text stringlengths 181 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 3 values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 138k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
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Aridged retention interface is necessary to secure planetary sample tubes within a caching system for use in future sample return missions. The assumed retention interface requirements are as follows: the interface shall maintain sample integrity at large deceleration landing loads; the interface shall minimize weight and complexity; and any required actuation for sample tube retention shall be performed by an external source (such as a robotic end-effector).
A tapered collet similar to a milling machine’s tool holder was designed with a threaded profile on its outer tapered diameter. When the collet is threaded into a corresponding non-tapered threaded hole, the collet collapses inward, applying a radial force on the sample tube within. The sample is retained within the collet by both friction force and any captured features designed into the sample tube’s OML (outer mold line). Ratcheting teeth on the collet ensure that it remains locked in place once a preloading torque is applied.
The collets are pre-threaded into the sample cache at a zero preload state during assembly, test, and launch operations (ALTO). After sample acquisition, the sample tubes are inserted in the collet cache via a robotic end-effector. The end effector then torques the collet to the desired preload, reacting the resulting force via standoffs located on the cache to act as moment reaction features.
The threaded tapered collet combines the mechanical advantages of a traditional collet and a tapered pipe thread to produce a lightweight, simple, and robust latching system. The desired sample tube preload can be tailored to specific applications, and allows each sample to be individually secured. | <urn:uuid:9e6deae7-56ae-4949-a406-10453120f998> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/pub/briefs/mechanics-and-machinery/24834?r=3541 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.915659 | 434 | 1.921875 | 2 |
English Español 普通话 한국어 Việt Tagalog Serbo-Croatian
HEALTH DEPT. FEES
BUY NOW & BEGIN
StateFoodSafety.com is pleased to offer this online food service worker course in partnership with the Grant County Health Department. A Grant County Certified Food Handler Permit is required for all food handlers in Grant County.
Do you need this training?
If you handle, prepare, serve, sell, or give away food for human consumption, even if you bus tables or wash dishes, you are a food worker and need this training.
When do you need to complete your training?
Within 30 days of starting work.
How do you complete your training?
By completing the StateFoodSafety.com online food handler course and printing your certificate.
What do you get when you finish this course?
West Virginia Food Handler Card
How long is your certificate good for?
This food handler card is valid for 1 year.
Why choose StateFoodSafety.com?
StateFoodSafety.com has the highest rated food handler training course in the industry. The StateFoodSafety.com course is interactive, animated, and fun! | <urn:uuid:006e0c0c-e6d2-4c95-840b-ca196ec94b2f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.statefoodsafety.com/food-handler/west-virginia/grant-county1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00454-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869948 | 260 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Introduction to Latin
Introduction to Latin, Revised First Edition is a complete introductory Latin text specifically designed for college level courses taught for three hours credit over a two semester period. The text is designed as a streamlined and uncluttered approach to Latin and grammar, providing a complete course, but without the nuance of more advanced explanations that hinder the first year student's mastery of the material. It covers all aspects of Latin grammar in a familiar pedagogical flow, with English grammar explained as needed, providing students with an in text reference point for new Latin material. "Real Latin" readings occur throughout the text, early and often, in the form of sentences and short passages. They are unconnected, providing the instructor the option of covering them as time and need allows. This text also includes a variety of exercises that provide different approaches to mastery of the language, especially in the early chapters.
Also available are online drills, online guided exercises, and crossword puzzles. Visit www.pullins.com for more information.
Title: Introduction to Latin
Author: Susan C. Shelmerdine | <urn:uuid:5c5458c2-f88c-4431-92b6-c9933390a4ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ebooks.com/998505/introduction-to-latin/shelmerdine-susan-c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00268-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927488 | 220 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The StyleHolder class provides methods and properties common to all data plot style holders. An internal Origin data plot style holder is an object used to store plot type information for a data plot contained in an Origin graph layer.
An Origin C StyleHolder is a wrapper object that is a reference to an internal Origin StyleHolder object. Origin C wrapper objects do not actually exist in Origin and merely refer to the internal Origin object. Consequently, multiple Origin C wrapper objects can refer to the same internal Origin object.
The StyleHolder class is derived from the GraphObject and OriginObject classes from which it inherits methods and properties.
GraphLayer gl = Project.ActiveLayer();
if(gl) // If layer is valid...
StyleHolder sh = gl.StyleHolders(0); // Get first style holder in layer
out_int("Plot type is ", sh.GetPlotId()); // Get plot id | <urn:uuid:0d174add-3cc2-4b71-8984-7ff6112535c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.originlab.com/doc/de/OriginC/ref/StyleHolder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.77185 | 217 | 2.4375 | 2 |
From James A. Secord, "Nature's Fancy: Charles Darwin and the Breeding of Pigeons" (Isis 72:2 [June 1981]: 162-86):
[I]nitially he did not intend to focus on the fancy pigeons. . . . This situation soon changed. By the end of March 1855, little more than a week after the subject first appears in his letters, Darwin had decided to commit himself to a greatly extended study of the domestic pigeon. "Yarrell has persuaded me to attempt it," he wrote, "and I am now fitting up a place, and have written to Baily about prices, &c. &c." By 23 May Darwin had assumed his usual enthusiasm for the subject of a new study. He set up an elaborate pigeon house in the back of the garden at Down, bought birds from John Baily of Fleet Street, one of the premier judges and poultry dealers in England, and began his breeding experiments and observations without delay. Reversing his earlier judgment, Darwin told Fox that "they are a decided amusement to me, and delight to H[enrietta]," his eldest daughter. By November he was deeply immersed in the subject and was observing daily seven or eight pairs. "I will show you my Pigeons!" he promised Lyell, "which are the greatest treat, in my opinion, which can be offered to [a] human being." At the peak of his researches in Juen of 1857 Darwin was keeping almost ninety birds, includign some extremely rare and choice specimens. | <urn:uuid:456e735f-0f4d-42c3-9431-73cdfbce6296> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://jennydavidson.blogspot.com/2007/07/fantails-pouters-runts-toys-carriers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00086-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985284 | 320 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Isabella Stewart Gardner theft: Is the massive art heist about to be solved?
FBI agents were digging up the property of an aging Connecticut mobster Monday – their third search of the premises – in hopes of solving the decades-old Isabella Stewart Gardner heist, the biggest in US history.
Over 25 years ago, the biggest art theft in US history targeted the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, whisking away 13 masterpieces – worth $500 million – in a shocking heist.
In the latest twist of this still-unsolved crime, FBI agents descended Monday upon the house of a Connecticut mobster, currently behind bars awaiting trial for firearms offenses.
It is the third time the FBI has searched the home of octogenarian Robert Gentile, where four years ago investigators found a handwritten list of the stolen works of art.
“He’s always maintained he’s had nothing to do with the theft of the art,” says Ryan McGuigan, Robert Gentile’s lawyer, in a telephone interview with The Christian Science Monitor. “It stands to reason they [the FBI] have a deep conviction he’s in possession of the art. You wouldn’t go back to the house a third time otherwise.”
Mr. McGuigan sat outside his client’s property as law enforcement officers executed the search, which he told the Monitor included about 20 agents and nine trucks involved in "digging around the property."
While the details of the search warrant remain undisclosed – and will likely remain so unless Mr. Gentile is charged, says McGuigan – the scale of the effort indicates another attempt to solve the biggest art theft in US history.
Gentile, currently being held without bail on federal weapons charges, is accused of selling a firearm to a convicted killer.
Last year, Gentile was recorded telling an undercover FBI agent that he had access to two of the stolen paintings and was able to sell them for $500,000 apiece.
Moreover, in a 2012 search of Gentile’s property, Reuters reports, federal agents “turned up a handwritten list of the stolen art, its estimated value, and police uniforms.”
This last ties in with a key detail of the infamous crime.
At 1:24 a.m. on March 18, 1990, two men dressed as Boston police officers approached the museum’s entrance and told the security guard they were responding to calls about a disturbance.
Breaking protocol, Rick Abath, a musician moonlighting as a security guard, let them in, paving the way for the subsequent 81-minute heist.
“When people say, 'Well, why is it important?' I say, 'Imagine if you could never hear Beethoven's Seventh Symphony again, ever,’ " said museum director Anne Hawley to CBS News. She said the 13 stolen masterpieces include Vermeers and the only known seascape by Rembrandt.
"It makes me want to weep," said Ms. Hawley. "It's time to bring them back." | <urn:uuid:4b4f50a7-1010-471f-b0be-cc2f96e0c4d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2016/0503/Isabella-Stewart-Gardner-theft-Is-the-massive-art-heist-about-to-be-solved | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00149-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951878 | 641 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Christians believe that Jesus is Lord over our entire lives. That means he touches everything we do. But when it comes to finances — one of the biggest areas of our lives — there’s a lot of confusion. What does the Bible say about faith and finances? How are we to look at money? Is it evil or is it a gift from God? And just how do we manage it well?
These are important questions and how we answer them will affect our lives and our families for generations to come. So to help make sense of this important topic, we put together this article. In it, we provide an all-encompassing rundown of faith and finances. We share what the Bible says about money and help uncover the main principles. Read from beginning to end or skip ahead by clicking on one of these sections:
a. What does the Bible say about working?
b. What does the Bible say about saving and investing?
c. What does the Bible say about money and your heart?
a. Money is an Offering, Not an Idol
b. Blessed to Be a Blessing
c. Trust in the Lord and Plan Wisely
d. Seek Wise Counsel
Bible Verses About Money
The Bible is full of thousands of verses about faith and finances. It seems God has a lot to say about how we make and steward wealth. Here’s only a small sample:
What does the Bible say about working?
Commit your work to the Lord, and your plans will be established. — Proverbs 16:3
Let the thief no longer steal, but rather let him labor, doing honest work with his own hands, so that he may have something to share with anyone in need. — Ephesians 4:28
For even when we were with you, we would give you this command: If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat. — 2 Thessalonians 3:10
Whoever works his land will have plenty of bread, but he who follows worthless pursuits lacks sense. — Proverbs 12:11
Whatever you do, work heartily, as for the Lord and not for men, knowing that from the Lord you will receive the inheritance as your reward. You are serving the Lord Christ. — Colossians 3:23-24
What does the Bible say about saving and investing?
But if anyone does not provide for his relatives, and especially for members of his household, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever. — 1 Timothy 5:8
A good man leaves an inheritance to his children’s children, but the sinner’s wealth is laid up for the righteous. — Proverbs 13:22
The wise store up choice food and olive oil, but fools gulp theirs down. — Proverbs 21:20
Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy and where thieves break in and steal, but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys and where thieves do not break in and steal. — Matthew 6:19-20
The plans of the diligent lead to profit as surely as haste leads to poverty. — Proverbs 21:5
Wealth gained hastily will dwindle, but whoever gathers little by little will increase it. — Proverbs 13:11
Invest in seven ventures, yes, in eight; you do not know what disaster may come upon the land. — Ecclesiastes 11:2
What does the Bible say about money and your heart?
For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. — Matthew 6:21
He who loves money will not be satisfied with money, nor he who loves wealth with his income; this also is vanity. — Ecclesiastes 5:10
No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money.— Matthew 6:24
And he said to them, “Take care, and be on your guard against all covetousness, for one’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.” — Luke 12:15
As for the rich in this present age, charge them not to be haughty, nor to set their hopes on the uncertainty of riches, but on God, who richly provides us with everything to enjoy. — 1 Timothy 6:17
Is Wealth Evil?
In light of these verses (and many others throughout the pages of Scripture), what are we to make of wealth? Is it good or evil?
While it is tempting to jump to one extreme or the other, the Bible itself does not do that. It presents a far more nuanced portrait of money.
Yes, there are many passages warning against the dangers of wealth and rebuking the wealthy. But there are also many passages extolling the virtues of working, saving and investing. Survey the characters of the Old and New Testaments, and you’ll see men and women demonstrating both good and bad relationships with money. Some like Abraham, King David, the Proverbs 31 woman, Joseph of Arimathea and Lydia (from Acts 16) were people of means who used their wealth to honor God and bless others. But the Bible also shows many people who were corrupted by money — tax collectors like Zaccheus (before meeting Jesus), Judas, Ananias and Sapphira.
From these examples, we see that money isn’t inherently bad or inherently good. God is far more concerned with the condition of your heart. As many have noted, Jesus says that it is, “the love of money” that is the root of all evil. Money can be a great blessing and the Lord encourages us to steward it well. But if we’re not careful we can begin to worship the gift instead of the giver. And when that happens, wealth becomes a destructive force. Too many people have seen money corrupt their relationships and their own hearts and minds.
That’s why it’s important that we treat our relationship with wealth carefully. You don’t need to feel guilty for having means, but you should be very intentional with how you handle it. In the next section we’ll share four principles that will help guide your finances.
4 Biblical Principles for Your Faith and Finances
1. Money is an offering, not an idol
In your heart is money an offering or an idol?
An offering is more than a weekly giving; it’s about your attitude. If you see money as an offering, it means you recognize wealth as a gift from God and joyfully surrender it back to Him. You hold it loosely and yet steward it wisely. It’s all God’s in the end, but you see it as a blessing now because it’s a tool to help you build trust and practice obedience.
But if money becomes an idol, it acts as a false god in your life. You love it, you trust it, you obey it. And that can look different for different people. In his excellent book Counterfeit Gods, pastor and author Tim Keller writes:
“Some people want lots of money as a way to control their world and life, and such people usually don’t spend much money and they live very modestly. They keep it all safely saved and invested so that they can feel completely safe in the world. Others want money for access to social circles and to make themselves beautiful and attractive. These people do spend their money on themselves in lavish ways. Other people want money because it gives them so much power over others. In every case, money functions as an idol, and yet because of various deep idols it results in very different patterns of behavior. The person using money to serve a deep idol of control will often feel superior to others and use money to obtain power or social approval. In every case however, money idolatry enslaves and distorts lives.”
Money is a good tool but a poor god. Surrender it to the Lord and it can be the blessing it was meant to be.
2. Blessed to Be a Blessing
The Bible teaches us that we are blessed to be a blessing. It encourages us who have power of any sort to lay it down in love for others.
Think of Abraham — God promised to bless him and use his descendants to bless the whole world (Genesis 22:18). Or consider the many teachings of Jesus. He recognized that the people of this world use wealth to their own advantage, but called his people to a different standard:
You know that those who are regarded as rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them. Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be slave of all. For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.
When we apply this principle to our money, we realize it’s not about us. Money is not just a tool to make us feel secure or improve our own way of life. Instead, it becomes a means to bless others. We’re able to give freely and creatively and seek to maximize the good we can do with our money.
3. Trust in the Lord and Plan Wisely
Many people struggle with this tension. How do you trust God while also saving and investing? Is a good financial plan at odds with faith?
Not at all!
If we’ve accepted the two principles above, we know that money is an important gift and we are called to steward it well. So we don’t pretend to honor God by being reckless with our finances. We treat our money as a blessing and an offering — managing and multiplying what we’ve been given for God’s glory and the good of other people (including our family!). Yet at the same time, it’s important not to let your financial plan become an idol that controls you instead of the other way around.
The healthiest relationship to money is right in the middle. Trust the God who promises He will provide. But also be obedient when He tells you to steward what he has provided.
4. Seek Wise Counsel
The good news is that we don’t have to do any of this alone. Over and over again the Bible encourages us to seek wise counsel:
- Where there is no guidance, a people falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety. — Proverbs 11:14
- The way of a fool is right in his own eyes, but a wise man listens to advice. — Proverbs 12:15
- Without counsel plans fail, but with many advisers they succeed. — Proverbs 15:22
This principle applies to all areas of our lives, but it’s especially important with money. Remember, money is a gift that comes with a huge responsibility. It also has the potential to become a dangerous false god.
You don’t want to navigate that territory all on your own. With wise financial advisors you can maximize the blessing of your wealth while keeping it from becoming an idol.
Resources for Faith and Finances
If you want to continue learning more about this topic, dive into these resources:
God and Money: How We Discovered True Riches at Harvard Business School
This book (or the podcast interview) tells the story of two Harvard MBAs and what they discovered God was really saying about their money.
- The Treasure Principle by Randy Alcorn
- Business by the Book by Larry Burkett
- Financial Peace Revisited by Dave Ramsey
- Splitting Heirs by Ron Blue
It’s Time to Get Started
Faith and finances are two of the most important areas of your life. They’re not supposed to stay separated. With a prayerful approach and the right counsel, you’ll be ready to honor God with your finances.
The most important thing is to get started as soon as possible. Follow the principles we’ve outlined above and if you want a little help, schedule a call with Clear Money Path.
Information presented does not involve the rendering of personalized investment advice, but is limited to the dissemination of general information on products and services. This information should not be construed as an offer to buy or sell, or a solicitation of any offer to buy or sell the securities mentioned herein.
Information presented is believed to be factual and up-to-date and was obtained from sources known to be reliable. It should not be regarded as a complete analysis of the subjects discussed.
All expressions of opinion reflect the judgment of the author as of the date of presentation and are subject to change.Clear Money Path is registered as an investment adviser with the state of Missouri. The firm only transacts business in states where it is properly registered, or is excluded or exempted from registration requirements. | <urn:uuid:740f82c1-aedc-4fbf-86ad-3662038dafc4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clearmoneypath.com/god-and-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.96021 | 2,720 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Shown not only to improve cognitive and sensory awareness for autism spectrum patients
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized room (100% saturated supplemental oxygen delivered at higher atmospheric pressures). Patients are placed in a high pressure, hyperbaric chamber (full body chamber). This increases oxygen delivery to all of the tissues of the body.
In the HBOT chamber, the air pressure is increased to three times higher than normal air pressure. Under these conditions, your lungs can gather more oxygen than would be possible breathing pure oxygen at normal air pressure. Your blood carries this oxygen throughout your body. This helps fight bacteria and stimulate the release of substances called growth factors and stem cells, which promote healing.
Here are some benefits from Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
- Improve cognitive and behavioral functions in patients with autism
- Slows or reduce cancer growth
- Improves Diabetic Ulcers
- Boosts the supply of circulating stem cells
- Recovery from Radiotherapy
- Has a positive effect on severe anemia
- Improve dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
- Promote the growth of new capillaries and blood vessels
- Promotes new nerve growth in the brain
- Reduces Bone Infections
- Reduces radiation-induced inflammation in tissue and bones
- Increases oxygenation to the body’s tissues
- Can Improve Symptoms of Stroke and Heart Disease
- Enhance mitochondrial function
- Reverse Effects of Air or Gas Embolism
- Reduces Chronic
- Pain increase blood flow and circulation
- Increases Tissue Graft Acceptance
For autism spectrum patients, HBOT has been shown not only to improve cognitive and sensory awareness but also reduce aggression, and promote quality sleep.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan and administered with other therapies and drugs that fit individual needs.
You’ll likely need more than one session to benefit from hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The number of sessions depends on your medical condition. Treatment schedules of hyperbaric oxygen therapy vary between 60 to 120 minutes.
Here at A+ Integrative Brain Restoration Program of Fresno we can be your partner in your lifelong journey on taking care of your child –giving him/her and you a shot at living a happy life. We promise you that there is hope for you and your child. And we promise that we are ready to serve you with our best efforts and most sincere heart work! Located in the heart of Fresno, California, this clinic offers a wide range of services including, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, neurofeedback therapy, functional/holistic Bio-Medical Approaches and more.
Contact us now! Call us @ (559)5737260 or text us @ (559)4782233
DISCLAIMER: THIS WEBSITE DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE
The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. The purpose of this website is to promote broad consumer understanding and knowledge of various health topics. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. Reliance on any information at this website is at your own risk.
This ad is brought to you A+ Integrative Brain Restoration Program, A NSG Corp. | <urn:uuid:6a0e11a1-0f0f-430b-a661-39934e0bed37> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fresnobrainclinic.com/hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-and-its-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.903313 | 741 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Blue Mountains Conservation Society said:
"The Blue Mountains Conservation Society played a key part on getting the world heritage listing of the Blue Mountains in 2000. Since 1961 our members have been defending the Blue Mountains from developments that threaten nature, and we certainly won't be stopping now."
Harry Burkitt said:
"This is a unique partnership between the business community, leading conservation groups and grassroots community organizations to stop this disastrous dam project." and some more!
“At Patagonia, we’ve spent more than 40 years fighting to protect wild places which is why we are joining the We GIVE A DAM Alliance to oppose the raising of the Warragamba Dam wall. Threatened species, Aboriginal cultural heritage, local communities and the precious Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area will be significantly impacted by this development.
"We are proud to support the Colong Foundation for Wilderness in their fight to protect the unique ecosystem and wild rivers of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area.” | <urn:uuid:c233dc65-c3e7-4e68-84f8-7f5e7d1bed18> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.giveadam.org.au/alliance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.919842 | 212 | 1.960938 | 2 |
RRC PRODUCTION STATISTICS AND ALLOWABLES FOR DECEMBER 2010
AUSTIN –– The Texas average rig count as of Nov. 12, 2010, was 726, representing about 44 percent of all active land rigs in the United States. In the last 12 months, total Texas reported production was 351 million barrels of oil and 7.3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Texas natural gas production represents approximately 29 percent of total U.S. natural gas demand.
The Commission’s estimated final production for September 2010 is 29,738,198 barrels of crude oil and 529,429,553 Mcf (thousand cubic feet) of gas well gas.
The Commission derives final production numbers by multiplying the preliminary September 2010 production totals of 28,153,714 barrels of crude oil and 488,629,029 Mcf of gas well gas by a production adjustment factor of 1.0563 for crude oil and 1.0835 for gas well gas. (These production totals do not include casinghead gas or condensate.)
Texas natural gas storage reported to the Commission for October 2010 was 455,184,728 Mcf compared to 458,359,717 Mcf in October 2009. The November 2010 gas storage estimate is 463,200,224 Mcf.
The Texas Railroad Commission’s Oil and Gas Division set initial December 2010 natural gas production allowables for prorated fields in the state to meet market demand of 13,887,404 Mcf (thousand cubic feet). In setting the initial December 2010 allowables, the Commission used historical production figures from previous months, producers’ demand forecasts for the coming month, and adjusted the figures based on well capability. These initial allowables will be adjusted after actual production for December 2010 is reported. | <urn:uuid:9f0f13d1-db9e-4377-b5fe-a2d17e4af704> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rrc.texas.gov/all-news/112910b/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00562-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911622 | 367 | 1.695313 | 2 |
On numerous occasions, finding the right therapist has been compared to finding the right spouse. It involves a lot of energy, time, and money in the hope that one day you will get the help that you need. Instead of meeting up for drinks or dinner, you will be sharing your deepest thoughts to a therapist trying to figure out if the information scribbled in their notebook will help or not. It’s important to know what you want in a therapist lest your treatment gets delayed by months or years.
You might also want to gauge if your potential therapist is your best fit to make the entire treatment easier and more comfortable. You don’t want panic and anxiety attacks that make your therapy sessions uncomfortable. We will outline some useful questions to ask your potential counselor before choosing them.
What kind of training do you have?
The education background of therapists tends to differ due to their area of specialization. They could be psychiatrists, general counselors or psychologists. All these experts provide therapy despite their areas of training being different. If you are looking to recover from addiction, you should inquire more if the therapist is well trained to deal with addicts. Dig deeper to see if they understand your type of substance dependency.
Are you licensed?
Licensing is vital in proving the credibility of most professionals, primarily in the health and medical fields. Therapists are not any different. They are required to be licensed by the state or at least work under the supervision of a licensed therapist. While all states have different policies regarding licensure, being licensed proves that your potential therapist has what it takes to practice therapy.
How many years have you been practicing therapy?
Experience is paramount in determining the quality of service you should expect from the therapist. Ask your therapist how many years they have been seeing clients and how many got the help they needed. This should help you gauge their success rates. You could ask your therapist to give you a few clientele references, although in most cases such information is confidential. However, try your shot to listen to live testimonies from the horse’s mouth. You could ask them to give you their experience in your area of interest.
What are your charges?
Like any other treatments, therapy requires a mode of payment. It is essential to know from the start how much your therapist will charge you. Most therapists work on a pay-per-session basis, but you could discuss how they like their payments wired. You may also want to ask if they accept insurance and of what kind. Therapy sessions can be quite expensive, and that’s why some therapists offer sliding scales. A sliding scale is a special offer that requires the therapist to look into a client’s income to set the charges. If you are having trouble affording the sessions, inquire from the therapist if they are flexible to such kinds of arrangements.
What sort of treatments do you use? Are they effective in dealing with situations like mine?
People are different, and their beliefs may vary. It’s important to know what you are getting yourself into. For instance, some therapists incorporate spirituality as a mode of treatment. Spirituality is quite a sensitive matter, at least to most people. Consider asking how the therapist plans on treating your condition and how effective it should be. This will help you know what to expect from the treatment and even help you research on the effectiveness of the therapist’s plans on you.
Will the treatment process be time-limited or long-term?
While it could be a bit difficult to determine how long the treatment process will take, your therapist should give you an estimate depending on their past experiences. This should help you plan ahead your schedules and financial plans. Also, ask them to disclose if your therapy sessions will be on-going or if they will end immediately, your symptoms decrease to a specific point.
When are you ready to see me for our first appointment?
The sooner you begin your therapy sessions, the sooner you will start to feel better and even resume regular duties. The readiness in a therapist should tell what to expect from the therapy sessions. If you feel that you related well with the therapist, then you have found a new friend.
Are you looking for a therapist near you? Talk to us today at 844-639-8371 to start your therapy sessions immediately and regain the stability you need to get your life back on track. | <urn:uuid:b3a89e05-52f0-477b-b951-6bd81bf78973> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thenextep.org/what-questions-should-i-ask-when-looking-for-a-therapist-near-me/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.959496 | 894 | 1.507813 | 2 |
The ACL permission that allows the possessor to change the entries on the ACL .
The fourth privacy flag on a group, which enables the possessor to add members to it.
A list associated with an AFS directory that specifies what actions a user or group can perform on the directory and the files in it. There are seven access permissions: a (administer), d (delete), i (insert), k (lock), l (lookup), r (read), and w (write).
An entry on an ACL that pairs a user or group with specific access permissions.
An alternative name for an AFS command.
A shorthand notation used with the fs setacl command to represent all seven permissions.
The identity assigned to a user who does not have a valid token for the local cell.
The portion of a command that names an entity to be affected by the command. Arguments consist of two parts: a switch and one or more instances. Some AFS commands take one or more arguments.
To become recognized as a valid AFS user by getting an AFS token using your kerberos TGT. Authenticate by logging onto a machine that uses an AFS enabled login utility or by issuing the aklog command after using kinit to obtain a kerberos TGT. Only authenticated users can perform most AFS actions.
A unit of measure used to measure usage of space in a volume or on a partition. A kilobyte block is equal to 1024 bytes.
A set of modifications to the operating system on a client machine which enables users on the machine to access files stored in AFS. The Cache Manager requests files from the File Server and stores (caches) a copy of each file on the client machine's local disk. Application programs then use the cached copy, which eliminates repeated network requests to file server machines.
A copy of a file that the Cache Manager stores on a workstation's local disk.
A promise from the File Server to contact the Cache Manager if the centrally stored copy of the file changes while the Cache Manager has a cached copy. If the file is altered, the File Server breaks the callback. The next time an application program asks for data from the file, the Cache Manager notices the broken callback and retrieves an updated copy of the file from the File Server. Callbacks ensure the user is working with the most recent copy of a file.
An independently administered site running AFS, consisting of a collection of file server machines and client machines defined to belong to the cell. A machine can belong to only one cell at a time.
Computers that perform computations for users. Users normally work on a client machine, accessing files stored on a file server machine.
A computing system in which two types of computers (client machines and server machines) perform different specialized functions.
A string of characters indicating an action for an AFS server to perform. For a description of AFS command syntax, see Appendix B, OpenAFS Command Syntax and Online Help.
A group of AFS commands with related functions. The command suite name is the first word in many AFS commands.
A full specification of a file's location in AFS, starting at the root of the filespace (by convention mounted at the /afs directory) and specifying all the directories the Cache Manager must pass through to access the file. The names of the directories are separated by slashes.
The ACL permission that enables the possessor to remove elements from a directory.
A logical structure containing a collection of files and other directories.
A file system that joins the file systems of individual machines. Files are stored on different machines in the network but are accessible from all machines.
A collection of information stored and retrieved as a unit.
A type of machine that stores files and transfers them to client machines on request.
Part of a command that determines how the command executes, or the type of output it produces.
A cell other than the cell to which the client machine belongs. If the client machine is appropriately configured, users can access the AFS filespace in foreign cells as well as the local cell, and can authenticate in foreign cells in which they have AFS accounts.
A defined list of users, which can be placed on a directory's ACL to extend a set of permissions to all of its members at once.
A group owned by another group. All members of the owning group can administer the owned group; the members of the owned group do not have administer permissions themselves.
A method of storing data in directories that are organized in a tree structure.
A directory owned by a user and dedicated to storage of the user's personal files.
The ACL permission that enables the possessor to add files or subdirectories to a directory.
The part of a command string that defines the entity to affect.
See the k (lock) Permission entry. The ACL permission that enables programs to place advisory locks on a file.
A unit of measure used to measure usage of space in a volume or on a partition. A kilobyte is equal to 1024 bytes. The term kilobyte block is sometimes used when referring to disk space.
The ACL permission that enables the possessor to list the contents of a directory and display its ACL.
The cell to which the user's account and client machine belong.
See the k (lock) Permission entry.
The process of establishing a connection to a client machine's local file system as a specific user.
The process of ending a connection to the local file system.
The third privacy flag on a group, which enables the possessor to list the members of a group or the groups to which a user belongs.
A set of permissions that the UNIX file system associates with a file or directory to control access to it. They appear in the first field of the output from the ls -l command.
A special type of directory that associates a location in the AFS file space with a volume. It acts like a standard UNIX directory in that users can change directory to it and list its contents with the UNIX cd and ls commands.
A procedure through which two parties prove their identities to one another. AFS server and client processes normally mutually authenticate as they establish a connection.
A program that enables users on NFS client machines to access files in the AFS filespace.
A shorthand notation used with the fs setacl command to delete an entry from an ACL.
The second privacy flag on a group, which enables the possessor to list groups owned by the user or group.
The second word in an AFS command that belongs to a suite. It indicates the command's function.
The person or group who can administer a group.
The directory in which a directory or file resides.
A logical section of a disk in a computer.
A unique, user-defined string of characters validating the user's system identity. The user must correctly enter the password in order to be authenticated.
A certain type of access granted on an ACL. Anyone who possesses the permission can perform the action.
The size limit of a volume, assigned by the system administrator and measured in kilobyte blocks.
The ACL permission that enables the possessor to examine the contents of a file.
The fifth privacy flag on a group, which enables the possessor to remove members from it.
A shorthand notation used with the fs setacl command to represent the r and l permissions.
A pathname that does not begin at the root of the AFS or local filespace and so represents a file or directory's location with respect to the current working directory.
Commands used to run programs on a remote machine without establishing a persistent connection to it.
The first privacy flag on a group, which enables the possessor to list general information about it.
A group that owns itself, enabling all of its members to administer it.
A program or machine that provides a specialized service to its clients, such as storing and transferring files or performing authentication.
A directory that resides in another directory in the file system hierarchy.
The part of a command string defining the type of an argument. It is preceded by a hyphen.
A specification of the options available on a command and their ordering.
A user who is authorized to administer an AFS cell.
Groups that AFS defines automatically to represent users who share certain characteristics. See the following three entries.
A system group that includes users authorized to administer AFS.
A system group that includes everyone who can gain access the cell's AFS filespace. It includes unauthenticated users, who are assigned the identity anonymous.
A system group that includes all users who currently have valid AFS tokens for the local cell.
A collection of data that the AFS server processes accept as evidence that the possessor has successfully proved his or her identity to the cell's AFS authentication service. AFS assigns the identity anonymous to users who do not have a token.
See the Mode Bits entry.
A character string entered at login that uniquely identifies a person in the local cell.
A structure that AFS uses to group a set of files and directories into a single unit for administrative purposes. The contents of a volume reside on a single disk partition and must be mounted in the AFS filespace to be accessible.
The ACL permission that enables the possessor to modify the contents of a file.
A shorthand notation used with the fs setacl command to represent all permissions except the a permission. | <urn:uuid:8537c065-33e5-49f4-bbc6-933b5c38edc5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://doc.openafs.org/UserGuide/HDRWQ90.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.903683 | 1,963 | 1.820313 | 2 |
how much useful the block diagram cleanup tool (ctrl-U) during our CLD exam to achieve the style guidelines like avoid bends in wires, objects/wires overlapping etc.
Solved! Go to Solution.
I'll be sitting the CLD in a few weeks with no intention to use cleanup. I don't use it in my daily work, I find it better to keep things clean on the fly. Maybe it's improved in newer LV versions but in 2009 it still does things I wouldn't do, then I have to go through all cases to find and fix them.
I would try to avoid Ctrl+u during the exam with one exception.
IF you have really experimented with the tweaks in the ini, have found a set-up that produces clean results and KNOW how to set-up the ini on the test machine.
Like I said if----
I seldom use clean-up on my own development but have really played with the settings to aid forum posters (Some of those BD's are ....) and the results leave a bit to be desired in the best tweaks I've found. On the other hand. When I do use it, its on poorly designed code in the first place.
Better advice: Practice coding clean. Its kinda like when your mother saw your bedroom in your childhood. If you had picked up after yourself as you went along you wouldn't spend nearly so much time cleaning up at the end.
Thanks for your suggestions. But I still concerned about achieving this (avoid bends in wires) style. For example consider the screenshot of the Boiler Controller sample exam solution
You can see a bend in both input wires of the select function. this is present in all the cases of the state machine. Definitely it can be avoided by spending additional time. so will it reduce score in style checklist. or can we take this as acceptable ..Looking inputs from NI Engineer.
At the same time, we cannot develop code without bends in wire. how to come to an compromise in this style guideline. Looking for your valuable inputs.
If I were you I'd start analyzing your code with VI Analyzer. This will clear up how many wires bends are acceptable.
You will have wire bends, that is unavoidable. I'd say one wire should not have more than 3 or 4 bends. That is what I stick to in my coding for work. | <urn:uuid:aa8c49e1-5457-40bf-adc1-76753c1a57b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://forums.ni.com/t5/Certification/Block-Diagram-Cleanup/m-p/1948219/highlight/true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00379-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959922 | 486 | 1.617188 | 2 |
|Table of Contents | Words: Alphabetical - Frequency - Inverse - Length - Statistics | Help | IntraText Library|
Code of Canon Law
IntraText CT - Text
Can. 1732 Whatever is laid down in the canons of this section concerning decrees, is also to be applied to all singular administrative acts given in the external forum outside a judicial trial, except for those given by the Roman Pontiff himself or by an Ecumenical Council.
Can. 1733 §1 When a person believes that he or she has been injured by a decree, it is greatly to be desired that contention between that person and the author of the decree be avoided, and that care be taken to reach an equitable solution by mutual consultation, possibly using the assistance of serious-minded persons to mediate and study the matter. In this way, the controversy may by some suitable method be avoided or brought to an end.
§2 The Episcopal Conference can prescribe that in each diocese there be established a permanent office or council which would have the duty, in accordance with the norms laid down by the Conference, of seeking and suggesting equitable solutions. Even if the Conference has not demanded this, the Bishop may establish such an office or council.
§3 The office or council mentioned in §2 is to be diligent in its work principally when the revocation of a decree is sought in accordance with Can. 1734 and the time-limit for recourse has not elapsed. If recourse is proposed against a decree, the Superior who would have to decide the recourse is to encourage both the person having recourse and the author of the decree to seek this type of solution, whenever the prospect of a satisfactory outcome is discerned.
Can. 1734 §1 Before having recourse, the person must seek in writing from its author the revocation or amendment of the decree. Once this petition has been lodged, it is by that very fact understood that the suspension of the execution of the decree is also being sought.
Can. 1735 If, within thirty days from the time the petition mentioned in Can. 1734 reaches the author of the decree, the latter communicates a new decree by which either the earlier decree is amended or it is determined that the petition is to be rejected, the period within which to have recourse begins from the notification of the new decree. If, however, the author of the decree makes no decision within thirty days, the time-limit begins to run from the thirtieth day.
§2 In other cases, unless within ten days of receiving the petition mentioned in Can. 1734 the author of the decree has decreed its suspension, an interim suspension can be sought from the author's hierarchical Superior. This Superior can decree the suspension only for serious reasons and must always take care that the salvation of souls suffers no harm.
§3 If the execution of the decree is suspended in accordance with §2 and recourse is subsequently proposed, the person who must decide the recourse is to determine, in accordance with Can. 1737 §3, whether the suspension is to be confirmed or revoked.
Can. 1737 §1 A person who contends that he or she has been injured by a decree, can for any just motive have recourse to the hierarchical Superior of the one who issued the decree. The recourse can be proposed before the author of the decree, who must immediately forward it to the competent hierarchical Superior.
§2 The recourse is to be proposed within the peremptory time-limit of fifteen canonical days. In the cases mentioned in Can. 1734 §3, the timelimit begins to run from the day the decree was notified; in other cases, it runs in accordance with Can. 1735.
§3 Even in those cases in which recourse does not by law suspend the execution of the decree, or in which the suspension is decreed in accordance with Can. 1736 §2, the Superior can for a serious reason order that the execution be suspended, but is to take care that the salvation of souls suffers no harm.
Can. 1738 The person having recourse always has the right to the services of an advocate or procurator, but is to avoid futile delays. Indeed, an advocate is to be appointed ex officio if the person does not have one and the Superior considers it necessary. The Superior, however, can always order that the one having recourse appear in person to answer questions.
Can. 1739 In so far as the case demands, it is lawful for the Superior who must decide the recourse, not only to confirm the decree or declare that it is invalid, but also to rescind or revoke it or, if it seems to the Superior to be more expedient, to amend it, to substitute for it, or to obrogate it.
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The Legacy of Fidel Castro and the Future of Cuba
The Legacy of Fidel Castro and the Future of Cuba / Iván García
Iván García, 6 December 2016 — Some large scale political events, the
ones where people are weeping over the death of a “venerated leader” or
yelling slogans like ventriloquists, are really smoke and mirrors. A
On April 7, 1957, a month after the assault on the Presidential Palace
by the March 13 Revolutionary Council, friends of the dictator Fulgencio
Batista organized a demonstration on the esplanade in front of the palace.
It was a rainy day but, according to press accounts at the time, 250,000
citizens turned out. This was a huge number considering that the 1953
census reported that Havana had 785,455 residents. (The entire
population of Cuba in 1953 was 5,829,000.) One year and nine months
later the same residents, probably in even larger numbers, filled the
streets of the capital to pay homage to the new soldier messiahs.
A resident of Santos Suárez, now deceased, told me that on November 8,
1958, Batista’s hitmen were involved in a shootout for more than five
hours with four young people from the July 26th Movement, who were holed
up in a building at Goicuría and O’Farrill streets in what is today the
Tenth of October district.
No one from the neighborhood came to the defense of Pedro Gutiérrez,
Rogelio Perea, Angel “Machaco” Ameijeiras and Norma Porras, who was
nineteen-years-old and pregnant by Machaco, the group’s leader.
Residents remained indoors, watching the shooting from behind their
blinds. They later recounted seeing the three men taken alive. After
being tortured, they were executed. Porras was captured on a neighboring
roof and taken to a military hospital.
Neither their torture nor their corpses, which were thrown into a ditch
by Batista’s repressive security agencies, were enough to convince
Cubans to hold public demonstrations. Similarly, dissident protests
denouncing human rights violations are not enough to summon the large
mass of Cubans who harshly criticize the Castros in private.
According to experts, closed societies govern by resorting to human
fear. In a democracy, any incident or injustice can be an incentive for
strikes or public protests.
But in an autocracy — whether it be communist, fascist or a banana
republic — acquiescence and fear stifle rebellion. It’s not as though
Cubans have a genetic predisposition for this condition. Certainly not.
In Italy, Mussolini reined in the Mafia. In Germany, Hitler used the
public squares for his xenophobic, anti-Semitic, and militaristic harangues.
Cuba has spent sixty-four years under dictatorships. Seven under a
capitalist dictatorship which respected free press and granted amnesty
to political prisoners. Although it did impose press censorship at
times, it also later lifted it. For fifty-six years the socialist
dictatorship has invoked a false sense of nationalism and co-opted the
heroes of Cuban independence for its own advantage.
Fidel Castro was clearly an important leader, for good and for evil, but
only in the political realm. In 1956 he raised a guerilla army and
launched a war that broke all the rules of conventional warfare,
destroying a professional army that relied on artillery, planes and war
He was a key figure in Africa’s anti-colonial movement. He provided men
and materiel to seventeen African nations. He tried to subvert almost
all of Latin American except for Mexico (although Subcomandante Marcos’
men did train in Cuba) with strategies that combined armed struggle with
A majority of the continent’s seditionists — from Venezuela’s Carlos the
Jackal to Colombia’s Manuel Marulanda (alias Sure Shot) — passed through
the military camp set up in Guanabo, a seaside area on the outskirts of
Havana. They also included commandos from the Basque terrorist group ETA
as well as the PLO and the IRA.
In terms of economics, Fidel Castro did very little that is worthy of
applause. And a lot at which to jeer. Let’s consider what has come of
some of his hair-brained schemes, the lies he told, the promises he
In Picadura Valley there are no air-conditioned dairies or robust
livestock setting new records for dairy production. Nor any exotic
fruits in Baconao. And Havana was never able to attain the standard of
living of New York, as he once promised in one of his hundreds of speeches.
Rather the opposite has occurred. The neighborhoods he built are a
master class in architectural folly. His schemes destroyed or
depreciated sugar, citrus and coffee production operations.
His brother Raúl had to resort to urgent economic reforms, timid and
still incomplete, if for no other reason than to paper over the
disasters created by Fidel.
Castro I was a dictator, an enlightened leader. He did not have a 900
million dollar fortune, as Forbes magazine reported. He had much more.
He had something that cannot be appraised in monetary terms. He had a
whole country. A country that he ran like his own personal estate.
Now that he has died, the question that arises is: What will happen to
the more than twenty houses that he owned throughout the country? Or to
his private navy? Or his island in Cayo Piedra south of the Bay of Pigs?
The man whom God has just called home has, to my mind, caused damage on
an anthropological scale to Cuba and to Cubans. He polarized society and
opinions. He sold us on the idea that the Fatherland was synonymous with
revolution and socialism.
Castroism did not end with Fidel Castro’s death. The regime still has
some life left in it. But with his death an era ends and the revolution
loses a symbol. International economic forces will require new reforms
if it is to survive. A relapse into ideology and a retreat from economic
reform will spell the beginning of the end for Castroism.
After Fidel Castro’s ashes have been set inside an enormous rock,
supposedly brought down from the Sierra Maestra, and the funeral
services have concluded, honest Cubans — those from here and those from
there — must sit down and discuss whether or not we want live in a
All of us are vital to the future of Cuba. The best way to repair the
terrible sociological and spiritual damage Fidel Castro has caused is
to set aside resentment and engage in dialogue.
To paraphrase the poet Angel Cuadra, the two sides have the same hero,
José Martí. Both always defend their ideas singing the same anthem and
raising the same flag.
The war is over. Let’s build a new Cuba together.
Diario Las Americas, December 4, 2016
Source: The Legacy of Fidel Castro and the Future of Cuba / Iván García
– Translating Cuba – | <urn:uuid:491b90a7-fa7e-4d35-ac63-558cc8389bee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cubadissident.impela.net/2016/12/the-legacy-of-fidel-castro-and-the-future-of-cuba/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00475-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949291 | 1,565 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Bridge's future rests with federal grant
Published 10:00 pm, Sunday, September 20, 2009
The South Park Bridge carries 20,000 vehicles per day across the Duwamish River and serves as one of two main crossings for the isolated community that shares its name.
But with a crumbling foundation and its piers no longer sturdy, the 78-year-old bascule bridge is near the end of its life. If King County fails to secure a $99 million federal grant, the South Park Bridge may have to close in 2010, county officials said in a news release last week.
The bridge connects 14th Avenue South on the South Park side with East Marginal Way South and Georgetown, near Boeing Field. It's one of two primary connections for residents in the Duwamish industrial area and serves as a main connection to South Park's main business district.
Trucks hauling freight make up 14 percent of daily traffic across the bridge.
County officials have warned for years that the bridge, which crosses from a tiny sliver of unincorporated land at the edge of the Seattle and Tukwila city limits, may soon have to close. The piers that support the bridge's spans are leaning inward, causing misalignment in the two leaves that rise and close. The piers also are drifting apart, one moving upriver and the other side gradually drifting downstream, said Tim Lane, supervising engineer.
In a statement, King County Executive Kurt Triplett said Tukwila and the Port of Seattle are partners in pursuing a federal grant due to the impact that closing the bridge would have on the Duwamish industrial area.
"If money for a replacement isn't found and the bridge is forced to close, hundreds of jobs could be lost and up to 20 percent of the merchants in South Park's business district will suffer extreme economic hardship. Such an outcome would be devastating for the 53,000 people living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods just south of the bridge," Triplett said.
The bridge's pilings were driven about 8 to 15 feet short of glacial till when the bridge was built in 1929, meaning they're sitting in soft soil. In addition, the concrete foundation is cracking "everywhere," and sustained additional damage during the Nisqually earthquake in 2001.
Crews have been shortening the metal interlocking teeth at the end of each span so they'll close properly and making other short-term fixes, Lane said. An earlier story in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer said county officials have been spending about $250,000 per year on repairs.
"We're throwing money at this and basically buying time," he said. "The days of the easy repairs are quickly coming to an end."
King County has applied for $99 million from the federal Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) grant program. About $1.5 billion will be awarded to states through the program. Decisions are expected early next year.
But the bridge is competing with proposals from several local transit agencies. Among them, Sound Transit is requesting money to extend light rail from Sea-Tac Airport south to 200th Street and state Route 99 in SeaTac; the state Department of Transportation has applied for $300 million toward the new Highway 520 bridge; and the City of Seattle is seeking $50 million to begin work on the $290 million Mercer corridor project.
Rebuilding the bridge, which includes design work and road improvements, is pegged at $153 million. That would help continue maintenance of the existing bridge until the new one is complete.
With federal help, construction could begin in April and finish in three years, Lane said. But without grant money, King County can't afford to keep throwing money at short-term repairs, he said.
In 2002, inspectors gave the bridge a sufficiency rating of 6 out of a possible 100, according to standards set by the Federal Highway Administration. That rating has since slipped to 4, according to county officials. | <urn:uuid:98852457-36ba-49ae-be77-1bd243010134> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.seattlepi.com/local/transportation/article/Bridge-s-future-rests-with-federal-grant-892212.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00347-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962663 | 820 | 1.898438 | 2 |
To comply with PAS 2035, every domestic retrofit project will need to be managed by an approved Retrofit Coordinator.
A Retrofit Coordinator is the individual who will be responsible for overseeing the assessment of dwellings as well as the subsequent specification, monitoring, and evaluation of energy efficiency measures, in accordance with PAS 2035.
A Retrofit Coordinator will
manage a retrofit project from inception to completion, and will need to liaise
with building owners, Retrofit Assessors, Retrofit Designers and Retrofit
Installers to ensure effective end-to-end project management.
The activities that a Retrofit Coordinator will need to undertake as part of the PAS 2035 process include.
1. IDENTIFYING RISK PATHWAY - The completion of a retrofit risk assessment for each dwelling or dwelling type within the retrofit project. This is a desktop exercise using planning portals, EPC, map searches. (This is a set fee)
2. APPROVAL OF RETROFIT ASSESSMENT REPORT – (Retrofit Assessment Report completed by a Retrofit Assessor) captures a whole dwelling assessment based on the risk assessment pathway above. (This is a set fee)
3. RETROFIT PLAN - The development of a Medium-Term Improvement Plan. Evaluation of a client’s design, including specific details of products, interfaces and how and the order in which they are to be installed. (This is a set fee plus a cost for a site visit if required).
4. CLIENT HANDOVER – Legal notifications, certificates of competence, product and workmanship guarantees, manufacturer’s instructions etc. CLAIM OF COMPETENCE i.e. have the measures been installed as per the agreed or amended design? (This is a set fee plus a cost for a site visit - required).
5. PAS 2035:2019 CONFORMANCE – uploading the required documentation to the Data Warehouse and submitting lodgement. (This is a set fee including lodgement fee £20-£25).
6. MONITORING and EVALUATION – Post installation customer survey and basic monitoring. Solving any disputes caused by customer dissatisfaction or unintended consequences. (This is a set fee plus a cost for a site visit if required). | <urn:uuid:e2f74285-da4d-4f7f-a4aa-bf9efc26aaf7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.myenergyrating.uk/retrofit-coordinator | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.892201 | 475 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Even in the https://badcreditloanmart.com/payday-loans-mo/ event a borrower’s funds enhanced sufficient for the loan provider to justify making an additional and loan that is third loans could be capped at three in succession followed closely by a mandatory 30-day cool down period.
With regards to installment loans, in the event that debtor is struggling which will make re re re payments, loan providers could be forbidden from refinancing the mortgage into that loan with comparable re re payment unless a debtor demonstrated that their situation that is financial would materially improves set alongside the 30 previous times.
But, the financial institution can offer to refinance if it would lead to considerably smaller payments or would significantly reduce the total price of the consumer’s credit.
Principal Payoff Choice
For several short-term loans, the CFPB’s guidelines will allow loan providers to give credit without very first performing the full-payment test.
but, the possibility is fixed to simply lower-risk situations that could need your debt become paid back either in a payment that is single with as much as two extensions where in fact the principal is paid off at each and every action.
Underneath the proposition, customers might take down a loan that is short-term to $500 minus the full-payment test included in the principal payoff choice this is certainly straight organized to help keep customers from being trapped with debt.
The particular parameters associated with the principal payoff choice consist of:
• Restricted to lower-risk circumstances: Under this program, customers could borrow a maximum of $500 for the initial loan. Loan providers will be banned from using car games as security and structuring the mortgage as open-end credit. Lenders would additionally be banned from providing the solution to customers who’ve outstanding short-term or balloon-payment loans, or have been around in financial obligation on short-term loans a lot more than ninety days in a rolling period that is 12-month.
• Debt is paid down: included in the principal payoff choice, the financial institution could possibly offer a debtor as much as two extensions associated with loan, but as long as the debtor takes care of at the least one-third of this principal with every expansion. This proposed principal decrease feature is supposed to steadily reduce customers’ financial obligation burden, permitting customers to repay the first loan much more workable quantities to prevent a financial obligation trap.
• financial obligation risks are disclosed: The proposition would need a loan provider to deliver notices before generally making a loan underneath the principal payoff choice. These notices must make use of language that is plain notify customers about components of the possibility.
Alternative Loan Alternatives
Along with limiting whenever and exactly how short-term loans may be passed out, the CFPB would allow loan providers to provide two loan that is longer-term.
Underneath the very first option, loan providers could possibly offer loans that generally speaking meet with the parameters associated with the nationwide Credit Union Administration “payday alternative loans program that is.
These loans would come with an intention rate capped at 28% while the application cost isn’t any a lot more than $20.
The 2nd choice could be for loan providers to supply credit this is certainly payable in approximately equal re re payments with terms not to ever surpass 2 yrs as well as an all-in cost of 36% or less, excluding a “reasonable†origination fee.
Loan providers with this loan choice is necessary to have projected standard price of 5% or less. In the event that standard price surpasses 5%, the lending company would need to refund the origination charges for the 12 months.
Loan providers could be limited on how a lot of either variety of loan they are able to make per customer per year, in line with the CFPB.
The Bureau also tackled one of the more egregious and devastating aspects of small-dollar lending: collection practices while the proposed rule provides unique requirements for different lenders.
Presently, both short-term and lenders that are longer-term need use of customers’ checking, savings or prepaid accounts before issuing credit. Such access enables the lending company to gather repayments straight from customers by means of post-dated checks, debit authorizations, or remotely produced checks.
Although this payment technique can be convenient, it usually results in extra financial obligation, as borrowers sustain costs like inadequate funds costs, came back payment charges or account closure costs.
A current CFPB research unearthed that during a period of eighteen months, 50 % of online borrowers had a minumum of one debit attempt that overdrafted or unsuccessful, and much more than one-third of borrowers by having a payment that is failed their account. | <urn:uuid:6b441147-29d8-4128-81ed-286a27f1b7c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.myairshare.com/the-exact-same-test-would-use-in-the-event-that-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.965371 | 993 | 1.625 | 2 |
The college essay represents 25% of your application, and can make the difference between whether you get accepted to your dream school or not. And as more schools go test-optional, college essays are more critical than ever. But writing a personal statement is vastly different than writing an essay for AP English or History, and admissions officers can tell within moments – or the first few sentences – whether they want to read on.
The Common App personal statement requires students to dig deep and express their authentic selves with a compelling and fresh narrative in 650 words or less – no small feat. Helping a young person craft a meaningful personal statement takes a unique set of skills beyond just the rudiments of grammar and the fundamentals of answering a written prompt. It takes keen insight into the young adult mind and heart to help them make sense of their own experiences and translate them into an impactful essay.
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Who's Behind Listverse?
Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author.More About Us
10 Very Strange British Traditions
Britain has a long and varied past – it has been conquered repeatedly, it has conquered others, and it has colonized half the planet. Through its history, many strange traditions and festivals have arisen. This list looks at ten of the most unusual.
The Egremont Crab Fair – one of England’s weirder events – gets its name from crab apples rather than the marine variety. It started back in the 13th century when the Lord of the Manor gave away crab apples to the populace. In fact, to this day, the Parade of the Apple Cart, where apples are thrown into the crowds on the Main Street, is part of the fair. There are a host of other non-mechanized, traditional events – greasy pole climbing, a pipe smoking contests, a talent show, Cumberland wrestling, a hounds trail. But lets face it, the reason Egremont makes the news every year is the gurning competition. Home of the Gurning World Championships.
Gurning, involves a rubber-faced skill that is totally bizarre and unique to this part of England. Contestants put their heads through horse collar or braffin while they create the ugliest, most grotesque faces they can manage. A certain amount of skill is involved but a lot of beer and a certain amount of toothlessness probably has an impact as well. Celebrities occasionally have a go and the national news usually features the winning gurners. If you are in Cumbria visiting the Lake District, nearby, in September, stop in at the Egremont Crab Fair. You won’t see anything like this anywhere else and you won’t soon forget it.
The Cooper’s Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake is an annual event held on the Spring Bank Holiday at Cooper’s Hill near Gloucester in the Cotswolds region of England It is traditionally by and for the people of Brockworth – the local village, but now people from all over the world take part. The event takes its name from the hill on which it occurs. The 2010 event has been cancelled due to safety concerns over the number of people visiting the event but it is hoped that it will be held on the late May Bank Holiday in 2011. Due to the steepness and uneven surface of the hill there are usually a number of injuries, ranging from sprained ankles to broken bones and concussion. Cooper’s Hill Cheese Rolling has been summarized as “twenty young men chase a cheese off a cliff and tumble 200 yards to the bottom, where they are scraped up by paramedics and packed off to hospital”.
Maypole dancing is a form of folk dance from western Europe, especially England, Sweden, Galicia, Portugal and Germany, with two distinctive traditions. In the most widespread, dancers perform circle dances around a tall pole which is decorated with garlands, painted stripes, flowers, flags and other emblems. In the second most common form, dancers dance in a circle each holding a colored ribbon attached to a much smaller pole; the ribbons are intertwined and plaited either on to the pole itself or into a web around the pole. The dancers may then retrace their steps exactly in order to unravel the ribbons.
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organized charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. In 1911 an organized pearly society was formed in Finchley, north London.
Guy Fawkes Night (or “bonfire night”), held on 5 November in the United Kingdom and some parts of the Commonwealth, is a commemoration of the plot, during which an effigy of Fawkes is burned, often accompanied by a fireworks display. The word “guy”, meaning “man” or “person”, is derived from his name. Guy Fawkes (13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes, the name he adopted while fighting for the Spanish in the Low Countries, belonged to a group of Catholic Restorationists from England who planned the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Their aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I and the entire Protestant, and even most of the Catholic, aristocracy and nobility were inside. The conspirators saw this as a necessary reaction to the systematic discrimination against English Catholics.
The Gunpowder Plot was led by Robert Catesby, but Fawkes was put in charge of its execution. He was arrested a few hours before the planned explosion, during a search of the cellars underneath Parliament in the early hours of 5 November prompted by the receipt of an anonymous warning letter. Basically it’s a celebration of the failed attempt to blow up the Houses of Parliament in Westminster.
Ascot Racecourse is a famous English racecourse, located in the small town of Ascot, Berkshire, used for thoroughbred horse racing. It is one of the leading racecourses in the United Kingdom, hosting 9 of the UK’s 32 annual Group 1 races, the same number as Newmarket. The course is closely associated with the British Royal Family, being approximately six miles from Windsor Castle, and owned by the Crown Estate. Ascot today stages twenty-five days of racing over the course of the year, comprising sixteen Flat meetings held in the months of May and October. The Royal Meeting, held in June, remains a major draw, the highlight being the Ascot Gold Cup. The most prestigious race is the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes run over the course in July. What makes this so special is that every year the fashion, specifically the hats get bigger, bolder and damn right weirder as the photo illustrates.
Yes indeed, you read correctly, bog snorkeling. If any of you ever doubted that us Brits are mad, this should make up your minds for you. Basically participants dive into a bog, wearing goggles, a pair of flippers and a snorkel, they then proceed to race each other along a 120ft trench filled with mud. Held every year the participants come from all over the world and raise lots of money for charity.
Straw Bear (Strawboer) Day is an old English tradition held on the 7th of January. It is known in a small area of Fenland on the borders of Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire, including Ramsey Mereside. This day is believed to be traditional start of agricultural year in England. A man or a boy wears a straw costume covering him from his head to toes. He goes from house to house where he dances. As prize for his dancing people give him money, food or beer.
Worm charming is a way to of attracting earthworms from the ground. Many do it to collect bait for fishing. But there are also those who do it as sort of sport. The village of Willaston, near Nantwich, Cheshire is the place where since 1980 the annual World Championships have been organized. The competition was actually initiated by local man Tom Shufflebotham who on the 5th of July, 1980 charmed 511 worms from the ground in only half an hour. The competition has 18 rules. Here are just few of them. Each competitor competes in the 3 x 3 meters area. Music of any kind can be used to charm worms out of the ground. No drugs can be used! Water is considered to be a drug (stimulant).
A Morris dance is a form of English folk dance usually accompanied by music. It is based on rhythmic stepping and the execution of choreographed figures by a group of dancers. Implements such as sticks, swords, and handkerchiefs may also be wielded by the dancers. In a small number of dances for one or two men, steps are performed near and across a pair of clay tobacco pipes laid across each other on the floor. | <urn:uuid:0279d59e-49c1-43da-a5b5-d23d585bc58f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://listverse.com/2010/04/02/10-very-strange-british-traditions/?utm_source=more&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=direct | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.966926 | 1,733 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Trust of Leaked Certificates Revoked by Microsoft
The certificates of the four digital certificates leaked last week have been revoked by Microsoft. The certificates were leaked unknowingly by D-Link, reported by Threatpost.
Last week networking gear manufacturer D-Link was in the news for the wrong reason. An embarrassing mistake by the company led to the release of private keys that can be used to sign certificates. The keys were found in D-Link’s open source firmware package.
Private keys are used to sign certificates for programs. A program that has a legitimate certificate associated with it easily makes its way past the security scanners of any organization. The mistake by D-Link could, therefore, have had serious consequences.
The news was disclosed by a Dutch tech website which reported that private keys used to sign certificates were found in D-Link’s open source firmware packages. This was confirmed by Fox-IT as well. The keys were found in the firmware that is up for downloading for D-Link’s DCS-5020L security camera. Passphrases and other information required signing the certificates was also available in the packages.
In order to make quick amends, Microsoft has said that it has updated its Certificate Trust list by removing trust for the four certificates leaked by D-Link as they could have been used to sign malicious code. Two of the certificates were issued by Symantec which belonged to D-Link and Alpha Networks. The other two were issued by GoDaddy and belonged to TRENDnet and Keebox.
Microsoft, though, said that the client versions of Windows 8, 8.1 and 10 and the Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 RT, Windows RT, as well as Windows Phone 8 and 8.1 have updaters that will automatically revoke the certificates without requiring the user to do so.
Although such a feature is not available for Windows 7, Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2, an automatic installer is available for these. Users can either download this installer or install update 2813430.
Fox-IT researcher Yonathan Klijnsma said that the issue had resulted from a small mistake by the person who packaged the source code for publishing. Since the keys were available only in a single version of the firmware, he believes it was a simple mistake of not excluding the folder with the private keys in that particular version.
Yonathan Klijsma said:
I think this was a mistake by whoever packaged the source code for publishing. The code signing certificate was only present in one of the source code packages with a specific version. The version above and below the specific package did not contain the folder in which the code signing certificates resided. A simple mistake of folder exclusion as far as I could see.
The certificate for D-Link was published on February 27 and expired on September 3, which means it was available for around six months. Whether or not it was used to sign malware during that time is yet to be found out.
Featured image from Shutterstock. | <urn:uuid:15c968c4-5e13-469c-861d-524b518348ad> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://hacked.com/trust-leaked-certificates-revoked-microsoft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718285.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00106-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974272 | 621 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Campbell, Robert, 1808–94, Canadian fur trader and explorer, b. Scotland. Employed as a young man by the Hudson's Bay Company, he was sent in 1834 to the Mackenzie River region, where he remained until 1852. He discovered the Pelly River in 1840, descending it in 1843 to its confluence with the Lewes River to form the Yukon. Here he established Fort Selkirk in 1848. Later (1850–51) he followed the Yukon to its junction with the Porcupine River at Fort Yukon. He worked as a trader for Hudson's Bay until 1871, when he was discharged, and spent his last years as a rancher in Manitoba. He wrote The Discovery and Exploration of the Pelly River (1883).
See C. Wilson, Campbell of the Yukon (1970).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Canadian History: Biographies | <urn:uuid:0f6f343b-c6dd-48e5-ac8b-99adb1a2992b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/campbell-robert-canadian-fur-trader-explorer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00314-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929167 | 212 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Frozen in time: The pictures that reveal the 'tree' created when ice forms on a single droplet of water
These incredible pictures capture the moments water freezes.
They show an ice ‘tree’ growing on a single droplet of water.
The beautiful phenomenon was captured on video by scientists who placed the globule on a plate cooled to -20C and watched as it froze.
An ice 'tree' growing on a single droplet of water. The beautiful phenomenon was captured on video by scientists from Twente University in Holland who placed the globule on a plate cooled to -20C and watched as it froze.
GROWING ICE TREES
Once the liquid is completely frozen, the sharp tip of the drop attracts water vapor in the air, much like a sharp metal lightning rod attracts electrical charges.
The water vapor collects on the tip and a tree of small ice crystals starts to grow, as seen above
In liquid form drops of water have a spherical shape, but when they freeze they become angular with a point at the top.
Physicist Oscar Enriquez, of Twente University in Holland, said: 'The process of solidification can be observed very clearly due to the change in refraction when water turns into ice.'
When light passes into a denser substance - such as from air to water - it is refracted or ‘bent’ towards a line forming a 90 degree angle to the boundary between the two substances.
The bending occurs because light travels more slowly in a denser medium.
The film shows the drop freezes from the bottom up where it is in contact with the cold plate and stays more or less spherical while the water at the top is still runny.
But as the final part of the liquid freezes the surface is pushed up by the water - causing a point to form at the top of the ‘mountain’.
The close up camera captures water changing shape as it freezes. In liquid form drops of water have a spherical shape, but when they freeze they become angular with a point at the top.
But then something unexpected happens - the sharp tip of the ice drop attracts water vapour in the air much like a sharp metal lightning rod triggers electrical charges.
This collects and a tiny tree of small ice crystals starts to grow, the photos published in Physics of Fluids show.
The researchers said the effect is not observed for most other liquids and arises because water expands as it freezes.
The vertical growth in combination with the confining effect of surface tension on the spherical cap of remaining liquid leads to the point formation.
An opposite effect has been shown to extract water molecules from the sharp edge of potato wedges in the oven.
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Anyone can farm, regardless of their location. Whether you live in the heart of a city, in the suburbs, or on a massive ranch, there are ways to grow your own food. In this blog post, we will give you essential tips for urban farming, so that you can get started right away!
What is Urban Farming?
While traditional farming methods may require a lot of open space for growing rows of crops, urban farming is the practice of growing food in urban areas. This can be done in many different ways, such as:
- Community Gardening: These are usually shared gardens that are open to the public. They are a great way to meet other urban farmers and learn about different techniques.
- Indoor Gardening: If you live in an apartment or condo, you can still grow your own food! There are many ways to do this, such as using hydroponics, aeroponics, or soil-based methods.
- Rooftop Gardening: This is a great way to make use of unused space. You can grow a variety of crops on your rooftop, as long as you have enough sunlight and water.
Benefits of Urban Farming
There are many benefits to urban farming such as:
- Lowers your Carbon Footprint: Every piece of food you eat that isn’t sourced from a factory farm lowers your carbon footprint and mitigates the effects of climate change. Urban farming is one of the most sustainable options for sourcing your produce if you live in a city.
- Increases Access to Fresh Food: When you grow your own food, you have access to fresh fruits and vegetables year-round. You also know exactly where your food comes from and how it was grown.
- Saves Money: One of the best parts about maintaining your own garden is the food is free! In the long run, the average garden can save you $530 in yearly produce costs.
- Improves Mental Health: Gardening has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety levels. It can also improve cognitive function and increase feelings of well-being.
- Creates Stronger Community Ties: Urban farming can help build a sense of community. When people come together to grow food, they form bonds that can last a lifetime.
- Improves Rooftop Cooling from Rooftop Farms: Having a layer of greenery on a roof absorbs the sun’s harshest effects by diluting its heat before it can be absorbed by your roof. This way, your house can stay cool while you grow crops.
- Creates a Source of Nutrition for Communities: For those that live in food deserts, (neighborhoods in which there doesn’t exist a grocery store with affordable produce), a big community garden can be one of the only sources of nutritious produce.
Step-by-Step Tips for Successful Urban Farming
1) Plan your Garden
For community gardens, this step may already be done for you. Check with the agency that runs your community garden, whether it be your neighborhood, your municipality, or a company. Make sure you have a space within the garden and you are a member before you start planting crops.
If you’re looking to start a community garden, be sure to check up with your local municipality so you can make sure to fulfill any and all requirements before you start planting.
For indoor gardens, find a dedicated space for pots, buckets, or tubs of crops to reside in. If you can’t find a dedicated space, spread your plants throughout your home. This will provide nice decor for your home while also growing produce.
For rooftop gardens, make sure that your building can support the weight of a garden. Be sure to get a rooftop inspection from your city or local municipality before installing any garden as some cities may have requirements that need to be fulfilled before you can build a garden.
2) Research Crops Suitable for your Local Environment
If you’re planning on planting crops in an outdoor garden, (whether it be on a community plot of land or on a rooftop), be sure to research what to plant in order to make sure your garden is suitable for your local climate.
Be sure to research drought-tolerant crops if you live in an area prone to drought, aridification, or frequent heat waves. Look for crops suitable for dry-farming that can grow and create fruits or vegetables with little to no watering.
If you’re growing crops indoors, your choice of plants is very wide. You won’t have to water your indoor crops nearly as much as outdoor crops because evaporation will be much less of a problem. Still, you have to make sure that your space gets enough sunlight so that your plants can thrive.
Some cities restrict what you can grow based on environmental conditions including crops prone to burning. Make sure what you’re growing is okay with your city or local municipality.
3) Build your Garden
If you have the land and clearance from your city or local municipality, you can start to build your garden. Build garden beds out of wooden pallets, line the bottom of the bed with porous weed block, and add topsoil. You can also use containers instead of garden beds.
For indoor gardens, lay out your pots and containers according to the sunlight available and what is necessary for your plants. Be sure your containers have proper drainage systems so that watering your plants doesn’t make a huge mess.
Once you know what you’re going to plant, buy or make soil that fulfills the nutrient requirements of your crop. You should also start composting so you can have access to free, nutrient-rich soil amendment from your home.
4) Plant your Crops
For seedlings, check the back of your seed packet for specific instructions on how deep to plant your crop. Water the plant according to its needs.
Make sure you keep the area around your plants weed-free so they don’t have to compete for resources.
5) Transfer your Plants
Once your crops outgrow their container, transplant them to a bigger container.
Transplanting can be stressful for plants, so try to minimize root disturbance. Gently loosen the roots of your plant, remove the plant from its pot, and place it in its new home. Be careful not to damage any roots.
6) Harvest When Ready
Check the back of your seed packet or do a quick Google search to find out when your crop will be ready to harvest. Use sharp, clean tools to cut or pick your produce
Why Should I be Farming in an Urban Environment?
Urban farming can be a great way to get fresh fruits and vegetables, while also reducing your carbon footprint and saving money. It can add beautiful charm to your otherwise barren rooftop or vacant lot. It can also create strong community ties and education for volunteer gardeners. Thanks for reading! We wish you luck on your urban farming adventure! | <urn:uuid:6e22c284-d422-43ad-b645-f113b754f249> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://peaksci.com/urban-farming-guide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.928973 | 1,434 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The New York Public Library, whose digital gallery we here at Village Preservation turn to quite frequently when looking for images to assist in our own research, recently included an article in their November newsletter entitled “Who Lived in a House Like This?” with tips on researching the social history of your home and neighborhood. It is an excellent overview of the sources available for those interested in genealogy or even to those looking to learn who lived in their apartment before them. But for those looking to learn a little more about the architectural history of their building, we thought we would share some tips we’ve gained over the years. Village Preservation has a number of resources on our website that are worth checking out at the start of your search. Perhaps your building is located in a designated New York City or State or National Register of Historic Places historic district, or is an individual city, state, or national landmark. You can find the designation reports for all of these in the East Village, NoHo, and Greenwich Village on the GVSHP resources page. The information in these reports varies, but most have historic information about each building in the district. The AIA Guide to New York City, by Norval White, Elliot Willensky, and Fran Leadon, the latest addition of which was published in 2010, lists and describes many of the outstanding buildings in New York City, and is also a good place to check for information on a building’s history.
Not sure if your building is in a historic district? New York CityMap allows you to see at a glance information about your building, including landmark status, district name, year built, and zoning. But a word of caution. Buildings built before 1900 are often labeled 1899 or 1900 in city databases.
So how do you find the real date of construction, if you happen to be searching for information about a building not in a landmark district? Your next step might be to look at the building’s file at the Department of Buildings. The Manhattan Department of Buildings was created in the 1865, and from that year forward, DOB has kept a record of all new buildings, alterations to existing buildings, demolitions, and other changes to sites. A fairly-reliable (though inc0mplete) list of permits that DOB issued from 1865 until about 1989 can be found on DOB’s website. This is just a list, though. To see the actual permits in person, you’ll need to request the block and lot file from the NYC Municipal Archives.
To access the list, enter the DOB’s Building Information Search. Type in the building address or block and lot to bring up the property profile. Scroll to the bottom and click on “Actions.” This brings up a list of many of the permits filed for the building from about 1865 until 1988. The most important permits are:
- New Building Permits, or “NB”, which is what is filed when a new building is being constructed
- Alteration Permits, or “Alt”, which is what is filed when an existing building is modified
- Demolition Permits, or “DM” or “DP”, which is what is filed when an existing building is demolished
Each permit is numbered by the type of permit it is, the number of the permit, and the year it was filed. For instance, NB 101-03 is the 101st permit filed in 1903. Likewise, Alt. 44-94, is the 44th permit filed for in 1894. The century that the permit was filed in can be confusing. Since the Department of Buildings was created in 1865, any year in the decades of the 00s, 10s, 20s, 30s, 40s, or 50s you can assume is from the 1900s. Likewise, the Department of Buildings stopped using this system about 1990, so any permit with a 90’s year is probably from 1890s. The decades for the 60s, 70s, and 80s, can be permits from the 1800s or the 1900s, so you may have to either make a guess by looking at the building or by doing further research. These permits will also allow you to see what, if any, changes were made to your buildings, such as an addition or the removal of a stoop.
What if you want to take a look at what your building looked like in the past? There are a number of sources for historic images. The New York City Municipal Archive tax photos – taken from 1939 to 1941 and again in the mid-1980s, were taken to appraise property for tax purposes. Every building in the city was photographed. This is a wonderful record of how your building looked at the time and might help you determine what the windows or stoop used to look like. Need a photo from another time period? While there is no other photography survey of this magnitude, the New York Public Library Digital Gallery, the Museum of the City of New York’s Collections Portal, and the LaGuardia and Wagner Archive all have extensive photography collections. While it is tempting to search using the street number and address, we have found that you get better results searching on the street name and cross street.
There are plenty of other resources out there for finding out more about the architecture of your building. If this search tips here are not leading you in the right direction, feel free to contact us with a specific request. | <urn:uuid:e1d4a8f0-0459-4898-89ba-fa9858d7cfdc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.villagepreservation.org/2011/11/14/when-was-my-building-built-and-other-tricky-research-questions/?replytocom=1974 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.96587 | 1,125 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Studying in Sweden comes with critical thinking, freedom and responsibility.
Sweden is ranked among the world leaders in higher education. And despite its relatively small population of around 10 million, it’s home to some of the world’s best universities.
There are around 50 universities and university colleges in Sweden. Most are state-run, but some are independent institutions of higher education, like Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Jönköping University and Stockholm School of Economics. Some of the oldest universities are Lund and Uppsala.
Swedish universities regularly place highly in global rankings like the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the Shanghai Jiao Tong Academic Ranking of World Universities.
Freedom with responsibility
The teaching model applied at Swedish universities and university colleges is based on the motto ‘freedom with responsibility’. A large part of the learning process takes place outside of the classroom, with students mainly pursuing their studies on their own or in groups.
Group work is key. It encourages students to learn from others and solve complex issues as a team. Working together in diverse teams allows students to develop decision-making, time management, and interpersonal skills. By simulating the real dynamics of an international work place, students foster skills that will benefit their future global career, where teamwork across cultures is the norm.
Students in Sweden are expected to take full responsibility for their own learning. To figure things out for themselves. To look beyond their textbooks for answers.
The teaching style at Swedish universities and university colleges promotes critical thinking. Students are expected to question what they learn. Or to question beliefs that are often taken for granted. Debating and arguing with peers and lecturers is accepted and welcomed.
And challenging the status quo is not limited to theory or coursework. Student opinions are asked for and listened to in all aspects of university life. They have a right to influence everything related to their education. This could be in terms of the content and structure of their degree programme, or their study environment.
Equality in focus
Sweden is recognised as one of the most equal countries in the world. It comes as no surprise that equal access is a core component of the higher education system. Students of all backgrounds are welcome, regardless of gender, religion, home country or socioeconomic background. There is no upper age limit at Swedish universities or universities colleges, resulting in a lifelong opportunity for higher education.
Swedish society in general is informal and non-hierarchical, and students speak to and are treated by lecturers as equals. Everyone is on a first name basis – no titles required.
Entry requirements at universities in Sweden vary, but all universities demand that students have successfully completed their upper secondary (high school) education, regardless of nationality. You can read more about requirements at different levels here.
Higher education in Sweden is financed largely by tax revenue. Tuition fees are fully subsidised for students from Sweden, the EU/EEA area and Switzerland. Students from outside the EU/EEA and Switzerland pay tuition fees, but scholarship programmes that cover tuition and living costs are available for a number of non-EU countries.
To enable students who can’t pay tuition fees to study in Sweden, the Swedish government has allocated resources for two scholarship programmes.
The first programme is aimed at highly qualified students from development countries and is designed to cover living costs and tuition fees. These grants are awarded through the Swedish Institute.
The second programme is aimed at highly qualified students from outside the EU/EEA area, barring Switzerland. Grants in this programme are intended to cover tuition fees and are awarded through the Swedish Council for Higher Education to universities and university colleges that already extend grants to students.
Everyone speaks English
Sweden regularly ranks as one of the top countries in the world for non-native speakers of English. It’s easy for students to get around without Swedish. Students are able to use English everywhere, from the classroom to the city centre.
Having said that, learning a bit of Swedish will help students get a deeper understading of the country – and it might add some fun.
Study in Sweden
For more information on studying in Sweden, please visit studyinsweden.se. | <urn:uuid:373d353a-c0ee-4a14-bc9f-90baafc67122> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sweden.se/work-business/study-research/higher-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.957732 | 882 | 2.65625 | 3 |
You may or may not have heard the term “geo-blocking” before, but there’s a high probability you have experienced it at least once. For the uninitiated, it’s the practice of locking digital content to a specific region, blocking anyone located elsewhere from accessing that content. And it sucks.
Thankfully, many of us have learned how to deal with these egregious geo-blocking tactics, employing our own counter measures against the websites and media companies employing them. And this week’s We Ask You is dedicated to sharing what we have all learned in the hopes of condemning this out-of-date practice to the dustbin of history.
Not Available In Your Country…
We want to know, How Do You Bypass Geo-Blocking Tactics?
Geo-blocking tactics are being employed by an increasing number of websites desperate to keep the world divided up into manageable chunks. This is something many media companies and content owners insist upon, and there is very little YouTube, Netflix, and the like can do about it.
Their reasoning is simple: it’s more profitable to do deals with individual territories than for the whole globe all at once. Which is why, for example, people in the United States can enjoy an envious range of content on Netflix but can’t watch the BBC iPlayer.
The big problem here is that the Internet is global, and generally doesn’t respect the old idea of borders. People discover a new movie is being released in the States and they naturally want the chance to watch it as soon as possible. But they can’t because of geo-blocking.
one of the things i hate the most on the internet is geo-blocking: just because i’m not in the US, i can’t watch stuff i like
— Fabs (@ffffabio) March 5, 2015
There are plenty of different ways of bypassing geo-blocking tactics. These include free proxy servers, premium VPNs (Virtual Private Networks), and DNS services. Or, for the more adventurous, illicit file-sharing and streaming. Oftentimes, anything goes when someone wants to watch or listen to a piece of content that isn’t openly available to them.
We simply want to know what methods you use for bypassing geo-blocking tactics? Tell us which proxy server or VPN you use, or how and why you pirate stuff that isn’t actually accessible to you by more traditional, and legal, methods. Also, tell us what websites are guilty of employing geo-blocking tactics in your country, and your attitude to the whole thing.
*click* Oh look at that, I'm Canadian again. Anyway, geoblocking = boo. I don't get it and will never get it. Make it stop and harumph.
— Steve Dangle Glynn (@Steve_Dangle) March 30, 2015
We Need You!
All comments will be read and most will be replied to, before the responses are turned into a full article discussing the various ways of bypassing geo-blocking tactics. Those readers providing the best comments will be thanked by name, receiving our extreme and everlasting gratitude for their efforts.
We Ask You is a column dedicated to crowdsourcing the wisdom of MakeUseOf readers. This column is nothing without you, as MakeUseOf is nothing without you.
Image Credit: Joe Lodge via Flickr | <urn:uuid:c4b3cf0b-d4f0-4a2e-963d-5f612006b3c4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/bypass-geo-blocking-tactics-ask/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00192-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934372 | 705 | 1.945313 | 2 |
1. Background And Context
1.1. This report presents the findings of an analysis of responses to the Scottish Government's consultation on provisions for a future Islands Bill.
1.2. Since 2013, there has been an increased focus on the place of island areas in Scotland and the roles of national and local government in addressing the issues they face. There has been growing recognition of both the strengths of Scotland's island areas and the challenges they face.
1.3. Three island local authorities (Shetland Islands Council, Orkney Islands Council and Comhairle nan Eilean Siar) launched a campaign in 2013, entitled "Our Islands - Our Future (Ar n-Eileanan - Ri teachd)" to highlight such issues.
1.4. The "Lerwick Declaration" was made in response to the campaign. In July 2013, the then First Minister, on behalf of the Scottish Government, announced the establishment of a Ministerial Working Group (the Island Areas Ministerial Working Group) to look at further empowerment for island communities. The declaration stated the Scottish Government's commitment to the principle of subsidiarity and local decision-making.
1.5. The Working Group (involving the island authorities and the Scottish Government) was instrumental in developing a series of proposals, some of which formed the basis of the current consultation. In June 2014, the Scottish Government published the "Empowering Scotland's Island Communities" prospectus . This set out a package of measures to empower Scotland's islands, which was predicated on the transfer of all powers to the Scottish Parliament in the event of a Yes vote in the 2014 Independence Referendum.
1.6. The prospectus committed the Scottish Government to: providing island communities with greater control over economic, fiscal and environmental issues; ensuring that island communities were represented in government; and that relevant measures implemented at a national and local level were properly "proofed". At the centre of the proposals was a commitment to produce an Islands Bill.
1.7. In February 2015, the Ministerial Working Group was reconvened to implement as many of the prospectus commitments as possible within the existing powers of the Scottish Parliament, and any future powers that would come through the Smith Commission recommendations and future Scotland Bill. As part of this work, it was considered important to seek wider views on the provisions which may be included in a future Islands Bill, and this consultation was carried out to gather these views. The findings will help to inform the Scottish Government's consideration of the way forward.
1.8. The consultation ran from 30 th September 2015 until 23 rd December 2015. A consultation document was issued and this explored views of:
- Empowering Island Communities.
- A National Islands Plan.
- Statutory Protection to the Na h-Eileanan an Iar Scottish parliamentary constituency.
- Amending the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004
- Any other issues for consideration in a future Islands Bill.
1.9. The consultation asked 14 questions. Eight of these questions asked respondents to express their agreement or disagreement with an aspect of the proposals, while the remainder asked for general views of particular issues. Almost all of the questions provided an opportunity for respondents to give detailed information. A full list of the questions is provided at Annex 1.
1.10. A response form was provided on which respondents could record their answers, and they were also asked to complete a Respondent Information Form ( RIF) giving their own details.
Submissions and respondents
1.11. A total of 192 responses were received. The types of respondent are set out in Table 1 (below). A full list of respondents is provided at Annex 2.
Table 1. Respondents by category
|Third Sector organisations||11||6|
|Representative bodies, trade bodies or trade unions||10||5|
|Private sector organisations or trusts||5||3|
|Politicians or political parties ||3||2|
1.12. As is clear from the table, the largest number of responses were from individuals.
1.13. The majority of respondents addressed the specific questions and followed the format of the response form, although not all of them addressed all of the questions. A total of 10 respondents did not follow the form, and provided their response either at Question 14 or in a separate document. Five respondents requested that their response should be treated as confidential.
Analysis of the data and presentation of the information
1.14. The analysis of the data involved a number of stages, which were:
- Design of an Access database to include the data for each question.
- Input of verbatim material provided by the Scottish Government.
- Quantitative analysis (where appropriate).
- Preparation of a series of Word documents for the qualitative material, containing all responses to each question.
- Identification of the key themes and sub-themes for each question.
- Summary of the findings and preparation of this report.
1.15. The presentation of the information involves some quantitative material, although most of the detail is qualitative. The quantitative information includes:
- The number of respondents overall, and the number / proportions of different types of respondents (Table 1 above).
- The proportion of respondents who answered each question.
- The views expressed at the "yes/no" questions.
1.16. Pie charts have been used to give a visual presentation of the quantitative findings at the "yes/no" questions.
1.17. The additional comments made at each question ( e.g. where respondents were asked to give reasons for their answer, or to provide more general views) also provided a large amount of additional qualitative detail. It would be inappropriate to attempt to quantify these views for a number of reasons, including that:
- Many of the detailed points were made at different questions. To avoid too much repetition, these were included at the most relevant question.
- Some responses represented the views of a number of individuals or organisations.
- The focus of the qualitative analysis was on the range and nature of views, rather than a "weighing" of responses.
- The respondents were self-selecting. As such, it is not possible to generalise from these findings.
1.18. Qualitative terms ( e.g. "a small number"; "a few"; "several"; "many"; etc.) are used to present the detailed information, and the overall themes and range and depth of views are described. The report cannot provide a compendium of the consultation material, nor present every individual point made, as there was a large volume of detailed information. It does, however, summarise the themes and issues raised, even where these involved small numbers of respondents. The full text of the responses can be viewed on the Scottish Government website .
1.19. The wording used to present the qualitative material sometimes follows the wording of a response closely, to ensure the message is represented accurately (although not presented as a "quote"). Quotations have not been presented in the report, as this might imply that the views of one respondent carried more weight than another.
1.20. There were no clear variations in patterns of views by type of respondent, given the large proportion of responses from individuals. For that reason, the report does not list the types of respondent identifying each individual theme, as this would make the report difficult to read.
1.21. The term "respondent" refers to one response, even if it represents the views of more than one contributor. A small number of respondents endorsed another response in full. In these cases, their answers have been taken to be the same as those in the endorsed response.
1.22. The remainder of the report presents the findings of the consultation analysis, as follows.
- Section 2: island-proofing (Questions 1-4).
- Section 3: Empowering Island Communities (Questions 5-8).
- Section 4: A National Islands Plan (Questions 9-11).
- Section 5: Statutory Protection to the Na h-Eileanan an Iar Scottish parliamentary constituency (Question 12); amending the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004 (Question 13); and any other issues for consideration in a future Islands Bill (Question 14).
There is a problem
Thanks for your feedback | <urn:uuid:6b1ad8b6-21ec-4b89-9d32-eeba6543dc1a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-provisions-future-islands-bill-analysis-responses/pages/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.941101 | 1,807 | 2.140625 | 2 |
2022 - 2023 Parkour Classes
Parkour (formerly known as Ninja Warrior) Ages 1st Grade and Up
The basis of Parkour lies in one’s ability to overcome obstacles using the human body. Parkour values principles such as strength and longevity to help develop a healthy lifestyle and promote regular physical activity.
The idea behind the movement is to adapt to an environment. This could be concrete walls, benches, picnic tables, boulders, staircases, playgrounds and any other area with the possibility of creative movement. The ideas of flow and continuous movement are front and center as well as creative expression through movement.
Parkour teaches lessons that apply both inside and outside of the gym. Through this movement students learn to break down complex movements and concepts into more simple steps for progress. You need to roll before you can flip, just as you need to walk before you can run. These classes push students to strive for improvement in physical abilities and goals that are set by them.
Our Parkour classes teach skills like vaulting, precision's, flips, climbing techniques, and more. These skills are then used together to move through all sorts of environments. Not only does this condition the body to adapt, but also trains the mind to look at the physical world in a whole new way.
Parkour differs from gymnastics in that there aren’t many set rules. People are bound by physics and gravity, but aside from that all sorts of creativity is welcome. We may have stolen a few moves from gymnastics (shhh don’t tell them!) but the movement of Parkour is truly one of a kind.
These Parkour skills don’t only have an application within the walls of the gym. Skills such as cooperation and persistence and hard work are essential for the world outside of spring floors and trampolines. Learning these things will help to boost confidence and encourage an exercise-rich and healthy lifestyle.
We promote an atmosphere of support and inclusion. No matter the background, age, or physical ability, Parkour is for anyone and everyone. We all start somewhere, you just need to start moving.
|Parkour Tuition: $205.00 (Based on 10-week session/one class per week)|
Gym-Ken Gymnastics Payment Policy
- If your child is enrolled and has attended even one class of a session, you are obligated to pay for the entire session.
- Gym-Ken Gymnastics does offer a payment plan. 1/2 payment is due prior to the 1st class of each session, the remaining 1/2 payment (plus a $2 service fee) is due at the halfway point of that session.
- Gym-Ken Gymnastics accepts cash, personal checks made payable to Gym-Ken Gymnastics, Master Card, Visa and Discover.
- If there is an outstanding balance on your account prior to the beginning of a new session, then unfortunately, your child will not be able to begin the new session until the balance has been remitted.
- A $10.00 late fee will be added after Week 1 of the Session if no payment has been made on the account.
|Classes are held:|
|Sunday Grades 1-3||12:30pm-1:30pm or 1:30pm-2:30pm|
|Sunday Grades 4-6||2:45pm-3:45pm|
|Sunday Grades 7+||3:45pm-4:45pm| | <urn:uuid:f1c5b82e-1f52-4bd2-b3b2-67d04c559fbd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://gymkengymnastics.com/programs/parkour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.942603 | 726 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Civil War Hospitals
Civil War Field Hospital / Civil War Surgery
Civil War Hospitals were typically requisitioned homes, barns and any serviceable buildings on battlefields. Tents were also used as Civil War field hospitals on rural battlefields or when all other available buildings were being used.
Women at the Front: Hospital Workers in Civil War America
In Hospital & Camp: The Civil War through the Eyes of Its Doctors and Nurses
Richmond's Wartime Hospitals
Of the roughly 620,000 killed in the American Civil War, 240,000 died of disease. It was a soldiers worst enemy and even when the fighting subsided, you could find Civil War doctors tending to scores of men fighting deadly diseases that would rapidly spread through the ranks if untreated.
Civil War hospitals, particularly those in the field were anything but sanitary. Not much was known at that time about the need to sterilize equipment, change linens and keep the hospital clean to minimize the chance of diseases lingering within its walls and spreading to others.
Civil War Hospital Sketches
Hospital Life in the Army of the Potomac (Expanded, Annotated)
During the course of a battle, Civil War nurses and doctors would make their way to the field of battle and establish hospitals in building in and around the battlefield. They would use anything available to them at the time including beds, chairs, carpets, linens, and curtains to create makeshift accommodations for the wounded coming in from the battle.
Civil War surgeons would often use tables from private residences to treat the wounded and dying as a raised surface was necessary. Civil War surgery could be a grisly task and amputations would be performed with disturbing rapidity often near a window so that the severed limbs could be tossed out into a pile.
There was also a need for hospitals for soldiers requiring long-term care and hundreds sprouted up around the Confederacy. Richmond was a bustling center for hospitals as the railroad converged on the capital city from every direction making it easy to get soldiers there by rail quickly. Chimborazzo Hospital in Richmond was the one of the largest and most well-organized in the Confederacy. Over 75,000 patients passed through its doors and received some of the best medical care available in the south at the time.
Satterlee U.S.A. General Hospital in Philadelphia, PA was one of the largest hospitals on the Union side. It was a series of tents that covered 16 acres of ground and had 4,500 beds. Over the course of the war, they treated close to 12,000 soldiers with only 260 deaths. This was an amazing feat at a time where unsanitary conditions in Civil War hospitals were the norm.
< Return from Civil War Hospitals to Civil War Medicine
< Return to Total Gettysburg | <urn:uuid:96a9475f-d9c2-410f-9843-235bd3ae1d6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.totalgettysburg.com/civil-war-hospitals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00365-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97642 | 576 | 3.8125 | 4 |
How we find fraud
TrueStats uses many different detection methods to determine whether the user is valid or not. Some of these methods are algorithmic, and others are learned over time by detecting patterns in the data. Not all methods will be listed in order to protect our intellectual property and to prevent reverse-engineering.
Some methods are fairly conclusive about whether the user is valid or not. Other methods produce a likelihood of validity, which we show as a score from 0-1000. The lower the score, the more likely the user is invalid. For example, a user proxying in through a data center's I.P. address is highly unlikely to be a valid user. On the other hand, certain countries originate the bulk of invalid traffic, but also have real users.
Scores will generally be between zero and about 500. A score below 100 is considered 'invalid', meaning there is almost a certainty that the user is not real. The upper end of the scoring range will be used in the future for whitelisting methods.
A large and growing percentage of web traffic is generated by bots, spiders, extensions, headless browsers, toolbars and other means (collectively called bots). The bots have become increasingly sophisticated in how they disguise themselves, therefore requiring continuously evolving detection methods.
Here are some of the methods we employ:
|Block List||We check every I.P. address against our database of known infected machines. This detects machines that have been hijacked as spambots and also machines that are infected with viruses and generate large amounts of automated traffic and clicks. This database is maintained in realtime in order to detect emerging sources.|
|Data Center Origin||We maintain a database of data center I.P. address ranges, since many bot networks will use data centers to create or proxy traffic. A session from within, for example, an Amazon AWS data center address block is unlikely to be valid.|
|Public Web Proxies||Similar to using a data center to proxy traffic, public web proxies are also used. We maintain a realtime database of public web proxies in order to score sessions from them.|
|TOR||TOR has legitimate uses, but hides the origin of the user, so it can be used to generate random sessions.|
|Spoofed User Agents||Bots often rotate their user agents in order to appear to be more than one device and generate realistic looking traffic. We have developed technology to match the user agent to the browser's capabilities and detect sessions that have altered their user agent.|
|Invalid Searches||To appear to be from a search engine, often bots create fake referrer headers. In many cases, these headers differ from real search engine referrer structures.|
|Collusion||This method detects the coincidence of a set of I.P. addresses and a set of publisher sites.|
|Other Proprietary Methods||We currently have developed several other methods for detecting fraudulent sessions and this continues to be a primary focus of our research efforts.|
Hidden users are from sessions where no page is ever visible on the screen. This is often, but not necessarily due to bots, since there are many generated by search engines pre-loading pages in the background in order to improve performance. Also, a page may be behind a tab that is never shown, or offscreen. Hidden sessions score zero due to this.
Primary reasons for hidden sessions:
|Preloading||Search engines will preload pages in the background while a user types in a search query. The search engine attempts to predict which link or links the user will click on and loads the pages from those links. This is a way to improve the performance of web browsing, however many of the preloaded pages are never made visible and should not be counted.|
|Browser Window Hidden||This occurs when a browser window is behind another window.|
|Background Browser Tabs||A browser tab can be launched in the background and load pages. These pages are never visible unless the user opens the tab.|
|Bots||Even if the session is not detected as a bot, the session will often never be visible and be scored as invalid.|
Our technology tracks whether a session is ever viewed and updates the visibility based on that. For example, if a page is hidden during a pre-load, it is initially recorded as hidden with a score of zero. If the user clicks on the link to view the preloaded page, that is detected and the session is updated with a new score.
Each session is scored and reports all have options to include or exclude users based on score. For example, you may want to view campaigns where the score is less than 100. This would show you the campaigns that are referring the worst quality users.
TrueStats is a pay-as-you-go service based on the total number of hits in a month.
Up to 500,000 hits
Up to 1,000,000 hits
Up to 2,000,000 hits
Up to 3,000,000 hits
Hits are the total sessions, events, page views and API calls.
We offer our first price break at 1 million hits for $200 per month. Every additional million hits after that only costs $100 per month. If your website is recording over 5 million or 40 million hits, we recommend contacting us about high volume and enterprise pricing respectively.
How do I choose a plan?
TrueStats is only available as a pay-as-you-go service. The monthly service charge is based solely on the amount of traffic that TrueStats records and analyses. That traffic is measured in hits: the total sessions, page views and API calls the TrueStats servers receive from your website in a single month.
Is there a discount for a bulk purchase?
TrueStats offers bonus hits when you purchase quarterly or annually. Credit is applied to your account and you are given an extra 10% of hits a month to use. We recommend this discount for high volume and enterprise customers, but it is available to all customers. Contact our sales team or call 888-453-5291 to learn more. | <urn:uuid:42566253-902f-4f3c-b68a-821b3e3924e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.truestats.com/how-we-find-fraud | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00274-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912724 | 1,262 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|Número de publicación||US5026752 A|
|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|
|Número de solicitud||US 07/399,366|
|Fecha de publicación||25 Jun 1991|
|Fecha de presentación||28 Ago 1989|
|Fecha de prioridad||3 Abr 1987|
|Número de publicación||07399366, 399366, US 5026752 A, US 5026752A, US-A-5026752, US5026752 A, US5026752A|
|Inventores||Toshinori Wakabayashi, Shinji Sugii|
|Cesionario original||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company|
|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citas de patentes (18), Citada por (48), Clasificaciones (18), Eventos legales (4)|
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 175,933, filed Mar. 31, 1988, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to a composition useful as a hot melt adhesive. The present invention specifically relates to an amorphous-polypropylene-based hot melt adhesive.
A hot melt adhesive typically melts sharply upon heating and flows substantially freely for application to adherends which are being bonded. Upon cooling the adhesive hardens forming the desired bond.
Hot melt adhesives have been formulated for a variety of applications, including, for example, such applications as bonding papers, wood, textiles, and corrugated paperboard. Typical adhesive compositions often contain tackifying resins and oils or waxes to, for instance, modify the viscosity of the composition or improve its adhesion to substrates. In some instances, a second polymer or elastomer may be added to modify certain properties of the adhesive.
For use in bonding such articles as machine parts and electronic components, which may be made with a variety of materials including metals and plastics, an adhesive should provide a bond having sufficient thermal and mechanical shock resistance, and shear strength. In the case of electronic or electrical components, an adhesive, in order to be suitable for such uses as attaching electronic elements to a circuit board, should provide the desired electrical properties as defined by the application, e.g., low tendency to degrade the other materials of the components, high degree of resistivity, etc., as well as have a melting point such that the composition may be applied at temperatures low enough so as to not damage the other elements of the electronic component yet such that the bond will not be broken by the temperature required for other processes to which the component is subjected during fabrication and subsequent use.
Japan Kokai No. 60-120775 (Inaba et al.) discloses a hot melt adhesive comprising ethylene/propylene copolymer, atactic polypropylene, tackifier, and thermoplastic elastomer such as styrene-butadiene-styrene as a filler. Such compositions typically do not provide sufficient creep resistance, particularly under elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of such compositions may not be within ranges typically desired for use in electronic components.
Japan Kokai No. 58-23865 (Okude et al.) discloses hot melt adhesives toughened with particles of vulcanized rubber (5 to 200 mesh) to improve the elasticity of the adhesive and the bonds provided therewith. Adhesive compositions of the type disclosed in the reference typically do not achieve the degree of thermal and/or mechanical shock resistance, and shear strengths, particularly at low temperatures, that may be desired.
The present invention provides a novel composition useful as a hot melt adhesive, and articles fabricated therewith. The hot melt adhesives provided by the invention are suitable for many applications wherein a strong shock resistant, thermally stable bond is desired. Typical applications include such uses as bonding electronic components or machine parts.
In brief summary, the composition of the invention typically consists essentially of the following: (a) amorphous polypropylene; (b) styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer (as defined hereinafter); (c) tackifier; and (d) wax; wherein said composition has a dissipation factor of about 0.010 or less at 1 kilohertz at 23° C., and a volume resistivity of at least about 1×1014 ohm-cm at 23° C.
Such adhesives are particularly useful for bonding electronic components because they typically provide high peel strength, high low-temperature shear strength, excellent thermal shock resistance, high resistance to creep at elevated temperatures, and high mechanical shock resistance, especially at low temperatures, e.g., -40° C., and because they are substantially non-corrosive to copper. Further, such adhesives will effectively wet a variety of adherends, thereby providing effective adhesion thereto. Moreover, such adhesives may be used to form bonds that will resist such elevated temperatures as may typically be encountered during the fabrication of electronic components and their use, and yet provide good low temperature properties as described herein. Thus the hot melt adhesive compositions disclosed herein provide desired bond characteristics over a useful range of temperatures.
The invention will be further explained with reference to the drawing, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a test electrode of the type used in the Electrolytic Corrosion test discussed in the Examples.
FIGS. 2-5 are photomicrographs of adhesive compositions of the invention taken with a transmission-type electron microscope illustrating the discrete domains formed therein.
These Figures are intended to be merely illustrative and are not limiting.
As described above, the hot melt adhesive of the invention is a composition typically consisting essentially of the following: (a) amorphous polypropylene; (b) styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer (as hereinafter defined); (c) tackifier; and (d) wax; wherein said composition has a dissipation factor of about 0.010 or less at 1 kilohertz at 23° C., and a volume resistivity of at least about 1×1014 ohm-cm at 23° C.
Adhesive compositions formulated according to the invention will typically also have a volume resistivity between about 1014 and about 1017 ohm-centimeter at 23° C., dielectric strength between about 25 and about 50 kilovolts/millimeter, dielectric constant between about 2.3 and about 3.0 at 1 kilohertz, dielectric lost tangent (or dissipation factor) between about 0.0008 and about 0.010 at 1 kilohertz at 23° C., and electrolytic corrosion after 1000 hours of between about 1010 and about 1012 ohm.
An example of amorphous polypropylene which may be used in the composition of the invention is atactic polypropylene, preferably having a weight average molecular weight between about 10,000 and about 100,000, and more preferably between about 10,000 and about 50,000. At substantially lower molecular weights, the resultant adhesive composition may tend to have poorer physical properties, e.g., lower strengths and resistance to shock. At substantially higher molecular weights, the viscosity of the composition may tend to be too high for convenient processing and handling during production of the adhesive.
Atactic polypropylene is essentially a non-crystalline, i.e., amorphous, form of polypropylene formed in comparatively small amounts during the production of isotactic polypropylene, a more crystalline form of polypropylene, by stereospecific polymerization of propylene. Examples of commercially available amorphous polypropylene resins which are suitable for use in the invention include the following: EASTOBOND Series M-5W, M-500, and G-92, available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.; POLYTAC R Series, SUPERTAC., and POLYMER C polypropylenes, available from Crowley Chemical Company; and A-FAX 500, 600, 800, and 940 Polypropylenes, available from Hercules Inc.
Another example of amorphous polypropylene suitable for use in compositions of the invention is propylene copolymerized with low molecular weight alkenes, e.g., ethylene or 1-butene, such as Amorphous Poly Alpha Olefin commercially available from El Paso Products Company.
Adhesive compositions of the invention preferably contain between about 10 and about 70 weight percent, and more preferably between about 14 and about 50 weight percent, of amorphous polypropylene. At substantially higher levels of amorphous polypropylene, the resultant composition may tend to be too soft and have lower strengths, whereas at substantially lower levels of amorphous polypropylene, the resultant composition may tend to be too brittle. The polypropylene component of such adhesive compositions may include minor amounts, typically about 10 weight percent thereof or less, preferably less than about 2 weight percent, of other forms of polypropylene, e.g., isotactic or syndiotactic polypropylenes, which tend to be more crystalline in nature. Higher amounts of such forms of polypropylene may tend to impart a more crystalline nature to the resultant adhesive composition, thereby rendering same more brittle and less useful as hot melt adhesive.
Adhesive compositions of the invention further contain a styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer. The styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer comprises blocks of hard segments, e.g. polystyrene, and blocks of soft segments, e.g., polyisoprene, polybutadiene, poly(ethylene-propylene), poly(ethylene-butylene), and polypropylene. Thus, useful styrene-based elastomers may comprise, for example, blocks of polystyrene and blocks of polyisoprene, or blocks of polystyrene and blocks of polybutadiene, or blocks of polystyrene and blocks of poly(ethylene-butadiene). The soft segments of the styrene-based elastomer are preferably substantially saturated, e.g., such polymers as poly(ethylene-propylene), poly(ethylene-butylene), because it has been found that adhesive compositions of the invention in which the styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers comprise such segments tend to have better resistance to oxidative degradation when heated. The styrene-based elastomers are preferably styrene-terminated because such block copolymers tend to have higher elasticity.
The polystyrene blocks, sometimes referred to herein as A blocks, preferably have weight average molecular weights between about 5,000 and about 125,000, and more preferably between about 8,000 and about 45,000. Adhesive compositions wherein the A blocks have molecular weights substantially higher than this range may tend to be have higher viscosity than desired for convenient handling, whereas those comprising A blocks having substantially lower molecular weights may tend to be too brittle. The blocks of the soft segments, sometimes referred to herein as B blocks, preferably have weight average molecular weights between about 30,000 and about 125,000, and more preferably between about 50,000 and about 100,000.
Preferably the styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer comprises a weight ratio of A to B blocks of between about 1:4 and 4:1. Adhesive compositions wherein the weight ratio is substantially lower than about 1:4 may tend to be excessively soft such that bonds provided therewith have less strength, whereas those compositions comprising styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers wherein the weight ratio is substantially higher than about 4:1 may tend to be more brittle.
Examples of styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers that are useful in the present invention and which are commercially available from Shell Chemical Company include styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymers, e.g., KRATON G-1650, G-1652, and G-1657; styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, e.g., KRATON D-1101 and D-1102; styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer, e.g., KRATON D-1107, D-1111, D-1112, and D-1117; styrene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer, e.g., KRATON G-1701 and G-1702; styrene-isoprene block copolymer, e.g., KRATON D-1320; and styrene-butadiene block copolymer, e.g., KRATON D-1118. Blends or mixtures of such block copolymers, e.g., KRATON G-1726X, a blend of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer and styrene-ethylene-butadiene block copolymer, also commercially available from Shell Chemical Company, are also useful in adhesive compositions of the invention. The G-series KRATONS, which are substantially saturated, are, for that reason, typically preferred for use in compositions of the invention over the D-series KRATONS which are not saturated.
Examples of other commercially available styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers that are suitable for use in the present invention include QUINTAC 3420, 3430, and 3435, available from Japanese Zeon Co., Ltd., and SIS-5000, available from Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd. (styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers); and SOLPRENE T-411, T-414, and T-475, available from Phillips Petroleum Co., TUFPRENE A and ASAPRENE T-431, available from Asahi Chemical Industry Company Co., Ltd., and TR-1000, and TR-2000, available from Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd. (styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers).
Adhesive compositions of the invention typically contain between about 2 and about 70, and preferably contain between about 2 and about 60, weight percent of styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer, depending upon the specific properties desired of the resultant composition. Adhesive compositions comprising lesser amounts of styrene-based elastomer, while typically tending to have higher shock resistance and shear strength, may tend to have poorer thermal shock resistance and mechanical properties, whereas compositions comprising greater proportions of styrene-based elastomer may tend to have higher viscosity and lower ability to wet the substrate, thereby resulting in greater difficulty during handling and use.
The amorphous polypropylene component and styrene-based elastomer component of adhesive compositions of the invention tend to be immiscible such that mixtures thereof form discrete domains or distinct phases. While we do not wish to be bound be this theory, it is believed that the exceptional shock resistance and cold temperature properties of adhesives of the invention are due, at least in part, to such phase-separation structure whereby stresses upon the adhesive bond are more effectively internally absorbed at the finely dispersed styrene-based elastomer phase without failure of the bond.
The phase-separation structure can be readily observed by adding ruthenium tetroxide dye to such composition and examination by means of a transmission-type electron microscope. Under such conditions, the polystyrene blocks of the styrene-based elastomer and amorphous polypropylene phase will appear dark whereas the soft segments of the styrene-based elastomer appear lighter.
This phase-separation or discrete domain structure may be observed in FIGS. 2-5 which are photomicrographs of compositions of the invention taken with a transmission-type electron microscope. FIG. 2 is a 10,000 time enlarged view of the adhesive composition prepared in Example 45 and FIG. 3 is a 30,000 time enlarged view of the same composition. FIG. 4 is 3,000 time enlarged view of the adhesive composition prepared in Example 46 and FIG. 5 is a 10,000 time enlarged view of the same composition.
Adhesive compositions of the invention further typically contain one or more tackifiers. Such tackifier should be compatible with the amorphous polypropylene, i.e., should not separate upon standing in liquid or molten form, and is preferably highly oxidatively stable. Among the naturally-occurring resins which may be used are polyterpenes, rosins, rosin esters and derivatives thereof, of which the more fully hydrogenated forms thereof tend to be preferred because of the light color and high oxidative stability they typically tend to impart to the composition. Five and nine carbon hydrocarbon resins, preferably those which are substantially free of hydrophilic functional groups, may be used as tackifiers. Various synthetically-produced tackifying resins may also be employed, examples of which include aliphatic and aromatic resins, with the fully hydrogenated forms thereof again being preferred. Examples of other resins which may be used include modified terpenes, coumarone-indenes, polyesters, alkyl phenols, and styrene oligomers. Mixtures of the aforedescribed tackifiers may also be used.
The tackifier is present in effective amount, typically not exceeding the proportion of amorphous polypropylene in the composition, to lower the melt viscosity of the composition and improve its ability to wet out the substrate, thereby improving adhesion to the substrate. Thus, adhesive compositions of the invention typically contain at least about 1 weight percent and may contain up to about 35 weight percent of tackifier.
Adhesive compositions of the invention typically also contain up to about 24, most typically between about 2 and about 20, weight percent of one or more waxes, which may be included therein, for example, to improve the set times of the adhesive composition, alter its viscosity to improve the handling characteristics thereof, and/or increase the hardness of the bond provided therewith. Well-known waxes used in hot melt adhesives, such as low molecular weight polyethylene, microcrystalline wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax, synthetic hydrocarbon wax, and paraffin wax, are examples of suitable waxes for use in the present invention.
Adhesive compositions of the invention may also further contain one or more other agents depending upon the properties desired thereof for a particular application. Examples of some of such agents or additives include minor amounts of crystalline polyolefins, e.g., crystalline polypropylene or polyethylene, to shorten the set time of the embodiment of the invention, fillers, e.g., fumed silica, talc, clay, glass microspheres, plastic microbubbles, etc., colorants, e.g., titanium dioxide, antioxidants, and stabilizers.
Preparation of the adhesive composition by mixing the components and desired additives as described above may be done in conventional manner whereby the components can be completely mixed to ensure that a substantially uniform blend is achieved. The compatibility of the amorphous polypropylene and styrene-based elastomer components is typically such that mixing and dispersion of the components is preferably done by such known techniques as high shear mixing so that the particles of styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer phase and those of amorphous polypropylene phase are reduced to about 100 microns or less, more preferably to about 50 microns or less, and ideally to about 10 microns or less, in order to ensure that a substantially uniform and homogeneous composition results. Thus, the amorphous polypropylene and styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer, which are typically substantially viscous materials, are preferably first added to the mixing vessel and mixed with a high shear technique to ensure that effective mixing is achieved and that agglomerates or globules of such components will be broken up. Typically, the components are continuously mixed at a sufficiently high temperature for the mixture to be in a molten state until a homogeneous mixture is attained.
The invention will now be further explained with the following illustrative examples. All amounts are expressed in parts by weight unless otherwise indicated.
The following abbreviations are sometimes used herein:
______________________________________Abbreviation Meaning______________________________________ASTM American Standards of Testing MaterialsJIS Japanese Industrial StandardmPa milli-Pascalcm centimetermm millimeter______________________________________
Unless otherwise indicated, the test procedures referred to in the examples were performed as follows.
Ring and Ball Softening Point, referred to herein as "R&B", was determined according to ASTM E-28.
Congealing Point, referred to herein as "CP", was determined according to ASTM D-938.
Vicat Softening Point, referred to herein as "Vicat", was determined according to ASTM D-1525.
Viscosity was determined at 180° C. using a Brookfield RVT and #27 spindle at 20 rpm in accordance with ASTM D-4402.
Deadload Heat Resistance is the temperature at which a 2.54 centimeter by 2.54 centimeter bond of Douglas Fir to Douglas Fir will support a 200 gram load in static shear for 30 minutes. Averages for three specimens were taken.
Overlap Shear Strength, herein referred to as "OLS", was determined using clean, dry test strips with an overlap bond 2.54 centimeters wide having a bondline thickness of about 0.33 millimeters tested with an Instron Tester at a crosshead speed of about 5.1 centimeters/minute. Unless otherwise indicated, results are reported as kilograms-force/centimeter,
Tension Loading Shear Strength, herein referred to as "TLS", was determined according to ASTM D-3164 and D-1002 (same procedure as JIS K 6850) at a tension rate of 50 millimeters/minute.
Impact Shear Strength was determined according to ASTM D-950 (same procedure as JIS K 6855) using 12.5 millimeter wide Birch wood. Unless otherwise indicated, results are reported as (kilograms-force)(centimeter)/centimeter2,
Thermal Shock Cycle was determined by bonding several electronic components (0.6 centimeter diameter axial capacitors) onto epoxy glass boards with the adhesive composition being tested, substantially embedding the electronic components in the adhesive composition, and exposing the specimens to up to 40 cold and hot cycles. Each cycle comprised immersion for about 5 minutes in 3M FLUORINERT Brand Liquid FC-77 at a temperature of about -40° C., followed by immersion for about 5 minutes in 3M FLUORINERT Brand Liquid FC-40 at a temperature of about 90° C. The number of failed specimens, i.e., those which separated from or fell off the epoxy glass boards, was noted and reported as percentage of failures.
Volume Resistivity, referred to herein as resistivity, was determined at 23° C. according to ASTM D-257 (same test procedure as JIS K 6911).
Dielectric strength was determined at 23° C. according to ASTM D-149 (same test procedure as JIS K 6911).
Dielectric constant was determined at 23° C. and 1 kilohertz according to ASTM D-150 (same test procedure as JIS K 6911).
Dissipation factor was determined at 23° C. and 1 kilohertz in accordance with ASTM D-150 (same procedure as JIS K 6911).
Electric Corrosion was determined by embedding a comb electrode having about a 0.8 millimeter circuit width and about a 0.8 millimeter spacing in a 1 millimeter thick coating of the adhesive being tested on a glass epoxy board without solder resist. The specimen was exposed to 95% relative humidity at 60° C. while causing a 100 volt DC potential between the electrodes for the indicated period. After causing a 500 volt DC. potential for 1 minute between the electrodes, insulation resistance was measured at 23° C. A schematic view of the test electrode is illustrated in FIG. 1 wherein is shown circuit members 2 and 4 with protruding members 8 that are arrayed in spaced fashion separated by spacings 10. During the test, opposing voltage potentials will be applied to circuit members 2 and 4, e.g., positive and negative, respectively.
180° Peel Strength was determined according to JIS K 6854 at a tension rate of 50 millimeters/minute. This test method provided a minimum value of 2.0 kilograms/25 mm-width.
Example 1 illustrates an embodiment of the invention.
To a clean, steel can on a hot plate, the following components:
______________________________________Component Amount______________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 - atactic polypropylene having 35.64a R&B of about 145° C., available fromEastman Chemical Products, Inc.ARKON P-125 - petroleum resin having a R&B of 24.75about 125° C., as tackifier.PARAFLINT H-1 - Fischer-Tropsch Wax having a 9.9CP of about 95° C., available fromMoore & Munger, Inc.ALLIED AC-617 - low molec. wt. polyethylene 9.9having a R&B of about 102° C., availablefrom Allied Chemical.TENITE 625 - crystalline polypropylene having a 3.96Vicat between about 58° and 85° C., availablefrom Eastman Chemical Products.IRGANOX 1010 - tetrakis[methylene-3-(3',5'-di-t- 0.9butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]methane,available from Ciba-Geigy Corp., as antioxidant______________________________________ were added and heated to about 194° C. After the contents had become fluid, slow stirring was begun using a 5 centimeter diameter Cowles blade driven by an air mixer. When the mixture had become homogeneous, 14.85 parts of KRATON G-1657, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer having a specific gravity of about 0.90 was added while stirring. The mixture was then heated to about 205° C. and the mixing speed raised to about 1500 rpm. These conditions were maintained for between about 45 and 90 minutes until the mixture had attained a smooth, uniform appearance. The mixture was then cast into rods and cooled. The resultant hot melt adhesive was then tested. The results were as follows.
______________________________________Property Result______________________________________R&B 149° C.Viscosity (mPa) 6125Deadload Heat Resis. 180° C.Therm. Shock Cyc. (failures) 0.0%OLS at 25° C.Douglas Fir to same 15.5Polyethylene to same 17.2FR-4* to same 18.7Volume Resistivity (× 1017 ohm-cm) 6.7Dielectric Strength (kilovolt/mm) 51Dielectric Constant 2.3Dissipation Factor 0.0010______________________________________ *FR-4 is a glass reinforced epoxy circuit board
These results illustrate the excellent adhesive and electrical properties provided by an adhesive composition of the invention.
Example 2 and Comparative Example A were prepared using the following components:
______________________________________Component Ex. 2 Comp. Ex. A______________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 40.8 48ARKON P-125 25.4 30PARAFLINT H-1 9.4 11ALLIED AC-617 9.4 11KRATON G-1657 15.0 --______________________________________
The respective mixtures were prepared by placing the aforementioned components in a clean steel container and heating. When the components were nearly molten, stirring was initiated using a 4 centimeter sigma blade and the temperature raised to about 180° C. Each mixture was then continuously stirred at 2000 rpm, and the temperature raised to about 200° C. until the mixtures were each homogeneous.
The respective mixtures were then cast into rods and cooled. The resultant hotmelt adhesives were then tested. The results for eachcomposition are tabulated in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________Property Ex. 2 Comp. Ex. A______________________________________Viscosity (mPa) 6680 990Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 5.0 1.0at 25° C. 17.9 1.2Therm. Shock Cyc. (% failure)after 3 cycles 0 90after 6 cycles 0 90after 30 cycles 0 100Volume Resistivity (× 1017 ohm-cm) 2.0 3.5Dielectric Strength (kilovolt/mm) 28 40Dielectric Constant (at 1 kilohertz) 2.4 2.3Dissipation Factor 0.0015 0.0010Electrolytic Corrosion (× 1010 ohm)initial 7000 7000after 500 hours 60 6after 1000 hours 50 3Adhesion PropertiesOLS at 25° C. (kilograms/cm2) 18.3 8.8Polyvinyl chloride to sameTLS at 0° C. (kilograms/cm2) 27.5 5.1Polypropylene to samePolyethylene to same 17.6 2.6Polyacetal to same 11.6 1.6Polyvinyl chloride to same 17.0 2.5Nylon-6 to same 12.7 1.8Nylon-6.6 to same 24.0 1.9Polybutylene terephthalate to same 13.0 2.1Polyphenylene oxide to same 17.7 3.1Polycarbonate to same 16.8 2.2Acrylonitrile-butadiene- 21.3 4.1styrene to sameEpoxy glass to same 24.5 8.7Phenolic resin to same 20.2 5.5Birch wood to same 54.9 18.9180° Peel at 25° C.(kilograms/25 mm-width)Polypropylene to canvas 13.0 4.5Polyethylene to canvas 15.0 4.5Polyacetal to canvas 9.0 3.5Nylon-6 to canvas 12.5 4.0Nylon-6.6 to canvas 16.0 4.5Polybutylene terephthalate 12.0 4.0to canvasPolyphenylene oxide to canvas 9.5 2.0Polycarbonate to canvas 11.0 3.0Acrylonitrile-butadiene- 10.5 1.0styrene to canvasEpoxy glass to canvas 14.5 2.0Phenolic resin to canvas 13.0 2.0Birch wood to canvas 14.0 4.0180° Peel at 0° C.(kilograms/25 mm-width)Polypropylene to canvas 7.0 2.0Polyethylene to canvas 6.0 2.5Polyacetal to canvas 5.0 2.0Nylon-6 to canvas 6.5 2.0Nylon-6.6 to canvas 6.5 2.0Polybutylene terephthalate 6.0 2.0to canvasPolyphenylene oxide to canvas 3.5 2.0Polycarbonate to canvas 5.5 2.0Acrylonitrile-butadiene- 3.5 2.0styrene to canvasEpoxy glass to canvas 6.5 2.0Phenolic resin to canvas 5.0 2.0Birch wood to canvas 6.0 2.0______________________________________
Example 2 and Comparative Example A illustrate the excellent adhesion, corrosion resistance, and thermal shock resistance properties of an adhesive composition of the invention, and illustrate the improvement of those properties in a hot melt adhesive composition which comprises a styrene-based elastomer in accordance with the invention.
Examples 3-10 illustrate the use of varying amounts of styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer in adhesive compositions of the invention.
The compositions in Examples 3-6 were made as in Example 2. In Examples 7-10, due to the higher viscosity of the mixtures, the styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer, amorphous polypropylene, and tackifying resin were first melted and mixed with a sigma-type kneader at about 180° C. and then mixed with the other components as in Examples 3-6.
The compositions of the adhesives made in these Examples and the properties thereof are tabulated in Table II.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________ Example No.Component Com. Ex. A. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10__________________________________________________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 48 47.0 45.7 43.2 40.8 38.4 33.7 24.1 14.5ARKON P-125 29.4 30 28.5 27.0 25.4 24.0 20.9 14.9 8.9PARAFLINT H-1 11 10.8 10.4 9.9 9.4 8.8 7.7 5.5 3.3ALLIED AC-617 11 10.8 10.4 9.9 9.4 8.8 7.7 5.5 3.3KRATON D-1107 -- 2.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 50.0 70.0PropertyViscosity (mPa) 990 1030 1130 1290 2130 2210 4430 25,000 >500,000Impact Shear Strengthat 4 C. 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.6 3.1 3.4 11.7 13.0at 25 C. 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.4 5.8 4.3 5.6 14.0 16.0TLS Strengthat 0 C. 2.5 3.8 4.7 4.2 5.3 8.8 9.0 11.1 5.6at 25 C. 8.8 14.4 18.1 8.3 13.4 6.2 3.0 3.9 1.7__________________________________________________________________________
These results show the use of a styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer at between about 2 and about 70 weight percent in an adhesive composition of the invention, to provide improved impact strength and, particularly at low temperatures, improved tension loading shear strength.
Examples 11-17 illustrate the use of varying amounts of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer in adhesive compositions of the invention.
The compositions in Examples 11-14 and 15-17 were made as in Examples 3-6 and 7-10, respectively. The compositions of the adhesives made these Examples and the properties thereof are tabulated in Table III.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________ Example No.Component Com. Ex. A. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17__________________________________________________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 48 47.0 45.7 43.2 40.8 38.4 33.7 24.1ARKON P-125 29.4 30 28.5 27.0 25.4 24.0 20.9 14.9PARAFLINT H-1 11 10.8 10.4 9.9 9.4 8.8 7.7 5.5ALLIED AC-617 11 10.8 10.4 9.9 9.4 8.8 7.7 5.5KRATON D-1652 -- 2.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 50.0PropertyViscosity (mPa) 990 1210 1720 3220 7380 20,000 210,000 >500,000Impact Shear Strengthat 4 C. 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.7 8.7 8.4at 25 C. 1.2 1.4 2.0 2.1 6.5 7.3 10.7 10.2TLS Strengthat 0 C. 2.5 3.2 4.0 6.3 6.4 7.9 18.6 13.0at 25 C. 8.8 16.6 20.7 24.4 23.7 22.6 16.5 10.0__________________________________________________________________________
These results show the use of a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer at between about 2 and 50 weight percent in an adhesive composition of the invention to provide improved impact strength and, particularly at low temperatures, improved tension loading shear strength.
Examples 18-24 illustrate the use of varying amounts of SEP block copolymer in adhesive compositions of the invention.
The compositions in Examples 18-21 and 22-24 were made as in Examples 3-6 and 7-10, respectively. The compositions of the adhesives made in these Examples and the properties thereof are tabulated in Table IV.
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________ Example No.Component Com. Ex. A. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24__________________________________________________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 48 47.0 45.7 43.2 40.8 38.4 33.7 24.1ARKON P-125 29.4 30 28.5 27.0 25.4 24.0 20.9 14.9PARAFLINT H-1 11 10.8 10.4 9.9 9.4 8.8 7.7 5.5ALLIED AC-617 11 10.8 10.4 9.9 9.4 8.8 7.7 5.5KRATON G-1702 -- 2.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 50.0PropertyViscosity (mPa) 990 1430 2400 7130 122,500 >500,000Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.8 18.6 18.6 12.4at 25° C. 1.2 1.5 1.6 11.9 16.0 13.6 14.1 11.7TLS Strengthat 0° C. 2.5 3.3 5.1 5.0 7.2 25.1 26.6 13.7at 25° C. 8.8 17.0 26.9 24.5 20.0 16.9 11.8 6.7__________________________________________________________________________
These results show the use of a styrene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer at between about 2 and 50 weight percent in an adhesive composition of the invention to provide improved impact strength and, at low temperatures, improved tension loading shear strength.
Examples 25-28 illustrate the use of other styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers in adhesive compositions of the invention.
The compositions were made as in Examples 7-10 except that the indicated amounts of the indicated block copolymers were used in place of styrene-isoprene-styrene. The compositions of the specimens and the properties thereof are tabulated in Table V.
TABLE V______________________________________ ExampleComponent 25 26 27 28______________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 33.7 38.4 38.4 38.4ARKON P-125 20.9 24.0 24.0 24.0PARAFLINT H-1 7.7 8.8 8.8 8.8ALLIED AC-617 7.7 8.8 8.8 8.8KRATON D-1102 30 -- -- --KRATON D-1320 -- 20 -- --KRATON D-1184 -- -- 20 --KRATON D-1118 -- -- -- 20PropertyViscosity (mPa) 8000 9150 12000 3250Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 2.4 1.5 1.6 1.6at 25° C. 2.2 2.7 2.1 2.1TLS Strengthat 0° C. 4.4 4.2 5.8 5.6at 25° C. 17.8 14.7 21.3 17.6______________________________________
Examples 29-36 illustrate the use of different atactic polypropylenes in adhesive compositions of the invention.
The compositions of these specimens and the properties thereof are tabulated in Table VI.
TABLE VI__________________________________________________________________________ ExampleComponent 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36__________________________________________________________________________APP (R&B 115° C.)* 47.0 43.2 40.8 38.4 -- -- -- --APP (R&B 138° C.)** -- -- -- -- 47.0 43.2 40.8 38.4ARKON P-125 29.4 27.0 25.4 24.0 29.4 27.0 25.4 24.0PARAFLINT H-1 10.8 9.9 9.4 8.8 10.8 9.9 9.4 8.8ALLIED AC-617 10.8 9.9 9.4 8.8 10.8 9.9 9.4 8.8KRATON G-1657 2.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 2.0 10.0 15.0 20.0PropertyViscosity (mPa) 330 1084 2580 5350 850 2840 5430 9410Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 1.7 2.2 3.0 15.0 2.0 2.8 4.1 16.2at 25° C. 3.0 14.2 14.9 16.1 2.4 12.2 17.9 18.5TLS Strengthat 0° C. 1.0 17.7 28.8 28.4 5.8 15.4 29.2 26.2at 25° C. 17.4 17.7 17.4 16.7 19.6 17.5 16.2 14.0__________________________________________________________________________ *Available from Chisso Company. **Available from Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc.
Examples 37-44 and respective Comparative Examples B-I illustrate the use of different tackifying resins and waxes in adhesive compositions of the invention.
The compositions were prepared as in Examples 7-10. The compositions and properties of the specimens of these examples are tabulated below.
TABLE VII______________________________________Component Ex. 37 Comp. Ex. B______________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 40.8 48CLEARON P-125 25.4 30PARAFLINT H-1 9.4 11ALLIED AC-617 9.4 11KRATON G-1657 15.0 --PropertiesViscosity (mPa) 5880 920Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 6.3 1.0at 25° C. 17.9 2.2TLS Strengthat 0° C. 16.4 3.7at 25° C. 19.7 18.2______________________________________
TABLE VIII______________________________________Component Ex. 38 Comp. Ex. C______________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 40.8 48ARKON P-125 25.4 30HI-MIC-2095* 9.4 11ALLIED AC-617 9.4 11KRATON G-1657 15.0 --PropertiesViscosity (mPa) 6590 950Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 11.6 1.6at 25° C. 18.0 2.6TLS Strengthat 0° C. 18.5 4.6at 25° C. 16.2 20.4______________________________________ *Microcrystalline wax having a melting point of 96° C., available from Nippon Seiro Co.
The composition in Comparative Example C was observed to have higher tension loading shear strength than the composition of Example 38 at 25° C., however, the former was also observed to be very brittle whereas the composition of Example 38 was substantially more elastic in nature.
TABLE IX______________________________________Component Ex. 39 Comp. Ex. D______________________________________Polypropylene* 40.8 48HITANOL 1501 25.4 30Paraffin Wax 155** 9.4 11PARAFLINT H-1 9.4 11KRATON D-1107 15.0 --PropertiesViscosity (mPa) 390 75Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 2.3 0.7at 25° C. 5.7 0.9TLS Strengthat 0° C. 7.7 0.5at 25° C. 4.6 0.4______________________________________ *Atactic polypropylene having a R&B of 115° C., available from Chisso Co. **Paraffin wax having a melting point of 69° C., available from Nippon Seiro Co.
TABLE X______________________________________Component Ex. 40 Comp. Ex. E______________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 35.2 44DUREZ RR 12603 30.4 38PARAFLINT H-1 14.4 18TUFPRENE A 20.0 --PropertiesViscosity (mPa) 2500 2250Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 2.6 1.7at 25° C. 8.1 6.1TLS Strengthat 0° C. 26.8 23.4at 25° C. 15.7 13.6______________________________________
TABLE XI______________________________________Component Ex. 41 Comp. Ex. F______________________________________Polypropylene* 35.0 43.8DYMEREX 15.0 18.8ESTER GUM H 10.0 12.5Paraffin Wax 155** 10.0 12.5ALLIED AC-617 10.0 12.5KRATON G-1652 20.0 --PropertiesViscosity (mPa) 1320 90Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 17.4 0.8at 25° C. 10.2 4.3TLS Strengthat 0° C. 32.1 1.0at 25° C. 16.9 0.7______________________________________ *Atactic polypropylene having a R&B of 115° C., available from Chisso Co. **Paraffin wax having a melting point of 69° C., available from Nippon Seiro Co.
TABLE XII______________________________________Component Ex. 42 Comp. Ex. G______________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 40.8 48CUMARONE-120 25.4 30PARAFLINT H-1 9.4 11ALLIED AC-617 9.4 11KRATON G-1657 15.0 --PropertiesViscosity (mPa) 75,000 1610Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 11.9 4.4at 25° C. 9.6 7.4TLS Strengthat 0° C. 11.7 5.5at 25° C. 15.3 7.9______________________________________
TABLE XIII______________________________________Component Ex. 43 Comp. Ex. H______________________________________EASTOBOND G-92 40.8 48PICCOLASTIC D-125 25.4 30PARAFLINT H-1 9.4 11ALLIED AC-617 9.4 11KRATON G-1657 15.0 --PropertiesViscosity (mPa) 500,000 2065Impact Shear Strengthat 4° C. 14.6 6.2at 25° C. 8.1 5.8TLS Strengthat 0° C. 13.7 4.7at 25° C. 10.1 0.2______________________________________
TABLE XIV______________________________________Component Ex. 44 Comp. Ex. I______________________________________Polypropylene* 35.2 44VYLON GX 250 30.4 38HI-MIC-2095 14.4 18JSR SIS-5000 20.0 --PropertiesViscosity (mPa) 3400 850Impact Strengthat 4° C. 2.4 1.3at 25° C. 4.2 0.9TLS Strengthat 0° C. 1.6 0.6at 25° C. 1.5 1.0______________________________________ *Atactic polypropylene having a R&B of 115° C., available from Chisso Co.
The compositions and properties of the adhesives prepared in these Examples were as follows.
TABLE XV______________________________________Component 45 46______________________________________Polypropylene* 45.7 40.8ARKON P-125 28.5 25.4Wax** 10.4 9.4Polyethylene*** 10.4 9.4KRATON G-1657 5.0 15.0PropertiesViscosity (mPa) 1,900 6,680Impact Strengthat 4° C. 1.8 5.0at 25° C. 3.3 17.9TLS Strengthat 0° C. 5.5 17.0at 25° C. 24.7 18.3______________________________________ *Atactic polypropylene having a R&B of 145° C. **Fischer-Tropsch Wax having R&B of 108° C. ***Low molecular weight polyethylene having a R&B of 102° C.
FIGS. 2-5 are photomicrographs of the compositions of the adhesives prepared in Examples 45 and 46. Test specimens were prepared by immersing a sample of the adhesive composition being studied in a 1 percent aqueous solution of ruthenium tetroxide for 24 hours, cutting by means of a common microtome, and then examining with a trasmission-type electron microscope. The phase-separation structure of the adhesive compositions provided by the invention are readily in FIGS. 2-5.
Various modifications and alterations of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.||524/271, 525/93, 524/505, 525/210, 525/98, 524/488, 524/487, 525/92.00K, 525/97, 525/92.00F|
|Clasificación internacional||C09J153/02, C09J123/12, H05K3/30|
|Clasificación cooperativa||H05K3/303, C09J123/12, C09J153/02|
|Clasificación europea||C09J123/12, C09J153/02|
|3 Dic 1991||CC||Certificate of correction|
|19 Sep 1994||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|21 Sep 1998||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|24 Dic 2002||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12 | <urn:uuid:de8a7552-f54f-442e-a143-0f3eb59c1afe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.google.es/patents/US5026752?dq=flatulence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00333-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.794492 | 13,204 | 1.507813 | 2 |
It’s no surprise that royals live in luxurious homes most people could only dream of stepping foot in. However, even among the huge mansions that royals occupy, some will have to be smaller than others.
In the case of Prince William and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, the couple’s massive house might actually pale in comparison to what Prince Harry and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex have.
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle’s California home has 9 bedrooms and 16 bathrooms
Harry and Meghan moved to Southern California earlier this year after stepping down as senior royals. The couple subsequently bought a home in Montecito, California, for $14.7 million.
According to Variety, the house has 19,000 square feet to accommodate Harry, Meghan, and their son Archie. It comes with nine bedrooms, 16 bathrooms, a gym, an arcade, a theater, and an elevator. Outside of the main house, there is also a guest house, a swimming pool, and a tennis court.
Prince William and Kate Middleton’s London home has just 20 rooms
William and Kate’s home is Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace. The word “apartment” might make some people think the Cambridges live in a small place with just a few bedrooms. However, William and Kate’s home is actually a massive compound.
Unlike Harry and Meghan’s house, Apartment 1A has never been on the market. As such, the details of its interior are not well-known. However, according to The Sun, it has four floors and 20 rooms, which means it is not probably not as big as Harry and Meghan’s 27-room home.
“The Cambridges have five reception rooms, three main bedrooms with ensuite bathrooms, as well as his-and-hers dressing rooms,” the outlet wrote. “Of course the family has lots of staff at their beck and call, and there are nine bedrooms for employees on the top floor, which can be reached by a lift.”
Additionally, there is a gym and lots of outdoor spaces for the Cambridge children to play in.
The Cambridges also have a country house
While the Cambridges’ house might be slightly smaller than the Sussexes’, they can make up for it with a country house. William and Kate have a country residence in the Norfolk region of England called Anmer Hall. The family often stays at Anmer Hall at various times throughout the year, and most notably, they self-isolated there during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic for several months.
According to Town and Country, the house has 10 bedrooms, a swimming pool, and a tennis court. Like other royal residences, not many details is known about Anmer Hall because it has never been listed on the market.
However, here is also reportedly a farm there where the family raises animals. In fact, Prince William once shared that he and his children spent some time lambing while staying at Anmer Hall. It is not clear if the lambs belonged to the Cambridges or not, but the house allows them to enjoy a rustic lifestyle that they cannot always get at Kensington Palace. | <urn:uuid:4cf9d622-d566-4c11-b702-c4aa2bad8f54> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/prince-william-and-kate-middletons-massive-home-pales-in-comparison-to-harry-and-meghans-16-bathroom-mansion.html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.971742 | 682 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Since the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum opened in 1976, its entrance, filled with famous aircraft and artifacts, has remained largely unchanged. But the Milestones of Flight gallery is about to receive a major overhaul thanks to a $30 million donation from Boeing, the largest single corporate gift the Smithsonian has ever received. The renovation is set to begin this month and will take two years to complete, opening in 2016 to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the Air and Space Museum and the 100th anniversary of Boeing. The first extensive renovation of the grand hall will kick off years of change for Washington’s most popular museum in need of an updated design to match a broadening educational mission.
“This 21st century transformation helps us honor the past innovations while inspiring future innovations,” Gen. J.R. “Jack” Dailey, the museum’s director, said at a news conference Monday. Dailey noted that the museum will remain open during renovation. The first artifact, the wind tunnel fan from the 1930s, will be installed in November.
Peter Jakab, chief curator of the museum, recounted how the Milestones exhibition, with many aircraft suspended from the ceiling, was created to “wow” people from the moment they entered the museum. When visitors entered and saw the Spirit of St. Louis in the same foyer as the Apollo 11 command module Columbia, Jakab noted, it was “an awe-inspiring visual experience meant to signal you are about to have one of the most exciting museum experiences in your life.”
But after nearly 40 years, aesthetics have changed, as well as knowledge and financing of space travel. Iconic symbols that were once part of the American collective consciousness have become less familiar to visitors.
“In 1976, people were as close to the end of World War II as we are to the mid-1980s; Apollo was still a current events topic,” curator Margaret Weitekamp said. “We are very aware that we have adults with children visiting and the adults may not have been alive during the Cold War. We want to put objects in a little more context and tell some of the rich stories about what the objects represent.”
The revamped design will be more spacious and ordered, with a media wall and kiosks to give visitors more context on famous pieces. The square footage is set to grow to make room for future technological milestones and planned additions, including a model of the USS Enterprise from science fiction’s “Star Trek.”
The Air and Space Museum arguably has a more difficult task than many other museums in Washington: It both commemorates and plans for innovation. But how does a federally funded museum celebrating innovation in the skies keep up with rapidly changing technology in a tight-fisted era? It’s a challenge museum officials acknowledge. While some of the exhibitions feature touch-screen technology, others have buttons and software seemingly plucked from ’90s arcade games.
“We’re not going to be able to keep up” with changing hardware in exhibitions, Dailey said, but he noted that the museum now has wireless Internet access throughout its halls, making a complementary digital experience possible.
“We want to take advantage of the technologies people are used to using to create a mobile experience, while at the same time dealing with the realities that we are one of the most visited museums in the world and not all visitors will have a mobile experience,” Weitekamp said.
The museum has time to experiment with mobile additions to add context to its exhibits. Boeing’s $30 million gift will be paid out over seven years. Boeing has made previous gifts to the museum in its 38-year history, totaling $58 million. In addition to the renovation of the main hall, Boeing is funding overhauls of the How Things Fly children’s exhibit and new educational programs at the museum, including accredited course for teachers.
Museum officials have not released the cost of renovating the gallery or how much of this $30 million gift will go toward renovation. But the cost of renovation is high enough to earn Milestones a longer name: It is now the Boeing Milestones of Flight Hall. | <urn:uuid:1377fb78-b441-4bba-9d45-0d400aaed907> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/air-and-space-museums-milestones-of-flight-gallery-begins-two-year-renovation/2014/04/03/71fb1244-ba88-11e3-9a05-c739f29ccb08_story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718309.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00404-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955777 | 871 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Keywords: fractional design, Taguchi design, two-level design, dispersion effects.
This is a highly fractionated two-level factorial design employed as a screening design in an off-line welding experiment performed by the National Railway Corporation of Japan. There were 16 runs and 9 experimental factors. The response variable is the observed tensile strength of the weld, one of several quality characteristics measured. All other variables are at plus and minus levels.
|Rods||Kind of welding rods|
|Drying||Period of drying|
|Strength||Tensile strength of the weld in kg/mm|
Data File (tab-delimited text)
|Taguchi, G., and Wu, Y. (1980). Introduction to Off-Line Quality Control. Central Japan Quality Control Association, Nagoya, Japan.|
|Box, G. E. P., and Meyer, R. D. (1986). Dispersion effects from fractional designs. Technometrics 28, 19-27.|
|Carroll, R. J., and Ruppert, D. (1988). Transformations and Weighting in Regression.Chapman and Hall, New York, pages 107-110.|
|Bergman, B., and HynÚn, A. (1997). Dispersion effects from unreplicated designs in the 2k-p series. Technometrics 39, 191-198.|
|Nelder, J. A., and Lee, Y. (1998). Letter to the Editor: Joint modeling of mean and dispersion. Technometrics 40, 168-171.|
|Huele, A. F., and Engel, J. (1998). Response to Nelder and Lee. Technometrics 40, 172-175.|
|Smyth, G. K., Huele, F., and Verbyla, A. P. (2001). Exact and approximate REML for heteroscedastic regression. Statistical Modelling: An International Journal. Volume 1 #3. To appear. (Zipped Postscript).|
> jDrying <- jitter(Drying,factor=3) > plot(jDrying,Strength,type="n",xlab="Drying") > points(jDrying[Material==-1],Strength[Material==-1],col=2) > points(jDrying[Material==1],Strength[Material==1],col=4) | <urn:uuid:e0608f00-cf1c-43a4-96bb-50203b323e90> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.statsci.org/data/general/welding.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00189-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.716235 | 519 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Driving along the 134 to the 210 Freeway, then south on the 57 through the flurry of cities situated across the foothills of the San Gabriel Valley, you cannot miss the oversized mountain monograms neatly resting across the foothills. Each letter represents the name of a city or place nearby (like a university, such as Cal Poly Pomona).
When flying over the foothills from LAX, heading toward Midwestern cities like Minneapolis, Chicago or Detroit, one can spy the very tall profiles of Canary Island Pines (Pinus canariensis) from above. Traveling so high and fast, even the tall pine trees blend together into green blobs, intersected by spider web patterns of concrete, and dotted with tiny gray and brown rooftops with the occasional flash of sparkling blue swimming pools. The one thing that clearly stands out while comfortably seated in a plane is the letter on the hillside! Once I spot the letter “A”, I know where to geolocate my home.
These oversized hillside letters are a type of geoglyph – large, land designs made with stones, trees and shrubs, earth or other elements. Some geoglyphs have been traced back to 2,000 years ago, with various meanings and purposes associated to them: way-finding markers for earthlings, spiritual symbols, or perhaps – if you are into theories a bit more otherworldly – something related to the extraterrestrial.
Last week, my husband Adrian and I got our hair cut at the Covina salon where my stylist and friend Liz works. I saw on the Azusa City News Facebook page that her husband Patrick and friends recently volunteered to repair the “A” in Azusa on the steep, rattlesnake infested foothills. I really appreciate that he and others like him are trying to keep our communities looking good and giving back through the “Big ‘A’ Project”!
Recently, they went up the ridge and entered with permission onto private property so they could access the “A” that lies on hillside property managed by Joint Powers Authority, on behalf of the City of Azusa. I always wondered what the “A” was made of.
“Tarps,” was the simple and short reply.
They are currently raising money through YouCaring to redesign the temporary “A” design into a more permanent one, as well as collect funds for regular maintenance around the site. In hearing about their plans, it was impossible for me not to think about which materials could create a more permanent design, especially when factoring in the limitations of a site where material could not be delivered via truck or crane. Plants would be cool. I could think of a few wonderful options, but there would be regular maintenance needed to keep the “A” looking neat and tidy, and it is not an easy location to reach, unfortunately.
Back in 1928, during high school, my late grandfather Martin set the rocks that make up the “M” in Monrovia . The “M” was constructed with lots of rocks, each painted white, but likely reset years later. Whenever Monrovia High School wins a football game, the “M” is magically transformed by lights into a “V” for “Victory.” It made me think of all the materials that make up other letters on the hillsides of California, how it all started, and whether there is a future for these letters and hillside designs.
There are at least 80 hillside monograms set into the hillsides of California. The oldest known letter is the “C” in UC Berkeley. The collegiate geoglyph rests neatly between a clearing of trees and turf. A number of other mountain monograms reside right here in Los Angeles County:
|A||Agoura Hills, CA|
|CLU||Thousand Oaks, CA (California Lutheran University)|
|CPP||Pomona, CA (Cal Poly Pomona)|
|H||Glendale, CA (Hoover High School)|
|LA||Hacienda Heights, CA (Los Altos High School)|
|LMU||Los Angeles, CA (Loyola Marymount University)|
My favorite modern geoglyph was created in 2009 using what looked like an arrangement of 20,000 4” Petunias within a 30’ x 60’ display by the now defunct marketing firm Greenroad Media with advertising firm, M&C Saatchi Los Angeles. One of the seven floral displays was created along the 110 Freeway in promotion of the Toyota Prius brand. Unable to safely pull over to investigate, I drove in circles to just see how it was set up on the side of the freeway (Note: it isn’t uncommon while traveling with a horticulturalist that they may insist driving back in circles to investigate a particular plant or tree over and over again until their curiosity is satiated). The floral installation appeared overnight, like a Banksy mural – a colorful, rising sun with what looked like a car around it, but it really had no connection to the Prius.
After its installation, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa remarked, “The commute for Angelenos will now be brightened by floral murals that embody the city’s progressive approach to solving environmental issues by merging beautification, sustainable design and reducing our carbon footprint.” Early into the region’s serious drought, the planting design with annuals may not have been as sustainable as the mayor proclaimed. It was a great start to something bigger, an interest in horticulture around the freeways – a living, beautiful branding opportunity paid for by a private venture. Nothing has happened since then on the slopes of the freeway, but it does not mean that something beautiful cannot bloom to feed hungry pollinators on the side of our motorways in the near future. There remains opportunities to further explore sustainable design in similar fashion.
As more people use Google Maps to virtually fly over hillsides and rooftops to way-find or seek out interesting points of interest, I can’t help believe we’ll see new geoglyphs come to life. Colorful, living, and sustainable designs may arise in relation to maximizing property use for commercial purposes. For example, the increasing use of drones could create a demand for marketing messages designed to be seen high above from a property. Just as cities brand their identity on a hillside, so will private property owners using their rooftops. Finding those arid-loving plants capable of tolerating reclaimed water and a small amount of substrate or soil on the rooftop will make the project even more complex. I am definitely interested in offering plants as a solution to the urban heat island in tight spaces or along steep slopes, as well as providing an opportunity to share a relevant message or colors through amazing sustainable planting design. | <urn:uuid:84af86ae-14b0-4770-b888-a8b85be67a2a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ahbelab.com/tag/urban-monograms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.946786 | 1,485 | 1.679688 | 2 |
NEBOSH Fire Safety TrainingThe Knowledge Academy
£ 9.999 - (11.547 €)
- Cardiff (Wales)
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NEBOSH Certificate in Fire Safety and Risk Management is aimed at individuals who have an interest in fire safety.
The NEBOSH Fire Safety and Risk Management Certificate syllabus is based on National Occupational Standards in Fire Safety at level 3, which has common units with the UK Emergency Fire Services National Occupational Standards.
- There are no pre-requisites needed prior to attending this course.
Who Should Attend
- NEBOSH Certificate in Fire Safety and Risk Management is designed for managers, supervisors, employee representatives and those embarking on a role with the fire safety responsibility.
- Suitable for qualified safety professionals who wish to build on their existing knowledge of fire safety and demonstrate a level of competence to enforcing authorities, insurers and employers.
On completion of the NEBOSH Fire Safety and Risk Management Certificate course, individuals should be able to:
- Understand the legal framework relating to fire and health & safety
- Appreciate the purpose and procedures of investigating fires in the workplace
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- Identify the causes of fire and explosion and outline appropriate control measures to minimise fire risks
- Advise on the means of fire protection and prevention of fire spread within buildings
NGC1: NEBOSH Management of health and safety; comprising of:
- Element 1 Foundations in health and safety
- Element 2 Setting policy for health and safety
- Element 3 Organising for health and safety
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- Element 6 Principles of control
- Element 7 Monitoring, review and audit
- Element 8 Incident and accident investigation, recording and reporting
FC1: NEBOSH Fire Safety and Risk Management; comprising of:
- Element 1 Managing fire safety
- Element 2 Principles of fire and explosion
- Element 3 Causes and prevention of fire
- Element 4 Fire protection in buildings
- Element 5 Safety of people in the event of a fire
- Element 6 Fire risk assessment
FC2: NEBOSH Practical fire risk assessment:
This part of the NEBOSH fire course has no syllabus content associated with it. The aim of the NEBOSH fire ‘practical assessment’ is to test a candidate’s ability to complete a fire risk assessment of a workplace.
In particular to: Identify the fire hazards and preventive and protective measures within a workplace, To carry out a fire risk assessment of a workplace using the pro-forma provided, evaluating the significant fire hazards present, deciding whether they are adequately controlled and, where necessary, suggesting appropriate and cost effective remedial action.
Training course d elivered by Phoenix HSC (UK) Limited
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- Book Online or Call 01344 203999 to speak to an NEBOSH training advisor today | <urn:uuid:633b5acf-2955-4970-8e2d-5d74606297c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.emagister.de/nebosh_fire_safety_training-courses-uk-170541700.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00430-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.856575 | 732 | 2.40625 | 2 |
November 25, 2011
808. However, the other aspect of spirit’s coming-to-be, history, is that mindful self- mediating coming-to-be – the spirit emptied into time. However, this emptying is likewise the self-emptying of itself; the negative is the negative of itself. This coming-to-be exhibits a languid movement and succession of spirits, a gallery of pictures, of which each, endowed with the entire wealth of spirit, moves itself so slowly because the self has to take hold of and assimilate the whole of this wealth of its substance.
November 23, 2011
The planning for this “action”, for logistical and pragmatically necessary reasons was, in its initial stages, kept as quiet as possible. For this reason it was frequently referred to as “the action” in correspondence and conversation. Now we have acted and the abstract concept is apparently no less determined. What does it mean to have engaged in or accomplished this “action”? The “action”, of course, is not accomplished, not terminated with the taking of space, but not for that reason, any less an action. In taking the space, in acting, we have created the condition for further instantiations of “action.” In creating a space for the further development of the movement we create space and opportunity for “action” previously lacking. The “action” is, in this way, a continuous development out of and beyond itself. It does not bleed into something different, but is itself further determined by what it becomes. Only through the process of progressively unfolding in ever richer determinations can we come to understand the meaning of the action we have taken. The determination of all actions is future oriented, that is, they are essentially the possibilities they open by what becomes thinkable and doable as their result. In this radical break from normal relations, we advance in an as yet undetermined dialectic. In recognizing our constitutive role in the process of determination we simultaneously acknowledge our freedom, our freedom to create freely. To continue acting is to continue in the manifestation of free meaning by increasing the horizon of possibilities, and in this way we simultaneously challenge both reified consciousness and the persistent foreclosure of opportunities for a truly rational, socially integrated society.
“No chaos resulted from the actions of people without leadership and without previously formulated program…instead of mob rule there appeared immediately the same organization which for more than a hundred years now has emerged whenever the people have been permitted for a few days, or a few weeks or months, to follow their own political devices without a government (or a party program) imposed from above.” So said Arendt, over fifty years ago, about the Hungarian revolution. She went on, in that article, to point out tat “the councils were born exclusively out of the actions and spontaneous demands of the people, and they were not deduced from an ideology, nor foreseen, let alone preconceived, by any theory about the best form of government. Wherever they appeared they were met with utmost hostility from leaders from right to left ant with the unanimous neglect of political theorists and political scientists. The point is that these councils have always been undoubtedly democratic, but in a sense never seen before and never thought about.” Such is our General Assembly. It is the next form of politics and freedom – one coming blessedly, just in time.
November 23, 2011
There’s been a lot of talk about identity at the occupation.
May we propose a formula from an old philosopher?
The truth of identity is the identity of identity and non-identity.
“If you’re scared today you’ll be scared tomorrow as well and always and so you’ve got to make a start now right away we must show that in this school we aren’t slaves we have to do it so we can do what they’re doing in all other schools to show that we’re the ones to decide because the school is ours.”
The Unseen, Nanni Balestrini
Days later, voices in unison still ring in our ears. “Who’s university?” At night in bed, we mumble the reply to ourselves in our dreams. “Our university!” And in the midst of building occupations and the festive and fierce skirmishes with the police, concepts like belonging and ownership take the opportunity to assume a wholly new character. Only the village idiot or, the modern equivalent, a bureaucrat in the university administration would think we were screaming about something as suffocating as property rights when last week we announced, “The School is Ours!” When the day erupted, when the escape plan from the drudgery of college life was hatched, it was clear to everyone that the university not only belonged to the students who were forcefully reasserting their claim but also to the faculty, to every professor and TA who wishes they could enliven the mandatory curriculum in their repetitive 101 class, to the service workers who can’t wait for their shift to end, and to every other wage-earner on campus ensuring the daily functioning of the school.
Last week, the actualization of our communal will gave us a new clarity. The usual divisiveness of proprietorship was forcefully challenged; cascades of hidden meaning rush onto rigid notions of possession and our eyes look past surface appearances. So now when asked, “who does the university belong to?” we can’t fail to recognize that the college itself was built by labor from generations past, the notebook paper is produced by workers in South America, the campus computers are the output of work in Chinese factories, the food in the student cafe is touched by innumerable hands before it reaches the plates, and all the furniture at UC Berkeley is produced by the incarcerated at San Quentin. Thus the university, its normal operation and existence, ought to be attributed to far more than it regularly is. To claim that the school is ours requires our definition of ownership to not only shatter the repressive myth that the college belongs to the State of California and the Regents but to also extend belonging past national and state borders and throughout time. It’s clear, the entire university, for that matter, every university belongs to everyone, employed and unemployed, all students and all workers, to everyone of the global class that produces and reproduces the world as we now know it. The school is ours because it’s everyone’s and the destruction of the property relation, with all its damaging and limiting consequences, is implicit in the affirmation of this truth. It’s our university…
Read the rest of this entry » | <urn:uuid:35e96603-65d7-4282-aac3-e8dd9e6579db> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://reoccupied.wordpress.com/tag/hegel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00565-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968208 | 1,392 | 1.78125 | 2 |
According to the International Energy Agency the world’s roads will have 1.7 billion vehicles in the next 23 years.
The IEA presented a 670-page report on world energy trends, pharmacy in which it predicts that by 2035 the number of vehicles will increase from the current 870 million to 1.7 billion, order due to growth in developing countries. China, order which is now the world’s largest auto market, will see an impressive rise in auto sales. If in 2000 china had 4 cars per 1,000 people, in 2010 it had 40, and IEA predicts that by 2035 it will have 310.
Therefore China, which currently has 60 million vehicles on its roads, is expected to jump to more than 400 million by 2035. India, a fast growing market, which had 14 million cars in 2011, is expected to jump to around 160 million cars by 2035.
The report also said that over the past 10 years the number of paved lanes has increased 30% to 28 million miles and by 2035 the world will most likely add 10 million miles more, at the price of $20 trillion. Over the next 23 years EVs will account for only 4% of the number of vehicles sold, while hybrids will account for more than 20%. | <urn:uuid:a71ab581-b43b-425a-8b16-0dfd5d482b0f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.inautonews.com/international-energy-agency-predicts-vehicles-to-reach-1-7b-by-2035 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967904 | 262 | 2.3125 | 2 |
In the inky blackness of the Krasnaya Polyana mountains at night there is discernibly what looks at first glance like the constellation of the Plough. On second look, it is no such thing – merely a similar pattern of twinkling lights on a dormant crane.
When daybreak arrives, the crane swings back into action as the remorseless business of transforming the landscape into one capable of hosting the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games continues. The organisers are not so much reaching for the stars – although, uniquely, their Torch Relay will reach outer space at one stage in its journey – as constructing them – setting about the task of building a Games, and in effect a small city, from scratch.
The scale of the ambition is awesome, almost brutal. And in addressing the World Press Briefing for the Olympics and Paralympics this week – an event held deep within that mountain range wherein the Alpine events will take place in just over a year's time – it has been articulated both by the Mayor of Sochi, Anatoly Pakhomov, and the President of Sochi 2014, Dmitry Chernyshenko.
"Sochi is a unique city, and the Winter Games of 2014 will be the most unforgettable Winter Games in history," Pakhomov said.
"But the key achievement for us will be that Sochi showcases itself all around the world not just as the host of the 2014 Games, but also as a resort where people can visit all year round.
"We are building more than 800 venues, and we have very thoroughly considered the question of transport. We are building a new railway, three new highways, eight new road junctions. The main route between the coast and the Alpine cluster is 47 kilometres long, with 30km of them underground.
"The Games are solving many issues that have been there in this region for many, many years. Preparing for the Olympic Games is a very positive boost to the construction and housing sector. We are also making big steps forward in terms of the ecology, putting in place new "green" practices in our waste disposal and construction.
"The developments have led to the building of four new schools and seven new kindergartens, and the renovation of another 36 schools. Two new hospitals with Trauma Surgery facilities have been built.
"Sochi is also becoming the most accessible city in Russia for people with disabilities. The 800 new venues and buildings we are constructing will be totally accessible to those in wheelchairs. That includes hospitals, hotels and public transport.
"Sochi is becoming an international sports city. Test events for the Games are about to start in the coastal and mountain cluster venues.
"Russian athletes have very often demonstrated impressive results in the Winter Games, but unfortunately we have never had good enough training facilities for them. Now that is changing.
"But the key achievement of the Sochi Olympics will be that Sochi is no longer regarded simply as a summer resort, but as a place where people can visit all year round. Sochi has 300 days of sunshine a year. It has a unique sub-tropical climate, so in March and April you can come skiing here and still find people sunbathing on the coast. It can be 10 or 15 degrees below freezing in Krasnaya Polyana and 15 degrees on the coastline.
"This is really a unique place. Sochi has always had the capacity to be an all-round resort, not just the most popular Russian summer resort. We never had the infrastructure or the conditions to make it happen before – but the Olympics have prompted us to take that opportunity.
"It is the task of Olympic Games to go further than other Olympic Games. We hope that together we can ensure that our Olympics are the best ever."
Chernyshenko is hardly less ambitious in his overview of the Sochi Games. Speaking the day after he had attended a meeting with the Russian President, Vladimir Putin, the Sochi 2014 President told the conference:
"Russia for the last several years has been among the most active nations in terms of bidding for the big international level sport and social events. We have won the right to host the majority of the world's sporting competitions, like the Universiade, the track and field World Championships, the world championships in swimming and ice hockey, and the FIFA World Cup finals.
"This is a deliberate strategy from our national leaders, and it is an approach which looks at how to concentrate on focusing our resources to start the process of development in our country."
On the subject of the impending Games in his home city, Chernyshenko added: "My biggest motivation is seeing how this project will influence millions of Russians, not just in this area but in the country. We want to change Sochi from being a national summer resort to being an all-year round resort.
"Through the Olympics, the life and infrastructure of my city will be completely modernised. You can't postpone the Games. They are the greatest catalyst for change. And the construction of sporting venues is just a small part of that change. We are building 74 new social infrastructures. So this is the greatest ever catalyst when we put it in the proper environment. Right now, Sochi is probably the biggest building site in the world.
"But we have a new standard of construction. We are going "green" – another legacy of the Olympic project. We have new levels of environmentally friendly construction. This is a culture that didn't exist before in my country – an intangible legacy of the Games.
"The work on our project has generated 560,000 new jobs since economic downturn, and unemployment in the region is less than one per cent. Also since the start of our Olympic project, the birth rate in Sochi has gone up 40 per cent. This is good for my city, of course – and this is just the power of the Olympics!
"It is incredible for me to see my beloved city voted as one of the top 25 ultimate sports cities in the world, alongside others such as New York and Paris. And Forbes Magazine has rated my city as the best city for doing business in Russia.
"Sochi is also becoming a model city which the rest of the country is following. We are building national standards for the rest of the country to follow.
"When the Games start, for the first time ever the Alpine event medal winners will have their ceremonies in the main park. So spectators can come in the morning, be able to stay all day through and finish the day with the medal ceremony and a concert.
"Every Games should surpass the previous edition – should be better, more efficient. Our Fisht Olympic Stadium, which is named after one of the highest mountains in the region, will be like a theatre, it will have a roof. We've got an ambitious job to create the most outstanding Opening Ceremony ever – it will be a unique opportunity for us to communicate the message and show the face of the new, modern Russia through this great event."
For Sochi and those behind the organisation of their impending Games, it seems the sky is not even the limit.
Mike Rowbottom, one of Britain's most talented sportswriters, has covered the past five Summer and four Winter Olympics for The Independent. Previously he has worked for the Daily Mail, The Times, The Observer, the Sunday Correspondent and The Guardian. He is now chief feature writer for insidethegames. | <urn:uuid:eeb2482a-ecb2-48e5-ba1f-0ab503bc4b47> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1011606/not-even-the-sky-is-the-limit-for-sochi-2014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00562-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963403 | 1,513 | 1.929688 | 2 |
When Tony Abbott arrives home from India and Malaysia the weekend after next, he will have matched a record set by Kevin Rudd : the most trips abroad by a prime minister in their first 12 months in office.
Mr Abbott, who this time last year was among those in the Coalition criticising Mr Rudd over his penchant for travel, will have made 11 trips overseas by the time of the September 7 anniversary of the election of his government.
In his first 12 months in office, Mr Rudd also made 11 trips abroad and visited 25 countries, which included two visits to each of East Timor, Indonesia and Japan
After the Indian and Malaysian trip, Mr Abbott would have visited 22 nations, which includes three visits to Indonesia and two to the United Arab Emirates.
Mr Abbott plans to intensify his international travel with Coalition sources saying the focus on foreign affairs in the wake of the MH17 atrocity and the escalating terrorism crisis in Iraq is propping up the Coalition in the polls by countering the damage caused by the budget.
Next month, for example, Mr Abbott is disposed towards visiting New York for the United Nations General Assembly leaders week. Originally, he had no intention of going and was going to send Foreign Minister Julie Bishop .
Ms Bishop is still going and Mr Abbott is considering going to attend a terrorism summit on the Wednesday to discuss the scourge of Islamic State and the threat posed by home-grown militants who return to Australia and other countries of origin after fighting with IS in Iraq or Syria.
The threat of returning terrorists was a recurrent theme of Mr Abbott’s talks with the leaders of Indonesia, France, Canada and the United Sates during a two-week trip in June.
Ms Bishop would represent Australia at a climate change summit, also timed to coincide with the UN General Assembly. Mr Abbott may deliver Australia’s annual address to the General Assembly instead of Ms Bishop but sources said this wasn’t decided.
If he travels to New York, he will miss a sitting week of Parliament. Mr Abbott will miss one sitting day – Thursday – next week when he will be in India.
After Mr Rudd took the leadership back from Julia Gillard in June 2013, he made a lightning trip to Indonesia and, after calling the election, considered leaving for a few days to attend the G20 leaders’ summit in St Petersburg, Russia. This prompted a renewal of the taunts from the then Coalition opposition, including Mr Abbott who said: “I think he wants to campaign for the prime ministership of this country from the front of a 747."
“I don’t think the Australian public are going to really warm to that but I think that’s the temptation before him now, to not only be Kevin 747 but maybe Kevin A380 and spend most of the next few months out of the country."
A Labor spokesperson said the opposition would not comment on Mr Abbott’s heavy travel schedule because that was the lot of modern prime ministers and the Coalition had been wrong to pillory Mr Rudd for going abroad.
Of Mr Rudd’s 11 trips, four were mandatory to attend APEC, the G8, a Pacific Island Forum and a G20 meeting. Another was to attend the opening of the Beijing Olympics.
Of Mr Abbott’s 11 trips, two were mandatory: the October 2013 visit to Indonesia for APEC and then on to Brunei for the East Asia Summit as well as CHOGM in Sri Lanka. In November, Mr Abbott will fly to Beijing for APEC and to Burma for the East Asia Summit. In October, he is likely to revisit Indonesia for the swearing in of new president Joko Widodo. The G20 leaders’ summit will be held in Brisbane in November,
Fetching latest articles | <urn:uuid:3e78dcea-4e63-4d59-9e31-a3c4d2fedbe8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.afr.com/policy/foreign-affairs/tony-abbott-ties-kevin-747-s-travel-record-20140827-jcyo2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.975147 | 772 | 1.546875 | 2 |
New chairs normally don’t excite us but this one does. A Vorsprung durch Technik makeover was given to the household chair. It takes inspiration from the Audi sports prototype that participated in the Le Mans 24-hour race this year, leading to an overwhelming 1-2-3 finish. The R18 Ultra Chair made its global debut in early December at the Design Miami. The R18 Ultra Chair was built from the creative minds of designers Clemens Weisshaar and Reed Kram.
The most efficient and sustainable processes were used to build this chair, using a combination of carbon fibre, carbon and high-strength sheet aluminium. The chair is guaranteed to be almost feather-light to lift with its maximum stability and comfort with minimum consumption of materials. The aesthetically-pleasing chair was introduced in prototype form at the Milan Furniture Fair last April.
It featured a range of sensors that could gather data on the forces at play each time that the chair was used. About 1,500 testers got the chance to try it. The designers worked together with the engineers at the Audi Lightweight Construction Centre. They gathered data that they then used for the prototype. This enabled them to create a product that epitomizes the principles of Audi ultra lightweight construction for a total weight of just 2.2 kilograms.
It made intelligent use of advanced materials, high strength and very low weight. According to Dr. Karl Durst, an engineer in fibre-reinforced composites at the Audi Lightweight Construction Centre, the product combines the strengths of the materials in a way that their weaknesses are no longer relevant. He added that this efficiency is the “focus of [its] ultra lightweight construction principle.”
The R18 Ultra Chair is the second project for this team of designers who had been responsible for the award-winning installation OUTRACE on London’s Trafalgar Square in 2010. Weisshaar and Kram are regarded as ‘the vanguard of the next generation of digital designers’. Their work is displayed at the Museum of Modern Art, New York and the Centre Pompidou, Paris. | <urn:uuid:a2915a29-cfef-4c10-9337-27ab26a7d74a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.4wheelsnews.com/auto/audi-creates-the-r18-ultra-chair-24819.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00357-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949433 | 437 | 1.546875 | 2 |
The Ontario Climate Consortium helps end users figure out the climate questions they need to ask, and connects them with researchers who can deliver the answers. We develop projects in three key areas.
Custom Analysis Projects leveraging completed analysis or existing data sets.
Applied Climate Science Primary research into the use of climate information.
Adaptation and Mitigation
Planning Support Technical support and guidance to facilitate risk-based planning.
Research Support Research projects designed to inform responses and create tools to support the adaptation process.
The OCC Symposium A flagship event showcasing the work of top climate researchers and thought leaders.
Communications & Engagement Collaborative efforts with researchers and end users to maximize the utility and visibility of OCC research projects. | <urn:uuid:a1a3c733-ff8c-41b0-af90-6cbd7a195dd1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://climateconnections.ca/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.876431 | 154 | 1.914063 | 2 |
In California, the unemployment rate may be above 10.2%, and the state debt may be above $16 billion, the state’s GDP may be in serious trouble and businesses may be leaving in droves due to ever-increasing tax rates, but that isn’t going to stop the gravy train for the state’s poor and dispossessed. The California Public Utilities Commission is all set to greenlight a new program that would give homeless and low-income people free cell phones – call them Obamaphones – with free service. The idea is to help them reach out to possible job opportunities and stay connected with family.
San Francisco’s head of homeless initiatives, Bevan Dufty, was overjoyed: “This is great – it is transformative for homeless and low-income people. I expect San Francisco to be in the forefront and a model city for this program. Fundamentally, to be in the mainstream of our society you have to have a phone. And really, for the homeless population, you need a cell phone because they don’t have a home to hard-wire one into. We really need this plan.” Dufty is pushing an effort to allow the homeless to call 311 to find out where there’s an available bed at a homeless shelter.
The state has funded phones for the poor for years, but they were always hardline phones, not cell phones. The new program will give beneficiaries some 250 minutes of time and 250 free text messages every month. | <urn:uuid:7a41d79c-aad7-4f7c-93c1-b8fc738c6635> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2012/12/10/california-free-cell-phone-homeless/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00425-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952439 | 314 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Warming soil will release billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide
The headline on this story was going to be “The soil is going to kill us”. Sans exclamation mark. But that would be irresponsible reporting, and only 17% true. Because that’s the percentage by which carbon in the ground will increase carbon in the atmosphere by 2050, warming the planet and ending life as we know it.
Now this isn’t good news for South African soil. Only 14% of the country has good enough soil to farm on, and only a fifth of that gets enough rainfall to allow agriculture. The rest has to be fed through irrigation, which uses 60% of the country’s water.
But soil is susceptible to change. The National Climate Change Response White Paper warns that it is “vulnerable to increasing temperatures that adversely affect soil biology, chemical and physical properties”. With carbon still going into the atmosphere, that warming is a given. The white paper projects that the interior will be up to 3.5°C hotter by 2050, and double that by the end of the century.
To be fair, it isn’t the soil’s fault. We started this by digging into the earth so we could scoop out dead plants and dinosaurs and burn them. That mix drove the creation of what we call civilisation. It also pumped hundreds of billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This traps heat and warms the world — this year is to be the hottest on record, according to the World Meteorological Association.
Most of the heat goes into the oceans, which warm over decades. But a third goes into land, which warms in just a year. That’s a serious problem, according to research just published in the peer-reviewed journal Nature.
The report, Quantifying Global Soil Carbon Losses in Response to Warming, looks at 49 studies across the northern hemisphere (because there is little data on the south) and concludes that plant and animal life in soil will release 200-billion tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere by 2050.
To put that in perspective, the United Nation’s Framework Convention on Climate Change says the world can only emit 1 000-billion tonnes of carbon this century if warming is to be kept below 2°C. That’s the target about 200 countries signed up for at the Paris Agreement last year. Any warming above that unravels all the ecosystems that life has come to rely on.
But this goal didn’t include the effect soil would have on climate change. This data gives countries less wiggle room in how much they can emit — and they’ve built a lot of wiggle room into the Paris Agreement, which means South Africa’s commitment could see it release anywhere between 200-million and 600-million tonnes of carbon a year by 2030.
The research is limited because it looks only at the top 10cm of soil; it doesn’t look at the carbon trapped further down.
That also leaves out the effect of permafrost melting and releasing methane. But let’s not think about that. Permafrost melt is one of those climate events, called feedback loops, that dramatically accelerate warming, causing Europe to freeze and flooding in Cape Town.
So, what’s up with our soil? It boils down to the worms and micro-organisms that make a living underground. Their search for food from dead plant matter opens up spaces in the soil for air to move about, which helps plants to grow and creates more food for the creatures. A warming planet also, momentarily, means plants photosynthesise more and grow bigger. The creatures of the soil become more active. This process means more carbon is released by the soil. Much more carbon.
That extra 200-billion tonnes of carbon could ensure dangerous global warming or, in the restrained language of researchers: “This provides strong empirical support for the idea that rising temperatures will stimulate the net loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere, driving a positive land-carbon climate feedback that could accelerate climate change.”
Warming will do the following to South Africa’s already scarce good soil: make it more acidic; burn off the nutrients in the soil; boil living organisms in the soil; dry it out so it becomes weaker and more brittle; lower its water-holding capacity; increase runoff so less water soaks into the ground. In other words, degradation of the soil — and that’s not good when you’re a species that needs food to survive.
The drought has given glimpses into this near future. Farmers in the Free State say seeds from last year’s maize crop were cooked in the soil. When it did rain this year, the soil had been baked so hard that the water ran off.
Maybe the soil will kill us. | <urn:uuid:425e8e8d-b194-4b9d-90c9-d041c1128022> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mg.co.za/article/2016-12-07-00-warming-soil-will-release-billions-of-tonnes-of-carbon-dioxide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00395-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941103 | 1,000 | 3.375 | 3 |
Window shades and blinds are popular options when it comes to replacing and upgrading your window coverings. Both options may sound similar, but they do differ in more ways than one.
Here are five ways window blinds differ from shades:
- Opening and closing
Read on to learn more about the above differences and ultimately decide which type of window covering is suitable for your home.
Window Blind and Shade Materials
Blinds are considered "hard" window treatments while shades are "soft." Have you ever seen a movie where a streetlight created a dramatic shadow composed of straight lines on the floor of a private eye's office? Blinds make those shadows! Some of the materials composing blinds include wood, faux wood, and aluminum.
Shades, on the other hand, are made of a single length of fabric hanging from a rod or cylinder. These can be traditional fabrics such as cotton, polyester, or wool, but can also be made from more exotic options including bamboo, grass, and reeds.
The hard nature of blinds means when they're closed, they can block out all outdoor light if the slats are closed as well. The amount of light coming through the window can be increased by merely tilting the slats into a more open position. No similar adjustment can be made with shades.
Shades don't have louvers that can be adjusted, so the light passing through can't be increased without drawing them. With so many different materials available, however, you can determine how much light you'd like your shades to permit when they're installed. You can choose translucent shades that only limit the sunlight entering a room, or go with shades that provide blackout conditions — for a bedroom, for instance.
Opening and Closing
Window coverings such as drapes and curtains are usually opened by hand. They must be pulled apart, and can sometimes be fastened in the open position. Shades and blinds are opened with a drawstring mechanism. They're not as heavy as drapes and curtains, and therefore have a leaner, more contemporary presence.
Most blinds and shades can be opened and closed by drawstrings, but there is a difference. Whereas shades can only be pulled up or down, blinds are comprised of slats that can be tilted when closed to permit more light (without sacrificing privacy).
Like most design choices in a home, the style of window covering you prefer is a matter of personal preference. Blinds can be found in different shades and shapes, but they aren't available in patterns. In this case, shades have more versatility if you're looking for a patterned look or a pop of color. The Spruce offers a solid rundown of the most commonly purchased types of shades.
Blinds usually have less flourish than shades, so they're often considered the modern alternative. Also, because of their effectiveness at blocking out light, they're perfect for bedrooms. It's not uncommon for homeowners to complement blinds with a valance or a sheer curtain to soften their rigid appearance.
While blinds are available in several different materials and colors, for the most part, the designs are all very similar. One way their designs differ is in the depth of their slats. Standard blinds have slats between a half-inch and one inch in depth, while wider slats (usually known as Venetian blinds) can be as much as two inches deep.
There's virtually no limit to the shapes, colors, and patterns available with shades. Among the most popular shade design is honeycomb. As opposed to a flat fabric that rolls up onto a cylinder, honeycomb shades are pleated and available in a wide range of thicknesses from translucent to opaque. If you want to go high-tech, you can opt for motorized shades or UV-resistant solar shades.
So which type of window covering is best for your home? There's no definitive answer. Ultimately, the best way to settle on either blinds or shades is to research the different styles that are available to you and see which one meets your needs and expectations.
There's no reason you can't do both window shades and blinds in the same home. Do a little browsing online or in person, and there's little doubt you'll find just what you're looking for. | <urn:uuid:248c7811-6e89-49cb-9b34-7b99582f6447> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.flshuttersandblinds.com/news-articles/window-shades-and-blinds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.952952 | 903 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Plants grow when the cells contained within them grow. This happens in one of two ways: The cells physically increase in size, or they divide and copy themselves. The processes of division and differentiation are both complex ones that allow cells to carry out the processes vital to the plant's health.
Cell expansion occurs when an individual cell increases in size. The cell wall, the outermost part of the cell, holds everything together. When the cell expands, it can grow only as far as the cell wall stretches in order to keep the stability of the structures within. Not all plant cells expand in the same way; this type of growth is most commonly found in the roots and the tips of the plant's stems. It is generally believed that the expansion of cells occurs at a somewhat erratic pace, involving a change in the texture and strength of the wall and a period of expansion when the wall is at its weakest.
Plant cells also grow by a process called cell differentiation. All plant cells contain the same basic information and programming. As the plant matures, the cells in its roots begin to develop differently than the cells in the stem or leaves. All cells have the potential to serve in every capacity, and when exposed to different needs, the cells begin to express different characteristics.
Cells in the roots begin to reach toward nearby water and nutrients and form hair-like growths that allow them to absorb the nearby nutrients. Some of the most basic plant structures are those used for moving water to different parts of the plant. Xylem and phloem are tubes made up of dead cells, which more easily conduct water to the other parts of the plant.
Cell division, or mitosis, is the process by which cells replicate and grow in number. Proteins join to the information contained in the plant's DNA and begin to separate the chromosome to copies of everything contained within the structure of the cell. When there are two copies, the cell wall will divide the two cells. These daughter cells are identical to the original cell, and each contains half of the final number of chomosomes, called chromatids. The growth process is complete only when each chromatid produces the other half of itself, becoming a full chromosome.
Plants require a number of things to survive, including water, nitrogen, potassium, sunlight and phosphorus. Water and phosphorus are the elements that aid mainly in cell expansion, for when taken into the cell, they help press the cell walls leading to expansion.
Phosphorus is also key in promoting cell growth in the processes of division and differentiation. It supplies the plant with energy needed to run various processes, including division and differentiation. Without phosphorus, there would be no fuel for replicating the contents of the cell or developing the specialized structures contained within. The other nutrients are less responsible for plant growth and more directly related to processes within plants such as the conversion of light to energy usable by the plant.
Thomas Northcut/Photodisc/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:4d83459c-6c02-4eff-bc55-81d9b278173b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sciencing.com/how-do-plant-cells-grow-12511951.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.944619 | 628 | 4.25 | 4 |
In today’s world where big data reigns supreme and the Quantified Self movement promises self-knowledge through numbers, anything that can be measured often is. And if it can’t be measured today, the right technology is sure to be just around the corner.
In many ways, athletes have been at the forefront of this drive to measure and collect data about the self—at least when it comes to the physiological dimensions of athletic performance. From the stopwatch to the heart rate monitor to today’s GPS watches that include all of the above and much more, athletes now face an almost dizzying array of choices when it comes to measuring and tracking performance during training, racing, and daily activities. So if you feel bombarded by too many numbers, here are the ones to focus on first.
Below are what I consider to be a minimalist list of the most valuable metrics for triathletes. You can certainly add others to the list as your interests and motivations dictate, but what you see below represent the core data that can drive any successful training program, from novice to elite.
Basic Training Metrics
Duration, distance, and pace represent the basic metrics for any endurance workout. Anyone can excel with a training program by simply using these three metrics. Before the advent of GPS devices, if you lacked one of the three you could still estimate the third. But now GPS training devices make it easy to have all three at your fingertips on the fly. Monitoring pace during a workout is a useful means to gauge the intensity at which you’re working. Recording duration and distance in your training log allows you to effectively track past training and design future training.
Additional Training Metrics
- Heart rate (run, bike)
- Cadence (run, bike)
- Strokes per length (swim)
Although pace can work well for measuring workout intensity, especially for swimming and running, heart rate adds precision to that task. Where terrain varies—and hence your pace varies without always matching intensity—heart rate can keep you focused on the training effect you are targeting. Looking at heart rate in relation to pace after a workout can also provide you with knowledge about your current state of fitness—namely, your aerobic decoupling rate (how much your heart rate drifts compared to your pace over the course of a long run).
Cadence can be easily tracked with today’s GPS devices for running and cycling, either with a cadence sensor accessory or with one of the latest devices with internal cadence sensors (such as the 920XT or Fēnix 3). The cadence you want to target is similar for both running and cycling. Think 90 revolutions per minute. For running, that means 90 right foot (or left foot) steps or 180 total steps. For cycling, that means 90 full turns of the cranks. Getting this feedback on the fly can help you adjust your form.
Although cadence is also important for swimming, strokes per length often represents a more useful number. The fewer strokes you take per length, the more efficient your stroke. Weak swimmers especially benefit by working to lower their strokes per length. Training devices now provide this metric without needing to do a manual count. Using this feedback can help you focus on form by giving you a number to lower.
Daily Recovery Metrics
- Morning heart rate
- Hours of sleep
There are two metrics worth paying attention to away from training sessions. Measuring your morning heart rate before you get out of bed provides a valuable window into your state of recovery. As I discuss in another article, “If your heart rate is five to ten beats higher than average on a given morning, this is a sign you may need more rest and recovery that day. It could also mean your body is fighting an oncoming virus, in which case eliminating stress in the form of hard training can give your body a chance to nip any sort of oncoming illness in the bud.” Likewise, keeping track of your sleep can provide insight into what is optimal for you given your activity level; you can then target your sleep accordingly.
To be sure, there are many additional metrics you could measure and track. Some might include power on the bike as a must have in the list above, and there is no dearth of ways to expand this list with today’s technology. But again, this list represents my minimalist set of the eight most valuable metrics. All you really need to successfully train for multisport events without breaking the bank or over complicating the process are at least the first three and ideally the full eight.
In a world where you can measure anything and everything, it is important to keep sight of the most valuable metrics that will guide you toward your goals. And even while harnessing the best of what today’s technology offers, there is a case to be made for keeping the process simple. | <urn:uuid:d872402c-c17c-4b68-8385-11a3db632ae7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://alpfitness.com/most-valuable-metrics-for-triathletes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.948988 | 1,013 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Sometimes underestimated and reduced to a supporting role in the cubist canon, Braque has for too long rested in Picasso’s shadow. The inventor of the collage (he started to assemble bits of paper very young, thanks to his father who was a painter and decorator), initiator of cubism, sculptor, engraver, painter affiliated to a classic French tradition but also a precursor of abstraction, Georges Braque (1882-1963) is well deserving of a retrospective to match his talents. There hasn't been one since 1973, but now, in an immense exhibition covering all aspects of his work from fauvism up to his final pieces, the Grand Palais is attempting to take the measure of this endlessly inventive artist who declared that ‘conformism begins with definition’. This is an opportunity to solidify his important role in the cubist movement, but also to consider his figure paintings from the 1920s, and his recurrent explorations of still life and landscapes. Completed with a large collection of related exhibits (including many previously unseen items, like photographs by Man Ray and Cartier-Bresson), the exhibition attempts to make the whole artistic project of Braque accessible, looking at his relationship with Picasso, his interest in music, his friendship with Erik Satie, his association in the poets René Char and François Ponge, and the writer and publisher Jean Paulhan.
Georges Braque, 'L’Oiseau noir et l’oiseau blanc', 1960 / Collection particulière © Leiris SAS Paris © Adagp, Paris 2013
Georges Braque, 'Grand Nu', hiver 1907- juin 1908 / © Centre Pompidou, MNAM-CCI, Dist.Rmn-Grand Palais / Philippe Migeat © Adagp, Paris 2013
Georges Braque, 'Les Poissons noirs', 1942 / © Centre Pompidou, MNAM-CCI, Dist.Rmn-Grand Palais / Droits réservés © Adagp, Paris 2013
Georges Braque, 'Compotier et verre', (Premier papier collé), 1912 / © The Leonard A. Lauder Cubist Trust © Adagp, Paris 2013 | <urn:uuid:95f15926-c8db-4b54-b284-77660d130ff5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.timeout.com/paris/en/art/georges-braque?occurrence_month=2013-12-01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930755 | 472 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Need School Supplies? Help Is Available
Affording a free public education isn’t always easy.
That is hardly news to parents who find themselves in the midst of back-to-school shopping for new clothes, shoes and supplies. Sending a child to school isn’t cheap under the best of circumstances. It’s another expensive ball to juggle for those families struggling to make ends meet, particularly if they have more than one child to equip.
We take note, then, of the first of many back to school supply drives in our area.
The Axemen MC, a group of professional firefighters, are accepting pens, pencils, erasers, folders, spiral notebooks, dividers, index cards, highlighters, backpacks, zipper pouches, Post-It Notes, pencil boxes, rulers, tissues, crayons, wide-ruled loose leaf paper and three-ring, one-inch binders. The Axemen drive continues through Sept. 26 with goods distributed to the Jamestown Public Schools the week of Sept. 29. Donations can be taken to the Jamestown Police Dept. lobby, 200 E. Second St., Jamestown; the Jamestown fire Department, 200 Spring St., Jamestown; and Chautauqua Striders’ office on the second floor of the Jamestown YMCA, 101 E. Fourth St.
The New Covenant Assembly Church, 17 Arlington Ave., Jamestown, has a limited number of school supplies to give away on a first-come, first-served basis. The giveaway includes backpacks, pens, pencils, glue, notebooks, paper and other school supplies. Sign-up was held Sunday with the supplies to be picked up on Aug. 31. For more information on how to donate, contact Brian Carnes, youth pastor, at 664-1474.
There has been a lot of debate over the past couple of years about the Common Core Learning Standards, teacher evaluations and school funding. Such weighty topics deserve lengthy and vigorous debate. It’s worth noting, however, that those debates mean nothing if children don’t have the basic supplies they need in the classroom.
The drives noted above aren’t the only drives going on in the area, just the first two to send notices to The Post-Journal. Other organizations planning back to school supply drives can feel free to let us know about their drives by faxing an announcement to 664-5305 or emailing firstname.lastname@example.org. We’re more than happy to help get the word out about all of these worthy efforts. | <urn:uuid:f4ce41e0-e447-4ae4-9d1c-a83f5d588172> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://content.post-journal.com/?p=648314/Need-School-Supplies--Help-Is-Available.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00519-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933988 | 547 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Anti-VEGF therapy counteracts the excessive amount of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) that is in the retinal tissues. At the present time, this medication (Avastin, Lucentis. or Ilyea) needs to be administered directly into the vitreous cavity of the eye in order for it to reach high enough concentrations in the retina to block the dangerous VEGF.
Using sterile technique and specialized needles, an injection is made through the white portion of the eye (sclera) into the gel. Although it sounds discomfiting, after the first one or two injections the anxiety level abates. There is some pain associated with the injection, lasting about a second as the needle penetrates through the sclera.
In diabetes sometimes more than one injection will be needed depending upon the stage of the disease.
Anti-VEGF therapy is used to treat both background and proliferative retinopathy as well as retinal vascular occlusions.
Laser surgery is often recommended for people with macular edema (background diabetic retinopathy) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
Laser treatment had been a first line therapy for backround disease, now however it is usually used as second line treatment after anti-VEGF injections have been given.
- For macular edema, the laser is focused on the damaged retina near the macula to decrease fluid leakage. The laser treats areas where the capillary beds or micro-aneurysms are leaking fluid and seals them off.
- For PDR, the laser is focused on all parts of the retina except the macula. This pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) treatment causes abnormal new vessels to shrink and often prevents them from growing. It can decrease the chance that vitreous bleeding or retinal distortion will occur. Multiple laser treatments over time are sometimes necessary. An anti-VEGF injection sometimes is administered two weeks prior to the PRP to decrease the risk of macular edema.
- For PDR or non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage, the ophthalmologist may recommend a vitrectomy. During this microsurgical procedure, performed in the operating room, the vitreous is removed and replaced with a clear solution. Any membranes pulling or detaching the retinal can be peeled off as well. Additional laser treatment can be given at the time of the surgery. It is considered a major ophthalmic surgery often requiring general anesthesia and months to recover fully. Cataract formation several years after vitrectomy frequently occurs.
- Vitrectomy often prevents further bleeding by removing the abnormal vessels that caused bleeding. If the retina is detached, it can be repaired during the vitrectomy surgery. Surgery should usually be done early because macular distortion or traction retinal detachment will cause permanent vision loss. The longer the macula distorted or out of place, the more serious the vision loss will be.
People with diabetes should be seen once a year unless told otherwise. More frequent medical eye examinations may be necessary after a diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy is made.
You should have your eyes checked promptly if you have visual changes that:
- Affect one eye only
- Last more than a few days
- Are not associated with a change in blood sugar. | <urn:uuid:9f70c3e5-fa90-4aa7-af5f-b2f44bb1ebaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://midnortheyecenter.com/index.php/treatment-for-diabetic-retinopathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.921953 | 701 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Click this link to download the PAC Application: PAC Application.pdf
Parent Action Committee Partnership, Goals and Objectives
Options Secondary Alternative Program (OSP) and Resolution Matters Inc., in partnership with a grant from the Colorado Department of Education, have created the Parent Action Committee (PAC). The PAC will be comprised solely of parents who want to engage in grant-funded programs, and other yearly activities at OPA. The primary objectives of the PAC will be to collaborate with the community to increase parent engagement in the school, support families for student academic growth, and create sustainability for current and future programming. An important goal of the PAC is to create a group of parent leaders who can direct the efforts to support and sustain Restorative Justice programming, and social-emotional leaning opportunities for OPA students.
Parents have majority control in creating the PAC’s mission and subsequent activities, and will decide as a group who will act as leaders in reaching the group’s goals. | <urn:uuid:63b9dafc-a03a-4149-9122-1bb23a582b03> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://littletonpublicschools.net/schools/options-secondary-program/parent-action-committee | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00286-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932652 | 197 | 1.585938 | 2 |
By Anthony Quinn
A NEW report lifting the lid on the crisis in Cookstown’s housing market has revealed that prices may not return to normal until 2020 at the earliest.
Among the alarming findings unveiled by the Housing Executive is the fact that 3,576 households in the Cookstown District are currently unable to afford a house, in spite of a dramatic drop in prices.
The Mid Ulster Housing Market Analysis, which was undertaken by the HE to understand local market trends and identify future imbalances, shows that an entire generation of local families risks being locked out of home ownership because of the decline in the economy and cuts to the public sector.
In fact, constrained mortgage lending and the declining economy mean that 55 percent of Cookstown District couples under 40 are unable to afford their own home, a much higher figure than the Northern Ireland average of 43.7.
In addition, 32% of Cookstown households are unable to afford the average rent of a typical two-bedroom dwelling in the private sector, which is again higher than the Northern Ireland average.
The report found that the level of vacant properties in the Mid Ulster area has been consistently above the Northern Ireland average for the past decade, particularly in the rural areas.
Figures show that there are 5580 empty properties in the local area, which represents 11% of the housing stock.
The report authors also predict a rise in the number of households in housing stress, and offer a gloomy forecast for the next number of years. It said that a large number of home-owners will be trapped in negative equity for the foreseeable future.
Father of one William Montgomery from Cookstown described how and he is partner were caught in the negative equity trap.
They bought at the peak of the market out of fear that prices would rise beyond what they could afford.
“House prices were rising sharply and we felt that it we didn’t get on the housing ladder we never would”, they said.
Unfortunately the housing market slumped six months after they made their purchase, leaving them trapped in negative equity.
They said the prospect of waiting until 2020 for the market to return to normal was depressing.
“We are seeing houses in our area now selling for considerably less than we paid. It’s gutting, really. Mortgages are still as expensive, if not more so with pay cuts.
“Paying a mortgage is a big financial burden and one that affects the life choices we make.
“However, at the end of the day, it’s our home and a place to live in, rather than an investment.”
According to the authors of the report, the underlying economic conditions required to regenerate the Cookstown housing market are not yet in place and may not be so for a considerable period.
“While the public sector could have a role in stimulating the housing market, this will only have a limited effect due to expenditure cuts applied by government”, they said.
“Indeed job growth in the region is likely to be slow over the next ten years and will restrict future household growth.
“There is consistent demand for social housing within Mid Ulster HMA. The 2011 social housing need assessment identified a five-year need of approximately 217 units for Mid Ulster.
“In addition, it is anticipated that the levels of new applicants and those in housing stress will rise further if the supply of private renting fails to meet affordable demand and if government funding for further new build social housing continues to be constrained.”
The lack of economic recovery in the Mid-Ulster area was blamed upon the area’s exposure to the Republic of Ireland economy and its high share of public sector jobs, and people living on benefits, which are vulnerable to cuts.
“Overall, we judge that the economic conditions required to secure a return to stable but modest real house price growth and to secure sustained expansion in private housing construction are unlikely to reappear in the near future”, said the report. | <urn:uuid:9da9d406-8ee7-4b61-8376-ef376740913e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tyronetimes.co.uk/news/cookstown-housing-market-crisis-report-gloom-until-2020-at-earliest-1-4352896 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00160-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96599 | 822 | 1.90625 | 2 |
South Africa is home to 90% of the world's rhino population - 22800 of them. NOT ENOUGH FOR HUNTING!! Under no circumstances are rhinos to be hunted - ever! This petition will be sent to Kzn Wildlife ([email protected]
), who are planning to allow a rhino to be hunted for less than R1million. This is a mere pittance compared to the money that a live rhino would generate, whether it stays in the KZN Wildlife reserves or is sold on to another reserve. | <urn:uuid:4d0ede44-80d5-4bdb-9361-9eb8bb816a3a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.petitionbuzz.com/petitions/rhino | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00499-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927246 | 108 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Reading (after Idling) is perhaps the most common of leisure-time activities. There’s plenty to read around us: newspapers, magazines of all flavours and for every niche, comics, books. The Internet now provides an almost infinite treasure trove of reading material which would previously have been almost impossible to access. Search engines and hyperlinks open up magical worlds of information – enough to idle away a few hours.
The actual act of Reading by itself has perhaps been least affected by technology amongst all the leisure activities. Other than the computer where now some of the reading is done, we still buy books. If anything, the ability to search for books by one’s favourite authors, order them online and have them delivered to the doorstep can actually increase the reading done. Holding the book or the paper in hand is still the preferred form for reading. Yes, there’s talk of Tablet PCs and e-books which can change how we read, but that still seems to be a a few years away.
Reading as a leisure activity is not threatened. There’s still nothing to beat reading a timeless PG Wodehouse or Agatha Christie. Perhaps, the best thing to have happened in recent times has been the success of JK Rowling’s Harry Potter series. The unprecedented sales of the books (over 100 million) and now the movie has re-ignited interest in Reading worldwide. The ultimate Reading odyssey for me: JRR Tolkien’s “Lord of the Rings”. (The first movie in the trilogy is being released in the US in December). Writes Brian Carney in a recent article entitled “The Battle of the Books” in the Wall Street Journal:
Harry Potter and Frodo Baggins, Tolkien’s protagonist, will soon battle not only evil but also each other for the hearts and minds of a generation. If there is any justice in the world, Frodo should win.
Yes, Tolkien’s is the better story, but he deserves the laurel for another reason: He conceived of fantasy writing as a medium for moral thought experiments. “Harry Potter” may be entertaining, imaginative and wry. But it isn’t challenging. Morally speaking, Harry’s magical world is trite.
“Harry Potter and Philosopher’s Stone,” as the book was called in Britain — the U.S. marketers substituted “Sorcerer’s Stone” in the title — is a classic struggle of Good vs. Evil.Harry is good because he’s nice, and we can’t help sympathizing with him, since Voldemort killed his parents and all. This is very straightforward stuff, and there’s little to argue with in it. But there’s also little to argue for.
Tolkien delves deeper.Tolkien is doubtful of man’s ability to resist the temptation of absolute power. That is one of the great themes of the bookIn Tolkien’s world the temptation of evil is one that all, or nearly all, of his characters must confront. The argument of Tolkien’s tale — controversial, to be sure — is that, while intentions matter, the way we act is far more important than why we act. His story, for all its narrative brio, presents a serious rebuttal to the idea that good ends justify using evil means.
Don’t you feel like dropping everything and Reading The Book? | <urn:uuid:8837deb2-2eba-4190-b32e-682a5b9a816c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://emergic.org/2001/12/05/tech-talk-leisure-and-entertainment-reading/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.950911 | 720 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Maybe your pasture
grew up in annual weeds, which you lopped off to
leave bare ground.
Maybe the chickens made that bare ground for you
by scratching up the grass in over-grazed pastures. Or perhaps you're
trying to turn high perennial weeds into something your chickens will
way, if you're going into winter without plenty of good pasture for
your chickens, you can fill in the gap by planting annual forage
Most of the plants you'd use
as winter cover crops in your garden can work as
forage crops, but they have varying utility for chickens. For
grazing as late into the winter as possible, you'll want to choose rye,
although this grain might be less tasty to your flock than the more
cold sensitive wheat and barley. Wheat is problematic in our area
since you have to plant
it late to escape Hessian fly damage, which doesn't give the
plants long enough to produce much leaf matter for your chickens.
Barley leaves are perhaps the easiest to digest of the winter grains,
but barley plants aren't as winter hardy, so you can't graze them as
close or as often.
If you don't graze wheat,
barley, or rye too hard, the plants will survive the winter and will
produce some grain in the spring. Although I thought this was a
good idea last year, I discovered that growing grains in your pasture
isn't the best use of limited space --- chickens don't get much out of
the plants once they start to shoot up and flower, so you'll basically
be putting your pasture out of commission for the spring and
summer. Instead of dealing with killing winter hardy grains
before they become unpalatable to your flock, you might choose to plant
oats if you live in zone 6 or colder --- oats will winterkill in our
climate, leaving a nice mulch that I can rake back and plant a
perennial pasture grass or summer annual into in the spring.
It's also worth looking
beyond the grasses to plants that might be more nutritious to your
chickens. Austrian winter peas are a cold hardy variety of field
peas that can be mixed in with your winter grains to give your chickens
more protein. The cold sensitivity of Austrian winter peas lies
midway between oats and barley, so factor that into your plans for late
winter grazing and early spring killing. While you're at it, why
not plant a few patches of leafy greens like mustard? Chickens
enjoy most tender vegetables that people eat, so it's worth
experimenting with whatever grows well in the winter in your climate.
After the soil
preparation shown in the photos above, I've had pretty good luck
tossing seeds of all of these plants
directly on top of bare soil and scattering a very light mulch of straw
on top. You can plant most or all of these crops between the
beginning of August
and mid September in zone 6, but keep in mind that the earlier you
plant, the more time your crops will have to get established and resist
winter's cold (and chicken feet.) The most winter hardy forage
crops, like rye, can actually be planted after your first frost, but
you might not get to graze late planted rye until spring.
Plan your pasture rotation so
that you can get your chickens to work up the ground right before
planting, then keep the flock out of the forage plot until your crops
are six to eight inches tall. Once the forage has grown that
much, let your chickens eat the greenery down to two to three inches
and then rest the pasture again until it is six to eight inches
tall. As winter cold hits, you'll need to give the pasture longer
between each bout of grazing, and you may eventually decide to just let
the flock stay in and kill what's left so that you don't have to deal
with it in the spring.
I'm just experimenting
with planting annual winter forage for our flock, so I'd love to hear
from anyone who has already tried it. My hope is that my pastures
of oats, rye, Austrian winter peas, oilseed radish, mustard, and
chicory will give the flock a winter pick-me-up and help prevent the
bare, muddy ground we ended up with last winter. I'll keep you
posted on how the chickens respond once the forage crops are tall
enough to try out.
While you're preparing your
pasture for winter, consider heated
options, explained in depth in our do it yourself instructions.
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RSS button after you add a comment to subscribe to the comment feed. | <urn:uuid:6536a780-0c1e-417b-8a56-93221f2de953> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.avianaquamiser.com/posts/Annual_winter_forage_for_chickens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00027-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951474 | 1,020 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Astronauts play a very important role in ‘Space Station Designer’, as they are the ones in charge of keeping the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) station functional and using their skills in order to increase the station’s output. In this blog post, I’m going to give an overview of the astronauts and cover the processes for hiring and managing them.
The game starts with a Core Module in LEO housing a single astronaut. From that point onwards, players will need to hire more in order to be able to manage larger stations. This is done through the hiring screen, which can be accessed by using the following button:
Which can be found in the astronauts button group in the right panel of the main screen:
The hiring screen shows a list of candidates, which are displayed as a series of cards with a number of attributes:
The upper section of the card features the following attributes:
- Name and portrait.
- Age: Astronauts need to retire at age 65.
- Special skill: A unique skill that can be used when the astronaut gets assigned to a commercial services engagement. We’ll cover this mechanic in a future post.
- Autonomy: The maximum number of weeks an astronaut can stay on a mission at the station before being ferried down to Earth in order to rest.
- Weekly salary: The amount of money an astronaut needs to be paid for every week spent on the station.
In the middle area of the cards there are six icons, one for each type of skill:
- Intermediate goods skill: The intermediate goods production boost provided by an astronaut when assigned to a production line.
- Commercial goods skill: The production boost for a given commercial good provided by an astronaut when assigned to a production line. Notice that there are five types of commercial goods available for manufacturing in the LEO station, but an astronaut can only be specialized on one. The commercial goods were discussed in a previous blog post.
- Research skill: The research output boost provided by an astronaut when assigned to a research module.
- Engineering skill: All space station modules have an individual maintenance value which contributes to the overall maintenance value requires by the space station. The engineering skill values of all astronauts present in the station and assigned to maintenance duties must be equal or greater than the overall maintenance value required by the space station in order to minimize the chances of experiencing a failure. We’ll cover this mechanic in detail in a future blog post.
- Space tourism skill: The income boost provided by an astronaut when assigned to a space tourism module.
- Industrial R&D skill: The income boost provided by an astronaut when assigned to an industrial R&D module.
After one or more candidates have been hired from this screen, the recruitment process will be unavailable for a certain period of time. The management screen can be accessed via the following button, which is also available in the astronauts button group in the right panel of the main screen:
The screen lists all the active astronauts, along with a series of options that depend on their current state:
All the attributes shown in the hiring screen, such as age, autonomy, weekly salary and the various skills are still present. In the upper right of the card there’s a ‘Rank’ attribute as well. A new astronaut starts with rank of one and, every time he or she is sent to any skills training, the value increases. Once the value reaches a certain number, no further skills training is allowed.
In the third row of the card there’s an icon that shows the astronaut’s location (i.e., on Earth or in the LEO station).
Astronauts on Earth can be in one of the following states:
- In training.
- Recovering from mission.
Astronauts on the station can be in one of the following states:
- Assigned to maintenance.
- Assigned to a module.
- Assigned to a production line.
- Assigned to a commercial service engagement.
- Past max stay time.
We’ll cover most of these in upcoming blog posts, where we’ll be digging into the rest of the mechanics of ‘Space Station Designer’. Are there any astronauts features that you think are missing? Let us know via the comments section below, twitter or the contact form at the bottom of our website 🙂 | <urn:uuid:129cb052-1546-4d47-8452-eda5c0c60fa2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://polar-motion.com/2018/11/18/astronauts-in-space-station-designer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.909647 | 916 | 1.929688 | 2 |
ERIC Number: ED262539
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1985
Reference Count: 0
The Special Education Teacher as Consultant. Who? Me!
Wojciehowski, Thomas W.; Burton, Louise F.
The teacher consultant model is seen as one way to develop collaborative working relationships between classroom teachers and special educators. A triadic model of consultation as modified for special education settings is presented as an educational team linked in shared responsibility to resolve a common goal. Considerations in the consultative process are examined, including the role of active listeners and information gatherers. Strategies with which consultants can gain acceptance are noted, including modeling the use of interview skills, demonstrating the willingness to learn from others, and using situational leadership. The importance of recognizing the necessity of motivation and task dedication for insuring productive team participation is emphasized. (CL)
Publication Type: Guides - Non-Classroom
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A | <urn:uuid:d6555259-a142-48ac-a758-d0af99973e71> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED262539 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00466-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915006 | 207 | 2.25 | 2 |
The healing time for a dental implant can vary depending on the amount of surgery needed. The good news is that despite the severity, you can do things to help speed the recovery process. Whether you’re careful with what you eat or stop smoking, you can recover from your dental implant surgery ahead of schedule.
Listen Your Dentist’s Advice
Your dentist will provide you with a care sheet that you should follow exactly. Not following these directions will make it much harder for your mouth to heal and it could take longer than estimated. Chances are this will mean doing much of the following.
Be Careful What You Eat
Your care sheet will more than likely instruct that you only eat soft foods for the first few days after surgery. After which, you will not be able to eat sharp foods, such as potato chips, or foods that are hard to eat, such as popcorn. It is also suggested that you refrain from dairy products as they can cause nausea and you do not want to throw up during the healing process. You can eat yogurt and frozen yogurt, but only if your body is accustomed to eating these foods. If not, you may make yourself sick. Another thing to avoid is foods and drinks that have citric acid. Do make sure to get plenty of fluids in the form of juices, tea, and water.
You should have actually stopped smoked before the surgery. If you did, now is not the time to start back up. You need to refrain from smoking until you are completely healed. The biggest concern, besides the number of health complications, is that nicotine disrupts the flow of blood to the mouth, greatly affecting the time it takes you mouth to heal.
Practice Good Dental Hygiene
You need to continue to take care of your teeth by brushing, flossing, and rinsing. Take this time to pick up better habits. Brush and floss after each meal and morning and night. The cleaner your mouth, the better chance your mouth has to heal after your dental implant procedure. When you allow food particles to build up in your mouth and rot, it creates bacteria that will length the recovery process.
Take Antibiotics as Prescribed
It is imperative that you take antibiotics as prescribed. You also need to take all of them. The antibiotics will kill the bad bacteria in your mouth so that you heal faster. It is recommended that you take probiotics to counteract the negative effects of the antibiotics.
A dental implant is serious surgery, but you can greatly reduce the time it takes to heal by following these steps. | <urn:uuid:eff847f7-2822-4203-95f5-fe485a2afd61> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ajnnews.com/what-can-i-do-to-decrease-my-recovery-time-after-a-dental-implant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96645 | 524 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Step 1- Know Your Students
Determine the ability level of your students.
This can be done by surveying past records of student performance to determine capabilities, prior learning, past experiences with learning, etc.
Survey student interests.
It is also important to get to know your students informally. This can be done by an interest inventory, an interview/conference, or asking students to respond to an open-ended questionnaire with key questions about their learning preferences (depending on the age group).
Is behavior management a problem?
This is key when planning for activities that require less structure. However, it is still important to determine learning styles and preferences for students who may have a hard time controlling their behaviors. Sometimes knowing preferences can help to motivate students to attend to any tasks that are presented.
Step 2- Have a Repertoire of Teaching Strategies
Because "one size does not fit all," it is imperative that a variety of teaching strategies be used in a differentiated classroom. Among many teaching strategies that can be considered, there are four worth mentioning: direct instruction, inquiry-based learning, cooperative learning, and information processing models.
This is the most widely used and most traditional teaching strategy. It is teacher centered and can be used to cover a great amount of material in the amount of time teachers have to cover what students need to learn. It is structured and is based on mastery learning. More information can be found on:
Inquiry-based learning has become very popular in teaching today. It is based on the scientific method and works very well in developing critical thinking and problem solving skills. It is student centered and requires students to conduct investigations independent of the teacher, unless otherwise directed or guided through the process of discovery. For more information, go to:
Probably one of the most misunderstood strategies for teaching is "cooperative learning." Yet, if employed properly, cooperative learning can produce extraordinary results in learning outcomes. It is based on grouping small teams of students heterogeneously according to ability, interest, background, etc. However, one of the most important features of cooperative learning is to pick the best strategy that will be used to assign the task for students to accomplish. The more popular strategies include JigsawII, STAD-Student Teams, or Group Investigation. For more information, go to:
Information Processing Strategies
Teaching students "how to" process information is a key factor in teaching students how to strategically organize, store, retrieve, and apply information presented. Such strategies include, but are not limited to, memorization, KWL, reciprocal teaching, graphic organizing, scaffolding, or webbing. More information on this topic can be found at:http://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/methods/info_processing/
Step 3- Identify a Variety of Instructional Activities
Engaging students in the learning process using activities that motivate and challenge students to remain on task is probably one of the most frustrating events in the teaching learning process. But if you know your students' profiles, you have a better chance at keeping them on task to completion of any given assignment or activity. In a differentiated classroom, activities are suited to the needs of students according to the mixed ability levels, interests, backgrounds, etc. For example, if you have English language learners in your class, you need to provide activities that are bilingual in nature or that provide the necessary resources for students to complete the activity with success. Good activities require students to develop and apply knowledge in ways that make sense to them and that they find meaningful and relevant. Ideas for activities can be found at:
Step 4- Identify Ways to Assess or Evaluate Student Progress
Once again, we cannot assume that "one size fits all." As a result, varying means of student assessment is necessary if students are to be given every opportunity to demonstrate authentic learning. Authentic assessment has been around for a long time and is now taking the limelight as we attempt to measure students' progress in a fair and equitable way. A variety of assessment techniques can include portfolios, rubrics, performance-based assessment, and knowledge mapping. For more information on this topic go to: | <urn:uuid:fa272e64-c06e-4e53-a0d5-19d33661a7c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.smore.com/h321x | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.945196 | 874 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Three years ago, when Dan Berkowitz moved to an updated lab, he didn’t consider the potential benefits of gaining a lighting system activated by motion. Not only has it helped The Johns Hopkins Hospital’s director of cardiac anesthesia and his team see their blood vessel experiments more clearly, but it also has triggered an accidental discovery that may prove transformative in treating aneurysms and other vascular diseases.
According to Berkowitz, one day in the new lab in the Ross Research Building, lead investigator Gautam Sikka noticed that the tension in the blood vessels of mice being studied would decrease whenever the motion-activated lights came on when he entered the room. When he mentioned the finding to Berkowitz, it validated a hunch the scientist held about the phenomenon known as photorelaxation. “I had this slightly insane idea,” Berkowitz explains. “What if there were receptors for light on blood vessels? Perhaps the blood vessels had ‘eyes’ that could ‘see’ the light.”
Before long, the researchers identified a light receptor that was causing the blood vessels to relax. Next, they pinpointed the precise wavelength at which the receptor, melanopsin, was activated and at which the blood vessels showed the greatest relaxation. Then the scientists looked at how wavelength-specific light increased blood flow in the tails of normal mice but not in the tails of those that lacked the receptor, also known as opsin 4. The researchers found that the blood vessels of mice without the receptor did not relax at all in response to light.
Berkowitz says that opsin 4 is one of a group of nonimage-forming light receptors that are also found in the human retina. They help set the circadian rhythms that affect the body’s daily cycle of physical, mental and behavioral changes. Berkowitz also believes these receptors are present in blood vessels elsewhere in the human body.
“If we can develop novel ways of delivering light to blood vessels,” Berkowitz says, “this molecular switch for relaxation could be harnessed to treat all types of vascular disease.” These include peripheral artery disease, aneurysms and Raynaud’s disease, a condition causing people to feel numbness and cold in their fingers and toes due to the narrowing of the small arteries that supply blood to the skin.
He says his team hopes to develop a new treatment for Raynaud’s that directs wavelength-specific light at the blood vessels’ opsin 4 receptors.
“We plan to use high-intensity, light-emitting diodes—LEDs—incorporated into gloves as a potential mode of therapy for these patients,” says Berkowitz. (A patent on this product has been filed.) “Additionally, socks with LEDs could be used in diabetic patients to potentially enhance blood flow and heal chronic ischemic ulcers.”
Senior author of the study that was published last fall in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Berkowitz has a joint appointment in the Department of Biomedical Engineering. Trained in South Africa, the anesthesiologist has spent most of his 21-year Johns Hopkins career studying mechanisms of vascular disease.
In his clinical work, Berkowitz often sees the effects of aging, damaged vascular cells. “Critical care anesthesia often amounts to vascular system management,” he says, “so it definitely has a connection to my vascular biology research.”
Berkowitz’s research focuses on specific targets in the endothelial cells that line blood vessels. He wants to know precisely what causes endothelial cells to get injured—a state that leads to the artery-hardening plaque that precedes strokes, heart attacks and other vascular problems. | <urn:uuid:be081c66-6c11-4be5-968a-5a668140ef63> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/proof-that-blood-vessels-have-eyes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.963088 | 772 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A zoning map and related ordinances help regulate land development in the town. There are three basic zoning categories:
Within the Town Code, each category is broken down more specifically, allowing for various uses and intensities of development in different parts of the town.
Zoning ordinances also contain standards concerning where and how a structure may be located on a lot. These standards can include restrictions on:
Minimum lot area
Minimum yard area
Percentage of lot coverage
If a proposed project, development, or structure does not conform to current zoning regulations, relief from the strict interpretation of those regulations may be granted after a hearing before the Zoning Board of Appeals. | <urn:uuid:5ce1fc6f-aaca-4cc2-8853-e8b721e84775> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ci.webster.ny.us/164/Planning-Zoning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00339-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917847 | 132 | 2.25 | 2 |
and yet the movement is now not just visible but also comparable with the processes at work elsewhere.
last autumn and winter the students lit the fuse and indeed seem to have provided inspiration around the world.the reality that students are sociologically as well as often geographically on the move from one place to another is relevant.they are less tied by both traditions/history and having less ties to the social structure,they are unpredictable and can be faster of the mark than workers,tied by workplace relations,family,employment,responsibility and much else.
last autumn their militancy and enrgy was positively inspirational.i was pleasantly surprised that so few appeared as willing as the press to condemn.
that clearly had an influence on the huge power and energy of the march cuts demonstration,which was much less tied to the old traditions of being led by an old guard union leadership wiuth banners and brass bands.
then despite the efforts of the con-dem regime and the established press,something around 800,000 were on strike on thursday in the biggest trade union mobilisation since the general strike of 1926.
there has not been such anger,energy or disenchantment in a generation since the 1970s,and again the atmosphere is very different to the past.thousands who have not been aware of any tradition has been thrown into action for the first time.workers and young people and others are making the connections that their class is back,that maybe,more than maybe they have the power to change everything and to see both the need and the possibility and the potential of united continous action.
so the question is to name the day,likely to be in october 2011 and to organise maximum effort.there is open discussion about unified action and that once out,its not just all out-on strike-but to stay out.
we can make the general strike,the mass strike a real probability.pressure from below is important to keep the pressure on union leaderships to call for such action and to maintain those pressures so that a class conscious leadership in our class itself can take leadership and keep it that way.the reality that the bosses depernd on is that we work.labour,toil everyday.we need to realise that it is not just our labour they depend on but that we have the knowledge,energy and creativity to lead our own combative activity and indeed to run the whole society to the benefit of the whole class and its allies.we can show ourselves as well as those who assume they rule ourlives that they need us more than we need them,and that actually we dont need them at all. | <urn:uuid:ebf022e1-5911-446e-bb18-f6804f957051> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://luxemburgism.forumr.net/t989-the-sparks-fly-rising-class-struggle-in-britain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00465-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977441 | 536 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 8/7/2013 (1203 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
WASHINGTON — The Roman historian Tacitus was right. The best day after the death of a bad emperor is probably the first day.
The Egyptian military’s do-over coup against the Morsi government and the Muslim Brotherhood exhilarated and thrilled millions of Egyptians.
But a move against a democratically elected government — regardless of how incompetent, dysfunctional, and misdirected — carries serious consequences for the future of Egypt and the region.
So who won and who lost?
Egypt the movie has been playing for about five millennia now. And it’s way too early to make definitive predictions. Right now, there can be no undisputed winners. Still, there are some parties that have fared better than others. Call them "winners with asterisks." Losers are a bit easier to identify. So let’s have a go dirst at winners with asterisks.
The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF): Let’s give credit where credit is due. Amid the dysfunction and incompetence that seem to dominate the region, the Egyptian military really did know how to pull off a coup — quickly, relatively bloodlessly, and with tough, aggressive and apparently effective follow-up.
The Muslim Brotherhood has struck back with large street demonstrations that have turned violent. Whether this challenge can be sustained is unclear; but it has put the two least democratic forces in the country on a collision course, with the public backing the army. Indeed, so far the military has the support and encouragement of the vast majority of those Egyptians who took to the streets in recent days.
But let’s not kid ourselves either. Orchestrating a coup is one thing; governing and making the transition to democracy is another. Last time around, the military was responsible for bumbling, fumbling and downright cruelty — imposing "virginity tests" on women, detaining and imprisoning thousands on political grounds, and killing Egyptians.
And this time the SCAF has bought itself a much tougher assignment. Pressuring Mubarak the authoritarian may not have been simple, but leading another transition to democratic rule and delivering on good governance at the same time may be mission impossible.
Expectations will be running high: get the economy back on track; fix the security situation but pay attention to human rights and the rule of law; preside over a civilian transition process that can draft a credible constitution and a new electoral law; and allow fair and free parliamentary and then presidential elections.
And who is going to do all this? An interim government headed by a mild-mannered jurist, who will be contending with a divided and unorganized secular and liberal opposition; a sullen, aggrieved, and angry group of Muslim Brotherhood supporters; and a large, powerful and anti-democratic Egyptian bureaucracy left over from the Mubarak days that wants to preserve its status.
Indeed, the real challenge may be that the military doesn’t want to run the country. Who would? It wants to preserve its privileges, yet it will have no choice but to remain the dominant power in the country until some more credible structure can be found. And even if the uniforms don’t govern, they will still reign over national security policy with their offline budget and special economic and financial advantages. And what kind of democracy will that be?
The Egyptian Public (or at least a fair portion of it): Egypt was headed for failed-state status under a badly managed post-Mubarak transition and the authoritarian and incompetent behaviour of the Morsi government. So, in another dramatic demonstration of sheer popular will, the people, aided by a handful of social media activists, took to the streets to put their collective foot down. The Morsi government recognized that red light too late; the military saw it earlier and, when it turned green, created a new reality.
Will this new reality prove better than the old one? And will it bring more prosperity, more security and a semblance of democratic life? Right now, there’s no way to know. Before July 3, Egypt was headed for a dead end. Now, Egypt has another shot to get things right. Still, the street by itself can’t deliver a better future. The street expresses what people want. Politics and governance is what they get. The key unknown is whether the secular, liberal and Islamist opposition that opposed Morsi can take advantage of the new political space and opportunity the people have provided.
Al-Qaida’s minions: One hope loosed by the so-called Arab Spring was that Islamist parties would be able to participate in the new democratic politics and that, if they played by the rules, they would be able to gain power through ballots not bullets. A moderate, centrist, political Islam would serve as a rebuke to al-Qaida’s worldview. I remember analysts in 2011 and 2012 making a big deal of this point as millions of Arabs forced the region’s authoritarians to cede power largely through nonviolence. This seemed a very important development, turning the extremists’ millennial philosophy on its head.
Well, now the people have done it again, although this time they have thrown out a freely and fairly elected Islamist party. And the military is finishing the job by arresting opponents, closing offices, and taking over media outlets. If this continues, score one for the bad guys. Extremists everywhere will proclaim "I told you so," and they will soon have even greater success in their attempts to sow anger, despair, and violence. A new myth — that there can be no compromise with peaceful politics — will empower Islamists, and 2013 will emerge as another milestone in the never-ending secular conspiracy to deny Islam its rightful place.
Bashar Assad: Assad must be having a good chuckle. Egypt is a huge distraction from the Syrian civil war, and the more preoccupied the international community is with other messes, the less it will focus on the one he’s making.
More than that, the Egyptian people and the military are hammering the Muslim Brotherhood, the very same terrorists and extremists Assad claims were the real cause of the rebellion against his rule. In his warped conception of reality, he and his military are defending Syria against the same enemies that Egypt is fighting now. In fact, if the SCAF’s move against the Egyptian Brothers leads to more radicalism in the Syrian opposition, so much the better for Assad’s propaganda machine.
Israel: For the Israelis, the only thing worse than the Morsi government was an Egypt with no government. Throughout it all, the Israelis have maintained their close ties to the Egyptian military. So for now, I’d put the Israelis in the "win" column. Maybe the Egyptian military will be induced to pay greater attention to lawless Sinai; and certainly Israel won’t object to a less friendly approach to Hamas in Gaza. Still, whatever the future brings — military government or democratic polity — the Egyptian-Israeli relationship will remain a cold one, pending some resolution of the Palestinian issue.
And now, who are the losers?
Morsi and the Brothers: I dare say there will be no second act for Mohammed Morsi in Egyptian politics. He’s got no charisma, no political smarts, and no credible case to make for a political future. It’s more than likely jail, exile or the underground for him — a fate that may await the top leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, too. Could the military show magnanimity by offering the Brothers a way back, a role in the reconciliation process and in the democratic transition that we hope will follow? It would be a smart play. Would Morsi and the Brothers accept junior status in the next governing structure? What if they chose to compete in the next parliamentary elections and won a sizeable number of seats?
We’re dreaming if we believe we’ve seen the last of the Brothers. Egypt is a traditional Muslim country. And however incompetent the Brotherhood was at governance, it can organize and do politics. The Brotherhood not only retains the capacity to use violence, it will retain influence if the military stumbles and the more secular and liberal opposition can’t deliver. Remember, the Brothers play the long game. And in analyzing what went wrong with Morsi 1.0, the senior leadership may well decide to return to that strategy.
Hamas: The travails of Morsi and the Brothers will erode the deep bench of Islamists that Hamas in Gaza thought it was assembling in its effort to consolidate control, oppose Fatah, and play its own long game. With Assad embattled and Turkey’s Erdogan under pressure at home, Hamas is left with Iran and Qatar as its only semi-reliable supporters. The Egyptian military has already closed the Rafah border crossing, and there’s no doubt there will be more tough times ahead for the Palestinian Islamists. But if the past is any guide, those tough times won’t be painful enough to force Hamas to moderate its views on a real partnership with Fatah. Still, if the so-called peace process actually moves forward, Morsi’s ouster could strengthen Abbas’ hand as he seeks to co-opt and out-manoeuver Hamas.
Anne Patterson: Full disclosure, I know and admire Anne Patterson, who has been serving as the U.S. ambassador in Cairo for two years. She’s smart and capable. And as a result of U.S. President Barack Obama’s confused policies, she’s a convenient target for the "Who lost Egypt?" attacks by Republicans and others. If the Egyptian public believed Obama was in bed with the Brothers, that’s not her fault — a few badly timed public statements about faith in elections rather than anti-Morsi protests notwithstanding.
We believe in the ballot box. The administration’s instincts about the Brothers turned out to be wrong. The Muslim Brotherhood wasn’t going to become inclusive or more moderate under the pressure of governing — just the opposite. As they were attacked by the opposition, the conspiratorial mindset they had developed over years of living underground kicked in. Washington either couldn’t or didn’t want to see this. Anne Patterson isn’t the reason we didn’t get our Egypt policy right. But I’m concerned that, like former Ambassador April Glaspie, who was unfairly blamed for Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, she’ll take the hit.
The United States: I really struggled with where to put the Obama administration: Did it win or lose when Mubarak fell? And is it winning or losing now, after the SCAF coup? The Suez Canal is open; the U.S.-Egyptian military and intelligence relationship is intact; the peace treaty with Israel survives.
And, yet, there’s something not right about U.S. policy toward Egypt. We are disliked by just about everyone. Maybe we were too weak the first time around in telling the military that it needed to do a better job of managing the transition democratically. We were definitely too slow in making our views known about Morsi’s ham-handed governance.
And, now, as we wrestle with how to react to the SCAF’s coup, we still can’t find the balance between protecting American interests and speaking up for our values. Perhaps they will always remain at war with one another, particularly in a situation where stability, however superficial, plays such an important role in thinking. We may have learned something from the years of dancing with Egypt’s military. And perhaps we’ll be tougher with our partner this time around. But we will keep dancing — and probably cheek-to-cheek.
So what of the future?
The more I think about the balance sheet in Egypt, the more it seems to me that there are no quick or easy solutions, just outcomes; no unqualified winners, just those who manage to survive and stay on top — sometimes for a good long while.
If the Egyptian people are ever to really win, they’ll need three things that they just don’t have right now: leaders who think in terms of what’s best for the country, not just for their narrow religious or corporatist group; institutions that are legitimate, inclusive and accountable; and some mechanism that can contain the most divisive and volatile debates so that they don’t spill out into the streets, paralyze the country, and lead to violence.
I don’t see that now. But perhaps someday. And then we’ll be able to prove Tacitus wrong.
Aaron David Miller, FP columnist, is vice president for new initiatives and a scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. His forthcoming book is titled Can America Have Another Great President? | <urn:uuid:bd2d6912-8833-48cd-b304-27aa56ddee3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/Winners-and-losers-in-Egypt-214623131.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719453.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00229-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954526 | 2,665 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Ghana and Ivory Coast account for two-thirds of the world’s cocoa supply, but unlike oil-producing countries, they are unable to influence prices that are historically too low to meet the basic needs of small planters.
“They could decide the market prices, above all if they allied themselves with other major producers like Ecuador, Cameroon, and Nigeria, but there’s a lack of real political will,” an industry expert said on condition of anonymity.
Abidjan and Accra only began to work together seriously in 2019, when they obtained a living wage premium from cocoa and chocolate multinationals such as Nestle of $400 (341 euros) per ton of cacao beans.
The non-governmental organization Fairtrade promoted the “living income reference price” on the basis of a study of the essential needs of planter households, plus a provision for emergencies, according to Fairtrade. It has been applied to the 2020-2021 crop, which started this month.
The result should be an increase of more than 20% in the earnings of Ivorian planters, rising to 1,000 CFA francs (1.52 euros / $1.66) per kilo.
For the first time in years, the neighboring west African countries have matched their cocoa prices to halt a thriving traffic in cocoa beans between Ivory Coast, with its 40% of the world market share, and Ghana, in second place with more than 20%.
“The decisions of Ivory Coast and Ghana count, but there is slight overproduction of cocoa and the coronavirus crisis is reducing demand,” said Jonathan Parkman of the brokerage company Marex Spectron.
Parkman was not even sure whether the income premium would last beyond the current season.
The analyst noted that cocoa prices are speculative, as with certain other agricultural products, with prices partially disconnected from the real economy.
On the stock exchanges in London and New York, cocoa contracts for 30 times global production change hands each year.
The price has fluctuated between $2,000 and $3,000 per ton for the past 4 years.
In real terms, cocoa prices are just half of what they were in the 1960s, and just a quarter of the peaks they hit in the mid-1970s – the apogee of the Ivorian “economic miracle” – according to the World Bank.
The state of the market is a boon for buyers, but a curse for planters in tropical countries, who receive only 6% of the $100 billion generated by the global cocoa and chocolate industry each year.
In public, multinational giants like Barry Callebaut and Mondelez show their support for the living wage premium, while consumers are pressing demands for a “more ethical” cocoa trade.
“The coordination of Ivory Coast and Ghana is a very positive factor,” said Patrick Poirrier, chairman of French chocolate group Cemoi and president of a producers’ syndicate.
“It’s in their interest to expand their power to act on the market.”
Cocoa has no tap
Cocoa-producing nations face major obstacles, however, if they wish to exercise control over the market the same way as the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has done for oil.
For starters, the amount of cocoa produced annually cannot be managed “like turning a tap on and off,” Poirrier said. “It’s difficult to ask a cocoa farmer, who makes a 20-year commitment when he plants a tree, to produce less.”
For two decades, the global crop has been in excess of demand one year in every two, to the benefit of buyers seeking to push prices down.
The lack of capacity to store cocoa, a fragile and perishable commodity, close to the site of the harvest adds difficulties near the very start of the supply chain.
Late in September, Ivory Coast announced the building of two storage warehouses with a total capacity of 300,000 tons at the ports of Abidjan and San Pedro.
To establish an OPEC equivalent for cocoa, all the producer countries should participate, said Philippe Fontayne, former chairman of the International Cocoa Organization.
“But I’m very skeptical about their ability to agree on the rules of the game,” he said.
Some industry players have not forgotten the failure of the Alliance of Cocoa Producing Countries – formed in 1962 by Brazil, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria – to make any impact on the world market.
The Cocoa-Coffee Board, responsible for managing the twin sectors in Ivory Coast, declined to comment to Agence France-Presse. – Rappler.com | <urn:uuid:b2fb5529-4345-46e1-ba6d-56ae754abbdd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rappler.com/business/west-africa-hard-pressed-to-expand-cocoa-market-share/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.945521 | 993 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Report: Vitamin D can cut cancer risk
The easiest way to get the appropriate amount is from food and a daily supplement, researchers say.
YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS
(CNN) -- A large daily dose of vitamin D can dramatically lower the risk of developing common cancers, including breast, ovarian and colon cancers, by up to 50 percent, according to American researchers.
The research, published in the American Journal of Public Health, reviewed 63 studies looking at the relationship between blood levels of vitamin D and cancer risk.
It found that the "natural" form of the vitamin, known as D3, could dramatically reduce the chances of developing common cancers.
The study concluded that taking 1,000 international units (IU) -- or 25 micrograms -- of the vitamin daily could lower an individual's cancer risk by as much as 50 percent.
However, such large doses of the vitamin must be treated with caution. More than 2,000 IU a day can lead to the body absorbing too much calcium, and possible damage to the liver and kidneys.
D3 is normally produced in the skin by being exposed to sunlight, but can also be obtained from certain foods.
Dietary sources are limited -- a glass of milk, for instance, contains only 100 IU of the vitamin.
Vitamin D deficiency may account for several thousand premature deaths from cancer each year in the United States, said the scientists.
Professor Cedric Garland, from the University of California at San Diego, who led the review study, said: "A preponderance of evidence, from the best observational studies the medical world has to offer, gathered over 25 years, has led to the conclusion that public health action is needed," he said.
"The easiest and most reliable way of getting the appropriate amount is from food and a daily supplement."
The study found that people in the north eastern U.S., and darker skinned individuals, were at increased risk due to a lack of sunshine-generated vitamin D.
A leading British cancer charity was cautious about the claims, with a spokeswoman claiming the evidence linking vitamin D levels with cancer risk was "complex and confusing."
"There is evidence to suggest that the vitamin plays a role in keeping cells healthy," said Sara Hiom, head of health information at Cancer Research UK," she told Britain's Press Association.
"But further research is needed to understand what role vitamin D may play in preventing cancer in humans."
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Read our privacy guidelines. Contact us. Site Map. | <urn:uuid:06ebde28-21d9-4141-bb5a-876139ab62b7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://edition.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/12/28/vitamin.cancer.study/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00329-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95976 | 548 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us. | <urn:uuid:b56459e4-7a41-4801-8f1a-b1812f077f55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://windmillvets.co.uk/dogs/puppy-programme/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.942303 | 230 | 1.554688 | 2 |
The first International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances was held in Florence, Italy, in November 1997. This book provides a full account of presentations made, discussions a conclusions reached during the four days of the Conference. It offers a comprehensive picture of the issues at stake, of the results achieved so far through the design a application of standards, the promotion of a better consumer information, the development of energy efficient products a technologies as well as of test methods a other analytical tools. It covers the full range of domestic appliances, with specific sections dealing with White Goods, Air Conditioning, Water Heating, Consumer Electronics a Domestic Lighting. Best practice examples are presented, drawn from a wide range of international experiences. Future perspectives are illustrated, including both technology a policy options a the conditions for their implementation.This book provides a full account of presentations made, discussions aamp; conclusions reached during the four days of the Conference.
|Title||:||Energy efficiency in household appliances|
|Author||:||Paolo Bertoldi, Andrea Ricci, Boudewijn Huenges Wajer|
|Publisher||:||Springer Verlag - 1999| | <urn:uuid:c747f7a4-80b6-41c6-878b-d506731c7d9a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.trafficineurope.eu/download-pdf-energy-efficiency-in-household-appliances-book-by-springer-verlag.pdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00282-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9157 | 235 | 1.929688 | 2 |
WALNUT CREEK, CA—The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) has extended the capabilities of the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) data management system, updated the content of the IMG/M metagenome data management and analysis system, and has launched its educational companion site, IMG/EDU.
Version 2.6 of IMG includes new microbial genomes from Version 29 release of the National Center for Biotechnology Informations (NCBIs) Reference Sequence (RefSeq) collection. IMG 2.6 contains a total of 4,207 genomes consisting of 1078 bacterial, 56 archaeal, 40 eukaryotic genomes, 2,230 bacterial phages, and 803 plasmids that did not come from a specific microbial genome sequencing project. Among these genomes, 3,737 are finished and 470 are draft genomes. IMG 2.6 contains 308 microbial genomes sequenced at DOE JGI, consisting of 237 finished and 71 draft genomes.
IMG 2.6 includes the first version of chromosomal gene cassettes (positional gene clusters) together with estimates of their conservation across IMG genomes. The User Interface has been improved with tools for exploring gene cassettes conservation and includes additional graphical viewers for examining the functional annotation of genomes. More details on IMG 2.6 are available at: http://img.jgi.doe.gov/
The content of IMG/M, which provides tools for analyzing the functional capability of microbial communities based on their metagenome sequence, has been updated to include three additional metagenome datasets generated from microbial community samples that were the subject of recently published studies. These include the metagenomic and functional analysis a microbial community from Lake Washington in Seattle (Nature Biotechnology, August 2008), a hypersaline microbial mat (Molecular System Biology 4, June 2008), and the airborne metagenome in an indoor urban environment (PLoS One 3, April 2008).
“The IMG/M system is the most comprehensive and constantly evolving resource for analyzing metagenomic data, offering an array of valuable analysis tools in conjunction with links to major public databases,” said Nature Biotechnology paper author Ludmila Chistoserdova, a microbiologist at the University of Washington. “While very powerful, the system is user friendly and intuitive, a true ‘one-stop-shop’ for metagenomics researchers.” More details on IMG/M are available at: .
A special version of IMG, IMG/EDU, has been established to support DOE JGI’s Education Program in Microbial Genome Annotation for teaching microbial genome analysis and annotation using specific microbial genomes in the comparative context of all the genomes available in IMG.
“IMG/EDU will serve as the core of a web-based portal that enables undergraduates to participate in microbial genome annotation,” said Cheryl Kerfeld, head of DOE JGI’s Education Program. “Currently, students at 12 schools nationally are using the portal in their molecular biology, genetics, microbiology and biochemistry courses in which they examine gene calls and annotate genes and biochemical pathways. By helping to build curated genomes with researchers across the globe, undergraduates will discover the concepts and applications of bioinformatics using IMG/EDU.” An additional resource, IMG/ACT, provides support for managing student classes and assignments, as well as for sharing teaching materials and guiding students in their study of gene calls and functional annotations.
IMG, accessible to the public at http://img.jgi.doe.gov/, IMG/M, and IMG/EDU, are the result of a collaboration between the DOE JGI and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Biological Data Management and Technology Center (BDMTC). | <urn:uuid:d74e3ce0-109e-4c07-8061-bd2c93a549c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jgi.doe.gov/news_9_08_08-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.881758 | 802 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Get an Idea Lose Weight Without Exercise
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Our answer even minimizes cellulite! Lose inches without activity! 45 minutes with this element item and you will have results! You can deal with those results by rolling out a couple of sound improvements to your commonplace eating methodology and lifestyle. Contact us now! We will demonstrate to you how you can tighten, tone, and firm your issue zones in 45 minutes no exercise center, no spa - in the solace of your own home. The best piece of all - its reasonable! Any financial plan can bear the cost of this astonishing item. For more information visit the http://www.thewrapskinnychic.com/ . | <urn:uuid:0f2af28d-47b7-4b8a-a380-c6d87872bf01> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://tackk.com/mb66l3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00186-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938118 | 672 | 1.570313 | 2 |
WHAT WE CAN DO FOR YOU
GOALS, PRIORITIES AND CAPABILITIES
Center for Meat Safety & Quality
Food safety is a dynamic and challenging concern which requires generation of new information and continuous re-evaluation of existing knowledge in order to address newly developed, perceived or recognized threats or risks to human health, and to develop effective and economic means for their control, without adverse effects on product quality. Important food safety concerns include illness from pathogenic microorganisms including zoonotic animal pathogens, chemical contaminants, naturally occurring toxicants, and food additives.
The increasing complexity of food production, processing and distribution systems, as well as the continuous development of new products in response to consumer concerns and their demands for convenience in food preparation, as well as the internationalization of the food supply chain, offer challenges for producers, processors, distributors, retailers, researchers, regulators and public health authorities to ensure exemplary food product safety and quality at a reasonable cost. Assuring that consumers worldwide have access to a dependable supply of safe and high quality meat and other food products is the primary goal of the Center for Meat Safety & Quality at Colorado State University.
Specific meat safety and quality issues which have received scientific and regulatory attention, as well as publicity, in recent years include: performance- and risk-based inspection activities for meat and poultry products; decontamination of carcasses and meat with physical or chemical interventions; nationwide microbiological baseline surveys for pathogens; the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system; humane treatment of animals; meat composition, quality and palatability; growth and development of meat animals; work-place safety; bovine spongiform encephalopathy; pesticide, hormone, antibiotic and drug residues in meat products; bans of exports of red meat products to countries such as those of the European Union and Japan due to inspectional differences or safety issues; instrument grading and tenderness assessment of meat; nutritional labeling; food irradiation; product cross-contamination; levels of fat, cholesterol and other lipid components of meat products; detection and tracking of bacterial pathogens; animal identification and food tracing; and, control of microbiological pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, non- O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella and Campylobacter.
In addition, interest is increasing for adoption of ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Quality Standards by various segments of the food industry as they seek equal and fair competition in overseas markets. The Center for Meat Safety & Quality has available expertise to address all of these issues, and to contribute to enhancement of food safety worldwide.
CMSQ Priorities and Capabilities
Priorities and capabilities include: Identify and evaluate potential human health problems from bacterial pathogens; Study the behavior of pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella and Campylobacter) in foods; Reduce the incidence of foodborne illness by developing procedures, techniques, and effective interventions for pathogen reduction and control throughout the food chain; Study the molecular ecology and transmission dynamics of human food borne pathogens; Probe the molecular pathogenesis of human food borne diseases; Develop and evaluate techniques and biosensors for rapid detection of food borne pathogens; Examine animal identification and traceability systems for prevention/control of spread of foreign animal diseases, foodborne pathogen outbreaks and agricultural/food bioterrorism; Reduce residues of pesticides, other chemicals and toxic compounds, in general, which may find their way into animal food products; Enhance the nutritional value of meat by reducing fat levels in animal products; Identify value-determining physical characteristics of beef, pork and lamb; Assure that meat products are of appropriate quality and palatability to meet the needs of domestic and international customers and consumers; Evaluate international trade regulations and develop science-based strategies to ensure exports of high quality, nutritious and safe food products; Develop and evaluate outreach education materials for industry, regulatory and public health agencies, Extension educators, agriculture professionals, and consumers to raise awareness of safe food-handling practices and help assure that consumers worldwide have access to a dependable supply of safe and high quality food products; Assist producers and processors with understanding local, state, and federal regulations and requirements pertaining to the safe handling, distribution, and traceability of meat products through commercial and direct market outlets. | <urn:uuid:99f52e02-06fb-4a38-97f1-08fb5a5aa1b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ansci.agsci.colostate.edu/outreach/outreach-areas/cmsq-goals-priorities-and-capabilities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00296-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919784 | 922 | 2.890625 | 3 |
German floods could cost insurers $4 billion
- June 11, 2013 - 11:31 AM
BERLIN — Damage from the past week's flooding in Germany likely will lead to insurance claims of up to 3 billion euros ($4 billion), a credit rating agency said Tuesday as flood levels on the Elbe river in the country's north appeared to stabilize.
Further south, the peak of the flood on the Danube — Europe's second-longest river — moved away from the Hungarian capital, Budapest, toward Serbia.
The Elbe, the Danube and other rivers have overflowed their banks following weeks of heavy rain, causing extensive damage in Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia and Hungary.
Fitch Ratings said that the total cost to insurers of the floods in Germany alone is likely to total between 2.5 billion and 3 billion euros.
That's well below the expected total cost of the flood damage, which Fitch put at about 12 billion euros. It said the difference is down to the fact that many residents in flood-prone areas may have been unable to get insurance cover for natural hazards, at least at a reasonable price.
There was no immediate estimate available of the flooding's cost in the other central European countries affected.
In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel and the governors of the country's 16 states plan to discuss the aftermath of the floods at a meeting Thursday.
Waters were receding on the Danube in southern Germany, while the crest of the swollen Elbe river is now making its way through a largely rural swath of the country's northeast.
By Tuesday, flood levels in the eastern city of Magdeburg were more than 2 feet (about 70 centimeters) below their peak, and water levels further downstream were largely stable. The Interior Ministry said that German authorities have ordered more than 1.6 million unfilled sandbags from other European countries in recent days to help keep pace with their needs.
In Hungary, high flood walls saved most of Budapest from major damage. Prime Minister Viktor Orban said the high waters were expected to exit Hungary for Serbia on Thursday.
"We have ... two difficult days ahead of us," Orban said. "If we get through those, we will be close to declaring success, but it will demand two more days of intense work and attention."
© 2017 Star Tribune | <urn:uuid:b1028ce9-cff7-4304-b5e8-57f651fa0cbf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.startribune.com/printarticle/?id=210969311 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00552-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965645 | 476 | 1.96875 | 2 |
As a parent, knowing how to adequately prepare your child for the working world can be difficult. This guide will help you to make your child feel more responsible and ready to face life's challenges.
Leading by Example
1Treat your child with respect. When a child believes that you think highly of them, they will rise to meet your expectations. Listening to and accepting them will make them trust you and want you to be proud of them. It will be easy to make them behave well.
2Demonstrate the behavior that you want them to use. If you want them to keep their promises, then keep your promises. If you want them to control their anger, then use breathing techniques and walk away when you feel upset. You can explain this out loud. For example, "I'm feeling very frustrated right now, so I'm going to go to my room to calm down. I'll come back in five minutes to help clean up this mess." Soon your child will figure out that taking a break is the way to deal with frustration, and they will start doing the same.
3Work together with your child on behavior issues. Talk to them about what caused the bad behavior, and what better ways you and your child could deal with it in the future. Acknowledge if your behavior played a role (for example, by you not listening to them saying "I'm tired") and tell them that you want to do better too.
4Let your child try to do new things. Let your little boy try to read the difficult book on his own, or allow your disabled daughter to attempt to tie her own shoes. Watch over their efforts, and if they seem to be really struggling, ask if they would like help. If they say no, sit back and let them keep trying until they succeed or recognize that they need help and to ask for it.
- Either way, they'll be working on new skills: completing the task they attempted, or learning how and when to ask for help.
5Make sure that your child's needs are being met. Children will behave better if they are well-fed and well-rested. Provide a balanced diet, give them plenty of downtime away from screens, promote exercise, and give them a healthy bedtime.
- For downtime, children can play with toys, read, do arts and crafts, talk with family members, or snuggle.
- Exercise can become a family project: go for walks, hike, play at playgrounds, go to the pool or beach, etc.
- Provide healthy snacks, and place fruits and vegetables in bowls on the dinner table that your children can grab from. Try carrots with dip, berries, bananas, oranges, broccoli and cheese, yogurt, etc. Bring your child to the grocery store and let them pick out a fruit or vegetable.
- Incorporate fruits into desserts: ice cream with fruit and chocolate sauce, strawberries dipped in chocolate, bananas with Nutella, mixed berries with whipped cream, etc.
6Recognize your child when they do a good job. This shows to them that you care about them, and that you notice when they behave well. Consider both good effort ("I noticed how hard you worked on your math problems! Good job!") and good results ("Wow, you did such a good job communicating your needs to me. I'm glad that you told me that you needed to leave, instead of throwing a tantrum on the floor. I'm proud of you!")
Chores and Responsibilities
1Give your child some chores to do. Example chores include making their bed, cleaning their room, doing the dishes, making lunches, feeding the cat, or taking out the trash. Consider your child's abilities when assigning chores; for example, a 5-year-old cannot wash dishes without dropping or breaking them.
2Consider giving your child an allowance in exchange for chores. For example, if your child does the dishes after supper, she or he gets a sticker. If her chart has six stickers by the end of the week, you will pay her or him.
- This teaches several skills: reliability, responsibility, and budgeting time. Your child will learn planning skills by deciding when to use the day off.
- Earning an allowance teaches the child to budget and save; one day, she or he will be ready to handle a monthly salary.
3Consider giving your child wage-based work. For example, pay your son $8 an hour for babysitting his little sister, or pay your teenage daughter $10 every time she mows the lawn.
4Let your children negotiate for raises, just like they would in a job. Teach them some negotiation skills, and try role-playing with them until they feel confident. Then let them negotiate for their wages.
- When first assigning a duty, offer a lower pay than you want to give them. If they accept, say "Aren't you going to negotiate?" Then negotiate to a higher wage.
- If your child is a deep thinker, give them time before putting them on the spot. For example, "I'm going to consider raising your wages in two weeks, especially if you can tell me a good reason why." This gives them time to research, think it over and prepare.
- Always give a decent amount of money. For example, a teenager is unlikely to do the week's laundry for 50 cents. Try 5 dollars instead.
- Set clearly-defined rules for how your child can earn money. Some children may go overboard and start doing tons of chores in the hopes that you will pay them. Start with one chore, and build up from there. | <urn:uuid:eaadf48c-8827-4669-a5b7-3f5518739a64> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Your-Child-More-Responsible | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00184-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963732 | 1,163 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Torrey Pines High School students selected for art exhibition
From a field of 875 submissions by K-12 students from San Diego and Tijuana, two Torrey Pines High School students were selected for the 14th annual juried exhibition at the Museum of Photographic Arts.
Each year, students submit works that represent a theme selected by the museum. This year’s is dreams, meant to explore “the subconscious and the ways in which we perceive dreams,” according to the museum.
“I felt like it was really interesting because it could be interpreted in different ways,” said Lesley Moon, 16, going into her senior year at Torrey Pines.
Moon’s submission, titled “Manifestation,” was one of 17 selected. Her classmate, Addison Gonzalez, 16, who is entering her senior year, was also chosen for her entry, “A Summer’s Day in the City.” Both students said they got involved in the contest through a digital art class they took, and both said they were surprised when they learned they had been selected from such a large pool of entries.
“There are a lot of really talented people at my school,” said Gonzalez, whose mother is a graphic designer.
The exhibition, titled “Dreamscapes,” will take place from Sept. 28 to March 1, 2020, with an opening reception Oct. 12 that will be attended by many of the artists.
Schools in San Diego that had multiple students selected include Generations Center for Youth Advancement and Bonita Vista High School. The students who were chosen range in age from 9-year-old Kylan Bman, of Zamorano Fine Arts Academy, to 18-year-old Christina Siddall from Rancho Bernardo High School.
Joaquin Ortiz, the museum’s director of innovation, served as one of six jurors for the competition this year. He said the nearly 900 entries were the most the museum has received for the annual youth exhibition. Other jurors included artists, photography professors and a cognitive scientist.
Ortiz said it was interesting to see the way students interpreted the theme “in so many ways,” including the types of dreams they have when they’re sleeping, dreams for where they want to go to college and their future career dreams.
“We think it’s important young people are able to share their perspectives,” he said.
Next year, for the exhibition’s 15th year, the theme will be growing up.
For more information, visit mopa.org/exhibitions/dreamscapes-youth-exhibition/
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An astonishing claim is one that, if true, has some sort of surprising hard-to-accept implication. You stare at that implication, and wow, who would have believed that? For example, it would be astonishing to me to win the Nobel Prize. An astonishing question is one where most every possible answer is an astonishing claim. And an astonishing fact about our world is that we know of many astonishing questions.
For example, consider the question: does the universe go back forever in time, or was there a first time? Either way, something seems amazing. Really, you just keep going back in time and things just keep getting simpler with lower entropy, forever? Or, really, there is this moment in time and space-time just ends there?
Analogous astonishing questions exist on if the universe goes on forever in the wide future, or as a future path goes a black hole. And when we’ve looked inside things, we’ve always found more detail so far. Is there really a level of detail where we never ever find anything inside that? Or will there come a time in the future where innovation and discovery runs out, so that we stop learning and inventing new things? Will growth rates keep accelerating, or slow down forever? Will our descendants die out or last forever? Will they be as different from us as we are from our distant ancestors, or will they stay like us forever?
Will we eventually contact real advanced aliens? Will we develop immortality? Is stable world peace possible, or effective world governance? Will we learn to effectively share info so that we don’t knowingly disagree, or will we continue forever to irrationally disagree? Will it eventually be possible to make time machines, or will that be forever impossible? Will it become possible to write software that is as smart as humans across the board? Will we become able to upload/emulate human brains on computers? Do humans have free will? Do human brains have some special capacity for consciousness, or is all matter capable of consciousness?
Now in a literal sense the following question is also astonishing: who will win the lottery? That is, for each possible lottery winner, if we focus on them it seem astonishing to think: they won the lottery! Yet of course we know that someone must win. But the above questions seem much more astonishing to me in some way, as they each seem to require a more dramatic revision of my view of something more substantial. Somehow, in ways we find it hard to accept now, we will be astonished!
The existence of astonishing questions makes it dangerous to rely on the following form of argument: It would be astonishing if X were not true, therefore probably X. Seems like a safe solid argument, but it isn’t. | <urn:uuid:b703a95a-4feb-44d2-8281-9e9cd8325158> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.overcomingbias.com/2016/05/astonishing-questions-exist.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00020-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94969 | 563 | 2.5 | 2 |
Hosts File Trick (Windows XP) June 4, 2010Posted by Tournas Dimitrios in Uncategorized.
For those that don’t know, your Window’s “hosts” file can be used to map a domain name to an IP address to trick your browser into thinking routing requests for a particular domain to a different server.
This file is not typically needed in development, but if you ever need to map a domain to the IP address of a another server (i.e. a development server or QA server), then knowing how to edit this file may come in handy.
In Windows XP, this file is located here:
There are plenty of resources out there on how to edit this file, so I won’t elaborate on that, but I wanted to point out a trick that is handy if you are editing this file on a regular basis.
Since the hosts file doesn’t have a file extension, by default, you have to choose which program you would like to use to open it, when you double-click on it. You can fix this annoying behavior by following these steps:
- Create a shortcut to the hosts file on your desktop.
- Right Click on the shortcut and choose properties.
- Before continuing, you may wish to change the ugly icon by clicking the “Change Icon” button.
- Next, edit the field called “Target” to say this:
- Then click ok to save.
That’s it, now double-click the icon and it will open your hosts file in notepad. | <urn:uuid:55f7bf7e-dfb5-42a8-9cfe-826ff9283d78> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://tournasdimitrios1.wordpress.com/2010/06/04/hosts-file-trick-windows-xp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00012-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894088 | 334 | 2.390625 | 2 |
To say thatis the most polarizing of American filmmakers, even among his own fan base, is stating the obvious. Not even invites Waters’ level of divisiveness. By and large, the cult filmmaker’s canon is split between those who prefer his pre-Hairspray (1988) work and moviegoers who cannot digest the earlier, low budget underground period, and are forced to begin with that crossover film. With the later Waters’ crowd, the consensus is that the director took the shock ’em til you succeed route, and it worked. After that, Waters made legitimate movies. Waters himself seemed to add fuel to that theory with Cecil B. Demented (2000), which took aim at independent (along with conglomerate) filmmaking, although he did not refrain from self-parody or self-critique.
When composer Igor Stravinsky followed a series of seismic, revolutionary works with a reversion to a neo-Classical style, many of his advocates (avant-garde proselytizer Pierre Boulez among them) and disciples deemed him a traitor, literally picketing his concerts. Waters’ earliest fans were far more forgiving of their idol’s mainstream success. Perhaps that is because their prophet is cut from the same pop cloth as an Elvis Presley, rather than Stravinksy’s heritage of European high art. Although Waters would certainly wax amused (at least publicly) at the notion of his work being classified as art, he is no less provocative or innovative than his counterparts in the academic avant-garde. His flair for provocation is born of his time, place, and culture. Waters’ response to his heritage is honest, rendering him an authentic American success story.
By dubbing himself “the Pope Of Trash” in early write-ups in Baltimore newspapers and speaking engagements, Waters himself allegedly gives credence to the argument from the “early film” faction that once the director lost regulars, , and , and experienced authentic critical and financial successes, he merely took the money and ran. The earlier films represent the real John Waters.
For a filmmaker who has always invited polemics, the controversy may be appropriate, but ultimately it proves a distraction in approaching Waters as a viable filmmaker through a substantial body of work that reveals a developing love for narrative. Waters earliest films would not have indicated this.
Like Carla Bley in jazz and Philip Guston in painting, Waters’ earliest works were primarily abstract (surreal, non-linear). Each eventually realized their work was too thematic and moved beyond abstraction into postmodern tenets. Waters’ first effort was the little seen seventeen-minute 8MM short Hag In A Black Leather Jacket (1964). Shot on a $30.00 budget at the age of eighteen, the film was made from stolen film stock courtesy of Mona Montgomery, who starred and was Waters’ then-girlfriend. The narrative reportedly concerns a white ballerina (Montgomery) who discovers a black man (an uncredited actor) in a trashcan. After a brief courtship (with Montgomery being carried around in the garbage receptacle), the two are married by a Klu Klux Klan priest (uncredited) with a drag queen serving as the bridesmaid in a rooftop wedding (filmed at the home of the director’s parents; Waters’ mother also provided the piano score).performs a dance, and the “costuming” included an American flag and tinfoil. Hag In A Black Leather Jacket is one of the few Waters films not to feature . Waters has maintained that it’s best this remains in the closet. Reportedly, many of the shots are nonsensical, and were influenced by arthouse films that Waters had read about (but not seen).
Waters was sent to NYU, but dropped out. His next film was the experimental 40-minute Roman Candles (1966), which featured Waters’ regular crew, the Dreamlanders, including longtime friend Glenn Milstead (whom Waters gifted with the stage name Divine), Lochary, Stole, Pearce, Maelcum Soul, and Montgomery (who again supplied the stolen film stock). It was the first film produced under Waters’ Dreamland Studios banner. Highly influenced by Continue reading A JOHN WATERS RETROSPECTIVE, PART ONE‘s phenomenally successful underground film Chelsea Girls | <urn:uuid:6dc25039-f3b5-4155-88c2-64f323a0778e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://366weirdmovies.com/tag/david-lochary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00563-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972693 | 904 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Will Congress Take Action?
The senator from New York is not the only voice in Washington calling for change. Rep. Jim Oberstar, D-Minn., and Rep. Jerry Costello, D-Ill., who are both on the House transportation committee, have demanded an investigation by the Transportation Department's inspector general, USA Today reports. "In aviation, there's no curb to pull over and look under the hood," Oberstar said. "What you're always looking for is widening the margin of safety." On Tuesday, The Associated Press reported that a control tower supervisor at Lexington had filed an anonymous safety report with NASA in 2004. The supervisor reported the airport's radar system wasn't working properly but managers refused to call in a mechanical specialist because it would mean paying two hours of overtime. The supervisor said staffing in Lexington was a "low priority to the powers above us," and added, "Those types of poorly thought out decisions can cost lives." FAA spokeswoman Laura Brown responded to the AP regarding the NASA memo. "The anonymous report from 2004 appears to express concern about maintenance technicians, not air traffic controllers. We don't have a staff problem in general at control towers," she said. | <urn:uuid:80a20a0e-7038-42b8-94f9-3f3ba91c4ee3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/leadnews/natca_congress_193138-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00074-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96563 | 240 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Before the invention of animal-friendly oxygen masks, the only way a first responder could help pets rescued from fires and suffering from smoke inhalation was to use oxygen masks designed for humans, which don’t fit properly over an animal’s snout.
First responders in Washington and Allegheny counties are now better equipped to save the lives of area pets thanks to Invisible Fence Brand’s Project Breathe program. Benefitting from the life-saving program were Canonsburg General Hospital Ambulance Service and first responders affiliated with Allegheny Health Network. Canonsburg received a donation of one pet oxygen mask from Invisible Fence of Western Pennsylvania while Allegheny Health Network received a donation of nine pet oxygen masks for its Pre-Hospital Care Services from Invisible Fence of Western Pennsylvania and Invisible Fence of Pittsburgh.
“These masks truly are a blessing for Canonsburg,” said William R. Blair, EMT manager for Canonsburg General Hospital Ambulance Service. “We’ve seen residents run back into burning homes to save a pet. It’s understandable, but extremely dangerous. These masks will give residents comfort in knowing that we can save their pets if they are suffering from smoke inhalation.”
The program began with a goal of equipping every fire station in America and Canada with pet oxygen masks. While designed specifically for dogs and cats, they have also been used on snakes, gerbils and birds. Since the program’s inception, more than 10,000 pet oxygen masks have been donated and more than 90 pets have been saved.
“When a family suffers the tragedy of a fire, lives are turned upside down,” said Albert Lee, director of Invisible Fence Brand. “Pets are valued family members, so we want families to know that their pet can be cared for if tragedy strikes.”
Although the number of pets that die in fires is not an official statistic kept by the U.S. Fire Administration, it is estimated that at least 40,000 pets die each year. Most succumb to smoke inhalation.
Smoke inhalation affects dogs and cats in much the same way that it impacts people, according to Dr. Volz, DVM, of Brush Run Veterinary Clinic in McMurray. “The sooner the patient gets oxygen the better,” he said. He added that the problems that arise from smoke inhalation are primarily carbon monoxide-related, as CO does not let oxygen onto hemoglobin and the low oxygen level can cause permanent neurologic issues. “If in a fire, they should get oxygen ASAP, which is why it’s really great that the fire departments are starting to carry the masks on their trucks.”
However, Dr. Volz said that after being treated on the scene, an animal needs to be seen by a veterinarian to assess any serious breathing or lung issues that might require immediate treatment. He added that some issues, such as pneumonia, may not come up for a few days.
It’s been 20 years since Dr. Volz was involved in a smoke inhalation case. That dog, he said, did well and had no long-term issues. “If they make it through the initial problems, most dogs will live a normal life afterwards. Being lower to the ground actually helps our patients avoid some damage from smoke.”
Each kit contains three masks to fit small, medium and large dogs.
Visit www.invisiblefence.com/O2 for more information or to help support this effort. | <urn:uuid:4ef15187-7ed1-4794-83b2-4ddb7bc26b8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thealmanac.net/article/20130902/NEWS/130909962 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00248-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958119 | 740 | 2.71875 | 3 |
China’s government imposed a ban on all foreign tourists Thursday, forbidding them from traveling to Tibet. The government imposed the ban—which has no set end date—at the beginning of the Saga Dawa festival, which celebrates the birth of Buddha. Traditionally, Buddhist pilgrims and tourists flock to Tibet during the festival, but foreigners are now unable to get permits into Tibet. The move comes amid increasing unrest in the region. Over 30 people have set themselves on fire in protest of Chinese rule since March 2011, including two who self-immolated in Lhasa in May–the first self immolation cases in that city.
TOP 10 RIGHT NOW | <urn:uuid:757c6653-56a7-478c-84e4-43fa95505438> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thedailybeast.com/china-bans-foreign-tourists-from-tibet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.948555 | 163 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Late in 2019, Congress passed the Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement or the SECURE Act (“Act”), as part of an appropriations bill. With few exceptions, the provisions in the Act are effective for retirement plans, IRAs, contributions and distributions on or after January 1, 2020. While the SECURE Act has a number of provisions impacting employer retirement plans, this Alert focuses only on the changes that impact traditional and Roth IRAs and reviews some of the planning options under the new Act. This Alert also covers the new rules added for 529 Plans.
Individuals Under Age 59 with IRAs
For individuals who have traditional or Roth IRAs, the Act adds a new exception to the early withdrawal rules. Individuals may withdraw up to $5,000 for the birth or adoption of a child, without paying the early withdrawal penalty.
For graduate and doctoral students, many non-tuition and stipend payments will now qualify as earned income, permitting these students to make contributions to an IRA based on that income.
Individuals Approaching Age 70-1/2
Individuals with traditional IRAs are required to take minimum distributions (RMDs) from their IRA. Previously, these distributions began at age 70-1/2. These distributions will now begin at age 72. Individuals born after June 30, 1949 will begin taking RMDs at age 72. Individuals born on or before June 30, 1949 are still required to begin taking RMDs at age 70-1/2.
Individuals Over Age 70-1/2
The age limitation for contributions to traditional IRAs has been eliminated. Previously, individuals could not make contributions to traditional IRAs after age 70-1/2. Starting in 2020, individuals who are still working (i.e., have earned income) can contribute to a traditional IRA regardless of age.
Inherited IRAs After 12/31/19
The largest change made by the Act applies to the required miminum distribution rules (RMDs) for beneficiaries who inherit traditional or Roth IRAs after December 31, 2019. For beneficiaries who inherited their IRAs before then (i.e., the IRA owner died on or before December 31, 2019), the prior RMD rules continue to apply. Previously, an individual who inherited a traditional or Roth IRA could stretch out the distributions over his or her life expectancy, with special rules for spouses. A qualified trust that was the beneficiary of an IRA could also qualify for the stretch out.
For many beneficiaries, the Act eliminates the stretch out, replacing it with a simple 10-year rule. Spouses and a few other beneficiaries (referred to as “eligible designated beneficiaries”), can still use the stretch out. The following summary reviews the new rules for the various types of beneficiary.
Spouse is Beneficiary
The distribution rules for an IRA where the IRA owner’s surviving spouse is the beneficiary are only minimally changed. As before, the surviving spouse may rollover the IRA into his or her own IRA. Alternatively, the spouse may elect to take distributions, as a beneficiary of an inherited IRA, over his or her life expectancy. In the latter case, at the surviving spouse’s subsequent death, any funds remaining in that IRA must be distributed within 10 years.
Individual Other Than Spouse is Beneficiary
Subject to a few exceptions, the distribution rules for non‑spouse individuals are completely different. For these individuals, an inherited traditional or Roth IRA must be fully distributed by the end of the 10th year after the IRA owner’s death. These beneficiaries can wait until the 10th year and withdraw the whole IRA or they can pick and choose the withdrawal amounts and years, so long as the IRA is fully distributed by the end of the 10th year.
In addition to a spouse, a few other individual beneficiaries are not subject to the 10-year rule. If the beneficiary is (1) disabled or chronically ill, or (2) not more than 10 years younger than the IRA owner, then the inherited IRA may be paid out over the life expectancy of that individual beneficiary. In addition, if a child of the IRA owner is the beneficiary and the child has not reached the age of majority, distribution must be made within 10 years after the child reaches majority.
Qualified Trust is Beneficiary
Under regulations in effect prior to 2020, if a qualified trust is the beneficiary of an inherited IRA, the trust could qualify for the strech out based on the life expectancy of the oldest trust beneficiary. Careful planning and, at times, complex provisions were needed for a trust to be a qualified trust.
The qualified trust rules are provided by Treasury regulations; they are not part of the tax code. Nothing in the Act appears to change the idea that a qualified trust could benefit from the stretch out rule if the beneficiary of the trust is an eligible designated beneficiary, or from the 10-year rule. However, it is possible that the IRS could simply drop the qualified trust rules when they issue new regulations for the new tax code provisions. If the IRS keeps the qualified trust rules, it is very likely that the IRS will have such specific rules that, at best, most trusts will simply fall into the 10-year rule.
Non-Individual is Beneficiary
If an estate, non-qualified trust (or all trusts, if the IRS completely drops the qualified trust rule), charity or other entity is the beneficiary of an IRA, that inherited IRA must be distributed within 5 years of the IRA account owner’s death, if the IRA owner dies before age 72. If the IRA owner dies after age 72, the inherited IRA may be distributed over the IRA owner’s remaining life expectancy.
The Act expands the use of 529 education savings accounts to cover costs associated with registered apprenticeships, up to $10,000 of qualified student loan repayments, and certain costs associated with elementary and secondary education, including some homeschooling expenses. Check your individual state’s 529 Plan to confirm that these new rules will apply.
Planning for IRA Owners
If you have significant assets in traditional or Roth IRAs, you should revisit the question of who should be the beneficiary of your IRA with your estate planning attorney and financial adviser. These strategies will require some number crunching. Below are items to examine.
If you are married and both of you have significant traditional IRAs that name each other as the initial beneficiary, consider whether it would be better to name children or qualified trusts as the initial IRA beneficiary(ies), for at least part of the IRA. The purpose of this strategy would be to have two different 10 year periods for distributions, instead of having children or qualified trusts inheriting all these IRAs at the survivor’s death, with one 10 year period.
If you have a living trust, consider whether your traditional or Roth IRAs should be paid to your living trust or directly to individual beneficiaries or charities. Although this question was often asked and analyzed under the prior rules, the Act changes the pros and cons of this choice and makes this question worth re-visiting.
If your living trust is the beneficiary of an IRA, any provisions in your living trust agreement regarding IRAs should be examined. These provisions may need updating to address the changes made by the Act and/or give the trustee more flexibility.
Does a Roth conversion make sense? Those who could benefit from a Roth conversion before will likely still benefit. However, since the stretch out is largely gone for both traditional and Roth IRAs, the math supporting a Roth conversion (paying tax early at the IRA owner’s income tax rate vs. tax-free growth) will be over a shorter period. On the one hand, converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA is beneficial when the Roth IRA has time to grow, and that time will now be shorter. On the other hand, the short distribution period for inherited IRAs means the income tax deferral in keeping a traditional IRA is much less.
Planning for Inherited IRAs
If you inherit a traditional IRA in 2020 or future years, you will want to be strategic in your withdrawals. For individuals, if you expect your income levels to be fairly steady, it may be best to spread the withdrawals over the 10 years or at least over the last few years (depending on your tax bracket). If you expect your income levels to fluctuate, you should consider larger distributions in years when other income is smaller.
For trusts that inherit an IRA, the distribution requirements may not be as clear until the IRS issues further regulations. The best practice will be to consult with a knowledable adviser to provide guidance on the required distributions and any income tax strategies for distributions from inherited traditional IRAs.
If you inherit a Roth IRA in 2020 or future years, the planning is simple: wait as long as you can (such as the end of the 10 year period), so long as you think the investments will be appreciating. | <urn:uuid:0877dbe2-ef7a-497d-ba8d-e2b787d27dca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.chapman.com/publication-SECURE-Act-IRAs-529-Plans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.958491 | 1,839 | 1.8125 | 2 |
The heads of governing bodies of sports from 37 countries, including the U.S., said Russia and Belarus should not be allowed to “host, bid for, or be awarded any international sporting events” on Tuesday as fallout continues in the sports world from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Ministers of Sport, or their equivalent, for the 37 nations also said individual athletes selected by Russia and Belarus, as well as teams representing the two countries, should be banned from competing in other countries, and that sponsorships with links to the two countries should be limited.
The U.K. Premier League said Tuesday it suspended its agreement with Russian broadcast partner Rambler (Okko Sport) and pledged £1 million “to support the people of Ukraine.”
The International Gymnastics Federation banned Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials—including judges—from participating in competitions starting March 7 until further notice, including next week’s Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.
WWE said Thursday that it is no longer partnering with Russian broadcaster Match and shut down the WWE Network in the country, eliminating access to Smackdown and its other shows, and live programs like WrestleMania.
Formula 1 said in a statement reported by the BBC that it cancelled its “ meaning Russia will not have a race in the future.”
Russian billionaire and Chelsea FC owner Roman Abramovich announced Wednesday he would be selling the club after members of Parliament said he shouldn’t be allowed to own a team amid Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, adding all net proceeds from his sale will be donated to a newly established charitable foundation that will benefit victims of the war in Ukraine: “I do believe this is in the best interest of the Club,” he wrote in a release Wednesday.
The announcement comes days after Abramovich handed control of the club over to trustees of the team’s charitable foundation, following MP Chris Bryant’s statement that Abramovich—a Russian oligarch and politician before his purchase of Chelsea in 2003—was unfit to own a team in the U.K. and that the country “should be looking at seizing some of his assets.”
Earlier this week, the Association of Tennis Professionals and the Women’s Tennis Association announced Tuesday that Russian and Belarusian tennis players can continue to compete in tournaments “at this time,” though they cannot compete under the name or flag of Russia or Belarus.
The National Hockey League, which has the most Russian athletes of any of the four major U.S. team sports, announced Monday it is suspending its relationships with all its Russian business partners and will not consider Russia as a location for future competitions.
The NHL—which pointed out some 50 Russian players are in the league—said it “condemns Russia's invasion of Ukraine and urges a peaceful resolution as quickly as possible,” adding it was pausing its Russian language digital and social media sites.
“Please, no more war,” Russian-born Washington Capitals star Alex Ovechkin, a vocal supporter of Putin in the past, said during a press conference Friday, adding Putin is “my president” and the war is “a hard situation right now for both sides”—prompting Hall of Fame goaltender Dominik Hasek to tweet in outrage, calling him a “chicken shit” and referring to Putin as a “mad killer” before demanding the NHL suspend contracts for all Russian players.
“Football is fully united here and in full solidarity with all the people affected in Ukraine,” FIFA and UEFA said in a joint release Monday, barring the Russian team from participating in any competitions.
FIFA initially condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine on Sunday, stating in a release, “Violence is never a solution” before announcing it would hold no international competitions in Russia, forcing the team to play on neutral territories without spectators under the name “Football Union of Russia (RFU)” rather than “Russia,” and not allowing it to fly a Russian flag or play the Russian anthem at games.
England said Sunday it would join Poland, Sweden and the Czech Republic in refusing to play against the Russian national team to "whole-heartedly condemn the atrocities being committed by the Russian leadership," according to Reuters.
the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on Monday requested sports bodies ban athletes from Russia and Belarus in response to Russia’s invasion, and stripped Russian President Vladimir Putin of his Olympic Order award.
“Every athlete represents not only himself and his club, but also his country and its values and actions,” Hasek tweeted. “That is a fact. If the NHL does not [suspend contracts for all Russian players], it has indirect co-responsibility for the dead in Ukraine.”
On Friday, Russian tennis star Andrey Rublev wrote “No War Please” on a TV camera lens following a semifinal victory in Dubai. On Thursday, Ukrainian NBA players Alex Len and Svi Mykhailiuk released a joint statement on the invasion, calling it a “great tragedy.” Len’s Sacramento Kings and the opposing Indiana Pacers locked arms during a moment of silence before their game Thursday. Some American basketball players who play in Ukraine, including Michael Stockton—son of Hall of Fame Utah Jazz point guard John Stockton—left the country before the invasion began, according to USA Today. On Friday, Formula 1 announced it would not hold the Russian Grand Prix, stating it hopes “for a swift and peaceful resolution to the present situation.” Earlier in the week, various sports teams in Europe and the U.S. cut ties with Russian sponsors in an effort to distance themselves from the conflict.
The International Judo Federation announced Sunday it would suspend Putin as its honorary president and ambassador in light of Russia’s invasion. Putin is a black belt, and has co-written a book titled, “Judo: History, Theory, Practice.” | <urn:uuid:67f5728a-86d4-48cb-aaa1-4dc62ca9727b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.forbes.com/sites/masonbissada/2022/03/08/uk-premier-league-cancels-broadcasts-in-russia-as-sports-world-reacts-to-ukraine-invasion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.956462 | 1,272 | 1.726563 | 2 |
He modeled the first McDonald’s double-decker on burgers at a Big Boy and introduced it in 1967 in Uniontown, Pa. A year later, it was on the menu nationwide. NYTimes.com Also reported by •L.A. Times •Newsmax •CBS 2
The man who invented the McDonald’s Big Mac passed away on Monday at the age of 98.
The man who invented the McDonald's Big Mac passed away on Monday at the age of 98, reports USA.. Source: Geo Beats - | <urn:uuid:ac60f4c0-66af-4aad-a15c-70d27e1fe1f1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.onenewspage.us/topic/mac_dies.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00263-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89145 | 110 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Neil Aggett’s interrogator had a “morbid interest” in him, the inquest into the late trade unionist’s death heard on Wednesday.
Former minister Barbara Hogan told the Johannesburg high court on Wednesday that security branch policeman Stephan Whitehead had an “unhealthy” interest in Aggett and his then partner, Elizabeth Floyd.
Hogan recalled how Whitehead, who was not part of her interrogation team, would “every now and then come in” to ask her “weird stuff” about Aggett and Floyd, who were detained by the security branch police in November 1981.
“It wasn’t stuff, you know, about what these people were doing politically. It was like: ‘What is the relationship like?’ … The relationship between Liz [Floyd] and Neil. And: ‘Who wears the pants in the relationship?’” Hogan told the court.
“And actually I became very uncomfortable, because I got the impression that Whitehead had a morbid … interest in Liz and Neil.”
Later, under cross-examination, Hogan called Whitehead’s interest in the couple an “obsession”.
“It was like someone who was a voyeur,” she said.
Whitehead has been described as Aggett’s main “tormentor” during his 70 days in detention at what was then John Vorster Square.
Aggett became the first white political detainee to die in detention when he was found hanged in the early hours of February 5 1982 at the notorious police station.
The original inquest
In 1982, an inquest headed by magistrate Pieter Kotze ruled Aggett’s death a suicide, concluding there was no one to blame for the tragedy. This was despite evidence that Aggett was tortured.
In 1998, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) reversed Kotze’s verdict, finding that the intensive interrogation of Aggett and the treatment he received in detention led him “to take his own life”.
The TRC concluded that Whitehead and another security branch interrogator, Arthur Conwright, were directly responsible “for the mental and physical condition of Dr Aggett, which led him to take his own life.”
Aggett and Floyd had been named on what became known as the “close comrades list”, a report compiled by Hogan that contained the names of people she associated with — most of whom were not directly linked to the ANC, which was banned at the time.
The list was intercepted by the security branch and used to detain those named on it, including Gavin Anderson and Ismail Momoniat.
On Wednesday, Hogan recounted the torture she endured during her time in detention. After her arrest in 1981, Hogan was kept in solitary confinement for a year. In October 1982, she was sentenced to prison for 10 years after being found guilty of treason. She was released in 1990.
Speaking at the inquest this week, Hogan recalled how Conwright had it in for members of the white political left in South Africa, saying he regarded them as “the devil incarnate” and adding that he had “a pathological hatred” for them.
Hogan described Conwright as “not a measured man at all”, telling the inquest that even “his own staff called him Hitler”.
Whitehead and Conwright did not apply for amnesty at the TRC and both have since died. | <urn:uuid:a49caff8-5222-4292-9855-fb8b82b7eca0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://cape-townairport.co.za/aggett-tormentor-had-a-morbid-obsession-barbara-hogan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.988594 | 736 | 1.585938 | 2 |
The Evelyn Trust is a grant-making charity supporting medical research and health and wellbeing projects in Cambridgeshire.
Each year we make grants of up to £250,000 totalling between £500,000 and about £1.5 million.
Except for our small grants programme our annual application deadline is 30 November.
Latest funded projects
Osteoarthritis affects over 8 million people in the UK alone and around 250 million people worldwide have osteoarthritis in a knee joint – one of the most common conditions.
When a patient is in a vegetative state after a serious injury or heart attack, it’s extremely difficult for clinicians to decide on a long-term prognosis. Which patients will wake up? When will they wake up? | <urn:uuid:5bc2132a-e31f-4565-a2ec-477346280579> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.evelyntrust.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718278.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00241-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92007 | 157 | 1.632813 | 2 |
In honor of International Human Rights Day on December 10, Falun Dafa practitioners in Bulgaria hosted a variety of public events in Sofia, Plovdiv, Pazardzhik and Peshtera to raise awareness of the ongoing human rights abuses in China.
Their efforts gained public support for Falun Dafa practitioners in China, who have been persecuted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) for their faith for almost 19 years.
On December 8, 2018, practitioners from all over the country gathered in the city of Pazardzhik for a regular national Falun Dafa meeting. They held a signature drive in the cities of Pazardzhik and Peshtera, calling for the prosecution of former Chinese Communist Party leader Jiang Zemin for initiating the persecution of Falun Dafa that led to the imprisonment, torture, and killing of practitioners all over China.
Residents of the two cities, most of whom already knew of Falun Dafa, enthusiastically supported the practitioners and condemned the brutalities committed by the Chinese regime. A total of 161 people signed the petition, including kids, parents and grandparents.
On December 10, practitioners conducted a peaceful protest in front of the Chinese Embassy in Sofia. For an hour before noon, they displayed banners condemning the persecution and told the public about Falun Dafa and its core principles of Truthfulness-Compassion-Forbearance.
The banners’ bright colors stood out in the gloomy, rainy day and attracted the attention of passersby. Some had heard about Falun Dafa in the past but stopped to learn more. Some vehicles slowed down to read the messages. Security officers at the event also gave their support for the practitioners’ cause.
The documentary film Hard to Believe was screened on the same day at the School of Medicine in the city of Plovdiv. The student association co-organised the event, which was attended by 30 students, professors, and medical doctors.
The audience was shocked to learn of the state-sanctioned killing of Falun Dafa practitioners for their organs in China. The film sparked a dynamic discussion about professional ethics, morality, and how to help stop the atrocity.
Practitioners informed the audience about the actions taken by people and organisations around the world to help stop the persecution and organ harvesting crimes. | <urn:uuid:a3c04fcc-b7df-427c-b197-388ac3d6364d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://falunau.org/2018/12/bulgaria-human-rights-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.950801 | 480 | 1.835938 | 2 |
How to turn your photo into a cool animated or static avatar?
When you browse forums or blogs, you know other people in the virtual world by their user name and their avatar. The latter is very important for those who live their lives on the web, as it is а graphical representation of your own self in the ever-changing web world.
Although the Internet abounds in tons of ready made avatar pictures, if you use one, you can eventually stumble upon somebody who uses the same avatar. But you DO want to be unique?
Do you want to animate your avatar and make it smile, wink playfully or look surprised? Do you want to spice up your avatar with dozens of fun effects? Do you want to matrix your avatar, make an X-Ray scanning online or set it on fire? If you say YES to any of these questions, consider visiting Avatar Photo! The service lets you create unique animated and static avatars for free, adjust their size, animation speed and number of frames and save them either to your computer, or to a free hosting on Pho.to site.
It takes just a few seconds and a few mouse clicks to turn your photo into a cool gif animation or an awesome statiс avatar.
You simply upload your picture and select the effect you like. Some effects use automatic face detection technology. The service currently offers more than thirty fun effects to spice up your avatar, and the collection is growing!
So forget about old boring avatars, and get ready to attract more friends online. And don't be afraid to be yourself. Or a little bit better :) | <urn:uuid:52310c6c-44ad-49aa-9684-dd9a45fb875b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://pho.to/press/avatar/?locale=ru | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720153.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00324-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931802 | 328 | 1.507813 | 2 |
LONDON — The United States and five major European powers on Friday set a Feb. 19 deadline for the Yugoslav government and separatist ethnic Albanians to accept a negotiated settlement to end the war in Kosovo -- an ultimatum implicitly backed by the threat of NATO action to enforce it.
"The killing must stop," said British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, who is to travel to Belgrade today to deliver the message to Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic. Cook will also go to Pristina, capital of Kosovo, to repeat the message to leaders of the separatist ethnic Albanian majority.
Even as the ultimatum was announced, however, Yugoslav-backed forces pursuing ethnic Albanian rebels attacked a village in Kosovo, killing 24 people.
More than 1,000 people have died in the 11-month-old war between Yugoslav forces and ethnic Albanian rebels who are seeking independence for Kosovo, a province of Serbia, Yugoslavia's dominant republic.
The peace initiative was announced after foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Italy adopted the U.S.-sponsored plan to force the Yugoslav government and Kosovo's ethnic Albanians to accept a settlement that would give the region wide-ranging autonomy but keep it part of Serbia.
President Clinton said the United States and its allies were united behind the plan to combine political and military pressure to end the conflict.
"We stand ready to back that strategy with the threat of force," Clinton said.
NATO today is expected to deliver an explicit threat to use force, including possible air strikes against Yugoslavia, if Milosevic rejects the plan. NATO also could impose a sea and land blockade in Albania to stem the flow of weapons and supplies to the ethnic Albanian rebels in Kosovo if they do not accept a cease-fire.
French Foreign Minister Hubert Vedrine said on Friday that France, Britain and Germany had agreed to send troops to Kosovo to enforce a settlement, should one be reached. | <urn:uuid:a3798d4a-6dbe-4697-89cc-ea40a2f8463f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1999-01-30/news/9901300038_1_albanian-kosovo-yugoslav-government | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00365-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958661 | 399 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Obesity and its comorbidities are a severe public health problem worldwide. The use of bioactive compounds found in some foods has been demonstrated to ameliorate the metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the bioactive compounds present in aguamiel concentrate (AC) from Agave salmiana could attenuate glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis in mice fed a high fat (HF) diet. HPLC-ELSD analysis showed that AC contained several saponins. The consumption of an AC extract rich in saponins reduced weight gain and fat mass and lowered serum glucose, insulin and LDL-cholesterol levels in mice fed a HF diet. Additionally, mice fed the saponin extract exhibited a reduced HOMA index and hepatic lipid levels and increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Saponins increased white adipose tissue browning, AMPK phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle and energy expenditure in mice fed the HF diet. These metabolic changes were accompanied by an increase in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut microbiota. Therefore, Agave salmiana saponins can be an alternative to attenuate the metabolic changes that accompany obesity.
Since 1980, obesity prevalence has doubled worldwide. In 2014, overweight individuals represented 39% of the adult population and 13% of these individuals were obese1. Specific metabolic abnormalities develop in obese individuals, such as pro-inflammatory states, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); these abnormalities are accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis2,3. Insulin resistance develops during obesity due to alterations in insulin signaling and increases in the systemic inflammatory response4. These alterations occur in part through a lipotoxic effect due to the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissue organs, particularly the liver and skeletal muscle5.
Recently, it has been established that dietary intervention must be included to prevent or ameliorate the biochemical abnormalities associated with obesity6. With this aim, extensive research on functional foods has recently been performed. These foods provide a health benefit in addition to their nutritional value7. Most properties of functional foods are associated with the presence of specific bioactive compounds that regulate precise pathways to exert their beneficial effect8.
In Mexico, several functional foods have been used to obtain health benefits. For example, agave (Agave spp.) has been used since Pre-Columbian times as a food and beverage source9,10. Currently, agave possesses economic relevance in the tequila, mezcal and pulque industries10. Aguamiel is the edible sweet sap obtained from specific mature agave species such as Agave salmiana11. It may be consumed fresh, fermented or concentrated by heat into a syrup or aguamiel concentrate (AC)11. In Mexico, diabetic people consume AC to improve their diabetic condition. The testimonials reported by consumers suggest an improvement in glycemic control. Nevertheless, AC has not been studied to assess its biological effects.
Scarce knowledge is available concerning the bioactive compounds present in aguamiel. Ortiz-Basurto et al. (2012) evaluated fresh aguamiel and reported that it contained 11.5% dry matter that was mainly composed of sugars; a total of 10% of these sugars were fructans. Aguamiel also contained 3% protein, 3% minerals and 0.3% free amino acids12. Recently, our research group demonstrated that AC also contained steroidal saponins11,13. These molecules are a diverse group of biologically active glycosides that contribute to the plant’s defense and are widely distributed in the plant kingdom13. Different saponins have been used to treat obesity. Some of the most recognized are the saponins from Panax ginseng, Panax japonicas and Platycodi radix, which have been validated in different models to prevent or decrease obesity8,14,15,16.
Dioscin is a steroidal saponin whose oral consumption has been demonstrated to prevent diet-induced obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by increasing the energy expenditure17. However, scant knowledge is available concerning the potential mechanisms of action of many saponins and less is known about those present in aguamiel. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of the consumption of AC from Agave salmiana and an AC extract rich in saponins in mice fed a high fat diet (HF) to evaluate their effects on carbohydrate/lipid metabolism and the gut microbiota composition. Here, we demonstrate that an AC extract rich in saponins improves glucose tolerance and serum and hepatic lipid levels, induces WAT browning and mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle by increasing energy expenditure and increases Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut microbiota of mice fed the HF diet.
Results and Discussion
Aguamiel concentrate’s available carbohydrate composition
To obtain AC, the plant is not harvested. Instead, aguamiel is collected daily from the core of Agave salmiana and concentrated using heat. The AC contained a high concentration of available carbohydrates (46.3%). HPLC-ELSD analysis revealed that the AC was primarily composed of sucrose (44.4%), glucose (29.1%) and fructose (26.5%) (Fig. 1A); the minor components are described in Supplemental Table S1. The AC composition differed from the high fructose agave syrup from Agave tequilana10,18.
Aguamiel concentrate has low glycemic and insulinemic indices
To investigate whether the available carbohydrates in AC could modify blood glucose, we studied its glycemic and insulinemic indices. Interestingly, we observed that AC produced a lower increase in blood glucose and serum insulin compared with the response to the reference (50 g of glucose) despite the elevated sucrose and glucose contents in the 50 g of available carbohydrates in AC (Fig. 1A–C). Measurement of the area under the curve (AUC) proved that the AC had low glycemic and insulinemic indices (47.6 and 53, respectively) as was previously reported for high-fructose agave syrup19. Thus, we hypothesized that compounds other than sugars were responsible for its low GI and performed a composition analysis of the AC.
Bioactive saponins in aguamiel concentrate
The presence of steroidal saponins in the AC was analyzed by HPLC-ELSD. We detected saponins derived from kammogenin, manogenin, gentrogenin and hecogenin, which represented 74, 11, 8 and 7% of the total saponins, respectively (Fig. 1D). Saponins present in other natural products are capable of decreasing the acute glycemic response20,21. Therefore, we extracted the saponins with a mixture of n-butanol/H2O to assess the biological activity of these compounds on carbohydrate/lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. This extract was provided in the HF diet at a low dose (HFL) by adding 2.8 g/kg diet or at a high dose (HFH) by adding 28 g/kg diet (HFH).
Aguamiel concentrate and its extracted saponins prevent body weight gain in a high fat diet
As expected, mice fed the HF diet gained more weight (55%) compared to the control (C) group (Fig. 2A,B). In contrast, mice fed the HF diet supplemented with AC (HFAC) and HFL gained weight at a level comparable to their C counterparts. Moreover, mice fed HFH gained less weight compared to the C group, denoting a dose-dependent effect. The weight difference was not an effect of a decrease in the energy intake because it was similar in all groups (Fig. 2C). Additionally, the weight difference was not associated with an inhibitory effect of saponins on pancreatic lipase as previously suggested15,22 because there was no difference in the fecal fat content (Supplemental Fig. S1). Consistent with the weight gain, the visceral adipose tissue weight (retroperitoneal and epididymal) was greater in animals fed the HF diet compared to the animals fed the C diet (Fig. 2D,E). Interestingly, the adiposity of the mice fed HFAC, HFL and HFH was similar to the C group despite the HF diet. This effect was more pronounced in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue where it represented up to 17.9% of the body weight in the HF group compared to 4.4% of the body weight in the HFH group. Finally, the liver weight was not affected by the experimental diets (Fig. 2F).
Aguamiel concentrate and its extracted saponins prevent an increase in LDL-cholesterol and HOMA
Plasma samples were analyzed to evaluate the effect of AC or its extracted saponins on the biochemical parameters of the treated mice; the results are shown in Table 1. After 12 weeks on the experimental diets, within the serum lipid profile, the total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglyceride (TAG) concentrations as well as glucose concentration were not significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatment groups. Conversely, the HF group had greater LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and insulin concentrations compared to the C group. When AC or its extracted saponins were added to the HF diet, the increase in the plasma LDL-C and insulin concentrations was prevented. Interestingly, HOMA-IR was lower in the HFH group, suggesting that saponins could have an effect on glucose tolerance.
Aguamiel concentrate and its extracted saponins improve glucose tolerance
To evaluate whether the AC and its extracted saponins had an effect on glucose clearance, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed during the 10th week of the experiment. As expected, animals fed the HF diet exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) increase in their blood glucose compared to the mice fed the C diet both at the fasting state and during the OGTT, indicating that the HF group had decreased glucose tolerance (Fig. 2G–I). Interestingly, mice fed the HFAC and HFH diets exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) increased glucose tolerance as observed by the lower area under the curve (AUC) compared to the mice fed the HF diet (Fig. 2I). To assess whether consumption of the saponin extract could also reduce body weight and glucose intolerance in obese mice, we fed mice a HFD for 16 weeks to establish obesity and hyperglycemia. Subsequently, the mice received HFH for another 8 weeks. As shown in Supplemental Fig. S2, during the first 16 weeks on the HF diet the mice became obese and hyperglycemic. Interestingly, this preliminary study shows that the mice lost 28% of their body weight 8 weeks after switching to the diet with HFH. Additionally, the glucose tolerance was remarkably increased and the AUC was decreased by 47.5%. Further research is needed using different doses in order to understand the mechanism of action.
Aguamiel concentrate or its extracted saponins prevents hepatic steatosis
Glucose intolerance is normally accompanied by hepatic steatosis23. To evaluate whether AC or its extracted saponins had an impact on hepatic steatosis, we evaluated the liver morphology. Liver histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) as well as Oil Red O (ORO) staining clearly shows that mice fed the HF diet had a greater hepatic fat accumulation in the form of macro- and microvesicles compared to the C group (Fig. 3A). Notably, hepatic lipid accumulation decreased when AC was added to the diet; this effect was similar in a dose-dependent manner with the saponin extract. The hepatic steatosis observed in the histological analysis was confirmed by the quantification of hepatic TAG (Fig. 3B) and ORO image analysis (Fig. 3C). The livers of mice fed the HF diet showed a significantly (P < 0.005) higher TAG accumulation compared to mice fed the C diet. As expected, consumption of AC or its extracted saponins prevented hepatic TAG accumulation. To evaluate hepatic inflammation, we assessed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by immunohistochemistry. Mice fed the HF diet had increased levels of TNF-α compared to mice fed the C diet (Fig. 3A). Moreover, the addition of AC or its extracted saponins reduced hepatic TNF-α compared to the HF group in a dose-dependent manner. To further evaluate if macrophage infiltration was also affected, we then evaluated F4/80 by immunohistochemistry (Fig. 3A). Results showed that mice fed the HF diet had a greater macrophage infiltration compared to mice fed the control diet. This effect was prevented in HFAC and HFH groups. Consumption of a HF diet also increased significantly (P < 0.05) the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level compared to the C group (Fig. 3D). The addition of AC or the saponin extract did not increase the ALT content, which ruled out a hepatotoxic effect. The liver TAG and ALT levels showed a positive correlation (r2 = 0.657) (Supplemental Fig. S3). To assess oxidative stress, we measured the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver. The results showed that MDA was increased in the HF group compared to the C group; interestingly, this effect was reversed in the HFAC and HFL groups (Fig. 3E). However, in the HFH group this effect was not reverted. There is evidence that at higher doses or under certain conditions antioxidant-type functional food ingredients may exert pro-oxidant activities24. Thus, it is possible that the use of the high dose of the saponin extract could have a pro-oxidant activity.
Aguamiel concentrate or its extracted saponins regulates the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism
To evaluate whether the decrease in hepatic TAG was associated with changes in the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism, we evaluated their relative expression levels. As expected, mice fed the HF diet exhibited up-regulated expression of lipogenic genes, such as the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein–1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (Fig. 3F–H). Interestingly, the addition of AC or the saponin extract to the HF diet decreased the expression of SREBP1c to a level similar to the C group. Next, we studied the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, particularly the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and two of its target genes [carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) and acyl CoA oxidase (AOX)]. In Fig. 3I–K, we showed that CPT-1 expression levels was similar between the HF group and the C group. However, the HFAC group exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) increased expression of CPT-1, which was 4-fold higher than the C group. These results suggest that the AC can increase hepatic fatty acid oxidation and therefore reduce hepatic lipids. With respect to cholesterol metabolism, we evaluated the expression of transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein–2 (SREBP-2), the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase and the LDL receptor (LDL-R). There was a significant up-regulation of SREBP-2 and LDL-R expression in mice fed the HF diet compared to the C group. When the saponin extract was added to the HF diet, the SREBP-2, HMG-CoA reductase and LDL-R expression levels were up-regulated compared to the HF group (Fig. 3L–N). These results suggest that even though cholesterol production was not downregulated, LDL-C uptake by the hepatocyte was increased when saponins were added into the diet, which may explain the decrease in plasma LDL-C. Furthermore, the expression of the enzyme cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) which is involved in the synthesis of bile acids, was also up-regulated in mice fed the HF diets and was further up-regulated in mice fed HFH (Fig. 3O). Lastly, the transporters involved in bile acid and cholesterol transport, ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCG8 and ABCA1) were up-regulated in the livers of mice fed HFAC, HFL and HFH compared to mice fed the control and HF diets, indicating greater cholesterol excretion (Fig. 3P,Q). These results indicate that the AC extract rich in saponins stimulates fat oxidation and cholesterol excretion, contributing in part to the amelioration of hepatic steatosis. Other saponins (i.e., dioscin) have the capacity to reduce or prevent hepatic steatosis through a direct interaction with the nuclear receptor PPARα and thereby increase fatty acid oxidation in the liver and skeletal muscle17.
Aguamiel concentrate and its extracted saponins prevent white adipose tissue (WAT) hypertrophy
Because AC or its extracted saponins reduced weight gain despite the consumption of a HF diet, we evaluated the effect of AC or its saponin extract on adipocyte hypertrophy. Mice that consumed the HF diet presented enlarged adipocytes in all adipose compartments compared to mice fed the C diet (Fig. 4A,C). Moreover, crown-like structures, with the presence of macrophages confirmed by F4/80 immunohistochemistry on the epididymal fat, were mostly observed in mice fed the HF diet, followed by mice fed the HFL diet (Fig. 4B). The crown-like structures are formed by the recruitment of macrophages into white adipose tissue in response to adipocyte death by necrosis25. Interestingly, the addition of AC or its saponin extract to the HF diet prevented adipocyte hypertrophy and no crown-like structures were found across the different adipose tissue depots. Automatized visceral adipocyte area analysis confirmed a decreased proportion of small adipocytes (area <3,000 μm2) in mice fed the HF diet (35.6%) compared to the C group (60.0%) (Fig. 4D). Furthermore, the hypertrophic adipocytes (area >9,000 μm2) increased from 2.8% in the C group to 12.7% in the HF group. The addition of AC or the high dose of the saponin extract prevented adipocyte hypertrophy and increased the proportion of small adipocytes regardless of the high fat content in the diet, particularly in the HFH group. Information on retroperitoneal adipose tissue is available in Supplemental Fig. S4.
Leptin is secreted from adipocytes in proportion to the adipose tissue mass26. This process was observed in our study, with circulating leptin increased 3-fold in mice fed the HF diet compared to mice fed the C diet (Fig. 4E). Mice fed HFAC, HFL and HFH had reduced circulating leptin levels that corresponded to the adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size (Fig. 4F).
Aguamiel concentrate and its extracted saponins reduce brown adipose tissue (BAT) lipid droplet size and induce WAT browning
As observed in Fig. 4G, the BAT from mice fed the C diet was composed of multilocular adipocytes with numerous and small lipid vacuoles, whereas the BAT from mice fed the HF diet contained several adipocytes with one single large lipid vacuole. The BAT from mice fed the HFAC showed fewer unilocular and higher multilocular adipocytes content than the HF group. The addition of the saponin extract had a remarkable dose-dependent effect on BAT morphology. Brown adipocytes from mice fed the HFL diet had smaller lipid droplets than those from mice fed the HF diet; brown adipocytes from mice fed HFH had almost imperceptible lipid droplets, indicating robust lipid oxidation27.
Body fat gain on a high fat diet can be reduced by an increase in white browning, thereby augmenting the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) content28. UCP-1 in beige adipocytes impairs electron transport chain-mediated ATP synthesis and dissipates metabolic energy as heat29. To evaluate WAT browning, UCP-1 expression was assessed using immunohistochemical analysis. Interestingly, UCP-1 expression was reduced in epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissue from mice fed the HF diet compared to the C group (Fig. 4H,I). However, the addition of AC or its saponin extract to the HF diet increased UCP-1 abundance in a dose-dependent manner. The increase of browning by the AC and the high dose of the saponin extract in the subcutaneous adipose tissue was confirmed by the increase of UCP1 and TBX1 mRNA abundance (Fig. 4J,K), markers of the browning process29. These results indicate that the reduction in body fat in mice fed the HF diet supplemented with AC or the saponin extract was in part associated with an increase in white adipose tissue browning.
Aguamiel concentrate and its saponin extract increase energy expenditure
To evaluate whether changes in BAT morphology and WAT browning were associated with changes in energy expenditure, we performed an indirect calorimetry during the fasting and feeding states after 11 weeks on the experimental diet. First, we assessed whether consumption of AC or the saponin extract modified the type of metabolic substrate. Based on the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) measurement, there were no significant (P < 0.05) differences among groups during fasting (RER 0.76–0.79), indicating that the animals were obtaining their energy primarily from fatty acids (Fig. 5A,B). After the animals were fed, the C group RER increased to 0.97, whereas the HF group RER increased to only 0.83, indicating that mice fed the HF diet developed metabolic inflexibility compared to the C group30. AC or the saponin extract did not modify the RER in mice fed the HF diet. However, mice fed the HF diet consumed 21% less O2 compared to the C group when we evaluated the energy expenditure via O2 consumption during the fed state (Fig. 5C,D). Interestingly, when AC or its saponin extract were added to the HF diet the O2 consumption was similar to the C group. Thus, the HFAC and HFH groups increased the O2 consumption by 27% and the HFL group increased it by 19% compared to the HF group. These results demonstrated that AC and its saponin extract increased the energy expenditure despite the HF content of the diet, as was observed with other saponins such as dioscin17 and the gingenoside Rb131.
Aguamiel concentrate and its saponin extract increase mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle
To evaluate whether the increase in energy expenditure in mice fed AC or the saponin extract was also associated with greater mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle, we measured the expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1-α), which is a nuclear receptor-coactivator involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function28. Mice fed the C and the HF diet had similar PGC1-α protein expression levels (Fig. 5E). Interestingly, mice fed the saponin extract showed an increase in the PGC1-α protein content.
To enhance PGC1-α activity, it is necessary to activate the enzyme 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by phosphorylation32. In this study, AC and especially the saponin extract increased the activation of AMPK by phosphorylation of the Thr172 residue, indicating an increase in fatty acid oxidation (Fig. 5F). Indeed, we observed an increase in the mitochondrial activity in the soleus and gastrocnemius skeletal muscles measured histochemically through succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, particularly in mice fed HFH (Fig. 5G–I). These results suggest that the AC saponin extract is able to stimulate mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle.
Aguamiel concentrate or the saponin extract differentially modulate the intestinal microbiota composition
Some of the beneficial effects of the aguamiel concentrate or the saponin extract could be attributed to modifications of the gut microbiota due to the prebiotic potential of agave and possible direct effects of saponins33. Thus, we assessed the gut microbiota by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the samples resulted in >50,000 reads. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria represented ~94% of the sequences of all groups at the phylum level. Alpha diversity measures such as the Chao 1 estimator suggested that the observed OTUs were higher in the HFH group, whereas the Shannon index was higher in the C group. These results were confirmed using rarefaction curve analysis that indicated higher species richness in the HFH group and higher diversity in the C group.
The phylum level analysis revealed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes abundances were changed in all groups, although the changes were relatively moderate (Fig. 6A). The group fed HFL had the highest increase in Bacteroidetes and lowest increase in Firmicutes compared to the rest of the groups (P < 0.05). Interestingly, there was an approximately 6.1-fold increase in Verrucomicrobia in the group fed HFH (P < 0.01). To further characterize differences among groups, a sub-phylum analysis was performed by focusing on the families, genus and species. This analysis revealed differences at the family level (Supplemental Fig. S5) particularly in the Bacteroidacea where the HFL and HFH presented abundances of 46.8 and 38.9%, respectively, compared to the C group (27.6%, P < 0.001) and the HF group (34.6%, P < 0.05). Additionally, the consumption of a high dose of the saponin extract reduced the abundance of the family Helicobacteraceae from 7.2% in the C group to 4.8% (P < 0.001). The family Ruminococcaceae was reduced by the consumption of a HF diet (11%, P < 0.001) but its abundance was reestablished by the addition of a high concentration of the saponin extract to the HF diet (15.2%, P < 0.001) to a similar extent than the C group (15.1%).
Changes at the genus level (Fig. 6B) were similar to those observed at the family level, with the abundance of the genus Bacteroides increased with the HFL (61.5%, P < 0.001) or HFH (53.6%, P < 0.001) compared to the C group (39.3%). Interestingly, mice fed the C (5.3%, P < 0.001), HFAC (4.2%, P < 0.001) or HLH (2.9%, P < 0.001) diets had higher abundances of the Prevotella genus than mice fed the HF diet (1.5%). A similar pattern of abundance was observed for the Mucispirillum genus. In contrast, the Oscillospira genus belonging to the Ruminococcaceae family was reduced by the consumption of the HF diet (7.8%, P < 0.001), but the addition of a high dose of the saponin extract re-established its abundance (14.1%) to a level similar to the C group (13.9%).
At the species level (Fig. 6C,D), we observed that 10 species contributed >93% of the total sequences. These species were Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides acidifaciens, Prevotella copri, Bacteroides plebeius, Mucispirillum schaedleri, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Ruminococcus gnavus, Roseburia faecis, Ruminococcus bromii and Akkermansia muciniphila. Interestingly, the abundance of Bacteroides acidifaciens was reduced in the HF mice compared to the C mice and the addition of the extract reduced its abundance in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 6D). We also observed that Akkermancia muciniphila was almost negligible in mice from the C and HF groups but the addition of the extract increased its abundance in a dose-dependent manner. With the HFL and HFH, A. muciniphila was increased by 5.9-fold and 15.3-fold, respectively, with respect to the C group (P < 0.001). The increase in Akkermansia muciniphila in the HFL and HFH groups was verified by qPCR (Supplemental Fig. S6).
In this study, we demonstrated that consumption of AC or its saponin extract improved glucose tolerance and hepatic lipid metabolism, reduced hepatic steatosis and adipose tissue hypertrophy and stimulated WAT browning and increased the mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle in mice fed a high fat diet. Altogether, these changes resulted in enhanced energy expenditure. The AC saponin extract prevented the HF diet-induced microbiota dysbiosis by enhancing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestinal lumen. Recent evidence has consistently demonstrated that the presence of these bacteria is inversely associated with insulin resistance, altered adipose tissue metabolism, the onset of inflammation and obesity development during diet-induced obesity in mice34,35. Dietary polyphenols have recently been reported to promote A. muciniphila abundance accompanied by protection against obesity-related pathologies34. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that steroidal saponins extracted from Agave salmiana also promoted A. muciniphila abundance. Thus, AC or its saponin extract decreased obesity-related metabolic abnormalities (Fig. 7).
In summary, the beneficial effects of the consumption of the Agave salmiana aguamiel concentrate and its extracted saponins can be used as part of the dietary strategy to ameliorate the metabolic abnormalities observed in obese subjects. Further studies are needed to evaluate the changes in energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity and the gut microbiota in humans and to use either AC or its saponin extract as part of the strategy to treat obesity.
The study was undertaken following the ISO 26642:2010 standard method36 at the Department of Physiology of the INCMNSZ. Healthy subjects (5 males and 6 females) 29 ± 8 years old with a BMI of 22.5 ± 2.5 participated in the study. After a 10–12 h fast, volunteers consumed the reference (50 g of glucose) or 108 g of AC to meet the 50 g of available carbohydrates. Glucose was analyzed from finger capillary blood with the biochemical analyzer YSI 2700 (Yellow Springs, OH, USA). Insulin was analyzed from venous blood from 3 subjects using a human insulin-specific RIA kit (Human RIA kit, LINCO Research Inc., St. Charles, MO, USA). The ethics committee of the INCMNSZ approved the study and all subjects gave written informed consent. All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the ethical committee on human experimentation of the INCMNSZ and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000.
AC sugar profile
AC was diluted 16-fold with distilled water and centrifuged (13,800 × g for 10 min at 4 °C). The supernatant sugar profile was determined in an Agilent 1200 Series HPLC-ELSD system using an Xbridge Amide column. The elution profile is available in the supplementary data. The AC nutritional information is available in Supplemental Table S1.
To obtain the saponin crude extract, n-butanol-distilled water (1:1) was mixed with 10% aguamiel concentrate (w/v) and the organic phase was dried under a vacuum. The AC saponin extract preparation is presented in the supplemental methods. The saponin extract was further characterized to determine the total saponin content with an Agilent Technologies 1100 Model HPLC-MS-TOF and Agilent Technologies 1200 Series HPLC-ELSD following the previously reported method11.
Diet-induced obesity model
Male C57BL/6 mice were obtained from the Experimental Research Department at the INCMNSZ, México City, Mexico. Thirty-five mice (5 weeks old and 17–22 g body weight) were assigned to five treatment groups (n = 7). The animals were housed under constant 12 h light/dark cycles at 22 ± 2 °C. The animals had free access to water and food (except where noted). The experimental diets were prepared according to the AIN-93 diet for rodents37 and are presented in Supplemental Table S2. The control (C) diet was based on AIN-93, the high-fat (HF) diet was based on AIN-93 with 45% of the kcal from fat, the HF diet was supplemented with 5% AC (HFAC), the HF diet was supplemented with a low dose of AC by adding 2.8 g saponin extract/kg diet (HFL) and the HF diet was supplemented with a high saponin dose (HFH) by adding 28 g saponin extract/kg diet. Food consumption was recorded 5 times per week during the first 10 weeks and weight gain was recorded twice per week until the end of the study. At the 12th week of the study, the mice were sacrificed with inhaled sevofluorane after 8 h of food deprivation. Blood was collected via the portal vein in heparinized tubes and centrifuged (1000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C) and the plasma supernatant was collected and stored at −80 °C prior to the analysis. The liver and the subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and epididymal fat pads were rapidly excised and weighed. In a 2nd animal study, 5 week old C57BL6 male mice (n = 7) were fed the HF diet for 16 weeks and then switched to the HFH diet for another 8 weeks. Their weight was recorded twice per week. The animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Research Advisory Committee of the INCMNSZ in Mexico City, Mexico and performed in accordance with the Mexican Legislation Regarding the Use and Care of Laboratory Animals.
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
In the 1st experiment an OGTT was performed during the 10th week of treatment and in the 2nd experiment the OGTT was performed at weeks 16 and 24. The glucose load (2 g/kg) was determined using a gavage after 6 h of fasting35. Blood glucose was determined using a Freestyle Optium blood glucose monitoring system (Abbot Laboratories, Abbot Park, IL, USA) with blood samples collected from the tail vein at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after glucose administration35. The AUC was calculated using the trapezoid rule.
Plasma biochemical parameters
The plasma triacylglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed using a COBAS C111 analyzer (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The plasma insulin and leptin levels were measured using commercial ELISA kits (ALPCO, Salem, NH, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocols. Insulin resistance was estimated indirectly through HOMA-IR and calculated as follows: (fasting glucose (mmol/L)) × (fasting insulin (μU/mL))/22.538.
Liver lipid and malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis
Total lipids were extracted twice from homogenized liver tissue (100 mg) with 3 mL of chloroform–methanol (2:1) and the lower phase was dried under nitrogen39. The hepatic lipids were dissolved in isopropanol-Triton X-100 (10%) and assayed to assess the triacylgliceride concentration using enzymatic kits according to the manufacturer’s protocol (DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Holzheim, Germany). Liver MDA was measured spectrophotometrically at 586 nm as previously described40 and expressed in mmoles of MDA per mg of protein.
Indirect calorimetry measurement
Animals were individually housed for 48 h in plexiglass cages with an open flow system connected to an Oxymax Laboratory Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS, Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH, USA). The animals were acclimatized for 24 h, fasted for 6 h during the light period and fed during the dark period. Throughout the test, the volumes of O2 consumption (VO2, mL/kg/h) and CO2 production (VCO2, mL/kg/h) were measured sequentially for 90 s. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was calculated as the average ratio of CO2 produced to O2 inhaled (VCO2/VO2).
Samples of liver and adipose tissues (subcutaneous, epididymal, retroperitoneal and brown) were immediately fixed in 10% formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and cut into 4 μm (liver and BAT) or 6 μm (WAT) slices. For each sample, two sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The samples were observed under a microscope (Leica DM750 Wetzlar, Germany), photographed with a digital camera (Leica DMC2900) and processed with the imaging software Leica LAS Core V4.5. Analysis of adipocyte area of at least 100 adipocytes per section was done using the Adiposoft software for Image J (ImageJ, NIH)41. To visualize the hepatic neutral lipids, frozen liver tissues were sectioned with a cryostat (8 μm) and stained with Oil Red O (ORO) at 0.5% in propylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). For the quantitative analysis of the ORO staining, images were converted to an 8-bit grayscale in ImageJ as described42 and the integrated density was measured, which is the product of area and mean gray value.
F4/80, UCP1 and TNF-α expressing cells were determined in 4 μm thick sections of available formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue. Endogenous peroxidase and binding of nonspecific proteins were blocked with 3% H2O2 and serum-free blocking solution (Enzo Life Sciences, Inc, Farmingdale, NY, USA), respectively. Tissues were incubated with biotinylated rat monoclonal antibodies (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) diluted 1:500 for 18 h at 4 °C. Binding was identified with horseradish peroxidase-(HRP-)streptavidin (ABC Staining System; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Slides were incubated with substrate 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) (SIGMA-Aldrich) for 10 min. The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated and mounted in resin. Negative control staining was performed with normal donkey serum diluted 1:100, instead of primary antibody. The reactive blank was incubated with phosphate buffer saline-egg albumin (SIGMA-Aldrich) instead of the primary antibody. Both controls excluded nonspecific staining or endogenous enzymatic activities.
Muscle succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity
The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were dissected together and immediately frozen in isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen. Frozen sections (12-μm) were stained and incubated at 37 °C for 60 min. The staining solution was prepared with sodium succinate (270 mg) and nitroblue tetrazolium (10 mg) dissolved in 10 mL of 50 mM PBS (pH 7.5)43,44. Afterwards, the slides were washed with deionized water and sequentially dehydrated (2 min) with 30, 60 and 90% acetone. Then, the slides were rehydrated (2 min) with 60% and 30% acetone and deionized water40,41. Digital photographs were taken from each section at 20X magnification as previously described and fibers were quantified with Image J. SDH activity was quantified by converting the image to 8-bit grayscale and measuring the grey intensity of each fiber.
Fecal microbiota analysis
Feces were collected for the gut microbial analysis. Total DNA was isolated from frozen fecal samples using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The DNA eluate was stored at −80 °C prior to sequencing. The microbial community composition analysis was performed using the Illumina MiSeq System to sequence the variable V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene according to the protocol suggested by Illumina (16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation). The overlapping paired-end reads were merged using fastq-join and processed with QIIME V.1.9. (Caporaso JG, 2010). Only Illumina reads with an average score greater than 20 were retained for further analysis. The reads were checked with Chimera and assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using usearch V5.2.236 (Edgar RC, 2010) with a 97% similarity threshold. Thus, 98.6%, 97.8%, 97.0%, 82.4%, 58.3% and 11.0% of the reads were assigned to the phylum, class, order, family, genus and species levels, respectively. Species richness (Observed, Chao1) and alpha diversity measurements (Shannon) were calculated and we estimated the within-sample diversity at a rarefaction depth of 5945 reads per sample. Weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances were used to perform the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Differences in the relative abundance at the phyla, family, genus and species level were compared using a student T-test for independent samples.
Quantitative real-time PCR assay
Total RNA was extracted from the liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue with the TRIzol reagent according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Reverse transcription for cDNA synthesis and quantitative real-time PCR analysis were performed per mouse as previously described45. The tested primer sequences are presented in Supplemental Table S3. Gene expression was normalized to the expression of the housekeeping gene 36B4. The relative expression levels were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method46. The 16S ribosomal DNA primers sequences used to quantify Akkermansia muciniphila are shown in Supplemental Table S4.
Western blotting assay
Proteins were extracted from homogenized gastrocnemius skeletal muscle using ice-cold RIPA buffer with a Complete Mini protease inhibitor (Roche Diagnostics) and quantified with the Lowry method47. Proteins (20 μg) were separated using an SDS-polyacrylamide gel (8%) and transferred to a PVDF membrane. The membranes were blocked for 1 h with 5% non-fat dry milk and incubated overnight at 4 °C in blocking solution with the primary antibody [AMPK1/2 (1:1000), p-AMPK (Thr-172) (1:500) and PGC-1α (1:500) (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, Santa Cruz, CA)]. Then, the membranes were incubated with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:3500) for 1.5 h. Visualization was performed using a chemiluminescent detection reagent (Millipore, MA, USA) followed by membrane exposure to film. Β-Actin was used as the loading control. For quantification, densitometric analyses of the immunoblot bands were performed with the ImageJ software.
The experiments were performed per mouse per treatment (n = 7). All analyses were performed in triplicate and the results were expressed as the mean ± SEM unless otherwise specified. The statistical analyses were conducted with one-way ANOVA and differences among means were compared with the Bonferroni or Tukey post hoc test using a level of significance of P < 0.05. The software used was GraphPad Prism version 5.0b.
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We would like to thank the Nutrigenomic Research Chair Fund from Fundación FEMSA, CAT-005 and NutriOmics from Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey Campus and CONACYT for financial support for graduate studies (CVU 388427). We are also grateful to AGMEL S.A. de C.V. for providing the aguamiel concentrate samples. MST and MAL were partially supported by Instituto Danone de Mexico.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Leal-Díaz, A., Noriega, L., Torre-Villalvazo, I. et al. Aguamiel concentrate from Agave salmiana and its extracted saponins attenuated obesity and hepatic steatosis and increased Akkermansia muciniphila in C57BL6 mice. Sci Rep 6, 34242 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34242
Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Gypenoside-IV Ameliorate Metabolic Disorder and Gut Microbiota in Diet-Induced-Obese Mice
Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (2022)
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2021)
Processing temperature effect on the chemical content of concentrated aguamiel syrups obtained from two different Agave species
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization (2020)
Interaction between the amount of dietary protein and the environmental temperature on the expression of browning markers in adipose tissue of rats
Genes & Nutrition (2019)
Domestication and saponins contents in a gradient of management intensity of agaves: Agave cupreata, A. inaequidens and A. hookeri in central Mexico
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution (2018) | <urn:uuid:53634f39-3d4a-409a-98ac-6ba29bf8ea40> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nature.com/articles/srep34242 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.913085 | 12,552 | 2.453125 | 2 |
It seems like bad ideas just keep gaining strength these days.
I’m talking about the tax repatriation holiday I wrote about last week, a great way to give a fat tax break to multinational corporations while adding $80 billion to the deficit over 10 years.
To remind you, this is where we let American companies with overseas earnings bring those earnings back at a sharply reduced tax rate. As Chuck Marr and Brian Highsmith summarize, it was a total flop the last time we tried it.
“A tax holiday enacted in 2004 failed to produce the promised economic benefits. The evidence shows that firms mostly used the repatriated earnings not to invest in U.S. jobs or growth but for purposes that Congress sought to prohibit, such as repurchasing their own stock and paying bigger dividends to their shareholders. Moreover, many firms actually laid off large numbers of U.S. workers even as they reaped multi-billion-dollar benefits from the tax holiday and passed them on to shareholders.”
So why does this idea have any oxygen at all right now? Because some congressional Democrats who would normally run from it are intrigued by an idea floated to use some of the money that comes back from abroad to capitalize an infrastructure bank.
I like the infrastructure bank idea—it’s a cool way to make smarter investment decisions. But here’s why this is the wrong way to go about funding it.
–There is no “money that comes back from abroad.” The graph below shows the real story on the “proceeds” from the tax break. The Treasury collects some money up front and then starts losing big time. Why?
–Because if companies with “overseas earnings” (these quotes are important, as I’ll explain next) learn that they can depend on a big tax break every few years, they’ll shift more and more earnings and jobs and investments abroad. To amplify this incentive has to be one of the craziest things we could in an economy that desperately needs those earnings, jobs, and investments here at home.
–Here’s a new kicker I learned from my CBPP colleague Brian Highsmith today, based on some excellent reporting here. Much of these “overseas earnings” actually start here—they’re shifted abroad to take advantage of lower tax rates and to defer them in hopes of…you guessed it!…another fun repatriation holiday.
International taxation expert Ed Kleinbard has this right:
“Why should we reward firms for successfully gaming the tax system when we in turn are called on to make up the missing tax revenues? Much of these earnings overseas are reaped from an enormous shell game: Firms move their taxable income from the U.S. and other major economies — where their customers and key employees are in reality located — to tax havens.”
–But if we don’t give them what they want, won’t they just defer ever more earnings?—at least this way they’ll bring some of them back. I don’t buy it. Again, it’s really the reverse—this just proves to them that they should start aggressively deferring again in preparation for the next holiday.
But let’s say they do bring back fewer earnings than they otherwise would. That’s not necessarily a bad deal for the Treasury, which would be taxing a smaller amount at a much higher rate. If the rate differential is 25% versus 5% (ballpark for what they’d pay without and with the holiday), they’d have to bring back five times less earnings for the Treas to lose on this. Based on historical revenue flows, that’s very unlikely.
–And finally, basic fairness. Why provide a massive windfall and give a big competitive advantage to the very companies that have already shown that they can handily produce abroad, or at least make it look like they can, ala the Bloomberg link above? Except for the phony tax-haven stuff, I have nothing against the multinationals…hey, I get that it’s a global economy…Tom Freidman and all that. But can someone give me one good reason to favor them over our domestic producers?!?
Believe me, I know how hard it is to find the money to fund good ideas like the I-bank, and I understand why policy makers who’ve tried to move that idea for years might view this as a bright opportunity in an otherwise dark time.
But there’s just gotta be a better way. Maybe something off of this list, for example (hint: “I’ll take ‘international tax reform’ for $129 billion”). | <urn:uuid:37084612-de58-4e85-a94a-4c491d6a63c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/tax-repatriation-dont-go-there/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961392 | 989 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Microwave ovens are certainly convenient and can also save energy, but are they safe? Microwave emissions: Safety standards set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration allow microwave emissions of up to 1 milliwatt per square centimeter (1mW/cm2) when the oven is purchased, and up to 5mW/cm2 after the oven has been in use. Studies on industrial microwave exposure recommend that daily exposure should not exceed 1mW for more than one minute, yet average home use of microwave ovens far exceeds this.
FOOD QUALITY: Researchers at the University of Minnesota reported that microwaves aren’t recommended for heating bottles for a baby, because there may be a loss of some vitamins in infant formulas, and protective properties may be destroyed. Swiss researchers found that microwave cooking changes food nutrients significantly. Blood samples taken immediately after subjects ate microwaved food revealed an increase in white blood cells—often a sign of poisoning.
If you use a microwave, observe the following safety tips:
• Stay far from the oven while it’s in operation.
• Make sure the oven door closes properly.
• Prevent damage to hinges, latches, sealing surfaces, and the door.
• Test your oven for leakage. Testers can be purchased online at Geostar.com, MrMicrowave.com, and InspectorTools.com/micovtes.html. | <urn:uuid:984055ca-ad72-48bc-9bf3-a3b5b873b2bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.motherearthliving.com/Health-and-Wellness/To-Zap-or-Not-to-Zap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00488-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904979 | 294 | 2.984375 | 3 |
After a search nationwide, the onePULSE Foundation announced Tuesday the appointment of a new executive director, Deborah Bowie. She will assume the role effectively immediately, the nonprofit said.
The Orlando community gathered to remember the 49 who lost their lives at the Pulse nightclub six years ago Sunday.
Church bells rang in downtown Orlando on Sunday morning. One toll for each of the 49 victims of the pulse shooting tragedy.
The bells at The First United Methodist Church of Orlando rang 49 times Sunday – one in memory of each person killed in the 2016 shooting at Pulse nightclub.
On the 6th year of remembrance of the Pulse tragedy, for some, it’s been even more difficult to cope, because of the recent mass shootings all over the country.
Several events will take place on the sixth anniversary of the Pulse Nightclub tragedy to remember those who died. At the Orange County Regional History Center, 49 wooden crosses will be on display.
Sunday marks the sixth anniversary of the deadly shooting at Pulse nightclub in Orlando where 49 people were killed and 53 others hurt – the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history at the time – and our community forever impacted.
Sunday, June 12, marks the sixth anniversary of the deadly mass shooting at Pulse nightclub in Orlando where 49 people lost their lives.
Sunday marks six years since the terror attack that claimed 49 lives at the club on Orange Ave. in Orlando.
ICON Park is continuing its annual tradition by lighting up its signature attraction in honor of Pulse Remembrance Week.
A special lighting ceremony was held at the University of Central Florida on Monday evening honoring the lives taken during the 2016 Pulse Nightclub mass shooting. Sunday marks the sixth anniversary of the Pulse tragedy.
The run is part of a week of activities leading up to Pulse Remembrance Day on Sunday, June 12.
Recent mass shootings are making it difficult for some Central Florida residents as we get closer to the 6th year of remembrance of the Pulse tragedy. There's been an increase in demand for counseling among Pulse victims and relatives, and one local center is offering assistance.
As plans for a National Pulse Memorial and Museum enter into the final design stage, some survivors of the mass shooting and relatives of some of the victims are against it.
A man convicted of burning tire marks across a gay-pride streetscape in South Florida while participating in a rally for former President Donald Trump last summer must write a 25-page essay on the deadly 2016 shooting at a gay nightclub in the state.
The Orlando Police Department's Arson/Bomb Squad announced on Tuesday an arrest in the case of a small fire set at the Pulse memorial.
Following the five-year anniversary of the Pulse nightclub shooting tragedy in Orlando, Jennifer Lopez and Lin-Manuel Miranda are coming together again to release their charity tribute single “Love Make the World Go Round.”
President Joe Biden signed into law a measure designating the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando as a national memorial. A mass shooting at the gay nightclub in June 2016 left 49 people dead and 53 wounded in what was the deadliest attack on the LGBTQ community in U.S. history.
The bill creates the National Pulse Memorial at the site of the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, Florida.
Tune in to FOX 35 Plus on Saturday at 6:30 p.m. for an encore presentation of our special coverage to commemorate the 5-year anniversary of the tragedy. | <urn:uuid:719898de-8723-49fd-8ae5-242d3716a15e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fox35orlando.com/tag/news/pulse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.939047 | 696 | 1.59375 | 2 |
If two or more scripture says one thing clearly .He did in John 8:58 as Thomas attested to in John 20:28 when he said to Jesus my Lord and my God. If Thomas called Jesus his Lord and God if Jesus was not Lord and God wouldn’t that have been a sin for Jesus not to correct Thomas if he was wrong ?
Jhn 20:28 - And Thomas answeredand said unto him, My Lord and myGod.
Jhn 20:29 - Jesus saith unto him,Thomas, because thou hast seen me,thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed.
Then you are not understanding or misreading the third one . | <urn:uuid:8fd01eb6-897b-4381-a5b9-825228883983> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forums.carm.org/threads/jesus-is-just-a-messenger-of-the-word-of-god-not-god.9666/page-9#post-715523 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.961199 | 146 | 1.5 | 2 |
Three years have passed since most Americans
came to the conclusion that the Iraq war was a "mistake." Reporting
the results of a Gallup poll in June 2004, USA Today declared: "It
is the first time since Vietnam that a majority of Americans has called a major
deployment of U.S. forces a mistake." And public opinion continued to move
in an antiwar direction. But such trends easily coexist with a war effort becoming
even more horrific.
In Washington, over the past 25 years, top masters of war have preened themselves
in the glow of victory after military triumphs in Grenada, Panama, the 1991
Gulf War, Yugoslavia, and Afghanistan. During that time, with the exception
of the current war in Iraq, the Pentagon's major aggressive ventures have been
cast in a light of virtue rewarded – in sync with the implicit belief that American
might makes right.
"The problem after a war is with the victor," longtime peace activist
A. J. Muste observed several decades ago. "He thinks he has just proved
that war and violence pay."
The present situation has a different twist along the same lines. The Iraq
war drags on, the United States is certainly not the victor – and the U.S. president,
a fervent believer in war and violence, still has a lot to prove.
Faith that American might makes right is apt to be especially devout among
those who command the world's most powerful military – and have the option of
trying to overcome wartime obstacles by unleashing even more lethal violence.
These days, there's a lot of talk about seeking a political solution in Iraq
– but the Bush administration and the military leaders who answer to the commander
in chief are fundamentally engaged in a very different sort of project. Looking
ahead, from the White House, the key goal is to seem to be winding down the
U.S. war effort while actually reconfiguring massive violence to make it more
Two sets of figures have paramount importance in mainline U.S. media and politics
– the number of U.S. troops stationed in Iraq and the number of them dying there.
Often taking cues from news media and many lawmakers on Capitol Hill, antiwar
groups have tended to buy into the formula, emphasizing those numbers and denouncing
them as intolerably high.
Meanwhile, the Iraqis killed by Americans don't become much of an issue in
the realms of U.S. media and politics. News coverage provides the latest tallies
of Iraqis who die from "sectarian violence" and "terrorist attacks,"
but the reportage rarely discusses how the U.S. occupation has been an ascending
catalyst for that carnage. It's even more rare for the coverage to focus on
the magnitude of Iraqi deaths that are direct results of American firepower.
In the United States, many advocates of U.S. withdrawal from Iraq have focused
on what the war has been doing to Americans. This approach may seem like political
pragmatism and tactical wisdom, but in the long run it's likely to play into
the hands of White House strategists who will try to regain domestic political
ground by reducing American losses while boosting the use of high-tech weaponry
against Iraqi people.
Every night, I receive an e-mail bulletin that's called "U.S. Air Force
Print News." It's one of countless ways the Pentagon does continual outreach
to journalists with messages that encourage favorable coverage of what the military
is doing. Those messages are filled with stories about the bravery, compassion,
and towering stature of – in the words of retired Gen. Colin Powell a decade
ago – "those wonderful men and women who do such a great job."
But journalists receive just a trickle of limited information about the bombing
runs undertaken by the U.S. military in Afghanistan and Iraq. The official sources
have very little to say about what happens to people at the other end of the
bombs. And, overall, U.S. media outlets don't add much information about the
In late May, an important challenge to those media patterns appeared on the
Web site TomDispatch.com (and, in shorter
form, in The Nation magazine). The in-depth
article – titled "Did the U.S. Lie about Cluster Bomb Use in Iraq?"
– went beyond probing the Pentagon's extensive use of barbaric cluster bombs
in Iraq since the spring of 2003. The piece, by journalist Nick Turse, also
shined a bright light on fundamental aspects of a U.S. air war that has seldom
seen any light of day in big American media outlets.
"Unfortunately, thanks to an utter lack of coverage by the mainstream
media, what we don't know about the air war in Iraq so far outweighs what we
do know that anything but the most minimal picture of the nature of destruction
from the air in that country simply can't be painted," Turse writes.
The article raises a key question: "Does the U.S. military keep the numbers
of rockets and cannon rounds fired from its planes and helicopters secret because
more Iraqi civilians have died due to their use than any other type of weaponry?"
Turse, an associate editor and research director of TomDispatch.com, has written
for daily newspapers including the Los Angeles Times and the San Francisco
Chronicle. His article pulls no punches about the press as he assesses huge
gaps in media coverage of the Iraq air war funded by U.S. taxpayers.
Sadly, he observes, "media reports on the air war are so sparse, with
reporting confined largely to reprinting U.S. military handouts and announcements
of air strikes, that much of the air war in Iraq remains unknown – although
the very fact of an occupying power regularly conducting air strikes in and
near population centers should have raised a question or two."
The available evidence is strong that the U.S. air war is escalating – with
a surge of resulting casualties among Iraqi civilians. Their suffering and their
deaths get very little coverage in the U.S. news media. "Since the Bush
administration's invasion, the American air war has been given remarkably short
shrift in the media," Turse writes. And he cites "indications that
the air war has taken an especially grievous toll on Iraqi children."
The combination of deceptive officials in the U.S. government and an evasive
U.S. press has been a disaster for the flow of information to the American public.
"With the military unwilling to tell the truth – or say anything at all,
in most cases – and unable to provide the stability necessary for [non-governmental
organizations] to operate, it falls to the mainstream media, even at this late
stage of the conflict, to begin ferreting out substantive information on the
air war," Turse points out. "It seems, however, that until reporters
begin bypassing official U.S. military pronouncements and locating Iraqi sources,
we will remain largely in the dark with little knowledge of what can only be
described as the secret U.S. air war in Iraq."
As the summer of 2007 gets underway, the demand to "bring the troops
home" is necessary but insufficient. The numbers of Americans fighting
and dying in Iraq are not a reliable measure of U.S. culpability in the continuing
The new documentary film War Made Easy: How Presidents and Pundits Keep
Spinning Us to Death, based on Norman Solomon's book of the same title, is
being released directly to DVD in mid-June. For information about the full-length
movie, produced by the Media Education Foundation and narrated by Sean Penn, go | <urn:uuid:6b4e9920-58ee-4d8c-bebf-a8516b9f0c00> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.antiwar.com/solomon/?articleid=11117 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00457-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947302 | 1,623 | 1.992188 | 2 |
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© Ugur Akinci
Here is another feature that I really love about MS PowerPoint: the whimsical “Edit Anyway” button.
This button becomes very important and displays only after you mark a PPT file as FINAL.
You do that to prevent others editing your file.
But what happens if, after marking it as FINAL, you discover a typo, or want to make another change to your presentation?
In PowerPoint 2007 that required re-saving your file under another name, unlocking the file, editing it, and re-saving it as a FINAL file.
With PowerPoint 2010 it is much easier and straight forward.
You click the EDIT ANYWAY button to cancel all effects of MARK FINAL operation so that your file becomes fully editable once again.
That’s a real time saver and I congratulate the developer who came up with this BRILLIANT IDEA! | <urn:uuid:d6ace90c-d22c-4293-9303-ca84ac81a275> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.technicalcommunicationcenter.com/2011/03/24/ms-powerpoint-2010-and-edit-anyway-button/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00079-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908366 | 256 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The Worshipful Company of World Traders is a modern, vibrant and active Livery Company working within a fine tradition. Our membership comprises people from a diverse range of professions and backgrounds who come together at our social and business events to enjoy each other’s company and exchange their thoughts and ideas.
History of the Company
The Company is one of 110 livery companies based in the City of London. It was first formed in 1985, founded by Mr Peter Drew OBE, becoming a company in 1993.
The Company received its Letters Patent in a ceremony at Mansion House, from the Lord Mayor, Alderman Clive Martin on 25th January 2000, thus becoming the first Livery Company to be formed in the New Millennium and in terms of seniority is Company number 101 out of currently 110.
At a meeting of the Privy Council held on 10th July 2013 at Windsor Castle, Her Majesty The Queen was graciously pleased to grant a Royal Charter to the Company.
The Master’s Badge of Office depicts the Company’s coat of arms mounted on a piece of rock crystal, donated by the World Trade Centre of Rio de Janeiro, carved with an outline of five continents.
The Company exists as a body of World Traders in all fields of financial services and trading, including brokers, bankers, accountants and consultants, as well as traders in goods and services.
The World Traders’ Tacitus Lecture was inaugurated in 1988 and is now believed to be the largest event of its type in the City of London. It is held annually and provides the Company with an opportunity to demonstrate to a wider audience its concern with issues affecting world trade. This notable event has attracted important speakers of prestige and distinction in diverse fields concerned with world trade.
We also host a diverse variety of other events – both informal and formal – for our members.
Almost from their earliest times the ancient guilds undertook a responsibility for the education and training of young people. We are no exception, and are proud of the funding we provide to this sector. | <urn:uuid:6ad8e69c-6ce2-48be-981f-0cf407adbdfe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://world-traders.org/who-we-are/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.967489 | 422 | 1.585938 | 2 |
A new stadium for Feyenoord will replace the current De Kuip, a historic facility that dates back to 1937. Designed by OMA / David Gianotten, it will be a highly integrated facility in the city and serving not only football but the entire community.
Fondly referred to as De Kuip (or the tub) in Rotterdam, Feyenoords stadium in the city’s south has been home to the Dutch football club for over eighty years. When completed in 1937, the stadium structure – built entirely with steel and concrete tiers and including a curved, cantilevered stand – was a forerunner in modernist football stadium. Feyenoord’s current ambitions to further strengthen the football club, in combination with the municipality of Rotterdam’s plan to rejuvenate the area of Rotterdam-Zuid, have led to the development of the new Feyenoord Stadium as part of Feyenoord City – a masterplan designed to transform Rotterdam-Zuid into a well-connected and vibrant neighbourhood for sports, recreation, and living.
Over the past decades, stadium design has been evolving in response to football clubs’ new demands, including engagement with a larger supporter base, diversification of hospitality offerings, and development of commercial opportunities. For Feyenoord, various renovations of De Kuip between the 1950s and 1990s have offered immediate solutions to the needs of the football club to upgrade the football watching experience, and to increase its business and hospitality capacity. While catering to Feyenoord’s changing needs, these transformations also compromised the stadium’s original design intent. The new Feyenoord Stadium – proposed by OMA, Feijenoord Stadium, and the Feyenoord football club – at a new location along the Nieuwe Maas and a highly accessible transportation node, is a future-proof infrastructure for football and daily activities in the surrounding communities. The new stadium is an ensemble of essential elements: the stand, circulation cores, the structure, and functional spaces.
Each element has been logically designed to maximise performance. The three-tier stand increases the capacity of the stadium to 63,000, while placing spectators as close to the field as possible for an intimate match experience. All seats have an above FIFA standard C-value that ensures clear and unobstructed views of the playing field. Twelve concrete circulation cores, with different types of stairs and elevators inside, are evenly distributed along the perimeter of the stadium. This configuration allows a large number of visitors to efficiently move between the concourse and upper levels on event days. The bowl-shaped steel structure—a diagrid that requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame—is the primary structure supporting the stand and its roof. Functional spaces have been designed for specific users such as players, guests, and media. They also accommodate hospitality offerings including restaurants and multifunctional spaces.
All these elements have been assembled to form a stadium that is more than the sum of its parts: logical and functional as De Kuip and offering one of the best sightlines among stadiums of this scale, it is a truly open stadium with an public concourse on the main entry level. Designed in collaboration with LOLA Landscape Architects, this concourse is not fenced off but welcomes the public. With daily open F&B offerings, a playground, and greeneries, it is a space for football fans and the public to gather on match days, and for everyone to use for leisure activities when there are no events. Distinctive from most contemporary stadiums designed as isolated icons—relevant only to football and detached from a city’s daily life—the new Feyenoord Stadium is a vital space in the Feyenoord City masterplan and open to public. By restoring the stadium’s historical role as a city’s significant public realm, it redefines the existing typology. | <urn:uuid:2f946477-8b5a-4927-98ae-781954bdfdad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sporteimpianti.it/en/main/tsport-en/stadiums-and-soccer-fields/the-new-feyenoord-stadium-rotterdam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.93387 | 818 | 1.734375 | 2 |
The smart growth movement aims to combat urban and suburban sprawl by promoting livable communities based on pedestrian scale, diverse populations, and mixed land use. But, as this book documents, smart growth has largely failed to address issues of social equity and environmental justice. Smart growth sometimes results in gentrification and displacement of low- and moderate-income families in existing neighborhoods, or transportation policies that isolate low-income populations. Growing Smarter is one of the few books to view smart growth from an environmental justice perspective, examining the effect of the built environment on access to economic opportunity and quality of life in American cities and metropolitan regions.
The contributors to Growing Smarter—urban planners, sociologists, economists, educators, lawyers, health professionals, and environmentalists—all place equity at the center of their analyses of "place, space, and race." They consider such topics as the social and environmental effects of sprawl, the relationship between sprawl and concentrated poverty, and community-based regionalism that can link cities and suburbs. They examine specific cases that illustrate opportunities for integrating environmental justice concerns into smart growth efforts, including the dynamics of sprawl in a South Carolina county, the debate over the rebuilding of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, and transportation-related pollution in Northern Manhattan. Growing Smarter illuminates the growing racial and class divisions in metropolitan areas today—and suggests workable strategies to address them.
About the Editor
Robert D. Bullard is Ware Professor of Sociology and Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University.
—David Naguib Pellow, University of California, San Diego, author of Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago
—Joe R. Feagin, Ella C. McFadden Professor of Liberal arts, Texas A&M University, Author of Systematic Racism
—Elizabeth Schilling, Former Executive Director, Growth Management Leadership Alliance
Finalist, 2008 Book of the Year, Association for Humanist Sociology | <urn:uuid:a4e8d6af-96cd-4892-a17b-cc178728021c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/growing-smarter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00009-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907969 | 401 | 2.9375 | 3 |
EMHS 352 - Science WMDs Technol Hazards
Application of scientific principles to technological hazards including biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear and explosive weapons (WMDs). Discussion of relevant principles in biology, chemistry, physics, and other sciences. Effects of hazards on air, water, food supplies, and human health.
College: Sciences and Humanities | <urn:uuid:68011918-3208-4b4f-9f31-0d70965dd460> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bsu.edu/common/course/0,1481,-3353--EMHS-352,00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00065-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.823984 | 74 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Announcing the Barefoot Wayfarer Pamphlet Series
The Barefoot Wayfarer is a series of pamphlets published by the Schumacher Society that collects experiences of navigating the unknown.
Wayfaring* is traveling or journeying, especially on foot. Unlike a pilgrimage to a sacred place, the wayfarer has no particular destination in sight. Their journey into the (as yet) unknown is made in search of expanded meaning or insight. As a way to think about the journeys we make in life, wayfaring offers opportunities for slowing down, noticing more and becoming more alert. When we take these journeys barefoot, we are intentionally more vulnerable, more fully open to what is present.
Sometimes we explain our achievements from the vantage of the present, as if we had always known our path. Alternatively, modesty or honesty might lead us to claim that what has happened was the result of accident, luck, or fate. This series is focussed on another way to talk about journeys. To think about how we can revisit them as they happened, to look at them as personal stories where doubt, surprise, intuition and the practice of noticing might offer clues as to how we can cultivate an approach of ethical wayfaring.
Pamphlets seem the perfect medium in which to capture the experiences of the wayfarer, who requires timely knowledge that is easy to pass on to others they meet on the way. The lightness of the pamphlet’s form should not distract from the fact that a pamphlet is a publication whose message is often urgent, a message that the author cares about deeply enough to often make pronouncements about in capital letters. Pamphleteers have been essayists, controverts, propagandists, lampoonists. To remain anonymous, authors are invited to publish under the name of a living organism.**
Pamphlets can contain treatises, how-to guides, collections, polemics and inventions. They get straight to the point, and are often deeply political, they might offer outspoken utopianism, or gentle guides in self-sufficiency. What they carry is not enough for a book, and too urgent to wait for there to be enough. They are quickly made and cheaply reproduced, with a physical presence and potential for chance encounters.
Invitation to authors.
We invite short proposals (around 300 words) for pamphlets that could be read with interest and enjoyment during a walk to work or over a coffee, and left for the next person to find. If accepted for publication we will reproduce them as cheaply*** as possible and ‘throw them out of airplanes’ or other forms of distribution that invite chance encounters.
Plus submit your idea by email to;
Dr. Hannah Drayson, Trustee of the Schumacher Society/Member of the Editorial Team hannah.drayson[at]plymouth.ac.uk
Julie Richardson, Trustee of the Schumacher Society/Member of the Editorial Team julie.richardson[at]plymouth.ac.uk
Proposals will be reviewed by the Schumacher Society editorial team and you will receive feedback within three weeks.
By contacting us you agree to our privacy and consent policy which can be found here.
This is an open access pamphlet published by the Schumacher Society under a creative commons license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Intellectual property rights remain with the author.
*Or what might be called flânerie- allowing yourself to be caught by the currents of the journey.
**A table of preferred organisms for the next 50 years will be provided by the society.
*** Cheap in environmental, social, spiritual and possibly financial terms. Hard copies will be printed on recycled paper. | <urn:uuid:37ec3c94-fd04-4fd0-983f-e1c85c7dfe66> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://schumachersociety.net/barefoot-wayfarer-series/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.944508 | 784 | 1.703125 | 2 |
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