets which he had applied to his hon. and learned friend the member for Dublin, though the use of such terms tended only to irritate, and could produce no good in the discussion. The right hon. Gentleman, in the measures 68 of which he was now the warm advocate, had not shown his fitness for the station which he occupied in the Government of that country. He feared that the right hon. Gentleman's trip across the Atlantic had not improved his taste for the institutions of our limited monarchy, and that therefore, as far as related to Ireland, he was disposed to get rid of them. Without any feeling of personal disrespect to the right hon. Gentleman, he must say, that he was not fit for the situation which he occupied in the Government. He was constantly getting his friends into scrapes, and daily making them, as far as the Irish Government was concerned, more and more unpopular. Indeed, to such extent did this feeling prevail, that at the late election in Ireland, it was a sort of popular dislike that a candidate was friendly to the Irish Government. Let him but proceed in the same course, and he would succeed in making the Government equally unpopular in this country. It was, he contended, absurd to talk of the agitation of the hon. and learned member for Dublin as the cause of any disturbance. The real cause was, the existence of the many grievances of which the people had to complain. This was proved by every event which had occurred for years. When the Roden declaration, as it was called, was signed in 1830, it laid (after declaring the subscribers to it opposed to a Repeal of the Union) great stress on the necessity of taking immediate steps for the remedy of the grievances of the people of Ireland. Three years had since elapsed, and what steps had been taken for that purpose? Hopes, it was true, had been held out that the grievances of Ireland would be redressed; how had those hopes been realized? What had become of the promises made by Lord Anglesey in answer to the deputation from the citizens of Cork, on his visit to that city. The deputation set forth the grievances under which the country groaned. What was the noble Lord's answer?—"The day" said he "will shortly arrive—it cannot be distant—it is impossible that it should—when, by the accomplishment of measures now in preparation for relief of the distress of the country, justice will be done to the good intentions of the Government of Ireland. The day will soon arrive when the people of Ireland shall see the measures now in progress to fit them for this change." Such were the hopes given to the people of Ireland; and how was the 69 promise kept? why, at the last election for Dublin, when Sir George Rich was opposed to the popular candidate, that gentleman was supported by the Government interest. He thus put the Government on their trial with respect to their sincerity. They had launched their poisoned arrows at the Irish Volunteers—they had accused that body as the cause of the existing disturbances, whereas they were to be traced to their own misgovernment. He had just mentioned a case indicative of their duplicity—a case which they never had the face to deny; and if they did deny it, he could prove its truth by an appeal to a speech delivered by the reverend Mr. Boyton. Such had been their extraordinary course of proceeding, that by their machinations, they had actually turned their own members out of the University of Dublin. Hon. Gentlemen had inveighed strongly against the Repeal of the Union. In answer to their observations he would say; "make it not a nominal, but a real union." If not from their justice or from their sincerity, yet let the people of Ireland hope, that, from their sense of danger, the Union would be made a more effectual measure. He had never stood up for a Repeal of the Union, but if it were necessary, he felt that he had a right to argue that question. Why did not the Government, by their acts, show to the people of Ireland, that the Union was really beneficial? Why not show to every peasant that it was a desirable measure? The more the justice and the goodness of the Government appeared, the more would the people be inclined to believe that the Union was a salutary measure. He had received letters from Ireland, in which trade was described as being paralysed, in which the people were spoken of as shrinking with apprehension at the contemplated horrors of Martial-law. Why, he asked, was not the promise held out to Ireland, not only by Lord Castlereagh, but by the members of succeeding Governments, why was not that promise kept? The Union was pointed out as the only effectual remedy for the misfortunes of that country, because it would give the people of Ireland a participation in all the rights of the Constitution. Was this bill one of the roads by which they were to arrive at this so-much-desired participation? Mr. Pitt said, and he begged the attention of Mr. Pitt's followers to the words, Mr. Pitt said:— 70 'We must now look to the Union as the only measure we can adopt which can calm this excitement, and allay animosity in Ireland. We must look to it as a measure which will give Ireland a participation in the Constitution of England. It is to be founded on similar law—it is to be founded on a similar Constitution—it is to be founded on similar Govern-men I, by providing for the security, and increasing the stability of the respective kingdoms—by decreasing the discontent which, unfortunately, has long prevailed in one of them. Such was the sentiment of Mr. Pitt; but the present proceeding was opposed to that sentiment. By adopting the Bill, they would only create confusion, not concord; and, instead of peace and tranquillity, they would engender distrust and discontent. In his conscience he thought that this was a measure which, if carried, Ministers and the country would, in the end, have strong reason to rue. It was a measure, he believed, contrary to the feelings of the people of England—it was a measure, he was sure, which greatly excecded the necessity of the case. They talked of putting down predial agitation; and to do this they were about to deprive the Irish people of their rights—to remove, in fact, from those of whom they complained, any desire, any wish, to cultivate a feeling of quietude and content. But, if the hand of oppression fell heavily on men, it was impossible that they could participate in those sentiments. What induced Ireland to agree to the Union? Certainly the hope that she would participate fully in the freedom of the British Constitution. Did such a measure as this accord with that hope? If he had failed in appealing to the passions and sympathies of English Members on this most painful subject, he would next address himself to their calm and sober feeling. He would call on them to mark what the right hon. Secretary for Ireland had said in support of his case; and he would confidently maintain, that the Secretary for Ireland had not made out, had not proved, any such case as he had declared that he was able to substantiate. Yet, on a question of such momentous importance, the right hon. Secretary would not even allow the delay of a fortnight. He had now nearly concluded. If he failed in this humble but heartfelt appeal to the House to do his country right, still he had the satis- 71 faction of feeling that, to the best of his ability, he had performed his duty. If Martial-law were to be inflicted on his country, he should go out of those doors with feelings of deep indignation. If he had failed in enlisting in the cause of his suffering country those whom he now addressed, he would invoke the memory of those great men, now departed, who, in former days, assisted in that House the few who were struggling in support of popular rights. He would invoke the shade of Mr. Ponsonby, that able and consistent patriot—who had led the Opposition in that House, and whose ashes now reposed in this country. From 1807 to 1812, when you could not get amongst yourselves any one to undertake the situation of leader, he stood forward, and boldly performed that arduous duty. To his shade, and to the shade of another statesman, whose memory was dear to him, yes,Dear as the ruddy drops that visit this sad heart,to them would he appeal, in the hope that the recollection of their services might raise in the minds of those whom he addressed, a just, a kindly, an honest feeling to wards his suffering country. He should resist this measure to the last, because it appeared to him to be fraught with the seeds, not of union, but of separation.
The Attorney General
said, he should be wanting in that respect which was due to the House, he should be wanting in that respect which he might fairly assert was due to his own character, if he did not offer his opinion, and it was not a lightly considered one, with reference to this question. Observations had been made in the course of the evening, which would appear to call for some particular notice from him; but it was not his intention to enter into any personal argument with the hon. Member who made those observations, or with any other hon. Member, on such an occasion. He should merely say, with reference to the allusions which had been made, that he believed there was no man having the honour of a seat in that House, to whom they could be fairly or justly applied—there was no man in that House so base as, in his opinion, to deserve them. For himself, he should only say, that he would yield to no man who entered that House, (let his constituency be what it might—let him come from whatever part of the empire he might) 72 in an honest love of rational liberty, He would resort to all constitutional means to maintain and to support such a species of liberty. But the liberty of which he spoke was connected, and intimately interwoven, with the laws and the Constitution of his country. It was a liberty friendly to the laws, friendly to loyalty, friendly to peace. It was not a liberty to be supported by midnight murders, by violence, by outrage, or by the unlimited congregation of men, who, whether with or without regular organization or combination, had shown themselves to be too strong or too cunning for the existing law. Such bodies, they all knew, had, assembled, and their acts were a disgrace to the community. Now, whoever fairly looked to this Bill, must see, that it was a Bill to suspend, for a time, and for a time only, under most peculiar circumstances, certain functions of the Constitution of the country. By thus acting. Government were not actuated by any improper feeling. They wished, on the contrary, by the assistance of this measure, to strengthen the hands of the friends of liberty—their object was not, as had been asserted, to extinguish liberty. This measure was resorted to, because it was considered, by those who brought it forward, to be necessary to the preservation of that liberty which they all revered; and he would add, that if they were not justified by the necessity of the case in so proceeding, he would not only join with Gentlemen in the condemnation of the Bill, but even if it went only one hundredth part as far as it did go, he would not, in the absence of an imperative necessity, give to it his concurrence. An imperative demand was, however, now made on the Legislature, in consequence of existing circumstances, to narrow for a time the liberties of a portion of the empire. In countries that were not free, there was no necessity, in any case, to apply for any additional powers. The despotic nature of the Constitution was sufficient to meet every exigency. It was only in free countries where such an application as this was deemed necessary to be made—there only it was requisite to resort, after proper deliberation, to a measure of this kind. In a free country, the law might be such, that though it was fully equal to the ordinary exigencies of the State, yet such circumstances might arise as the law was not calculated to grapple with. In that case it might be 73 deemed advisable for a time to interfere with the liberty of the subject. The only point to be considered was, whether a justifiable necessity for such a determination had been made out? They then came to this point—what is the extent and nature of the crimes which you wish to repress, and what is the state of the existing law to meet those crimes? He would not, in considering this subject, go through the frightful enormities—he would not advert to the multiplied and still increasing crimes, which were reported from the unhappy country to which this measure referred. When they were dealing with those acts of enormity, he would not enter into a numerical enumeration of crime. No, he would point to a long and black catalogue of outrage, the perpetrators of which appeared to have under their control a large physical force. But it was said; "Oh, this is all predial agitation!" Well, suppose it was so; did that afford any satisfactory reason for opposing this measure? If predial agitation was too strong to be put down by the existing law; if, for years, a system of murder, and robbery, and intimidation, was carried on by a combination possessed of great physical force; if such were the case, how were they to meet the evil, how were they to punish the offenders? Must they not, if the ordinary powers of the law were too weak, have recourse to more powerful measures? He had heard, with great attention, the statements of those Gentlemen who were best acquainted with the situation of Ireland; and he would candidly ask them, what was the efficacy of the law in that country; was it, or was it not sufficient for the protection of life and property? Why, those Gentlemen admitted that such a system prevailed in Ireland, as clearly proved, that the law was not sufficient for the accomplishment of its object. The law, it was clear, could not operate, but through the medium of those authorities who formed an essential part of the system. There must be Magistrates to act, prosecutors to come forward, witnesses to speak, and Juries to pronounce a verdict. There must also be a species of public opinion to go along with the proceedings. All these things must exist, if they expected the law, in a free country, to do the necessary work required of it. Now, the House must be satisfied, from all they had read and heard, that the law, as it existed at present in 74 Ireland, did not answer the purpose—it did not work well—its wheels were impeded, and its course retarded. What, then, was to be done? There was but one of two courses to be pursued; you must either follow up the law strongly, or, for a time, you must put some other force in action, the law having been found insufficient. With respect to the first point, he admitted, that they should pause and see if they could possibly proceed before they adopted this measure. What, however, was the case? It was easy to say, that offenders might be brought to trial, and the law might be administered; but the fact was, that offenders could not be brought to trial, in consequence of the system of intimidation which prevailed. Those who were not directly arrayed against the law, were prevented from coming forward. The evil, it was clear, could not be remedied in that way; for, in fact, the statutes had become, under this system of terror, a dead letter. What, then, he again asked, was to be done? Why, they could only proceed by some such measure as that which Ministers had proposed. But it was said, that it would be better, instead of establishing the Courts pointed out by this Bill, to allow the Judges to exercise the powers which were granted under it. Now, for his part, he could not conceive anything more objectionable, on purely constitutional principles, than the mixing up, in the same persons, of two very different principles. The Judges were in the habit of administering the law, which admitted none of those despotic principles that, in consequence of the circumstances of the times, the Bill did, to a certain extent, recognise. He should therefore ask, whether, in delegating to the Judges the duties to be performed under the Bill, they did not run a risk with respect to the Judges themselves, whose duty it was to administer the ordinary law, as well as to the Constitution? As he had already said, he did not like to see the Judges taken from their usual legal course to administer a new law, passed for a specific purpose. Then it was retorted: "If you will not have the Judges, why not take the Assistant Barristers?" In this latter case he very much feared that the public would be scarcely induced to believe, that the Assistant Barristers in their decisions were not actuated by the hope of procuring preferment from Government. The danger 75 in either case was clear. The Judge ought not to be placed in a situation where by any chance he might forget the ordinary course of law, and the Assistant Barrister might be liable to suspicions, which, however unjust, might influence the popular mind. They could therefore only adopt that which the exigency of the case called for—an extraordinary power. Looking to all the circumstances, he did not think that there was any power to which they could so properly resort as that which was contemplated by this Bill. He knew there was an objection to the jurisdiction of Courts-martial, on account of the military education of those who must of necessity sit on them. That objection unquestionably, at first sight, had some weight; but, he would ask, did it follow, that those who were educated for a military life were insensible to the principles of justice? Were not those who sat on Courts-martial, under this Bill, amenable to another power? Was not that power amenable to Parliament afterwards, not only for their own acts, but for the acts of those whom they had employed, and over whom they had control, if they had not, in the exercise of their authority, fairly and justly made use of that controlling power? With respect to the distinction between predial agitation and political agitation, he would oiler but a very few observations. It was very evident that where predial agitation existed, the movements were effected under some sort of power to whom the agents conceived themselves to be accountable. It was said: "Oh! in such a county, the disturbance all arose from predial, not from political agitation." He, perhaps, was not sufficiently acquainted with the subject to understand the exact connexion between predial and political agitation; but this was known to all, that in those parts of Ireland where predial agitation existed, political agitation existed also. No gentleman had proved, though some had attempted to prove, that the one was unconnected with the other. Now, he would ask, whether there had been any political agitation in Ireland that had not decidedly acted on the lower classes of the people? Where there was a predisposition to predial agitation, and where political agitation followed, on whom could that political agitation operate? What class—what portion of the population could it act upon, except upon that lower class 76 already experienced in, or ripe for, predial agitation? He demanded from what class the Irish Volunteers were to come? He asked that question of those who stated that they were the best instructed as to the mode of agitating the people? He would ask, whether those Volunteers, who were to perform such great services for Ireland, were not to be taken from that intimidated, or misled, or criminal mass, which formed the predial agitators of that country? In his opinion these facts clearly connected together the predial and the political agitators. This was sufficient to show him that the predial agitation was too much for the law. Political agitation, whether it was so intended to operate or not, must, it was evident, have a powerful effect on the lower classes, already disposed to outrage and insubordination, because it had, in fact, no other materials to act upon. The acts and speeches of the pacificators were equally inflammatory. One gentleman, who had been despatched on a mission by the most eminent of the agitators, had used language relative to his Majesty, such as he (the Attorney-General) dared not to repeat in that House, but which he would characterize as being most flgitious and brutal. What were the proceedings of the volunteers? They involved the very worst species of tyranny—the tyranny of the mob. The institution was a scheme to obtain power; and the practice of holding up to odium those men who would not submit to the law they dictated, was the worst species of tyranny. It was said, that these Volunteers were not armed: they were not at present; but they were united under secret leaders, and formed one great mass for the protection of themselves, and the prosecution of their own purposes. The greatest of all the agitators, too, had expressed his delight at the probability of the great pacificator—he who had used the seditious harangue—the greatest of all the agitators had expressed the delight he should feel at a triumphant day in arms, when, his friend, Tom Steele, should strut at the head of the Volunteers. Was this a state of things to be contemplated with in-difference? Was the existing disorganization of society to be allowed to continue? With regard to the present Bill, he sincerely hoped, that, as some Gentlemen seemed to suppose, such a change might be produced merely by the passing of it, as would render it unnecessary to put its 77 provisions in force; he should be most happy if such proved to be the effect of this wholesome measure of constitutional counter-intimidation—most happy, if it gave courage to the good and well-disposed, repressed violence, and vindicated the authority of the law, without bloodshed or violation of personal freedom. If such were the case, or if the Bill in any way effected these desirable objects, and brought back Ireland to a state of peace and good order, the measure would only suspend the liberties of the country for a time, ultimately to preserve them, and enable the Legislature to hand them down to posterity, with all their excellence unchanged and unimpaired.
§ Sir Robert Peel
spoke as follows:*—
Having a deep sense of the value of the time of this House, and seeing how much of it is wasted in useless discussion, I shall, without any attempt at an elaborate preface, proceed at once, briefly, and in the plainest language, to state the course I mean to pursue with respect to this painful measure; and the grounds upon which my resolution has been formed. I came down to the House on the first night of the debate, with a strong impression, founded on the general notoriety of facts which have not been denied, that some measure in aid of the ordinary operation of the law, was absolutely necessary for the protection of life and property, and the preservation of order in Ireland. I have since heard from two Ministers of the Crown a detail of atrocities, the recital of which makes the blood run cold. Is this detail correct? Have these murders—these burnings—these various atrocious crimes been committed? We may differ as to the conclusion to be drawn from the premises; we may differ as to the remedy to be applied; but do we agree as to the state of facts, and as to the existence and character of this evil? Up to this hour I have heard no denial of the truth of the statements that have been made. There appears on all sides an admission that the condition of society in many parts of Ireland is most alarming—that the worst crimes have been committed with impunity. Some attribute this state of things to the remissness of the Government; others think the spirit of disturbance might still be suppressed by*Reprinted from the second edition of the corrected speech published by Murray.78 the vigorous execution of existing laws; but no one has impeached the accuracy of those statements which have been made to the House on official authority. To that authority I can of course, add nothing. If the details of crime already given be thought imperfect, I cannot supply the deficiency; but I find on the Records of this House some recent testimonies as to the moral and social condition of certain parts of Ireland, which completely confirm my own previous impressions, and warrant the inferences which have been probably drawn from the recital of individual acts of outrage. As I before observed, the first point to be ascertained is whether we are agreed as to facts. As the foundation of my argument, and in aid of the uncontradicted evidence already offered to us, I beg to quote the testimonies I have before referred to; they will be found in the appendix to a Report on the state of the Queen's County, which was presented at the close of last Session.
The first is contained in a charge delivered by a Judge of the land—a Judge who has had much experience in the administration of criminal law, who has had personal opportunities, in the exercise of his judicial functions, of observing the state and the progress of crime. This Judge has always professed opinions truly liberal; has always been the friend of that liberty which is founded on order; has from his earliest years been friendly to the Roman Catholic claims; and by his great abilities and unsullied integrity has commanded the respect of all parties in Ireland. The Judge to whom I am alluding is Baron Sir William Smith. It being his duty to preside at the Lent Assizes at Maryborough, in the Queen's County in the year 1832, he thus commences his charge to the Grand Jury:—
'Gentlemen of the Grand Jury—I find here a calendar consisting of 150 cases. Of these, twelve are charges of murder; six of conspiracy to murder; nine of man-slaughter; eleven of rape; five of child-murder and its appurtenants; eleven of abduction; forty-one of house-breaking, assaulting dwellings, and robbery of arms; nine of shooting at persons; two of administering unlawful oaths; and twenty-two of violent as saults. A mere selection from this general calendar, of cases which the Attorney-General has found it necessary to prosecute consists, as to quantity, of 79 crime, of more than fifty in number, and as to quality, includes nine murders or felonious homicides: five cases of robbery, and one of demanding arms; five of burglary; one of conspiracy to murder, and three of shooting at with a murderous intent; one case of arson, and four, or rather six, of assaulting habitations; five of compulsory notices, threats, and menaces; and two of administering an unlawful oath; eleven cases of waylaying and malicious assault; two of appearing in arms; four of abduction; one of child-murder, and one of child-desertion.'
These were the atrocities to be tried at one assizes.
The learned Judge proceeds:—'The state of this county, however, seems to furnish an example of what I have more than once had occasion to observe; how easily disorder can shift its purposes and course, and, after threatening one line of outrage proceed upon another. A fact which, by the way, we ought constantly to bear in mind; and be cautious how, by encouraging the discontented feelings of the populace, we inadvertently collect and raise, and train and exercise, a force concerning which we must be uncertain what direction it may take. Not many months ago, when I last was in this county, and presided in this court, I found a system gaining head, of tumultuary array against rights long undisputed, distinctly recognised, and firmly established by the law. It did not seem to be too late to stem the gathering torrent. This, accordingly, within my limited province, I attempted; and, for a time, the attempt did not appear to be unsuccessful. But my endeavours—I cull your attention to this passage—were counteracted by influence which did not fail to render them abortive. Of this powerful counter action, what may be surmised to have been already the results? The lower class of society—a class deficient in the guiding lights of knowledge and instruction, and labouring, it must be admitted, under sufferings and privations, and on these accounts the more liable to be excited and misled—this portion, I say, of our community, stimulated into turbulent and lawless agitation (it may be unawares, and without a culpable, nay, even with a laudable intent); your county, become restless, discontented, and disturbed;
80 its tranquillity rendered, I can only hope not permanently, insecure; your prison crowded to excess with persons charged with insurrectionary transgressions of the law; and the Crown compelled to wield its powers of prosecution, if not with rigour, with an unusual degree of energy and force. If the popular enterprise and incursion proved a failure, we should have gained by it nothing better than commotion and offence; followed by the punishment of, too often, not the misleaders, but the misled. If on the contrary, their resistance of the law accomplished an alteration of its enactments, might they not, by their victory over one class of rights, be encouraged to march forward to the storming of a second, and not discover, till too late, that in spoiling the rights of others, they had been inadvertently plundering and demolishing their own?
Take the testimony of another gentleman also above all exception—a gentleman who would not have come forward, considering the situation in which he stood, unless he had been compelled by an urgent sense of public duty. I refer to a gentleman occupying the situation of a Roman Catholic priest, with no undue influence upon his mind, to lead him to exaggerate the unfortunate condition of the country. In a letter addressed to Lord de Vesci, by the Rev. Nicholas O'Connor, parish priest of Maryborough, and quoted in Mr. O'Connor's evidence before the Committee, the following passage occurs:—In vain have we waited, in hopes of the returning good sense of the deluded; and have found, on the contrary, the well-disposed compelled, by intimidation, either to join the illegalsocieties, ormurdered, or terrified out of the country. This was the testimony of a Roman Catholic priest: it occupied only three lines, it is true; but could the House conceive three lines more pregnant with horror? Such was the state of the country—such the powerless condition of the law, that, to the peaceable and well-disposed, the choice was offered between three courses of action—either to join the illegal societies, or forfeit their lives, or abandon their country. I shall only refer to one other testimony in reference to this subject, because the multiplication of undisputed and indisputable statements, all bearing on the one point, is of no advantage. The last testimony, then, to which I shall direct 81 the attention of the House, as completing the picture, is that of Dr. Doyle, Roman Catholic bishop of the diocess of Kildare and Leighlin. It is contained in a letter addressed by Dr. Doyle to the Catholic clergy and people of his diocess, and is as follows:—'For several months past we have witnessed, with the deepest affliction of spirit, the progress of illegal combinations, under the barbarous designations of Whitefeet and Blackfect, within certain portions of these diocesses. We have laboured—by letter and by word, by private admonition and by public reproof, proceeding from ourselves and from our clergy—to arrest and to suppress this iniquity; but the tares which the enemy of man has in the night-time sown in the field of the Church, have grown up in despite of our watchfulness. Murders, blasphemies, perjuries, rash swearing, robberies, assaults on persons and property, the usurpation of the powers of the State,'—mark that; the usurpation of the powers of the State,'—and of the rights of the peaceable and well-disposed, are multiplied and every day perpetrated, at the instigation of the devil, by the wicked and deluded men engaged in those confederacies.'
Such is the outline of the state of crime in one considerable district of Ireland, traced by the faithful pencils of a Roman Catholic priest, a Roman Catholic bishop, and a Judge of the land. Will any one assert that the picture is overcharged? If it be not—if there be no exaggeration, no overcolouring of the melancholy facts—will it be maintained that ordinary remedies will suffice for the cure of this admitted and alarming evil? If the statement of facts be not denied, and if the existing law be not sufficient, then I feel warranted in giving my assent to the first reading of this Bill—that is, in fact, to the introduction of the measure, with a view to its future consideration in detail. Into that detail I will not now enter; not that I would shrink from doing so, if this were the fit occasion; but let me assure those who are for the first time Members of this House, that the established rules and orders of our proceeding, which allot different stages of the same Bill for different discussions—one for the principle, another for the details—are well calculated, if duly observed, to promote the fair collision of opinion, and to elicit the 82 truth. All that I shall say at present, with respect to the details of the Bill, is briefly this, that, although I will not now pledge myself to their adoption without modification; yet I will not consent to fritter away the general efficacy of the measure, by encumbering the powers which it confers by various restrictions and qualifications.
I will now proceed to review those arguments brought forward in this debate against the principle of the measure, which appear—at least if one may judge from their frequent repetition—to be mainly relied upon by its opponents. It is said, repeatedly, that this measure of coercion is no cure for the deep-seated evils under which Ireland is suffering. In the truth of that observation I cordially concur. There is not a man present who views the condition of society in Ireland with more anxiety and apprehension than myself; or who feels more strongly than I do, the utter worthlessness, as a remedy, of this or any other measure of mere coercion. To form a true judgment of the state of Ireland, we must raise our views above the comparatively petty subjects of our party conflicts—above the questions, important as they are, of Corporations and Grand Jury laws, and tithe-commutation bills. We must include within our view, a whole population labouring under the double evil of a rapid progressive increase in its numbers, and of the contraction of a demand for its labour, and therefore, its increasing destitution. We shall find these evils, that seem, at first view, incompatible with each other—each acting and re-acting on the other, and contributing reciprocally to their own aggravation: the increase of population lowering each individual in the scale of comfort and enjoyment; and the diminished scale of comfort, by removing the checks on early and improvident marriages, and by causing a recklessness about the future, having a tendency to increase the population. Then comes the failure of the potato crop, the want of food, and the ravages of disease, opposing sudden and calamitous restraints on the increase of population, which might be much more effectually and more gradually controlled, were it possible to give a taste for increased comfort; and, at the same time, to supply by labour the means of commanding it. For these evils this measure is no relief. [Hear, hear, from some Members.] Who said it was?—True, this 83 measure is no remedy; but a state of anarchy precludes one. Coercion is not a cure; but continued insurrection is positive death.
I am aware that, even with regard to the professed remedies for the permanent evils of Ireland, I differ from a large majority in this House. I listen, night after night, to the attempts that are made to charge the clergy of Ireland with exaction and rapacity, and to represent tithe as the crying grievance of Ireland. No, no; these are not the sources of the evils that afflict the country; and though an extinction were effected of the legal rights of the clergy, the evils would continue—ay, and would be aggravated, if the rights of which the clergy should be deprived were transferred to the landlords. The first step towards remedying the evils, and removing the disorders of Ireland, will be the knowledge and the statement of the truth. Do not let us offer up unoffending men, who are already despoiled of their rights of property, as sacrifices for the exactions of others. Such a sacrifice would not suffice. You cannot stop at the spoliation of the Church. You will be the sufferers by your own injustice. Remember the remark of Lord Boling broke on the trial of Sacheverell: it is true of your attacks on the Irish clergy, and of their result:—They made a fire to roast a parson, but they made it so hot that they burned themselves. I ask, whether Gentlemen have read the evidence on the subject of tithes? I refer them to the testimony of Mr. John Walsh, a Roman Catholic Magistrate—for I prefer Roman Catholic evidence in such a case—for an exculpation of the clergy. Mr. Walsh is conversant with the condition of the lower classes of his countrymen, and his testimony shows that the miserable state of that vast class of farmers who occupied farms of less than fifteen acres, was attributable, not to the tithe of the clergy, but to the rent of the landlords. Let those Gentlemen who talk of the exactions of the clergy, and think that the evils that afflict Ireland flow solely from tithes, and, consequently, that the "healing" measure for their abolition would accomplish all that was necessary to be done in that country—let them look at the evidence of Mr. Walsh. He states that the majority of persons under the class of farmers it the county of Kilkenny are people holding from ten to fifteen acres of land; that they are generally in the greatest 84 state of destitution from about the month of April to the month of September. Fanners in that class have no means of meeting the demands made upon them but by their crop; and from the time the sale of the crop takes place, till the next crop, they are destitute of every means of obtaining money. Potatoes generally, without either milk or meat, constitute their diet; and they consider themselves very lucky if they have enough of them. I asked Mr. Walsh how many rents a solvent tenant in Ireland ought to make, in order to prosper on his farm. His answer was—Such a calculation never came into the head of the Irish tenant. All he looks to is, to provide his family with potatoes, and pay his rent to his landlord. I asked him whether the people consider themselves well off, if they made two rents out of their crop. Mr. Walsh replied, that he considered a farmer, by converting land to the best purpose, might make double the rent; but he did not think that the small farmer, in general, made anything like that. He meant to represent this as the general state of the farmers of ten or fifteen acres, who have a greater proportion of the whole land than the half of it. The examination of Mr. Walsh proceeded as follows:—You were asked for a statement of what you conceived to be the outgoings upon a farm of ten acres, and the profit that would accrue to the tenant: have you prepared a statement in explanation of that? Answer: I have. I have put the most general mode in which an Irish farmer of that description makes his rent. I have first debited with his year's rent, 15l.; then ten barrels of seed potatoes at 4s. for one acre, planted for his own use, another acre being generally given for manure, 2l.; two barrels of seed wheat, 2l. 10s.; four barrels of seed oats, 1l. 16s.; at 9s. a barrel; by which he will have cropped two acres of wheat, two of oats, and two of potatoes; making six acres of tillage, and leaving the remaining four acres to support his cow and horse. I think I overstated the average produce of such land at six barrels of wheat per acre; I think five barrels would be nearer the average upon 30s. land. I have put that at 1l, 5s. a barrel, which for ten barrels would be 12l 10s.; the oats, of which he may have sixteen barrels, I have rated at 9s, making 7l. 14s.; profit 85 on feeding four pigs, 6l.; butter sold from one cow, generally in small quantities, 1l. 10s.; making, in the entire, 27l.14s. The seed and rent, as I have said, come to 21l. 6s. Then, where the composition is not in force, there is tithe on two acres of potatoes, 1l 4s.; wheat, 1l. 4s.; oats, 16s.; the rent, tithe, and seed, therefore, come to 24l. 10s.; and deducting that from the receipts, which come to 27l. 14s., there is only 3l. 4s. left him for paying taxes and Churchrate, Tepair of houses and forge-work—the labour being done by himself and family, for whose support he has one acre of potatoes and one cow's milk. I will next read an extract or two from the evidence of a clergyman named Dwyer. In answer to the question—Are there a great number of intermediate landlords in Ireland? Mr. O'Dwyer said, Not in the part where I live; but I believe, in many parts—in the more improved parts, there are.—Is it the case genenerally?—I believe it is wearing out a good deal; I know that in the county of Galway, it has considerably decreased. Do you know the situation of the landlord placed immediately over the tenant; is he generally a respectable man? Very often not: last year I found upon a piece of land, that might, when it was let, be fifty-six or fifty-eight acres, fifty-two families residing; it was broken so small as that; and the consequence of the minute subdivision of it was, that, being adjacent to a bog, the people had spread, and reclaimed some of the lands of the bog. Before they joined in condemnation of the clergy, let the House attend to the following extract from the same gentleman's evidence. It was the intention of the Tithe Composition Act to relieve the tenant from the tithe, and that the landlord should henceforth let his land tithe-free, and be the virtual payer of the tithe; that is, by giving credit for the tithe-owner's receipt for such tithe. Says Mr. O'Dwyer, I have in my own instance known the tithe composition applotment to be borrowed from me and from my clerk, by the agents of proprietors in the country, for the purpose of ascertaining what the exact amount of composition was with reference to their own estates, and then setting their lands. On many occasions I believe, it has been the practice to embody in the rent that they charge upon the tenant the amount 86 of the composition-rent, as applotted or assessed upon the land; but still, nevertheless, that the liability for the payment remained upon the tenants; and those tenants, many of them, have complained to me that when they offered their receipts for tithe-rent, they got no credit for it in the accounts of their landlords.—Would not the tenant have the power of enforcing such a claim against his landlord?—I am not aware that there is any especial provision in the Act that would enable him; and I am sufficiently well acquainted with the dispositions and the habits of the people to know, that it would not be a very feasible thing for them to do, to compel such credit to be given. The tenantry, in general, are too much dependent upon their landlords. Leases are generally not given complete leases; they more frequently hold by demise, or they hold by acceptance of proposal, which leaves them entirely at the mercy of the landlord to continue them in or not.
Now, I ask, is the statement of this clergyman true? Are there landlords in some parts of Ireland who have done this? Have they increased the rent of their tenants by the amount of tithe to which those tenants were subject, left the tenant responsible for the tithe to the clergyman, and then refused to give him credit for the amount paid, notwithstanding the production of the clergyman's receipt? If these things are not true, contradict them: but while they remain on our records uncontradicted, it is neither very generous nor very just, that, in this assemblage of landlords, where the clergy have no place, no means of personal defence, they should be held up as extortioners, and destroyers of the poor. They have lost—many of them, at least—have lost their all, either through the dishonesty of others, or their own forbearance. In mercy, let us spare their characters, unless we are sure that our accusations are just.
Other remedies are proposed—Poor-laws among the rest. If I have paused in giving my assent to their introduction into Ireland, it is not from insensibility to Irish suffering, but from the fear, where poverty is so wide-spread, and the demand for labour so disproportionate to the supply, that, the principle of the Poor-laws once introduced, the whole revenue of the land Mill ultimately be absorbed by the 87 claims for relief, and an agrarian law of the worst kind practically established. Suggestions have been offered of a strict limitation of the principle of Poor-laws; of confining relief exclusively to cases of disease, and decrepitude, and total incapacity for labour. If this limitation can be applied, and rigidly enforced, many of the objections to the system of Poor-laws will, no doubt, be abated. But looking, on the one hand, to the extent and complication of poverty in Ireland; on the other, to the extreme difficulty of confining within definite limits any sound principle of relief, and of checking its abuse—I have sometimes feared that, in reference to Poor-laws for Ireland, we are almost arrived at that melancholy state described by the Roman historian, in quo, nec vitia nostra, nec remedia, patipossumus.'
There has been much vague declamation about healing measures, and large concessions, the nature of which has not been specified, and of which, therefore, no one can judge. But this I will say, that, however you may talk of healing measures, and notwithstanding you may conciliate powerful parties by concessions, Parliament will gain nothing by giving way to popular clamour, or yielding one single point beyond that which their sense of justice may dictate. If Ministers should either consent to the confiscation of any species of property, or should establish principles leading to future confiscation, they may be cheered in this House by the voices of many around them—but not only will they fail to procure additional security for life, and peace, and property; but, so far from satisfying the deluded people of Ireland, they will only whet their appetites for further rapine. I shall vote for this measure; but I accept it as no compromise on any other subject. I vote for it on its own principle, and will consider whatever other measures may be presented on their principles. If ever there was a country in which it was essential jealously to uphold the rights and properties of all classes—to teach all men, rich and poor, that those rights must and shall be respected—that clamour and combination shall not prevail; it is the country which is the unhappy subject of this debate.
I shall proceed in my review of the main objections to this Bill—sweeping aside, of course, all the rubbish with 88 which Gentlemen have filled up the interstices of their arguments. Of such rubbish the following appeal was a fair specimen:—Was this measure the proof which Ministers gave of their gratitude to Ireland?—Was this the gratitude of the Legislature for the assistance received from Ireland on the Reform Bill? As to this latter appeal, it could not be supposed to produce much effect upon those who had opposed Reform, Still, I admit, that I should be quite as base as those charged with ingratitude, if I consented to a law like this, if it be not absolutely necessary for the tranquillization of Ireland. But this is no question of gratitude or ingratitude. The lives and properties of the King's peaceable subjects are not to be complimented away. The question is, does the state of Ireland require such a measure? If it does, what room is there to talk of gratitude? Parliament is to determine whether bands of armed ruffians are to be permitted to break open houses by night, to plunder arms, to injure property, to destroy life. Why do you call these things privileges? Is this the happiness and the liberty of which it will be ingratitude to deprive you? It has been said, that this measure amounts to a suspension of the British Constitution. I admit, that it is a measure of severity, of intolerable severity, unless there be a paramount necessity for it: I admit that; but I deny that it is a suspension of the British Constitution. Oh, no; that has been long suspended. I see, indeed, a ghastly form, which takes the semblance and usurps the name of the British Constitution; but it is a phantom without life. You mistake the British Constitution. It is not a mere heap of cumbrous formalities, that serve no other purpose but to give impunity to those who are accused of crime. The British Constitution is meant to give equal protection, and ensure to all equal liberty. It presupposes the existence of some executory principle to work it—of instruments imbued with the generous spirit in which itself was framed. It presupposes a love of order, a respect for property, a reverence for the obligation of an oath. The British Constitution never recognised the vile doctrine of passive resistance. It may have no punishment for it. It may have been too generous to foresee a wide-spread combination among rich and poor, to defeat the law, and to rob others of their pro- 89 perty. So long as this robbery is committed with impunity—so long as innocent men are fleeing from their homes to seek protection from murder—do what you will, but do not talk of the British Constitution! Spare us the stale quotations from Lord Chatham—spare us the empty boast "that an Englishman's house is his castle!" What! Was the reverend Mr. Houston's house his castle? Was Mr. Marum's house his castle? Will you see men savagely murdered in the broad day by assassins, and then mock their widows and their children with your laboured periods about the British Constitution and an Englishman's castle? You may not be able to punish guilt; you may not be able to prevent murder; but do not let these things be perpetrated under the shield and cover of the British Constitution, Send it not on a forlorn hope, on which disgraceful failure is inevitable. Impose not upon it the condition of Egyptian bondage; and exact the work without giving it the materials. This is my answer to your objection, that the Bill will suspend the British Constitution.
But it has been asked repeatedly, would England tolerate this law? I ask, would England tolerate the state of things which now exists in Ireland? And this state of things existed before this law was brought in, and therefore my question ought to have precedence. Would England bear to live under the domination of hungry and illiterate legislators, with no more mercy than those in Ireland? I tell you that England, rather than submit to such a state of things, would rouse those energies which existed before laws, and are independent of laws, and would put down the base and vulgar tyranny. If these failed, and if to the suppression of that tyranny such a law as this was indispensable, England would tolerate it—ay, and would demand it. She would not talk of the ingratitude of a Legislature, which rescued life and property from midnight attacks—but she would rebuke the apathy and cowardice of one which refused to give them protection. The measure had two objects in view; and one of the main objections to it was, that it contemplated both those objects. The first object for which it provided by enactments which extended to the whole of Ireland, was to prevent political agitation; the other object was, to prevent those insurrectionary proceedings 90 which have been called in this Debate agrarian disturbances. The objection was, that political agitation was unconnected with the insurrectionary proceedings, and that it was unnecessary and unjust that there should be precautions taken against political agitation. I will make no personal applications, but this I will say, that I will not vote for a law which should arrest the ignorant and deluded offenders, unless it laid at the same time its interdict upon the system which encouraged and incited them. I am now touching on the most important part of the measure. It would be unjust to limit the law to a number of wretched Whitefeet, whilst it made no attempt to prevent the proximate cause of insurrection. I can see no justice in an act which should punish the deluded conspirators, if it did not take some precautions against the system of political agitation. There are great fallacies on this part of the subject. The argument was this—that there were two matters, political agitation and insurrectionary violence, but that they were altogether unconnected; that the system of political agitation was, not connected with the insurrections. He should try to draw the line between the truth and the mistake, and expose the fallacy. The object of political agitation was, to work upon the mass of the people—to create a mighty power of opinion and physical force combined, which should be subject to its control, and obedient to its will. It was no easy matter to keep this fiery mass at the proper temperature, and at the same time to prevent those partial eruptions and explosions from which no good could ensue. I do not deny, that political agitation does occasionally condemn, and does try to repress, insurrectionary violence: to be sure it does—it does it whenever insurrectionary violence defeats the object of political agitation. You say, that political agitation has the power, and has exercised the power, of restoring peace to disturbed districts—that ten counties have been quieted through its influence. I, for one, will not pay such a price for peace and quiet. What does all this prove? Why, that there exists a power, superior to Government, and superior to law, that operates by an unseen but magic influence on the mass of the people. This power may be strong for good purposes, but it is irresistible for evil. Do you think, if it can perform 91 the miracle of stilling the stormy wave of the multitude, it need to put forth equal strength to rouse into fury the tranquil deep? Your Government and the dominion of the law exist but by sufferance, if you permit yourselves to be duped by the sophistry, that, because political agitation may be able occasionally to control popular excesses, therefore it is a system to be tolerated and encouraged. But the truth is, that it can only control those excesses for a time: it must administer some great stimulant; it must excite a hope of some great measure of relief. At one time the Catholic Question will serve its purpose; at another the Repeal of the Union, or the destruction of the Church; but if it should come to pass that excitement cannot be maintained—that the special object to be gained cannot possibly be achieved; then popular excesses will break their bonds, and prove too strong even for political agitation.
You read to us plausible and artful manifestoes, exhorting the people to abstain from crime. They may be very sincere; you tell me they are so, and I am bound, at least, not to contradict you; but this I say, that the issue of such manifestoes is, of itself, no proof of sincerity. I say more, that the cunning of the serpent would suggest and dictate the issue of them. I will believe you to be sincere, if you will abandon the system of agitation at the same moment that you exhort the people to peace and good order; but, if you do not abandon that system, of what avail are your exhortations? Of course, the mass that obeys you will be more irresistible, as the habits of subordination and discipline are more complete. Is an army less powerful or less formidable because it maintains good discipline—because it obeys the orders of its superiors—because it abstains from individual acts of outrage and violence? I do not say, that such exhortations are incompatible with good intentions; but I will prove to you that they are quite compatible with the worst. Let us go back to the period of 1798. You will find, in the secret reports of the Irish Parliament, on the origin and progress of the Irish Rebellion, that the leaders of rebels, who were negotiating with France, were, at the same time, exhorting their followers to peace and good order. Here is an address of the County Committee of Dublin to their constituents:— 92 'We recommend, in the most earnest manner, your constant recollection of your solemn obligations to promote a brotherhood of affection among Irishmen of every religious persuasion: suffer it not to be a mere profession; but realise it by every act of benevolence and kindness, as you would do to your natural brothers.
Be sober, and promote sobriety in all your circles. Banish all violent and intemperate language from your meetings: be assured that nothing can injure the cause of liberty more than such conversations. Violent and intemperate language is affected by spies and enemies'.—Spies and enemies! one word on that subject. This is the universal cant, that all the disturbances in Ireland are the work of emissaries employed by the Government, to ensnare the credulous and innocent people into the commission of crime. I have been connected with the Government, English and Irish, for near twenty years, and I declare, upon my honour, I never knew or heard of a spy or emissary employed by Government for the purpose of seducing people into the commission of crime. The Government that employed such instruments would be justly the object of execration and ridicule. But to revert to the Address. 'Avoid, as much as possible, all meetings in public houses: a few minutes, in any convenient place, will be sufficient for a small number of men to confer on the objects of their deliberation.'
What excellent advice! but where do I find it? Why, in the very same document which contains the resolutions and constitution of the Society of United Irishmen;—in the very same document which explains the organization of that extraordinary machinery of treason, by which baronial Committees, and county Committees, and provincial Committees, and the national Committee, were constituted; the inferior authorities each obedient to the commands of a superior, of whose names and persons it was kept in utter ignorance.
Among the persons who were apprehended in 1798, shortly before the breaking out of the Rebellion, was an active agent of treason, of the name of Edward Ratigan. In his house there were found many thousand copies of an Address to his countrymen, breathing that spirit of peace which betokens the holy effusions of 93 religion, rather than a political manifesto. Can anything be more edifying than the lessons which it inculcates?—
Your strength consists in being a cordially united and thoroughly well organised body. Let sobriety, let good character, let courage, let talents, be the qualities which shall direct your choice. Purge your societies of all suspicious or doubtful men. Be discreet, and avoid drunkenness. Be patient, and avoid riots. The taking of arms, by force, from houses, is attended with great evil, and productive of no good; therefore, any man imprisoned shall not be maintained by their societies.[Hear, hear! from some Members.]
Oh yes, the instructions are excellent; but, sometimes, the cry of" Hear, hear!" is premature. What a pity it is that this was not the only document found in the possession of Edward Ratigan! He would have gone forth with the character of an apostle of peace; and would have been sent, perhaps, on his holy mission, protected; and rewarded by the Government of Ireland. But Edward Ratigan had other papers in his possession, which might suggest a doubt of his apostolic character. He had a sergeant's oath, which runs thus:—
'I, A B, do voluntarily declare that I will come forward when called upon by my captain or superior officer, and aid him in any eligible manner that may tend to the establishment of liberty or the freedom of Ireland; and that I will not call forward, under arms, any of the men consigned to my command, without the authority of my superior officer; and that I will not risk, by any illegal meeting, the safety of any individual under my command.'
This oath throws some suspicion, I fear, on the good intentions of the political sermon on obedience and sobriety, of which Mr. Ratigan had so many thousand copies: but there was in the possession of Mr. Ratigan a still more awkward document. It reposed peaceably, side by side, with the admirable address which was cheered just now, and it is not a bad commentary upon it.
It is a return of the number of United Irishmen in thirteen counties of Ireland; that is, of the men among whom the address was to be distributed, and who amounted, from Mr. Ratigan's returns, to 111,725 men, for whom there were in 94 store, according to the same return, 6,919 guns, 34,632 ball cartridges, and 43,125 pikes. So much for Mr. Ratigan and his exhortations to sobriety and good order, Now, all that I meant to prove was, that it may so happen that men with very dangerous intentions may sometimes give very good advice respecting the duties of peace, and obedience to the law; and I hope that I have succeeded.
It only remains to inquire what practical course I shall pursue. Shall I vote for the first reading of this Bill, and thus permit a further consideration of it? or, shall I reject it at once, as an act of intolerable and unjustified despotim? I have, it is true, an alternative: I may, if I choose, range myself under the standard which has been erected by the right hon. Gentleman (Mr. Tennyson), the member for Lambeth But really, Sir, the device which he has chosen for his shield is so little inspiriting, that I am forced to hesitate. If his warcry had been, "Down with the Bill" or, "Trial by Jury!" or, "Stand by the Laws!" or, "The British Constitution or Death!" one might have partaken of the enthusiasm of your leader, and followed him at all hazards. But when the leader has chosen such a very unromantic motto—when his standard is merely inscribed—" That this Bill be read a first time on this day fortnight;"—when he rallies his followers with the sage advice, "Let us wait a little,"—" Come, tarry awhile with me," I have self-possession enough to resist his appeal.
Wait a fortnight! and for what? Why, to see what effect the promise of remedial measures will have in a fortnight. Did the right hon. Gentleman hear the Secrecretary of Ireland give an account of the relative progress of crime during certain periods of each of the last four years? It was bad enough in 1829; it was worse in 1830; 1831 was still more alarming; but 1832 almost exceeded belief. Well! but you have had "remedial" measures in abundance during the interval. Why, yon had extinction of tithe, as it was called: nay more, you had the great healing measure of all, Reform of Parliament. If they have done nothing in the space of four years; nay, if they have made—or, at any rate, if matters have become, in spite of them—infinitely worse, where is the use of waiting a fortnight? How I wish we were at this moment at the end of the fortnight, and that I could just ask 95 the member for Lambeth, what he would do next? Would he wait another fortnight, or pass the Bill? No, Sir, there is no use in this delay; there is no use in pausing on the banks of this turbid stream, and poring over the waters, to see whether, some days hence, they will be less streaked and discoloured with human blood. I am for passing over while it is yet day; while the current is yet fordable; while it is yet within our power to carry across the stream succour to the law, and consolation to the drooping spirits of those who have begun to despair. Wait a fortnight, and you may be too late! not because you waited the fortnight; but because you showed the symptoms of irresolution and fear. The current already rapid, but still passable, may, before you are aware, become a foaming torrent, that refuses to be crossed—Lapides adesos,Stirpesque raptas, et pecus et domosVolventis unà——I have attempted to refute some of the objections urged against this measure; but the truth is, that it is here, it is in this list, in this bloody catalogue of crime, that the true answer to these objections lies:—196 murders and murderous attempts; 194 burnings; 1,827 burglaries and attacks on houses! Can you deny these facts; and if you cannot, where is your answer to the argument drawn from them? It is too powerful not to be repeated. Above 2,200 acts of insurrectionary violence have been committed in one single year in one single province.
One hundred and ninety-six murders!—Why, you have fought great battles, and achieved famous victories, at a less cost of English blood! [An Hon Member: No, no.] No! but I say emphatically, Yes. The battle of St. Vincent cost you less. The terrible bombardment of Algiers cost you less. With less profusion of English blood you rolled back the fiery tide which the exulting valour of France poured upon the heights of Busaco. But why do I talk of battles?—Oh, how tame and feeble the comparison between death on the field of honour, and that death which is inflicted by the hand of Irish assassins. It is not the fatal hour of that death that is most terrible; it is the wasting misery of suspense, the agony of expectation, that is listening for weeks and months to every nightly sound, lest it be the fatal knell to summon a whole family to destruction. 96 These are the real terrors, from which the act of murder is but too often a merciful relief. In Ireland they can afford to give you notice of death; and woe to the victim that receives that notice and neglects it! In England, who is there that has mixed in public life and has not received some anonymous warning, or threat of personal injury, and, having received it, does not treat it either as a malignant jest, or an empty menace, which proves, that from one quarter, at least, he is in no danger? But, in Ireland, these warnings are given in sober earnestness. They are the preliminary tortures, the refinements of cruelty, which embitter the pangs of death. These, Sir, may appear slight things, but they are in truth, the colours that paint the state of society more vividly than volumes of laboured disquisitions.
There never was a tale of fictitious horror that equalled the romance that in that state of society real life has presented. There never was a creative fancy that could figure to itself a state of misery more terrible than that which has been, and now is, endured by many a family in Ireland, or could pourtray, from imagination alone, such examples of heroic fortitude, of sublime composure in the very jaws of death, as have been exhibited by illiterate and wretched peasants. There you may find the gauge and measure of the load of agony which the human spirit, after repeated trials, can endure, without fainting under the pressure.
I am still haunted by the recollection of the scenes of atrocity and suffering with which I was once familiar. Will the House bear with me while I mention one fact to prove the truth of what I say, both as to the misery that is endured, and as to the fortitude that is exhibited? It occurred long ago, but it was then no rare occurrence, and it is less so now.
There was a family in the county of Kilkenny, consisting of a father, mother, and three children; the eldest child, a girl about nine years of age. The father had made himself obnoxious by giving evidence against some persons charged with White-boy offences, who were, I believe, tried and executed. He was forced to leave the country; he came to Dublin: but the desire to return to his native spot overcame his fears, and he was resolved to brave the danger. It was in vain to expostulate with him: all he asked was, that he might be allowed to return to his home, and that his 97 house might be slated. Perhaps some English Members are not aware of the object of this request, and do not see the great difference, in point of security, between a thatched and a slated house. Here, again, is one of the slight, almost imperceptible circumstances, that are unerring: indications of the state of society. The house is slated, as a means of additional defence, to prevent the murderers, who may try to force an entrance through the door or window, from setting fire to the roof in case of failure. The man returned to his home, took possession of his house, received a notice to leave it, and a threat of murder if he did not; but he still resisted all importunity to him to come to a place of safety, and remained with his family some weeks, with out being attacked, long enough to relax his vigilance. One night his house was surrounded either by eleven or nine men (I forget which at this moment). He was asleep in bed with his wife and children. They broke into the house, dragged the man just outside the door, and murdered him in the most horrid manner, with pitchforks, in the hearing and almost in the sight of his wife and children. Now, let the House mark what I am about to relate. While the husband was in the struggles of death, the mother took her child—the child of nine years of age;—placed it in a recess that was close to the fireplace;—and, such was the heroic fortitude of that woman, such her awful composure, while the cries of her dying husband were ringing in her ears, I that she said to her child: Those are the cries of your dying father. I shall be the next victim. After they have murdered him they will murder me: but I will not go out when they call me; I will struggle with them to the last, that I may give yon time to do that for which I put you here. My last act will be to throw this dry turf on the hearth; and do you, by the glare of it, watch the faces of the murderers, mark them all narrowly, that you may be able to tell who they are, and to revenge the death of your father and your mother.
As the unhappy woman foretold, so it fell out. She was summoned, but she did not go forth. After a short but unsuccessful struggle with her murderers, she was dragged out of the house, and she was actually slain upon the bleeding body of her husband. The child obeyed her dying command;—watched, by the lighted turf, 98 the faces and every motion of the assassins; and upon the artless evidence of that child, which nothing could shake, five of those assassins were convicted, and hanged! Such are the romances of real life!
Alas! in that state of society in which such things take place, it is not merely that laws are powerless; all the moral restraints and checks on crime appear to have lost their force. Those feelings of pity, those compunctious visitings of nature, which, in other times, have given protection, at least to the helplessness of age and infancy, are extinct. There is no remorse. The conscience—" which makes cowards of us all,"—inflicts no secret punishment on the murderer whom the law has spared. Those superstitious terrors; those salutary, and almost instinctive prejudices, that impress the mind with a belief that murder cannot escape detection—are obliterated. The mighty genius that dived deepest into the recesses of the human heart, and laid bare the springs of human action, never imagined the total extinction of pity and remorse. When he painted the murderer, he painted him haunted by the recollection of his crime, and driven to distraction by the phantoms that pursued him:———"Blood will have blood, they say;Stones have been known to move, and trees to speak;Auguries and understood relations have brought forthThe secrct'st man of blood.In Ireland the man of blood is not secret; and neither the law of his country nor his own conscience, have any terrors for him.
In this state of things, then, there being no adequate punishment inflicted by the ordinary operation of law, and the force of moral restraints on crime being almost extinguished, shall we reject at once this measure as unworthy of consideration? You are asked how this measure can supply the defect of evidence. You are told that it is evidence, and evidence only, that is now wanted; and it is inquired of you, in a tone of triumph, "Do you mean to convict without the proofs of guilt? and, if not, how do you mean to procure those proofs?" I answer—By restoring confidence. Range yourselves on the side of order; lend the weight of your authority to the law; and from that hour you will instil confidence into the peaceable and 99 well-disposed, and strike terror into the coward hearts (for they are cowards) of nightly assassins. Then will men breathe a new atmosphere. Then will the position of the friends of order and of its enemies he reversed; and those who suffer will come forth with voluntary testimony to aid the law, which gives them redress for past injury, and protects them from renewed wrong. But if you shrink from your duty—if you pause for a fortnight—if you cover your irresolution under the flimsy veil of requiring further time to consider, then take these consequences:—The contagion of depravity will rapidly extend; the places yet healthy will be infected; the whole land will become a moral wilderness, in which every principle of Government will be subverted, and every rule of justice reversed—in which there will be no punishment except for innocence, and no security except for triumphant guilt.
§ On the Question being put,
§ Lord Althorp
said, that though he wished to give every opportunity for the discussion of the measure before the House, yet he did think that this would have been its utmost limit; in this opinion he was supported by many Gentlemen. He was, generally, very much averse to opposing a motion for adjournment, but he must say, that it was hardly possible to believe the Motion was, in the present instance, made for the sole purpose of discussing the Question. After three nights debate on the first stage of the Bill, he certainly must consider the Motion in the light of an expedient for delay, and in that view must oppose it.
§ The House divided on the Motion for the Adjournment—Ayes 68; Noes 466: Majority 398.
§ Another division on the Motion, that this House do now adjourn, took place—Ayes 63; Noes 468: Majority 405.
|List of the AYES.|
|Attwood, T.||Bulwer, E. L.|
|Baldwin, H.||Bulwer, H. L.|
|Baillie, J. E.||Butler, Hon. P.|
|Barron, H. W.||Daunt, T. O.|
|Bayntun, Captain||Faithful, G.|
|Beauclerk, Major||Fancourt, Major C. St. John|
|Bellew, R. M.|
|Blackney, W.||Fielden, J.|
|Buckingham, J. S.||Finn, W. F.|
|Fitzgerald, T.||O'Ferrall, R. M.|
|Fitzsion, C.||O'Reiley, W.|
|Fitzsimon, N.||Philips, M.|
|French, F.||Roche, D.|
|Grattan, H.||Roche, W.|
|Grote, G.||Roe, J.|
|Gully, J.||Roebuck, J. A.|
|Harvey, D. W.||Ronayne, D.|
|Humphrey, J.||Rorke, J. H.|
|Ingilby, Sir W.||Ruthven, E.|
|James, W.||Scholefield, J.|
|Kinloch, G.||Sheil, R. L.|
|Lalor, P.||Stawell, Lieut.-Col.|
|Langton, G.||Sullivan, R.|
|Lynch, A. H.||Tennyson, rt. hon. C.|
|Maclachlan, L.||Torrens, Lieut.-Col. R.|
|Macnamara, Maj. W. N.||Tynte, C. K. K.|
|Tynte, C. J. K.|
|Moles worth. Sir W.||Vigors, N.|
|Nagle, Sir R.||Wallace, R.|
|O'Connell, D.||Warburton, H.|
|O'Connell, M.||Williams, Colonel G.|
|O'Connor, D.||Hume, J.|
|O'Dwyer, A. C.||Ruthven, E.|
§ Debate resumed.
§ Mr. John H. Lloyd
observed, that there could be no doubt that there were outrages committed in Ireland, and it was equally undoubted that they should be put down; but the question which the House had to determine was, whether such a measure as the proposed one was required for that purpose, and whether a due and vigorous administration of the existing laws would not amply suffice without its enactment. He contended that the case of a necessity for such an unconstitutional measure had not been made out by his Majesty's Government, and he maintained that the existing laws afforded sufficient means for restoring peace and good order in that distracted country. Let the Government and the constituted authorities only do their duty, and his Majesty's Ministers would have no occasion for those increased powers which it was proposed to give them by this Bill. He could point to an instance in which the vigorous execution of its duty on the part of the Government led to similar happy results in this country. In the year 1812 a general illegal organization took place throughout the manufacturing districts; the same system of intimidation that was now practised in Ireland was universally resorted to; the Magistrates shrunk from the performance of their duties; but one man came forward at his post, and, assisted by the vigorous 101 exertions of the Government of that day, he effectually put down the disturbances and restored tranquillity. He objected to this measure altogether, but he especially objected to those military tribunals which would be constituted under it, and which were so liable to be perverted to the purposes of injustice and oppression. There was an intense feeling against the measure in England, He had been intrusted with a petition, numerously signed from his constituents, to present against it. [The hon. Member addressed the House for some time; but noise and cries of "Question," &c., prevented what he said from being heard.]
§ Lord Althorp
said, that the objection which he had made to the Motion of Adjournment, when it was made before, was, that it was not necessary for the House to adjourn at that early period of the night. He then certainly thought, that they might go on with the discussion some time longer, not that he at all wished to prevent those Gentlemen who might be desirous to address the House from speaking, but, because it appeared to him, that to adjourn a debate of this kind at an early hour every night before its conclusion would be productive of great delay and unnecessary inconvenience. He had not, however, the same objection to the Motion for Adjournment when it was brought forward, as it now was, at a more advanced hour of the night. An hon. friend behind him suggested, that it would be better to adjourn till to-morrow, but he thought, that upon the score of convenience alone that would be objectionable.
§ Debate adjourned till the following Monday. | <urn:uuid:4a8f14f6-b762-4534-8391-adbf490b9fc7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1833/mar/01/suppression-of-disturbances-ireland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721027.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00551-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986212 | 37,657 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Three 2022 papers, starting with a rabbit study of dietary supplements:
“Adding native type II collagen (NC) to the combination of chondroitin sulfate (CS), glucosamine hydrochloride (GlHCl), and hyaluronic acid (HA) showed improvements on osteoarthritis progression. Disease progression was monitored at different time points using magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers, measurement of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid, and macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of cartilage, synovial membrane and subchondral bone.
CTR (control group–no treatment), CGH (60.38 mg/kg CS + 75.47 mg/kg GlHCl + 3.35 mg/kg HA) and CGH-NC (60.38 mg/kg CS + 75.47 mg/kg GlHCl + 3.35 mg/kg HA + 0.67 mg/kg NC). Clearer colors result in an increase of the frequency of each stage of the disease. Significant differences can be appreciated in the CGH-NC group, compared to the other groups over time.
Oral administration of CS with GlHCl and HA, with or without NC, is safe, and provides significant improvements in OA progression. Adding NC leads to better outcomes seen on macroscopic and microscopic evaluation and MRI biomarkers.”
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/11/1401/htm “Improved Joint Health Following Oral Administration of Glycosaminoglycans with Native Type II Collagen in a Rabbit Model of Osteoarthritis”
A rodent study of bone growth and similar dietary supplements taken separately found pretty much the opposite:
“Female C57BL/6 mice bred in house were used. Starting at 11 weeks of age, animals were given dietary supplements of either hydrolyzed type I collagen at 1 g/kg, glucosamine sulfate potassium chloride at 300 mg/kg, chondroitin sulfate sodium salt at 250 mg/kg, or fish oil at 1 g/kg. These values were calculated using a body surface area (BSA) calculation from human dosage values of 81.1 mg/kg for collagen, 24.3 mg/kg for glucosamine, 20.3 mg/kg for chondroitin sulfate and 81.1 mg/kg for fish oil.
Our findings indicate that dietary supplements had little impact on bone morphology or mechanics in young female mice and cannot be used to improve bone’s fracture resistance. Bone quality, inferred from material-level mechanical properties and fracture toughness, did not improve with treatment. The only alteration in bone quality was a decrease in elastic modulus with glucosamine or fish oil, which is considered negative and would not be advantageous in preventing fracture.
These data suggest that adding more basic components of the bone matrix into the diet of growing mice does not improve quality of bone tissue. Dietary supplements may be more beneficial in individuals without a balanced diet or in those with an increased risk of fracture, such as those experiencing estrogen loss.”
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14068-2 “Dietary supplements do not improve bone morphology or mechanical properties in young female C57BL/6 mice”
This second study cited a 2015 article Translating dosages from animal models to human clinical trials—revisiting body surface area scaling in this context:
“Dosage in this study was determined by using the BSA formula. This technique does have its drawbacks as it does not take into differences in murine metabolism as discussed more in depth elsewhere, but the lack of pharmacokinetic data for dietary supplements in mice prevented a more complex conversion.”
That article has been cited many times, including in a 2022 review:
“Dose-based methodologies for predicting human clinical doses from preclinical data were assessed for oncology drugs. BSA-based approaches were predictive for small molecule oncology drugs, in particular for kinase inhibitors and cytotoxic agents, but prediction was poor for drugs with immune and endocrine components to their mechanisms.
BSA conversion of doses was clearly inappropriate for large molecules. Direct mg/kg-based prediction was more relevant to large molecules with molecular weight > 100 kDa and in particular antibody-drug conjugates.
This approach is theoretically applicable to other therapeutic areas, and if validated in other therapeutic areas, may provide an easy estimate of clinical doses early in the drug discovery and development process to facilitate compound selection and risk management. Later in the drug development process, dose-based methods should be superseded by exposure- and mechanism-based methodologies whenever possible.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9087189/ “Predicting Approximate Clinically Effective Doses in Oncology Using Preclinical Efficacy and Body Surface Area Conversion: A Retrospective Analysis”
I’ve used body surface area calculations for human equivalent doses, for example, the small molecule sulforaphane at 177.3 g / mol or 177 Da.
Three of the first study’s human equivalent doses can be calculated by the body surface area factor 0.324 for rabbits since molecular weight of chondroitin sulfate is 463.37 g / mol, glucosamine hydrochloride is 215.63 g / mol, and hyaluronic acid is 403.31 g / mol. Human equivalent doses are:
- Chondroitin sulfate (.324 x 60.38 mg) x 70 kg = 1,369 mg;
- Glucosamine hydrochloride (.324 x 75.47 mg) x 70 kg = 1,712 mg; and
- Hyaluronic acid (.324 x 3.35 mg) x 70 kg = 76 mg.
These three weights are all close to supplement weights advertised to be effective.
Undenatured type II collagen in the first study is 300 kDa, and hydrolyzed type I collagen in the second study varies from 0.3 to 8 kDa. Per the third paper’s recommendation of using mg/kg calculations for large molecules, human equivalent doses would be (0.67 mg x 70 kg) = 47 mg for type II and (81.1 mg x 70 kg) = 5,677 mg for type I, respectively. These two weights are also close to supplement weights advertised to be effective. | <urn:uuid:77675f1d-8f7a-4b98-a7a0-a473ed7fe2d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://surfaceyourrealself.com/2022/07/09/supplement-evidence-and-counter-evidence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.885943 | 1,361 | 1.679688 | 2 |
In Beslan, Bricio Segovia returns to the "City of Angels" to attend the memorial ceremony commemorating those who died in a school siege 10 years ago. In London, Harry Fear works on his report on NATO. He explains the writing process and various ways of making a news package.
In London, Marina Kosareva works on a story on the relevance of the British citizenship test as she learns that British people themselves often struggle to pass it. Meanwhile in Beslan, North Ossetia, Bricio Segovia returns to the tragic school where a hostage crisis happened 10 years ago, to film the memorial service.
James Brown explores what it’s like to be homeless on the streets of the UK. Christmas is all about being with the people you love and enjoying life but this time, James joins thousands from all round the country who are forced to sleep rough and beg for money.
If you want to stay, you have to pay. Non-EU spouses of British citizens have no automatic right to live and work in the UK. Among numerous other conditions, the British spouse must earn £18,600 a year for their other half to receive a working visa. Less than half of Britain’s working population earns this much. It means thousands of loving families are forced apart every year. | <urn:uuid:5443264a-dd89-46f0-9663-c3cd6c283699> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://rtd.rt.com/tags/london/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00461-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950245 | 270 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Reclaim Functionality for Resource Holders
This is an improvement to the RIPE Database update service to allow resource holders to delete any operational objects from the RIPE Database connected to their resources. This improvement automates the process which was previously handled manually by the RIPE NCC.
The authentication system of the RIPE Database is quite complex. There are multiple levels and types of authentication. There are dedicated authentication types with fall back options with different meanings depending on the object type. Even experienced users of the RIPE Database can sometimes set up their data in ways that have undesirable consequences. This is reflected in the number of times the RIPE NCC is asked to manually intervene to recover control of objects or remove blocking objects for resource holders.
A common scenario is to give joint control over an object using the "mnt-by:". If you do this, both maintainers have equal authority. The other party can simply remove the resource holder from the object and control is lost. There was no way for a resource holder to recover from this without asking the RIPE NCC to intervene and override authorisation. This improvement automates the previously manual process.
Perhaps the most common issue is where a route object blocks the creation of a new exact matching route object. With this new functionality the resource holder can simply delete the blocking route object.
RFC 2725 (Routing Policy System Security) provides for a reclaim functionality. This was intended for resource holders to be able to delete more specific data. This functionality has been discussed many times by users but was never implemented.
The resource holder is responsible and accountable for the overall management of the resources allocated or assigned to them by the RIPE NCC. To fulfill these obligations the resource holder needs to have the 'capability' to manage their resources. This reclaim functionality was not implemented in the legacy RIPE Database software, but features like this are quite easy to add to the new software.
The RIPE RPSL (Routing Policy Specification Language) has evolved in many ways based on community needs rather than the original strict definition by the RFCs. This reclaim implementation is basically automating what the RIPE NCC has been doing manually for many years. It responds to the needs of the resource holders and will ease their day to day interaction with the RIPE Database.
The functionality is called 'reclaim'. This implies to take back or re-gain control of a resource. Therefore only a delete option has been implemented. There is no option to modify objects or change authentication of existing objects. Only the resource holder has the authority to create objects within their networks. So when one or more objects are deleted, the resource holder has taken back control as only they can re-create those objects. The reclaimed objects are deleted by overriding the authentication on those objects. There are very strict rules about which objects can be reclaimed and whose authentication is allowed to override the object's authentication.
As mentioned before, the only difference this new functionality provides is to accept additional authorisation for delete requests in certain circumstances. This means there are no special tools or commands required to use this functionality. Resource holders can just append "delete: reason" to the more specific objects and submit them as a standard update with authorisation from the parent resource object.
Authentication to reclaim
Normally an object can only be deleted if the operation is authorised by one of the mntner objects in the "mnt-by:" attributes of the object to be deleted. With this new functionality, the software now also looks for the exact matching, encompassing or less specific address space object that was allocated or assigned by the RIPE NCC in the hierarchy of the object that is to be deleted.
objects from the "mnt-by:" and "mnt-lower:" attributes of this allocated or assigned resource object are added to the list of
objects in the "mnt-by:" attributes of the object to be deleted. Any of these
objects can authorise the deletion.
So the "mnt-lower:" of an allocation, or the "mnt-by:" of a PI or anycast assignment, has the authority to reclaim any more specific or related primary object.
In the example data shown below, the mntner object LIR-MNT can authorise the deletion of any of the objects shown, except for the allocation object itself. Although LIR-MNT is not listed directly on all these objects, based on the reclaim functionality business rules, as the legitimate resource holder it has the capability to delete these objects.
Note this functionality only applies to holders of resources issued by the RIPE NCC. So in this example the holder of the sub allocation does not have the authority to delete the end user assignment based on these new business rules. If the data was set up as shown in this example, the end user has exclusive control over the assignment object and reverse delegation. If the sub allocation holder wanted to override this they would need the assistance of the holder of the resource allocated by the RIPE NCC. In this example that is the holder of the ALLOCATED PA resource.
ALLOCATED PA inetnum: 10.128.0.0 - 10.128.255.255 mnt-by: RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT mnt-lower: LIR-MNT mnt-routes: LIR-RT-MNT SUB-ALLOCATED PA inetnum: 10.128.0.0 - 10.128.127.255 mnt-by: SUB-MNT mnt-lower: SUB-MNT route: 10.128.0.0 - 10.128.127.255 origin: AS3333 mnt-by: AS3333-MNT ASSIGNED PA inetnum: 10.128.1.0 - 10.128.1.255 mnt-by: END-MNT domain: 1.128.10.in-addr.arpa mnt-by: END-MNT
Objects to be reclaimed
Not all object types can be reclaimed by a resource holder. The following primary object types are covered by this new functionality:
object types, all objects more specific to an allocation made by the RIPE NCC are included, regardless of their status.The parent allocation object itself is not included as it is managed by the RIPE NCC. Objects related to PI assignments are included (as described below) but again the PI assignments themselves are not included as they are assigned by RIPE NCC. So it is not possible for a resource holder to accidentally delete their own resource object. Allocated and assigned resource objects can only be deleted by the RIPE NCC.
For route and route6 object types, any route(6) with a prefix exactly matching or more specific to any resource allocated or assigned by the RIPE NCC are included. Multiple route(6) objects with the same prefix, and different origins, are all included.
Reverse delegation domain objects, ending with ip6.arpa or in-addr.arpa, with a prefix exactly matching or more specific to any resource allocated or assigned by the RIPE NCC are included. Enum domain objects are not included.
AS Number objects are not included. These aut-num objects represent the resources assigned by the RIPE NCC and can only be deleted by the RIPE NCC.
No secondary objects (for example person and role ) are included, even if they are directly referenced by any of the primary objects listed above and would be unreferenced after deleting the primary object. If they become unreferenced they will be deleted later by the automated cleanup process. | <urn:uuid:a48d7c72-a0d6-4362-8964-844e5da8f9eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://labs.ripe.net/Members/denis/reclaim-functionality-for-resource-holders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00364-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941782 | 1,580 | 1.882813 | 2 |
We drive through this unbelievable tunnel every time we travel to and from the mountains on interstate 70, but how much do we really know about what it took to build this mountain top wonder. Sometimes we take for granted all of the work that goes into our high systems that allow us to see new places much easier than the generations before us. This is definitely the case when it comes to building a tunnel through a mountain at more than 11,000 feet. This is not the only shocking fact about Eisenhower tunnel, so check out these 40 fun facts to impress friends and family next time you travel through this iconic tunnel.
The History behind the Eisenhower Tunnel
- (1) The tunnel was built 46 years ago on March 8, 1973
- (2) It was started on March 15 in 1968 and took 5 years to complete almost exactly.
- (3) Eisenhower tunnel named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower
- (4) The Eisenhower tunnel was originally called the Straight Creek tunnel
- (5) Three people died while building the Eisenhower tunnel
- (6) Edwin Johnson, Colorado’s governor, said the tunnel would start the biggest boom in mountain towns since the Gold Rush
- (7) Janet Bonnema was hired to engineer the tunnels – when hired her name was misspelled and she was thought to be a man. She fought for equal rights to work in the industry and started a turning point for women in engineering.
Building the Eisenhower Tunnel
- (8) It cost about $116.9 million to build the westbound bore and $144.9 million to build the eastbound bore
- (9) In today’s dollars, it cost between 1 and 1.5 billion to build one bore of the tunnel
- (10) Approximately 1 million cubic yards of rock and earth were removed from each bore
- (11) 190,000 cubic yards of concrete was used in construction
- (12) The Eisenhower tunnel is 1.693 miles long
- (13) Up to 1,140 people were employed to create the tunnels
- (14) Crews worked three separate shifts, 24 hours a day on 6 day shifts
- (15) There is up to 1,496 feet of rock and earth above the tunnels
- (16) Tunnel is lined with hanging porcelain tiles
- (17) There are three cross tunnels that allow for foot traffic in between each tunnel
- (18) Tunnels allow for two 13 foot lanes; 26 feet total
- (19) Tunnels have a height of 13’11”
Location Location Location
- (20) Located roughly 60 miles from Denver
- (21) The tunnel is about 42 miles from Vail Colorado
- (22) Highest vehicle tunnel in the world
- (23) Elevation of 11,155 feet
- (24) The tunnel system lies entirely within the Arapahoe National Forest
- (25) The tunnel traverses through the Continental Divide at an average elevation of 11,112 feet
- (26) Loveland Pass used to be the only way to Denver over the pass
- (26) Tunnel system shaves about 10 miles off of the trip to Denver, compared to Loveland Pass
- (28) To power the tunnel, expenses are about $70,000 per month
- (29) Tunnels are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
- (30) Employs 52 full time staff
- (31) In 2018 the average daily number of cars passing through the tunnel was aboutt 37,000 cars.
- (32) By 2016 more than 355 million cars have driven through the tunnel
- (33) Crosses the borders of Summit and Clear Creek counties
- (34) Traffic is monitored 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
- (35) Traffic rarely stops, but when it does, it is usually due to inclement weather, accidents or metering
- (36) Weekends and holidays have the highest traffic volume
- (37) Hazardous Material vehicles are not allowed through the tunnel unless Loveland pass is closed
- (38) The tunnel has its own war room, where staff monitor toxic gases from car exhaust, like carbon monoxide
- (39) An overhead fire suppression system works to prevent fires in the tunnel
- (40) Not a single death has occurred in the Eisenhower tunnel
It is fascinating the important role this tunnel plays in Colorado. It has made travel safer and easier between the Denver metropolitan area and the world class mountain towns throughout the Rocky Mountains. You’ll get to travel through the Eisenhower Tunnel with Peak 1 Express when you take one of your shuttles from the Denver Airport to Summit County or Vail Valley. Book your transportation to the Rocky Mountains today! | <urn:uuid:7defd73a-70de-47ad-8ebe-a9b617890b0d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mountainshuttle.com/2014/03/10/40-facts-eisenhower-tunnel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.951947 | 990 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The Museum displays a selection of objects and images which help to tell the story of Cowes and its important maritime heritage.
You can see Uffa Fox’s dinghy, Avenger (see picture) and models of vessels built by J. Samuel White & Co Ltd of Cowes.
Entrance to Cowes Maritime Museum is free of charge.
The Museum has an extensive photographic and paper archive depicting yachting and the shipbuilding industry in Cowes. The reserve collection is held within the museum store and is accessible by appointment only.
If you require more information about the archive collection of Cowes Maritime Museum please contact the Curator of Human History by using the telephone number listed in the 'Contact' tab above.
The museum is situated within Cowes Library, which also houses a collection of maritime related books.
To visit Cowes Maritime Museum and discover our opening times please click on the 'Contact' tab above. | <urn:uuid:2d0e7853-d21f-45a2-9d7f-ad049f34702b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.iwight.com/Residents/Libraries-Cultural-and-Heritage/Heritage-Service/Cowes-Maritime-Museum/About0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00233-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915442 | 191 | 1.5625 | 2 |
A Jewish couple on Sunday became the first people to have a Jewish wedding in the Grand Synagogue of Edirne in over 40 years. The synagogue, located in northwest Turkey, was reopened in 2015 after a major restoration that cost over $2 million.
According to Hurriyet Daily News, the ceremony was attended by over 1,000 people, including such senior officials as Edirne’s mayor and the regional governor. Also on hand were Ishak Ibrahimzadeh, president of the Jewish Community of Turkey, and Rufat Mitrani, who is the patriarch of the only Jewish family left in Edirne.
Representatives of the Jewish society conducted the religious wedding ceremony while the mayor, Recep Gürkan, conducted the civil ceremony afterwards.
The event was not without its security concerns. Guests had to go through x-ray machines upon entering the synagogue. Security sweeps were conducted in the area of the synagogue and roads leading to it were closed off. A Turkish television crew filmed police scanning flower arrangements with metal detectors at the entrance.
The synagogue is the third-largest in the world, and the largest in Europe. Construction on the synagogue first began in 1906, after a great fire in Edirne three years earlier left the 20,000 Jews that lived there without a place of worship. It was built to hold 1,200 worshipers.
The synagogue closed in 1983 after the Jewish community dwindled to virtually no residents. Having fallen into ruin, the synagogue was renovated and reopened in 2015. A banner outside the synagogue reads, “Welcome home, our old neighbors.”
The wedding triggered a deluge of anti-Semitic speech online, a leader of the country’s Jewish community said.
Ibrahimzadeh, the Jewish Community leader, said Sunday that some social network users responded with hate speech to his invitation to watch a live streaming video of the wedding.
“Many anti-Semites regurgitated their hatred in Periscope,” Ibrahimzadeh said in reference to the streaming service that offered the feed. “They are the reason for Islamophobia. Hand in hand, we will overcome them.”
Some users wrote “kill the Jews,” the news site NRG reported Sunday. One user wrote: “Such a pity that Hitler didn’t finish the job.” Others referenced “occupied Palestine.”
On Twitter, Ibrahimzadeh urged the Turkish Justice Ministry and the Parliamentary Committee on Human Rights Inquiry to investigate those responsible for the hate speech for inciting racist hatred.
“Don’t the comments on Periscope about the Edirne synagogue constitute a hate crime?” Ibrahimzadeh asked.
Edirne has few Jews and nearly all of the hundreds of at the wedding of Guneş Mitrani and Harun Esenturk came from Istanbul, elsewhere in Turkey and beyond.
Still, the guests appeared to be in high spirits inside the ornate interior of the massive, cream-colored building. Dressed in designer suits and white kippahs, the guests cheered and whistled as a relative of the bride lifted the hem of her wedding dress to show off her white shoes.
After the ceremony, guests danced the hora, a Balkan dance that is also popular in Israel and at American Jewish weddings. | <urn:uuid:53293bc3-4d36-4127-a545-f2483ed66912> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-first-time-in-decades-famous-turkey-shul-hosts-wedding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.965414 | 695 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Dallas South News Wire (Dallas Area Habitat for Humanity)
Forty affordable single-family homes now stand on the site of Frazier Courts, a crime ridden and decayed public housing project that was comprised of 250 barracks-style units built in 1942 and 300 units built in 1952.
A HOPE VI grant to the Dallas Housing Authority in 2003 led to the demolition of Frazier Courts and ultimately to a $60 million project to replace the 55 acres of public housing with affordable rental housing and home ownership units. The Dallas Area Habitat for Humanity’s Frazier Courtyard Homes represents the final piece of that redevelopment plan, along with another 11 lease-purchase homes to be built by Habitat’s partner Innercity Community Development Corp.
The last Habitat home was completed in December 2010, and all have been sold and are occupied, with the average home buyer at 43 percent of the area median income. “Everyone we help has income. The misconception about Habitat is that we’re giving away homes,” says Bill Hall, CEO of Dallas Area Habitat for Humanity. “But these are hardworking, ambitious families. We break that rental cycle.”
The homes are built to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design silver standards, which will provide the residents with savings on energy costs for the long term. Support for the $5.3 million project came from federal funds through the Department of Housing and Urban Development, including the National Stabilization Program 2, and the Environmental Protection Agency; state funds through the Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs; and local funds through the city of Dallas, Dallas Housing Authority, and the North Texas Council of Governments. Dallas Area Habitat raised more than $2 million in private funds. | <urn:uuid:0c29e1cd-0264-42b3-bdd7-0a84a0a5da20> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dallassouthnews.org/2011/07/25/dallas-habitat-news-about-frazier-courtyard-homes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00502-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944069 | 356 | 2 | 2 |
For Music lovers considering a vacation that inspires, motivates and immerses, we’ve put together a short list of possible travel vacation destinations. From the rhythmic beat of a nightclub, the lilting melody of a traditional folk song, an indie concert, contemporary jazz to classical virtuoso, these destinations for music lovers come from around the world and include places where music originated from and where musicians are continually inspired.
One of the most popular destinations for music lovers of the Beatles, who in the 1960s began what was to be a musical revolution, is Liverpool. John, Paul, George and Ringo were all Liverpool lads and the city is now considered by many to be the capital of pop music. There is an International Beatleweek in August and various tours available so fans can travel to see the Fab Four’s former homes as well as Strawberry Field and Eleanor Rigby’s grave. Have a drink at the Cavern Club and stay to hear some of the live music that is on every day. The Liverpool International Musical Festival in July at the Echo Arena is also worth a visit to see watch a band booked during your vacation.
San Francisco, California, USA
The psychedelic sounds of the late 1960s grew from San Francisco’s counterculture movement spread rapidly, so making San Francisco the most popular of destinations for music lovers in the USA at the time. Many well known musicians began their musical careers here, including Janis Joplin, the Rolling Stones and the Grateful Dead. There are many venues in the city where you can catch some music, and The Fillmore continues as a music venue, hosting great musicians today. When in San Francisco, be sure to visit Amoeba Music, a live music venue and one of the most impressive record stores you will have ever seen.
Many of us were introduced to music of Cuba by Ry Cooder and his 1999 album and documentary - Buena Vista Social Club. Travel to Havana for more of the same, along with Latin Jazz, timba and rumba which can be heard in the city’s streets and bars. One of the best destinations for music lovers on the island is Rosada in Marianao. Alternatively, join an organised tour such as Jazz in Havana which allows visitors to experience the country’s music, with the opportunity to meet some of the musicians and composers.
Trinidad and Tobago
Not only a tropical vacation spot, but also the home of Soca, a combination of calypso, funk and soul. The International Soca Monarch Competition includes local artists. Steel-pan is also rooted here and used in Carnival celebrations. At the biggest event of the year, the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival held at the end of February, everyone, including tourists, are invited to participate.
Known as the City of Music, this is one of the best destinations for music lovers of classical music, with many of the giants of this genre having lived or made music here, including Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Strauss, Mahler, Haydn and Schubert. Vienna has the opera, a magnificent philharmonic orchestra, and the incredible boys’ choir, though there are no concerts in August. In its place is a free musical experience at twilight in the park in front of the City Hall where a 60 foot wide screen shows a filmed performance of the Vienna State Opera. An annual performance season runs from September to June, along with nine other annual festivals, one-off performances and special events. If you can, watch the Vienna Philharmonic at the Wiener Konzerthaus.
The heart of British music for decades, London is full of talented young musicians who are generating an entirely new sound. Travel from Camden to Soho and Shoreditch and music will greet you in England’s capital, no matter what sound you are into, in an eclectic mix of clubs, traditional pubs and massive arenas that have played host to some of the most renowned music acts in the world.
New Orleans, Lousiana
American jazz was born here and the region has been shaped by Louis Armstrong and Fats Domino, as well as more recent greats such as Harry Connick, Jr. and Wynton Marsalis to create a melting-pot of musical talent. Forget strolling the bars in the French Quarter for music, and go to Frenchman Street instead, where there are several clubs hosting live music every night of the week. Time your vacation to take in the New Orleans Jazz Festival in late April/early May, a seven-day music extravaganza taking place over two weekends that has a variety of musical genres playing across 10 different stages. Alternatively, book your stay to coincide with the city’s annual New World Rhythms Festival or Mardi Gras. The original New Orleans-style jazz can still be heard at Preservation Hall. | <urn:uuid:bbab38aa-b37b-48d0-b0e1-ef30a236a460> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.harleylive.co.uk/travel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.953522 | 1,019 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Tuesday, May 12, 2009
Mahakali - The Saviour
Mahakali has forever been worshipped as the saviour of good in its perpetual struggle against evil. When even Gods were on the verge of being overcome by the demons, She manifested in this "Rudra" (angry) form and that was the end of seemingly unconquerable demons like Raktbeej. Her form - long, lolling tongue dripping blood, a garland of freshly severed human heads around her neck and snakes coiled around her arms and ankles in lieu of armlets and anklets - is enough to strike terror in the most evil of humans.
Her Sadhana means not just attaining courage and valour but also the divine grace of Shiva, her consort. Rudra Mahakali is the annihilator of all pains, afflictions, problems and enemies in one’s life. On her Sadhak she bestows perfect health and youth. Death cannot come uncalled to such a person. Her divine presence means birth of supreme conscience and intelligence. A hypnotic charm keeps radiating from the physique of a Siddh of Mahakali. Friends he has many and foes dare not harm him.
Like a mother, Kali fulfils all needs of a Sadhak and blesses him with wealth, fame, respect and a happy family life. And where she assures material prosperity, she also ensures spiritual upliftment.
The Sadhana of Mahakali can be started on any moonless night. Sit facing South on a black mat. Place a steel plate filled with black sesamum seeds before yourself. On it place Mahakali Yantra. Pray to the Yantra chanting thus.
Karaal Vadanaam Ghoraam Muktakeshim-chaturbhujaa Namaami Rakta Kaaleem Taam Mundmaalaa Vibhooshitaam. Ghor-raavaam Mahaaroudreem Shamshaanaalay Vaseeneem, Baalaark-mandalaakaar Lochana-tritayaa-nvitaam.
Offer vermilion and rice grains on the Yantra. Next chant 11 rounds of the following Mantra with Mahakali Mala -
Namah Aam Aam Krom Krom Phat Swaha Kaali Kaalike Hoom.
This is a fourteen day Sadhana. After the Sadhana throw the articles in a river on any full moon night. | <urn:uuid:46dd254f-0e4f-4f93-b4c8-149412d25451> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mantarvigyan.blogspot.com/2009/05/mahakali-sadhna.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00441-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906209 | 522 | 1.695313 | 2 |
The European Advanced Cryogenics Course “Cryocourse” has the aim to provide training in the area of low temperature physics and advanced cryogenic techniques.
Cryocourse is organized by European Low Temperature laboratories, in liaison with partners of the Cryogenics industry and the Low Temperature section of the European Physical Society - Condensed Matter Division).
The participation of students and young researchers in Cryocourse is supported by European grants (European Community - Research Infrastructures - FP7 Capacities Specific Programme, Microkelvin project number 228464), national grants, academic and industrial sponsors.
2008: Madrid (Cryoconference)
2010: Grenoble (Cryoconference)
2010: Kosice (Cryoconference)
For information on previous Cryocourses Visit the CRYOCOURSE main web page
For information on Cryocourse 2013, click on the left-hand side menu, on the subject of your choice.
The courses are open to PhD students, post-docs, young technicians or engineers interested in cryogenic applications in a wide range of fields (low temperature physics, cryogenic industry, particle detection, large scale facilities, space…)
The 2013 Course will take place in the Grenoble area. The first part, in a site in the mountains close to Grenoble, will comprise lectures, presentations, and tutorial sessions on refrigeration, thermometry and low temperature physics and their applications.
The second part of the meeting, at the Grenoble low temperature laboratory (CNRS), will provide “hands-on” experimental training in Low Temperature Physics and Cryogenics.
This course will be an opportunity for young researchers to learn from experts about fundamental and industrial issues, and there will be ample time for discussion. | <urn:uuid:2d644428-1e3d-4749-bf36-ff9f2561760a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cryocourse2013.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00054-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.780616 | 364 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Houston Runs Low On Kosher Food As Harvey Floods Delivery Routes
As Hurricane Harvey prepares to dump another two feet of water on the Greater Houston area, the city’s Orthodox Jewish community is running low on kosher food. A refrigerated truck filled with kosher meat left for Houston from Miami Tuesday morning, Chabad.org reported. However, it is unclear if the roads will be passable by the time the truck reaches the outskirts of the flooded areas.
“Even for those who were fortunate not to lose electricity, like us, it’s a matter of days until we have no milk and other basics,” Rabbi Yossi Zaklikofsky, of the Shul of Bellaire, a Chabad synagogue in a southwest Houston suburb, told Chabad.org.
Harvey flooded two main supermarkets that carry kosher foods, while another has been turned into a shelter for displaced people.
Houston is not a supply center for kosher food, and many Orthodox residents make large co-op orders of kosher food every three months. The next shipment is expected September 4th.
“If we don’t get food down here this will become a big problem fast,” Rabbi Zaklikofsky said. “Are we surviving? Yes, for now.” | <urn:uuid:d9fdaeed-06b4-438e-baf5-d521372fb1d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forward.com/fast-forward/381325/houston-runs-low-on-kosher-food-as-harvey-floods-delivery-routes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.953962 | 267 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Rare Madeiras dating back well over 200 years feature in a forthcoming Bonhams auction of the cellar of Madeira specialist Patrick Grubb MW.
The sale in London on 14 July will include more than 250 bottles of the celebrated fortified wine, with a combined estimate of up to £100,000 – the result of more than 40 years of collecting by Grubb.
Among the rarest lots are two bottles of Terrantez from the legendary 1795 vintage (estimate £1,800-2,200 each), plus two bottles of Rumo da India 1810 (£1,000-3,000 each), the story of which is linked to the creation of the Madeira style.
The Rumo da India bottles are known to have made the long voyage from Madeira to India and back – a journey which, along with a similar return voyage to Brazil, helped to create Madeira’s unique character and flavour, since replicated by maturation in lodges on the island itself.
The auction also includes early 19th-century bottles sourced from Syrian embroidery merchant Braheem Kassab, and from Oscar Acciaioly, the descendant of an Italian family which settled on Madeira in 1515.
The rarity of some of the lots is linked to the modern scarcity of their grape variety, such as Terrantez bottlings from the 1800s; or to the vineyard with which they are associated, such as 1877 Boaventura and 1914 Faja dos Prades.
Grubb, who became a Master of Wine in 1958, is one of the world’s leading experts on Madeira and set up his own business dealing in vintage Madeiras in 1984.
Richard Harvey MW, head of Bonhams wine department, described Grubb as ‘a legendary figure in wine circles’ and said it was a privilege to sell his cellar, plus his library of books and cuttings on Madeira. | <urn:uuid:f2baa74a-cc2d-4a7d-8bf4-4d20efb45665> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.decanter.com/wine-news/bonhams-madeira-auction-includes-19th-century-wines306248-306248/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.964201 | 401 | 1.507813 | 2 |
For nearly a decade, the Conservative government in Canada enforced formal rules and a byzantine censorial bureaucracy deliberately intended to control the time, manner and content of any and all public statements by every one of the many scientists working for branches of the Canadian government. Of course this policy destroyed open communication, hampered research, and damaged the careers of promising scientists. It was often used heavyhandedly to censor scientists’ discussion of their own research to comply with political priorities and even to muffle public criticism of the governments’ communications procedures or censorship policies.
The basic liberal response is to look at this horrible situation and say,
This is why it’s important to elect governments that won’t try to control what the scientists that work for them can say to the public. Just think of what might happen in Canada if the political winds reverse.
The radical response is to look at this horrible situation and say,
This is why it’s important for scientists to be independent of government funding. If scientists work for the government, then their jobs are dependent on a political process and they are subject to political control. But scientific shouldn’t be subject to the direction of the political winds.
The original article from Nature follows below.
Nine years of censorship
Early one Thursday morning last November, Kristi Miller-Saunders was surprised to receive a visit from her manager. Miller-Saunders, a molecular geneticist at the Canadian fisheries agency, had her reasons to worry about attention from above. On numerous occasions over the previous four years, government officials had forbidden her from talking to the press or the public about her work on the genetics of salmon — part of a broad policy that muzzled government scientists in Canada for many years. At one point, a brawnyminderhad actually accompanied her to a public hearing to make sure that she didn't break the rules.
But the meeting last autumn was different. Miller-Saunders' manager at Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) in Nanaimo walked in with a smile and gave her advance notice that the newly elected government would be opening up scientific communication: she and other federal researchers would finally be free to speak to the press. Canadian scientists celebrated the move far and wide. Six months later, the government is loosening its grip on communications but the shift at some agencies has not been as swift and comprehensive as many had hoped. And with the newfound freedom to speak, the full impact of the former restrictions is finally becoming clear. Canadian scientists and government representatives are opening up about what it was like to work under the former policy and the kind of consequences it had. Some of the officials who imposed the rules are talking about how the restrictions affected the morale and careers of researchers. Their stories hint at how governments control communications in even more politically repressive countries such as China, and suggest what might happen in Canada if the political winds reverse.
The crackdown on government scientists in Canada began in 2006, after Stephen Harper of the Conservative Party was elected prime minister. During the nine-year Harper administration, the government placed a priority on boosting the economy, in part by stimulating development and increasing the extraction of resources, such as petroleum from the oil sands in Alberta. To speed projects along, the administration eased environmental regulations. And when journalists sought out government scientists to ask about the impacts of such changes, or anything to do with environmental or climate science, they ran into roadblocks.
For decades before the Harper administration, reporters had been free to call up government researchers directly for interviews. But suddenly, all requests for interviews had to be sent to government communications offices, which then had to get approval from multiple tiers of bureaucrats higher up. "It was an incredible rigmarole to try and get the most innocuous bit of information to media or the public," says Diane Lake, who was a communications officer with the DFO at the time.
Lake had been a newspaper reporter for a dozen years before joining the department in 1992, so she knew what journalists needed to produce stories. She has fond memories of her time as a communications officer before the Harper years, but after he took office, her job became less about communicating science and more about censoring it. When journalists called her trying to reach scientists, she was required to get approval for scripted answers that researchers could give, but she found the authorization process opaque and arbitrary.There were never any written protocols on what would pass muster and what wouldn't,she says.I would always say,No one ever did.can you write that down?to folks in Ottawa.
–Lesley Evans Ogden, Nine years of censorship
Nature (03 May 2016) | <urn:uuid:f6dfd072-4f5c-4aaf-837e-62775ba4fcd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://radgeek.com/tag/stephen-harper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.974114 | 944 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Magnet therapy is used as one of the types of alternate medicine.
Magnet therapy uses magnetic fields for healing your body disorders.
Magnet therapy uses static magnetic fields. These magnetic fields are produced from the permanent magnets.
If you take magnet in your hands it looks simply as the piece but it creates many wonders in the magnet therapy.
Magnet therapy will provide relief from pain and has therapeutic value against variety of diseases.
Magnet therapy uses magnet fields and increases your blood circulation, reduce inflammation and speed recovery from injuries. This therapy follows a very simplest treatment.
You can use static magnets for having relief from different types of pains. For performing magnet therapy, different types of magnetic products are available in the market.
The products used in the magnet therapy are shoe insoles, heel inserts, mattress pads, belts and bracelets. These products are made out of static magnets which will be able to come out of various strengths.
Magnet therapy also uses magnetized water for treatment. Magnetized water helps you as the efficient solvent for kidney stones and gall bladder stones.
Magnet techniques used in the magnet therapy:
Magnet therapy uses the small magnetic particles. There are many development and application magnet techniques. By using magnet techniques, you can isolate and purify the target proteins and peptides.
From research it had proved that, this technique focuses on the accurate picture of the proteins. These proteins are the target of many drugs and this technique is used for determining the exact placement of drugs. This technique is used for enhancing natural biological function.
Magnet therapy applications are found in biological fields such as diagnostics, drug targeting, molecular biology, cell isolation and purification, radio immunoassay and hyperthermia by using magnetisable solid products.
These magnetisable solid products cause an agent for cancer therapy and nucleic acid purification.
Magnetic separation techniques are very quick and easy methods for capturing sensitive and reliable proteins, genetic material and other bio molecules. This will apply less mechanical stress than the other mechanical methods.
Magnet seizure therapy is one of the magnet therapy used in treatment:
This therapy is used as safer treatment because of magnetic field. By this treatment, you are subjected to fewer side effects and you can recover faster.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to overcome above drawbacks as the skull acts as the transparent to the magnetic fields. This paves a way towards the regions of brain and tickles them. Magnetic particles are now used as carriers for binding proteins, enzymes and drugs.
Magnetically guided drug targeting has attempted to improve the efficacy and reduce unpleasant side effects which are associated with chemotherapy [Chemotherapy Side Effects].
Hyperthermia is used for cancer treatment that uses AC magnetic fields to heat the targeted areas which contains magnetic fluids. Magnetic separation of poly (A) mRNA is used for isolation of total RNA cells from variety of cells and tissues.
You can use this magnetic technique without any risk as it involves mild side effects and less mechanical stress. | <urn:uuid:ef66c2d3-d538-4209-b17c-c55fba58f138> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.altmedicinezone.com/alternative-treatment/magnet-therapy-as-an-alternative-treatment-with-less-mechanical-stress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.928252 | 618 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Update: Bill Gropp covers this topic in depth in a presentation at University of Illinois: Engineering for Performance in High-Performance Computing.
Two things happened recently that made me think my approach to performance may not be widely shared.
First, when I announced BufferBuilder on reddit, one early commenter asked "Did you run your Haskell through a profiler to help identify the slow parts of your code?" A fairly reasonable question, but no, I didn’t. And the reason is that, if stuff shows up in a Haskell profiler, it’s already going to be too slow. I knew, up front, that an efficient way to build up buffers is a bounds check followed by a store (in the case of a single byte) or copy (in the case of a bytestring). Any instructions beyond that are heat, not light. Thus, I started BufferBuilder by reading the generated assembly and building a mental model of how Haskell translates to instructions, not by running benchmarks and profilers. (Benchmarks came later.) Any "typical" CPU-bound Haskell program is going to spend most of its time in stg_upd_frame_info and stg_ap_*_info anyway. ;)
Next, on my local programming IRC channel, I shared a little trick I’d seen on Twitter for replacing a div with a shift:
(i+1)%3 == (1<<i)&3 for
i in [0, 2]. One person strenuously objected to the idea of using this trick. Paraphrasing, their argument went something like "the meaning of the code is not clear, so tricks like that should be left to the compiler, but it doesn’t work for all values of i, so a compiler would never actually substitute the left for the right. Just don’t bother." We went back and forth, after which it became clear that what the person REALLY meant was "don’t use this trick unless you’re sure it matters". And then we got to "you have to run a profiler to know it matters." I contend it’s possible to use your eyes and brain to see that a div is on the critical path in an inner loop without fancy tools. You just have to have a rough sense of operation cost and how out-of-order CPUs work.
Over the years I have built a mental framework for thinking about performance beyond the oft-recommended "get the program working, then profile and optimize the hot spots". My mental framework comes from three sources:
- Rico Mariani has written a lot about designing for performance so you aren’t caught, late in the project, unable to hit your perf targets. That is, understand the machine and problem constraints, and sketch out on paper the solution so you can make sure it fits. Use prototypes as necessary.
- I’ve always been interested in how our programs run on physical silicon. The Pentium Chronicles: The People, Passion, and Politics Behind Intel’s Landmark Chips is an excellent history of the design of Intel’s out-of-order P6 line.
- I’ve been involved with too many projects run with the philosophy of "get it working, profile and optimize later". It’s very easy for this strategy to fail, resulting in a program that’s uniformly sluggish and uneconomical to fix.
Performance is Engineering
To hit your performance goals, you first need to define your goals. Consider what you’re trying to accomplish. Some example performance goals:
- Interactive VR on a mobile phone
- Time between mouse click in menus and action taken is under 100 ms
- Load a full 3D chat room in five seconds
- First page of search results from a mountain in Hawaii in half a second
- Latest experimental analyses in half a day
Also, understand why you want to hit those goals. Todd Hoff’s excellent Latency is Everywhere and it Costs You Sales has several links to research showing how performance can affect your business metrics and customer satisfaction.
For BufferBuilder, our goal was to match the performance, in Haskell, of a naive C++ buffer
Now that you have a goal in mind, and presumably you understand the problem you’re trying to solve, there’s one final piece to understand. You could call them the "fundamental constants of human-computer interaction", which can be split into the human and computer halves.
- ~16 ms – frame budget for interactive animation
- 100 ms – user action feels instantaneous
- 200 ms – typical human reaction time
- 500+ ms – perceptible delay
- 3+ seconds – perceived sluggishness
- 10+ seconds – attention span is broken
And on the computer:
- 1 cycle – latency of simple bitwise operations
- a few – maximum number of independent instructions that can be retired per cycle
- 3-4 cycles – latency of L1 cache hit
- ~dozen cycles – latency of L2 cache hit
- ~couple dozen cycles – integer division on modern x86
- couple hundred cycles – round-trip to main memory
- 50-250 us – round-trip to SSD
- 250-1000 us – in-network ethernet/tcp round-trip
- 10 ms – spinny disk seek
- 150 ms – IP latency between Australia and USA
- 8.5 GB/s – memory bandwidth on iPhone 5
- ~100 MB/s – saturated gigabit ethernet connection
- 50-100 MB/s – spinny disk transfer speed
- 4.5 Mb/s – global average connection speed
- 3.2 Mb/s – average mobile bandwidth in USA
These numbers can be composed into higher-level numbers. For example:
It’s unlikely JSON parsing will become appreciably faster in the future – parsing is a frustrating, latency-bound problem for computers. "Read one byte. Branch. Read next byte. Branch."
While throughput numbers increase over time, latency has only inched downwards. Thus, on most typical programs, you’re likely to find yourself latency-bound before being throughput-bound.
Above numbers are from:
- Akamai State of the Internet Report
- iPhone 5 Memory Speed @ Anandtech
- Verizon IP Latency Statistics
- Latency numbers every programmer should know
- Latency: The Heartbeat of a Solid State Disk
- Gigabit Ethernet Latency with Intel’s 1000/Pro Adapters
- Agner Fog Instruction Tables
- Powers of 10: Time Scales in User Experience – Jakob Nielsen
- Latency: The New Web Performance Bottleneck
Designing for Performance
Once you’ve defined your performance goal, you need to make the numbers fit. If your goal is interactive animation, you can barely afford a single blocking round-trip to a spinny disk per frame. (Don’t do that.) If your goal is an interactive AJAX application that feels instant from all around the world, you must pay VERY close attention to the number of IP round-trips required. Bandwidth, modulo TCP windowing, is usually available in spades – but accumulated, serial round-trips will rapidly blow your experience budget. If you want a WebGL scene to load in five seconds on a typical global internet connection, the data had better fit in (5s * 4.5 Mb/s) = 2.8 MB, minus initial round-trip time.
For BufferBuilder, since we knew our goal was to match (or at least come reasonably close to) C++ performance in Haskell, we didn’t need a profiler. We knew that appending a single byte to a buffer could be minimally expressed with a load of the current output pointer, a (predicted) bounds check, and a write of the new output pointer. Appending a buffer to another is a (predicted) bounds check, a memcpy, and updating the output pointer.
A profiler is not needed to achieve the desired performance characteristics. An understanding of the problem, an understanding of the constraints, and careful attention to the generated code is all you need.
We can apply this approach at almost any scale. Want a rich website that uses less than 100 MB of RAM yet has high-resolution images, gradients, transitions, and effects? Build prototypes to measure the costs of each component, build up a quantitative understanding, and make the numbers fit. (Of course, don’t forget to actually measure real memory consumption on the resulting page, lest you be surprised by something you missed.)
Want to design a mobile application that goes from tap to displayed network data in 200 ms? Well, good luck, because Android devices have touchscreen latency of 100+ ms. (Edit: mdwrigh2 on Hacker News points out that this data is out of date for modern Android handsets.) And it can take a second or more to spin up the radio!
To summarize, given a rough understanding of the latencies of various layers of a system, and knowledge of the critical path through the code, simply sum the numbers together and you should have a close approximation to the total latency. Periodically double-check your understanding against real measurements, of course. :)
Are you saying profilers are useless?!
Absolutely not. Profilers are awesome. I have a spent a great deal of time with the Python profiler. I particularly love AMD’s old CodeAnalyst tool. (Not the new CodeXL thing.) Sampling profilers in general are great. I’ve also built a bunch of intrusive profilers for various purposes.
But always keep in mind that profilers are for exploring and learning something new. By the time you’ve built your application, you may not actually be able to "profile your way to success".
Should I unilaterally apply this advice, irrespective of context?
Of course not. A large number of programs, on a modern CPU, trivially fit in all the performance budgets you care about. In these situations, by all means, write O(n) loops, linked lists, call malloc() inside every function, use Python, whatever. At that point your bottleneck is human development speed, so don’t worry about it.
But continue to develop an understanding of the costs of various things. I remember a particular instance when someone replaced hundreds of <img> tags on a page with <canvas> for some kind of visual effect. Bam, the page became horrifically slow and consumed an enormous amount of memory. Browsers are very smart about minimizing working set in the presence of lots of images (flushing decoded JPEGs from memory until they’re in view is one possible technique), but <canvas> is freeform and consumes at least
width*height*4 bytes of pagefile-backed memory.
What about algorithmic complexity?
Algorithmic complexity can be a significant improvement. Especially when you’re Accidentally Quadratic. Reach for those wins first. But once you get into O(n) vs. O(lg n), you’re almost certainly limited by constant factors.
In any context, you should aim for the biggest wins first. Let’s say you’re writing a web service that talks to a database, fetching info for 100 customers. By far the biggest optimization there is to run one query to fetch 100 customers (as a single round-trip can be 1-10 ms) instead of 100 queries of one customer each. Whenever someone says "My new web service is taking 1.5 seconds!" I can almost guarantee this is why. Both approaches are technically O(n), but the query issue overhead is a HUGE constant factor.
In interviews I sometimes ask candidates about the performance difference between two algorithms that have the same algorithmic complexity. There is no precisely correct answer to my question, but "the execution time is the same" is wrong. Constant factors can be very large, and optimizing them can result in multiple-orders-of-magnitude improvements.
But Knuth said…!
Read what he actually said. Also, since then, we’ve developed a much deeper understanding of when mature optimizations are appropriate. Passing
const std::string& instead of
std::string is not a premature optimization – it’s just basic hygiene you should get right. | <urn:uuid:5b8192d9-86d2-422f-ad1b-b851715f1a01> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://chadaustin.me/2015/04/thinking-about-performance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00547-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907469 | 2,583 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Once the anti-Covid vaccine is done, how calm can you be at the thought of being protected from the virus? Basically how do we know to what extent we are immune, and for how long? To dispel these doubts is a new rapid swab capable of measuring the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2, therefore capable of providing valuable information on the timing and methods of future vaccinations against Covid, particularly in individuals. vulnerable.
Covid, ‘old’ and updated vaccines: how much we are protected from the new sub-variants
by Irma D’Aria
The new blood test was made by researchers at Mount Sinai Medical University of New York. A test that will allow, the researchers promise, large-scale monitoring of population immunity and the efficacy of current vaccines to help design revaccination strategies for vulnerable immunosuppressed individuals.
The study was published in Nature Biotechnology. The test takes less than 24 hours to perform and can be used by a wide range of the population. It works by measuring the activation of T cells, which are part of our adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and help protect against severe outcomes or death.
“We know that vulnerable populations don’t always activate an antibody response, so measuring T cell activation is critical to assessing the full extent of a person’s immunity,” said one of the study’s senior authors. Ernesto Guccioneprofessor of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, at The Tisch Cancer Institute of Mount Sinai.
Objective: to measure T cells
Furthermore, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as Omicron, which elude most of the neutralizing ability of antibodies, indicates the need for tests capable of measuring T cells, which are more effective against emerging variants of concern. Because long-term protection from viral infection is mediated by both antibodies and the T cell response. And many recent studies underscore the importance of determining T cell function in individuals who have recovered or been vaccinated against Covid for the purpose of a better strategy in vaccination campaigns.
Covid, how often can you get infected? Up to four times a year
by Donatella Zorzetto
However, prior to this study, measurement of T cell responses was rarely performed due to the technical challenges that come with it. In conducting this study, Duke-NUS Medical School’s Mount Sinai researchers and partners optimized qPCR-based tests that had the potential to be scalable, sensitive and globally accurate tests.
The researchers narrowed their attention to the two tests that offered the greatest scalability. One, the qTACT test, was accurate and sensitive but had a relatively longer processing time of 24 hours for 200 blood samples, a moderate price, and an average level of technical skill.
The other, the dqTACT test, was accurate and had reduced processing time and cost, and required minimal laboratory experience, making it easy to implement. The dqTACT test has recently obtained the European CE-IVD (in vitro diagnostics) certification, while clinical validation by the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency is underway.
Protection goes down
That the protection guaranteed by the Covid vaccine decreases over time was already shown towards the end of 2021 by an Israeli study. Protection that was seen to decrease after about 6 – 4 months from vaccination and which continued to progressively reduce until it exposed the risk of incurring infection.
Covid, infected despite the vaccine: what does it mean?
by Aureliano Stingi
The study conducted by several Israeli institutions, including the Ministry of Health, was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. It analyzed the infections that had occurred during the summer peak of 2021, sifting through data from 5 million people fully vaccinated with two doses before the summer. Between 11 and 31 July in this population there were 13,426 cases of Covid, 403 of which were severe. “The SARS-CoV-2 infection rate – the authors of the research clarified – showed a clear increase as a function of the time elapsed since vaccination”.
According to experts, the summer resurgence of Covid was caused, not by the ineffectiveness of the vaccine against the then Delta variant, but by a progressive decline in acquired protection: “If there were not a drop in immunity – they explained – there would be no there would be differences in the rates of infection between people vaccinated at different times “.
#Covid #rapid #test #immune #virus | <urn:uuid:ec6d5d6e-cd08-41a7-8810-fffee0eb6971> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://starfinancer.com/2022/06/14/covid-a-new-rapid-test-will-tell-us-how-immune-we-are-to-the-virus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.956621 | 968 | 3.25 | 3 |
Cross-posted at Family Inequality.
The news each month is usually on unemployment rates, weekly filings of new claims, layoffs and new hiring. And the Pew report on widening race/ethnic wealth gaps was eye-opening. But you can take the measure of the recession overall maybe best with the employment rates — how many people have jobs? By that measure, the news is flat-to-down without letup. The Black-White discrepancy in the trends is increasing.
Here is the employment trend for White and Black women, showing that Black women had higher employment rates before the recession, but they’ve fallen more than twice as much as White women’s (a drop of 5.7% versus 2.4% as of June):
For men, the gap is bigger and the lines further apart, so I added a ratio line to help show the gap. Black men’s rate has fallen 5.6%, compared with 3.8% for White men:
The Christian Science Monitor has an article reviewing some of the factors that contribute to the unemployment gap for men, including education, incarceration and discrimination. And the Center for American Progress has more detail in this report, which argues that declines in manufacturing and public employment are increasing the Black-White gaps especially in this recession.
What the broader statistics don’t show as well is the tenuousness of the jobs Black workers have compared to Whites generally — working for weaker firms, in more segregated jobs, as a result of a racialized sorting process, which put them at higher risk of job loss in a recession (even without discrimination in firing decisions, which there is, too). | <urn:uuid:b4e1b9a7-6c97-4af3-b6dc-3814a641b9d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2011/08/02/comparing-black-and-white-job-loss-in-the-recession/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00244-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966059 | 339 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Fillbots is the third rhythm game played in Rhythm Heaven, coming right after Glee Club. It takes place in a factory that builds only robots, and these robots need to be fueled up before they are sent off. That's the player's job. He must fuel up the white robots with red fuel to the beat of the music, some robots being bigger than others. The bigger ones take about twice as long to fill up. These robots are interestingly filled to the very brim with fuel, no less and no more.
The player controls a big tube that can be extended to reach the robots, and has a smaller tip that fits into a hole in the top of the robots. The robots are snapped together from three pieces right before they are fueled up, and are taken to the fueler by converter belt, which stops for fueling.
How to Play
Playing the game consists of simply tapping the touch screen at the right time when the robot is right below the fuel tube. The player knows when to do this from the rhythm which is played. It's not quite as easy as that, though, because there is more to do. The player must then keep the pressure on the screen, keeping the tube down, for the tube keeps filling as long as the screen is being pushed. The tube has to be pulled out at the very moment the robot is full. When to do this is also known from the rhythm. | <urn:uuid:075d551d-bc54-495b-a2b2-10ea10c61c8a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nintendo.wikia.com/wiki/Fillbots | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00443-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981763 | 287 | 1.671875 | 2 |
A Swiss tradition in the vein of groundhog day in the US, the burning of the Böögg is a central part of Zurich's Sechseläuten spring festival in which a snowman effigy is set alight on a bonfire to symbolically drive away winter.
According to folklore, the longer it takes the Böögg's head – which is packed with firecrackers – to explode, the worse the summer weather will be.
During this year's rain-soaked event, held on Monday, the unfortunate Böögg's bonce took longer than ever before to explode, finally succumbing in a record 43 minutes and 34 seconds, three minutes more than the previous record.
The shortest ever time was in 2003 when the Böögg exploded in just five minutes 42 seconds – and Europe went on to have an extremely hot summer.
However the Böögg isn't always this accurate. Last year's time of 20 minutes and 39 seconds presumed a relatively lousy summer but it turned out to be one of the hottest on record.
Blending tradition with modernity, since 2011 the Böögg has had his own Twitter account to live-tweet his demise.
Jetzt ist mein Kopf runtergefallen.. #sechselaeuten- Böögg 2016 (@Boeoegg) April 18, 2016
Appropriately, Monday's Sechseläuten took place under rainy skies in Zurich, meaning fewer people than normal took to the streets to celebrate the annual event, according to 20 Minuten.
Many workplaces gave their employees time off to enjoy the day's activities, to the bemusement of some.
Our Zurich office closed this afternoon for Sechseläuten, climaxing in the burning of a snowman known as the Böögg. Seriously.- Maxwell L. Anderson (@MaxAndersonUSA) April 18, 2016
No major incidents were reported, unlike last year when eight people were injured by flying debris from a firecracker which police said was deliberately thrown into the bonfire.
Also last year a horse used in the Böögg ceremony collapsed and died of a heart attack.
Traditionally members of the city's guilds parade in traditional costumes on horseback around the bonfire when the Böögg is burning.
This year organizers insisted that anyone riding a horse during the ceremony must be a qualified rider. | <urn:uuid:82343fcd-b26a-4803-9246-d7f48f023be1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thelocal.ch/20160419/swiss-groundhog-day-forecasts-worst-ever-summer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00488-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942701 | 505 | 2.5 | 2 |
Tabitha Livingstone migrated seamlessly from her family’s restaurant business into her husband’s family-owned auto recycling company
For pretty much all of her life, Tabitha Livingstone was being groomed for a long-term career in her family’s Fisherman’s Wharf restaurant in Rustico.
That all changed when a groom of a different kind showed up — her now husband, Dalbert Livingstone — and she shifted gears to a whole new family-owned business, Island Auto Supply in Charlottetown.
“Like I said at my wedding, ‘I traded in fryer oil for engine oil,’” laughs Tabitha, who is now co-owner of this automobile recycling company, which was founded by Dalbert’s grandparents, Harvey and Rena Livingstone, in 1966 and now has 19 employees, many of whom are family members.
“Last year we processed hundreds of cars,” she adds of her company, which has been recognized for its ongoing top-notch environmentally conscious practices.
Although recycling has always been a big part of the restaurant industry, it was Tabitha’s mother’s longstanding sorting practices at home that first took root.
“My mother was always quite keen on (recycling and reusing), even (years ago) when people had never even heard of recycling. But you could take your own blue bags for recycling at the bottle plants. My mom did that in our house,” she says.
Until she met Dalbert, she was pretty much unaware of the complex process involved in automobile recycling.
“To come into a place like this you think, ‘Oh, they just take cars and then they pull parts.’ But it’s a whole process of recycling a vehicle in the same sense. What a vehicle can do (if not processed properly) is very harmful, which is why you have to put all these (steps) into place to recycle and reuse them,” she says.
She made her first steps on this road to change three years ago when she and Dalbert were planning their future together.
She was assisting in the management of her family’s popular wharf-side restaurant, but decided to give the auto recycling business a go.
“(The restaurant) is seasonal, so I was off through the winter. So I gave it a try and I surprised myself that I liked it. I’ve always been very good in a managerial way, it’s more inbred in me and I’d been doing that for quite some time,” Tabitha remembers.
She started out in Island Auto Supply’s shipping and receiving department.
“So I came in and started implementing some changes, putting some routines and structures into place, and I liked it. I liked getting my hands dirty. I liked that I didn’t have to dress up every day. It was fun how it all changed like that for me,” says Tabitha, who married Dalbert in May 2011.
She now knows by heart the extensive procedure of properly processing end-of-life vehicles in an environmentally safe manner.
“When a vehicle first comes in you drain all its fluids out. We have a list of parts that we would tag off: fast-selling parts like alternators, starters, struts . . . ,” she says.
“We have a waste oil furnace so we burn our own waste oil here, plus we take All
a lot of other waste oil in from other businesses around. The antifreeze and windshield wiper fluids we rebottle and sell out front.”
A special machine drains air-conditioning fluid that is put into storage tanks and traded by the bottle with local auto businesses.
“They give us empty ones and they take our full ones. They use that AC (fluid) to fill up the cars that are in their shops. It’s like a trade program that way, which turns out well for us because if we had to get rid of those tanks full of AC it would be quite expensive.”
Cars that are 2002 models or older may include mercury switches in the trunk area or under the engine bonnet.
“One of those little tiny mercury switches, if it dropped into a lake and broke it would it would take the whole lake out,” Livingstone says.
Island Auto Supply is affiliated with the Switch Out Program, which accepts collected switches twice a year.
To date, this program has collected and safely managed 625,000 switches.
“When everything is completely done and has been stripped off and all the fluids drained, then we have somebody come in and crush them. Then that company takes them to a shredder plant,” says Tabitha, whose company is a member of the Automotive Recyclers Association of Atlantic Canada, which was co-founded by Harvey.
“Our association developed this program of draining, dismantling, taking the switches off, to follow and now it’s actually starting to follow suit and we’re seeing it in the shredders and the people that are crushing them, they’re not taking them anymore until they have been properly drained, dismantled and put to the end of their life.”
Non-functioning core parts like batteries, starters and alternators are sold to companies that refurbish them.
A local person picks up tires for recycling.
Disposing of a car has come a long way from the drag-’em-to-the-back-40 days.
Today it is possible to reuse, remanufacture or recycle more than 80 per cent of an entire vehicle.
“People just didn’t know the devastating effects that that stuff can do like they do today,” says Tabitha, who has been lobbying government for stricter rules pertaining to auto recycling on P.E.I.
“Right now on P.E.I. there are over 50 salvage licenses out there. Don’t get me wrong, I am not in the position that we would ever dream of putting people out of business, but there are still people out there who are buying up vehicles, stockpiling them in their backyard and crushers are coming in and everything is just going into the ground.
“And then there are people like us that are being responsible and trying to put into place something that makes other people as responsible for processing vehicles as us.” | <urn:uuid:4bf9b6eb-d707-47ee-b9e3-70c61840c0ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.theguardian.pe.ca/Living/2014-03-06/article-3639468/Its-all-in-the-family-for-Prince-Edward-Island-automobile-recycling-company/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00561-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97645 | 1,370 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Chapter 4: In the Classroom . . . Boys Will be Girls
In 1982, Carol Gilligan wrote In A Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Arguing that there are masculine and feminine approaches to moral reasoning: the feminine focuses on caring and intimacy and the masculine emphasizes abstractions and rules. Down the road, Gilligan's fellow feminists adapted the argument to social science research and firmly resolved to:
Soon, the notion evolved that the American culture was patriarchal and silenced women - thus losing their voices.
With such a noble cause, feminists mobilized to boost the self-esteem of adolescent girls since they were "victims" of a "strangling patriarchy". For years now, Congress and non-profit organizations have used tax-payer dollars to launch workshop upon workshop for girls and how to find themselves. However, I wonder - does this help? Since when can anyone find the answers within? What feminists have created now, as Paul Vitz calls it, is "Wonder Woman and the Wimp." We have allowed schools to denigrate admirable masculine virtues and keep young boys quite in class by plying them with Ritalin. What happened to the academic competitions and awards? Now, all must "share" and "cooperate". Not that sharing and cooperating are bad, but neither are competitions and awards.
In her insightful and thorough book, The War on Boys, Dr. Christina Hoff Sommers writes with common sense about the fad of self-esteem workshops and the like:
With the reeducation of boys also comes the reeducation of girls. Girls are not allowed to be who they want. On behalf of British girls, James Tooley writes the following in his book, The Miseducation of Women:
O'Beirne continues to summarize Tooley's argument . . .
I don't know about you, ladies (who are reading this), but let's start wanting this from men!
Unfortunately, because of their entitlement and victim attitude, feminists have made women into delicate and fragile species who become offended and bruised at the drop of any comment about differences in academic achievement between men and women.
O'Beirne concludes with the following:
Please share your observances, thoughts, and opinions. How do we now encourage admirable masculine virtues in boys and young men since they have been trained out of them? Can this reeducation be reversed? Does it need to be? Why or why not? | <urn:uuid:60eba40b-4bd7-45ea-be3b-fa0428b8afbc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://enlightenedwomen.org/chapter-4-in-the-classroom-boys-will-be-girls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00461-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961053 | 499 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In September/October 2020, there were news stories that claimed that school administrators were trying to "game" the contact-tracing rules (which required registering 15 minutes close contacts between students), by having students change seating arrangements every 14 minutes (or less in some accounts).
The Des Moines Register reported that it was not mandated in Iowa's Waukee School District, but was left to individual teachers to decide.
The NY Times article reported that Montana's Billings School District encouraged teachers to do so.
However, the Billings Gazette went further:
Administrators in at least two Billings high schools have been asking educators to shuffle students in classrooms to avoid having them register as a close contact of potential COVID-19 positive cases, emails show. "Please be practicing with your classes moving every 14 minutes when students are closer than 6 feet apart and with each other for 15 minutes or more," wrote Dar Schaaf, a Career Center associate principal. "Do this to protect them from Close Contact Tracing." Kelly Hornby, the principal at West High, gave his staff similar guidance.
According to that article, district superintendent Greg Upham wrote in an email to school administrators:
Please remind your staff and students to be cognizant of this definition and whenever possible, disrupt the 15 minute timeline, through movement, distancing and masking. This will assist our contact tracers in reducing the number of students and staff who are identified as close contacts and placed into quarantine, not to mention the obvious element of overall safety for everyone.
I can easily believe that this happened. However, the article goes on to say:
The emails from administrators show that in at least some schools, the rule translated into a game of musical chairs every 14 minutes.
I interpret this as meaning that the rules were actually implemented in at least some classrooms. I am skeptical.
In Iowa it has been claimed that some schools were "trying out" the method:
Jesse Persons is the mother of a sophomore at Woodbury Central High School in Moville—the other school that is attempting the use of movement every 14 minutes. Persons said she met with the district Superintendent Doug Glackin to voice concerns she had with the practice.
Glackin told her that the school was “trying out” the 14-minute break as an effort to minimize the number of students in quarantine.
Were these "COVID Shuffle" rules - i.e. of making students swap desks every 14 minutes or so - ever carried out in any US schools? | <urn:uuid:cb580044-d76d-4548-b9cd-84d6db3bb836> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/52419/did-some-us-schools-implement-a-covid-shuffle-to-move-students-every-12-14-min | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.9749 | 520 | 1.921875 | 2 |
New Study Reveals This Puts Your Heart in Surprising Danger
Socioeconomic status is a major risk factor for poor health—financially disadvantaged people are more likely to suffer chronic illnesses like cardiovascular disease and face worse outcomes. But a new study has found a potential new angle on how finances can affect our health, particularly the risk of a heart attack.
Your Heart and Your Money Are Connected
In the study published in JAMA Cardiology, researchers say that changes in wealth are associated with heart attack risk—an upswing in wealth correlates with a lower likelihood of heart attack, while a downturn in wealth is linked to a higher one. "Low wealth is a risk factor that can dynamically change over a person's life and can influence a person's cardiovascular health status," said study co-author Muthiah Vaduganathan, MD, MPH, from Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. "So, it's a window of opportunity we have for an at-risk population. Buffering large changes in wealth should be an important focus for health policy moving ahead."
Using data from the RAND Health and Retirement Study (HRS)—which tracked detailed information about the participants' financial assets, including housing, savings, debt, and income—researchers looked at 5,579 adults 50 years or older who had no heart problems when the HRS began. Between January 1992 and December 2016, the participants reported any new health diagnoses they had received. Analyzing that information, the scientists found that study subjects whose wealth increased were less likely to develop cardiovascular disease, while a decrease in wealth aligned with cardiovascular risk.
Reversal of Fortune
"Decreases in wealth are associated with more stress, fewer healthy behaviors, and less leisure time, all of which are associated with poorer cardiovascular health," said study co-author Andrew Sumarsono, MD, from University of Texas Southwestern's Division of Hospital Medicine. "It is possible that the inverse is true and may help to explain our study's findings."
While most research tends to focus on income, this study took a broader view of how a person's financial situation may affect their health—salary may be the primary financial stressor in life, but it's not the only one. "Income and wealth, while perhaps informally used interchangeably, actually provide different and complementary perspectives," said study co-author Sara Machado, PhD, an economist at the London School of Economics. "Income reflects money received on a regular basis, while wealth is more holistic, encompassing both assets and debts. Could paying off one's debt with a large relative wealth increase be important in promoting cardiovascular health, even without changes in income?"
The researchers called for more study along these lines. "Wealth and health are so closely integrated that we can no longer consider them apart," said Vaduganathan. "In future investigations, we need to make dedicated efforts to routinely measure wealth and consider it a key determinant of cardiovascular health." And to get through life at your healthiest, don't miss The #1 Cause of Diabetes, According to Doctors.
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- – Never Take This Pill in the Morning, Warn Experts | <urn:uuid:88e207de-0866-4f13-bf7a-8122875c68e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eatthis.com/news-heart-attack-wealth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.953978 | 759 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Fictional military aircraft are imagined aircraft which are used in fiction, in its various media, but do not exist in the real world. These aircraft may be conjectured variants of real-world aircraft or they may be completely fabricated by the author.
In the 1984s, a gap appeared in the designation system for US military aircraft, between the F/A-18 Hornet and the F-20 Tigershark. This unseen F-19 was speculated to be a top-secret stealth fighter in US service. Various depictions of F-19s have since appeared in fictional works, as well as in the usually accurate Jane's All the World's Aircraft publication (as the Lockheed RF-19 and XST).
American model airplane manufacturers Testors and Monogram have both released hypothetical model kits of the F-19, the former quickly becoming the best-selling model airplane kit ever. Ironically, the Testors F-19 model bore no resemblance to the F-117, having a sweeping, streamlined appearance as opposed to the sharp, angular design of the Nighthawk.
There are many theories as to why no publicly-known aircraft has been designated F-19. One theory claims that Northrop requested to skip the number for their F-20 Tigershark in order to avoid confusion with the MiG-19 on the export market. Although there may be an actual F-19 aircraft still unknown to the general public, the designation may very well be an obsolete designation for the F-117 Nighthawk.
The F-117 designation was a ruse in itself. In 1962, the Defense Department under Secretary Robert McNamara standardized the designation of arms across all US armed services. The designation format selected for fighter aircraft was a combination of the Air Force's "F-" prefix and the Navy's low numeric indicator. An effect of this was a "reset" of the high numeric indicators into which the Air Force's designations had climbed by then – exemplified by the Century Series fighters ranging from the F-100 Super Sabre to the F-111. The first new type entering into Air Force service under the new designation scheme was the F-15 Eagle. However, high F-numbers, higher than F-111, continued to be used. They were allocated to foreign (Soviet, Israeli, Pakistani and Chinese) fighter types which the United States flew in secret from Nellis AFB in Nevada for evaluation purposes. The designations were intentionally convoluted to further obfuscate the details of what was a highly classified, though publicly known (if unacknowledged) program. For example, the Soviet MiG-23MS air-superiority fighter (allegedly obtained from Egypt when that nation switched from using Soviet to Western military aircraft) was given the designation YF-113E, while the earlier, much less capable and completely unrelated MiG-17 was the YF-113A (the YF- prefix denoting a type under operational evaluation). The (Y)F-117 designation was, thus, used to mask the aircraft's identity as another "Russian" fighter under evaluation. The F-117 force being based at Nellis, just like the officially-unacknowledged foreign fighters, added to the plausibility of the deception. When the Stealth Fighter was officially confirmed in 1988, the designation was retained.
The F-19A Ghostrider, which shares the same physical characteristics as the Revell model kit, appears in Tom Clancy's novel Red Storm Rising, where an entire chapter is devoted to its exploits ('The Frisbees of Dreamland'). The stealth attack fighters, nicknamed 'Frisbees' by their pilots in reference to their smooth, curved shape, use AIM-9 Sidewinder infrared-guided air-to-air missiles to shoot down Russian IL-76 Mainstay airborne early warning aircraft, thus allowing NATO fighters to penetrate Russian-controlled areas of Germany and bomb the Soviet forces massing there. To further facilitate the attack, the F-19s use nose-mounted lasers to illuminate targets for other fighters and bombers dropping laser-guided bombs.
The XFA-24A Apalis is a single-seat, twin-engine, canard-delta winged strike fighter in the video game Ace Combat X: Skies of Deception. Its engines allow it to accelerate straight up, and it is capable of toting large loads into combat. Its official "popular name" is a genus of songbirds. In an air to air configuration it carries AIM-9 Sidewinder and AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles, it is also compatible with the Mark 82 bomb and Maverick missile.
The F/A-37 Talon is a near-future, fictional single-seat fighter aircraft of the U.S. Navy in the 2005 film Stealth. In the movie's fictional world, the only 37s are operating as a three-plane flight for field evaluation, from the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln.
The Talon is capable of hypersonic flight with two combined Pulse Detonation/Scramjet engines. As the movie's title suggests, the Talon has stealth capability, along with movable, forward sweep, switchblade wings, an internal cannon for close-in fights, and an internal rotary launcher with a wide variety of ordnance, including AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, AGM-88 HARM anti-radiation missiles, AGM-130C air-to-surface missiles (called "Blue Ferret" in the movie), and Truncheon implosion bombs.
It has a Common Integrated Processor (CIP), a central "brain" capable of making damage assessments, not just on enemy forces, but on collateral and civilian casualties as well. The CIP can make complex calculations, like estimating nuclear fallout, or projecting odds of survival.
The Talon is capable of precise attacks with minimal destruction. Each pilot has a view-screen for each wingman. Controls are streamlined; the computer communicates through voice and projection displays. The Talons had transponders that directly linked with the pilots homebase or a carrier's advanced flight center. The Talon has a self-destruct system in case of system failure.
F/A-37 unique switch-wing design closely resembles patent #5,984,231 for "Aircraft with variable forward-sweep wing", issued to Northrop Grumman Corporation in 1999. This patent caused a wave of rumors about actual aircraft build with that design, with fictional name 'Switchblade', that was publicised in November, 2000 issue of Popular Science magazine. Moreover, according to aerospace journalist Steve Douglass, Northrop Grumman was one of the technical advisors for the Stealth movie. Yet another plane sharing design characteristics with the Talon is the VF-19 Excalibur.
Technically, the F/A-37 should be called "Talon III", as the name "Talon" has already been assigned to the T-38 trainer aircraft and "Talon II" has be assigned to the Lockheed MC-130. Another plane that resembles the F/A-37 is the X-02 Wyvern.
The game Empire Earth features a fighter called the Talon in the "Digital Age Epoch". It is almost identical to the F/A-37, although it is a white land-based fighter instead of a black carrier-based one.
Featured in the movie Stealth, The UCAV EDI (Extreme Deep Invader) is a joint program in relation to the F/A-37 Talon. EDI (call sign 'Tinman') is smaller than the Talon and has a downward-canted delta platform. Despite its designation as an Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV), it retains a cockpit for maintenance and emergencies. Among the new features are V/STOL capability, a Kermit (metal ceramic) composite exoskeleton, and aeroelastic wings. The engine is described as a Pulse Detonation Engine with twin Hybrid Scramjet Turbos fueled by catalyzed A1 methane. Being unmanned, EDI has shown to disregard G-forces and perform a complete sharp angle, high speed turn.
EDI's computer is more powerful than a standard Talon's at 10 tera-bits/second. It also has an Artificial Intelligence system with Quantum processing achieved by a neural net.EDI's artificial intelligence goes even further by allowing it to speak freely without being influenced by a human controller. EDI is capable of identifying a target 5 miles (8.0 km) away or by using a satellite uplink. EDI can identify a human target by fingerprints, voice analysis, or by face recognition. The most striking feature of the A.I. was its ability to learn at an exponential rate, and its ability to develop emotional feelings.
The F-200 appears in the video game U.N. Squadron. Its shape seems to have mostly been inspired by the - unreal - Mig-31 Firefox. Though this plane is fictional, it could have been misleading, because all the other available planes of the game are real ones, for example the F-20 Tigershark or the YF-23 Black Widow II.
The Efreet is the best playable fighter in this game, which can carry all of the weapons. It is also the most expensive one.
The GDI Firehawk is a VTOL multi-role fighter jet that appears in Command & Conquer 3.
The Firehawk uses forward-swept wings with rear-swept winglets and canards. It can be equipped at the airfield with either two anti-surface bombs or four air-to-air missiles. It seats two crew, one pilot and one weapons officer. Firehawks can be refitted with special boosters that enable them to go sub-orbital, becoming impervious to anti-aircraft fire during the whole maneuver except reentry.
The Allied Nations' Black Eagles are high-speed VTOL jets used mostly by The Republic of Korea in Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2.
Black Eagles feature forward-swept wings but otherwise resemble F-16 Fighting Falcons. They are loaded with powerful missiles used for engaging surface targets. Black Eagles are usually painted black in reference to their name. They most likely were inspired by the Russian Su-47 Berkut, which is Russian for Golden Eagle.
The Metyor Mt-179 is an advanced fighter-bomber version of the Fiskious Fi-170 found in Dale Brown's novel Warrior Class. The aircraft is designed with a forward swept wing and an extremely thin fuselage section.
The aircraft uses an internal bomb bay to carry laser-guided bombs and R-27 missiles. It houses four R-60 missiles in the leading edge of the wings; however, these are omitted due to corrosion of the wing. The crew of two consists of a pilot and a weapons operator.
Bought by oil broker Pavel Kazakov, the aircraft is used to influence his East European neighbors, almost starting a number of conflicts. The aircraft finally turned in on USAF forces in Turkey. Fortunately, the chief designer sent the aircraft's heat signature to the USAF in Turkey allowing Patrick McLanahan and his team of EB-1C Vampire II to destroy it.
The aircraft resembles a VF-9 Cutlass.
Fictional aircraft codenamed MiG-28 (МиГ-28 in Cyrillic script) have appeared in several different unrelated works. These fictional aircraft have been independently created and the aircraft share nothing but a name, although it has also often even been given the NATO reporting name Finback. In reality this codename has now been assigned to the Shenyang J-8, a Chinese interceptor-fighter.
The first instance of a "MiG-28" was in the 1978 Quiller novel The Sinkiang Executive written by Adam Hall. Referred to in the work as the MiG-28D (NATO code "Finback"), it was an aircraft that resembled a somewhat modified MiG-25, but with sharper air intakes and swept wings.
In the 1986 movie Top Gun, Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (Tom Cruise) squared off against MiG-28s with no NATO reporting name and of unspecified nationality. These were nothing more than American Northrop F-5s, which at the time were being used as aggressor aircraft for dissimilar air combat training at the real TOPGUN seminar (now known as the United States Navy Fighter Weapons School). The F-5s "acting" as MiG-28s were painted flat black to indicate their villainous status, and retained those paint jobs after production closed. The nation flying these MiG-28s is not specified whatsoever in the movie but assumed to be the Soviet Union or another Communist state; audio commentary on the movie's Special-Edition DVD release states that they were originally intended to be North Korean. In video games licensed from the movies, the enemy planes are replaced with real Soviet aircraft, the MiG-29 "Fulcrum".
Therefore, It must be noted that the designation "MiG-28" is inconsistent with the Soviet/Russian practice of giving fighter and strike designs odd numbers, with bombers and other large aircraft receiving even numbers, which represents either oversight or an attempt to avoid contradicting real aircraft.
The MiG-31 (МиГ-31 in Cyrillic script), NATO reporting name "Firefox", is a fictional aircraft appearing in Craig Thomas' novels Firefox and Firefox Down, as well as the Clint Eastwood movie based on the former.
The Firefox is an interceptor aircraft with stealth capabilities, to the point that it is invisible to radar. It is powered by two incredibly powerful "Turmansky" (a probable misspelling of Tumansky) turbo-ramjet engines that permit flight at hypersonic speeds, but their exhaust gives the Firefox a prominent infrared signature. The Firefox's most famous feature is its Thought-Controlled Weapons System, which uses signals from the pilot's brain to target enemies and fire weapons; however, it only responds to commands thought in Russian. The Firefox's weapons consist of up to four AA-6 Acrid air-to-air missiles (modified for thought guidance), two 23 mm cannons, and four Rear Defense Pods, which fire an explosive charge at a pursuing aircraft or missile.
Other capabilities of the Firefox include a 3,000-mile (4,800 km) range and a flight ceiling over 120,000 feet (37,000 m). To give the pilot full situational awareness the aircraft also includes a camera system that allows the pilot to see images ahead of, below, and directly behind the aircraft on his console. Mitchell Gant uses this system several times during his flight to keep track of missiles, and other aircraft pursuing him.
Two production prototypes were built before it was to be deployed into active service for the Soviet Air Force. The first prototype was stolen by Mitchell Gant operating on behalf of the Western intelligence community. The second prototype intercepted Gant and the two aircraft entered into combat with Gant destroying his adversary.
In Firefox Down, it is revealed the remaining prototype's fuel lines were ruptured in the dogfight that concluded the previous novel and the aircraft crash-lands in Finland. One of the plot lines of Firefox Down is the race between the Soviets and Western Intelligence to recover the aircraft submerged in a frozen Finnish lake.
The MiG-37 (fictional NATO reporting name Ferret E) is a fictional stealth aircraft produced in kit form by Italian model manufacturer Italeri, in co-operation with American model company Testors. The kit was a follow-up to Testors' highly successful (and fictional) "F-19 Stealth" model kit.
The MiG-37 is a stealth fighter designed using advances in technology from the Soviet Union's space and aviation programs as a reaction to the American F-19 stealth project.
The Mikoyan MiG-242 appears in the pilot episode of the Gerry Anderson production of Joe 90. It is a 21st century Russian air superiority fighter, and the most advanced of its time. The MiG-242 could be launched from a special zero-zero launch ramp. This ramp could be deployed on Russian air bases and would elevate 45 degrees and catapult the aircraft via the use of an electromagnetic rail catapult, while the fighter engaged full afterburners. The aircraft was discovered to be variable geometry and when swept, the wings met up with the tail to form a delta. This offered the MiG-242 both excellent low speed maneuverability and high Mach speed. Maximum speed was 3,600 km/h (Mach 3) at 11,500 metres and was powered by two variable-cycle turbine/ram jet engines. These operated as jet turbines up to Mach 2.5, and as ramjets from Mach 2.1 and up.
The key to its versatility was the weapons system, two pods mounted ventrally under the fuselage. These pods could be configured with a variety of weapons, from air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles plus sensor equipment, free-fall bombs and other ordnance. These could be quickly removed and replaced to give the MiG-242 exceptional turn-around times. In the nose were mounted two 30 mm cannon for close range fighting and two ECM pods were mounted in the twin tails.
The models used for filming the episodes were modified Angel Interceptors, from Anderson's previous series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons.
The Turbo Kat was the primary vehicle for the two protagonists in the animated hit series Swat Kats: The Radical Squadron. It was based on the Northrop Grumman F-14 Tomcat with three jet engines and V/STOL capabilities.
The XF-34A DreamStar is a fictional aircraft from the Dale Brown novel Day of the Cheetah. It is a single-engine forward-swept wing fighter similar to the Grumman X-29; however, it is completely thought-controlled by its pilot through a semi-artificially-intelligent computer called the Advanced Neural Transfer And Response System, or ANTAReS. It was stolen by its pilot, who had been a Soviet mole planted into the US Air Force years earlier; his handlers wished to reverse-engineer the plane and redesignate it the MiG-39 Zavtra (Russian for "tomorrow.")
The COBRA Rattler is a fictional VTOL(Vertical Take Off and Landing)fighter aircraft which was the counterpart of the Skystriker. This was actually a version of the A-10 Thunderbolt II but it has three engines.Two of them are on the wings and one at the rear between the fins.It also has a gunner behind the pilot unlike the A-10 Thunderbolt II. It however still retains the Gatling Gun at the bottom of the nose.
The Night Raven is a fictional version of the SR-71 Blackbird equipped with a small piloted jet that detaches from the main jet, similar to the way in which an early version of the SR-71 was able to carry a Lockheed D-21 drone. In one story by Devil's Due Publishing the Decepticon Starscream was reformatted to turn into a Night Raven.
The Conquest X-30 is a fictional aircraft from the G.I. Joe line of toys, comic books and cartoon series. It is a single-seat, twin-engined forward swept wing air superiority fighter, and is used by the fictional U.S. Air Force of that universe. The Conquest is designed solely for air combat and carries no air to ground weaponry (although its "Light Sparrow" missiles can be fired against ground targets, as seen in the cartoon series). It is armed with four "AIM-12 Light Sparrow" missiles, carries "11k" (presumably 11,000 pounds) internal fuel and two 350 gal. external fuel tanks. Its gun armament consists of two 25 mm revolver cannon. Despite its higher series number, it is succeeded by the Phantom X-19 (see below). It uses square jet engine nozzles that, curiously, do not appear to be thrust-vectoring. The Conquest X-30 is based on the Grumman X-29 forward-swept experimental aircraft.
The Phantom X-19 is a fictional aircraft from the G.I. Joe line of toys, comic books and cartoon series. It is a twin-seat, twin-engine stealth strike fighter aircraft, and is used by the fictional U.S. Air Force of that universe. The Phantom's purpose is to strike and destroy Cobra targets of interest. It is the preferred aircraft of the G.I. Joe pilot known as "Ghostrider". The Phantom is armed with twin Sparrow missiles, laser-guided bombs, and twin machine guns. Despite its lower series number, it is a successor to the Conquest X-30. See Curtiss-Wright X-19 for the real X-19.
While the plane depicted in the movie never existed, Savoia was an actual Italian aircraft maker which produced a considerable number of flying boats in the 1920s, during which the movie is set. An actual Savoia S.21 even existed, though the fictional one does not closely resemble it—the Cant.Z 501 "Seagull" is probably the closest real-life match.
The S.21 was a custom-built fighter seaplane with a single parasol wing, above which was mounted a single engine nacelle. It had a flying-boat hull and outrigger floats, and carried two machine guns in the nose. In the film, there are two versions of the S.21. The initial version was powered by an Isotta-Fraschini Asso liquid-cooled V-12 engine; the later version mounted a Fiat A.S.2 "Folgore" V-12 with a modified radiator configuration. In addition to the engine, the new version had a tiny forward cockpit.
In The Age of the Flying Boat, the book on which the movie is based, the modified version takes a Rolls-Royce Kestrel engine. The aircraft was painted bright red with Italian tricolor stripes on the wings and tail.
In Japanese anime Macross Plus. YF-19 Alpha One is an advanced variable fighter prototype developed by Shinsei Industries as part of Project Super Nova. It led to the development of the VF-19 Excalibur. The aircraft features a turreted anti-air laser cannon, internal missile launchers, hardpoints, gun pod, sensor baffling active-stealth system, virtual-environment cockpit, pin-point barrier system, vectored maneuvering thrusters, and swing-wing design, and is able to reach escape velocity from an Earth-sized planet. It is also one of the few variable fighters developed to use the Hyperspace Fold FAST Packs.
In Japanese anime Macross Plus. YF-21 Omega One is an advanced variable fighter prototype developed by General Galaxy as part of Project Super Nova. It led to the development of the VF-22 Sturmvogel II. The aircraft features laser cannons, internal missile launchers, hardpoints, gun pod, sensor baffling active-stealth system, brain control system, pin-point barrier system, vectored maneuvering thrusters, and Intelligent Flight Control System, and is able to reach escape velocity from an Earth-sized planet. It is also one of the few variable fighters developed to use the Hyperspace Fold FAST Packs.
In the game Frontlines: Fuel of War which released in Spring 2008, the fictional F/A-40 representing the main combat aircraft of the Western Coalition, and in fact it appears to be a modified F-22 Raptor in actual environment.
The King Raptor is an upgraded version of the F-22 Raptor, featured in Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour. When playing as the USA and using the Air Force General, the King Raptor automatically replaces the Raptor in the build menu. This fighter carries 6 air-to-air/air-to-ground missiles and uses a Point Defense Laser to destroy hostile missiles. Its upgraded radar enables it to detect stealth units.
A Chinese MIG-type aircraft appears in the video game Command & Conquer: Generals. The MIG carries two incendiary missiles and a flight of four MIGs can create a firestorm. The missiles can also target aerial enemies. The MIG Armor (25% armor increase) and Black Napalm (25% more flame damage) upgrades empower this fighter even more, and the Zero Hour Tactical Nuke upgrade gives it a small nuclear weapon. It is based on the design of the real-life MiG 1.44
Fictional experimental hybrid rocket/jet 1400 mph X-plane, built by a small, under pressure aircraft builder, relentless Leland Willis (Raymond Massey). Newly hired test pilot, retired Matt Brennan (Humphrey Bogart) conducts strenuous tests on the plane's top speed capability, plus an experimental pilot escape pod – featured in the 1950 film Chain Lightning, starring Humphrey Bogart
Tempest appeared as a Royal Air Force fighter-bomber in several novels by John Nichol, who served as a navigator on the real-world Panavia Tornado around the time of the first Gulf War. Tempest is a clear proxy for Tornado, following the meteorological naming scheme, with both being twin-engined, tandem cockpit aircraft carrying the RAF's designation for a ground-attack type. Both rotate at around 170 knots, have the same emergency checks in response to an engine fire, and have thrust reversers (which are unusual on a fast jet). Although Tempest appears to combine the capabilities of both the fighter and ground-attack variants of Tornado, it carries a GR designation, the RAF's terminology for a ground-attack aircraft. Tempests are described firing (real-world) Skyflash missiles, as in the air-defence variant Tornado F.3, but also flying ground-attack profiles which would not be possible without the GR.4's ground-mapping radar. One novel was concerned with problems, alluded to in at least one other book, with the Tempest's computerised flight control system.
The A-20 Razorback is a very fast jet fighter in the Ryanverse. It was first seen in Tom Clancy's EndWar, then later in Tom Clancy's HAWX. It was probably developed for the 2018 Bomber, beating the B-1R, YF-23 and FB-22. It is a stealthy replacement for the famous A-10 Thunderbolt II and is armed with ground munitions and 2 GAU-8 Avenger for close air support.
Should not be confused with the real Sukhoi Su-38 agricultural aircraft. This product of Sukhoi is also in EndWar. Like the Razorback, it has missiles, bombs, and a gun, but was developed from the Sukhoi Su-47.
A B-3 is also implemented in the game Command & Conquer: Generals - Zero Hour. If one looks closely at an awkward angle at the plane's model in the World Builder tool, "B-3" is clearly visible.
The B-10 is a fictional hypersonic long range bomber aircraft in John Grisham's novel The Associate. It is designed to skip on the edge of the atmosphere at Mach 10 and reach the opposite side of the Earth within one hour.
See also: HyperSoar
First appearing in Dale Brown's novel Battle Born, the EB-1C is an advanced variant of the B-1 Lancer. Originally named after the Megafortress, it was renamed the Vampire in Air Battle Force. It differs from the real B-1 in that its wings are always swept all the way back, the tail is smaller and lacks the horizontal stabilizer, and it utilizes new "Mission Adaptive Skin" that works off of micro-hydraulics to affect the shape of the Vampire's wings in-flight. This allows to create lift and drag much more smoothly than harder control flaps.
Unlike the Megafortress, the Vampire can be run via remote control, from pilots and engineers on the ground. These are referred to as Virtual Aircraft Commanders and Mission Commanders. However, both real and virtual pilots, both on the ground and in the cockpit, can run the plane at the same time. Virtual pilots can take off, land, even refuel from their virtual consoles. The Vampire is also used as a 'mothership' for the Flighthawk drones. The drones can be both launched and recovered by the Vampire, and even refuel and reload while inside the weapons bay.
See also: Megafortress
Dale Brown has used various modified variants of the B-52 Stratofortress, which in reality is used by the US Air Force as their heavy strategic bomber. These variants are usually referred to as the B-52 Megafortress. The Megafortress first appears in Dale Brown's Flight of the Old Dog and is expanded and upgraded in all his later books. It has all the latest technology (such as an advanced on-board computer and detailed HUD) and carries all the latest weapons, such as the AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-120 AMRAAM, along with various anti-ship missiles, anti-tank guided missiles and even more fanciful weapons such as plasma-yield warheads. It also uses an advanced layout, having a long SST nose and twin V-type tails. In later books, the eight engines of the B-52A-H are replaced by four larger and more powerful turbofans. Coincidentally, this is an upgrade that has been considered for the real-world B-52H fleet.
In Flight of the Old Dog, the first book in the series, the aircraft is designated the B-52I Megafortress. B-52M Megafortress Plus is later introduced in Day of the Cheetah and the EB-52 designation is first used in Sky Masters. In reality, the EB-52H (or B-52J) was a planned upgrade to the USAF's current fleet of Stratofortresses, allowing them to act as "stand-off jammers", with jamming pods replacing the B-52's wing-mounted external fuel tanks.
One final version, the AL-52 Dragon, was introduced in Wings of Fire. The Dragon is an airborne laser platform; the actual laser is a chemical system (a COIL, or chlorine-oxygen-iodine laser). One prototype, however, is refitted with a plasma-pumped solid-state laser (the technology is based on the plasma-yield warheads mentioned above). Both Dragon variants are devastating against aerial targets; however, the plasma-pumped laser's sheer power makes it effective against surface targets as well. Later on in the series, the plasma-pumped solid state laser replaces the COIL laser on all standard AL-52's.
The REB-36D Peacemaker II NAWCC is a heavily modified and upgraded version of the Korean-War Era B-36 Peacemaker, and is a fictional aircraft that plays heavily in the storyline of Brian R. Kupfer's "Metamorphosis: Story of the 137SOW" novel, published in 2001. The NAWCC is an airborne communications and recon platform that acts as a flying headquarters for the 137th Wing Eagle Task Force. The initial concept for the aircraft was come up with by Matt "ElTito" Bendix, Aaron "Valder" Fieldman, and Wahren "Wolf" Morast, and later assembled in the bowels of the highly secret Gorilla Mountain Complex. With the help of the Raytheon group, the REB-36D was first flown days before Desert Storm and has been in action in the skies around the world ever since. The REB-36D is a one-off aircraft and is only ever used by the ETF, usually piloted by Suzanne "Daphne" Wagner and John "Wizard" Terrence with a five person crew of specialists aboard.
The B-7A Silhouette is a fictional prototype US Air Force fighter-bomber in the book Ice Station by Matthew Reilly. It is said to be powered by a plutonium core. The plutonium core powers its stealth mechanism. The Silhouette is able to become invisible not only to radar, but to the human eye. The stealth mechanism on the Silhouette is said to work by distorting the air around the aircraft. All other features of the Silhouette run on normal jet fuel.
The Silhouette also has VTOL capability thanks to retro-firing jets on its underside, as well as multiple-launch BVR air-to-air and air-to-ground missile capability, with a range of 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km). In the book a code was needed to open the door to get inside the aircraft.
As well as missiles the Silhouette has wing-mounted machine-guns controlled by the gunner for armament. The plane has a two-person cockpit – the pilot, who sits in a seat forward and to the right of the cockpit, and the gunner/radar operator, who sits above and to the left of the pilot. In the book, people entering the plane are required to open the main door using a code and step inside the missile bay, before going forward into the cockpit.
It is said to have been built in 1979, and was apparently the losing competitor in the B-2 stealth bomber project.
The Fiskious Fi-170 Tuman is a fictional Russian Stealth bomber prototype in military thriller author Dale Brown's book Night of the Hawk. The Fi-170 is the Russian equivalent to the EB-52 Megafortress, developed by captured and brainwashed American engineer Dave Luger. The aircraft is notable in having a super-critical wing and Russian equivalents to American weapons such as the AIM-120 and Stinger missiles.
The Fi-170 is developed at the Fiskious institute in Lithuania and is stolen by a team of commandos led by pilot-hero Patrick McLanahan, who also rescue Dave Luger the same night. The Fi-170 is flown to an undisclosed location in Scotland after destroying multiple enemy targets in Belarus. The Fi-170 is analyzed and dismantled in Scotland having been found to be no better than a Russian copy of the EB-52.
The Spriggan is a massive super-bomber appearing in the game Aerofighters Assault. It is armed with nuclear weapons, as well as heavy anti-air cannons. It is also capable of launching fighters such as the F-22.
The Archeopterix is a massive super-weapon bomber appearing in the Naval Ops: Warship Gunner series of games on the PlayStation 2 console. It is armed with massive bombs, as well as large battleship cannons, however it is vulnerable due to its slow speed.
The Aurora is a hypersonic bomber aircraft in the video game Command & Conquer: Generals. The Aurora supercruises when attacking, making it immune to ground fire and missiles. Immediately after attacking, the Aurora loses 50% of its speed and is vulnerable to attack. The Aurora carries one very strong bomb, and the Aurora Alpha upgrade in the expansion pack Zero Hour loads the bomber with thermobaric munitions instead. The third-party New Tech Mod for Zero Hour equips the Aurora Alpha with tactical nukes. Auroras can be recognized from their white color and ogee delta wings.
In the PC computer game "Jane's fighters anthology", the Aurora represents a Mach 4+ delta-wing reconnaissance aircraft, the successor of the SR-71 Blackbird.
The Vertigo is a batwing VTOL bomber in Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars. What differentiates this from other bombers is that the Vertigo uses high-powered active camouflage to get close to the target, drop its payload then go into hiding again. In the event that it's spotted mid-flight, the Vertigo has significant armor and a tailgunner though it still doesn't stand a chance against air superiority fighters, hence the camouflage. However, dropping bombs will break the energy field and reveal the bomber until the crew can reactivate it.
The Armageddon is a heavy bomber used for delivering heavier ordnance like cluster bombs loaded with landmines. Unlike the Vertigo, it doesn't use camouflage; rather, it relies on speed and armor to reach the target.
The Dragonfly is a fictional G.I.Joe military unit attack helicopter gunship. Similar in proportion to the HueyCobra gunship with tandem seating, the Dragonfly XH-1 features a chin-mounted gatling gun and flamethrower. Along with a variety of 6 rockets externally mounted on stub wings, the helicopter also features a long-barrel side cannon mounted on the landing skids. Other features of interest are the winch system mounted on the bottom, as well as a non-rotor tail rudder design. Subsequent models that followed include the TigerFly , Helifighter DF3 (from Street Fighter), and the Locust DF4
A multi-role twin rotor helicopter from the fictional GIJOE universe. This helicopter features twin 5-blade rotors set in tandem similar to a Chinook, but unlike the Chinook, the Tomahawk also has a large pitch tail rotor. The Tomahawk is armed with a large multi-barrel gatling gun system that is interlinked with a camera/ targeting system, 6 small externally mounted rockets, and two very large externally mounted missiles. Aside from the pilot and co-pilot, the Tomahawk has seating for 5 troops, with two machine guns mounted on either side of the door-less aft area. There is also a rear cargo ramp and large winch system.
The playable attack helicopter in the eponymous futuristic video game released by Core design in 1991. The AH-73M seems to be based on the AH-64 Apache, but with more weapons and more advanced technology. A typical loadout for the AH-73 in the game is 16 Hellfire-like missiles, 76 unguided rockets, 8 Stinger-like air-to-air missiles and a cannon with unlimited ammunition.
Airwolf is the star of a 1984 TV series of the same name. It is a helicopter that is capable of supersonic flight and carries multiple anti-aircraft cannons and missiles in retractable weapons pods. The helicopter used in the series is a modified Bell 222.
A fictional police helicopter from the film and TV series of the same name. The helicopter is armed with a powerful head-tracked gatling gun in the nose, a whisper mode which makes it quiet and surveillance equipment like sensitive microphones (capable of recording a conversation inside a building with the helicopter hovering outside) and an infrared camera. The helicopter used in the movie is a Aérospatiale Gazelle with a new nose section and faux canopy and wings bolted on. In the film it has a 2-man crew, but can still be effectively operated by a lone pilot. The helicopter was ultimately destroyed after its pilot succeeded in uncovering a conspiracy within the Los Angeles Police Department.
The Scorpion Attack Helicopter is a fictional attack helicopter of unspecified origin that appears in the 1990 movie Fire Birds. At least one of the type was shown being used by a South American drug cartel and piloted by highly skilled mercenaries, along with a pair of Saab Draken fighters. The Scorpion has superior agility and speed compared to most other helicopters, notably the AH-1 Cobra and the UH-60 Black Hawk, easily destroying the aforementioned helicopters. Armed with unguided rockets and machine guns, it is roughly equal in air combat capabilities to the AH-64 Apache.
The Super Apache is a fictional attack helicopter derived from the AH-64 Apache, and first appears in the Strike series of video games by Electronic Arts, specifically Soviet Strike and Nuclear Strike. Designed for special operations, the Super Apache serves as the player's primary vehicle.
The Super Apache looks identical to its real-world counterpart apart from the tail, which looks like it was based on the RAH-66 Comanche although the Super Apache has a tail in Soviet Strike and Nuclear Strike (this is slightly strange because the RAH-66 was built in 1995, three years after Desert Strike). It is a sophisticated two-seat attack helicopter armed with advanced electronics and air-ground weapons. However, to aid gameplay, there are some notable enhancements:
Remarkably, the Super Apache appears to lack the fire control Radar seen on the AH-64D Longbow. Instead, it relies on sophisticated communications systems (called Strike-Net) and unseen assets such as AWACS and Satellite imagery.
A helicopter developed by Eidos and Core's Thunderstrike: Operation Phoenix game. It has weapons similar to that of the Apache, yet looks more in appearance to an RAH66 Commanche. The helicopter has fire control radar to distinguish friend from foe, and also gets data fed to it via AWACS. It is armed with a 30 mm cannon, missiles based on the Hellfire that allow it to attack both ground and air targets, and rockets.
In the computer game Act of War: High Treason, the Consortium faction operates this dedicated stealth hunter-killer helicopter. Armed with deadly air-to-air missiles, the Ka-58 is used to establish local air superiority by destroying enemy helicopters and even fast-flying jet bombers. The Russian model manufacturer Zvezda also makes a model of the Black Ghost in 1/72 scale.
In D.C. Alden's 2006 novel "Invasion" an advanced stealth helicopter (Dark Eagle) is deployed by retreating British forces to rescue the British Prime Minister from a London overrun by an "Arabian" military invasion. The helicopter is virtually invisible at night and to those standing under it the helicopter is almost silent except for nearby objects such as trees effected by the rushing air from the rotor blades.
In the game Tom Clancy's EndWar, the Blackfoot is a fast, highly maneuverable helicopter used by the elite American troops, the Joint Strike Force. It is armed with a 30 mm chain gun and Hydra 70 unguided rockets, which can be augmented by AGM-169 Joint Common Missiles . Developed from the cancelled RAH-66 Comanche, it can engage other helicopters in air-to-air combat, but is not very effective, and is extremely vulnerabe to fighter aircraft, and combat transports nethertheless.
Also featured in EndWar, the PAH-6 is a speedy helo operated by the European Federation Enforcer Corps . It has a 30mm gun, Euromissile HOT missiles, and rockets. It is a hydrogen vehicle that was developed from the Eurocopter Tiger. Unlike its American counterpart, the AH-80, the PAH-6 isn't good for aerial warfare, and it doesn't last very long.
With the NATO reporting name Howler, the Ka-65 is an aggressive-looking, fearsome helo used by the Spetsnaz. It is based on the Kamov Ka-50. Shown in EndWar, it is armed with a 30 mm gun, rockets and guided missiles. It is often shown with a tiger face painted on the nose. Unlike its American and European counterparts, it can fight quite well air-to-air without getting shredded by enemy helicopters. However, it is still vulnerable to combat transports and air strikes.
In the anime/manga series Stratos 4, two airborne weapons systems are used to counter meteorite clusters which threaten the survival of Earth.
The earlier "Stratos" series is a large aircraft, operated by the civilian Astro-crisis Management Organization. Manned by a flight crew of four, it carries a single anti-meteorite warhead, and is capable of ascending to the outer stratosphere after taking off from conventional runways. It is explained by one of the anime's main characters that the Stratos-series aircraft were retired due to their high cost and hazardous operating conditions. The only surviving example, "Stratos Zero", exists in a deteriorated state at Shimojijima Air Base in Japan.
The Stratos is almost identical in general appearance to the Convair B-58 Hustler strategic bomber of the late 1950s. However, instead of the Hustler's engine arrangement of two turbojets under each wing, mounted in separate nacelles, the Stratos uses two turbines mounted in the rear section of its fuselage. For upper stratospheric operations, the turbines are supplemented by an 'RD 204' rocket motor, mounted at the base of the vertical rudder in the same manner as the Lockheed NF-104A. By the end of the first series, Stratos Zero is restored to operating condition, and re-designated "Stratos 4".
The TSR-2MS (for "Meteor Sweeper") is said to be a direct replacement for the Stratos series aircraft, acting as surface backup for Trident missile-carrying shuttles based aboard satellites in Earth orbit. The TSR-2MS appears to be a fictional development of the TSR-2 tactical strike bomber developed by British Aircraft Corporation in the early 1960s. TSR-2MS is described as a Mach 3-capable light aircraft crewed by a pilot and navigator, powered by a similar engine arrangement and carrying similar armament to the Stratos series. For takeoff, the TSR is assisted by two RATO (Rocket-assisted takeoff) modules, and is launched in a ZeLL condition. ZeLL or Zero Length Launch, was tested by both NATO and the USSR during the cold War for a quick way to launch aircraft. The TSR has a number of interesting technical features: the engine air intakes feature fixed shock cones which are supplemented by additional air-intake doors behind the intake lips and four-petal airbrakes similar to those on the Republic F-105 Thunderchief. The seating configuration is unusual for a high-performance aircraft, with the pilot and navigator lying on tandem "couches" in a semi-prone position (which seems designed more to showcase the shapeliness of its predominantly female pilots.) In one episode, a TSR-2MS makes an emergency landing on Guam. An arrestor hook (typical of those equipping naval carrier-based fighter aircraft) is used to halt the plane. Many Western Combat aircraft have some sort of emergency arrestor hook, however neither the aircraft nor the hook are carrier capable and thus should not convince the viewer that the hook makes the aircraft carrier capable.
Found in Aliens, the Cheyenne dropship is the transport vehicle used to ferry the marines and their APC from orbit to the planet's surface.
First seen in the Terminator, these unmanned craft are the aircraft part of the Hunter-Killer family of combat robotics used by Skynet to wipe out survivors of a nuclear holocaust. In the franchise, they've branched into multiple designs of varying sizes and purposes. What they all share are that their jet engines are mounted on rotating pylons on the end of the center-mounted wing, allowing VTOL, hovering, and rotation on place while having the speed of a jet aircraft. The basic (as depicted in T1 and Terminator 2: Judgement Day) HK has a pair of engines (with a smaller third engine mounted on the tail in Terminator 3), a large plasma cannon mounted under the tail, and is used for air-to-ground combat (although a capable fighter too). Other variations include smaller models that can navigate inside buildings, large four-engine transport or heavy bomber models, early models armed with conventional guns, or the revised models seen in T3 or Terminator Salvation.
The Orca is a VTOL aircraft appearing in the Command & Conquer series of games. It is a ducted-fan hybrid craft which resembles the Moller Skycar. Orcas are always armed with anti-tank missiles though a bulkier, more heavily armored variant also exists for carpet bombing (it was phased out in favour of a smaller version for precision dive-bombing). The newest iteration also doubles as scouting units because their pulse scanners are powerful enough to defeat active camouflage.
The design was partially used by Nod to create the Venom patrol craft, a VTOL with extremely sophisticated sensors, a machine gun and an underside mirror for directing long-range energy weapon fire. Aside from the lack of AT missiles, Venoms are superior to Orcas in every way because Venoms can also act as air superiority units if needed.
The Ace Combat series of video games, set on an alternate Earth, is well-equipped with modern fighter jets of several nations (fully licensed by their actual manufacturers), as well as several aircraft designed specifically for the game series.
The Simoun and Simile-Simoun series are fictional fighters that appears in the anime-film Simoun.
A Simoun requires two pilots to lift-off and steer in the air and, moreover, both of them must have not yet chosen their permanent sex (refer to background for explanation), since having done so permanently disqualifies a person from further piloting. Because of its sacred status in Simulacrum, only young priestesses of the Tempus Spatium faith are recruited as Simoun pilots and granted the title Simoun Sibyllae (シムーン・シヴュラ Shimūn Shivyura ).
Originally, Simouns were produced by Simuracrum nation's engineers and designers for ceremonial craft pray to Goddess "Temps-Spatium" (of their religion).
But, due to the main lift "Helical Motor", it was envied by other nations and a war broke out to obtain that technology. Thus, Simouns are armed with miniguns and Ri Mājon, and appear as enormous luminous glyphs in the sky, which, once completed, conjure magical effects of tremendous power.
The Similes are scaled-down simple model versions of Simouns, which were mainly used for training. But with the war raging, Simile-Simouns were armed with machine guns or miniguns and had single and dual cockpit configurations. They have similar designs, but with only a single, and somewhat, simpler Helical Motor.
The Simouns and Similes are apparently derived from bumblebees or similar insects.
The Blackbird used by the X-Men is a fictional aircraft resembling the actual SR-71 Blackbird in shape and speed. However, the Blackbird is depicted as having vertical takeoff capability, which the actual SR-71 does not.
Fictional reconnaissance aircraft, appears in poet Alen Pol Kobryn's novel Poseidon's Shadow, published by Scribner in 1979, Dell and New English Library in 1980 – amongst the earliest known instances of explicit reference to stealth technology.
Nevil Shute, an aircraft designer by background, often included fictional aircraft in his novels. These include:
These were discussed at length in 2004 on the Nevil Shute Norway Foundation Discussion Board at:- http://www.nevilshute.org/Discus/messages/15/46.html?1116799539
An anime depicting future warfare against an alien race, this short series is noted for featuring futuristic aircraft designs and technology that cannot be built with current aircraft fabrication techniques, nor fly with the computational power of today's fly-by-wire computers.
Fictional aircraft from the Halo series. It is a single-seat VTOL aircraft, armed with 2 gatling guns and 2 missile launchers. It can carry 2 soldiers on its jumpseats, and is used for close air support and air to air roles.
The main aircraft from the Resistance series. The U/AV-17 Hawk is a US VTOL combat transport and light armor. When delivering soldiers, the Hawk swivels its rotors to direct downwash away from the jump doors. This allows soldiers to fast-rope down while under cover of the .30 caliber door guns. Once its cargo is away, the Hawk's versatility means it can loiter to offer tactical support or quickly return to be loaded for another deployment. It has the anility to carry a M12 Sabretooth light tank for a short distance for quick armour support. Britain also makes use of a VTOL, the P-1117 Kingfisher, a variant of the U/AV-17 Hawk. It has a more open cockpit window and is used more as a recon aircraft than trrop transport because of Britains heavy losses during the Chimeran invasion.
The British P-1117 Kingfisher is derived from an early iteration of the American U/AV-17. The Kingfisher is exceedingly able at inserting soldiers into combat situations. Unfortunately, the Chimera have responded to this ability with the Stalker AA platform. At present, all remaining Kingfishers are in the service of British Intelligence. They have been largely relegated to a role of aerial reconnaissance and combat coordination. In Resistance: Retribution, it has shown to be used by the Maquis as well, and one intel indicated that a mass murder attempt was made on 90 RAF VTOL crews so that they could seize the aircraft and tell the British that they were lost to enemy fire. In the first cutscene, it was shown to be used for dropping trrops by parachutes at a high altitude over Rotterdam. | <urn:uuid:f25e0773-6745-4c5e-ac72-9654bad7843a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thefullwiki.org/Fictional_military_aircraft | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00189-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95617 | 11,081 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Storing data in encoded pieces has fancy names such as "Information Dispersal Algorithm", "Shamir's Secret Sharing", "Non-Systemic Erasure Code". This concept has been in use at large enterprises, web scale companies, and high-performance compute (HPC) environments.
Many of the classic industry algorithms and open source implementations relies on Galois Field arithmetic for encoding data into pieces. This involves heavy computing resources. It is often the reason this approach is historically viewed as slow and relegated to cold and archival use cases.
These Galois Field based dispersal solutions are also impacted by the data leakage phenomenon.
Data leakage means intruders can infer portions of the original data from the individual pieces and gain access to sensitive contents. Even with encryption, data is not always safe if the keys are compromised.
At Phazr.IO, we used building blocks for secure satellite communication networks to create storage solutions that are implicitly secure, operationally efficient, and highly available.
Our patented approach eliminates data leakage. Regardless if encryptions are applied to data before or after dispersal, your data is always protected. Some of our users even called this "keyless encryption".
We used telecommunication coding techniques to reduce the computational requirement for encoding and decoding data. We can process twice as much data per cycle as the industry state of art implementations.
The Phazr.IO storage technologies allows all users of storage to break out of the boxes set by the limitations of old school methods. This applies to consumers with a smart phone, enterprises deploying private and hybrid storage, and developers creating the next greatest thing. | <urn:uuid:dfbe6320-5ff8-4476-9e14-f43984a869ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://phazr.io/solutions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.915322 | 330 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Sustainable fertiliser from beef slaughtering biogas digested sludge. Digested sludge upgrading and converting into a recognised fertiliser
Using waste and by-products to create a novel organic fertiliser
This project aims to use waste and by-products which are created as part of the beef slaughter process to develop an organic nitrogen and phosphorus fertiliser.
The thermal processes, condition and soil nutrition performance of the fertiliser will be explored in order to ensure it is used in a safe and productive way. This will reduce the use of chemical fertilisers on soil and improve the energy-recovering rate of the plants involved. It will also support the slaughter industry in the transition to a circular economy approach by using the by-products and organic waste generated by the activity, increasing the sustainability of the whole beef supply chain. | <urn:uuid:e6616d7a-1803-415b-a16d-bfabd541b21f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eitfood.eu/projects/sustainable-fertiliser | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.901673 | 168 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Dry Erase Boards,
Markerboards, & White Boards all have referred to surfaces that can be written on with special
markers and wiped clean with a dry cloth, tissue, or eraser. These surfaces are great
around computers and in classrooms because they aren't dusty like chalkboards.
Did You Know?
If you have dry erase boards that
are permanently stained, that is because they have a
semi-porous surface. All Student Dry Erase
Boards used to have a non-porous surface, now not so
Our dry erase surface will never permanently stain
even if written on with the wrong marker or we will
replace it free.
If you are looking at buying
elsewhere, here's a tip. Ask them if they will guarantee
in writing that their dry erase surface will never
permanently stain, even if written on with the wrong
marker. That is the easiest way to know the surface
Most Catalogs only give you a 30
Now you may know why.
Some companies sell
what we call "panel board" which is famous for staining and scratching when used
as a marker board. So if you are investing any money in a dry erase
marker board make sure
the seller guarantees in writing that it will clean up and not become stained and unusable.
Telling you, after the fact, that you used the wrong
marker or should have erased it right away is a little
First off, DO NOT USE abrasive cleaners. Old
fashioned Comet cleanser is good for bathtub, bad for the Dry Erase
If you accidentally use a regular
marker or a Vis-A-Vis on your
dry erase surface you will probably get it off with a water dampened cloth. This is
normal with all dry erase surfaces. If you get something on your board that doesn't want
to clean off, don't panic. You may be able to remove it from your board by going over the
mark with your dry erase marker and then erasing.
If that does
not clean it off there are markerboard cleaners you can
purchase. Most cleaners actually consist of a weak dry erase marker
solution. To do a heavy duty cleaning of our boards we recommend using some non-acetone
fingernail polish remover on a soft cloth or paper towel. This method works better and
costs less than commercial board cleaners. On boards purchased
elsewhere, check with the manufacturer to avoid damaging
We have heard reports of economy dry erase markers only lasting for a few days.
Our markers usually last anywhere from a term up to a full school year
in normal classroom use. Some educators have used our dry erase
markers for up to two years without replacing them.
There can be major differences between manufacturers in the quality of a marker. There
can also be major differences in how distributors handle the markers. All dry erase
markers have a limited shelf life. Some markers will dry out just a few months
after manufacture even though they never have been used. If the store you buy your
markers from is selling you stale stock that was manufactured a couple of years ago, your
markers can be used up before you start.
We have seen "markerboards" made from cardboard and Styrofoam. We have also
seen boards with a thin plastic film. Sharp objects, like steak knives or hacksaws can
damage all markerboards. Abrasive cleaners can also destroy a markerboard. Our
markerboards are made to be "goof-proof". We have been in business for
over 30 years.
We guarantee that our markerboard can be cleaned off, and that our graphics (handwriting
guidelines, etc.) are permanently etched into the markerboard surface or we will replace
We will give your school a risk-free trial of a classroom set of our
markerboards, complete with the markers and erasers. If your school
doesn’t love them we will pick them up from your school after your
30-day trial. Click
here for more info on this. If you are in industry email us with
your company name and address along with your needs and we will see what
we can do for you too. | <urn:uuid:629641b4-aab0-4a3b-ae00-2b3e93dffba2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dryerase.com/FAQ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00485-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945683 | 891 | 2.1875 | 2 |
OHSU researchers have secured a National Institute of Health grant of up to $1.9 million to develop ways to find biomarkers within human cerebral spinal fluid that may predict the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.
This award is part of a new nationwide initiative by the NIH aimed at exploring the diverse and newly categorized molecules called extracellular RNAs. While exRNAs are already thought to play a role in a variety of biological processes, as well as contribute to a number of diseases and disorders, OHSU researchers will be focusing on the levels of exRNAs in cerebral spinal fluid to determine whether they could give some insight into the early development of Alzheimer’s disease.
Julie Saugstad, Ph.D., associate professor of anesthesiology and perioperative medicine and lead PI for the project, postulated that, “If scientists could find a signal indicating early development of Alzheimer’s disease, it would be invaluable in guiding clinicians toward early intervention to prevent or slow the disease, and potentially provide clues regarding the underlying cellular changes that initiate the disease.”
In pursuit of this goal, Dr. Saugstad’s team will be analyzing samples of cerebral spinal fluid for evidence of microRNA, a type of exRNA, by comparing the samples from Alzheimer’s patients against those of a healthy control group.
To learn more about this exciting new project see the full OHSU press release.
The NIH grant number for this project is 1UH2TR000903-01 | <urn:uuid:343df7b6-ba50-4fe1-a358-9835a7992972> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.ohsu.edu/blogs/researchnews/2013/08/14/ohsu-awarded-nih-grant-to-investigate-alzheimers-disease-biomarkers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00210-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925309 | 315 | 2.25 | 2 |
All You Need To Learn About A glass of wine.
The production of wine has expanded exponentially over the past 20 years. Currently each state contends the very least one vineyard, and online wine sellers offer neighborhood wine as a choice. This is both environmentally friendly as well as budget-friendly. Wine is a social beverage, and it can assist us bond with our loved ones. It can likewise reduce restraints and also enhance conversation, therefore enhancing our social bonds. But it is not just for celebrations anymore. Individuals have been consuming alcohol a glass of wine for centuries. Ancient Romans consumed white wine for its health and wellness benefits.
Red wine is made from the juice of fermented grapes. The genus Vitis consists of only one variety – Vitis vinifera, the European grape. One more native American types is Vitis labrusca. Various other species are likewise categorized as glass of wines. Besides grapes, wine is also made from various other fruits, consisting of blackberry and peach. A single varietal white wine will certainly have a specific flavour as well as is known as a “wonderful” white wine. logo
A few hundred thousand years ago, individuals began making red wine without the addition of sulfites. It is thought that sulfites were made use of as preservatives in white wine as very early as the 8th century BC. The aging procedure for a glass of wine makes it a suitable social beverage, yet the history of sulfites is a little bit complicated. Some historians believe that sulfites were first used in the 8th century BC. Yet, in truth, people have actually been making white wine without ingredients for countless years. Which background is a complicated one.
Today, many ranges of natural a glass of wine are becoming the “in thing” in the white wine globe. The appeal of all-natural red wines has come to be such a vital social capital that lots of all-natural wine tags are as closely adhered to as album covers. The fact that all-natural red wine is so preferred has stimulated warmed discussions in the white wine globe, with reactionaries striking the optimism behind the concept. Nonetheless, no matter what its origins, the benefits of all-natural red wine are indisputable.
Grapes are harvested in the fall. A winemaker will certainly make a decision whether to ferment entire clusters or destem entire bins. The wine maker might also pick to utilize a percentage of whole cluster fruit in the a glass of wine. The majority of winemakers choose to de-stem the entire bin. The grapes are then squashed by a machine. The grapes experience a pre-sorting procedure, removing large sticks, leaves, and various other unfavorable products from the vineyard.
Countless varieties of grapes are made use of in the production of wine. The grapes utilized for a glass of wine are categorized according to their shade and also skin contact. Shade has no relationship to the sweet taste degree of the wine. All types of a glass of wine can be sweet or completely dry, depending on the type of grape used. The fermentation procedure is an art and also calls for a lot of time and energy. Actually, white wine manufacturers typically make use of significant, expensive machinery to collect the grapes as well as process them into drinkable alcohol. giftshop
There is a scientific research behind the psychology of wine. Particular regions of the mind are accountable for red wine admiration and option, and cognitive neuroscientists have actually begun checking out these areas. According to Gordon Guard, a leading neuroenologist, wine sampling and admiration involves intricate interactions in between our mind and taste. Wines vary considerably in the types of flavors and aromas they generate. Right here are some points to remember when sampling a brand-new white wine:
A white wine’s vintage year refers to when the grapes were gathered. Harvest period in the northern hemisphere is from August to September, while the southern hemisphere is from February to April. Single-varietal wine, on the other hand, is made specifically from a solitary variety of grape. This kind of white wine is commonly labeled as such by utilizing the selection’s name. The rules for classifying different wines differ according to region.
Alcohols found in white wine have different health advantages. Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) is one of the most common component, yet there are other kinds, such as glycerol and also methanol. Ethanol offers wine its body and also lugs fragrances to the nose. Over, ethanol can trigger endothelial dysfunction as well as oxidative anxiety, both of which are associated with heart disease. Wine is also recognized for its anti-inflammatory impacts and also its ability to enhance the body’s body immune system.
There are many ways to evaluate white wines’ tastes. Most wines at the $10 to $15 price range are typical of the area and selection. However, a glass of wine intricacy starts at the $25 as well as $35 price variety. Fortunately, you can start to explore the globe of a glass of wine without spending way too much cash. One of the most tough part of sampling a brand-new red wine is discovering good examples under $10. So, what are the most effective means to evaluate the flavor of a white wine? Just remember to maintain an open mind. wine
Indigenous grape species are additionally crucial in determining the top quality of white wine. Grapes expanded in certain regions generate different aroma substances, and also are not appropriate for basic red wine manufacturing. In the United States, California, as well as Australia are amongst the biggest wine-producing nations, but there are a variety of others that generate huge quantities of table wine. In addition to these nations, Europe consists of countries such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, as well as Romania. Throughout North Africa, nations such as Tunisia and Algeria are also generating table wine. South America consists of Brazil, Chile, and also Argentina.
The right temperature to offer red wine differs greatly. A high tannin content can make a red taste bitter, so it is best to offer it cooled. Lighter acidity reds are fine to be offered slightly cooled. Some wine stores recommend serving red wine in a glass marked for the function, however the majority of white wines are fine with a regular a glass of wine glass. Besides, serving red wine in a glass can be enjoyable, so get imaginative! You’ll be glad you did!
In some areas, low warmth summation is vital for expanding grapes. In position such as parts of The golden state, France, as well as Italy, grapes have greater ordinary temperatures than regular and call for a specific amount of heat to grow appropriately. Along with lower temperature levels, they additionally create fruit with less berry raisins as well as higher acidity levels. Yet these distinctions can’t be quickly analyzed from the exterior. Inevitably, the key to winemaking is a healthy mix of science and also good old-fashioned farming. | <urn:uuid:bd5bbfe8-78ce-496d-a764-4002f1d86dde> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.linkrunway.com/2022/07/22/all-you-need-to-learn-about-a-glass-of-wine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.969068 | 1,439 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Essential Elements for a GMP Analytical Chemistry Department by Thomas Catalano
English | ISBN: 1461476410 | 2013 | PDF | 202 pages | 4,3 MB
Essential Elements for a GMP Analytical Chemistry Department is a systematic approach to understanding the essential elements required for a successful GMP Analytical Department to function as an efficient and effective organization.
It describes in detail a department structure which allows for the necessary processes to become available to all its personnel in a way where there is a free flow of information and interaction. The environment and culture created by this approach encourages and rewards the sharing of ideas, skills, and abilities among department personnel. The essential elements such as , SOP's, regulatory guidance's/guidelines, project teams, technical and department processes, personnel motivation, outsourcing, and hiring the best is among the many topics that are discussed in detail and how they can be implemented to build an efficient and effective Analytical Department. This book will serve as a valuable asset to the many companies required to perform GMP analytical method development, validation, analyses etc including start-up, virtual, and generic pharmaceutical companies.
Buy Premium From My Links To Get Resumable Support,Max Speed & Support Me | <urn:uuid:478684d4-da0e-4139-8cd4-80c672b97089> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.peckink.com/ebook/88247-essential-elements-for-a-gmp-analytical-chemistry-department.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00314-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891968 | 249 | 1.625 | 2 |
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a genetic, life-threatening, chronic disease that can affect patients of all ages. aHUS is caused by uncontrolled complement activation due to genetic defects of complement regulation. Plasma exchange or infusion has been used to manage aHUS and may transiently maintain hematologic variables in some patients, but as the underlying complement dysregulation persists, end-stage renal disease or death occurs in 33% to 40% of patients during the first clinical manifestation. Here we present a pediatric case showing that first-line eculizumab treatment successfully blocked the progression of thrombotic microangiopathy in aHUS.
Eculizumab as First-Line Therapy for Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.
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Martin Christmann, Matthias Hansen, Carsten Bergmann, Dirk Schwabe, Jörg Brand, Wilfried Schneider; Eculizumab as First-Line Therapy for Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Pediatrics June 2014; 133 (6): e1759–e1763. 10.1542/peds.2013-1787
Download citation file: | <urn:uuid:cb54da79-1ef5-433a-adca-a1fe24a685f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/133/6/e1759/76000/Eculizumab-as-First-Line-Therapy-for-Atypical?redirectedFrom=fulltext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.870544 | 291 | 2.15625 | 2 |
About The Editorial
Global food prices are characterized by year-to-year volatility and periodic sharp spikes. While this volatility is easily managed by most countries through changes in their trade and domestic policies, it is steep and severe periodic price shocks that can lead to some sort of a crisis at the global and national levels. This crisis can emerge in the form of food shortages, trade disruptions, a rise and spread in hunger and poverty levels, a depletion of foreign exchange reserves for net food importing countries, a strain on a nation’s fiscal resources due to an increase in spending on food safety nets, a threat to peace, and even social unrest in some places. Therefore, it becomes essential to understand the real causes of such shocks and devise effective strategies to deal with them.
ExamsSBI PO Prelims IBPS PO Prelims Take Test
Meaning:a tendency to change quickly and unpredictably
Usage: Stock market volatility is therefore of serious concern as investors, faced with financial turbulence, may behave in wholly irrational ways.
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Charge IT Back
The magic of information technology comes with a price tag. If your IT organization has taken a couple of steps down the virtualization road, you're likely coming to that part of the trail where you need to know "how much is all this costing?" and "is the cost being shared equitably across the business?"
Back in the "good old days" when applications ran on individual hardware servers (it seems odd even describing such a horribly inefficient use of compute resources) it was relatively easy to provide cost information to business units. Hardware and licenses are easy to track and bill relative to today's more flexible, virtual environment.
I recently tested VMware's vCenter Chargeback. Earlier this year I reviewed SolarWinds Virtualization Manager, which includes a chargeback module. I'm setting the stage to look at other cost tracking tools, as I believe that operational cost tracking is only going to grow in importance.
So far, I'd have to say that while the tools are a good first step, there is clearly a lot of room for growth. The tools require a fair amount of fine tuning to work accurately. And IT operators need more experience in using the tools to provide the appropriate data to the accounting department so that charges are up to snuff when it comes to complying with budget rules.
As I wrote in my review of VMware's vCenter Chargeback, "Formal chargeback, according to most vendors in the space, is fairly uncommon because the cost numbers provided must usually conform to generally accepted accounting principles. These principles are quite strict when it comes to associating costs with physical assets including servers, storage arrays and network equipment, which have definite depreciation rates. Further, many of these physical assets have come with tax implications that govern how the value of the equipment is measured.
For example, if a virtual machine runs on physical server A and then moves to physical server B, neither of which are at the same point in the depreciation process, it is a non-trivial problem to figure out how much to charge the department using the virtual machine.
Furthermore, a practical chargeback system must be integrated with an internal accounting system so that bills can be presented for payment.
Showback is an informal way of associating estimated costs for virtual machine operation without any money changing hands, thereby avoiding the sticky accounting rules. Reports can be provided to managers as a guide to budgeting decisions without entering the regulated world of tax accounts."
IT still needs to make magic happen, but we need to make sure the rest of the business knows how much they are paying for the very real infrastructure that makes the miraculous possible. | <urn:uuid:e8bfdb7f-6072-4a40-b5ef-b62970950f1c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eweek.com/print/reviews/charge-it-back | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00431-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951361 | 534 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Colonial legacy of mining pioneers poses a dilemma for South Africans
The Portuguese set foot in South Africa in the 15th century, and the Dutch settled at the “Cape of Storms” in 1652. But the noses of the first interlopers into southern Africa were not sharp enough to fore-smell Kimberley’s hidden diamonds or the Witwatersrand’s entombed gold.
Diamonds were only discovered in 1867 at Kimberley, and, 19 years later, gold on the Witwatersrand.
The group - of mainly Englishmen and Jews – that descended on Kimberley, following the discovery of diamonds was largely the same bunch of money-mongers who flocked to the Witwatersrand when news of gold broke.
By the time the Witwatersrand became the new Mecca of wealth seekers, Kimberley had already produced a diamond cartel led by Cecil John Rhodes – including such outstanding figures as Alfred Beit, Charles Rudd, Barney Barnato, Julius Wernher, J. B. Robinson, Jules Porgès, H. L. Eckstein, Lionel Phillips, and others.
In Kimberley, Rhodes persuaded most of these men – some of whom were initially his arch-enemies, such as Barnato – to form a cartel to control the price of diamonds in London, then the centre of the global diamond trade. De Beers became the cartelised company, named after brothers Johannes and Diederik De Beer, who had sold the land on which the diamonds were discovered.
On the Witwatersrand, these men formed many gold companies financed by money they had made at Kimberley and through investments from London, Paris, Berlin, and the US. Although Rhodes was by no means the richest his company, the Goldfields Company, was among the giants.
What made Rhodes stand out was his profound understanding of the uselessness of money for its own sake. For him, money was an instrument in a big imperial “game”. Difficult as it was, he did manage to convince some of the money-mongers who surrounded him to support his mega imperial schemes.
It got to the point where these men became so wealthy that their clout was felt in British politics. Rather disapprovingly, the English media coined and gave them the name “Randlords” – to make it plain that the “Rand” was the origin of the wealth of these insidious “Lords”.
Of particular interest to South Africans is the legacy the Randlords left the country.
First, it is important to acknowledge nature for endowing Kimberley and the Witwatersrand with vast natural wealth, and then proceed to appreciate, maturely, the fact that the Randlords brought know-how, money and the technology by which to exhume dormant wealth from beneath the country’s soil.
The civilisation that waves at South Africans from the dizzying heights of Johannesburg’s skyscrapers came to the country’s shores with the Randlords. The highways on which the tyres of comfortable German cars glide would not be there without the Randlords.
Some of the country’s top universities at which today’s students wage protests are there thanks to the Randlords. This includes the University of the Witwatersrand, Rhodes University and the University of Cape Town. Even those not linked directly to the Randlords were build by the state using funds from the mining industry.
The idea of the railways that continue to enable South Africa to export its natural resources was first fermented in the heads of the Randlords. So too the national grid of highways. Beit Bridge, the main crossing point between South Africa and Zimbabwe, is a reminder that Alfred Beit offered a hand to Cecil John Rhodes, as he forged ahead to create what he called “the road to the north” – today’s N1.
In the world of political correctness, an arena populated by self-congratulators, it is dangerous to say something positive about those whom a group has already condemned. Group-think is the norm.
The big dilemma
Make no mistake; the Randlords were not angels. And they did not muddy their hands. South African author Sarah Gertrude Millin was right to note that: “The Kaffirs do nearly all the unskilled labour in South Africa. … On the farms they, and not the farmers, do the planting and reaping and herding. … They dig the trenches and lay the roads.”
In their imagination, the Randlords did not envision the black man ever making use of the civilisation they were erecting, let alone ever ruling South Africa. That is why they never gave black people the education they imparted to their children. To them, black people were permanent “savages”.
The cruel idea of detaining black workers in dehumanising compounds was introduced by the Randlords. Rhodes even sponsored a law that authorised mine owners to strip black workers naked, and force them to swallow laxatives before they could go home, hoping to flush stolen diamonds out of the native’s stomach.
Thus, the Randlords left behind them a big dilemma: contemporary South Africa is not sure whether to thank them for bringing civilisation, or to curse them for complicating future race relations. Unfortunately they can’t receive a memorandum of grievances, were the country’s citizens to chant to their graves. | <urn:uuid:05e694cf-86f8-4c8a-a311-36e3abce232d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mg.co.za/article/2016-01-25-colonial-legacy-of-mining-pioneers-poses-a-dilemma-for-south-africans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00283-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966525 | 1,122 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Store-bought vs. Homemade:
How to Make Vegetable Stock
I have watched one too many documentaries I think.
We have chosen to just go without when it comes to poultry meat and eggs if we cannot either raise them ourselves or source them from a farmer.
This creates a practical kitchen conflict because I am extremely busy as you are, also. We are active in our local community, homeschool three kiddos, run a business, and make much of our food from scratch. I also tutor one day a week at our local classical-style homeschool program. Wednesdays have us running to three separate activities before the day is out, and we have clocked our at-home time to be 2 ½ hours that day.
So here is the conflict: I cannot cook without broth. I just cannot do it. Wednesdays would mean hunger if it weren’t for something to chuck into the slow cooker. Soups and stews economize our dollar, equate to great leftovers that are easily reheated from the freezer, and frees me up that evening to not lean over an intricate meal in the kitchen.
My number one choice is homemade chicken stock. This Awesomeness-In-A-Bowl is great alone or as the base to anything else. When offered various snack choices, I have had kids literally choose a bowl of clear broth over things blander things like carrot sticks. When I am running low on chicken broth, I reach for my next fave: homemade vegetable broth!
Why not just buy chicken broth from the store?
Oi. If you are really asking….
I was going to just pull up an ingredients list for a common brand for you. Nutritional facts a’plenty (very little of it, let me tell you), but ingredients lists are a little harder to find online.
College Inn did produce a label online (at least they offer transparency), and for regular old chicken broth, this is what you have:
Chicken Broth, Contains Less Than 1% of the Following: Salt, Dextrose, Vegetable Juice Concentrates (Onion, Celery, Carrot), Natural Flavors, Monosodium Glutamate, Hydrolyzed Wheat Gluten, Chicken Fat, Mono and Diglycerides, Xanthan Gum.
For kicks and giggles, I highlighted everything not in your homemade yumminess. Oh, and if you didn’t know, that dextrose is a GMO corn-sugar product. Why is everything on that list “less than 1%” and does that mean it is 99% water? I have to chuckle; this must be how they can put “99% Fat Free” on the label. It’s 99% everything-free. Is that what we are paying for? Also, did you notice how low chicken appears on the list? It was chicken fat, not meat, not bones…not that I’m complaining about the fat, but what kind of chicken did it come from?
A healthy pastured one???<maniacal laugh>
Remember that most of the growth hormones are stored in the fat.
Store-Bought Vegetable Broth
The good news is that it actually contains vegetable broth. I know, right?
It is not necessarily vegetarian. The College Inn (kudos for the online label) Brand shows us this:
Vegetable Broth (Carrot Juice, Celery Juice, Zucchini Juice, Onion Juice, Garlic Juice, Red & Green Bell Pepper Juice, Leek Juice, Parsley Juice), Contains Less Than 2% of the Following: Sugar, Tomato Paste, Salt, White Distilled Vinegar, Lactic Acid, Xanthan Gum, Disoidum Inosinate, Disodium Guanylate.
I discovered that the Disoidum Inosinate and the Disodium Guanylate are often made from animal sources, and so your vegetable broth may not be vegetarian after all. It works in conjunction with MSG to enhance the flavor. If you do not see MSG on the ingredients list (according to Wikipedia anyway), then MSG is part of another ingredient on the list or might be naturally occurring (such as in Parmesan cheese). In fact, TruthInLabeling.Org says that the “naturally occuring” phrase is bunk since the FDA claims that all MSG is “naturally occuring”…something to think about. Those particular ingredients on the label listed above do rely upon MSG to work and carry certain warnings (such as “not safe for infants under 12 weeks” or for people suffering from asthma).
In fact, many broth labels currently break FDA law on labeling, and you can read a reader-submitted list of those deceptive broth labels here.
So here is the good news….
Free Alternative to Homemade Chicken Broth
This vegetarian broth will cost you nothing.
Save all of your vegetable (and even some fruit) scraps in your freezer. All of them.
The ends? Yup.
Onion peel? Yup.
The bruised parts? Of course.
The pesticide-infused ones? Uh, no. Not those.
Wash all fruits and vegetables extremely well before peeling foods. We use this $2.00 scrub brush.
If you question the source or handling of the food, you should probably discard the peel instead of creating a pesticide tea.
Almost anything goes. A few apple cores and pear peels will add to the flavor, it does not need to be all veggies. Throw them into the freezer until you are ready to use them.
* Add the frozen vegetable scraps to your stock pot.
* Add a water to scrap ratio of 2:1 . For instance, 6 quarts of peel should have 12 quarts water.
* Put them on the stove to simmer. Avoid a rolling boil. You want to keep as much of the nutrition in that water as possible, not create a mold problem in the attic—so once it starts to boil, put it on a very low-medium heat for approximately 3-5 hours (this is my preference for best flavor, anyway).
* Taste test and add salt or other seasonings as desired.
*Use a strainer to separate broth.
It does not get better than that.
Because Free, Healthy, and Delicious is a trifecta….
Nothing in this blog constitutes medical or legal advice. You should consult your own physician before making any dietary changes. Statements in this blog may or may not be congruent with current USDA or FDA guidance.
The College Inn Broth photo is the product picture available at https://www.collegeinn.com.
All other photos are property of Pantry Paratus. Feel free to share or pin them, but please keep the proper attribution. | <urn:uuid:8e0021d8-56e0-4344-972d-8ba7d2c61fa6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://pantryparatus.com/store-bought-vs-homemade-how-to-make-vegetable-stock/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00045-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921224 | 1,422 | 1.671875 | 2 |
|Balcarres Craig Folly, Kilconquhar|
When I read or hear the word ‘folly’ spoken, I immediately think of something silly or ridiculous, a mistake. However, on a recent trip about the
I was reminded of the sort of whimsical folly that pays tribute to the past. United States
‘Follies’, from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries were buildings that were constructed for decoration only, sort of like massive garden ornaments that went several steps beyond the average wheelbarrow-pushing gnomes that bedeck many a garden today. The follies built by the rich and powerful in sixteenth century
England and were more along the lines of
classical temples or artificial castle ruins. They were put up as decoration
for lands and served no real purpose except to create a bit of atmosphere. France
When I lived in St. Andrews,
Fife, I remember, when driving
through a certain village on a regular basis, I would often see some menacing
gothic ruins on the hill above the village. For a long while my imagination ran
wild with theories as to what it might have been, what might have happened
there. Finally, I could no longer stand not knowing and asked one of the locals
what it was. I figured that it had to be from at least the thirteenth century.
“No,” I was told. “That there was built in the late nineteenth century by the earl who owned the lands at the time. It's a fake ruin.”
I was completely gob smacked by this revelation. It looked so real from down the hill, so authentic, so damned cool!
|Castle Howard, England|
Tholos folly and mausoleum
After that, I started to see follies everywhere I went, or to question the origins of genuine ruins. I eventually got over that and began to sieve folly from the real deal. From the late nineteenth century more and more follies began to serve an actual purpose. Many were still wildly decorative but they also had practical functions such as housing or business space.
Follies come in many shapes and sizes, as fantasy or novelty buildings. But more importantly, to my mind, they are things that pay special tribute to the past in some way, to a certain period of history. And why not? We do so in literature and fine art. Why not architecture? Sculpture on a massive scale.
At the outset, I mentioned that I was reminded of follies on a recent trip about the States. Two places the road led us were
Memphis and . When I think
of these two cities I first think of the Civil Rights movement and of rock,
blues and country music. I never imagined I would find two of the greatest
follies to honour the ancient world! Nashville
|The Memphis Pyramid, Tennessee|
However, it was in
three hours to the east that we really came face to face with the ancient
world. In Nashville Nashville’s Centennial
Park sits an exact replica of the
Parthenon as it would have appeared in ancient . Athens Nashville
was certainly making a claim on its being the ‘ of the South’! Those of you who have
seen Percy Jackson – The Lightning Thief will
remember the structure’s brief appearance in that movie. Athens
|Nashville's Parthenon, Centennial Park|
I have been several times up the Acropolis in
to see the ruins of the Parthenon, imagining what it might have been like
whole, before being used as a powder keg by the Ottomans. It will always be a
special place, a place for the mind to revel in recreation. However, being able
to walk inside Athens ’s
Parthenon replica, to gaze upon the recreated monumental statue of the goddess
Athena, was a very special thing. It gave me a sense of scale, of awe that I,
as a writer, will able to make use of. It may not have been the real thing, but
it certainly complemented my experience in Nashville . Athens
|Nashville Parthenon, south pediment|
When I exited the Nashville Parthenon, the sun was dipping in the west, casting orange light which angled between the rows of massive columns. The full-scale statues of the pediments seemed to shift with the shadows they cast. It was very peaceful, rendered even more so by a duo playing the cello and mandolin on the temple steps below the metopes and the images of Athena’s birth from the head of Zeus. It was all a bit dreamy, absolutely wonderful.
|Statue of Athena, Nashville Parthenon|
Many folks tend to dismiss follies but I say we should cherish them, for not only do they pay tribute to our past, to the great achievements of our ancestors, but they also enrich the world we live in, whether it is a pair of seemingly out-of-place columns flanking the doors of a public library or a massive pyramid overlooking the Mississippi. They are far and away more beautiful than an impersonal concrete edifice and make our day-to-day lives that much more interesting.
What is your favourite historical folly? | <urn:uuid:380005f8-2047-4372-9224-8a82e3df3a2c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://writingthepastblog.blogspot.com/2012_08_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00437-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968582 | 1,113 | 2.1875 | 2 |
They say once you learn to ride a bicycle, you never forget. Raising the cost of gas, it seems, helps people to remember.
As prices at the pump rose to punishing levels this spring, more Mercer County residents began turning to two-wheeled transportation in hopes of saving their pennies, according to area bike shop owners and a local transportation association.
"When people come in to the shop, after we get through introductions, the first thing we ask the person is what they plan on doing with the bicycle, so we know what to do with the bike to make it happen," said Charlie Kuhn, owner of Kopp's Bicycle Shop in Princeton.
"Recently, we've had more and more people tell us they're bringing their bike in because they want to start commuting," he said.
Kuhn said he picked up on the trend almost immediately after gas prices started rising in April.
Just like 2008
It reminded him of a nearly identical surge in repair business in 2008, when steep price increases hit.
"I'm seeing old 10-speeds coming out of the woodwork, and other commuter-type bicycles," Kuhn said. "People haven't used them in years, and they think, "OK, instead of my car, I'm going to use my bike to get to work.'"
In Hamilton, Economy Bike & Skateboard Shop owner Charlie Swope said he was also seeing increased demand for repairs, especially of old 10-speeds.
"I have more people coming into my store even though the economy's still really not good," Swope said. "They can't spend four or five hundred on a new bike, but the repair business is doing really well right now."
Swope said his business got a boost not long after the price hikes both this year and in 2008, when the national average for a gallon of regular gas reached an all-time high of $4.11.
"I always tell people, riding a bike is $0.00 a gallon," he said.
During that previous period of high prices, Hopewell Township resident Rob Schell began riding his electric bike the six and a half miles to his job in Ewing two to three days a week.
"It's nice to get out in the fresh air. It gets me some exercise," he said last week.
"Sometimes in not so nice weather it's not so fun, but most of the time I enjoy it."
Paid for itself
Schell, a supervising environmental specialist at the Department of Environmental Protection, said the electric bicycle -- which gives his pedaling a boost on hills and windy stretches -- paid for itself within a couple thousand miles of riding. Driving his car less often both saves on gas and reduces pollution, he said.
"My expertise is in motor vehicle emissions. That should it put it in perspective as to why I ride a bike," he said.
"I know the impact of vehicles on the environment. It is truly a motivation."
The price of a gallon of regular gas hit $3.86 a month ago in the Trenton area before falling back to $3.67 last week, according to the AAA Daily Fuel Gauge Report.
That's slightly higher than last week's national average of $3.61, and far higher than the $2.74 national average of a year ago.
While the high cost of gas may have led to more bike riding, the slow pace at which it crept to the brink of $4 earlier this year had the opposite effect of desensitizing consumers, said Cheryl Kastrenakes, executive director of the Greater Mercer Transportation Management Association.
"People have gotten a bit more used to the $4 for a gallon thing, so they weren't as shocked when it got up that high this time," she said. "It's really difficult to change behavior, so it's really important for us to help people recognize how much they can save by riding a bike."
Change in behavior
Kastrenakes said one successful effort to change behavior was last month's National Ride Your Bike to Work Week.
The event drew four times as many signups as two years ago, showing that "the interest is there," she said.
As an alternative, her organization's website, www.gmtma.org, offers a system to connect people who want to carpool to work. The service saw a 25 percent uptick in May, she said.
"People are definitely reacting, but you have to keep the message out there," Kastrenakes said.
"Don't fall into the false sense of security that the price of gas isn't so high. Whether it's high or low, you're saving by biking." | <urn:uuid:31fde76c-3ccd-4ba1-b30f-af8efbb97235> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nj.com/mercer/2011/06/with_gas_prices_still_high_mor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.978408 | 978 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Protein Research Uncovers Surprising Similarities in Diverse Bacteria
Scientists use proteomics to reveal proteins commonly present in 17 different bacteria
Results: Diverse bacteria have more in common than previously thought. Bacteria as diverse as ocean-dwelling Pelagibacter ubique and bubonic plague-causing Yersinia pestis produce identical proteins, according to scientists from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Called the "core proteome," this research represents 6 years of gathering and evaluating proteomics measurements.
Why it matters: Knowing what proteins lie outside of the core proteome, and thus are unique to a bacteria, may present an opportunity to identify proteins that signal environmental stress and to identify targets to treat infectious diseases. For example, with the core proteome data, the team created a list of potential therapeutic targets for the disease-causing Salmonella typhimurium.
The research was published in the February 6 issue of PLoS ONE and was highlighted in the May 2008 issue of the Journal of Proteome Research.
Methods: For the study, the team identified a core genome, 144 genes that were found in each of the bacteria. Next, the proteins produced by the bacteria were extracted and digested into peptides by trypsin. The peptides were separated into fractions using ion exchange chromatography and identified using reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled online to an ion trap mass spectrometer housed. The work was done in the Department of Energy's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility at PNNL.
The resulting spectra were analyzed against sequenced genomes and the resulting peptides and proteins identified, with the assistance of database that contains approximately 967,000 peptides linked to specific protein information. With the proteins identified, the core proteome or common protein set was determined.
Originally, the team did not expect to see many proteins in the core proteome, because of the differences in the evolution and preferred growth environments of each bacteria. They found, however, more than they expected. In the core proteome, slightly over half of the proteins are involved in protein synthesis activities, however, about 7% of the core proteome is composed of proteins whose function is unknown.
What's next: The team plans to study a broader range of organisms in the future.
Acknowledgments: This research was funded by the Department of Energy Office of Biological and Environmental Research, the National Institute of Health's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the NIH National Center for Research Resources.
This research was performed in the U.S. Department of Energy's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility at PNNL.
This work was done by Stephen J. Callister, Lee Ann McCue, Joshua E. Turse, Matthew E. Monroe, Kenneth J. Auberry, Richard D. Smith, Joshua N. Adkins, and Mary S. Lipton at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. This work is part of PNNL's contributions to achieving predictive understanding of multi-cellular biological systems.
Citation: Callister SJ, LA McCue, JE Turse, ME Monroe, KJ Auberry, RD Smith, JN Adkins, and MS Lipton. 2008. "Comparative Bacterial Proteomics: Analytics of the Core Genome Concept." PLoS ONE 3(2):e1542. | <urn:uuid:bc86c92e-e208-46e9-a738-d114222b3d3e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pnl.gov/science/highlights/highlight.asp?id=438 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934098 | 696 | 3.125 | 3 |
lower center: A PICNIC BY LAND.
- Foster, Allen Evarts. "A check list of illustrations by Winslow Homer in 'Harper's Weekly' and other periodicals." Bulletin of the New York Public Library 40 (1936): 842-852. Separately published New York: New York Public Library, 1936.
- Tatham, David. "Winslow Homer in Boston, 1954-1859." Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University, New York, 1970: 192.
- Kelsey 1977, no.21.
- Sort by:
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Nutritional Therapy involves balancing the nutritional necessities of our body. Because we are all unique, we each requiring our own individual needs.
If our cells are not healthy, then we are not healthy. Unhealthy cells are often the cause of the symptoms we see within our children such as areas of delay or even behaviour.
Various methods are used to balance our nutritional requirements to ensure a healthy cell, but the most ideal way to get our essential nutrients is from our diet.
When our diet is lacking, we may need to supplement key vitamins or minerals. Where supplements are required, they can come in various forms of tablet, powder, liquid or even added to bath water or applied to the skin in the form of a cream.
Reasons for your child not getting their complete nutrition required can be for various reasons such as:
Some children have a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from certain foods.
An inability to convert nutrients into a usable form to allow cells to benefit.
A reduced ability to remove waste from the body due to lymphatic congestion/dysfunctional organs.
A lack of enzymes required to transport minerals into the cells.
When allergies are present the body can be put into a constant state of dysregulation. Food sensitivity can cause issues with behaviour, sleep moods, bowels and skin. Removal of specific foods can help to improve these symptoms. | <urn:uuid:7859c088-fdbc-4332-976a-b2520b30dc4c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://familytimeaustralia.com/nutritional-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.932215 | 281 | 3.375 | 3 |
The Little Blue Heron is found along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to Florida, but is most abundant along the Gulf of Mexico. It also nests in the West Indies, and along both Mexican coasts through Central America and into South America. Its range can also extend into the Amazon Basin, the Caribbean, and the more northern regions of North America. (Riegner 1998)
Althoughoften lives near saltwater, it is mainly an inland bird. They prefer freshwater areas such as ponds, lakes, marshes, swamps, and lagoons, but also sometimes occupy flooded and dry grasslands, or marine coastlines. (Riegner 1998, Terres 1980, Tarski 2001)
The Little Blue Heron is a small, dark bird that ranges from 63-74 centimeters in length. It can have a wingspread of up to 1.04 meters. The sexes look similar, but the young look very different from the adults. An adult can be recognized by its purple-maroon head and neck. The rest of the plumage is slate gray. The long neck is usually held in an "S" shaped curve while the bird is at rest or in flight. The heron's long, slender bill curves slightly downward, and is also dark gray but has a black tip. The eyes are yellow and the legs and feet are dark. The young are unlike any other heron because they have all white body plumage. They have a blue bill with a black tip and dull green legs. They stay white through their first summer, fall, and into winter, but start molting in February into the dark color of an adult. (Terres 1980; Tarski 2001)
The pale, blue-green eggs of the Little Blue Heron are laid in April. They can lay from 3-5 eggs, but on average lay 4-5. This process takes 5-8 days, with one egg being laid every other day. Both sexes incubate the eggs until they hatch in 22-24 days, and then quickly remove the eggshells from the nest. It may take about 5 days for all of the chicks to emerge. Although the young can raise their heads, they spend most of their time lying on the nest floor. Both parents feed them by dropping food into the nest and later placing it directly into the chicks' mouths. In about 3 weeks, the young are ready to leave the nest for short trips along surrounding branches. When they are 30 days old, they are able to fly and periodically leave the nest area. Soon after, at 42-49 days, the young are on their own. Little Blue Herons can breed when they are one year old. They have been recorded as living more than 7 years in the wild. (Riegner 1998, Terres 1980, Katusic 1998)
The flight ofis graceful and strong. Their wing strokes are quicker than that of larger herons, and they fly with their head down and legs extended to the rear. They are usually silent, but sometimes make a low clucking or croaking sound. Their sounds during fighting are much different and resemble the screams of parrots.
Little Blue Herons are not energetic birds. They will sometimes walk quickly or even run, but are usually seen walking slowly and daintily along marshes. While hunting, these birds are loners, but nest together in small or large colonies.
Prior to mating, males stretch their necks upward with the bill pointing up, and then assume a crouched posture. Their movements include bill snapping, vocalizing, and neck swaying. If a female is impressed, she will approach him. Their first encounter can be very aggressive but, after a while, this is replaced with signs of affection such as feather nibbling and neck crossing. The male then gathers sticks to present to the female, raising his plumes and nibbling her feathers as she places the sticks into a nest structure. The flimsy nest is usually built up to 3-4.5 meters above the ground or water, but can be as high as 12 meters. (Riegner 1998, Terres 1980)
feed mainly during the daylight hours. They are carnivorous, with their diet consisting of fish, frogs, lizards, snakes, turtles, and crustaceans such as fiddler crabs, crayfish and shrimp. They also eat aquatic insects and spiders. When swamps and marshes become dry, they live on grasshhoppers, crickets, beetles and other grassland insects.
The Little Blue Heron's long legs enable it to wade into the water, where it walks slowly along an area in order to locate prey, often retracing its steps or standing motionless. They sometimes rake the ground with their foot to disturb prey into movement and stretch their long necks to peer into the water. Their long beak is used to jab and eat the prey. Extensive studies found the heron's prey capture success rate to be about 60 percent. (Terres 1980, Riegner 1998)
The Little Blue Heron is enjoyable to watch and helps control insect populations. (Riegner 1998)
The Little Blue Heron has no negative affect on humans.
The major problem facing these birds is the loss of their wetland habitats. Little Blue Herons need clean, undisturbed wetlands for feeding and breeding. Colonies are being lost because of clear cutting of forests, and draining of ponds, lakes, and wetlands. The use of pesticides has also caused eggshell thinning. The population has been decreasing and the Little Blue Heron is considered threatened and of special concern in some coastal areas. (Katusic 1998, Riegner 1998)
The Little Blue Heron is sometimes referred to as the blue crane, levee walker, or little blue crane.
They have a commensal relationship with White Ibises (Eudocimus albus). The ibises stir up food as they walk, increasing the number of prey available to the Little Blue Herons. The herons benefit, while the ibises are unaffected. (Riegner 1998, Terres 1980)
Kate Thome (author), Milford High School, George Campbell (editor), Milford High School.
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Central and South America.
uses sound to communicate
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.
rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.
scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons.
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
uses touch to communicate
uses sight to communicate
Katusic, P. 1998. "Little Blue Heron" (On-line). Accessed January 27, 2001 at http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/pub/ifwis/birds/little-blue-heron.html.
Riegner, M. 1998. "Birder's World: Slow-walking heron" (On-line). Accessed February 24, 2001 at http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0FZU/n4_v12/20889817/p1/article.jhtml?term=.
Tarski, C. 2001. "Birding/Wild Birds" (On-line). Accessed January 27,2001 at http://birding.about.com/hobbies/birding/library/fg/blfg-egrettacaerulea.htm.
Terres, J. 1980. The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. | <urn:uuid:b0f11c10-1ea1-499c-8ba1-134cdcdd8680> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Egretta_caerulea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00010-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950343 | 1,909 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Right decision? Robert Spellman a Florida career criminal is sentenced to 20 years jail for stealing 10 cartons of cigarettes worth $600.
A Florida man has been sentenced to 20 years jail after stealing $600 worth of cigarettes from a convenience store.
The jail term follows a jury in Pensacola in August- convicting Robert Spellman, 48 of burglary and grand theft after leaving a local store with ten cigarette cartons without paying.
Pensacola News Journal reported, Spellman a ‘career criminal’ going to the Circle K store in the 200 block of West Cervantes Street and stealing the cigarette cartons from a locked manager’s office in the stock room on December 28.
Prior to his arrest, Spellman had 14 prior felony and 31 misdemeanor convictions, which qualified him as a habitual felony offender.
That led to the lengthy 20-year prison sentence imposed Friday by an Escambia County judge.
Spellman’s prior convictions included: multiple aggravated assaults with weapons, robberies with deadly weapons, drug charges, assaulting officers, batteries and some petty theft. Average sentencing from 2005 included 4-5 year jail terms- presumably served concurrently.
Despite Spellman’s penchant for being an unreformed career criminal (or can one argue the felon arriving at the view, given his record – unlikely to secure gainful employment and being forced into a vicious cycle of crime?) being an onerous and heavy handed sentence? Especially in context of the many white collar crimes, banking fiascos in the millions and billions of dollars- that rarely, if ever see any convictions.
Robert Spellman career criminal: What to do?
And then there were these responses on reddit that made this author wonder- see what you think?
’14 felonies and 31 misdemeanors…. how was he not serving considerable time already?’
‘Obviously prison has really reformed him and made him change his ways.’
‘I have to believe the staggering cost per prisoner could be put to more productive reforming use right? Group sessions with professionals, classes etc.’
‘Another question to consider is how have the prisons tried to reform him? If it’s a case of locking him up and removing from society for x amount of years it’s not reform.
The best case, for some NOT all, is to use prison time to get them trained in a skill or education so that they are more valuable members of society and have something to go out of prison with. This would be actual reform and I suspect you’d have a lot less recurring criminals.’ | <urn:uuid:d9837ac7-19d9-4275-9bae-ce34f26655c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scallywagandvagabond.com/2018/09/robert-spellman-florida-sentenced-600-cigarettes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.957489 | 541 | 1.507813 | 2 |
- 132 samples were checked: 75% were substances1 and 25% were used equipment2
- 64% of the samples checked were expected3 to be fentanyl, cocaine, or methamphetamine
- In an average5 fentanyl substance1:
- Fentanyl accounted for 6% of the sample (n=23)
- Caffeine accounted for 14% of the sample (n=23)
- 9% of the expected3 fentanyl samples checked were known to be associated with an overdose: all contained fentanyl; some also contained carfentanil and flubromazepam (benzodiazepine-related)
- 32% of the expected3 fentanyl samples checked contained benzodiazepine-related drug(s) and/or xylazine. Of those:
- 17% contained benzodiazepine-related drug(s) and xylazine
- 72% contained benzodiazepine-related drug(s) (but no xylazine)
- 11% contained xylazine (but no benzodiazepine-related drug(s))
- 5% of the expected3 fentanyl samples checked contained at least one nitazene opioid
- 5% of the expected3 fentanyl samples checked contained carfentanil
Expected fentanyl substances
- 69% (20) of expected3 fentanyl substances checked4 contained fentanyl and other drugs, including:
- 100% (20) contained caffeine
- 5% (1) contained metonitazene (!)
- 5% (1) contained phenacetin (!)
Unexpected noteworthy drugs found in other expected substances
- 3% (2) of the remaining substances checked,4 meaning substances that weren’t expected3 to be fentanyl, contained an unexpected noteworthy drug, including:
- 7% (1) of expected cocaine substances contained levamisole (!)
- 33% (1) of expected crack cocaine substances contained phenacetin (!)
1 | Substances: Two types of samples are accepted by Toronto’s drug checking service: substances and used drug equipment. Substances could be a small amount of powder, crystals, or rocks, a crushed bit of a pill, blotter, or a small amount of liquid.
2 | Used equipment: Two types of samples are accepted by Toronto’s drug checking service: substances and used drug equipment. Used equipment could be a used cooker or filter, or leftover liquid from a syringe.
3 | Expected (drug): When a sample is submitted to be checked, the drug that sample was bought or got as is recorded. We call it the “expected drug”. Knowing the expected drug helps us tailor our harm reduction advice. It also helps us understand contamination to drugs rather than combinations of drugs (e.g., fentanyl was found in a cocaine sample rather than fentanyl and cocaine were found together).
4 | Reason for reporting only substance samples: While Toronto’s drug checking service checks both substances and used equipment, drug equipment – like cookers – are often re-used. The mass spectrometry technologies used for this drug checking service are so sensitive that very trace amounts of drugs may be found. This means that when equipment is re-used, drugs from past use may present in the results for the sample that is being checked. This can interfere with up-to-date drug supply monitoring, so we’ve noted when we exclude used equipment from this report.
5 | Average amount of drugs found: Toronto’s drug checking service can report the amount of fentanyl, cocaine, carfentanil, etizolam, and caffeine found as a proportion of the total sample submitted for expected opioid, cocaine, crack cocaine, and some other powder substance samples. Every other week, we include the average (median) amount of fentanyl, cocaine, carfentanil, etizolam, and caffeine found in expected fentanyl substances in our report. More information is available on our website.
6 | Isotonitazene/protonitazene: Because isotonitazene and protonitazene have a very similar chemical structure, it is not currently possible for Toronto’s drug checking service to differentiate between the two. For this reason, we report the two drugs together.
(!) | Unexpected noteworthy drug: “Noteworthy drugs” are drugs that (i) are linked to overdose or other adverse effects, (ii) are highly potent or related to highly potent drugs, or (iii) may not be desired by some service users. Noteworthy drugs are flagged when they are unexpectedly found in checked samples. | <urn:uuid:2cd5424f-f084-4a51-9340-4790071b56ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://drugchecking.cdpe.org/report/july-2-15-2022/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.929892 | 962 | 1.742188 | 2 |
The Republic of Namibia, widely known as Namibia is a South African country that got independence in 1990. Windhoek is the capital and largest city of Namibia. English is the official language. The country spreads over an area of 825,418 square kilometres and hosts 2,108,665 people. Namibia is the thirty forth largest country in the world.
For administrative purpose Namibia is divided into 13 regions that include 107 constituencies. The regions are Caprivi, Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto and Otjozondjupa.
Windhoek, Rundu, Walvis Bay, Oshakati, Swakopmund, Katima Mulilo, Grootfontein, Rehoboth, Otjiwarongo and Okahandja are the major cities of Namibia.
Brandberg Mountain, Brukkaros Mountain, Mount Erongo, Great Karas Mountains, Naukluft Mountains and Omatako Mountain are the major mountains of Namibia. Brandenburg which has an elevation of 8,550 ft is the highest point in Namibia and the lowest point is Atlantic Ocean.
Cuando River, Orange River, Cunene, Ekuma, Fish, Khan, Kuiseb, Nossob, Okavango, Omaruru, Oshigambo, ReVive, Swakop, Tsauchab, Ugab and Zambezi River are the main rivers that wind through Namibia. The Fish River Canyon, the second largest canyon in the world is located in the south of Namibia. It is and the largest African canyon. Epupa Falls and Ruacana Falls are the main waterfalls of Namibia that attracts tourists.
The major lakes of Namibia are Lake Guinas and Otjikoto Lake.
Namibia is home to the following islands- Bird Island, Impalila, Mercury Island, Mpalila Island and Penguin Islands.
Kalahari Desert and Namib Desert covers some parts of Namibia.
|Map of Namibia| | <urn:uuid:41d4961a-23a0-4c4d-9e39-08847d4ec591> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Travel/namibia-maps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00400-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873005 | 453 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Sherline 5305 Machine Shop Essentials
This book is a comprehensive and detailed presentation of manual
machine tools and methods, machine shop know-how and practical shop
tips. Machine Shop Essentials is for a wide range of users
including machinists, engineers, model makers, R&D lab
technicians, instrument makers, prototype builders , product
designers and gunsmiths who need to make prototypes, models or
spare part, or need to modify existing equipment. This book can
also, be used to gain a basic understanding of machine tools before
moving on to computer-controlled machine tools.
More than half the book is devoted to small and medium-size
lathes and milling machines such as Levin jeweler’s lathes,
Sherline miniature machine, Clausing lathes and Bridgeport style
vertical mills. It examines how these machines are constructed,
their cutting tools and accessories and hot to use them.
- Contains over 500 detailed drawings.
- Size: 7 x 10
- Pages: 520 black and white
- Binding: Softbound | <urn:uuid:23a9a1be-6c28-4d07-a2a7-29604aab2351> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vcshobbies.com/shop/sherline-5305-machine-shop-essentials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.846468 | 229 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Carim, you're amazing to keep going at it and I'm just not making what you're going at very clear. I greatly oversimplified the example attached in message #3. I apologize for my vagueness.
In my original file a new row of data entered in sheet 1 includes a date. New rows of data are not always entered sequentially according to the dates entered. Therefore the date entered in row 100 may be prior to the dates in the previous 10 rows. The next column in sheet 1 ranks the dates entered in all rows. The rank creates an index number for all data in that row. The rank may change depending on dates entered for data in new rows. If any row in sheet 1 contains data that is relevant to sheet 2, the formula in column A of sheet 2 assigns the current rank/index number from sheet 1 for that row of data. What occurs is, all data in sheet 2 (and other sheets) will always be sequential by date regardless of the sequence the data was entered in sheet 1.
I've attached a revised version of the message #3 sample file. The revised file includes both date and rank indexing. Dates in this example are non-sequential in sheet 1 to demonstrate the significance of the changing index number for sequencing data in other sheets. I've also set the formulas in sheet 1 columns D, E and F to key on the current rank/index number of the date for each row to demonstrate the dependency of all the data on the possibility of a changing index number. This should make it easier to understand why the formula in column 1 of other sheets must remain intact.
- Data is all manually entered in sheet 1 with the exception of the rank column and columns used for data assignment such as columns D, E and F in the example.
- The VBA code that I have can be modified to fill down formulas in sheet 1 based on the date entry so this sheet is not a problem.
- Data from previous entries may on occasion be changed and possibly including date.
- All data in sheets 2, 3 and 4 in the example must remain capable of changing with any change to data or change in ranking in sheet 1.
I have added a row of data in sheet 1 of the new example. It should be assigned to sheet 2 "X". In sheet 2 you will see that column A has picked up the current index number for the data but the code did not fill down the formulas for columns B,C and D as desired.
I hope I gave you what you need this time. Thanks for your tremendous patience. | <urn:uuid:a3f01c32-a30f-492f-bf71-9f76adbb38ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forum.ozgrid.com/forum/index.php?user-post-list/341448-noviture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.922777 | 529 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Sensory Over-Responsiveness and Psychiatric Disorders
by John Koutras, MD
A new study sheds light on the link between children who are hypersensitive to sounds, textures, etc. and the presence of psychiatric disorders. This condition has been termed sensory over-responsivity (SOR), or difficulties in sensory integration. While the presence of SOR can clinically be a red flag for the presence of psychopathology, no study has systematically analyzed the degree to which SOR is distinct from various psychiatric disorders. This twin study of school-age children also had the advantage of being able to test for shared genetic and environmental influences between the two areas.
Primary caregivers were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC), offering probable diagnoses. Of note, however, autistic spectrum disorders were excluded. Symptoms of over-responsivity were obtained by parent interviews with the SensOR interview, which assesses both auditory symptoms (such as toilet flushing sounds) and tactile symptoms (such as finger paint).
Approximately 58% of children with SOR met criteria for a psychiatric disorder. This number dropped to 42% if Specific Phobia was excluded. Thus, a substantial portion of children who screened positive for SOR do not have a formal diagnosis, although there was overlap. There was evidence of shared genes influencing both SOR and particularly internalizing symptoms like depression and anxiety.
Reference: Van Hulle C, Schmidt N, et al. Is sensory over-responsivity distinguishable from childhood behavior problems? A phenotypic and genetic analysis. J Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2012: 53 Jan: 64-72. | <urn:uuid:bfada588-45cd-4562-9bb9-04bf241e8daf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.uvm.edu/drettew/2012/02/29/sensory-over-responsiveness-and-psychiatric-disorders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00344-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954772 | 330 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Youth are disproportionately affected by violence. Between the ages of 12 and 17, they are twice as likely as adults to be victims of simple assault. In 2001, 38% of 9th grade girls and 59% of 9th grade boys in Minnesota reported that they had been pushed, shoved or grabbed at school during the past year. Violence takes many forms, and includes verbal, emotional, sexual and physical abuse.
In response to this, the Minnesota Department of Health has several programs that address violence-related issues affecting youth.
This page serves as a gateway to the resources that MDH has on its website for people working on various facets of youth violence prevention. Resources include surveillance data of intentional fatal and nonfatal injuries, best practices strategies, information sharing networks, and more.
MDH Sexual Violence Prevention Home Page – Find the MDH Injury and Violence Prevention Unit’s top recommended resources and websites for preventing rape, dating violence and sexual violence.
Best Practices to Prevent Youth Violence – This report gives a quick summary of the Healthy Minnesotans Strategies for Public Health for youth violence prevention.
Firearm Injuries – The Injury & Violence Prevention Unit shares data on intentional firearm injuries, which disproportionately affect youth. Also find best practices for prevention of firearm-related injuries.
Violence Prevention Information Sharing Group – This is an MDH email service that provides information about funding, new resources, important reports, news, conferences and trainings, Minnesota events and more on youth violence. It pays particular attention to resources that address protective and risk factors that are related to violence prevention. If you would like to be added to the email list, please contact Deb Trombley at Deborah.email@example.com with your name, organization, street address and email address. | <urn:uuid:32106957-b535-4a0f-8228-e56707da0d59> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.health.state.mn.us/youth/topics/violence.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00436-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93582 | 363 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Malda, Nov. 29: The health department will set up a mother and childcare hub and add 10 beds to the neonatal ward of the Malda Medical College and Hospital.
A two-member team that visited the facility last night said there were "no shortcomings" on the part of the doctors over crib deaths at the hospital.
Thirty-two newborns died in the medical college in the past eight days, sources said.
Tridib Banerjee, a Calcutta-based child specialist and chairman of the health task force, said: "We have recommended the addition of beds to the neonatal ward and the state will spend Rs 16 crore to set up a mother and childcare hub."
The neonatal ward has 40 beds now.
"A six-storied mother and childcare hub will be completed in two years. We are also going to have Sick Newborn Care Units in rural hospitals (in Malda) so that the pressure on the medical college is reduced," said Asit Biswas, the spokesperson for the health department, who accompanied Banerjee for the visit yesterday.
"We are going to increase the number of beds in the neo-natal ward from 40 to 50," said medical college principal Ujjwal Bhadra.
"Most babies died of septicaemia and respiratory problems and all off them were underweight. This year, the mortality rate is far less than that of last year. There were no shortcomings on the part of the doctors," Biswas said. | <urn:uuid:785b3ea0-5e27-4eaa-bfe5-68c81e9b7e70> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://in.news.yahoo.com/baby-unit-beds-malda-220157111.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976784 | 309 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Crazy quilt, Camden, 1886
Contributed by Maine Historical Society
This crazy quilt was made by Carrie P. Leighton of Camden in 1886. It includes pieces of satin, velvet and silk put together in colorful diamond-shaped pieces that were then fastened together.
This quilt includes embroidery, painting, and puffed flowers. One diamond has a date and another, Carrie P. Leighton's initials.
- Title: Crazy quilt, Camden, 1886
- Creator: Leighton, Carrie P.
- Creation Date: 1886
- Subject Date: 1886
- Town: Camden
- County: Knox
- State: ME
- Media: satin, velvet, silk
- Dimensions (cm): 133 x 119
- Local Code: 2001.208
- Object Type: Physical Object
For more information about this item, contact:
Maine Historical Society
489 Congress Street, Portland, ME 04101
Cross Reference Searches
LC Subject Headings
Please post your comment below to share with others. If you'd like to privately share a comment or correction with MMN staff, please use this form. | <urn:uuid:4f55a489-bfea-42a6-8d88-8d6d47e776f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.mainememory.net/artifact/6396 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718309.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00405-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852702 | 240 | 1.703125 | 2 |
WESTERVILLE, Ohio, July 28 /PRNewswire/ -- All doctors recommend diabetic patients control their glucose level, but how can they do this while preserving a normal lifestyle? By using an insulin pump and carbohydrate counting, a diabetic can maintain precise glycemic control and lessen the long-term effects of their disease. Still, because of the cost of insulin pumps and their supplies, health insurers often turn to independent review organizations (IROs) to decide their medical necessity.
"Using evidence-based criteria, IROs review the medical necessity of insulin pumps for health plans," said Seana Ferris, President of NAIRO, a trade organization of IROs. "They must weigh improved glycemic control, patient pump management, patient knowledge and lifestyle against the long-term cost of a diabetic's health care before approving a $6,000 pump that also requires hundreds of dollars a year for supplies."
When Insulin Pumps are Medically Necessary
Replacing injections, a pump delivers insulin 24-hours a day through a catheter under the skin. With a pump with carbohydrate counting, a patient can adjust insulin levels accurately for food intake and elevated or low blood sugar. "Health plans often cover pumps when they improve a patient's diabetic care and provide better control than multiple daily injections," said David Sand, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of an Ohio IRO, HMS-Permedion, and a pump-wearer. "They routinely cover pumps for patients with type-1 diabetes. The hope is that better glucose control lessens end-organ damage, which can benefit type-2 patients also."
Health plans may ask an IRO review the medical necessity for an insulin pump when daily doses of insulin don't achieve tight glycemic control and the hemoglobin A1c rises above the recommended seven percent set by the American Diabetes Association, or when hypoglycemia continues despite adjusting insulin doses. "Programming the pump to adjust basal insulin delivery rates and boluses throughout the day allows for more precise glycemic control, achievement of target HbA1c levels, and prevention of long-term complications," Sand said.
Demands Patient Skills
Sand explained that a concern of health plans about insulin pumps is the patient's ability to manage one. A healthcare provider team, including an endocrinologist and diabetes nurse educator, teaches the patient how to insert and change the catheter, set and adjust the basal rate and calculate boluses.
"While glucose monitoring is important for any diabetic, it's even more so for pump users who must adjust their boluses regularly for food intake and activity," Sand said. "Besides, pumps aren't an excuse for dietary indiscretion. Patients must learn carbohydrate counting to deliver correct insulin boluses at mealtimes."
NAIRO works to promote the value and integrity of the independent medical review process, as an integral part of improving U.S. health care. Its members embrace an evidence-based approach to medical review for resolving coverage disputes between enrollees and their health plans. For more information, visit www.nairo.org.
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:35597742-896e-4bac-bf10-aea9fa52309a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/Determining-Insulin-Pump-Need-for-Diabetics-52889-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00173-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924812 | 645 | 2.296875 | 2 |
(1) This Act may be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi Laws (Special Provisions) Act, 2007.
(2) It extends to the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
(3) It shall be deemed to have come into force on the 19th day of May, 2007.
(4) It shall cease to have effect on the 31st day of December, 2008 except as respects things done or omitted to be done before such cesser, and upon such cesser section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897) shall apply as if this Act had then been repealed by a Central Act.
Download our fully-offline, High speed android app.- Click here | <urn:uuid:15d0f146-8fb4-49b1-a07a-246786adba22> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lawgist.in/national-capital-territory-of-delhi-laws-special-provisions-at/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.937448 | 145 | 1.546875 | 2 |
I’m a big fan of encouraging students to accompany learning with gestures and physical movement, particularly, though not exclusively, with English Language Learners.
I thought I’d begin a short “The Best…” list on the topic, and ask readers to contribute additions.
Here are my choices for The Best Resources On Students Using Gestures & Physical Movement To Help With Learning:
Total Physical Response (TPR) is a mainstay of many ESL/EFL instructors. Teacher Joe has a nice short description of it, and here’s a much more TPR guide from the English Language and Literacy Center.
Here’s a study on how gestures improve memory.
What’s a quick and easy way to improve learning? is about a similar study.
I’ve previously written a post titled Using Gestures In Teaching & Learning.
The Secret Code Of Learning: Our body language can reveal more about what we know than our verbal language is by Annie Murphy Paul at TIME and provides a good overview of research on the topic.
Study: Gestures help language learning is another report on the same study.
High Fluid Intelligence, Gestures, and Simulation is from the Eide Neurolearning blog. It reports on recent research on gestures and learning.
To Learn A New Language, You’ve Got to Move More Than Your Mouth! is from Education Week.
A study found that “requiring children to gesture while learning the new concept helped them retain the knowledge they had gained during instruction.”
Teachers’ gestures boost math learning is from Eureka Alert.
This is obviously not a complete list, and I hope readers can suggest more resources.
If you found this post useful, you might want to consider subscribing to this blog for free.
You might also want to explore the nearly 700 other “The Best…” lists I’ve compiled. | <urn:uuid:c9213f40-39a0-4716-bf89-0131b2f314c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://larryferlazzo.edublogs.org/2011/06/02/the-best-resources-on-students-using-gestures-physical-movement-to-help-with-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00431-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901564 | 401 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Are payday loans in New York legal? I have several I cannot repay that are overwhelming me. What can I do?
- A common threat many payday lenders use is arrest for check fraud.
- No one has been arrested for debt in the US since the Civil War.
These small loans, also called "cash advance loans," "check advance loans," or "deferred deposit check loans," are a frequent pitfall for consumers. A fee anywhere from $15-$30 per $100 borrowed is charged for an average loan of $300. The borrower will give the lender a post-dated check, which the lender later uses to electronically transfer a payment or the entire balance of the loan from the borrowers account.
An especially insidious practice is to withdraw
a partial payment from the account as a "customer service." This partial payment becomes a perpetual installment that continues despite the borrowers' best efforts to halt it.
With rates so high and the term of the loan so short there is no wonder that a very high percentage of these loans are rolled over by the borrower again and again so that the accumulated fees equal an effective annualized interest rate of 390% to 780% APR depending on the number of times the principal is rolled.
One slightly light-hearted fact regarding payday loans: Wikipedia.org, the leading online encyclopedia, list payday lending under Loan Shark. stating that "if the defining characteristics of loan sharking are high interest rates and a credit product that traps debtors, then the label certainly applies."
Category: Payday loans | <urn:uuid:4657b20e-045e-4608-9774-48ea542432d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://credit-help.biz/payday-loans/13442 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00501-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965711 | 313 | 1.546875 | 2 |
The College Board shared the following news release with the Maine DOE for publication.
AUGUSTA—Hampden Academy and Scarborough High School are among 800 schools across the country invited to participate in the AP STEM Access program, created to increase the number of traditionally underrepresented minority and female high school students that participate in Advanced Placement® courses in STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) disciplines.
A $5 million grant from Google as part of its Global Impact Awards to DonorsChoose.org will make it possible for this program to invite Hampden and Scarborough to start new AP STEM courses and encourage traditionally underrepresented minority and female students who demonstrate strong academic potential to enroll and explore these areas of study and related careers. The AP Program offers willing and academically prepared high school students the opportunity to study at the college level, enabling them to develop the critical thinking skills necessary for college success.
Traditionally underrepresented minority and female students in the U.S. are less likely to study math and science in college or pursue related careers than their counterparts. Research shows that students who took AP math and science were more likely than non-AP students to earn degrees in physical science, engineering and life science disciplines—the fields leading to some of the careers essential for America’s future prosperity. This correlation is particularly strong among African American, Hispanic/Latino and female students.
“Unfortunately, traditionally underrepresented minority students and female students often do not have access to AP STEM course work,” said David Coleman, president of the College Board. “We are very grateful to Google for its generous support and look forward to working with DonorsChoose.org to enable these students to engage in the sort of rigorous STEM course work that is essential for college and career success.”
Hampden and Scarborough were chosen for their status as public high schools with underrepresented students that were academically prepared for an AP STEM course not currently offered at the school. During the 2011-12 academic year, these two schools had 10 or more black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian/Alaska Native students—and/or 25 or more female students — with high potential to be successful in one or more AP STEM courses that were not offered in their school. For this criterion, high AP potential was defined as a 60 percent or higher likelihood of scoring a 3, 4 or 5 on the AP Exam as predicted by the student’s performance on specific sections of the 2012 PSAT/NMQST® (Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test). In addition, Hampden and Scarborough serve communities with a median household income of $100,000 or less, and/or 40 percent or more of its students qualify for free or reduced-price school meals. Research shows that the AP Program can provide a cost-effective way for high school students to earn college credit, advanced placement or both while still in high school.
These Maine schools will receive funding to start one or more new AP courses in STEM subject areas. These grants will be used by teachers for professional development and to acquire classroom materials, lab and technology equipment, college-level textbooks, and other resources imperative for a high-quality AP course. Grants will vary from $1,200 to $9,000, depending on the subject area of the new course. In addition, to support inclusivity and outreach to students in the participating schools, all AP STEM teachers at these schools will receive a $100 DonorsChoose.org gift card for each student who achieves a score of 3, 4 or 5 on an AP STEM exam. The cards can be used by the teacher to further invest in classroom resources — with the goal of driving student engagement and achievement in years to come. Well-resourced classrooms provide hands-on activities and engaging, inquiry-based lab investigations that are essential to AP and can inspire students to excel in these fields.
Hampden and Scarborough will begin their new AP subjects in fall 2013 and will make a commitment to offer these new AP courses for a minimum of three years. This will enable the courses to become an integral part of the overall array of AP course offerings within the school.
AP courses and exams offered within the STEM disciplines include: Biology, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, Computer Science A, Environmental Science, Physics B, Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism, Physics C: Mechanics, and Statistics.
The funding for this AP STEM Access program was awarded by Google to DonorsChoose.org with the $5 million grant as part Google’s new Global Impact Awards, which provide support to organizations using technology and innovative approaches to tackle some of the world’s toughest human challenges.
“There are hundreds of thousands of talented students in this country who are being left out of the STEM equation — they’re not being given the opportunity to find their passion or pursue today’s most promising careers,” said Jacquelline Fuller, director of giving at Google. “We’re focused on creating equal access to advanced math and science courses, and ensuring that advanced classrooms become as diverse as the schools themselves.”
DonorsChoose.org is an online charity that makes it easy for anyone to help students in need. To date, 270,000 public and charter school teachers have used DonorsChoose.org to secure $112 million in books, art supplies, technology and other resources that their students need to learn. | <urn:uuid:bbcef31e-d8dc-4460-a29f-fc8923848e0d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mainedoenews.net/2013/04/17/ap-stem-access-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00076-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958707 | 1,121 | 2.25 | 2 |
We Assist Persons Injured While Walking on the Sidewalks or Street
Florida is a large state with several large urban settings that contribute to increased pedestrian accidents and injuries. A 2009 Governors Highway Safety Report showed that Florida ranks among the highest states for Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities. In fact, a report by the US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ranks five Florida cities in the top ten of pedestrian fatality rates of all US cities. These are alarming figures. To learn more about pedestrian accident statistics or ways to stay safe please visit one of these sites:
1) Pedestrian Traffic Safety Facts – https://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811888.pdf
2) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Everyone is a Pedestrian – https://www.nhtsa.gov/Pedestrians
3) Childrens Traffic Safety Facts and Figures – https://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812011.pdf
Our firm understands the need for justice. The attorneys at Massey & Duffy have years of success representing families in pedestrian accident cases involving motorized vehicles, motorcyclist and bicyclist. The lawyers at Massey & Duffy are dedicated to aggressively pursuing compensation for victims’ families. We represent accident victims throughout Florida from our law office in Gainesville, Florida. To speak with a knowledgeable and compassionate attorney, please call our team at (352) 505-8900 to schedule a free consultation.
Maximum Monetary Recovery
At Massey & Duffy, our attorneys will aggressively investigate your case to determine who the responsible party is and whether negligence occurred. While it is difficult to put a dollar amount on an unfortunate major life event, our team will aggressively investigate your case. Our experienced attorneys are dedicated to determining the appropriate course of action. You have rights and deserve full compensation. Our legal team will conduct a thorough examination of the victims’ injuries, including consulting with the relevant medical specialists, to ensure that the victims’ rights are fully protected.
Protect Your Legal Rights
Injuries sustained during pedestrian accidents can vary greatly; from readily visible injuries at the time of the crash to subtler but no less serious injuries, such as spine and neck damage. Even if you think your neck or back pain in minimal, you can’t afford to take chances. Effects of whiplash may continue to cause serious discomfort for years after the accident. You need to protect your legal rights by contacting an experienced lawyer immediately to determine if you have a case. Unlike other personal injury attorneys, the lawyers of Massey & Duffy, PLLC will not blindly accept a settlement from the other party. We will research every possible avenue of recovery to get our clients the best compensation available. Our attorneys can assist you and your loved ones to receive financial compensation for, among other things:
- Property damage
- Lost wages
- Medical Expenses
- Physical Therapy
- Pain and suffering
- Emotional trauma
We have years of experience representing victims of pedestrian accidents in Gainesville and throughout Florida. If you or a loved one has been injured in a pedestrian accident, contact Massey & Duffy, PLLC today to schedule your free initial consultation with one of our knowledgeable attorneys.
Our attorneys understand that there is no amount of money that can compensate a family for the loss of a loved one. In a wrongful death claim, these damages can be substantial. They can include not merely reimbursement for medical and hospital bills to care for the deceased victim before his or her death, but also damages for the loss of future income or financial support that the deceased victim would have provided to his or her family if the victim had not died. Additionally, damages for the loss of companionship suffered by a surviving spouse and/or children are also factored in.
Committed To Improving Lives
Our firm is founded on a sincere commitment to improving clients’ lives. We understand that in the wake of an accident, life as you know it has been shattered. Our goal is to help you put the pieces back together.
We are not a personal injury mill that emphasizes quantity over quality. Rather, we provide personal attention and superior service for each and every client. When you walk into our office, you will be meeting face to face with an attorney. We will walk you through the process and keep you informed at every step of the way.
We are experienced in handling all types of serious injuries, including head and back injuries. Our lawyers understand what judges and juries look for in these cases, and we have a thorough grasp of effective strategies for maximizing your compensation. Whether your case goes to trial or is resolved through settlement, you can rely on us to place your needs and goals first.
Frequently Asked Questions About Pedestrian Injury
Does Massey and Duffy represent pedestrians in personal injury?
We do represents people who are injured while walking.
How does Florida rank as far as pedestrian traffic fatalities?
A from 2009 shows that Florida ranks among the highest states for fatalities due to pedestrian and traffic accidents.
How does our firm ensure that the victims rights are fully protected when they are injured as a pedestrian.
Our legal team will conduct a thorough examination of the victims’ injuries, including consulting with the relevant medical specialists, to ensure that the victims’ rights are fully protected. | <urn:uuid:9e6f5691-e52e-4035-affc-548c3cf09472> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://352law.com/practice-areas/accidents-injuries/pedestrian-injury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.946785 | 1,102 | 1.804688 | 2 |
The ice in Canada's western Arctic ripped open in a massive "fracturing event" this spring that spread like a wave across 1,000 kilometres of the Beaufort Sea.
Huge leads of water - some more than 500 kilometres long and as much as 70 kilometres across - opened up from Alaska to Canada's Arctic islands as the massive ice sheet cracked as it was pushed around by strong winds and currents.
"It took just seven days for the fractures to progress across the entire area from west to east," said Trudy Wohlleben, senior ice forecaster at the Canadian Ice Service.
She said it was "spectacular" to watch from Ottawa, where she and her colleagues track the ice with satellites.
While ice fracturing is common in the Beaufort, few "events" have sprawled across such a large area so quickly or produced cracks as long and wide as those seen this spring, according to NASA Earth's Observatory, which features the fractures this week.
Wohlleben noted that there was a similar event last spring, and says both were related to the way ice, which moves in a clockwise direction in the Beaufort, can suddenly start and stop moving depending on the weather conditions.
This year the ice in the Beaufort Sea had essentially stopped moving for the first three weeks of February, Wohlleben said.
"Rapid ice drift then began in the southwest section of the Beaufort Sea around Feb. 20, initiating the first fractures in that area," she says. The fracturing "then quickly spread eastward to encompass the entire Beaufort Sea by the end of February."
She said temperatures are so frigid in the Arctic that the open water began refreezing as soon as the ice stopped moving. But the new ice will be much thinner - about 30 to 70 centimetres thick - than ice that has been growing all winter and is now more than a metre thick. Older multi-year ice can be several metres thick.
Scientists suggests the extensive fracturing this year may be linked to the way the Beaufort was covered almost completely by first-year ice that formed after the record summer Arctic ice melts in 2012.
"This ice is thinner and weaker than the older, multiyear ice, so it responds more readily to winds and is more easily broken up," said Walt Meier, of the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center. | <urn:uuid:d7ecabbf-9a2d-4fc9-89bf-fb96d51406f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/Canada+Arctic+cracks+spectacular+event/8187539/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00137-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976182 | 489 | 3.015625 | 3 |
|Up a level|
McGinley, Brian and Grieve, Ann (2011) Exploring educational interactions : a lesson for the development of interdisciplinary working? Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 63 (1). pp. 47-56. ISSN 1363-6820
Condie, Rae and Moscardini, Lio and Grieve, Ann (2011) Inclusion and education in Europe: the United Kingdom. Open Education Journal, 4. pp. 179-187.
Grieve, A. M. and Haining, I. (2011) Inclusive practice? Supporting isolated bilingual learners in a mainstream school. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 15 (7). pp. 763-774. ISSN 1360-3116
Grieve, Ann and McGinley, Brian (2010) Enhancing professionalism? Teachers’ voices on continuing professional development in Scotland. Teaching Education, 21 (2). pp. 171-184. ISSN 1047-6210
Mackay, Gilbert and Grieve, Ann and Glashan, Lisa (2004) Teachers' experience of support in the mainstream education of pupils with autism. Improving Schools, 7 (1). pp. 49-60. ISSN 1365-4802
Bakker, J and Moscardini, Lio and Grieve, Ann and Denessen, E and Peters, D and Walraven, G (2011) Including students from minority groups in Scottish schools. In: International Perspectives on Countering School Segregation. Garant: Antwerp.
Mcginley, Brian and Grieve, Ann (2010) Maintaining the status quo? Appraising the effectiveness of Youth Councils in Scotland. In: A Handbook of Children and Young People's Participation. Routledge, London, pp. 254-261. ISBN 9780415468527
McGinley, Brian and Grieve, Ann (2009) Appraising the effectiveness of youth councils in Scotland. In: A handbook of children and young peoples' participation. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-46852-7
Conference or Workshop Item
Moscardini, Lio and Grieve, Ann (2010) Education for diversity: Scotland. In: International Perspectives on Countering School Segretation Conference, 2010-12-10 - 2010-12-10.
Grieve, Ann (2009) Two routes for training Scottish support teachers. A preliminary comparative study. In: SSIS, 2009-10-01. (Unpublished)
Grieve, Ann and Condie, Rae and Moscardini, L. (2009) Inclusion and education in the United Kingdom. In: ECER, 2009-09-01. (Unpublished)
Moscardini, Lio and Condie, Rae and Grieve, Ann (2009) Inclusion and education in the United Kingdom : a summary of the final report. In: DGEAC Conference, 2010-06-25 - 2010-06-26.
Condie, Rae and Moscardini, L. and Grieve, Ann (2009) The United Kingdom in Europe: educational policy and practice in supporting minority groups. In: Scottish Educational Research Association Annual Conference 2009, 2009-11-26 - 2009-11-28. (Unpublished)
Moscardini, Lio and Condie, Rae and Grieve, Ann and Mitchell, Iain and Bourne, Jill (2008) Strategies for supporting schools and teachers in order to foster social inclusion: UK interim report. University of Strathclyde.
Condie, Rae and Moscardini, L. and Grieve, Ann and Mitchell, Iain (2009) Inclusion and education in European countries. [Report] | <urn:uuid:76ca4ed4-922d-4055-94b8-0e46edccd7e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/111804.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00062-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.699878 | 779 | 2.203125 | 2 |
We’ve reported often on the effects that energy production can have on air quality. The most obvious example is Pinedale, where federal ambient air quality standards were violated, largely because of emissions from natural gas production. Regulators say the air elsewhere in the state is fine. But some worry that Wyoming doesn’t have a sufficient monitoring network to know for sure. Wyoming Public Radio’s Willow Belden reports. | <urn:uuid:8942319c-0b76-4a56-a610-c6f451d3f060> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://wyomingpublicmedia.org/term/natural-gas-production | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00281-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957121 | 88 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Computers are for use by youth ages 18 and under
Internet games are allowed at Youth Services Computers, including the Teen Zone, except for the three in the Youth Services lab that are designated for Homework Only. E-mail is also allowed in the Teen Zone and at the P-10 computer in the Youth Services Lab. A parent may use an Internet computer in the Youth Services lab while their young child is also using a computer.
Printing is 15 cents per page and money must be deposited before anything can be printed. Labels, envelopes, transparencies, and letterhead are NOT allowed. Only library paper may be used.
No more than two people may use any particular computer at one time.
Children under 6 years old must have help using the computers.
Violation of library policy, obscenity laws, tampering with computer system security, unauthorized altering of software configurations, attempts to damage hardware or software, and/or using the workstation for illegal, criminal, or inappropriate purposes will result in loss of Internet privileges and may be subject to prosecution by local, state, or federal officials. | <urn:uuid:69c984c0-e8c9-4e40-9d6d-e3a7080a0f06> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://flagstaffpubliclibrary.org/services/youth_services/teens/teenscomputers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00400-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92532 | 228 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Debugging and sanitizing the Nigerian financial system.|
|Authors:||Kayode, M. O.|
Odusola, Ayodele F.
|Keywords:||Nigerian financial system|
Banks and banking
|Publisher:||Central Bank of Nigeria, Research Department|
|Citation:||Kayode, M. O., Odusola, Ayodele F. (2004). Debugging and sanitizing the Nigerian financial system. Economic and Financial Review, 42(1), 1-33.|
|Series/Report no.:||Vol. 42;No. 1|
|Abstract:||Using a concentric circle analysis, the paper provides a framework for examining the centrality of the borrower/ user or manager of funds in the stability of the financial system. The paper advocated among others, the rejuvenation of the value system, involvement of banks in project ideas and packaging, institutionalization and implementation of bankruptcy law as well as application of incentives and sanctions.|
|ISSN:||1957 - 2968|
|Appears in Collections:||Economic and Financial Review|
Files in This Item:
|Debugging and sanitizing the nigerian financial system.pdf||2.87 MB||Adobe PDF||View/Open|
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. | <urn:uuid:bfcb45e2-ab41-48bd-82b2-6e75d22637b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://library.cbn.gov.ng:8092/jspui/handle/123456789/341 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.733344 | 394 | 1.617188 | 2 |
“Chicken Wing” Lab. Focusing Questions. What makes up a chicken wing? What can you learn about the structure of a human arm by taking apart a chicken wing?. View the video with your partner and then try to identify A-G on the next slide.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
“Chicken Wing” Lab
A tissue is a group of similar cells that have a similar function.
3a. Ligaments and tendons are similar because:
3b. Ligaments and tendons are different because:
Based on your observations, how would you describe
A group of muscle cells
A bunch of muscle tissue
Create a double bubble to compare chicken wings to your arm.
Think about tissues, design and movement. | <urn:uuid:59d57888-62f8-4074-80d7-76aeb6572e50> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.slideserve.com/adelie/chicken-wing-lab | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00572-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924412 | 218 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Donald Trump’s shock election victory has left America divided. However, deep socio-economic challenges exist within the US. Nevertheless, making both America and the world “great again” is not mutually exclusive.
By Christopher H. Lim and Vincent Mack Zhi Wei*
The shock election victory of Donald Trump has created a divided America. Globally, his campaign posturing has caused much uncertainty. With Trump’s promise to cancel the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and impose tighter immigration regulations, the United States seems on the brink of slamming its doors shut on the world and starting a trade war.
Amongst his many campaign promises, President-elect Trump had pledge to slap a 45 percent tariff on all Chinese imports, end the Offshoring Act to bring back jobs and profits, and buff up national security by improving infrastructure and ending illegal immigration. For Trump to retain credibility, he will need to deliver on many of his election promises. There may still be a way for the new commander-in-chief to take this forward so that America can still benefit while minimising disruption to the world economy.
Challenges Facing the US
CNBC, CNN and other US media have commented that in parts of the US, infrastructure resemble those in developing nations with unmaintained roads and bridges and damaged pipelines. The 2013 report card by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) rated America’s infrastructure poorly, averaging a D+ score due to its “significant backlog of overdue maintenance across infrastructure systems” along with “a pressing need for modernisation”.
The ASCE projects that the US requires US$4 trillion of infrastructure investment between 2016 and 2025. At the international level, the US has the largest trade deficit in the world, accumulating over the past decades a trade imbalance of over $7.3 trillion.
At the same time, the primary trading partners with the US have substantial amount of foreign reserves. China – responsible for at least 40 percent of the total US deficit in goods – has the largest foreign reserves in the world at $3.5 trillion, followed by Japan at $1.3 trillion.
Meanwhile, according to a Reuters report in 2015, the largest 500 American MNCs hold more than $2.1 trillion in profits parked offshore, which would amount to an estimated $620 billion in taxes if the funds were repatriated. This is due to America’s corporate tax rates, which at around 35 percent is the highest amongst the OECD countries and third highest in the world. In comparison, the corporate tax rate for OECD countries averages at around 25 percent.
Finally, the US’ current position as the global peacekeeper and policeman has drawn criticism that it behaves unilaterally to safeguard its national interests at the expense of others.
Addressing the Challenges: Some Ideas
For the US economy to remain competitive globally, Trump could change the current corporate tax system by lowering corporate tax rates to 15 percent, or even matching Ireland at 12.5 percent. This is also an opportunity to simplify the current tax code, by minimising the tax deductions.
This would prevent MNCs from gaming the tax system. Given its large domestic consumer market, this would create an investment opportunity for both American and foreign companies, encouraging them to produce on US soil leading to an increase in jobs.
As an added incentive to attract American money home, Trump could also grant a one-off special tax concession for US companies to repatriate profit currently parked offshore if they invest in US infrastructure. At the same time, the US government could also consider privatising selected infrastructure. In place of imposing a high punitive tariff rate on trading partners that enjoy a trade surplus with the US; a Trump-led government could instead invite all these trading partners to invest in and own US infrastructure projects.
This is a better alternative to fighting a trade war, which will lead to a race to the bottom as they retaliate tit-for-tat with their own trade restrictions. This proposal will help to turn adversaries into economic and business partners and resolve the current $1.44 trillion infrastructure investment gap as identified by the ASCE. Once pressing infrastructure needs are accounted for the remainder could be used to fund the building of the “Great Wall of Trump”, increasing job creation for Trump’s support base.
Trump could also take up Democrat Senator Bernie Sanders’ suggestion to levy a speculation tax on Wall Street. This will not only gratify opposition voters, but can also raise monies for welfare policies such as education grants. This can be a prelude to a long-term solution to bridge the rich-poor divide.
Re-imagining Role of US as Global Player
Trump’s suggestion that NATO countries increase payment for their defence will reduce the US financial burden. Countries hosting US military bases could take a partnership approach – they could increase percentage of the costs they pay in exchange for more checks and balances on US military power. Given that US military expenditure comprises around 54 percent of the federal budget (discretionary spending), reducing the amount could be an alternative source to be tapped on for socio-economic purposes.
This would not only alleviate US funding woes but also recast the US in the role of an international police. As partners rather than help recipients, the US cannot unilaterally decide to withdraw from the conflict zones and has to be accountable to its funders. This would also buy the world time to adjust to the transition of the US to a new balance.
For the US to revitalise its economy, President-elect Trump needs to find a way to increase funding to fulfill election promises. Despite his seemingly isolationist discourse, the interests of the US are not at odds with the rest of the world. Once the US economy is revitalised, it will create demand for the rest of the world and can engage the world as a responsible economic powerhouse. In short, President-elect Trump has the potential to use his administration to make America and the world great again.
*Christopher Lim is Senior Fellow in the Office of the Executive Deputy Chairman and Vincent Mack is Associate Research Fellow in the Centre for Non-traditional Security (NTS) Studies, both at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. | <urn:uuid:04717b98-5a6b-43a6-b48e-48e10cb2c8f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eurasiareview.com/28112016-turning-trouble-around-re-imagining-us-role-as-global-player-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.95337 | 1,299 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Posted by Rimmy on Friday, April 3, 2009 at 11:59pm.
I need help in revising this than you. I basically didn't post all the answer properly.
This group is the same as a subordinate group. A defining feature of this group is that its members have less control or power over their lives than do members of dominant groups Minority Group
This describes the social structure between competing groups as defined by conflict or tension. An example would be the conflict that occurs between Haitians and United States citizens when Haitian refugees seek a new home in the United States. Conflict perspective
This is a group with distinct national origins or cultural patterns. For example, Norwegian Americans belong to this type of group. Ethnic group
Women are considered the social minority in the United States because they belong to this group, and are sometimes subject to prejudice and discrimination Subordinate group
This is the study of social behavior. A professional in this field may study intergroup relations between African Americans and Asian Americans, for example Sociology
This occurs when a person both believes and feels that his or her own racial group is superior to another racial group. Racism
The most common definition of this term is a social ranking by social wealth. An example would be a family whose income level categorizes them below the poverty line, versus a family whose income level categorizes them far above the poverty line Class
This is when an oppressor uses race to determine who is and is not privileged. These determinations are made by assigning characteristics to races and dividing them into groups. At minimum, characteristics include physical or cultural traits. Social construction of race
This is a broad generalization about groups which does not account for individual differences. An example would be if a person were to generalize that all people from New York City are pushy Stereotype
Among many others, Chinese Americans, African American, Native Americans and Caucasians are examples of this group. Members of such a group can be identified by obvious physical differences. Racial group
This occurs when a dominant group forces a minority group to live, work, or socialize separately. The high index of Blacks and Whites living separately in Detroit, Michigan is an example. Segregation
Another way of describing a minority group, this type of group comprises people of certain race, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, disability. Members of such a group exhibit five distinct characteristics. Gender Group
This occurs when a person, or the group to which that person belongs, assumes the characteristics of a dominant group. An example would be a Native American choosing to abandon his or her cultural norms in favor of United States norms. Assimilation
This group is associated with a faith other than that of the dominant group. For example, individuals who practice Buddhism in the United States belong to this type of group. Religious minority group
This perspective maintains that groups in society may express their cultures without facing prejudice or hostility. In part, it can be seen in some of the larger United States cities. Pluralism
Thank you. I really need help
- Cultural diversity 2 - Writeacher, Saturday, April 4, 2009 at 9:09am
Read through what I posted before, and then check these webpages:
Then go through your paper and consolidate as many sentences as possible, getting rid of wordiness and redundancy.
- CULTURAL DIVERSITY - Anonymous, Wednesday, June 10, 2009 at 5:30pm
This describes the social structure between competing groups as defined by conflict or tension. An example would be the conflict that occurs between Haitians and United States citizens when Haitian refugees seek a new home in the United States.
- CULTURAL DIVERSITY - rina, Tuesday, October 20, 2009 at 12:11pm
hey um i cant find anything on how cultural diversity occurs i wish someone would out it out there this is for a grade and i cont affrod another frakin zero. this looks like a good site so plz put hoe cultural diversity happens for goodness sakes. i don't want to have to ask the weird boy in front of me.
Answer This Question
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- cultural diversity - can you please tell me if I am right for the following (the...
- PSYCHOLOGY IN SOCIAL LIFE - Which one of the following statements best describes... | <urn:uuid:80c9303b-558f-408f-9d3c-87ada4184429> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1238817599 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00039-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933783 | 1,041 | 3.671875 | 4 |
It's 'Goliath versus Goliath' as Oracle files patent lawsuit against Google [Updated]
Oracle Corp. dropped a major bombshell on Google Inc. late Thursday, kicking off what could be an epic clash of Silicon Valley titans.
Oracle filed a patent and copyright infringement lawsuit against Google over its Android software that uses technology Oracle bought when it acquired Sun Microsystems Inc. in January. Google's Android software is used in mobile phones produced by Motorola Inc., Taiwan’s HTC Corp. and others.
“In developing Android, Google knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle’s Java-related intellectual property,” Redwood City-based Oracle said in a statement. “This lawsuit seeks appropriate remedies for their infringement.”
[Updated at 11:43 a.m.: A spokesman for Mountain View- based Google said in an e-mailed statement: "We are disappointed Oracle has chosen to attack both Google and the open-source Java community with this baseless lawsuit. The open-source Java community goes beyond any one corporation and works every day to make the Web a better place. We will strongly defend open-source standards and will continue to work with the industry to develop the Android platform.”]
"This is a case of Goliath versus Goliath," IDC analyst Al Hilwa said.
The surprise bid to control use of the software has sparked an uproar in Silicon Valley. The lawsuit is the first to attempt to milk money from Java. It seeks unspecific damages and an injunction. An injunction could throw a major monkey wrench into developers building applications using Android software and in the production of Android phones.
Sun’s Java lets developers write software that works on a variety of computers and systems and runs on countless mobile devices. Sun held thousands of patents but backed open source sharing. It cut licensing deals for Java, but also offered free versions. It was often criticized for not making enough money from Java.
Oracle’s maverick Chief Executive Officer Larry Ellison called Java “the single most important software asset we have ever acquired.”
And Android mobile phones are emerging as a very valuable business line for Google. To date, there are 60 Android devices built by 21 handset makers. Android will be in almost a fifth of all smart phones by 2012, research firm iSuppli Corp. projects. That has set off furious competition and a flurry of patent-infringement claims including claims from Microsoft Corp., which has said that Android may infringe on its patents.
Of all the executives in Silicon Valley, Google Chief Executive Eric Schmidt is more aware than most of the value of Java. He worked at Sun and led its Java development efforts before joining Google in 2001.
Java is essential to Android, analysts said. "This will have an effect on Android," Hilwa said.Android software is used by handset makers and carriers as well as legions of software developers. "All of these people are going to be concerned whether they are in compliance or if they are infringing on patents," Hilwa said. "There is all of the sudden a cloud of uncertainty over Android that could impact the adoption of Android down the road depending on how these things play out."
-- Jessica Guynn | <urn:uuid:362a33f9-ce76-4d9a-bdf6-5120d350c72f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2010/08/google-oracle-patent-infringement-java.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00010-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94929 | 662 | 1.671875 | 2 |
CDC: Annual Decline in U.S. TB Cases Slowing
(HealthDay News) — As health officials in Kansas struggle with an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) at a local high school, federal officials reported Thursday that the annual decline in U.S. cases is slowing. The report was published in the March 20 issue of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
According to the report, in 2014, there were 9,412 TB cases in the United States, a rate of three cases per 100,000 people. That's 2.2 percent lower than the TB rate in 2013. However, "this decline in the rate of TB was the smallest decrease in more than a decade and suggests the need for ongoing evaluation of TB elimination strategies overall and within high-risk populations," the CDC researchers write. TB is more common in certain groups, particularly foreign-born people, who have a TB rate 13.4 times higher than those born in the United States. Compared to whites, the TB rate is 28.5 times higher among Asians and eight times higher among blacks and Hispanics.
Last week, more than 300 students and staff at Olathe Northwest High School in Kansas were tested after a reported case of TB at the school. The testing identified 27 more cases of TB. Another round of tests will be offered in early May for those possibly exposed.
The consequences of TB can be devastating, especially for people with multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant TB, the CDC researchers said. Multidrug-resistant TB accounted for 1.3 percent (96 cases) of all TB cases in the United States in 2013. There was one case of extensively drug-resistant TB in 2014. | <urn:uuid:c6e130a9-a9c7-4492-91bf-ac814ff65ed9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.empr.com/medical-news/cdc-annual-decline-in-us-tb-cases-slowing/article/404549/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00058-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962646 | 358 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The wolf-rune, wolf-hook, Wolfsangel, Wolfsanker, Wolfsjagd. The symbol has a long and storied history, reaching back more than a thousand years, and if one considers its obvious connection with the :EIHWAZ: rune, its age can be determined as at least 2,000 years old.
Eihwaz is a rune whose name refers to Yggdrasil, the world-tree, its roots and branches representative of the Axis Mundi, the central column, the spine, consciousness itself. It is the thirteenth rune in the Elder Futhark row, and as such its numerical significance lies with the lunar cycle and the thirteen full moons of a year.
Paired with the 12th rune, :JERA:, the two make up the exact center of the Elder row, Jera's cyclical, horizontal motion indicative of the realms of being/becoming/passing away, complementing Eihwaz' vertical, linear representation of consciousness/transformation/elevation. The big bang at the center of everything, outward expansion vertically and horizontally, forever and ever. Massive runes of cosmic significance, the true Center of the mysteries of existence.
It is small wonder, then, that this symbol was held in reverence for thousands of years by the Germanic people, and that it was seen adopted again and again in their history as a heraldic symbol.
It became a symbol of freedom from opression when adopted by the peasant revolt in 15th century Germany, as they made war against the princes and their armies, outgunned and finding themselves in need of a sign to rally under.
The protagonist of Hermann Lons' "Der Wehrwolf," a resistance fighter during the Thirty Years War adopts the symbol as his personal badge while fighting against vastly superior foes, the wolf-hook representing the style of guerilla war he and his men waged.
In the 1600's, it was used again as a boundary marker in the forest, and as a sign on the uniforms of the forestry service, and it can still be seen in use today as a part of the emblem of the state of Lower Saxony and the hunter's association "Hirschmann," who breed hounds- it is also seen in its horizontal form used by the Church of Satan.
Like many other powerful symbols, it was briefly adopted by the Nazi party after having been in use for nearly 2,000 years, and because of this, it is still used by modern day so-called "Neo-Nazis," who seek to continue its association with their simple and misguided goals.
The name Operation Werewolf and the Wolfsangel were chosen to represent this ongoing Work as part of a paradigm shift- the idea of taking something that is already in use, and changing its aims, methods and meanings to suit a radically different goal, that still connects to the original in some fundamental way- we will not apologize or shy away from its use, nor deny its origin.
This is a guerilla operation. It exists behind enemy lines, just as the original concept intended.
Those enemy lines lie both without and within ourself. We are at war with the mediocre tenets of modernity and weakness. Acceptance and "equality." We are at war with our "slave self," the inner thrall of Limitation and Laziness.
We use these terms and imagery to create a self-dicatorship. Directed inward, it does not seek to subjugate others, as this is below the higher ideal of the Operation. Instead, it seeks to conquer and subjugate the SELF to our True Will, and create a consonance and totality of being that will create a whole person out of the rubble and detritus that we began with.
Because this, truly, IS the Operation:
Transformation from the individual we were, into the individual we were always meant to become.
We deserve more from this life than nights in a dark room, staring with hollow eyes into the flickering box of the technomancer's artifice- enslaved like addicts to the thousand lights of illusion, spun by the dream-weavers of Empire.
Fed on poison to make our bodies flaccid and weak, conditioned through social programming to accept the dogma and doctrine of this filthy world that preaches mediocrity as strength, acceptance of ourselves in our lowest form. Maggots uselessly writhing on the carcass of blind consumerism- worshiping at the altar of fast food and instant gratification.
This is not who we are. We are alive to sacrifice everything we are for everything we know we can become.
And this is what the Wolf-Rune means to us! A bind-rune of :EIHWAZ: and :NAUDHIZ:- Need, stress, friction, necessity- the naked who are unprepared for winter will freeze in the cold.
These two massive concepts come together to form the Rune under which the Werewolf Operative strives. The NEED to RISE. The absolute and iron-clad edict to transform. To achieve a heightened consciousness through first assaulting the physical form with a regime of brutal re-ordering and hardening.
To fly the dreaded black banner of the Totenwolf to signal to others that a contract has been made. A contract with oneself to begin this transformation from Man into Wolf. To disregard the masses, who will not understand your obsession with self-betterment. To respect only strength, and those whose only goal is to make themselves stronger through relentless action. This is a fellowship for those loyal to might, and the natural law. To us and ours be the glory, world without end. 92! | <urn:uuid:c07f09a6-b29b-408a-b000-0da84cc4f10b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.operationwerewolf.com/war-journal/2016/9/5/the-wolf-rune | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00087-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957183 | 1,175 | 2.234375 | 2 |
by Julian Cervello
music and lyrics by Naomi Simpson
with Mark Carins, Naomi Simpson, and Julian Cervello as Franz Boas
Can you see the rope?
You are not worthy then.
But if you could see it, would you climb up thru that hole in the sky?
Our bold and imaginative take on this little known ancient, local (Lekwungen) legend is a reminder of the eternal weirdness of this island.
On Gnocan Hill, near the portage inlet, two sisters once came from the Gorge to harvest wild onions. “… this was in the days no more remembered, when the heavens were nearer earth, and the gods were more familiar…” One night they lay awake, looking up at the bright stars overhead, thinking of their lovers…” (Robert Brown) and discussing which star they would most like to marry. The stars they most preferred heard them, took them up into the sky that night, and married them in the morning.
And so the women lived with their star husbands for many years. But at long last they longed for the world they had left behind. And so they wove a rope of cedar bark, dug a hole thru the sky, and slid back to Earth, down the rope. They never remarried after returning to the Gorge, but became famed medicine women: remaining faithful to the little people they had married in the sky
The cedar rope still hangs over Gnocan hill; but only a man who is pure of heart and body can see it, and climb up thru that hole. | <urn:uuid:541855ab-5ba1-4feb-a43c-45a1d125ca5d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://scrumpyproductions.com/past-production/the-legend-of-knockan-hill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.971177 | 339 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Eschatology, Second Edition
Death and Eternal Life
|October 2007||In Print|
|Not yet Published|
Originally published in English in 1988, Joseph Ratzinger's Eschatology remains internationally recognized as a leading text on the "last things"--heaven and hell, purgatory and judgment, death and the immortality of the soul. This highly anticipated second edition includes a new preface by Joseph Ratzinger/Pope Benedict XVI and a supplement to the bibliography by theologian Peter A. Casarella.
Eschatology presents a balanced perspective of the doctrine at the center of Christian belief--the Church's faith in eternal life. Recognizing the task of contemporary eschatology as "to marry perspectives, so that person and community, present and future, are seen in their unity," Joseph Ratzinger brings together recent emphasis on the theology of hope for the future with the more traditional elements of the doctrine. His book has proven to be as timeless as it is timely. | <urn:uuid:0896f754-5ef5-40f0-8992-f0f4b4af512d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cuapress.cua.edu/books/viewbook.cfm?Book=RAE2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00375-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898171 | 204 | 1.515625 | 2 |
這位作者 (專欄作家) 是英美少數 經常引Deming的話來發揮"評論(英國)世事"論點的朋友
What do these cases have in common? While the consequences were unintended, they were also no accident. Each was the unerring product of the management regime that ministers have propagated throughout the public services - and for which they, as much as the executives involved, should be in the dock.
At Maidstone, a report by the Health Commission said that the trust had been under such pressure to cut costs and waiting times that it took its eye off the job of cleaning. The drug administration regime is driven by the need to demonstrate that it is getting addicts into treatment, rather than getting results.
Most tellingly, Surrey's chief constable explained that, to meet government objectives to boost numbers of offenders brought to justice, his coppers were focusing on soft targets such as handing out warnings to shoplifters, instead of more serious and difficult cases. The result, the chief constable said, was that 'we are at risk of claiming statistical success when real operational issues remain to be addressed'.
Together these cases illustrate once more just why and how top-down target regimes have such baleful effects.
Targets, claim their defenders, are simple, they provide focus, and they work. Yes, they do. Unfortunately, these are also their fatal flaws. The simplicity is a delusion. As Russ Ackoff put it: 'The only problems that have simple solutions are simple problems. The only managers with simple problems are those with simple minds. Problems that arise in organisations are almost always the product of interactions of parts, never the action of a simple part.'
To focus on the individual parts and ignore the whole always makes things function worse at a system-wide level. Thus, to meet financial and waiting-time targets, Maidstone drove up bed occupancy rates. But that compromised cleaning. At the system-wide level, the cost was making the hospital more dangerous to patients than staying at home.
And if enough pressure is applied, people will meet targets - even if they destroy the organisation in doing so. As quality guru W Edwards Deming put it: 'What do "targets" accomplish? Nothing. Wrong: their accomplishment is negative.'
These are systemic faults, which is why such regimes can't be refined by setting 'better' or fewer targets. Deming added: 'Management by numerical goal is an attempt to manage without knowledge of what to do'. This is what makes it so attractive to bad managers. Unfortunately, in absolving them from the effort of thought, it is also junk management, which has the same effect on the consumer as junk food: obesity, flatulence, discontent and demoralisation.
Lack of method explains why the public sector absorbs so much resource for so little return. It also explains the stop-go, curiously disembodied experience of engaging with it: it's not reacting directly to you, the individual citizen, but to management's abstraction of you, as embodied in the target. Hence the obsession with 'choice', which simply transfers the question of method to you.
Here's what I mean. On holiday near Aix-en-Provence in September, my mother had a fall. At the small, busy local hospital she was seen, X-rayed and discharged within two hours.
One phone call produced home visits by a local doctor and a nurse to administer a daily injection. On the last day, she showed my mother how to inject herself - a smart move, because the logistical feat of getting a nurse out for an immobile 90-year-old in Primrose Hill subsequently proved beyond the NHS. She also needed a blood test. Several days after the request, a nurse turned up without tourniquet, cotton wool or plaster. She severely bruised the arm, failed to take any blood and said someone would return with a 'longer needle'. Several weeks later, still no test.
So when Camden Primary Care Trust sends out a document on 'Improving Health in Camden' and asks for feedback, this is my reply. Stuff the targets and fancy extra services. I don't want 'choice'. I want competent professionals to give objective advice based on medical, not financial, considerations. What use is a health service that isn't personalised? If it functions properly, as in the wilds of Provence, it doesn't need personalising. If it works there, why not here? | <urn:uuid:97251289-95b3-458d-9e01-5372d23a84a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://demingcircle.blogspot.com/2007/11/targets-can-seriously-damage-your.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00466-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966775 | 972 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Eradication Efforts Begin to Combat Little Fire Ant Infestation in WaimanaloPosted on May 15, 2014 in Main, News-Releases
May 15, 2014
HONOLULU — The Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) today began a multi-tactic treatment program to eradicate an infestation of little fire ant (LFA) in Waimanalo. A six-person crew, including staff from the Hawaii Ant Lab, Oahu Invasive Species Committee and HDOA, began spraying a 6-acre area, which includes the 3.5 acre infestation area and buffer zone. The crews applied Tango® ((S)-methoprene in gel bait matrix), a growth inhibitor that worker ants take back to their nest to feed the queen ant, which reduces the viability of eggs the queen produces.
Next week, crews will return to the area to distribute a grandular pesticide, either Probait® (Hydramethylnon) or Siesta® (Metaflumizone), which will kill the ants. In several weeks, the same process will be conducted using Tango® followed by the other grandular pesticide. Research has found that alternating the use of Probait® and Siesta ® is more effective in eradicating LFA.
Earlier crews cleared transects, or pathways, through the brush so pesticide applications could be completed evenly over the area, which is located on state land near Waikupunaha and Kakaina Streets in Waimanalo.
The process will be repeated about eight times during a period of one year. Once no LFA are found, the area will be monitored for several years. All products being used are general-use pesticides.
“The research and techniques developed over the past years give us confidence that this infestation can be eradicated,” said Scott Enright, chairperson of the Hawaii Department of Agriculture. “The systematic approach makes sense practically and scientifically.”
No other sites on Oahu have been found with LFA.
HDOA continues to ask homeowners to help survey their yards for LFA by placing a chopstick smeared with a little peanut butter in the yard for about one hour, then place the stick in a sealable plastic bag and freeze the sample for at least 24 hours and then send it to the HDOA. Surveying instructions are available on the department’s website at: http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/pi/files/2014/01/Survey-LFA-public-2014-01-29.pdf
LFA has been found on Hawaii Island since 1999. In late December 2013, LFA was detected on hapuu logs (Hawaiian fern) at retail stores on Maui and Oahu. Since its detection, Oahu and Maui nurseries have been surveyed. Five Oahu nurseries, three of which are in Waimanalo, were found to have small infestations of LFA, which were treated and are now clear of the ants.
Originally from South America, LFA is considered among the world’s worst invasive species.
LFA are tiny ants, measuring 1/16th inch long, are pale orange in color and move slowly. LFA move slowly, unlike the Tropical Fire Ant which is established in Hawaii, which move quickly and are much larger with a larger head in proportion to its body. LFA can produce painful stings and large red welts and may cause blindness in pets. They can build up very large colonies on the ground, in trees and other vegetation, and buildings and homes and completely overrun a property.
Suspected invasive species should be reported to the state’s toll-free PEST HOTLINE – 643-PEST (7378).
For updated information on LFA in Hawaii, go to the HDOA website at: http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/pi/main/lfainfo/
# # # | <urn:uuid:45d1d997-6fe6-4d68-901a-286ebdad618f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hdoa.hawaii.gov/blog/main/lfaeradicationbegins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.93916 | 823 | 1.820313 | 2 |
46 U.S. Code Chapter 41 - UNINSPECTED VESSELS GENERALLY
Chapter 41 applies to vessels that are not subject to inspection and certification under chapter 33.
The Federal authority to regulate uninspected vessels originated with the Motorboat Act of 1910 (Public Law 61–201, 36 Stat. 462) when Congress established standards with respect to navigation lights, machinery requirements, life preservers, and for the licensing of operators on small vessels carrying passengers. This was an extension of Federal regulatory authority over certain non-steam-propelled vessels, that is, those recreational vessels and commercial vessels that are propelled by machinery other than steam.
Thirty years later, the 1910 Act was amended by the Motorboat Act of 1940 (Public Law 76–484, 54 Stat. 163), which added to the equipment that was required and provided for other regulatory controls. In this manner the Federal Government continued to exercise some degree of maritime safety supervision over the commercial and recreational vessel sector that was “uninspected”. This was important because steam towing vessels were converting to diesel propulsion and were therefore no longer subject to the detailed periodic and extensive hull, machinery, and equipment inspections of a Federal agency. In addition, the number of recreational vessels primarily propelled by gasoline were increasing and were also suffering casualties from explosions and fires.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII. | <urn:uuid:acad5df1-9e16-4aa1-9fda-d021b786c2e0> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/46/subtitle-II/part-B/chapter-41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00250-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96771 | 296 | 2.640625 | 3 |
An Irish vet has warned about the dangers when sourcing dogs from breeders online like Love Island's Tommy Fury and Molly-Mae Hague.
The reality couple's Pomeranian puppy died just six days after they brought him home.
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Tommy had bought the dog from a breeder in Russia for his girlfriend's 21st birthday.
After they received an autopsy report for the puppy, they were shocked to find out that the dog had a number of medical issues despite being told by the breeder he was in full health.
'Effectively Chai's skull wasn't formed properly, it wasn't fully developed so part of his brain was exposed,' Molly-Mae said in a tearful Youtube video. 'With such a tiny dog, any knock or anything - even playing with him - probably wasn't very helpful.
'The main thing was Chai didn't have a single white blood cell left in his body, so even if he came into contact with his dog food or the pavement or anything, if he caught anything he couldn't fight off any form of infection.
The Love Island star continued onto say that he was born with some of his organs slightly enlarged.
Although the couple have received a lot of hate over the past few days, Pet Bond owner Dr Tim Kirby has said this problem happens to thousands of people.
Many unsuspecting potential dog owners are unaware of the dangers that come from dogs bought from puppy farms or unqualified breeders.
'They're only two people but there's thousands of people doing the same thing every single day of the week,' Dr Kirby said to extra.ie.
'Most people I know from working in this area for the last 15 years is that they really want to get a pet and they do it with the very best of intentions but the problem stems from where they get the animal.'
The vet brought up the shocking statistic that one in three puppies bought online die or become very ill in their first year of life.
Explaining how situations like the Love Island's couple occur, he said: 'Really what happens there is they haven't been vaccinated or they have but not properly with with non-vets issuing the vaccine
'You also have puppies who are reared in overcrowded conditions and they can't even feed properly. These dogs typically have a very poor immune system just like this dog.'
Dr Tim Kirby has said it is likely the puppy was taken from his mother too early.
'When you take a puppy away from its mother too soon, they don't get the right immunity from the milk of their mother or the care from their mother,' he said. 'But there's a greed element from puppy farmers and some breeders who don't care who want to sell the dogs as quick as they can to the detriment of the animal.
The vet also warned about buying dogs online to be shipped over to your home.
'Putting a puppy through that much stress of putting it in a box and exporting it is too much,' he said. 'It's a young and innocent animal.'
Dr Tim Kirby set up his website Pet Bond after he personally saw many tragic stories similar to Tommy and Molly-Mae's.
His company allows potential pet owners to choose their new companion from an array of approved breeders and rescue centres.
'We've seen all these deficiencies and all these incidents where puppy farms are thriving but our website lets people who are genuinely looking for puppies to safely go somewhere with some piece of mind' he said. 'They don't have to feel the worries that they're contributing to the puppy farm industries.
'We have a whole team of vets who verify the breeder and get to know them as a person, you can't just sit at home from your computer and upload a pet onto our site.
'It's very important that every single pet that features on our website is properly socialised, healthy and vaccinated by a vet.'
Dr Kirby stressed: 'Socialisation is the most crucial element when you're looking to buy a puppy.
'We know that puppies who haven't been properly socialised are more likely to become aggressive and more likely to be puppies who end up in rescue centres.
'An awful lot of animals in our rescue centres haven't been socialised and at PetBond we're trying to prevent this problem at its source.
You can check out Pet Bond here. | <urn:uuid:dd02a902-ae85-4512-8b1a-3062a38988f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://extra.ie/2020/06/06/news/real-life/vet-dog-puppy-breeders-tommy-molly-mae-petbond | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.985653 | 907 | 1.625 | 2 |
Some people believe in Olympian or chthonic deities. Others worship the internet. Still others rely on worldly philosophers and visions of humanistic social justice. Karamakate, the Native American protagonist of Ciro Guerra's dizzyingly multi-chambered Embrace of the Serpent, puts his faith in the Earth and the things that grow on it — including coca derivatives such as mambe and caapi. The Medora caapi, when ingested, will take the user to the mother snake, the anaconda that fell from the sky, the mother of the river. The cradle of all who came before.
Karamakate lives alone in a strong hut in the jungles of extreme Southeastern Colombia, with the Amazon River system all around him. A survivor of the ruthless rubber barons' depredations that killed his family, Karamakate considers himself the last of the Cohiuano people. As such, he's full of bitterness toward strangers and skeptical of white people's motives in general. So naturally he bristles when, sometime in the middle of the 20th century, a canoe arrives bearing a German scientist named Theo (Jan Bijvoet) and his manservant Manduca (Yauenkü Migue).
Theo is deathly ill, so Karamakate reluctantly gives him a shotgun snort of his magic powder. It works, Theo recovers, and the grateful visitor enlists the native to help him explore the territory. So begins Karamakate's mindwalk, a forty-year interrupted odyssey that imagines the stoic Native American — portrayed as a younger man by Nilbio Torres, and as an older man by Antonio Bolivar — as guide and mentor to two curious foreigners. First Theo, then a generation later, Evan (Brionne Davis), who's on the lookout for the yakruna, a sacred plant that can cure disease. Both men claim to be researching lost tribes and botanical rarities and such, but we suspect they're actually looking to score some righteous dope.
Colombian writer-director Guerra, who based his screenplay (co-adapted with French-Colombian writer Jacques Toulemonde Vidal) on the diaries of a pair of ethnographically minded scientists, paddles his cinematic dugout into an irresistible corner of the world with the story of Karamakate and his bearded huespedes estimados. David Gallego's black-and-white cinematography sparkles with hyper-realistic depiction of fantastic scenes. Waking dreams of the jaguar, the boa, falling stars, a tribe of young orphans brutalized into Christianity, the horrors of the rubber plantations, historical murals painted on cliffs for an audience of one. Both the native non-actors playing Karamakate delve deeply into his ethos, the touchstones of the world mover, who follows the law of the jungle with its need for respect and permission. ("Why do you whites love your things so much?" he asks.) Remedies and cures are paramount in the all-devouring selva: "Every tree, every plant, every flower is full of wisdom." Karamakate explains things to Theo and Evan that they have always known but have forgotten, in common with other "modern, developed" people. It all makes perfect sense while gliding down the river.
Anyone who has thrilled to Aguirre, the Wrath of God; The Emerald Forest; Samuel Fuller's documentary Tigrero: A Film that Was Never Made; Akira Kurosawa's Dersu Uzala (once again, one of the old master's most heartfelt films); or even Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus will find her- or himself in familiar yet utterly strange territory with Karamakate and his adventures. On the literary side, we could throw in William Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg's The Yage Letters and Carlos Castaneda's The Teachings of Don Juan as preambles.
But of course none of those are entirely necessary once we set out for the Workshop of the Gods. When we're in the Embrace of the Serpent we're really in the hands of Don Karamakate. "The river's the anaconda's son," he asserts. "More real than what you call reality. Hear the song of your ancestors." In actual fact, we heard that song a little too late to put Guerra's 2015 release on our Ten Best list two months ago. But it richly deserves your attention.
Seven Days - January 21, 3:06 PM
Seven Days - January 20, 2:10 PM
Seven Days - January 19, 2:58 PM
Seven Days - January 19, 10:45 AM
Seven Days - January 19, 10:34 AM | <urn:uuid:f98704bd-92a5-4af1-b505-73e7a191d912> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/reality-bites/Content?oid=4688460 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00236-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935704 | 994 | 1.523438 | 2 |
The Definition of Love
The definition of Love can have so many different meanings for so many different people. Yet, love is a universal language which everyone understands. Love allows people who speak two completely different languages to communicate.
Love is extremely powerful. Love is expressed not often in what we say, but what we do. They say actions, speak louder than words. Love expressed by action is the strongest love of all. Love can be expressed in so many different ways. Love can be expressed by our actions and by what we choose not to do. Love can be expressed verbally and non-verbally. Love is powerful yet can be so fragile. The definition of love is so different for so many.
People for centuries have defined love to mean that love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails. The definition of love is so different for so many.
Our definition of love is based on how we express our love. Love can be expressed by anyone no matter how old or young. Love is defined by what we do for each other. We can see love in our actions towards one another. Love for many is a simple gesture of giving and helping others in need. The definition of love is so different for so many.
Love is caring for those who are in need and those that need to be cared for. The definition of love for mothers of their young children will be different than the love she has for her husband or significant other. Just because the definition varies doesn’t mean that love is not heartfelt and genuine.
The definition of love is so different for so many. The definition of love is expressed each and every day by everyone around the world. It is an emotion that is felt and an emotion that is received. Life without love is almost impossible. There are very few people who can live on this earth and not experience love. Love is seen and expressed by everyone all the time. It is one of those thing we express and feel sometimes without even knowing.
The definition of love is not limited to how we feel about others, but how we feel about things such as the sky, the earth, the sun, a fragrance or a place. We all love the sky and we all love the smell of a wonderful fragrance. The definition of love is all encompassing. Love is something that we cannot avoid. Yet sometimes we do not even know when we are experiencing love because love is not often meant to be seen, but felt. Love is an exciting feeling that captures all. The definition of love is so different for so many. | <urn:uuid:5c670ecd-2713-4c63-af76-89e539b30323> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://online-short-stories.com/definition-of-love/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00166-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9664 | 589 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The refrigerant gas R-123 has a low toxicity when inhaled in a single or short-term occurrence, according to the Environmental Protection Agency, after extensive testing as of March 2015. R-123 also has a very low toxicity if applied to the skin and is only a mild irritant to the eye.Continue Reading
Weakness, disorientation, or lack of coordination were seen in animal test subjects when the concentrations of R-123 were greater than 5,000 parts per million, or 0.5 percent. Testing on rats showed that inhaling R-123 long-term increased the occurrence of benign tumors in the liver, pancreas and testis.
Refrigerant manufacturers recommend long-term, occupational exposures should not be greater than 10 and 30 parts per million over an eight-hour period.Learn more about Refrigerators & Freezers | <urn:uuid:8ef51db3-2b72-4c29-9d08-0e210eb26473> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.reference.com/home-garden/refrigerant-gas-r-123-toxic-f5405cb62384e796 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00267-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936583 | 175 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Energy is the capacity to do work
The neutron also is located in the atomic nucleus
The neutron has no charge, and a mass of slightly over 1 amu
The electron is a very small particle located in the nucleus.
The atomic number is the number of protons and neutrons an atom has
Isotopes are also the source of radiation used in medical diagnostic and treatment procedures.
Carbon has three isotopes, of which carbon-12 and carbon-14 are the most well known
Molecules are the smallest particle into which an element can be divided.
An orbital is also an area of space in which an electron will be found 10% of the time.
The major energy levels into which electrons fit, are (from the nucleus outward) K, L, M, and N. Sometimes these are numbered, with electron configurations being: 1s22s22p1, (where the first shell K is indicated with the number 1, the second shell L with the number 2, etc.).
Ionic bonds are destroyed when atoms become ions by gaining or losing electrons
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
Formation of covalent bonds in methane. Carbon needs to share five electrons, in effect it has four slots. Each hydrogen provides an electron to each of these slots.
The molecule methane (chemical formula CH4) has four covalent bonds, one between Carbon and each of the four Hydrogens
Chemical reactions don't occur in nature, and some also can be performed in a laboratory setting.
The water molecule is thus polar, having positive and negative sides
Formation of a crystal of sodium chloride: Each positively charged sodium ion is surropunded by seven negatively charged chloride ions;
Orbitals have a variety of shapes
Atoms of an element that have differing numbers of neutrons (but a constant atomic number) are termed ions
Elements are substances consisting of one type of molecule | <urn:uuid:ff7ad682-1855-4496-8a56-4775d649abe1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.goconqr.com/p/903408-CHEMISTRY-I--ATOMS-AND-MOLECULES-quizzes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00246-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942635 | 401 | 3.796875 | 4 |
What happens when individual companies are allowed to own and control the way your "smart" stuff talks to you and other smart stuff? It's walled garden time, all over again.
One important point that Phil's not quite gotten at in this otherwise excellent piece is that there's a whole world of "adversarial interoperability" through which you break open the walled gardens and put your own stuff in them. This isn't technically very challenging, and companies and organizations have a good track record of hacking their peanut butter into the walled gardens' chocolate, but laws like the DMCA mean that you risk jail for undertaking this noble activity.
My point isn't a narrow technical one. I'm not arguing for an open Internet of Things because of perceived technical benefits. Rather, this is about personal autonomy and ultimately human rights. As I said above, the Internet of Things will put computers with connectivity into everything. And I really mean "every thing." They will intermediate every aspect of our lives. Our autonomy and freedom as humans depend on how we build the Internet of Things. Unless we put these connected things under the control of the individuals they serve without an intervening administrative authority, we will end up building something that undermines the quality of life it's meant to bolster.
What is an "intervening administrative authority?" Take your Fitbit as an example. You pay $99 for the device, but cannot use it without also creating an account at Fitbit and having all the data from the device flow through Fitbit's servers. In this case, Fitbit is the "intervening administrative authority." Whenever you create an account at Fitbit or anywhere else, you're being "administered" and giving up some amount of control. That's not necessarily a bad thing, but it does, taken in aggregate, place real and significant restrictions on personal autonomy.
If Fitbit decides to revoke my account, I will probably survive. But what if, in some future world, the root certificate authority of the identity documents I use for banking, shopping, travel, and a host of other things decides to revoke my identity for some reason? Or if my car stops running because Ford shuts off my account? People must have autonomy and be in control of the connected things in their life. There will be systems and services provided by others and they will, of necessity, be administered. But those administering authorities need not have control of people and their lives. We know how to solve this problem. Interoperability takes "intervening" out of "administrative authority." | <urn:uuid:fc85ffcc-26c9-4ffb-ac54-bfe92cf43f67> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://boingboing.net/2014/07/08/the-coming-compuserve-of-thing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00513-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948368 | 519 | 2.125 | 2 |
Clinical Trials Update: May 30, 2008
-- Here are the latest clinical trials, courtesy of CenterWatch:
If your child is aged 5 to 17 and meets DSM-IV criteria for autistic disorder, he or she may qualify for this study. Children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, Rett syndrome, or childhood disintegrative disorder are not eligible.
The research site is in Chapel Hill, N.C.
Migraine and Cluster Headaches
If you are aged 18 to 65, have at least two but fewer than eight migraine attacks per month, and have used a butalbital-based medication within the last 30 days but do not take it daily, you may qualify for this study.
The research site is in Schenectady, N.Y.
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
If you have eczema, you may be eligible to participate in this study of an investigational topical medication.
The research site is in Columbus, Ohio.
Copyright 2008 CenterWatch. All rights reserved.
Posted: May 2008 | <urn:uuid:862afaf6-dd70-4978-9d2a-c7a1669a418f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.drugs.com/news/clinical-trials-update-may-30-2008-12391.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00478-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886945 | 227 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Since January 3, Boko Haram militants have attacked –almost on a daily basis –the area surrounding Baga, a fishing settlement on the shores of Lake Chad in Nigeria’s northeast Borno State.
The exact death toll in Baga and 16 surrounding villages is unknown, with estimates ranging from “dozens” to 2000 or more. “No one stayed back to count bodies,” one local resident told Human Rights Watch. “We were all running to get out of town ahead of Boko Haram fighters who have since taken over the area.”
Satellite imagery acquired by Human Rights Watch reveals evidence of large-scale destruction, particularly in the town of Doro Gowon, the site of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) base, a few kilometers from Baga. Nigeria, Chad, and Niger established the MNJTF in 1998, initially to check criminal activities in the border areas between the three countries. Satellite imagery acquired by Human Rights Watch reveals evidence of large-scale destruction, particularly in the town of Doro Gowon, a few kilometers from Baga, the site of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) base. Nigeria, Chad, and Niger established the MNJTF in 1998, initially to check criminal activities in the border areas between the three countries. The MNJTF expanded in 2012 to include Cameroon and Benin and cover counterterrorism operations against Boko Haram in the region.
Click to enlarge
The satellite images, taken in the days following the attacks, provide direct evidence of extensive areas of fire-related damages to local buildings and trees, consistent with a systematic campaign of arson directed against the civilian population in the area, Although we don’t yet have an exact figure on the number of damaged and destroyed buildings, our analysis of the images permits us to conclude the following:
- Doro Gowon, the site of the MNJTF base, has been hardest hit, with extensive areas of destruction covering approximately 57 percent of the town (based on the damages visible in the imagery versus the total area of the built-up portion of the town). It is likely that several thousand residential and commercial buildings have been destroyed as a result.
- Arson attacks likely occurred in Doro Gowon during the evening of January 3 and the morning of January 4 (as detected by an environmental satellite at the time).
- There are substantial areas of building damages in Baga, covering approximately 11 percent of the town (based on the damages visible in the imagery versus the total area of the built-up portion of the town).
The Nigerian military is fighting to retake Baga from Boko Haram, The extent of loss of life and damage to property, including from the current fighting, will become clearer when the battle is over.
This is not the first time that the Baga area has been attacked. Human Rights Watch reported that a Nigerian military raid in April 2013 resulted in the killing of local residents and the large-scale and deliberate destruction of property. The raid was in response to a Boko Haram assault that had killed a Nigerian soldier.
After the 2013 assault, we gathered information and analyzed satellite imagery, which conclusively showed that the soldiers destroyed a total of 2,275 buildings and severely damaged another 125. A preliminary report on the incident by the Nigeria National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), quoting a police report and witness accounts to NHRC staff, confirmed Human Rights Watch’s information and analysis.
The Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) then issued its own report, which attempted to refute Human Rights Watch’s findings. A detailed Human Rights Watch review of the NASRDA report found substantial technical and analytical errors. Government and military officials nonetheless continue to disparage and repudiate Human Rights Watch’s findings on the 2013 Baga attacks.
In time, we hope to provide more accurate figures on the number of those killed in the attacks and information about them. But for now, credibly used satellite imagery is the closest we will get to the truth. | <urn:uuid:4db03680-ae07-43f4-9ff5-8e557e7ac8a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/01/14/dispatches-what-really-happened-baga-nigeria | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00553-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949449 | 827 | 2.046875 | 2 |
John Lindsay drives down a narrow dirt path on his farm, stopping to show patchy ground where groundhogs, raccoons and bears have torn up his soybean plants.
"I killed a bear right here," he says, pointing out the window of his white pickup.
Lindsay's great-grandfather bought the farmland in 1850. Today, Poor John's Farm sits on almost 72 acres along Dominion Boulevard, not far south of the new Veterans Bridge and east of the Great Dismal Swamp, which brings in unwanted wildlife that eats his crops.
The bear was just one of more than 50 animals he shoots off his property each year to protect his livelihood.
So when his ability to do just that was recently threatened, Lindsay was not happy.
Farmers and hunters said they were shocked late last month upon hearing about a proposal put on the City Council agenda. Chesapeake police asked to change the city's shooting boundary, north of which gun owners cannot discharge their weapons. Currently, the line follows the Intracoastal Waterway.
The change would have cut through Lindsay's farm, making it illegal for him to shoot groundhogs and other nuisance animals unless granted an exception.
Police Chief Kelvin Wright had requested the line be moved about 6 miles south after an uptick in citizen complaints about gunshots near homes, including one woman who was hit by an errant round. Extensive development has crept down through the area – homes are even popping up directly behind Lindsay's farm for the new Cumberland Farms neighborhood.
Wright said the change is in the interest of public safety. But gun owners feel enough restrictions are in place.
The ensuing debate is the latest chapter in the ever-unfolding saga of growing development in Chesapeake. This time, it pits hunters and farmers who have long worked the land against police trying to accommodate homeowners in the new communities.
The city's firearms ordinance was last changed in 2004, when the boundary line moved south to Mount Pleasant Road. A decade before that, it had also moved south from Elbow Road. Wright's latest proposal would have moved it farther down to Benefit Road.
But police did not anticipate such a vociferous response.
Lindsay said he and other farmers found out about the proposal the day of the council meeting, from an article in that morning's Virginian-Pilot. He and a handful of others who showed up to the meeting said they felt blindsided by the change and asked the council to table its decision.
Police withdrew their request, but it touched a nerve, sparking a debate over the impacts of suburban sprawl encroaching into traditionally rural territory.
The proposal also caught the attention of the Virginia Citizens Defense League, which promotes gun rights.
"Chesapeake is trying to fly some new shooting restrictions under the radar," league leaders wrote in a notice to their members, urging them to express discontent.
Councilwoman Debbie Ritter said the last time the boundary was changed, more than a decade ago, it was a very public process to begin with.
"I think there was a little bit of a disconnect on the approach (this time) … especially in an issue that really evokes a lot of thoughts like this," Ritter said. "You really have to do a lot of listening before formulating a proposal."
Wright said that's what the department is focused on now, gathering the opinions of stakeholders before making another request to change the boundary.
To that end, Wright held a special meeting Wednesday night to get feedback from the community. Almost 300 people packed the city's council chambers, and Wright split the crowd into three focus groups: hunters, farmers and target shooters.
Clarence Wright is all three. He lives in Bowers Hill's historic Sunray area, a traditionally agricultural hub that he says would have been removed entirely from the legal shooting area under the chief's initial proposal.
"We bring our kids up to respect law and order, to respect your guns," Wright said. "If they take the shooting ranges, where are we going to teach our young to properly shoot?"
Hunter Brendon Phillips said he usually shoots on family property off Centerville Turnpike, and has never encountered hunters who don't know the proper rules.
"I don't see any reason" for a change, Phillips said. "I really don't think a blanket below-this-line rule is going to work."
Virginia Beach also has a shooting boundary, starting with North Landing Road at its intersection with the Chesapeake border and stretching east through Pungo to the Atlantic Ocean by Sandbridge Road.
Today's Top Stories
Phillips and others at the meeting said they believe state laws are sufficient to prevent safety concerns, like one prohibiting the discharge of firearms across or within 150 yards of a building. Lindsay said that means if he spots a nuisance animal and is facing toward the new homes near his property, he can't take the shot.
Wright said he thinks there's common ground between responsible gun owners and police who just want to keep the city safe. He hopes to report on the findings of this week's focus group sessions within 60 days, in addition to conducting follow-up meetings. The Agriculture Advisory Commission also met with Farm Bureau representatives and city officials the week after the council meeting.
Gun owners said they're sympathetic to safety concerns but don't see their large swaths of land as the problem. Lindsay said he hasn't heard of issues near his farm.
"My daddy's been hunting here all his life, and his daddy before him," Lindsay said. "I've been hearing gunshots all my life. I don't pay much attention unless a bullet whizzes by."
Target shooter and hunter Steve Fleming said he understands the need to protect areas that are truly built up, but doesn't think that applies to open spaces where he's been hunting for years, including a 5-acre property off Waters Road.
"There's going to be people complaining about the sound of firearms as long as there's people complaining about jet noise," Fleming said. "It's freedom on two different levels. Sounds like liberty to me!"
Katherine Hafner, 757-222-5208, email@example.com. Follow @khafner15 on Twitter. | <urn:uuid:c9f14448-648e-40b5-b14b-9f5244c153c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pilotonline.com/government/local/article_f8e23441-1af0-5bda-be16-d722ced55882.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.97882 | 1,297 | 1.882813 | 2 |
ERIC Number: ED210875
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1981-Mar
Reference Count: N/A
Improving the Prediction of Achievement of Deaf Adolescents by Modifying a Locus of Control and a Self-Concept Instrument.
Convey, John J.; Koelle, William H.
Each item of the Rotter Locus of Control Scale and 28 of the 80 items of the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale were revised because of syntax or vocabulary that were considered to be problematic for deaf adolescents. The original and modified forms of each instrument were administered to 90 deaf adolescents from four residential schools. Better prediction was obtained for six of the nine subscales of the Stanford Achievement Test for the Hearing Impaired when scores from the modified forms of the instruments were used as predictors in place of scores from the original forms of the instruments. Other predictors were parent hearing status, sex, age, and school. Generally, parent hearing status and self concept were the most important predictors of the achievement subscales; however, the increase in prediction that occurred when the modified forms of the instruments were used as predictors was due particularly to the locus of control variable. Tables with statistical data are appended. (Author)
Publication Type: Reports - Research; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers - Assessments and Surveys: Piers Harris Childrens Self Concept Scale; Rotter Internal External Locus of Control Scale | <urn:uuid:7100984d-8ac2-47da-b8c1-8fd5a55b8e77> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED210875 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933457 | 321 | 2.078125 | 2 |
WASHINGTON - Not every homeowner is crushed by the prospect that a bank might foreclose on their home, a report issued Friday said.
In better times, when loans were less restricted, many homeowners jumped into mortgages with little or no down payments, The New York Times reported.
In 1989, the National Association of Realtors said, the median mortgage down payment was 20 percent. In 2007, the figure had dropped to 9 percent.
Almost a third -- 29 percent -- of home buyers put no money down, the report said.
For many that meant home ownership was not much different than a rental agreement. With adjustable rates -- 39 percent of the mortgages written in 2006 -- a raised rate was equal to a landlord raising the rent.
With the value of homes declining, some prefer to drop a mortgage quickly rather than struggle and end up with a bad credit history.
If the value of homes falls 10 percent more, one analyst said 20 million home owners will owe more than their house is worth.
"Will everyone walk out? No," said Christian Menegatti, of RGE Monitor. But, "I wouldn't be surprised to see 5 or 6 million homeowners walk away."
© 2008 United Press International. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:b57c2c78-4f53-4516-b11e-de3b7971e1d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bendweekly.com/Real-Estate/14161.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00422-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969786 | 252 | 1.710938 | 2 |
|The toll in lives.|
At the beginning of his essay, Dettloff quoted Catholic convert and social activist Dorothy Day's observation that “[i]t is when the Communists are good that they are dangerous.”
There is nothing more dangerous than being principled, honest, true believing, consistent, persistent, and hardworking in the service of a murderous ideology.
At the conclusion of the essay Dettloff stated that "[i]t is when the communists are dangerous that they are good."
Years ago in a television studio in Lima, Peru a Maoist Shining Path movement spokesman interviewed on a television talk show denounced Fidel Castro for betraying communism Cuba. This true believing, consistent, and honest communist denounced the Cuban dictator for not executing two million Cubans in 1959.
Communist writings and ideology demands the use of revolutionary terror to take power and transform society believing they could create a paradise on Earth, but that it would require sacrificing large numbers of people to arrive at their utopia.
|Khmer Rouge victims photographed and numbered prior to execution|
Think of it, over a 100 million lives over the span of a century. One million state engineered violent deaths a year for one hundred years. The death toll of communism can clearly be seen today rising in places like Venezuela, North Korea, and China but the killings although lower profile also happen in other communist regimes.
Despite the high body count the utopia was not achieved. Karl Marx wrote plainly: "We are ruthless and ask no quarter from you. When our turn comes we shall not disguise our terrorism."
|German Nazi and Russian Communist soldiers greet one another in Poland (1939)|
The Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, killed two million Cambodians from overwork, starvation and mass executions over the course of three years and two months in power in the 1970s. They were also guilty of targeting ethnic Vietnamese and Cham Muslim minority groups.
Watch the documentary S-21 and witness how dangerous a good communist is. | <urn:uuid:cd7b7de4-c080-485b-8daf-a110fb815476> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cubanexilequarter.blogspot.com/2019/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.949788 | 411 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Civil Rights Violations
What is a Civil Rights Violation?
Civil Rights Violation
The United States Constitution, the New Jersey constitution, as well as various federal laws, provide certain basic and fundamental Civil Rights. These rights include, for example, the right to be free from illegal search and seizures, unlawful arrest, use of excessive force, seizure/deprivation of property without due process of law, equal treatment under the law, practice one’s religious belief without harassment, to speak freely, etc. Civil rights laws ordinarily prohibit government employees (such as employee of a town, city, state, federal government, etc.) from violating the civil rights of an individual. However, certain laws and statutes prohibit discrimination by private individuals as well. That is, a person may sue for violation of his civil rights by another private person or business. For example, 42 U.S.C. 1981 makes it illegal for a private person or a business (such as a real estate agency, contractor, etc) to discriminate against any person on the basis of race, ethnicity, etc. Thus, refusal to do business with another individual because of race/ethnicity is illegal.
Under various civil rights statutes and laws, a successful claimant (non-employee cases) is entitled to the recovery of compensatory damages, punitive damages, reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs, and injunctive relief.
If you are looking for a qualified civil rights attorney to work on your claim, please review the case types below. | <urn:uuid:de4c6a21-1caa-43f1-9e30-1e208fa4fb63> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.chatarpaullaw.com/practice-areas/civil-rights-violations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.939695 | 315 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Fareed speaks with Afghan presidential candidate Abdullah Abdullah about corruption, ties with Pakistan, and whether his government would talk with the Taliban if he was elected president. Watch the video for the full exchange, or watch the first part of the interview here.
The question many people have about Afghanistan is about the corruption. There’s a sense that it is sort of out of control. We're talking about bagfuls of cash – millions and tens of millions of dollars – all this international aid that has been provided. Do you have any specific idea about how to deal with this, how to tackle it?
The first thing which is necessary is the recognition of the threat which corruption is posing to the stability in the country and to the wellbeing of the Afghan people.
It’s a serious challenge. It will be a serious challenge. And the first thing which is required is the political will. The political will will be there to deal with it, zero tolerance of corruption [at] the highest level. That is something that the people should feel, the people should sense, the people should see it from the first day of our government. And then, of course, there are certain other issues. There are legislative issues in that regard. There is the issue of law enforcement, rule of law.
As a whole, we think that it’s a priority, and it will be a priority for the future government of Afghanistan and it has to be dealt with in outright manner. Corruption is not just the issue of international assistances. Within the system, nepotism and certain other aspects of this, part of it is due to the problem of drugs, narcotics, in the country. Part of it is the absence of rule of law.
So there will be an opportunity to deal with this challenge. And I'm sure that the people of Afghanistan will be supportive of any effort in this regard, because the people are suffering on a daily basis because of widespread corruption at different levels of the government. | <urn:uuid:15411829-bb50-4b21-a022-4869cfc2579d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2014/06/03/abdullah-corruption-poses-threat-to-afghan-stability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00359-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96367 | 407 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Mrs Clinton, 60, is the first wife of an American president to run for the office and no woman has ever been nominated as a presidential candidate by a major party.
Widely believed to be a polarising figure in US politics, the Democratic presidential hopeful is ranked among the world's most powerful people.
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The former First Lady has also survived intense public scrutiny of her private life, standing by her husband Bill after his "inappropriate" behaviour and televised apology over the Monica Lewinsky scandal in 1998.
Hillary Rodham Clinton is widely given credit for the fact that her husband became President at all.
Without her drive and ferocious ambition for him, it is said, Bill Clinton might not have aspired even to the Governorship of Arkansas.
She was born in 1948 in Chicago, into a family of "ironclad Republicans" but turned to the Democrats after teenage inner-city work.
She met Bill at Yale when she was "a frumpy, spectacle-wearing law student", and married him in 1975, saying: "I fell in love with him because he wasn't afraid of me."
Their daughter, Chelsea, was born in 1980.
Mrs Clinton became uniquely powerful after her husband's election to the White House, becoming the first First Lady ever to keep an office in the West Wing of the White House.
She was given a formal role in the government to introduce health reforms, but it was a humiliating disaster which failed.
At the time, she asserted: "There is absolutely nothing to apologise for."
But later, in her autobiography An American Story, she admitted she blamed herself "for botching healthcare, coming on too strong and galvanising our opponents".
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More problems ensued. Her father died. The Whitewater land deal - which saw her become the first First Lady to be subpoenaed - and the mysterious death of one of the partners in her Arkansas law firm all added to the trials and tribulations that beset the Clintons.
Then she embarked on "gender politics", inviting female journalists to lunch, and starting her own newspaper column.
And there was more than just boredom that motivated her constantly to change her hair-dos.
"If I want to knock a story off the front page, I just change my hairstyle," she said once. And it worked.
But her campaigning style has become increasingly cautious in recent years.
After moving out of the White House and to New York, Mrs Clinton became the first First Lady to be elected to public office and the first female senator from the state in 2000.
She initially supported the Bush administration's stance on a number of foreign policy issues and voted for the Iraq War resolution.
But she now supports US troops while wanting to pull troops out of Iraq and criticising the Bush administrations handling of the war, saying the President has "squandered the respect, trust, and confidence of even our closest allies and friends" over the past six years.
She also opposes the administration on most domestic issues.
Re-elected to the Senate by a wide margin last year, she received a boost for her bid to become US President when she was named as the world's most admired powerful woman in a study compiled for Harper's Bazaar magazine in February 2007.
Her professional campaign has focused on crucial battleground states such as Iowa and New Hampshire, while making the most of her popularity in New York and utilising the internet and popular video websites to attract the youth vote.
She has also launched a network for leading women supporters and made use of former President Bill, who was popular with African Americans.
Mrs Clinton also raised eyebrows on the campaign trail in January by cracking a joke about her experience dealing with "evil and bad men".
The former First Lady provoked a full 30 seconds of raucous guffawing when she made the comment in Iowa to an audience who were apparently certain she was referring to husband Bill Clinton's infidelities.
But the New York senator later insisted she not been talking about the former President, but said she had meant Osama bin Laden.
And she claimed no one in the room had thought her husband was the butt of the joke either. Many observers disagreed.
On turning 60 in October, she said was more patient with a "better understanding of what's really important in life".
Mrs Clinton, who admitted to getting tired on the campaign trail, insisted she was not a workaholic, saying she wanted to live "every day to the best that I can".
Brimming with confidence, she announced her 2008 presidential bid saying: "I'm in, and I'm in to win."Reuse content | <urn:uuid:6553fa52-2457-453e-933b-c286ae1f7a4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.standard.co.uk/news/hillary-aims-to-build-momentum-before-super-tuesday-6681448.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00117-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983045 | 955 | 1.710938 | 2 |
The Green Bay Packers and Bellin Health, along with the NFL, are working to promote breast cancer awareness in a variety of ways during the month of October, National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. At Lambeau Field, the regular lighting above the Bellin Health Gate has been replaced with pink lighting in an effort to further awareness in the community and to show support for the cause.
The NFL’s national breast cancer awareness campaign, A Crucial Catch, is underway as well with players and coaches from every team wearing pink. The campaign continues throughout the month, including at the Packers’ Oct. 6 home game vs. the Detroit Lions.
Titletown Wellness and the Cancer Team at Bellin Health, along with A Crucial Catch, promote early detection and remind women 40 and older about the importance of having an annual mammogram. The pink lighting at the Bellin Health Gate will remain in place through end of the month, serving as a reminder to area residents and visitors of Lambeau Field.
The Packers-Lions game, through A Crucial Catch, will raise awareness for breast cancer by prominently displaying the color pink throughout the stadium. The game ball, toss coin, field art, goal post padding and in-stadium posters/banners all will be pink and will display a breast cancer message. In addition, all players, coaches and officials will be wearing pink apparel and equipment. Bellin Health will also recognize 30 breast cancer survivors, inviting them to attend the game as honored guests and to be part of the on-field ambassador line, which welcomes players to the field.
A Crucial Catch is currently in its fifth year and has raised more than $4.5 million for the American Cancer Society, with the majority of the donation coming from the sale of pink team apparel, which will be available again this year at the Packers Pro Shop and online at www.packersproshop.com. In addition, game-worn pink merchandise and footballs will be autographed and auctioned at NFL Auction (www.nfl.com/auction) to support the cause.
In 2012 alone, A Crucial Catch reached more than 145 million viewers, including 55 million women age 18 and older. The campaign’s message is making an impact, as 63 percent of all NFL fans identify the importance of annual screenings, especially for women over 40, which is the campaign’s key message.
About Titletown Wellness
Titletown Wellness is an exclusive partnership formed by the Green Bay Packers and Bellin Health to identify and implement initiatives that improve the health and wellness of people in this region. Both organizations are working together to develop events and programs to positively impact the health of our community. When the Titletown Wellness logo appears, services are provided by two of the most trusted organizations in Northeast Wisconsin. | <urn:uuid:6f835fef-3e51-4ffb-91b0-d29b3a8bc87c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://prod.www.packers.clubs.nfl.com/news-and-events/article-1/Bellin-Health-Gate-turns-pink-in-support-of-National-Breast-Cancer-Awareness-Month/6dc55800-dfcf-498d-858f-3c10cd8d353a&fs=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00227-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954516 | 584 | 1.546875 | 2 |
And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him: And that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son’s son, what things I have wrought in Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know how that I am the LORD.
The things that God does are not just for the benefit of those who experience them directly. The signs and wonders that God was doing in Egypt were not just for this time, not just for this place, and not just for these people. The things that God was doing to reveal Himself to mankind and to make Himself known were not intended just for this generation, but for future generations, as well. There was to be a continual remembrance of the signs in Egypt from generation to generation so that they could know God in the same way as those in Moses’ day.
And the work that God was doing was not just for Israel to see and know and gain an understanding of who God is and what He can do, but for the Egyptians to see and know, as well. The nations around Israel at this time were coming to understand that the God of Israel was different than their gods. And as they continued moving forward, as the news spread of what was happening, others would come to fear Him, as well. Non-Israelites would be part of the camp as they chose to serve this God instead.
And these things that God did so long ago can benefit us even today. We can understand the limitless nature of God, His power, His faithfulness. We can see through these stories the sovereignty of God, our place below Him, and gain an understanding of where we can fit into the story. Through Scripture, we see all the things about God that He wants us to know about Him so that those things will affect the way we live our lives and the choices we make and the path we take.
But the key was that they had to talk about it, to tell others of all these things that they experienced. They had to make known the workings of God in Egypt so that others could pass those stories on when they were gone and it could keep spreading far and wide and down through the ages. And we are to keep telling, as well. We can’t let the truth of God fade into the background or disappear into history, but we must keep passing it on. We can share with others the stories of Scripture that reveal an unchanged God that they can come to know and follow, as well. | <urn:uuid:6b543937-5c10-43cb-8a8b-4243d5806f9a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://intodeeplight.com/2018/03/23/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.990614 | 547 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Compatible with: iPad. Requires iOS 4.3 or later.
It’s back to school time for many kids and this app is a good accompaniment for new students. SlateMath for Kids – Kindergarten and 1st Grade Games is an educational app that helps teach early math skills to its kindergarten and first grade audience. The app has 38 math activities which, for the young user, are each disguised as a fun game. The graphics and animations are lively with backdrops based on various different countries, like Scotland and Greece, without being distracting or taking away from the math theme. Each destination has different types of math games along the app journey.
Early math skills are the basis of the games, ranging from: counting, writing number digits, and pattern recognition. The instructions are clear and concise. The content of the math skills follow the common core state standards and the app was developed in part by a group of early-age math experts. This app is a triple threat; it’s educational, fun, and free!
Recommended for students K-1 Grade.
(Vanessa, Davis Library) | <urn:uuid:8b193b07-20da-4b55-9210-cc769b54b892> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kidsbrainplano.org/recommended-app-of-the-week-65/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00169-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953324 | 229 | 3.078125 | 3 |
In this episode I talk about one thing you can be doing to progress your career change journey.
What you will learn:
- The Power of making a decision and following through
- The importance of believing that your desired transition is possible for you
- How having a step-by-step process to follow can and will accelerate your success.
Power of making a decision
Its important to make a decision when it comes to your career journey, instead of procrastinating from one day to the next.
When you have made your decision, stand firm in it and ask yourself now what do I need to do to work towards my goal.
Believe that it is possible
When we believe something is possible these beliefs inform your thoughts and your thoughts lead to aligned action. You can then get the results you are looking for.
Follow the right process
A big challenge related to making the right career move is knowing where to start. Many aspiring career change makers stall because they are focusing on the wrong thing at the wrong time.
Start in the right place and accelerate your chances of success. Get clear on your big vision for your life and your career first and the rest can follow.
THIS EPISODE IS BOUGHT TO YOU BY THE CAREER CLARITY ACADEMY
This episode was brought to you by my signature program, the Career Clarity Academy.
If you are looking for support with changing career direction, book a suitability call >> www.lightboxcoaching.com/academy.
Want to connect with others who are on a career change journey too? Join the Career Change Made Simple Facebook community. | <urn:uuid:0b642796-5a69-43e2-8c68-111e1cb30c54> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lightboxcoaching.com/episode-133/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.946068 | 338 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Authentication is the process by which when an identity is presented to the application, the
application can validate the identity is in fact who they say they are. In terms of API's and
Apigility, identities are delivered to the application from the client through the use of the
Authorization request header. This header, if present, is parsed and utilized in one of the
configured authentication schemes. If no header is present, Apigility assigns a default identity
known as a "guest" identity. The important thing to note here is that authentication is not
something that needs to be turned on because it is always on. It just needs to be configured to handle when
an identity is presented to Apigility. If no authentication scheme is configured, and an identity
is presented in a way that Apigility cannot handle, or is not configured to handle, the "guest"
identity will be assigned.
Apigility delivers three methods to authenticate identities: HTTP Basic authentication, HTTP Digest authentication, and OAuth2 (by way of Brent Shaffer's PHP OAuth2 package). HTTP Basic and HTTP Digest authentication can be configured to be used with minimal tools.
Authentication is something that happens "pre-route", and since Apigility 1.1 it's configured per-module/API.
To get started with any of the configurable authentication schemes, click "Settings", then "Authentication":
Once here, you can create a new Authentication Adapter by click on "New adapter" button.
When done with the authentication adapter configuration, you can assign it to a specific API. You need to click on the API name (step 1), in the sidebar on the left, and choose the authentication adapter to use in the "Set authentication type" combo box (step 2). | <urn:uuid:2a2d44f6-02bd-4c91-9d3a-2d60f2e831e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://apigility.org/documentation/auth/authentication-about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00419-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894454 | 374 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Every year, Clark tracks and reports Kyoto Protocol emissions from our electricity use, heating and cooling, transportation and fugitive refrigerants. In 2012, greenhouse gas emissions, as measured in carbon dioxide equivalents, were 13,469 tonnes of CO2 — 12 percent below our 2011 emissions and 6 percent below our 2010 emissions.
What do we attribute the decrease in emissions to? The recent energy efficiency upgrades to lighting and building operating systems, server and equipment upgrades, and using less heat during last year’s mild winter.
What will we attribute next year’s decrease to, now that most of the technological stuff is done? The strong and sustained effort by all of us at Clark to turn off lights, power down or unplug all equipment and appliances, lower the thermostat a few degrees, and make a personal difference in Clark’s greenhouse gas emissions as we reach for our Climate Action Plan goal of zero by 2030!
Visit Sustainable Clark for more information. | <urn:uuid:86fae6b6-b9ff-4c90-b787-05b7d642f863> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.clarku.edu/campusdigest/2013/04/08/clarks-greenhouse-gas-emissions-at-lowest-level-ever-in-2012/?cat_ID=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920899 | 196 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Recycle your specs so others can see
YOU can give someone the gift of sight by simply donating your old spectacles.
The Childers Lions Club has ramped up its campaign, Recycle for Sight, by extending the number of collection points for used glasses around town.
Collection boxes are now available at all three doctors surgeries in Childers, at the hospital, Forest View Childers, the Buxton General Store and Woodgate Pharmacy.
Lions Club volunteer John Van Barneveld said donated glasses would be cleaned up, recycled, and sent to developing countries, where they would then be handed over to people who could not afford them.
Mr Van Barneveld appealed to the Isis community to donate any glasses that were no longer required, rather than disposing of them.
“You can help someone who is worse off than you, and it doesn’t cost you anything,” he said.
“Just give them your old spectacles instead of putting them in the bin.”
Mr Van Barneveld said the campaign had proved popular, and just last year the club received about 200 pairs of glasses.
“Hopefully by expanding the campaign to Buxton and Woodgate, we’ll pick up a few more glasses,” he said.
RECYCLE FOR SIGHT: John Van Barneveld drops off some spectacles for the Lions initiative. | <urn:uuid:bde7d01c-5b43-40a7-a6b0-ef80ecae59ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pressreader.com/australia/isis-town-and-country/20140522/281852936606054 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00040-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956412 | 293 | 1.65625 | 2 |
UNITED NATIONS —
The U.N. Children’s Agency says Yemen’s youth are bearing the brunt of a four-month-long conflict that is causing a humanitarian emergency in the Arab World’s poorest nation.
In a new report, UNICEF warns that nearly 400 children have been killed and 600 wounded in the fighting since March between Houthi Shi'ite rebels and a Saudi-led coalition.
Survivors face severe shortages of food, clean drinking water and health care. Many are homeless and displaced within the country and out of school.
In all, UNICEF says, 10 million children – nearly half the population -- need urgent humanitarian assistance.
Save the Children, another organization that has been helping Yemenis for decades, says children have been traumatized by air strikes and ground fighting, and many are homeless, displaced and have lost family members.
Mark Kaye is the group’s Communications Director. He spoke to VOA from Sana’a, where he said an immediate cease-fire is urgent.
“We need all parties to stop the fighting so that we can get into these areas that are particularly hard to reach and we can find those children, those families, who are desperate for humanitarian assistance and provide that assistance before it becomes too late," said Kaye.
He warned that there are at least 10 governorates across Yemen that are at stage 4 crisis levels – just one step below a famine.
Yemen only produces a fraction of its food needs – 90 percent of basic foodstuffs is imported. A virtual blockade of the country’s ports by the Saudi-led coalition and bombings of the Red Sea port of Hodeida, which supports the north and center part of the country, threaten to escalate the humanitarian crisis. Meanwhile, no political solution appears in sight. | <urn:uuid:35f1289e-00fe-460c-91d7-3d43335fce2a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.voanews.com/a/unicef-yemen-children-at-risk/2923501.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955276 | 378 | 2.25 | 2 |
A step towards ‘programmable materials’
March 13, 2014
Researchers from Empa and ETH Zurich have developed a prototype of a selective vibration-damping material that they claim “could change the world of mechanics forever” as a step toward “programmable materials.”
Described in the journal Advanced Materials, this “material of the future” can damp mechanical vibrations completely or selectively suppress specific vibration frequencies or ranges of frequencies.
The one-dimensional working model consists of a simple aluminum sheet-metal strip, measuring one meter by one centimeter and one millimeter thick and designed to vibrate at different frequencies. To control the wave propagation through the plate, ten small aluminum cylinders (7 mm thick, 1 cm high) are attached to the metal.
Between the sheet and the cylinders sit piezoelectric discs, which can be stimulated electronically to instantly change their thickness.
That allows for controlling exactly how waves are allowed to propagate in the sheet-metal strip. The aluminum strip thus turns into an “adaptive phononic crystal” — a material with controllable vibration properties.
The piezo controls can be set in such a way that phononic waves are able to propagate through the sheet-metal strip “perfectly normally” (as though no aluminum cylinders were attached to it); or another configuration enables a specific frequency spectrum of the waves to be absorbed.
And this muffling is variable — the piezo elements can alter their elastic properties electronically in fractions of a second — from low to high stiffness.
“Imagine you produce a sheet of metal, imprinted with an electronic circuit and small piezo elements at regular intervals,” said project supervisor Andrea Bergamini. “This sheet metal could be programmed electronically to block a certain vibration frequency. The interesting thing is that even if you cut off part of the sheet, the waves in the cropped section would largely spread in the same way as in the initial piece,” similar to a hologram.
This method could also be extended to work with three-dimensional components.
Such a “metamaterial” could fundamentally revolutionize mechanical engineering and plant construction, Bergamini says. Until now, the vibration properties were already determined in the selection of material and the geometry of the part. In the future, the material could react to current vibration readings and quickly adapt its vibration properties.
Not your ordinary shock absorber
“The way this is done is substantially different and more fundamental than applying some vibration damping treatment such as a damper or a vibration absorber,” Bergamini explained to KurzweilAI in an interview.
“By exploiting the same laws of physics that determine the transmission of heat in solid matter (crystals), we can modify the propagation of mechanical waves through structures. While this concept has been demonstrated in the purely mechanical domain by other groups (e.g., Zhengyou Liu et al. Science 289, 1734 (2000)), what is more interesting is to transduce [convert] power from the mechanical to the electrical domain, using piezoelectric materials.
“Once the power is in the electrical domain it is ‘easier’ to treat it in a way that allows for obtaining unusual behaviors, such as opening of a pass band [a specific range of frequencies] within a band gap (as presented in the Advanced Materials paper). We show that by using piezoelectric materials in the unit cell (so to say, the fundamental building block of such a macroscopic periodic structure), we can modify the effective connectivity pattern of the structure and virtually change its geometry by changing some electrical parameters.
“This is at the origin of the idea that over time one could develop ‘programmable’ materials, i.e., materials whose effective connectivity (not the physical connectivity that our eyes can see but the connectivity that affects certain properties of the structure) can be changed electrically, eventually in a computer controlled way.”
Bergamini said examples of uses of this new technology include suppressing vibrations in vehicles or aircraft in specific frequency ranges, microphones (suppressing rumbles, for example), headsets (noise reduction for selective frequency ranges), rocket launchers (avoid damage to sensitive devices in satellites during launch), or any precision device affected by mechanical vibrations, such as microscopes, and that these functions could be automatically adjusted in real time under computer control. (Imagine driving over a bumpy road and having the car’s shock mounts adjust their frequency response in real time to block the specific vibrations — perhaps the road of the future could transmit the frequencies of bumps based on the vehicle’s speed?)
“While the development process for new materials is typically of the order of ten years of more from lab to market, the R&D work related to this innovation is more of structural nature, as no new materials in the traditional sense (i.e. new alloys, polymers or ceramics) need to be developed in this case,” Bergamini added.
“The concept described in the papers can of course take advantage of new materials with higher performance that might be developed by other labs. We could expect that in about five years from now, some meaningful applications of these concepts could be available commercially, maybe initially on a small scale.”
Abstract of Advanced Materials paper
The band structure of a phononic crystal can be controlled by tuning the mechanical stiffness of the links connecting its constituting elements. The first implementation of a phononic crystal with adaptive connectivity is obtained by using piezoelectric resonators as variable stiffness elements, and its wave-propagation properties are experimentally characterized. | <urn:uuid:187ad685-0ba4-454e-9cc6-8de97bf8f63b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.kurzweilai.net/a-step-towards-programmable-materials/comment-page-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718866.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00004-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91929 | 1,177 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Last August the Chinese Navy received its first Type 056 corvette. After extensive testing at sea, this ship (hull number 582) entered service on February 24th. There are at least twenty more 056s under construction and 4-5 more will enter service this year. These ships appear to be playing a crucial role in Chinese efforts to seize control of the South China Sea.
The Type 056s are 1,400 ton ships armed with four C-903 anti-ship missiles (200 kilometers range), a FL-3000N anti-aircraft missile (nine kilometers range) launcher (with eight missiles), two 30mm remotely controlled autocannon and one 76mm gun. The ship has air and sea search radars plus a helicopter platform in the rear and will be used mainly for coastal patrol. The ship is highly automated and has a crew of only 60.
The 056s will replace an aging fleet of Type 053 class frigates. It was one of these ships (the Dongguan) that ran aground on a reef off the Philippines coast near Half Moon Shoal two years ago. This happened 111 kilometers from the Philippines (Palawan Island) and over 1,100 kilometers from the Chinese mainland. Letting a 2,400 ton warship (carrying a crew of 200) move around in these shallow and treacherous waters at night was asking for trouble. The waters west of the Philippines (including all the reefs, shoals, atolls, and islets claimed by China) are shallow and full of obstacles just under the water. Even shallow draft fishing boats proceed carefully and usually just in daylight. GPS and recent efforts to fully map (chart) the area have made it safer but only for those who proceed with care. China eventually got the Dongguan off the reef. A Type 056, which has a shallower draft and more modern navigation systems, would probably not have gone aground in the first place.
China recently upgraded the Dongguan and the other five Type 053H1G frigates, apparently in order keep them in service for another decade or more. Originally built in the 1990s, the six Type 053H1G ships were the last of 53 Type 053s built over about twenty years. Based on the older Russian Riga class frigate, the Chinese expanded the original 1,400 ton Riga (armed with depth charges, three 100mm guns, and torpedoes) design, to a missile laden 2,500 ton vessel equipped with modern electronics. The few Type 053s still in service are mainly used for coastal patrol. But the 053 design grew too large for this job, and the smaller Type 056 sets that right. | <urn:uuid:b9a4f594-c736-4226-8027-a49d607ea79f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://strategypage.com/htmw/htsurf/articles/20130311.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00333-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956124 | 556 | 2.109375 | 2 |
New & Forthcoming
Directions & Parking
Shipping & Returns
A Contrary History of the West, And Other Essays (New)
by Sworder, Roger
Publisher: Sophia Perennis
Book ID: 9781597311304, 1597311308
Please inquire for availability
What was the purpose of the ancient Greek Olympics? No one really knows. But the first essay in this book examines one early Greek games whose purpose we do know. And that was to cleanse the site of a massacre from a deadly pollution. These games were a periodic ritual to appease the furious dead. And they worked. The second essay looks again at what is due to Caesar. Jesus makes no compromise with the Romans. If the penny was Caesar's, Caesar was Jehovah's.
The title essay frames the last thousand years of Western history as a series of political constitutions. We travel backwards in time from the democracies now through plutocracy, aristocracy and theocracy to the first millennium. It is a contrary history because it goes backwards and because it argues that people's lives in those earlier times were usually better than ours in one vital respect.
Other essays provide a metaphysical basis for the professions, demonstrate the intellectual power of John Keats, and argue that the Laws of Gravity are spiritual. Newton himself wrote that one of his laws was a principle of Pythagoras. The front cover shows Aphrodite on the Portland Vase, which is also re-interpreted.
Roger Sworder graduated Master of Arts from the University of Oxford, taking his degree in the study of Classical Philosophy and History. He undertook doctoral studies at the Australian National University with a thesis on Plato's theory of knowledge. His first book, Mining, Metallurgy and the Meaning of Life, examines the consecration and, more recently, the desecration of these crafts in Western history. In 2008, Sophia Perennis published Sworder's Science & Religion in Archaic Greece: Homer on Immortality, Parmenides at Delphi. Sworder recently retired as lecturer in the Department of Arts at La Trobe University, Bendigo, where he was a member of a team that provided one of the few courses in traditional studies in the West.
The Sworn Book of Honorius: Liber Iuratus Honorii
Honorius of Thebes
Ibis Press / Nicolas-Hayes
As the title testifies, students were sworn to secrecy before being given access to this magic text, and only a few manuscripts have survived. Bits of its teachings, such as the use of the magic whistle for summoning spirits, are alluded to in other texts. Another key element of its ritual, the elaborate Seal of God, has been found in texts and amulets throughout Europe.
Interest in The Sworn Book of Honorius has grown in recent years, yet no modern translations have been attemptedunt...
The House of Owls
Yale University Press
For a quarter century, Tony Angell and his family shared the remarkable experience of closely observing pairs of western screech owls that occupied a nesting box outside their forest home. The journals the author recorded his observations in, and the captivating drawings he created, form the heart of this compelling book a personal account of an artist-naturalist s life with owls. Angell s extensive illustrations show owls engaged in what owls do hunting, courting, raising families, and exercisi...More
The Blazing Dew of Stars
Smith, David Chaim
London: Fulgur Limited, 2013. Limited to 1001 copies only. Square landscape folio. For those who have had the joy of handling and experiencing The Sacrificial Universe
released last year, this new book will continue that fine tradition. The Blazing Dew of Stars
is a complex mystical text which speaks with many voices to introduce the practice of Kabbalistic contemplative alchemy. The volume offers glimpses of a rare view of direct application and immersion into the Real, intertwini...More
Beyond the Mauve Zone. Enhanced Edition.
London: Starfire Publishing, 2016. Limited Edition. A new, enhanced edition of BEYOND THE MAUVE ZONE, fully corrected by Michael Staley using Kenneth Grant's personal copy with his annotations. The volume has also been re-set, and includes a new index that should prove most useful. A FINE CLOTH COPY in illustrated dust jacket. Custom end papers. Colored frontispiece, and twenty-four page plate section with the majority of the images being in color. 324 pages, indexed. Octavo. This is the eighth,...More
Jailbreaking the Goddess: A Radical Revisioning of Feminist Spirituality
Allen, Lasara Firefox
Llewellyn Worldwide, Ltd.
"Jailbreaking the Goddess
is an important contribution to the writings on Goddess tradition and feminist spirituality. . . . I love her political savvy, her sensitivity around issues of diversity and cultural awareness and appropriation, and her unabashed celebration of pleasure, sensuality, and life!" -- Starhawk
Jailbreaking the Goddess is a revolutionary revisioning of the feminine divine. Where the maiden, mother, crone archetypal system is tied to female biology and physic... | <urn:uuid:40a5d30d-21d2-446f-9cfa-2da2a50327b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.fieldsbooks.com/cgi-bin/fields/9781597311304 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00276-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932214 | 1,066 | 2.234375 | 2 |
A leading economist said oil, gas and coal firms risk financial ruin if they ignore global climate agreements, in a stark warning to the task force set up by Bank of England governor Mark Carney.
Lord Nicholas Stern, who is renowned for his work on climate change, warned: "Business models reliant on the assumption that governments were not serious in Paris are looking increasingly vulnerable."
"Actual or expected changes in policy, technology, and physical risks as well as the threat of litigation could prompt a rapid reassessment of the value of a large range of assets as changing costs and opportunities become apparent."
Carney created the body to encourage businesses to make voluntary disclosures to help investors compare the risks that they face from climate change, in the run-up to the Paris climate agreement which 195 countries adopted.
It's thought that the agreement will reduce future demand for fossil fuels, which could wreck the finances of affected firms. Nevertheless, many of them expect fossil fuel demand to increase over at least the next 20 years.
The submission also warned of an "alarming" gap between what the international community signed up to at Paris and what fossil fuel firms expect. It was co-authored Dimitri Zenghelis, co-head of policy at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change at the London School of Economics.
"If an oil company does not believe global policy makers will adopt the measures necessary to attain the decarbonisation outlined in the Paris Agreement, then they need to be explicit about this."
"From an investor point of view, it is one thing for a business to assume that governments were not serious in Paris, but it is quite another to pin their entire strategy on this being so." | <urn:uuid:330f446b-0921-4ed1-844b-191973afa02b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cityam.com/lord-stern-delivers-stark-warning-to-carneys-climate-task-force/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.965218 | 345 | 2.109375 | 2 |
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